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Biodiversity and Fire: The effects and effectiveness of fire management
Proceedings of the conference held 8-9 October 1994, Footscray, Melbourne
Biodiversity Series, Paper No. 8
Biodiversity Unit
Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories, 1996
23. Fuel dynamics, preplan and future research needs
Roger Good
NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service
23.1 Abstract
The conservation and management problems of widespread prescribed burning are briefly outlined and the poor knowledge of fuel complexes, related to vegetation types, is emphasised; although generally fuel loads exceeding 8-10 tonnes/hectare are considered to pose a hazard. The limited data on fuel dynamics relate to specific communities whereas fuel management programs are regional; but most local studies indicate that fuels accumulate rapidly for seven years after a fire and then decline.
The flawed basis of most hazard and risk assessment to date is explained and the development of new computer-based models for the ACT and Victoria is briefly described. Results of recent detailed fuel studies, over a number of woodland sites in southern NSW, demonstrate the complexity of the fuel components (e.g. fine ground litter, mid- and upper strata) and the problems of interrelating rates of accumulation with intensity, residual loads or decomposition. Matrices relating soil type (erodibility) with gradient are being developed for steep catchments, but no fuel or fire behaviour prediction model has been developed for heathland.
Analyses of occurrence and distribution of recorded ignitions in southern NSW show that: the majority of unplanned fires originate from non-natural causes; arson will continue to be a major source of illegal ignitions, but is very difficult to assess or predict. It is suggested that this problem can only be addressed by further social research on community attitudes and levels of understanding of fire management programs – especially in urban bushland interface areas.
Several recommendations are made to establish effective linkages between research and fire management personnel. These include:
- increased input and co-ordination of fire research programs by a nationally recognised organisation;
- establishment of a national bushfire research unit;
- additional training opportunities for fire planning and management (e.g. through formal, nationally recognised tertiary courses);
- greater roles for distant committees in identification and support of research;
- further use of geographic information systems and predictive modelling fire management.
Key words: fuel dynamics, fire management, wildfire mitigation, fire-vegetation interdependence.
23.2 Introduction
All land management agencies have an obligation to undertake soundly based fire management planning and the implementation of effective wildfire mitigation programs. Almost all fire management plans have been developed with the management of ground fuels as the core program, this predominately being achieved through the application of prescribed burning. The principles of prescribed burning are well-founded but unfortunately the application of such burning has and is often poorly planned and executed. This has led to many prescribed burns not meeting the desired results in terms of prescribed levels of fuel reduction, percentage of burned area, excessive scorch heights and unacceptable impacts on native flora and fauna.
As a result of the above problems increasingly widespread application of prescribed burning, particularly in nature conservation reserves, has been criticised and is of considerable concern to many professional and community interest groups. These concerns arise mainly from the lack of detailed data on the impacts of prescribed burning on native biota; even though many hundreds of papers have been written and presented at fire conferences over the past three decades on all aspects of fire management, prescribed burning, wildfire and the interdependence of fire and native vegetation.
Of greater concern is the implementation of prescribed burning for fuel reduction in areas and vegetation types where little or no assessment of fuel loads, accumulation rates and fuel structures has been undertaken. Similarly little or no quantified assessment of the hazardous nature of various fuel complexes is evident in many prescribed burning plans; the general assumption being that fuel loads exceeding 8 to 10 t.ha-1. pose a high fire hazard.
So, arguably the most significant natural area land management program continues to be implemented with little knowledge of the primary component (the fuel complex) which much fire management aims to manipulate, modify or reduce. Unfortunately, while this situation exists the polarised views on prescribed burning will continue to the detriment of nature conservation and wildfire mitigation programs alike.
23.3 Fuels research
Many studies on fuel dynamics, particularly that of fine litter fuel accumulation rates have been undertaken over the past 25 years with the results published in some 120 scientific papers. While much has been done the number of published papers on fuels and fuel dynamics is still relatively low, being only about five per cent of the published papers on fires in the Australian environment.
These few papers do present a good overview of the fine fuel component of the fuel complex, but with few exceptions the research has addressed fuel dynamics within a single vegetation type or vegetation association. This has provided a good basis for fuel management planning for the specified communities; however as fuel management programs are generally planned on a region-wide basis much extrapolation of data and many assumptions on fuel accumulation rates are made. Van Loon (1977), Walker (1979), Birk (1979), Fox et al. (1979), Raison et al. (1983), Tolhurst et al. (1992) have made considerable contributions to the understanding of fuel dynamics; all indicate that fuels accumulate rapidly for up to seven years after a fire and then decline towards a zero net accumulation rate where litter fall approximates litter accumulation (Fig. 23.1).
Figure 23.1: Representative fuel accumulation curves generated for some vegetation associations listed in Table 1.
Kessell et al. (1982), Conroy (1987), O'Connell (1991), and others have modelled fuel dynamics providing techniques to extrapolate specific fuels data to regional fuel management programs. The capacity to do this is essential at present as there is renewed pressure to carry out more and more prescribed burning, as a response to the very extensive and damaging wildfires which occurred in urban bushland areas of Sydney in January 1994. The need for more extensive prescribed burning must be carefully considered; the issue is not one of 'doing more'; but one of firstly identifying where and when prescribed burning is appropriate and would mitigate potential impacts of high intensity fires on life and property. This hazard and risk analysis is dependent on detailed fuels data, which as noted above is limited.
To date most hazard and risk assessment has been carried out using a simple point score system to give a numerical 'hazard and risk value' to an area or site. This system again usually used general fuels data extrapolated from specific site data often inappropriate to the area being assessed. Such systems provide a guide to the hazards and risks but are one-off static values, not necessarily reflecting the real situation where hazard and risk values change as a response to changing fuel loads and other dynamic factors.
McRae (1993) has developed a computer based hazard and risk assessment model, covering the entire Australian Capital Territory (ACT). This system provides the opportunity to regularly update the fire hazard and risk status across the ACT, particularly at the urban bushland and grassland interface where most concern is focussed on the protection of life and property.
A similar approach using a geographical information system, has been taken in Victoria (Garvey 1995); both systems being of considerable benefit in planning land, fire and fuel management programs. Both systems still have a dependence on detailed fuels data acquired on a regular and continuous basis - which are unavailable for the majority of areas in all States. The required data include fuel loads, curing rates and flammabilities as influenced by the fuel structures and moisture content. Much scope therefore exists for the linking of fuels research, hazard and risk assessment and fire prediction through appropriate modelling and geographical information systems.
Table 1. Fuel Loads for forest and woodland vegetation associations in southern New South Wales (time since last fire greater than 25 years)
|Vegetation Association
|Fuel Weight (t ha-1)
|Altitudinal Range
|Eucalyptus delegatensis
|1200 - 1400
|E. delegatensis/E. viminalis
|1100 - 1220
|E. pauciflora
|1000 - 1400
|E. pauciflora/E. dalrympleana
|950 - 1500
|E. pauciflora/E. rubida
|900 - 1420
|E. fastigata
|900 - 1050
|E. viminalis/E. elata
|100 - 300
|E. mannifera/E. dives
|200 - 250
|E. sieberi/E. globoidea
|300 - 900
|E. sieberi
|600 - 1100
|E. consideniana/E. sieberi
|300 - 650
|E. sieberi/E. fraxinoides
|900 - 1100
|E. fraxinoides
|1000 - 1200
|E. fraxinoides/E. pauciflora/E. nitens
|1100 - 1300
|E. globoidea/Angophora floribunda
|150 - 450
|E. dalrympleana/E. radiata
|1000 - 1100
|E. dalrympleana/E. fastigata
|1000 - 1100
|E. radiata/E. bicostata/E. viminalis
|550 - 900
|E. stenostoma/E. sieberi/E. consideniana
|400 - 900
|E. tereticornis
|150 - 300
|E. macrorhyncha
|500 - 900
|E. dives/E. mannifera
|450 - 950
23.3.1 Data for some vegetation associations in southern New South Wales
As noted above much is now known of general trends in fuel accumulation rates in forest and woodland communities, but much remains to be learned of specific components of the fuel complex within individual vegetation associations. For example mean fuel accumulation rates and maximum fuel loads have been generated for a number of community types and depicted as mean fuel curves (Fig. 23.1); but the range and variability of fuel loads for any one vegetation association are seldom detailed. Tolhurst et al. (1992) indicated the seasonal variation and range of fuel loads for a dry sclerophyll forest in Victoria, while Conroy (1987) details the variability of fuel loads as a factor of sample numbers taken for each vegetation type over a geographical range. The following data for some forest and woodland associations in south-east NSW (Table 1) also indicate the wide variability of fuel loads even when a large number of samples are taken over many years. The range of aspects on which the individual vegetation associations occur is reflected in the range of fuel loads. Associations occurring on aspects from exposed (dry) to sheltered (moist) have the widest range and the greatest variability in fuel weights between sites. The ranges in fuel weights also overlap and hence there is a continuum in fuel weights across all sampled vegetation associations from the drier to the moister communities.
It is of interest that the more sites that are sampled for each vegetation association the wider becomes the range of fuel loads (Table 1), although the mean fuel loads may vary very little from the accumulation curve generated from data from a few sites of different ages since the last fire or by generating a fuel curve using the modified Olsen model (Fox et al. 1979; Walker 1979; Birk 1979; Birk & Simpson 1980; Kessell et al. 1982; Raison et al. 1983; O'Connell 1991).
This model expresses the relationship between litter production and decomposition and hence the accumulation of dead litter fuel (x) at time t (in years) as:
Xt = L/k(1 - e-kt) where L = KXmax.
where L is the litter production rate (t ha-1 yr-1), Xmax is the maximum litter standing crop at equilibrium, K is the decomposition constant ( the ratio of L to Xmax) and e is the base of the natural logarithm. This equation yields zero fuel at time 0 and allows the amount of fuel (Xt ) to approach the maximum equilibrium value (Xmax) as time (t) proceeds to infinity. The values of L and Xmax determine both the maximum fuel level reached and the rate at which this level is reached.
Caution must be exercised when using this equation to generate fuel accumulation curves upon which fuel management and fuel reduction/prescribed burning programs are planned. The equation makes three unrealistic assumptions which need to be accounted for:
- it assumes that fine dead litter fuel at time 0 immediately after a fire is zero and that all fires effect total fuel reduction
- it assumes that decomposition and litter fall are constant over time
- it assumes that fine dead fuel load is the only fuel input.
Point 1 above may be correct for high intensity wildfires where there may be a lag period of one to three years during which there is little fuel accumulation (Fig. 23.2). On the other hand, after a low intensity prescribed fire, fuel accumulations are generally rapid and reach maximum levels again within five to seven years of such a fire. More importantly the eight to 10 t ha-1 fuel load, identified in many management plans as the level below which fuels should be maintained, will be exceeded in two to three years after a prescribed burn in most eucalypt forests and woodlands (Kessell et al. 1978; Raison et al. 1993; Tolhurst et al. 1992). This can be modelled if the amount of fuel remaining after any fire is known; as it simply decays as a function of the decomposition constant, viz XRrt = XR e-kt where Xrt is the amount (T ha-1) of this residual fuel remaining at time t and XR is the amount of residual fuel immediately after the last fire. The fine fuel load is thus the sum of Xt and Xrt. Figure 23.3 depicts a family of fuel curves generated for different amounts of fuel reduction in a Eucalyptus delegatensis community all of which converge after 30 to 40 years.
Figure 23.2: A two of three year lag period in commencement of fuel accumulation is noted in Eucalyptus pauciflora woodlands.
While the total fuel load may be measured and/or modelled as an input to fire behaviour prediction, it is to be recognised that other characteristics of the fuel complex do contribute to fire behaviour. The flammability of the fuels is influenced by the depth and density (packing ratio and bulk density) of the fuel bed and the distribution / ground cover of the fuel. The packing ratio is the actual weight of fuel per unit volume expressed as: PR = bulk density / average particle size. The bulk density can be calculated from the total fuel loading and its average depth expressed as:
BD= Total fuel load(t ha-1) / Depth (m) x 10 (Kg/m³)
A further aspect in the research and use of fuels data is that measured or calculated fuels generally only represent the dead fine litter ground fuels; these may only be a proportion of the total fine fuel available to a fire. For example, in a high to extreme fire season such as may exist in a prolonged drought, much fine fuel in the form of twigs and leaves is held as standing crop on shrubs and small understorey trees (Good 1982; Kessell et al. 1982; Tolhurst et al. 1992). Similarly , fibrous barked trees can support considerable amounts of fine fuel on their trunks, both fuel types providing for the support of a wildfire and the carriage of a fire into upper canopies.
To account for these fuels, measurements of the fuel loads in each stratum need to be made (Figure 23.4). Rothermel (1972) developed a three-strata fuel model to incorporate these data into fire behaviour predictions, with the mid and upper strata fuel data being determined by the canopy separation and diameter method, viz.
% cover = 25 # / (1 + C)2
where C is the average gap or separation distance / average diameter or canopy diameter
The bulk density of the shrub fine fuels would be determined by :
BD = total dry shrub fuel weight (Kg) / 0.25m²
x depth of the foliage canopy
It is therefore obvious that if a detailed appreciation of fuels is to be gained, and effective use made of fuels data in fuel management programs, research on these components of the fuel complex needs to be undertaken. To date fuels research has been dominated by studies on fine ground fuels, but there is an obvious need to develop a multi-strata fuel model for eucalypt forests and woodlands.
Similarly, no fuel or fire behaviour prediction model has been developed to date for heathland communities. The structural variability and spatial distribution of fuels of heath communities poses a real challenge to research and management personnel. (Catchpole 1985, 1987a, 1987b; Catchpole & Catchpole 1993).
Many other research programs by Gill and others have related fuels to fire impacts on flora and fauna, but few have addressed the fuels, fire and catchment/soil stability relationships; catchment management being a major management program in many fire-prone areas (Brown 1972; Good 1973). This aspect of fire research needs to be further addressed as a conflicts often exists between fire mitigation programs (fuel management and prescribed burning) and catchment management programs. Compromises between the objectives for fire mitigation and those of catchment management need to be made but based on detailed vegetation, soils and fuels data.
Fire intervals of five to seven years are commonly advocated for fuel management and hazard reduction programs to maintain fuels below the threshold levels of eight to ten t ha-1; but such frequencies and fuel level objectives can be in conflict with those appropriate to the maintenance of soil stability, particularly in the forested mountain catchments of south-eastern Australia (Good 1981). A compromise between prescribed burning to reduce fuel loads (to mitigate against high intensity wildfires in catchment areas) and maintenance of an adequate cover of ground litter to mitigate against potential soil erosion must be made.
As an example the following matrix of soil type, erosion and slope steepness is a summary of data from studies of soils, erosion and fuel levels required to maintain catchment stability in the Snowy Mountains (Table 2).
|Soil type
|Podzolic red
|Podzolic yellow
|Solodics red
|Solodics Yellow
|Solodized solonetz.
|Slope class
|Litter loads (t ha-1)
23.4 Hazard and risk assessment
The above may be a part of hazard and risk analysis particularly in conservation areas and mountain catchments. But hazard and risk assessment also draws upon a knowledge of the occurrence and distribution of past fire ignitions (Table 3), the probability and distribution of future fire ignitions and the extent of fires. The latter is very difficult to determine or predict as the majority of unplanned fire ignitions across southern NSW for example, now originate from non-natural causes. Illegal ignitions (arson) now commonly cause wildfires and fire records indicate that arsonists are not ad hoc in their activities, nor random in where they carry out their activities. Generally their activities appear to be well planned and deliberate. The fire history data in Tables 3 and 4 indicate that this is a major fire mitigation problem.
For any prescribed burning aimed at mitigating potential fire ignitions to be successful, part of the hazard and risk assessment program must be the predictive modelling of potential ignition sources, particularly that of illegal ignitions. This would require a component of social research, both on the attitudes of the community to fire and the levels of appreciation of any fire management programs proposed for a region, particularly in urban bushland interface areas.
|Cause of ignition
|Frequency (%)
|Burning off/prescribed
Broad-area prescribed burning may mitigate against potential fire ignition and high intensity wildfires, but the percentage of area burnt by unplanned fires tends to be commensurate with the percentage of arson ignitions (Table 3). While arson continues to be the major source of fire ignitions and arsonists continue to target areas distant from areas of recent wildfire mitigation programs (prescribed burning) the total area burnt by unplanned fires will continue to increase; this is of concern to many managers of natural areas. It should also be a concern that the very program implemented to mitigate against potential wildfires is itself a major contributor to unplanned fire occurrence (>20 per cent). The assessment of fire ignition potential and probability, together with fuel loadings is therefore an essential component of hazard and risk assessment; this needs to be undertaken if fire mitigation programs are to meet the prescribed objectives of fuel reduction, lower fire ignition potential and reduction in the area and distribution of wildfires.
The above suggests that while the principles of prescribed burning have been well researched and developed, the basis upon which many prescribed burning programs are planned and implemented is inadequate; detailed knowledge of the fuel complex and fire ignition probabilities are still lacking.
|Number unplanned ignitions
|Number of prescribed burns
|Average area of prescribed burns
|3200 ha
|No. of unplanned ignitions falling within areas prescribed burned <3 years prior to wildfire ignition
|No. of unplanned ignitions that developed to >50 ha. in prescribed burn areas
|Total area burned by unplanned in prescribed burn areas
|4840 ha
|Average area of unplanned fires in prescribed burned areas
|302 ha
|No. of unplanned ignitions outside areas prescribed burned
|Average area burnt by unplanned fires outside prescribed burn areas
|584 ha
|Total area of wildfires
|155 928 ha
|Percentage of study area burnt by prescribed and wildfire
This is a major concern at the present time, with the expressed objective of a number of fire and land management agencies to do more burning such that a greatly increased area of recent prescribed burning (less than three years) results. This may or may not be appropriate, but much research on the very fuels to be burnt in these programs, must be undertaken before more extensive burning is embarked upon. It is not a matter of doing more prescribed burning but one of determining where and when it is appropriate. The latter will be very different for an urban bushland interface area as compared with an extensive tract of natural bushland such as a conservation reserve. The Sydney wildfires of January 1994 have given support to calls for more prescribed burning and this may be appropriate for the Sydney urban bushland areas, but this is not a rational basis for the implementation of even more extensive prescribed burning elsewhere, as currently proposed.
23.5 Future fuels research
Birk and Simpson (1980) made note of the scarcity of long-term data on litter dynamics in Australian forests and this situation still exists to date. A priority in fuels research and fuels management is the establishment of a nation-wide system of fuel monitoring points for the assessment and appreciation of long-term trends in fuel accumulation and decomposition. Until this is done, defined objectives for prescribed burning, in terms of fuel management and fuel reduction, will not be possible and prescribed burning will remain a management activity of concern to many.
As the majority of fuels research programs have focussed on forest and woodland communities, little fuels data are available for heath communities to assist fire and vegetation management in these communities. This research is a high priority as, until a better knowledge of heathland fuels is gained, the development of an applicable and accurate fire behaviour prediction model will not be possible. The recent proposal for a collaborative inter-State program to address heathland fuels and fire behaviour is a recognition of the priority for this research on a national scale (J. Marsden-Smedley 1994 pers comm).
Other priorities for future fuels research have been considered earlier but, as so little fuels data are available, any future fuels research can make a major contribution to our understanding of the very component which fire managers expend so much effort on manipulating and reducing. Any future research on the other hand should be well co-ordinated and be integrated (as considered for the heathland program) to ensure maximum benefit to research and management alike.
This integration needs to be considered at two levels, one being the integration of research fields and the other, the integration of research findings into day-to-day management. The first involves collaboration between research groups and personnel to provide for integration of programs and projects, while the second and more challenging, requires a closer collaboration between fire research and land and fire management personnel. Professional fire management now requires the continuing input of research data, but the transfer of these data and findings in meaningful and useable formats to management remains a challenge – for both researchers and managers.
To achieve an effective link between research and fire management personnel several issues need to be addressed in the near future.
1. A high level of input to and co-ordination of fire research programs and/or projects by a nationally recognised authority or committee
A high level of co-ordination and integration of fire research will always be difficult to achieve due to the very different research directions and priorities of the various research institutes and land management agencies but a greater commitment to achieve closer working relationships must be made. The funding arrangements and priorities of the individual research organisations are themselves a major limitation to the achievement of acceptable levels of research collaboration and co-ordination. The funding base of the research organisation unfortunately is often the determinant of what fire research will be carried out, and what priority is actually placed on fire as as research field. This is an inappropriate basis for any research. The latter has contributed to the general lack of long-term fuels and ecological fire research programs as funding is seldom provided for long-term monitoring programs.
2. The establishment of a national bushfire research unit
The National Bushfire Research Unit was established following the 1983 Ash Wednesday bushfires in Victoria and South Australia, but unfortunately was disbanded after completion of the primary project which it was established to address.
A similar national research centre could be both a centre of excellence for fire research and also the co-ordinating authority for the integration of research carried out by other collaborating agencies. Such a centre should include and represent the full range of Commonwealth and State Government research agencies, and university and industry research personnel, to ensure the continuity and equity of funding.
3. The provision of additional training opportunities for fire planning and management personnel, through one or more formal and nationally recognised tertiary courses
Several short courses in fire management are currently offered by universities, eg Sydney University (OAC) and University of Southern Queensland but these are units within other land management courses. There is a demand for a nationally recognised degree course in fire science and management, to provide professional fire management personnel who can effectively interpret and use research findings in day-to-day management.
4. A greater role and input by district fire committees to the identification and support of research programs
These committees or similar exist in all States and as they have a wide representation of land management personnel, they should play a greater role in initiating and supporting management orientated fire research programs, particularly those long-term programs as noted above and which are seldom funded by research institutes. eg fuel monitoring.
These fire committees have a major role to play in bridging the gap that has long been identified, between fire research output, management demands and requirements for research and the integration of research data into management programs.
5. An increased commitment to fire management planning
Fire suppression plans have been very much a part of land management planning for many years, particularly in State forests, national parks and local government areas, many of these plans being part of a wider regional fire action/suppression plan.
On the other hand few well developed ecologically based fire management plans for these same areas are evident. Until such plans are developed the ecological issues and conflicts between fire mitigation and conservation objectives, will never be adequately resolved.
These plans should also identify priority research projects, which would benefit the further development and implementation of management activities such that no undue compromise of objectives for conservation or the mitigation of wildfire and the protection of life and property occurs.
These plans should incorporate hazard and risk assessment as well as detailed fuel analyses. The latter is the initial link between ecological considerations and that of fire mitigation and suppression programs.
6. A greater commitment to the use of geographical information systems and predictive modelling in fire management planning
Some use is made of these techniques by several government land management agencies but there is considerable scope for greater use to be made of computing techniques to improve fire management programs and to provide for the integration of research data into plans and programs.
Computer based predictive modelling programs of fuels, fire behaviour, suppression activities and fire impacts have been available since the early 1980s, but professional competitiveness between researchers and between managers in this area of applications research has been detrimental to the further development and use of these important techniques.
23.6 Conclusion
A large number of research papers have been published over the past three or four decades (Gill et al. 1994), but fuels research is not prominent, due possibly to the need for long-term monitoring in fuel studies. The geographical and seasonal variability of fuels even within a single vegetation community, makes it essential that research be carried out over many years to provide a full appreciation of the fuel complex such that fuel management programs including prescribed burning can be soundly planned and undertaken.
This fuels research, as with other areas of fire research, should be planned and carried out as a collaborative and national program; so fuel models for individual vegetation communities can be generated and used with confidence, as to accuracy of any fire behaviour predictions, particularly for communities which may occur over a range of geographical or edaphic environments.
Prescribed burning to manage fuels is now regularly carried out by aerial incendiary ignition methods, often covering very large areas of varying terrain within a single operation. This broadscale approach to hazardous fuel reduction is to be questioned particularly where it is implemented in hilly or mountainous terrain; as the range of vegetation and fuel types which exist over the many environmental gradients make the achievement of desired outcomes of burning all but impossible. Unless the full range of fuel types and loads are known, ineffective burning in terms of fuel reduction will occur; or at the other extreme, unacceptable fire intensities and damage to vegetation will continue to result and the practice of prescribed burning will continue to be of concern to ecologists and environmentalists.
Fuels research while attracting little attention in the past must be a high priority in the future if sound and effective fire management is to be achieved to the benefit of both the protection of life and property and conservation of native biota and other natural resources. This will only be achieved when a collaborative approach to fuels research is taken and the research data and output is effectively integrated into planning and management.
23.7 References
Birk, E.M. 1979, 'Overstorey and understorey litter fall in a eucalypt forest: spatial and temporal variability', Ausralian Journal of Botany, vol. 27, pp. 145-156.
Birk, E.M. & Simpson, R.W. 1980, 'Steady state and the continuous input model of litter accumulation and decomposition in Australian eucalypt forests', Ecology, vol. 61, pp. 481-485.
Brown, J.A.H. 1972, 'Hydrological effects of a bushfire in a catchment in southeastern NSW', Journal of Hydrology vol. 16, pp. 77-96
Catchpole, W. 1985, 'Predicting biomass for Casuarina nana for input into the Rothermel fire model', University of New South Wales, Mathematics Department Report, no 24/85
Catchpole 1987a, 'Fire models for heathland Part 1 – Casuarina nana', University of New South Wales, Mathematics Department Report, no. 5/87.
Catchpole 1987b, 'Fire models for heathland. Part 2 – Coastal heathland', University of New South Wales, Mathematics Department Report, no. 6/87.
Catchpole, W & Catchpole, E.A. 1993, 'Stratified double sampling of patchy vegetation to estimate biomass', Biometrics, vol. 49, pp. 295-303.
Conroy, R. 1987, 'Fuel data for fire management', in Bushfire Management in Natural Areas. Ed. R.Conroy, National Parks and Wildlife Service Sydney, pp. 43-59.
Fox, J., Fox, M.D. & McKay, G.M. 1979, 'Litter accumulation after fire in a eucalypt forest', Australian Journal of Botany vol. 27, pp. 157-165
Garvey, M. 1996, 'The use of geographic information systems to analyse wildfire threat', in Fire and Biodiversity, Biodiversity Series Paper No. 8, Biodiversity Unit, Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra.
Gill, A.M., Moore, P.H.R. & Martin, W.K. 1994, Bibliography of Fire Ecology in Australia (Including Fire Science and Fire Management). Edition 4. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Hurstville.
Good, R.B. 1973, 'Preliminary assessment of erosion following wildfires in Kosciuko National Park in 1973', Journal of the Soil Conservation Service vol. 29, pp. 191-199.
Good, R.B. 1981, 'The role of fires in conservation reserves', in Fire and the Australian Biota, Eds, A.M. Gill , R.H. Groves & I.R.Noble, Australian Academy Science, Canberra.
Good, R.B. 1982, 'The effects of prescribed burning in the sub-alpine area of Kosciusko National Park', M.Sc. thesis. Univ. of NSW.
Kessell, S.R., Potter, R.B., & Potter, M.W. 1982, Computer modelling in natural area management, Australian Natural Parks and Wildlife Service, Special Publication 9
O'Connell, A.M. 1991, 'Fuel quantity: the time dimension for forest litter', in Proceedings of the Conference Bushfire Modelling and Fire Danger Rating Systems. Eds, N.P. Cheney & A.M. Gill, pp. 109-118.
McRae, R 1993, 'Rural fire hazard assessment', in The Burning Question: Fire Management in N.S.W., Ed, J.Ross, University of New England Armidale.
Raison, R.J., Woods, P.V. & Khanna, P.K. 1993, 'Dynamics of fine fuels in recurrently burnt eucalypt forests', Australian Forestry, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 294-302.
Rothermal 1972, 'A mathematical model predicting fire spread and intensity in wildland fuels', US. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Research Paper INT-115
Tolhurst, K.G., Flinn, D.W., Loyn, R.H., Wilson, A.A.G & Foletta, I. J. 1992, 'Ecological effects of fuel reduction burning in a dry sclerophyll forest: a summary of principal research findings and their management', Department of Conservation and Environment, Victoria, Research Report no. 349.
Walker, J. 1979, 'Aspects of fuel dynamics in Australia', CSIRO Div.Land Use Research, Tech. Report 79/7.
Van Loon 1977, 'Bushland fuel quantities in the Blue Mountains: litter and understorey', NSW. Forestry Commission Research Note no. 33


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Gadget Style File
We spent a lot of time walking the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) show floor earlier this month and saw our fair share of new and innovative. But, even if its the most revolutionary gadget out there, no one wants an eyesore in the living room. Here, our picks for the best devices for 2012 that mix fashion with function.
By Rachel Rothman & Erik Eibert
Back Next
Courtesy of Asus
Asus Zenbook UX21
Asus sleek, lightweight design was enough to catch our eye, but we loved that the Zenbooks (starting at $999) stylish brushed metal exterior comes in a variety of colors. Rose Gold is lovely and Hot Pink certainly makes a statement, but if youd rather stay away from girlier shades, this ultraportable laptop also comes in sophisticated gunmetal gray. And dont worry; As an ultrabook, it should pack plenty of performance into this lightweight package, so you wont have to sacrifice any computing power for looks.

subset: commoncrawl


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Bash Compactor: Sun on the Beach
On Sunday afternoon, a few dozen ashen-faced night owls,—looking for a respite from 90-degree temperatures—took to the beach. They plopped themselves, fully clothed, onto striped lounge chairs and stayed there for hours drinking free PBR. Daniel James, a tattooed nightlife promoter, flipped burgers on a big grill. Showing off bedbug-bitten legs, a girl splashed into the water alone, bouncing a beach ball. "Come on in guys, the temperature's perfect," she said, eliciting only confused stares from three tattooed friends.
Forget about Suffolk County's famous sand though, it all took place in a 700-squarefoot sandbox on Suffolk Street—and the body of water was a two-foot kiddy pool. James, for one, said he'd choose the space—called the "Beach Bar" and located at the back of the Clemente Solo Voce Center—over real sand and surf any day. Kicking up his black motorcycle boots he lit up a Parliament. Exhaling, he said, "The Hamptons is way too far." The spot's owner, Drew Figueroa, in his mid-thirties, was looking more beach-friendly than anyone else. His scruffy, tanned face framed by a black doo-rag, he remarked wearily that the times are too tough to rent on Fire Island. Smiling, he added, "So I brought the beach to me this year."
As the sun gradually dipped, and the empties piled up, people started kicking off their Converse and getting their doughy feet wet. Before I could forget the construction site a few yards away, a lanky guy with a scraggly goat beard caught my attention as he circled the BBQ pit. Affecting his features with comically exaggerated innocence, he snatched two hot dogs from a tray and rolled them under his T-shirt. Someone whispered to him, "Dude, they're free."


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Health Information - Med Help
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My mom had Ovarian Cancer surgery almost two weeks ago. They removed her ovaries, uterus, ...
Post surgery recovery time. - Ovarian Cancer Community
- Mar 31, 2006
First of all, I would just like to thank everyone for sharing their stories. Without even ...
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Hello ladies. I don't post often, but browse frequently. You are all an inspriation not t...
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I am seeing a surgeon about removing a follicular nodule from my thyroid ASAP. Naturally I...
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"...one of the nicest people on tumblr." - godiseven
I'm Brent Keane, I'm an Aussie in his mid-30's, and synchronicity, geekery & bloggery is what you'll find here. My other blog: Keane On Comics. (I'll update my FAQ page sometime soon, promise.)
When the news broke early yesterday morning that Kristen Stewart had apparently cheated on Twilight co-star Robert Pattinson with the director of Snow White & The Huntsman, it was met with a shrug of the shoulders by me. Celebrity scandal? Big whoop.
However, the press release issued by Stewart admitting her culpability in the affair - even if it smacks of PR spin - stuck me as a brave move. She took responsibility and owned her behaviour. Regardless of her relationship ins-and-outs, about which the gossip mags can only speculate (hey, it's their stock-in-trade), you have to respect that.
I happen to think Stewart's a decent actor - I quite liked her performances in Adventureland and The Runaways - but she cops a lot of unnecessary flack for not playing the Hollywood game the paparazzi & audiences would like her to. And admittedly, the whole "scandal" is something of a non-story. But hey, Stewart's human. She's not a programmable automation that exists solely for our amusement (perceived acting skills notwithstanding).
Maybe that's the real story here.


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Menu Innovations
Menu Innovations
featured articles
industry headlines
Long John Silver's announced the return of Norway Lobster Bites to its menu.
Wendy's is reeling in fans with the return of its Premium Cod sandwich, which brings cod back to Wendy's restaurants across the nation for a limite
Schlotzsky's leaps into spring with the return of the limited time only Hand-Carved Sandwiches.
Tropical Smoothie Café, known for its food and smoothies with a tropical twist at 36
As recently aired on national television, host of Cooking Channel's Best in Chow Cris Nannarone came to the Windy City in search of the be
Taco Bell, the brand that brought consumers the iconic Doritos Locos Tacos, is once again upping the ante in the taco game with its biggest taco ev
Sonic Drive-In has given a premium makeover to its fan-favorite Sonic Blast with six new Master Blast flavors.
Krispy Kreme launched two new flavors of doughnuts: Krispy Kreme Mocha Kreme and Caramel Coffee Kreme.
Live Basil Pizza unveiled its first Chef's Pick pizza topped with a variety of organic cremini, button, oyster, and cinnamon cap mushrooms from Col
Burger King Worldwide Inc.
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Added Jul 24, 2013
by themedusa
Media, Pennsylva...
An all stash project using Simplicity 2443 and fabric from Marcy Tilton. See my blog post for more details. http://handmadebyheatherb.blogspot.com/2013/07/summer-of-dresses-simplicity-2443-tree.html
Rayon/lycra Jersey and a mystery remnant.
Jul 25, 2013, 09.11 PMby Ellen Hatteland
Lovely and nice fabric :)
Jul 25, 2013, 10.56 PMby themedusa
Thanks! Marcy Tilton always has really nice stuff.
Jul 25, 2013, 11.15 AMby Abigail Ball
Wow, fantastic dress.
Jul 25, 2013, 08.44 PMby themedusa
Thanks, it comfy too!
Jul 25, 2013, 10.48 AMby Oksana Starzhynska
Nice fabric and very neat work. The pattern and the material match perfectly. You look nice and the dress is unique.
Jul 25, 2013, 08.43 PMby themedusa
Thank you very much. I've had this fabric and pattern for awhile but didn't think about putting them together. Hooray for good ideas.
Jul 25, 2013, 09.57 AMby Mary Athey
great dress, i love the fabric and you did a cracking job with the cutting out. the black accents ate lovely and its fab on you x
Jul 25, 2013, 08.43 PMby themedusa
Thanks, I thought some black would make the trees pop more and it turned out great.
Jul 25, 2013, 07.43 AMby victoriakb
Jul 25, 2013, 08.42 PMby themedusa
Thank you, I'm glad you like it.
Jul 25, 2013, 05.05 AMby Manic Pop
I love this dress!
Jul 25, 2013, 08.41 PMby themedusa
Thanks so much, it's good to put some stash to good use.
Add to Favorites 2 people added it
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Panasonic Lumix DMC-GM1 Review
Popular Cameras
Sample Images
This is a selection of sample images from the Panasonic Lumix DMC-GM1 camera, which were all taken using the 16 megapixel Fine JPEG setting. The thumbnails below link to the full-sized versions, which have not been altered in any way.
Sample RAW Images
The Panasonic Lumix DMC-GM1 enables users to capture RAW and JPEG format files. We've provided some Panasonic RAW (RW2) samples for you to download (thumbnail images shown below are not 100% representative).
Sample Movie
This is a sample movie at the highest quality setting of 1920x1080 pixels at 25fps in the MP4 format. Please note that this 32 second movie is 79.8Mb in size.
Entry Tags
hd video, hd, 3 inch LCD, compact, review, photos, samples, images, 720p, 16 megapixel, compact system camera, hdmi, lens, test, jpeg, video, movie, camera, wi-fi, wireless, full hd, mirrorless, sample images, manual, photo, touch-screen, jpegs, DSLR, compact camera, wifi, touchscreen, lumix, 1920x1080, touch screen, jpg, micro four thirds, 24mm, 1080i, panasonic, touch, jpgs, zoom, raw, software, CSC, high definition, dmc GM1, dmc-GM1, GM1, panasonic GM1, Panasonic Lumix DMC-GM1 Review


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(CNN) – Congress is just like everyone else. That's the message the National Security Agency has for Sen. Bernie Sanders.
The independent senator from Vermont sent a letter to the agency Friday, asking whether it has or is "spying" on members of Congress and other elected American officials.
The NSA provided a preliminary response Saturday that said Congress has "the same privacy protections as all U.S. persons."


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TV Stars Who Clicked In Bollywood-Kai Po CheThe journey from TV to films can be an unsettling one. While many have faced harsh reality checks, the BTown dream continues to attract TV stars. As TV soap sensation Sushant Singh Rajput debuts in Kai Po Che, we look at his successful seniors.
By Anand Vaishnav, IndiaTimes | February 19, 2013, 11:30 am IST
While he continues to be a part of one of the most watched TV soaps, Ram Kapoor has slowly and steadily become the new-age Anupam Kher of Bollywood. Today he is the go-to-guy for roles which require a rich, flamboyant, Punjabi papa...And Kapoor is enjoying every bit of it.


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|Motel 6 Walnut Creek properties are provided below. Search for cheap and discount Motel 6 hotel prices in Walnut Creek, CA for your personal or business trip. We list the best Motel 6 Walnut Creek hotels so you can review the Walnut Creek Motel 6 hotel list below to find the perfect place.
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Ayo, I'm June. SONE since 100822~ My blog consists of 98% SNSD/Girls' Generation, 1.0% K-Pop, .5% Glee/Brittana, and .5% Random/Others.
I'm also a fan of EXO, f(x), SHINee, T-ara, Super Junior, and various other groups (mostly of SMTOWN). I'm a Gleek, and specifically a Brittana shipper. I do take requests but I work at a turtle-pace, if you don't mind lulz
Visit my koala.
6/?? SooSica Moments - When Sooyoung joins in the weirdness with Jessica and then randomly starts playing with her sleeves on Sukkiri (121127)


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Here we go again… Please don't hurt me this time as well. I'm putting too much faith in you; that you're a good person.
Dear ex,
Dear girl I hate,
Dear boy I like,
Dear ex bestfriend,
Dear bestfriend,
Dear mom,
Dear dad,
Dear Santa,
Dear future me,
Dear person I have a crush on.
Wow, it was six years ago today. As soon as I see this date I remember. It was gone. And a few months later so was he.


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Find Army Service Records: Researching a soldier
Page details
Researching a soldier
The Long Long Trail is one of the best websites for finding out how to research a soldier from the British Army in the First World War.
Path details
Find Army Service Records
Some tips to help trace a soldier who served in the army during the First World War - whether for your family history, for research or to find out about the boys who went to your school or came from your town.
Created by Alun Edwards.


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Map It
Map City Services
Metro Newsroom
LouisvilleKY.gov Links
Monday November 27, 2006
Majority CaucusLouisville Metro CouncilFor More Information Contact:Tony Hyatt: 574-4137/ 526-3622For Immediate release:
Louisville – With winter just around the corner, flu season is not to far away. Some may not be ready for either but there is one way to be prepared for both.
"I hope the District 12 Health Fair will give every one a chance to get a flu shot or asks some prevention questions if they need to," says Councilman Rick Blackwell (D) 12.
The Beechland Baptist Church will be the location of the District 12 Health Fair set for November 30th from 9:00am to 3:00pm.
"We have many health groups and agencies on hand to handle a wide range of questions as well as provide needed check ups or advice," says Blackwell.
The Visiting Nurses Association will offer flu shots for $30 per shot and pneumonia shots for $40. There are no appointments necessary for the shots. The VNA will file Medicare Part B if Medicare is the primary insurance.
The Health Fair will also provide breast cancer screenings for women ages 40 years and over. The screenings will be free to income eligible women without insurance. Insurance can be filed for women with coverage.
"While flu shots are important, many of us on the council have focused a great deal of attention on breast cancer screenings," says Blackwell. "Prevention can go a long way in fighting breast cancer."
For breast cancer screening appointments call 574-1112. Walk-ins are welcome and appointments will be honored first.
There will also be glucose, cholesterol and blood pressure screenings as well as general information about weight diet and exercise.
The Beechland Baptist Church is located at 4613 Greenwood Road.


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Why This Railroad Is a Compelling Buy
Bob is a member of The Motley Fool Blog Network -- entries represent the personal opinion of the blogger and are not formally edited.
Railroads are often seen as a bellwether for the broader economy because of the amount of retail and manufactured goods they transport across the nation. Norfolk Southern (NYSE: NSC) is one of the biggest railroads in the United States, with a $23 billion market capitalization. In addition, Norfolk Southern operates approximately 20,000 route miles in 22 states and serves every major container port in the eastern US.
The railroad industry counts Warren Buffett, one of the world's most famous investors of all time, as a fan. Buffett is a well-known railroad enthusiast and proved it when his Berkshire Hathaway bought Burlington Northern Santa Fe, then the nation's second-largest railroad, for $34 billion in 2009.
Should you follow the philosophy of the world's most famous investor and add Norfolk Southern to your portfolio?
Railroad profits keep chugging along
Of course, Norfolk Southern isn't the only railway operator in the United States. Major competitor Union Pacific (NYSE: UNP) operates a rail network including 31,000 route miles.
Union Pacific managed to impressively reverse the pattern of railroads reporting disappointing 2012 results, with last year being the most profitable year in the company's 150-year history. Union Pacific reported full-year diluted earnings per share of $8.27, an increase of 23% year over year.
Furthermore, Union Pacific's record results extended into the first quarter of 2013. The company's diluted earnings per share represented another record, growing 13% year over year. Operating revenue grew 3%, also a new record.
In addition, Canada is home to some excellent railroads, including Canadian National Railway (NYSE: CNI), which carries a $40 billion market value.
Unfortunately, CNI's first quarter report was less than impressive. The company's net income per share declined 25% during the first three months, year over year. Moreover, CNI's operating ratio, which compares expenses to sales, deteriorated by more than two percentage points. This was due largely to a 7.7% increase in fuel costs.
That being said, analysts were quick to point to the extremely tough weather conditions seen in the first quarter and are more optimistic about the company's future.
Meanwhile, Norfolk Southern recently issued a very solid first-quarter earnings report. The railroad reported 15% growth in diluted earnings per share on $2.7 billion in railway operating revenues through the first three months of the year.
Shipment volumes increased 3% year over year, and particular strength was seen in the company's general merchandise revenues (up 2%) and in its intermodal revenues (up 9%) versus the prior year's first quarter.
Once again, coal revenues were an area of weakness, dropping 17% year over year. Coal has served as a drag on the nation's railroads due to a number of industry headwinds in recent quarters. In particular, mild winter weather and low natural gas prices have depressed both coal volumes and average revenue per unit.
However, it's worth noting that coal revenues made up just 23% of Norfolk Southern's revenues in the first quarter, with its general merchandise business making up more than half of its sales.
Going forward, it's reasonable to assume natural gas prices won't stay at depressed levels forever. This should bring utility customers back to coal, and it's fair to think that coal prices and volumes should recover at least moderately in the future.
NSC: Compelling value and income
Norfolk Southern is firmly committed to returning cash to shareholders. The company raised its dividend last year by 6% and will likely increase its shareholder payout in time for its next quarterly distribution.
At recent prices, Norfolk Southern's $2 per share annualized distribution yields 2.8%, which exceeds both the yield on the broader market as well as the 2.6% yield on the 10-Year Treasury.
Moreover, Norfolk Southern is attractively valued when compared to both its industry and the broader market. Whereas both the S&P 500 Index and the railroad industry hold price-to-earnings ratios in the high teens, Norfolk Southern changes hands for just 12 times its trailing earnings per share.
Union Pacific and CNI are profitable railroads, but they both trade for 17 times trailing earnings and offer dividend yields less than 2%.
As a result, while each of these three is investment worthy, Norfolk Southern offers the best value and income for new investors. I consider Norfolk Southern to be the industry leader and an attractive buy.
If you're on the lookout for some currently intriguing energy plays, check out The Motley Fool's "3 Stocks for $100 Oil." For FREE access to this special report, simply click here now.
Robert Ciura has no position in any stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool recommends Canadian National Railway. Try any of our Foolish newsletter services free for 30 days. We Fools may not all hold the same opinions, but we all believe that considering a diverse range of insights makes us better investors. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy. Is this post wrong? Click here. Think you can do better? Join us and write your own!


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Grand Ladies
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Welcome to the Grand Ladies Site
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• Grand Ladies of the Farthingale Era - About 1480 to about 1620
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1838 Clémentine Prinzessin von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (1817-1907), née Princesse d'Orléans by Franz Xaver Winterhalter (private collection)
Princess Clementine wears a fashionable 1838 evening dress with off shoulder vee neckline, quarter length sleeves, vee waistline, and full skirt.
Keywords: 1838, Winterhalter, Clémentine Orléans, Orléans family, Wettin family, Princess, hurluberlu coiffure, floral headdress, off shoulder vee neckline, modesty pice, criss-cross bodice, elbow length sleeves, bows, cuffs, vee waistline, full skirt, flounces, brooch, shoes
Apr 24, 2010, 10:09 AM
This site is for educational and information use. It is open for downloading and use without charge. I only ask that these images not be used for profit! I can be contacted at: email@example.com.
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Here's our guide to ten of the best laptops for students currently available.
Microsoft updates SkyDrive to include 300MB web uploads, ODF support & more
Windows Live SkyDrive is Microsoft's online document storage and file sharing service - and it's completely free.
Microsoft has announced a few upgrades to its SkyDrive web service via a document posted using the Office Web Apps experience.
SkyDrive now supports ODF
Open Document Format for Office Applications (ODF for short), is a file format used in free office suites as well as
Microsoft Office.
Users can now upload and edit OpenDocuments using the SkyDrive in their browser. Documents will be editable in the Microsoft Word Web App in the same fashion as documents with other file extensions.
300MB file uploads
SkyDrive users are now able to upload files up to a maximum size of 300MB using SkyDrive's web-based interface. Previously file uploads were capped at 100MB.
Windows Phone SkyDrive app updated to V2.0
To coincide with these updates the SkyDrive Windows Phone app has also been upgraded to V2.0. This update brings some new flourishes to the UI design and enables Windows Phone users to take advantage of short URLs when posting photos on Twitter.
The SkyDrive app uses the following short URL (sdrv.ms) for sharing Windows Phone images via Twitter. Another addition to the app is the multi-select tool (for selecting more than one file or folder) and moving/deleting as you see fit.
Download Windows Phone SkyDrive app from the Marketplace
And finally: DOS returns (sort of)
Eagle-eyed users may have noticed that DOS (the beloved interface from computing days of yore) was briefly given a respite thanks to a blink-and-you'll-miss-it practical joke.
The website apes the DOS interface right down to using classic DOS syntax to easily navigate your file hierarchy. Try out familiar commands like "dir" and "cd" to see what you can achieve before the site disappears for good.
Sign-up for a free SkyDrive account
Follow the editor on Twitter


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Neil Patrick Harris and Amy Poehler hopped on stage to next present the award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series. After reeling off the most dramatic words they could think of -- sword play, midnight, mustard, murder, and sandwich -- they introduced the nominees as:
Steve Buscemei, Boardwalk Empire
Bryan Cranston, Breaking Bad
Jeff Daniels, The Newsroom
Jon Hamm, Mad Men
Damian Lewis, Homeland
The Actor naturally goes to Bryan Cranston, not only because Breaking Bad will soon be coming to an end, but also because Cranston's work has gone unrewarded by SAG-gy folk (despite his three straight Emmy wins). If he didn't win this time, Heisenberg would have some serious scores to settle...


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November 20, 2006
Albany-- The federal government may have money waiting for you. The Internal Revenue Service has nearly 100,000 refund checks totaling $92 million waiting for taxpayers to claim. The process is pretty simple.
This is the problem. More than 3,500 Georgia taxpayers' refund checks were returned to the IRS because of different situations including death, incarceration, illness and change of address.
We tried calling. We even went knocking on doors in search of anyone on a long list of Albany taxpayers from the IRS. These are people the government actually owes money. Some knocks were unanswered but we did find 20-year-old Benjamin Akumengalame.
"I filed taxes way back in February and I never got it back," said Akumengalame. He waited several months for his tax refund but by July he'd almost given up hope of getting it. He still isn't sure why it never came.
"Maybe because it was my first time filing and I'm very young at this so I don't really know much about it," said Akumengalame. But the problem happens to more people than we realize.
"It gets to that point because a lot of times when the people file their tax returns, sometimes the people move or they have life-changing situations," said H&R Block District Operations Specialist Clifford Bush.
If the check doesn't get to the right person or address, it is sent back to the IRS as undeliverable. Clifford Bush with H&R Block says taxpayers should make sure addresses are correct when they file or if there is a change, report it to the IRS as soon as possible. One easy way is online.
"If the information has been sent in the last year, the possibility exists that you can update your address from the IRS website to get it corrected," said Bush.
Benjamin will get his information corrected as soon as possible. "It gives me a little relief to know that there's a way because I thought it was the end," said Akumengalame.
He has nearly $300 waiting for him and it's better late than never. "It'll definitely come in handy very, very significantly because I'm a student and right now I can't afford to live on my own," said Akumengalame.
But he isn't alone. A check is waiting for 3,459 other taxpayers.
The IRS has $4.7 million dollars waiting for Georgia taxpayers whose returns were undeliverable. The average refund is about $1,300.
The government and tax specialists recommend you use direct deposit to ensure you get your money. To update your information and claim your undeliverable refund, visit www.irs.gov and click on "Where's My Refund?"
You will have to enter a social security number, filing status and the refund amount from the tax return. You can also call 1-800-829-1954. Taxpayers can also make sure their address is correct by filing Form 8822. That form can also be found on the IRS website.
Ayoung, Shelley N Albany Ga 31701 Brown, Devon Albany Ga 31701 Dumas, Adrian L Albany Ga 31701 Ellis, Kayla Albany Ga 31701 Folkes, Leo Albany Ga 31701 Ford, Walter Albany Ga 31701 Kearson, Cleve Jr & Algenia Albany Ga 31701 King, Johnny L Albany Ga 31701 Lewis, Latoya Albany Ga 31701 Lockett, Michelle Albany Ga 31701 Solomon, Kimberly N Albany Ga 31701 Taylor, Charles W Albany Ga 31702 Banks, Eddie Albany Ga 31705 Brown, Johnny Jr Albany Ga 31705 Bryant, Joseph C Jr Albany Ga 31705 Carr, Orashious C Albany Ga 31705 Hankins, Luicious Jr Albany Ga 31705 Hemphill, Christopher E Albany Ga 31705 Horne, Tracy L Albany Ga 31705 Jones, Christopher Albany Ga 31705 Norris, David L Albany Ga 31705 Parks, Jerry R Albany Ga 31705 Smith, Johnnie Albany Ga 31705 Thomas, Mary L Albany Ga 31705 Wesley, Abraham C Albany Ga 31705 Akumengalam, Benjamin Albany Ga 31706 Coleman, William E & Diane F Albany Ga 31706 Murphy, Jill Ellen Albany Ga 31706 Anderson, Tyrone Albany Ga 31707 Brown, James Albany Ga 31707 Davis, Ke Andra Albany Ga 31707 Hawkins, Kodra Albany Ga 31707 Hollis, Candi K Albany Ga 31707 Jackson, Kevin A Albany Ga 31707 King, Marcus D Albany Ga 31707 Ransom, Corey Albany Ga 31707 Ware, Henry Albany Ga 31707 Gallamore, John B Albany Ga 31708 Davis, Andrew & Bernice Mosley Albany Ga 31721 Lundy, Joyce Albany Ga 31721 Tunstall, Dana L Albany Ga 31721
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text:
Academic Policies
Reapplication after Withdrawal or Dimissal
A student who has withdrawn or has been dismissed from the College must reapply by submitting new documentation to the College for readmission to the program. A student who withdraws or has been dismissed from the College must apply to the Admissions Committee for readmission but will not be readmitted without the recommendation of the Student Affairs Committee. The Vice President/Dean of Academic Affairs or designee in consultation with the SAC and the Graduate Studies Committee (GSC) if applicable will determine the reentry level, date of reentry and modified program, if necessary. The original expected graduation date may be revised as appropriate.
The former student must have met all prior fiscal obligations to the College before petitioning or applying for readmission. Withdrawal from the College in good academic standing does not in itself guarantee readmission. Previous admission to the College in no way guarantees successful readmission by a former student who reapplies to the College. Readmission to the College will only be decided by the process listed in the above paragraph. An administrator or faculty member of the College has no authority to insinuate that a student will be successfully readmitted.


text:
Greg Stohr of Bloomberg News has an article headlined "How Historic Supreme Court Gay-Marriage Case Will Unfold: Q&A."
Chris Geidner of BuzzFeed has an article headlined "What Is Going To Happen At The Supreme Court This Week? After years of winding through the courts, two definitive cases in the marriage debate will finally reach the Supremes; Here's what they'll be considering."
Warren Richey of The Christian Science Monitor has an article headlined "Gay marriage: How Supreme Court cases could end with a whimper; A wildcard in the two landmark gay marriage cases before the Supreme Court this week is that the justices could rule on the question of 'standing,' not the core issue of whether Prop. 8 and DOMA violate the rights of same-sex couples."
Scott Graham of The Recorder has a lengthy article headlined "Toward a More Perfect Union."
Howard Fischer of The Yuma Sun has an article headlined "Gay marriage fight could affect Ariz. case."
Tuesday's edition of The New York Times will contain articles headlined "Now in Defense of Gay Marriage, Bill Clinton" and "Cold, Wet Wait for Tickets to Supreme Court's Same-Sex Marriage Cases."
The Washington Times has an article headlined "Gay-marriage backers see public behind them as the Supreme Court weighs the arguments; Lines form early to hear arguments."
The Los Angeles Times has an article headlined "Lining up to witness Supreme Court arguments on gay marriage."
Bloomberg News reports that "Gay-Marriage Rivals Brush Off Snow to See Historic Case."
National Journal has an article headlined "At the Supreme Court, Waiting Through Sleet, Snow, and an Onslaught of Questions From Journalists; What it's like to spend days outside the Supreme Court waiting to hear oral arguments about same-sex marriage."
Roll Call has a report headlined "SCOTUS Campers: A Tarp-Side View."
The Wrap has an article headlined "Prop 8 at Supreme Court: How TV Helped Clear the Way for Same-Sex Marriage."
In commentary, Tuesday's edition of The New York Times will contain an editorial titled "A 50-State Ruling." And law professor David Cole will have an op-ed titled "Deciding Not to Decide Gay Marriage."
Tuesday's edition of The Washington Post will contain an editorial titled "Supreme Court must strike down Proposition 8 and DOMA." And columnist Eugene Robinson will have an op-ed titled "Gay marriage and the Supreme Court."
And at "Ricochet," law professor Richard Epstein has an essay titled "The Strange Alliances Around the Gay Marriage Cases."
Posted at 11:45 PM by Howard Bashman
And Joe Mullin of Ars Technica reports that "Lawsuit claiming MMS services are like Napster finally fails; Luvdarts LLC told people to forward MMS ads -- then sued telcos for helping out."
You can access today's ruling of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit at this link.
Posted at 11:28 PM by Howard Bashman
Greg Stohr of Bloomberg News reports that "Drugmaker 'Pay for Delay' Accords Questioned by Top Court."
Lawrence Hurley of Reuters reports that "Justices signal uncertainty on drug settlements."
And at "SCOTUSblog," Lyle Denniston has a post titled "Argument recap: No easy rule on drug 'pay for delay'?"
You can access at the link the transcript of today's U.S. Supreme Court oral argument in FTC v. Actavis, Inc., No.12-416.
Posted at 02:38 PM by Howard Bashman
And at The Huffington Post, law professor Douglas W, Kmiec has a blog entry titled "Prediction: 6-3, DOMA and Prop 8 Both Fall; Opinion by Chief Justice Roberts."
Posted at 01:20 PM by Howard Bashman
And The Pittsburgh Tribune-Review has a news update headlined "Suspended Justice Joan Orie Melvin resigns high court seat." The newspaper has posted a copy of the resignation letter at this link.
According to the letter, the resignation will take effect on May 1, 2013.
Posted at 12:54 PM by Howard Bashman
Robert Barnes of The Washington Post has a news update headlined "Supreme Court accepts second case on race-based college admissions."
David G. Savage of The Los Angeles Times has a news update headlined "Supreme Court agrees to hear Michigan affirmative action case."
The Detroit Free Press has a news update headlined "Supreme Court agrees to hear Michigan affirmative action case."
Lawrence Hurley of Reuters reports that "Supreme Court agrees to hear Michigan affirmative action case."
Greg Stohr of Bloomberg News reports that "Affirmative Action Review Expanded by U.S. Supreme Court."
And at the "School Law" blog of Education Week, Mark Walsh has a post titled "Justices to Weigh Mich. Ban on Race in Admissions."
Posted at 12:48 PM by Howard Bashman
The Boston Globe has a news update headlined "Former New York Times columnist Anthony Lewis dies at 85; winner of two Pulitzer Prizes."
And The Associated Press reports that "Pulitzer Prize-winner Anthony Lewis dies at 85."
Posted at 12:23 PM by Howard Bashman
In early news coverage, The Associated Press reports that "New affirmative action case at Supreme Court."
And at "SCOTUSblog," Lyle Denniston has a post titled "Court to rule on affirmative action ban."
Posted at 09:33 AM by Howard Bashman
In today's edition of The San Jose Mercury News, Howard Mintz has an article headlined "Gay marriage and Supreme Court: Justice Anthony Kennedy at center of Proposition 8, federal cases."
The Buffalo News has an article headlined "As Supreme Court ponders gay marriage, it's personal in Buffalo."
The Richmond Times-Dispatch reports that "Virginians look to Supreme Court on same-sex marriage."
In this Wednesday's edition of Education Week, Mark Walsh has an article headlined "Same-Sex-Marriage Cases Hold Implications for Schools."
Bloomberg News reports that "Californians Favor Same-Sex Weddings as Court Weighs Ban."
Reuters has a report headlined "Analysis: Silent or supportive, conservatives give gay marriage momentum."
Chris Geidner of BuzzFeed has an article headlined "The Lawyer And Writer Who Made Marriage Equality Happen: Evan Wolfson and Andrew Sullivan have been arguing since the 1980s that marriage equality is the key step to advancing gay rights in society; This week, the Supreme Court could make their early writings -- and lives' work -- a reality."
Today's broadcast of NPR's "Morning Edition" contained audio segments titled "Shift In Gay Marriage Support Mirrors A Changing America" and "Texas Church Is A Battleground In Gay Marriage War."
At "SCOTUSblog," Lyle Denniston has a post titled "Argument preview: Marriage and the Court's 'friends' -- Part II."
And at the "Constitution Daily" blog of the National Constitution Center, Denniston has a post titled "The court, marriage and high expectations."
At his blog"Jost On Justice," Kenneth Jost has a post titled "'Heightened Scrutiny' in Gay Marriage Cases?"
In the April 1, 2013 issue of The New Yorker, Jeffrey Toobin has a Comment titled "Wedding Bells: Not if, but when will marriage equality pass?"
And Adam Cohen of Time magazine has an essay titled "Why the Supreme Court Is Likely To Rule For Gay Marriage."
Posted at 08:57 AM by Howard Bashman
And on today's broadcast of NPR's "Morning Edition," Nina Totenberg has an audio report titled "Supreme Court Hears 'Pay To Delay' Pharmaceutical Case."
Posted at 08:40 AM by Howard Bashman


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On 5 July, KPMG and the four other organizations involved in rescuing the "Île aux Clowns" announced their plans for the organisation's future.
KPMG Luxembourg S.à r.l. presents its 2013 Transparency Report, as required by Article 73 of the Luxembourg Law of 18 December 2009 on the audit profession.
On 17 January 2013, the U.S. Department of Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service released for publication in the Federal Register final regulations for the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA).
Sensing an opportunity with the transposition of the AIFMD into national law in July 2013, Luxembourg has had the foresight to build added-value into the legislation by introducing favourable measures for the establishment of fund raising vehicles.
The report takes into account industry data as stated in the 2013 annual reports of the CSSF and the BCL, as well as the ranking data published by the Luxemburger Wort.
The participation exemption is one of the most important features of the Luxembourg tax system. It provides a 100% exemption on dividends and capital gains which stem from equity investments. The brochure explains the rules in detail.
KPMG is pleased to present its updated sixth edition of the Luxembourg Regulated Investment Vehicles brochure, incorporating the recent changes in the legal and regulatory environment.
The AIFMD will have a significant re-shaping effect on the alternative investment fund industry in Europe and beyond.
We seek the facts and provide insights. KPMG Luxembourg organises thought leadership events relevant to the needs of our clients. Find out more about our Events & Seminars below. We are looking forward to meeting you.
Find out more about our handouts 2014.
Renew relationships with old friends and colleagues by joining our KPMG Alumni program.
Welcome to KPMG Luxembourg's Press Room.
On 17 January 2013, the U.S. Department of Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) released the final FATCA regulations. Enacted in March 2010, the goal of FATCA is to obtain information relating to U.S. persons that have offshore accounts or investments in order to combat offshore tax evasion by such persons.
FATCA applies to:
Non-U.S. entities that fail to comply will be subject to a 30% withholding tax on certain U.S. source payments. In absence of a Model I Intergovernmental Agreement (IGA) between the country of incorporation and the U.S., an FFI must either enter into a direct agreement with the IRS to be Participating FFI (PFFI) or meet the requirements of one of the many types of Deemed Compliant FFI (DCFFI) to avoid withholding penalty. Certain non-financial foreign entities (NFFEs) also face potential withholding under FATCA if they fail to disclose their substantial U.S. owners.
Intergovernmental Agreements (IGAs) with Partner jurisdictions
As an alternative to the final FATCA regulations, the U.S. Treasury published two Model IGAs, i.e. Model I and Model II, which facilitate the implementation of FATCA for FFIs resident in a partner jurisdiction which signed an IGA.
Luxembourg signed a FATCA Model 1 IGA with the Unites States for the exchange of tax information. In this context the Luxembourg government set up with the IGA a legal framework compelling all Luxembourg Financial Institutions to comply with a set of due diligence, withholding and reporting requirements.
Complying with the FATCA rules will not only be a major compliance task to fulfill due to extended information reporting but will also influence your business strategy and the markets you serve.
Now that the IGA has been released, we can help you achieve smart Luxembourg compliance towards FATCA…
…we focus on all you need, not more, not less.
FATCA Registration (PDF, 460KB)
FATCA Fund service proposal (PDF, 135 KB)
Georges Bock
Managing Partner
Tel. +352 22 51 51 - 5522
Gérard Laures
Tel. +352 22 51 51 - 5549
Frank Stoltz
Tel. +352 22 51 51 - 5520
Vincent Koller
Tel. +352 22 51 51 - 7922
© 2014
KPMG Luxembourg S.à r.l., a Luxembourg private limited company, is a subsidiary of KPMG Europe LLP and a member of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative ("KPMG International"), a Swiss entity. All rights reserved.
KPMG International Cooperative ("KPMG International") is a Swiss entity. Member firms of the KPMG network of independent firms are affiliated with KPMG International. KPMG International provides no client services. No member firm has any authority to obligate or bind KPMG International or any other member firm vis-à-vis third parties, nor does KPMG International have any such authority to obligate or bind any member firm.


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engine = null; if (window.navigator.appName == "Microsoft Internet Explorer") { // This is an IE browser. What mode is the engine in? if (document.documentMode) // IE8 or later engine = document.documentMode; else // IE 5-7 { engine = 5; // Assume quirks mode unless proven otherwise if (document.compatMode) { if (document.compatMode == "CSS1Compat") engine = 7; // standards mode } // There is no test for IE6 standards mode because that mode // was replaced by IE7 standards mode; there is no emulation. } // the engine variable now contains the document compatibility mode. } var wInst = window var bOpen = false var imgPlay = new Image(); imgPlay.src = "/Images/Buttons/Play.gif" var imgPause = new Image(); imgPause.src = "/Images/Buttons/Stop.gif" // Set slideShowSpeed (milliseconds) var slideShowSpeed = 5000 // Duration of crossfade (seconds) var crossFadeDuration = 3
One sided facial wholesale jerseys usa twitching
My 12 year old daughter was recently diagnosed with epilepsy after a lateral ventricular cyst was found. She has a 3 or more year history of headaches which lead us to the CT, which found the cyst. The neurosurgeon sent us to a neurologist because he thinks her symptoms she had were from seizures and not the cyst. The neurologist did an eeg that showed abnormal brain activity on both sides of her brain. She is on 600 mg of trileptal and 1000 mg of kepra daily. She was having dizziness, bad smells, migraines. She is also always very clusmsy. Last week, (she never had a seizure/seizure symptoms prior to this) her left side of her face starting spasming/twitching followed by neck and head turning, kind of like tourettes. We assumed it was seizures and she was hospitalized for 3 days. They did a 24 hour eeg and it showed no seizures. The eeg was recorded while these episodes were occuring. The facial spasm is about an inch above her left nostril on from the side of her nose and to the middle of her face. They have taken her off trileptal and it has not stopped. She also wholesale jerseys china has numbness on her left side accompanying this with sharp pains on the back left of her head shooting down her neck. This is always occuring on her left side. They do not believe seizures are causing these symptoms. Could it still be seizures or something else? My mind still keeps going back to the cyst which is on the right side of her brain but is ""not"" in the brain matter. The doctors are convinced it's not seizures, nor the cyst. Please anyone help!!!
Hi wholesale jerseys from china there
While it's difficult to take issue with doctors' diagnoses based on clincal testing and first hand evaluation, one has to wonder about the symptoms vs. the presence of a known cyst, and there is also the matter of EEG performed either with the intention of provoking seizures and/or performed during wholesale sports jerseys what appears to be seizure activity. Both would seem reasonable except for what's actually happening, which should be evident to everyone involved. I think what may be happening is a form of or something similar to Jacksonion seizures. Since these are often confined to a specific area of the body and sometimes travel in retrograde fashion, I wonder (but of course cannot prove) if perhaps these seizures are sometimes so localized as to have their origin somewhere outside the temporal lobe. The fact that there is known to be a cyst present on the opposite (and so operative) side of the brain, has to be considered despite the failure of the EEG to reveal seizure activity. This wouldn't be the first time this has happened.
Another wholesale authentic jerseys possibility is that there is a nerve inflamed or otherwise impinged upon (neuritis, neuralgia), perhaps the facial nerve (trigeminal) which is being indirectly affected by the presence of the cyst, in which case seizure activity might well not show up on EEG. The medications tried so far have been ineffective and should show some improvement in seizure activity, so the next logical step, it would seem, would be to try one of the anti seizure medications which is known primarily for its pain blocking effects (gabapentin, pregabalin). It would be worth the trial, would be a provocative test, and if effective might well not only control the symptoms but help narrow down the field of possible causes. This is a seemingly perplexing situation, but only because it doesn't fit any of the commonly recognized paradigms for seizure activity. I've found there can be overlapping grey areas where seizure like activity is present, and it won't always be recognize by EEG because the site of origin is actually outside the temporal lobe or may even be localized in the vicinity of the affected nerve. The doctors attending need to broaden the scope of their speculation, and I think a trial of one or more of the abovementioned drugs could be helpful not only with management of symptoms, but could well serve as a diagnostic function by elimination."


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We will come back very soon Stay tuned
Phone: +256 706 884 109 Email:email@example.com Address: Suite 609, Equatoria Mall,Bombo Rd Kampala, Uganda.
About Us
School Guide Uganda is produced by School Guide Uganda Limited, a company incorprated in Uganda . School Guide Uganda Ltd assists companies,organizations and Schools with strategic communications and produces website directories.
School Guide Uganda Limited established Www.SchoolGuideUganda.com in 2008. School Guide Uganda is an online directory containing all Uganda's primary and secondary Government, Catholic and Independent schools. It is the best online directory of all Schools in Uganda.
The project's objectives are:
- To provide schools with a way to reach their target audience and inform the public about their school.
- To help people who are looking for schools in Uganda to easily find the type of school they want.
- To build websites for Ugandan schools & institutions
- To promote Ugandan schools beyond borders
- To be the leading marketer of Ugandan education both locally and abroad
- To provide consultancy about Ugandan Education and Statistics
- To provide a platform for cheap advertisement for all Ugandan schools
- To provide parents, students and other stakeholders with up to date, relevant information about Ugandan Schools.
- To provide employment to some of the Ugandan youth
- To benefit the country's economy through tax and some profit
- To provide sponsorship to selected students of 10% of the company's profits


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Recent Stories
- China visit helps establish research and development links for UK businesses
- Google award recognises Lancaster academic's focus on eye tracking research
- Energy Lancaster to help research new generation of fuel cells
- Sustainable green alternatives to fertilisers could boost food and energy security
- Lancaster spin-out company adapts crime-fighting tech to the marketing world
- Lancaster University cyber security course is certified by UK's national intelligence agency
- Lucky heather earns its name in carbon study
- New postgraduate courses to help stem the tide of flood devastation in the UK
- Cyber-crime costs region's businesses almost £107 million a year - a new report reveals
- Businesses offered chance to explore one of Europe's top environmental research centres
Business and Investment Opportunities in Europe
InfoLab21 resident Kinetic Cubed are looking for NW companies looking for business and investment opportunities in Brussels and Copenhagen.
Mark Beresford, Co-founder and Director of Kinetic Cubed is working with two European city region investment promotion agencies, Copenhagen Capacity and Invest in Brussels, to help them market and attract UK companies into their locations.
Copenhagen is home to one of the highest densities of corporate businesses and corporate HQ operations in Scandinavia. Being at the centre of the Nordic region, which has one of the highest levels of GDP per capita in the world, Copenhagen is a global leader in industries such as Cleantech, ICT and Logistics.
There are three key reasons why UK businesses should consider setting up in Copenhagen, namely:
- Copenhagen is the strategic location in the Nordics and has a track record of helping dynamic UK companies acquire new clients, expand and consolidate their operations in this important business region.
- Copenhagen provides a high degree of 'flexsecurity' - i.e. an optimal combination of high levels of work force productivity (helping produce more with less in today's highly competitive market places) with labour market flexibility and efficiency.
- Copenhagen is a hotbed of know-how, innovation and talent with a high degree of absorptive capacity for new ideas, commercialisation and knowledge transfer around the 'triple helix' of business, universities and government. These factors lead to a high degree of competitiveness, and examples of this can be seen in the significant cluster effects in the green and clean technology, renewable energy, ICT, medical technology and logistics sectors.
On the other hand, Brussels is the business and political heart of the EU, well connected and a gateway to European markets. There are three key reasons why UK companies should consider Brussels as a cost effective location to base their European operations from.
- Brussels is home to many major global corporations and also provides a relatively low cost gateway to new business opportunities in the local and wider Benelux and European markets.
- Brussels is home to key economic and political decision makers from global institutions such as the EU, NATO, NGOs, and think tanks.
- Brussels has a strong track record of being one of the most innovative places in Europe to do business. Sectors such as Professional and Financial Services, ICT, Healthcare / Bio and Energy and Environment are highly developed.
If your business is interested in accessing the European market, then like to talk to you. For an exploratory discussion on expansion into the Nordics, or continental Europe, please contact Mark Beresford at email@example.com or 07788 917931.
Mon 20 December 2010
Associated Links
Latest News
China visit helps establish research and development links for UK businesses
Representatives from 15 UK businesses have visited China to establish research and development links that will boost innovation and trade.
Story supplied by LU Press Office
Fri 26 September 2014
Google award recognises Lancaster academic's focus on eye tracking research
Computing giant Google has recognised research at Lancaster University to develop eye-tracking technology.
Story supplied by LU Press Office
Thu 18 September 2014
Energy Lancaster to help research new generation of fuel cells
Engineers from Lancaster University are working in collaboration with a cutting edge clean-tech company that has developed a new generation of fuel cells that could revolutionise energy supply to homes and businesses.
Story supplied by LU Press Office
Thu 11 September 2014
Sustainable green alternatives to fertilisers could boost food and energy security
Lancaster University scientists are leading research looking at formulating sustainable fertilisers from renewable energy waste.
Story supplied by LU Press Office
Thu 14 August 2014


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Pulmonaria 'Sissinghurst White'
- Position: full or partial shade
- Soil: humus-rich, moist, well-drained soil
- Rate of growth: average
- Flowering period: March to April
- Flower colour: white
- Other features: white-spotted leaves
- Hardiness: fully hardy
Delicate, pure-white, funnel-shaped flowers in early spring and white-spotted, bright-green leaves. This dainty pulmonaria is perfect for shady areas. One of the first to flower, it looks lovely alongside miniature daffodils. Best in a soil that remains moist over summer, since mildew can take hold if the roots dry out.
- Garden care: Lift and divide large clumps every three to five years after flowering or in autumn. Cut back plants affected by mildew to the ground, water and feed - the plant will regenerate and produce new leaves later in the year.
How to control weeds
'One year's seed is seven year's weed', or so the saying goes, so the most important thing an organic gardener (and non-organic gardener for that matter) can do is prevent weeds from flowering and setting seed. A horrifying example of this is chickweed,Read full article
A sanctuary of peace and tranquillity with an overwhelming sense of calm, a woodland garden is an ideal place to get away from it all with natural shade and privacy. Based on a simple grouping of trees or even a single, multi-stemmed specimen, a woodland-Read full article
Pulmonarias - top of the nectar table
One plant every gardener should grow is the pulmonaria, or lungwort. It oozes nectar from its flowers, which are held on foot-high stems. Find a place in dappled shade in reasonable soil close to deciduous trees and shrubs, because pulmonarias are basicalRead full article


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Live Your Life to the Fullest
Talk about cheerleading. Is cheerleading a sport? Is it just for girls? Post your favorite cheers!
Live Your Life to the Fullest
Well one of my favorite cheers from one of the squads I currently cheer for is . . .
[School/Mascot Name] fans get up in the stands, we want to see you
STOMP, and shake it. STOMP, and shake it .
4ever love turn that frown upside down!
~ Funny_Person_LOL
"Skullylicious" wrote:Well, I cheer for the Oakwood Lumberjacks, so some of them that I do are:
Jacks! Attack! Sack that quarterback!
Come on, now, we want to see you STOMP and shake it! STOMP! And shake it.
Whad'you think those cleats are for? STomp 'em! STOMP 'em!
Down the field, down the field, move the ball, score 6!
Repeat each one twice. They all have motions, but you can make stuff up.
All new users please search "Saveyou's unhelpful guide to KW", it will teach you all about what to expect. It should've gotten stickied, if you ask me.
This sentence of my sig is dedicated to Tyco (tycotickles/tycolovesyou), James (HeyThereI'mJames), and the other James (NachozRule) May they always be apart of KW.
Ten Facts About You!
1.You're reading this
2.You're thinking that doesn't count
4.You didn't realize I skipped 3
5.You're looking back
7.You didn't realize I skipped 6
8.You're wondering how you could be fooled by the same trick twice
9.You're smiling
10.You're still reading
12.You're realizing there were only supposed to be
10.Look back. Think.
A great online version of the famous Candy Crush. This is the best game launched...
Intriguing planets, weird and wonderful characters; challenge friends and find a...
When you go back to Candyland, you'll wonder why you ever left in the first plac...
Uncle George has left you his farm, but unfortunately it's in pretty bad shape. ...
Shoot blobs with different properies to merge yellow blobs. Your blobs can be re...


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Login or Register
An interview with an expert in the cultural functions of journalism, and the power of the visual.
The answer may not be so simple, and now's the time to ask the question.
Republicans and even some Democrats are telling us to get our fear on. But the president, who might have things to gain from it, isn't joining in.
He'd like to get out of the Middle East, but the actions of ruthless enemies draw him back.
The increase in corporate money in elections has favored one party over the other.
Non-state terrorism was a bewildering foreign policy and military challenge in 2001, and even more so now.


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Top of the line technology is packed into an attractive design with Sonic's latest premium hearing aid.
With its premium features and affordable price point, this hearing aid is sure to Charm you.
Simple design, user-friendly features at a price that's sure to leave you smiling.
Powerful. Small. Smart. Flip connects you to your world with precision and ease.