text:
Where To Place Television In New Living Room?
Good Questions
Q: We are getting ready to move into this beautiful Edwardian apartment with a beautiful living room and we don't know where to put the TV. We have a huge TV and there just doesn't seem to be a good place for it. We have a similar couch (furniture in the pictures is staged) so I was thinking of keeping it there. Suggestions?
Sent by Simon
Editor: Let Simon know what you think in the comments - thanks!
• Got a question? Email yours with pic attachments here (those with pics get answered first)
44 Comments
What is going on with the forth wall, a floor plan would be helpful. What a beautiful room. Maybe getting a smaller TV so its not so dominating.
You almost have to put a large TV on the couch wall. Your only other option with the room configuration is to angle it in front of the bookcase.
If it's a flat screen, would it fit over the mantel?
Move the couch to facie the fireplace, mount the tv on the wall or place it on a cabinet where the couch is presently. Or mount it over the fireplace inside a mirrored cabinet.
I'm going to get flogged by AT readers for suggesting this, but I would put it over the mantle. It just seems like the only good space with the current furniture layout.
(although I agree with b77... would the unseen 4th wall be an option?)
Beautiful room, by the way! Looooove those windows :)
you can always hang it from the ceiling
depending on how large "huge" really is, could the wall where the mirror is work?
If the telly is larger (and I admit, I have a 19 inch telly, first in 20 years, so most in teh stoes look "huge" to me).
The next thing to think about is, does the telly have to be in the living area?
If it must, could a nice decortative cover mount over it when it isn't in use, allowing a tech-free appearing zone?
I'm not sure about the current "couch wall" - if your TV is directly across from windows, depending on the angle of the sunlight, you might have a lot of glare. I'm not a fan of looking at a TV when it's not in use. What about hanging it above the mantel with one of those artistic flat screen covers?
What a lovely room. I would mount it over the mantle ..... and I would cover it with a large mirror or a piece of art on a hinge so that it can be "opened up" when the TV is in use.
I would put the TV on a console against the current sofa wall and then place the sofa to face it. There is no rule that a sofa needs a wall!
If it's as big as our TV (82"), you'll need to put it on the couch wall. Then get some blackout shades for those awesome windows.
If it's not so huge, it could be put above the mantle. But I like the mirror there. That placement for a TV is a tad high, anyway.
I'm not fond of where the sofa is now, anyway. It blocks the lovely built-in bookcase.
Any chance the TV could go in another room?
I vote for no tv.
Don't put the tv over the mantle, it would take away from the beautiful fire place. If you need to have the tv in the living room then I would suggest investing in a nice tv armoir, really that room is too beautiful to have a giant television popped in the middle of it.
Lovely room. Lucky you. Would the tv fit on the wall to the right of the fireplace? Position the sofa facing the fireplace and the chair pushed back toward the window or on the other side of the room near the built in book case. That way, the fireplace remains the focal point and you can decorate it accordingly, and the tv becomes a secondary FP that doesn't dominate the room.
You could knit a tv cozy to conceal it when you aren't watching. (kidding)
Not sure if this will work without seeing the 4th wall, but my suggestion is to put it on the wall where the couch is, and put the couch facing the fireplace, leaving a walkway behind it.
I would probably agree with the tv armoire - if you want the tv in the living room then at least make the covering something suitable.
A knit tv cozy... haha.
I agree with the no tv over the mantle - if not for style, then for the fact that your tv would be very high up. Ours is currently in a built-in but the tv itself is on a shelf that about 4.5 feet from the floor and you definitely have to look up to watch it.
The more I think about it, the more I vote for an armoire.
Could you create a tv nook in the corner behind the chair? A chair (or two) ottoman and tv tucked into the corner for nights when you'd like to watch tv, and separate the main living area for conversation and reading?
how often do you watch TV? presumably a lot because it's huge (exactly how large?).
if it is a lot, TV needs pride of place. I have my 32 inch flat screen - modest by today's standards -- on a very cool industrial rolling cart so I can wheel it out a foot or so when I want to watch, and push the whole thing back into a book shelf nook when I am entertaining.
works well for me and I watch a lot.
would that work for that nook to the right of the fireplace?
pam h
If you can create a TV room elsewhere, that would be my first choice, since this room has a lot of problems for TV watching. (Lovely as a sitting room, though.)
If it has to be here, I support the advice suggesting putting it where the sofa is (wall mounted or on a console), putting the sofa in front of the fireplace (perpendicular to the TV) or else facing the TV in front of the windows, and adding blackout shades or closing opaque drapes.
He's a guy, so of course his TV is huge. JK.:) Lucky you, love the room, I'm sorry to say the TV has to go. I know you are probably in shock right now, but that room is to nice to be dominated by the boob tube.
This room is a library/reception/cozy conversation room. Please don't try to make it what it's not.
It's too bad such a beautiful room has to have a TV. Don't you have a spare room that could be the TV/Media room?
What PamH said.
Here's another question: do you ever plan to use the fireplace? If not, just put the TV in front of it. Am definitely not a fan of the freaky-colored brick (tile?) and the roughed up looking wood, and the black metal....
It is a very lovely room and I'm assuming the tv is important in your daily life so of course you should incorporate it unapologetically into your space. I don't understand the naysayers who are advising to "chuck it" - really? Good design is about incorporating your needs into your space, not changing your daily life because a wall placement is a little inconvenient, sheesh.
I think the best plan is to place the tv on the long wall where the couch is currently pictured. Float your couch and side chairs along the "4th" wall and open area along the window side of the wall.
A television in the living room is so "not living".
i'm dying to see someone mount a TV on their wall and then mount curtains that hide the TV and draw apart like a theater. you could totally do that! i completely agree with the comments about glare, which may be an issue no matter where the TV is in this space since there are several sources of natural light at various angles to contend with. good luck!
A nice thing about a modern interior is that it can easily incorporate a TV. Your room is lovely, but it's traditional, and a TV anywhere in that room will look really bad. However, if that's the only room you can put a TV in, and you really enjoy TV (I am guessing you do), then I think you just have to put it somewhere and deal with the fact that it is an eyesore.
I don't think we have enough information about the layout of the room to find a place for the tv. From what I can see of your space in these pictures, there really is no place for a LARGE tv. The only available space is where the couch is currently, but I can't say without seeing the room in its entirety whether it would work to position the couch to face the fireplace. I think it would be too awkward to have the couch in front of the windows. The tv will have to go elsewhere -- perhaps in your bedroom? -- and most probably will need to be downsized.
From the strange window wall though, it looks to me that a wall has been removed in order to "open the space up" -- perhaps the part with the fireplace was a dining room or small sitting room? In any case, "opening up" traditional spaces means removing walls, which eliminates the possibility of hanging things on said walls. Another reason not to remove walls and "open up the space". (you can tell this is a big beef of mine)
In any case, this is a lovely, charming space and you are very lucky to have found it! It is most probably going to require a lifestyle change though... at the very least, a smaller tv.
I love TV, but could you maybe get a smaller one if the giant one doesn't fit this space? The room doesn't look too large, and I watch a 19" happily from across a room about this big. If my middle-aged eyes can tolerate this, a young man's eyes can take a 32" or so, eh?
It would be a shame to dramatically change the charm of this room for the sake of a television set, which is really a temporary possession in life. Changing the TV seems more realistic.
I used to live in an Edwardian flat a lot like this. After a lot of rearranging, we ended up putting bespoke bookshelves in the nooks to either side of the fireplace and putting our tv on one of the shelves (we purposely left a lot of space for the tv on one shelf). Because it was a long room, we ended up placing the sofa in the middle so it faced the fireplace instead of against a wall. The bookshelf solution worked really well as the tv was surrounded by books, the fireplace was balanced and all wires and equipment were hidden behind cupboard doors underneath the tv shelf.
we're moving into a new apartment with a similar living room (original fireplace with original mirror) and are facing the same issue. we don't want to take away from the beauty of the fireplace, which is a natural focal point, but are realistic - we want to be able to see the television also. my current plan is to arrange the sofa on a diagonal so that it can face the fireplace on a slight angle but still face a television across the way. perhaps something like that could work if you're open to having your furniture at a diagonal instead of flush to the wall?
Perhaps not flat against a wall, but angled out on an easel? You're going to have to think outside the box on this one:)
Actually now that I'm looking at this again, my parents have similar shelves to the left of their fireplace, which is where they keep their 32" TV.
Could you maybe take out one of the shelves so you could fit the height of the TV?
Then place the sofa facing the fireplace.
That way the TV would be easy to watch, but not the main focal point. (Assuming it fits length-wise of course)
Ditch the tv. You'll go through withdrawals, but once you get to the other side, you'll wonder how you ever spent a single nanosecond watching that thing. Seriously. Your living room and your life will be insanely better without a television in them.
As soon as I saw this post I thought, "There are going to be so many people saying to ditch the TV" and there were. Clearly this person wants to watch their TV, since they have one and are asking for advice. They are not looking to throw away their TV, and telling them to do so is pretty snobbish if you ask me.
This room does look beautiful without a TV, but I'll agree, float the couch and put the TV against that wall if it's too big to mount above the fireplace, or if you find that mounting it up there is too high for TV viewing.
It's me, Simon who's asking the question. Thank you so much for all your comments and ideas, some have been really interesting. I agree with amy good house that we should want to incorporate the TV into the room as we love watching movies and would want to spend as much time as possible in this room.
To clarify a couple points: There is no real back wall as the fourth side is a stair case from the entrance door (2nd floor). The TV is Plasma so it's really heavy and I'm not sure if the walls would support that...Also, the fireplace is working.
We just moved in this weekend, put the sofa in front of the fireplace and for now the TV stands in the space to the right side of the fire place. The TV is so big that it has to be slightly diagonal. Right now we are thinking of maybe getting a really low table and put the TV on there...?
Buy a small tv and put it on a wooden tv cart with casters against the wall (beneath the artwork, behind the blue chair). Then roll it out when you want to watch tv. It makes it much more comfortable to watch, and it doesn't become a main, fixed component of the decor.
i get not wanting to put the tv above the fire. but to not even have a tv? theyve got this show archer. its a ..well, its a cartoon.
why not bolt it to the ceiling? you can lay on the floor to watch. i mean sweet baby jesus, put the damn thing above the fireplace!
sofa facing the fireplace - TV angled on the left or right of the fireplace, depending on what other furniture you have.
If I understand your post correctly, you are saying this is the first room your guests will see. And what you want them to see is not the lovely light from the windows, not the lovely fireplace, not the lovely wood floors, but a very large, doesn't-quite-fit, probably not so lovely, very modern TV?
Surely not...
I would move the couch around so that it's facing the fireplace and then put the tv on a narrow console or sideboard on the wall that the couch is on. I wouldn't destroy the aesthetic of that gorgeous fireplace by putting a tv over it.
the world would be a happier place with out tv.


text:
Acoustimass® 10 speaker system with Onkyo® TX-NR535 receiver
- Our best 5.1-channel home theater speaker system for large rooms
- Four Direct/Reflecting® cube speakers and a horizontal center speaker
- Powered Acoustimass module with two high-performing drivers
- Onkyo surround sound receiver powers speakers
The Bose® Acoustimass 10 Series IV home entertainment speaker system—our most popular surround sound speaker system—brings 5.1-channel sound to your movies and music. Connect it to the Onkyo TX-NR535 surround sound receiver and enjoy Bose quality sound for all your entertainment sources.
The Acoustimass 10 home entertainment speaker system fills your room with beautiful sound, not bulky speakers. So you can experience notable performance from home theater speakers you hardly notice.
Four innovative Direct/Reflecting® cube speaker arrays and a horizontal center-channel speaker produce lifelike effects in 5.1-channel surround sound. Music and dialogue ring clear and true. And a proprietary Acoustimass module delivers profound low frequencies throughout the listening area. Two downward-firing drivers in the Acoustimass module enable realistic sound for low audible notes and effects.
The Onkyo TX-NR535 receiver features built-in Wi-Fi® and Bluetooth® audio streaming technology. Listen to millions of songs, thousands of Internet radio stations and your playlists. Watch your favorite movies and programs, or play the latest games with Bose® quality sound that will make you sit up and take notice.
With six HDMI® inputs, you can easily add high-definition devices, such as a DVR or 3D Blu-ray player. And InstaPrevue™ visual port management technology makes it easy to preview—and switch—among the sources connected to the receiver without having to remember which device is connected to which port.
Powered Acoustimass module adds drama to music and movies. Downward-firing drivers and proprietary technology deliver the lowest audible notes and effects with clarity and balance.
Direct/Reflecting® cube speaker arrays blend reflected and direct sound to re-create much of a live concert's natural spaciousness. Experience stereo sound almost anywhere in the room, not just in one small "sweet spot."
Horizontal center-channel speaker array visually complements flat-panel TV screens while delivering natural-sounding dialogue and vocals.
Acoustimass speaker technology enables powerful low-frequency effects. Place the module almost anywhere in your room and all the sound appears to come from the cube speakers.
Automatic protection circuitry prevents drivers from being overdriven and provides increased reliability while minimizing interference with the listening experience.
Built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth audio streaming technology with unprecedented power and fidelity through your main system.
Audyssey MultiEQ counters adverse room acoustics for clear, well-balanced sound.
HDMI inputs for up to six high-definition sources, including support for 3D video. Two HDMI outputs to your HDTV.
Universal remote control preprogrammed to manage the most commonly used functions of your components.
Front panel USB port lets you connect your iPod, iPhone or other MP3 player directly to the system.
Included items
Cube speakers
6.25"H x 3"W x 4"D ( 15.7 cm x 7.8 cm x 10.2 cm )
2.4 lbs (1.1 kg)
Center channel speaker
3.13"H x 6.25"W x 4.13"D ( 7.9 cm x 15.9 cm x 10.5 cm )
2.36 lbs (1.07 kg)
Accoustimass module
16.33"H x 8.13"W x 25.33"D ( 41.5 cm x 20.7 cm x 64.3 cm )
35 lbs (15.9 kg)
Onkyo receiver
6.81"H x 17.13"W x 12.94"D ( 17.35 cm x 43.5 cm x 32.8 cm )
19 lbs (8.6 kg)
Total shipping weight
80.5 lbs (28 kg)
To view and print, you'll need Adobe Reader:
Cables and cords
Speaker wire adapter kit
Easily connect pre-installed speaker wiring (up to 14 gauge) to a Bose® home theater system. Kit includes 7' home theater speaker cable, speaker plate, cover plate, four mounting screws and instructions.
Compatible with:
- All Lifestyle® systems; all Acoustimass® speaker systems
Stands and brackets
UB-20 wall/ceiling bracket
High quality cast zinc bracket, designed to provide unobtrusive wall mounting for Bose® cube speakers. Bracket allows horizontal and vertical adjustment of speakers, so you can direct sound where you like. Sold as a single bracket.
Compatible with:
- All Lifestyle® systems; all Acoustimass® speaker systems; all CineMate® systems
UFS-20 universal floorstands
Slender metal stands elegantly display your speakers while hiding the speaker wires. Designed to optimize listening. Height: 38" (96.5 cm). Sold as a pair.
Compatible with:
- All Lifestyle® systems; all Acoustimass® speaker systems; all CineMate® systems
UTS-20 universal table stand
This cast aluminum stand allows elegant speaker placement anywhere there's a flat surface. A groove in the tubing conceals the speaker wire while providing quick, easy access. Height: 7" (17.8 cm). Sold as a single stand.
Compatible with:
- All Lifestyle® systems; all Acoustimass® speaker systems; all CineMate® systems

subset: commoncrawl


text:
If you want a perfect match to get a unique occasion call in a professional seamstress to help.
For probably the most unique of formal events, your wedding ceremony, an experienced seamstress is really a must. Altering a wedding gown requires special ability, so if you want your gown to fit as if it were made just for you, you will need alterations. Your bridal salon might offer alterations, but they might not be your greatest option. Inquire buddies and family members inside your area who've lately gotten married. They may have suggestions about what will be your most affordable, most experienced option with regards to altering your wedding gown.
Clothes isn't the sole time you might need the help of the seamstress. House interiors frequently need adjustments, so if you're performing some remodeling work as well as your changes consist of material, work with a seamstress to get the best outcome. Even if you do not need assist with stitching, a professional seamstress can help you steam wrinkles and clean things like curtain and upholstery material. Anytime material needs unique treatment, be sure you speak having an expert.
One last time you might need an professional seamstress is when putting together a costume. If you're creating a Halloween costume to get a kid, it is not that important that everything be perfect. Nevertheless, if you have programs to attend a costume celebration and you would like something inventive and perfectly fitted, a seamstress can assist. This really is also true if you are placing together a costume to get a theatrical efficiency. If you are dealing with somebody overseas, you'll have to do a little research around the business or seamstress before you purchase the dresses. You'll not be able to check the quality of their work before you purchase the gown so their popularity is all you'll have to use for selecting the right seamstress. Appear for someone who has the expertise in dressmaking to create your bridesmaid dresses.
Inquire some of one's friends who've lately gotten married if they know of any overseas seamstresses to make the bridesmaid dresses. You might be surprised at the amount of people who use this option to get a cheap bridesmaid dress that does not appear inexpensive. A recommendation from somebody that you know can go a long way to finding the highest quality seamstress for your wedding.
You are able to also ask to see some pictures in the work that they have done previously. Obviously, the pictures will not show you detail on the quality of the function, but you are able to see the kind of dresses that they have worked on in the past. This can give you a good idea if they can handle the style which you have in thoughts.
Do some shopping around whenever you are searching for an overseas seamstress. There are numerous businesses that will be able to handle your gown needs, but not all of them will probably be inexpensively priced. Just like anything else that you do online, take your time and search out the best deal that you can find.
Keep in mind to give yourself plenty of time for the alterations on the dresses, as nicely. Your bridesmaids will require a few fittings before the dress is ideal for their size. Make certain that your bridesmaids are available to be fitted for the gown and go to all of the subsequent fittings.
seamstress killeen tx
If you want a perfect match to get a unique occasion call in a professional seamstress to help.


text:
On The Block
Real estate news and housing blog from the San Francisco
Posts filtered on Category
Celebrity chef Tyler Florence lists delicious Mill Valley abode
For $1.995M, you too can stand in Tyler Florence's kitchen, cooking up something amazing to serve under a canopy of Mill Valley foliage. The Food Network superstar's home— freshly listed— includes, no surprise, chicken coops, a garden of leafy greens and a gourmet kitchen, plus 5 bedrooms, 2 baths on an almost 9,000-square-foot lot of […] [Read More]
Mill Valley named one of the best small towns in America
The Smithsonian magazine recently released their 20 Best Small Towns in America list. Not only was Mill Valley the only one chosen from the Bay Area, it placed in the top five, at #4. The only other town in California to make the list was Laguna Beach, which took the #17 spot. The list was […] [Read More]
Where the fog isn't: Marin's median market
"The coldest winter I ever spent was a summer in San Francisco." – Unknown If you live in the bay area, you must have heard that saying by now. This past week, being the official first week of summer, those words rang true. With the exception of Sunday, the infamous fog infiltrated and insulated the […] [Read More]
Mill Valley listings languish: things ain't what they used to be
NorCal MLS This $1.2m Mill Valley home on Lockwood Lane has had two price chops. There was a time when a decent Mill Valley home in the sub-$2 million bracket would have been considered value for money — by the slim percentage of the population that can afford Mill Valley, of course. Have a look […] [Read More]
A chance to own in Mill Valley for less than $200,000
Morgan Lane Marin What $159,000 buys in Mill Valley Who says you can't own property in tony Mill Valley for less than $200,000? For just $159,000 you can live on a secluded, wooded spot covering nearly 13,500 square feet in the hills of Marin. That's just $11.93 per square foot or a monthly payment of […] [Read More]
In Mill Valley: dreams are made of this
It's been officially declared a "dream home of northern California" and a dream is exactly what this type of home will remain for the vast majority of Golden State residents. NORCAL MLS Exterior of 433 Lovell Ave in Mill Valley. Still, dreams have their place, as does a little house lust to distract from more […] [Read More]
What the "Average" Bay Area Home Looks Like
The median price for a home in the Bay Area is now $330,000 according to the latest DataQuick research. That is almost double the national median which is $175,000, according to the National Association of Realtors. Here's a look at what $330,000 will buy you in three Bay Area cities. vanguardsf.com A Nob Hill studio […] [Read More]
Get a Square (Foot) Deal in Mill Valley
When I was looking to buy a home about a year ago, an acquaintance urged me not to look at anything priced higher than $350 per square foot. My search was focused on a neighborhood where the average $/sq ft was, at that time, around $550. Of course I ended up buying a home that […] [Read More]


text:
Bassu Moisture Hydrating Conditioner softens, shine, detangle, control, seals color, and is humidity resistant.
Surface trinity strengthening shampoo naturally cleanses and adds strength. Natural palm and coconut oils gently cleanse while vegan protein strengthens all hair types. Beauty with a conscience.
Intensify shine and color. Soften. Define style. Lock and protect color.
An experience for the scalp, BASIC's Carbon Tea Tree Shampoo contains activated charcoal, which is renowned for its detoxification properties that purify and alleviate not only toxins, but sebum, allergens and other residues that can be trapped in the scalp and hair. This shampoo is uniquely formulated to help cleanse, energize and calm the scalp. In addition, BASIC Carbon Tea Tree Shampoo...
Fast dry, flexible lasting hold, shine. Use for finishing, hold, and thermal styling.
Welcome to Surface Smooth and Healthy Protein Smoothing Treatment! Smooth, Reduce Curl Or Keep The Curl And Loose The Frizz. You are in total control and completely respecting personal health and the earth. Your choice of treatment application allows for three levels of curl and frizz reduction. In salon treatment... time varies from 60 minutes to 3 ½ hours.Treatment lasts from two to five...
Moisturize. Cleanse. Soften. Shine.
This rich all natural lather will nurture your curls back to life with the melting moisture of cocoa butter and hydrating babassu seed oil.
Surface Push Styling Powder adds volume and root lift to hair. Maximizes texture, thickens fine hair and controls static.
Surface crave styling paste for the style your crave. Flexible fiber network supports as you twist, shape and define your style. Tourmaline Crystal Fusion locks in condition and shine. Beauty with a conscience.
Surface Reflect Styling Gel provides hold, volumize, shine and control. This gel also seals in color protecting it from UV damage, sets curls and resists humidity.


text:
Daily Archives: April 23, 2012
Posted on April 23, 2012 by agareaumspp
Hello Everyone! Sorry that I have been out of the loop for a little bit, but I just got back this past weekend from my trip to New Orleans. As I previously have written about, I was one of eleven … Continue reading →


text:
How to Prepare Your Toddler for the Arrival of a New Baby
The birth of a child is an occasion of excitement and joy—but for the newborn's sibling, it can instead be a time of jealousy and confusion. I remember the day after I brought my son Brooks home from the hospital. He was all wrapped up in the bassinette next to our bed and lost in that deep sleep of which only newborns seem truly capable.
My daughter Kyle, just 18 months old at the time, flung herself on the floor in unmitigated toddler grief. "Oh no!" she cried, wailing and wreathing. "Take baby back! Oh noooo!" It was worse than I thought. Kyle clearly wanted me to return Brooks (perhaps to Toys R Us where she could get something in exchange).
Thankfully I was prepared and out of our bathroom rolled an oversize blue plastic wagon for Kyle to sit in and motor with her small, socked feet. "This," I declared, "is the present that Brooks got just for you as his new big sister." Kyle looked doubtfully up from the floor at Brooks' curled sleeping form, back at the beckoning wagon, and with eyebrows furrowed in wary resignation and lingering concern, opted to accept the gift. Sibling crisis averted!
To best acclimate your young child to a little sister or brother, begin long before your baby is born. Strive to be understanding and patient as your eldest adapts to this big change in his or her small world. Try the following tips to ensure a smooth transition for your whole family.
- <
- 1
- of
- 3
- >


text:
Updated: 10/08/2013 8:14 PM
Created: 10/08/2013 3:33 PM WHEC.com
By: Amanda Ciavarri
A system set up by a local school district is focusing on making safety a top priority. This is a trend at many of the school districts around Rochester. They are using technology to set up programs that allow, students and community members to report unsafe situations.
The program at West Irondequoit is a texting system. Students can text WISECURITY to 74700 and within minutes, a security member of the school will text them back. Students can have a conversation with them about the problem they have heard about or see.
Julia Magee, West Irondequoit senior, said, "In a school full of teenagers, you need to have some sort of media that relates to what they are used to. And to have someone respond immediately, you don't want to be stuck in a situation you feel uncomfortable in for longer than you have to be. So it is very important that they can come right away."
News10NBC spoke with students at the high school who said some of their friends have already used the system. They say it doesn't have to be used just for security. For example, if a lifeguard was locked out of the school pool, they can text the number and someone can let them in. The system is monitored 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
Students also say while they can't text in the classroom, they can in the hallways. They think this program can help kids.
Laura Chodak, West Irondequoit senior, said, "A big problem with bullying in the past has been that people are afraid to approach people about it. But now it is so unclassified that you can go just text someone and you know that your name won't be revealed and you will be safe and your name wont be sent out, so that is a great opportunity."
The district says in an emergency situation, you should always call 911 first.
Other schools:
We contacted other local school districts to see what safety technology they have place in their schools. Below are the districts we heard back from.
Greece: Helpline
Webster: Helpline and textline
Pittsford and East Irondequoit: No safety technology
|Prosecutor: Suspect in College at Brockport stabbing confessed to crime
|Rochester woman charged in connection with deadly hit-and-run crash
|College at Brockport freshman recovering after being stabbed inside dorm room
|Which cars get the most traffic tickets?
|Woman charged in connection with deadly hit and run in Gates pleaded not guilty


text:
A. Discovery Creates Worldwide Reaction
After John Marshall discovered gold at Sutter's Mill on the American River in January 1848 gold fever spread rapidly across state and national boundaries and soon flashed around the world. By spring of that year the young city of San Francisco had been abandoned and miners were panning for gold up and down some 150 miles along the western slope of the Sierra Nevadas Argonauts from the Atlantic seaboard, Hawaii, Latin America, Europe, and the Orient began to plan their migration to the gold fields of California, which according to the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of May 1848 had passed from Spanish rule to U.S. territorial status. Regardless of diplomatic jostling, the gold mines were open to everyone, and the waves of immigrants began pouring into the area during the summer of 1849. [1]
California applied for and received U.S. statehood in 1850. By that year the mining population was estimated at some 50,000 people, approximately ten times the number in 1848. The flush years of California gold mining lasted until 1853 when the mining population hit its peak of approximately 100,000 and the total gold production reached a record $65,000,000. By 1855 the U.S. had increased its gold production seventy-three times, and during the latter four years had provided nearly forty-five percent of the world's total gold output. The glut of gold on the international market created such a shock that nearly every country in the world suffered an inflation in 1854. [2]
In 1848 Pierson B. Redding, one of the few ranchers in the upper Sacramento Valley, discovered gold on Clear Creek, 200 miles northwest of Sutter's Mill (Coloma). By the close of the year, "miners were washing rich auriferous dirt . . . over a space of about fifteen miles square, near the place now known as the town of Shasta, in the Coast Mountains, at the head of the Sacramento Valley." The fifteen miles square no doubt took in all of the area now included in Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, since Shasta lies less than one mile from the park's east boundary, and Clear Creek runs directly through the center of the recreation area, on the east to west diagonal. [3]
Although the first influx of miners to northern California in 1848 eagerly panned on Clear Creek, the following season some of the gold seekers concluded that "Shasta . . . was quite small and the miners were not very rich," [4] and moved on to explore other locations. In their impatient quests for rich gold pockets the miners rolled back the wilderness of northern California to the west and north, over the coastal mountain range. Except for small numbers of adventuresome souls, however, the rugged mountainous northern country remained unknown. In August 1849 the Alta California (San Francisco) announced that an exploring party had found gold on the Trinity River. But the reporter admitted that "very little is known respecting this portion of California." [5]
While the northern miners continued to work in the shadow of the Sierra Nevadas for yet another season, the mining population of California grew by leaps and bounds. In November 1849, after only one month's absence, J. D. B. Stillman recorded his impressions of Sacramento, the burgeoning transportation center for the central and northern mines:
Despite a far more critical shortage of supplies in the vast territory northwest of Sacramento, the gold miners pushed into northern California early in 1850. On February 2, 1850, Sacramento's Placer Times printed an account by J. S. Bowles that "at Redding's Diggings [later Shasta CityM. H. B. Boggs] operators were doing well, the gold being of large-sized grains." The following month the Alta California's headlines read, "The New Gold Region," telling of mining in the vicinity of Trinidad Bay and Trinity River, where the diggings abounded "with the precious ore in much greater abundance than any of the places hitherto discovered." In August of that year a reporter of the Sacramento Transcript reported that Clear Creek contained deposits of great promise:
While such accounts obviously attracted the first large waves of immigrants to the northern mines, the account in the Sacramento Union of June 18, 1851, very likely determined the route of the subsequent years' migrations through the emerging town of Shasta. Formerly known as Reading's Springs, Shasta, the seat of Shasta County, was on the verge of becoming the hub of transportation for all areas of northern California:
Such news drew miners from California's older mining regions who hoped to find less crowded conditions and more prosperous diggings in an area still remote, without wagon roads, supply centers, or permanent settlements to compare with those found in the counties along the Sierra Nevadas. By 1852 the population of northwest California had increased fourfold and while their numbers only represented a small percentage of the state's mining population, their arrival spurred the rapid development of transportation routes and all the usual social and physical aftereffects related to a growth in population. [9]
In 1850, the year Shasta County was established, William Magee arrived in Reading's Springs where he found some 300 people living in tents and cloth houses. That night he slept on the ground that was within the year to become the main street of Shasta, the county seat of Shasta County. [10]
According to a correspondent for the Sacramento Union, Reading's Springs was first settled in 1849 by miners who "were attracted to the spot by the pure unfailing waters of the springs." The site was also convenient for the miners, for it stood along one of the few established trails of northern California, one no doubt taken by the first miners in 1848. As news of the rich diggings in the northern mines spread through the central and southern regions of California, the traffic to Reading's Springs increased. In February 1851 the county fathers moved the seat of government from Reading's Ranch, in the upper Sacramento Valley, to Reading's Springs, which had been renamed Shasta the summer before. [11]
Prior to 1850 travel to Shasta was arduous, slow, hazardous, and undependable. Argonauts coming from the Atlantic seaboard, for instance, may have begun their long journey by taking the quickest route possible to San Franciscosteamer through the Isthmus of Panamapaying between $200 and $400 to reach their destination. Next they would have traveled a day or more by land or steamer to Sacramento, where, hopefully, transportation provisions were available to launch a 180-mile trip over the rough trail to Shasta. In 1849-50 the only land route between Sacramento and Shasta was a mule trail used in earlier days by the Hudson's Bay Company. In 1850 the route was surveyed and declared a public highway, although it was still just an improved mule trail. [12]
The transportation routes soon showed improvement, however, since vested interests in Shasta and Sacramento wished to see their supplies and potential customers carried to their destinations quickly and safely. Moreover, like the miners they served, the commercial speculators all kept to the trails and roads during the early years to seek protection in the company of others when traveling through territory inhabited by often-hostile Indians. [13]
By January 1851 the trail to Shasta was rarely found untraveled. A reporter for the Sacramento Transcript remarked that "scarcely a day has passed, within the past week, that we have not observed large trains of mules, heavily packed with sacks of flour, boxes, and kegs, leaving the city for the Northern mines. The recent discoveries there seem to have imparted an impetus to all." The merchants in Shasta were making a fast profit be selling their provisions at a high price, and the traders in Trinity County let it be known to the Sacramento Transcript in February 1851 that they preferred to take the longer and more difficult road to Trinidad Bay to get their supplies rather than pay the price in Shasta City. "A large extent of country," however, remained "dependent entirely on Redding's for their supplies." [14]
Not only did Shasta have a captive audience to the north and west where little settlement and development had taken place, but it also had a steady influx of new customers and supplies to finance its continued growth. Moreover, once the town was selected as the county seat in early 1851, it possessed the added status and permanency which local government affords.
In mid-March 1851 the Sacramento Transcript informed its readers that Shasta was improving rapidly, that it stood "at the head of wagon navigation, being the point where wagons stop and where packing commences." In addition, it already boasted three hotels, a large number of stores, three blacksmith shops, and two tenpin alleys. [15]
By March of 1852 Shasta had taken on even greater significance because of the discovery of rich gold deposits along Clear and Whiskey creeks. The Sacramento Union explained that "the mines on every side are rich and extensive. Real estate is worth more than ever before. Rents have steadily advanced . . . the demand for lumber is so great that sawmills in the vicinity are unable to supply the demand." In May of that year the San Francisco Alta California featured an article on Shasta which defined the town's importance in northern California:
The article also noted that an estimated 700 people were arriving in Shasta each week, many of whom continued on to the mines. Two months earlier, a Shasta Courier correspondent claimed that the northern region contained at least 50,000 people and that there was a lack of mail facilities in the areas beyond Shasta, where the transportation routes continued to be unimproved mule trains often impassable due to bad weather or other unexpected hazards. Shasta County was rapidly developing, but beyond the limits of the county seat the wilderness remained a formidable barrier to progress. For that reason, articles such as the one quoted above were sent out by the Shasta Courier to encourage permanent settlers to the areasettlers who would invest in the future of the county and the local communities that had appeared along the roads and trails to the mines. [17]
1. Pioneer Charles Camden's Story
The earliest description of the local scene to the west of Shastanow within the Whiskeytown National Recreation Areacomes from The Autobiography of Charles Camden. Although this book was written when Camden was an octogenarian, it contains numerous recollections directly verified in nineteenth century county records and newspaper accounts. Camden prided himself on his clear, rational thinking and his exceptional physical and mental fitness. Therefore, this account not only serves as a tribute to his own life, but as an intimate view of the activities around Shasta prior to the establishment of a county newspaper to report local news. [18]
Charles Camden and his partners, Levi H. Tower and John Hindman, set sail in March 1850 for the gold region around Trinity Bay and Trinity River which the Alta California had heralded in San Francisco that month. Having found their way by blazing trails and by following Indian paths 150 miles through thick forests to the Trinity mines, they passed the spring and summer mining among the forty-niners on the Trinity and Salmon rivers. Late in October they decided to winter in Shasta County, where the weather was more temperate. Since supplies reportedly "were very cheap at Humboldt Bay, Unionville," Tower and some new mining friends took the mules west to stock up on provisions, while Camden and another friend, Luckey, crossed into Shasta County over a trail which Major Reading had reportedly blazed in 1845, and which miners had used since 1848 to reach Weaver[ville] basin and the Trinity County mines. [19]
When Camden, and Luckey reached the current location of Tower House Historic District, at Clear Creek's sharp bend to the northeast, they found a man named Schneider who was running a limited trading post business selling common miners supplies in his eight- by ten-foot log cabin. Schneider, Camden related, had no customers that October 1850, as "all had left, he said, for below Shasta and the southern diggings [the latter meaning below Marysville]." Schneider importuned them to stay with him and mine the good diggings there, but Camden and Luckey, anxious to continue on to Shasta, left that day and soon took up prospecting along Olney and Salt creeks southwest of the town, where most of the miners in the vicinity were digging. [20]
Camden and Luckey wrote to Tower to bring the provisions and mules on to Shasta, and the partners reunited early in November 1850, in time to decide where they would camp for the winter. Tower and his company had also stopped at Schneider's trading post, where Schneider and two men, "a negro and Jockey Woods, the only men left about there, except Schneider," had urged them to remain, explaining that "they did not want to leave and would feel safer if more men were around, on account of Indians." The two men tempted Tower and his party with the fact that they had mined there all summer and "knew all and lots of good places." [21]
After discussing the matter among themselves and investigating Clear Creek in the vicinity of Schneider's post, Camden and Tower agreed to winter at the site that would soon be their home for most of the remainder of their lives. From this choice location they stood right at the junction of the trails to Shasta, Weaverville, French Gulch, and Yrekathen or shortly to be the headquarters for the major mining districts in northern California. The mining company was surrounded by Clear Creek and two smaller creeks, which Camden named Granite and Crystal creeks, and they had no difficulty obtaining the water they needed for their diggings. The area had been mined already, but the prospects of good deposits were undeniable. Mining equipment was available at Schneider's store, as well as at Shasta only twelve miles distant, less than a day's walk. Even though few miners were left after the rush to the southern mines, the opportunity which lay in Clear Creek and in the future trade from miners on their way to or from the diggings in Trinity, Siskiyou, and Del Norte counties far outweighed the danger from Indian attack. [22]
As was often the case on mining frontiers, Camden and Tower developed a close friendship through their mining partnership. They worked well as a team, for Camden received special satisfaction from mining and prospecting, while Tower showed his preference for commercial endeavors by taking the mules south to Sacramento or San Francisco to purchase provisions at a more reasonable price than in Shasta. Tower maintained his interest in the mining claims until the fall of 1851, when he broke the partnership and turned his attention to acquiring the land at Schneider's trading post. [23]
Camden felt no disappointment at the loss of his partner, for he and Tower were still closely affiliated in social matters, yet were free to pursue their own business ambitions. Camden devoted most of his time to gold mining both in his life experiences and in his autobiography. For over fifteen years Camden concentrated his mining to about a two-mile stretch along Clear Creek and its tributaries. He extracted an average of $10 a day and totalled an estimated $80,000 from his efforts. [24] Camden's enduring success in gold mining on Clear Creek was a rare exception in the Shasta area, as well as in the other mining districts of California. In his recollections Camden himself underscored the sharp differences between his mining experiences and those of the average miner. The primary difference, he concluded, was that "one man will double the work of another, either by skill or will." According to Camden, others readily recognized this trait in him. "You, Camden, have the reputation of doing double the work of any of the rest of us," a friend remarked one day in 1854, when soliciting Camden's assistance and advice. [25]
Camden also stressed his own characteristics of patience, perseverance, and permanence in contrast to the average miner. As an example, he cited the time he mined on Slate Creek where three others had already worked diggings.
Knowing that these miners had not worked the diggings clean, Camden proceeded to extract $23 worth of gold in half a day. The trouble with the average miner, Camden explained, was his impatience with the hard work and low returns. He observed that most miners came to the mines expecting to net $50 to $100 a day, so that the $10 or less average seemed like a dismal disappointment. Probably discouraged by back-breaking labor and small rewards, many a miner turned to drink or gambling. As Camden witnessed:
Once broke again, miners often wandered on to new locations, hoping to find a rich strike. They came to the mines, for the most part as young men, often single, but if married, alone, leaving their families in more civilized surroundings until they came home wealthy. Because most of the miners in the gold rush never struck it rich, or kept their profits for the future, many did not return to their homes, but instead continued to follow the rainbow of gold and silver discoveries which appeared over the California, Nevada, and Colorado horizons for the following two decades. In contrast, Camden was one of the first to marry in Shasta County (November 1852), and one of the only miners in the area to gain local and state recognition for his public and private contributions to the development of northern California. [27]
2. Physical Growth 1850-1880
As a result of the overall lack of family permanence in the mining camps and the corresponding restlessness or irresponsibility among many miners, physical development came slowly to the area west of Shasta, except along the trail to the mines. Commercial interest sprang up to meet the miners' needs at or near the mining camps on Clear Creek and its tributaries. In August 1851 according to the records of the county supervisors, Reed and Company at Oak Bottom, and Smith and Company near the mouth of Whiskey Creek, were conveniently enough located to be designated election centers. When recalling an incident in the spring of 1851, Camden mentioned the Four Mile House which later records indicate stood near and to the east of Whiskeytown on the road from Shasta. The throng of miners who came to the area following the June 1851 announcement that rich gold strikes had been found in Mad Mule Canyon, Whiskey Creek, and Clear Creek for the most part lived in cloth houses or tents, which were portable and convenient, and which, after their removal, left only surface scars as reminders of the brief, but undoubtedly disruptive, encampment. [28]
a. Hotels and Inns
The influx of miners, however transient they were, did spur the local and regional economy. Shasta, as a regional supply center, sent out long trains of mules bearing supplies to the mining camps near and far. A pioneer to the area recalled seeing the streets of Shasta blocked by "heavily loaded wagons drawn by five yokes of oxen each," and some 500 pack mules loaded and ready to leave. According to one of the early Shasta Courier editions, each mule carried an average load of 300 pounds, and each week an average of 100 tons were shipped out of Shasta to mines in more remote areas. The multitude of beasts and men on the trail through the area to the west of Shasta required frequent stopping points for food and water, and, often, for overnight accommodations. By 1855 five hotels or inns had opened along the twelve miles from Shasta to the Tower HouseNicholas Maher's Four Mile House, four miles west of Shasta; Mix's Hotel at "Whiskey Creek"; the Oak Bottom House at Oak Bottom, near the mouth of Boulder Creek; Brown's House at the mouth of Grizzly Gulch; and the Tower House at the upper crossing of Clear Creek and the junction of the Weaverville/Yreka roads. That year the Shasta Courier printed a traveler's account of a trip from Shasta to Weaverville which described these five public houses, as well as other physical developments along the way:
b. Sawmills
To serve the community's need for lumber to build these hotels and houses, as well as the miners' dams, flumes, sluices, long toms, and rockers, at least three sawmills opened early in the 1850s: Caleb Wingate and Nathan Farrington's on Clear Creek, near Whiskey Creek; Charles Camden's on Clear Creek near the Tower House; and Everett Crocker's on Brandy Creek, near the forks. Another in 1856 may have been operated by M. C. Davis, who that year claimed the waters of Brandy Creek "for a sawmill to be erected by him." [30]
c. Gardens and Orchards
To help feed the multitude of miners, those few pioneers who established ranches, hotels, or inns in the area planted small crops of vegetables for themselves and their customers or sold cattle and produce from their orchards. Although the terrain to the west of Shasta was mostly mountainous and rough, and the soil often parched or flooded by violent rain storms, the flat lands along the several tributaries of Clear Creek provided a suitable setting for such minimal agricultural pursuits. In May 1853 the Shasta Courier published an article on gardening in the vicinity of Shasta, remarking, "We are glad to perceive that so many persons have turned their attention to cultivating the arable portions of the mining division of the county. Many spots which, last summer, wore a dreary and forbidding aspect, now present a delightfully home-like appearance." [31]
Most of the area's farming activity developed near Shasta or the major mining camps along the road west from Shasta. In 1852 Frank Vandeventer constructed an irrigation system for the crops and orchards he planted around his ranch at Oak Bottom, and Levi Tower did the same on his newly purchased property at the junction of the Weaverville and Yreka roads. The next year Benjamin Mix acquired a lot for a hotel in the community growing at the mouth of Whiskey Creek, and two years later laid claim to additional land for "agricultural grazing and corralling purposes." Other individuals not connected with specific business properties also claimed tracts of government land near the road, but evidently the visual improvements did not counter the physical destruction carried out by the local miners and lumbermen. In September 1855 the Shasta Courier appealed to its readers to beautify the countryside by planting more trees:
Of all the citizens who chose to farm in the area, only Levi H. Tower won the local and regional fame for his crops. Numerous articles about the sumptuousness of his fruit appeared in the Shasta Courier in the early 1850s by a writer evidently well rewarded for his complementary commentary. Perhaps more believable, as it came from a traveler who had nothing to win by his praise, was the excerpt from the journal of Richard G. Stanwood, who visited the Tower House in 1861:
Shortly thereafter Stanwood again stopped at the Tower House, and as if he had never before marveled about it, he wrote, "a delightful spot with the finest orchard I have seen in the State, though not the largest, and plenty of beautiful shade trees." [33]
Tower's two acres of orchard and sixty acres of valley land seemed a peaceful oasis to many travelers or miners in the area in contrast to the hot and dusty scene along the creeks and roads between Shasta and the Tower House. Anxious to get rich quick, and perhaps, to return to the families or life they had left, most citizens of Shasta County during the 1850s came to dig up the earth for mining rather than cultivation.
d. Mining Claims and Structures
As was typical throughout California prior to about 1880, placer mining, or mining with the use of water to wash the gravel from creek beds, was far more popular than the arduous method of lode mining which required expensive equipment, heavy financial investment, and sophisticated technology to operate profitably. Between Shasta and the Tower House flowed Clear Creek and all its several tributariesMill, Slate, Boulder, Grizzly, New York, Brandy, Whisky, Dry, and Salt creeks, to name the principal ones. From 1848 to the mid-1860s these creeks were worked over numerous times by impatient, reckless miners or by thorough, persevering mining companies, to the physical detriment of the surrounding countryside. [34]
Until 1855 enthusiasm and productivity characterized the mining in the area around Shasta. San Francisco's Alta California reported in June 1852 that a "magnificent" seven- to eight-pound lump of gold interspersed with quartz had been found by Ben the Boatman and Harry Dickens in Whiskey Creek. Later accounts by Charles Camden and Hugh Shuffleton testified to lumps as large as $75 and $65 mined with rockers from Clear Creek early in the 1850s. [35]
Although at the close of 1852, after five years of steady mining, few such large lumps remained in the surface diggings, expectations for gold production still ran high, as witnessed by the concentration of miners and mining camps around Shasta. The California Census of 1852 recorded a population of 4,050 in Shasta County. Nearly half were miners living in the general vicinity of Shasta, in the nine-county mining localities identifiedFrench Gulch, Mad Ox Canon, One Horse Town, Clear Creek, Mad Mule Canon, Whiskey Creek, One Mule Town, Grizzly Gulch, and Middle Town. [36]
Realizing that their continued success in the area depended on improving their mining techniques, many of these miners in 1852-1853 put aside the rocker and pan to construct flumes, ditches, and sluicesmining improvements which were already in widespread use in older gold regions of California. Because the construction of these works required more money and labor than one man alone could profitably provide, the miners soon organized into mining companies or partnerships. In May of 1852 San Francisco's Alta California reported on the ambitious projects of one mining company on Clear Creek:
A year later expectations still ran high in the Shasta community. In April 1853 the Courier assured its readers, "The mines are very numerous . . . [there is] not a river, creek, gulch, or ravine that does not contain gold," and in August reported with satisfaction, "The numerous companies on . . . [Clear] creek are now busily engaged in building flumes, preparatory to giving their claims in the bed of the stream a thorough searching for the precious ore." In spite of a heavy rainstorm which caused unexpected damage to the construction, these flume companies by early October had completed their work and already were doing "remarkably well." "Nearly all of those who have claims are working upon the bedrock," the Courier reported, "and we seldom hear of a yield of less than two ounces to the hand per day." [38]
News of extensive and rich diggings around French Gulch the following spring, as well as glowing reports sent in from Whiskey Creek during the summer of 1854, not only testified to the success of these mining companies' efforts, but attracted yet more investors and miners to the area around Shasta. By 1855 at least eleven mining companies had set up operations along the creeks between Whiskeytown and the Tower House, and in November the Clear Creek Ditch Company completed a staggering forty-three miles of ditches from the Tower House south to the rich mines around Middletown, Mulestown, Horsetown, Texas Springs, and Jackass Flat. In October 1855 the Shasta Republican printed the following description of this spectacular canal, written by the proprietor, J. B. Smith, whose two partners in the enterprise resided in Sacramento and San Francisco:
The Clear Creek Canal, with its dams, ditches, aqueducts, flumes, and 460-foot tunnel through hard rock, immediately altered the physical surroundings and gold production around Shasta. The first eighteen miles of the canal had been completed from the Tower House southwest along Clear Creek, past the mouth of Grizzly, Boulder, Whiskey, Brandy, Dry, and Salt creeks, as early as June 1855. The water, running through ditches three feet deep, four feet wide at the bottom, and six feet wide on the top, provided sufficient power to mine by the new hydraulic method, a method which caused such severe damage to the countryside that the state banned it from use in 1884. [40]
But the miners, disregarding their surroundings, focused their attention on the rich diggings which in August 1855 were reportedly "averaging about $100 to the hand, per day," and which, if the Courier's estimates were correct, still had a good two to three months of ditch water available for continued mining. Around Whiskey Creek, specifically, and all along Clear Creek, the miners were "laboring in very good spirits." In particular, the Messrs. Richard Barney and Company, whose operations stood only a quarter of a mile below the Tower House (where the correspondent had established himself), had taken from their claim thirty-three ouncesnineteen ounces in fine gold and a lump of fourteen ounces. At the adjoining claim, Henry Bateman had taken out fifteen ounces the same day. And, the writer assured his readers, "there are many instances, of smaller, yet handsome, amounts being obtained by others, and everyone appears to be very hopeful of soon having the desired 'pile.'" [41]
Evidently unable to contain himself, the enthusiastic correspondent continued: "At Oak Bottom, on my way hither, I was shown a lump of gold weighing $225, and one of $60very purewhich had been found a few days previous in Grizzly Gulch, a short distance above. Two lumps of the largest size were found at the same time." Moreover, the reporter noted, "I . . . was exceedingly surprized at the manner in which the whole valley approaching [French Gulch] . . . has been turned up, and yet the earth continues to pay remarkably well." [42]
The spurt of unrestrained enthusiasm kindled by such reports during the summer of 1855, however, paled the following January when the Shasta Republican reported, "The miners have never been visited with a season so disastrous as the present." Frustrated by the late rains and the subsequent insufficient water supply for mining, many miners who had come to the Shasta area in the fall of 1855 returned to the southern mines. Their departure aroused considerable concern among the commercial interests in the mining communities, for, as the reporter so accurately summarized, "the merchant, the mechanic, the hotel keeper, and in fact all the branches of business are dependant on the yield of gold in the mines." [43]
For a brief time in the spring of 1856 the tension eased, and the Courier once again printed exuberant reports from the mines: "The mines seem here [French Gulch], even now in embryo. Daily discoveries of new Diggings are being made, and I think before the coming Summer ends, our mining population will have doubled in numbers." Rich diggings near the Tower House, on Grizzly Gulch, and at Oak Bottom received special notice. But the nagging problem of water persisted, as voiced by the correspondent's qualifications for the rich mining region of Grizzly Gulch: "It is, however, almost impossible to work these gulches during the dry months of summer, owing to its high and dry situation." [44]
Those who had purchased water rights to the Clear Creek Canal, however, continued to show profits, despite the dry season. Although other mining interests throughout Shasta County were suffering "for want of water" in November 1856, those miners "in the vicinity of the line of the Clear Creek Ditch" were doing well. [45]
Many of the mining companies in the area evidently became acutely aware in 1856 that additional water channels were needed. In that year a "multitude of ditches" were dug, and the Shasta Republican optimistically wagered that there was reason to hope the prosperity would continue "far into the Summer." [46]
Indeed, in the summer of 1857, news of the remarkable profits at French Gulch lifted spirits in Shasta and along the heavily traveled road between the two points. Speculation among the mining investors began to pick up, and in February 1858 the Courier reported that "prominent citizens have in contemplation the fluming of Clear Creek, at the mouth of French Gulch . . . [which] portion of Clear Creek has always been considered the richest piece of ground hereabouts." That same month the Clear Creek Canal Company surveyed for a branch ditch to run from the point where the main canal crossed the road leading from Shasta to Whiskeytown, to the mining district around Lower Springs. According to the company's surveyor, the branch canal would require a 2,600-foot tunnel through the Whiskey Divide (or Shasta Divide), and would cost an estimated $30,000. Its purpose was to channel the water to richer grounds than the canal then passed through. Such an elaborate proposal indicated the continued confidence in the gold deposits around Shasta, and, as well, that the mines to the southwest of the county seat no longer were meeting up to the miners' expectations. [47]
The canal company evidently carried out some construction on their proposed branch ditch, for in September 1858, C. M. McKinney et al., sued the company for damages of $20,000, "sustained by reason of diversion of water by the defendant from flume and ditch of the plaintiffs." "The Great Ditch Case" remained in the local news for over a month, and on October 30 the jury reached a verdict in favor of the plantiffs. The Clear Creek Canal Company received a fine of $10,000, which apparently discouraged any further development of the controversial project. [48]
If only symbollically, the case against J. B. Smith and the Clear Creek Ditch Company helped to signal the decline of placer mining in the Shasta area. So also did the storm in February 1858 which, according to the Shasta Republican, was the most severe storm to hit the northern counties "since the winter of 1852-53." The damages to the mining operations along Clear Creek no doubt influenced the course of events during the subsequent year:
Although reports on the mining operations occasionally found their way into print after 1858, placer mining in the vicinity of Shasta had lost its bloom. In 1862, when passing through Whiskeytown, a busy mining camp during the boom of 1855, William Henry Brewer only noted "Whiskey, a little mining place on Clear Creek, once clear, but foul enough from mining now." [50]
Although it declined, placer mining continued in the area for yet another decade and at times showed moments of promise. In 1861 one or two companies industriously flumed Clear Creek from Horsetown north to Oak Bottom, and by August were in operation at the latter spot. In January 1868 Richards and Walker reported excellent returns at their claim near Whiskeytown. According to the Courier, the claim "yielded gold dust in regular old '49 style." At the same time the Mining and Scientific Press announced that
Around Clear Creek, however, the mining operations were close to a standstill. When the Clear Creek Ditch nearly filled with a great quantity of sand and gravel washed in by the heavy rains which fell in late February 1867, probably little repair was initiated, because, as Titus Cronise wrote, "[Shasta County] . . . contained at one time a great extent of rich placer mines, and . . . the most of these are now pretty well worked out . . . the exhaustion of the placers in the immediate vicinity !of Shastal has left it dull in this respect." [52]
In his fifth annual report in 1872, U.S. Commissioner Rossiter Raymond also described the demise of placer mining in Shasta County:
e. Roads and Bridges
Although it proved an economic asset to some areas of Shasta County, the construction of The California and Oregon Railroad diverted traffic from the main road to Yreka via Shasta, Whiskey Creek, and the Tower House. In 1870 the railroad's affiliated stage line decided to route their coaches north up the Sacramento Valley instead of by the Shasta road to Yreka. The railroad followed suit and gradually, between 1872 and 1887, a community grew up around the train stop at Redding Station, seven miles east of Shasta. In 1887 the town of Redding incorporated and the next year Redding stole the title of the county seat from Shasta. [54]
The construction and maintenance of roads to the west of Shasta had always related directly to the prosperity of the trade and the mines along the routes to Yreka and Weaverville. The rich strikes near Whiskey and Clear creeks in 1850 and 1851 prompted local merchants to take an interest in the improvement of the rough trails to and from their businesses. When the county supervisors appointed twelve road supervisors in 1852, three were hotel keepers on the road between Shasta and the Tower HouseLevi H. Tower, Vandeventer, and Short. By the close of 1853 Levi H. Tower and the partners Wingate and Ferrington, who owned a sawmill near Whiskey Creek and a store in Shasta, had financed nearly all of the improvements to the section of road between Shasta and Whiskey Creek:
Tower applied, a few months later, for a license to charge a toll over the bridge across Clear Creek at the Tower House, no doubt to help defray the construction cost of the wagon road to Whiskey Creek. [56]
The community leaders then turned their attention to improving the mountainous routes from Shasta to Weaverville and Yreka. In October 1853 the Shasta Courier voiced the importance of the projects:
Moreover, the reporter warned that "citizens of Scottsburg and Crescent City are expending thousands in making trails . . . with a view of drawing the trade of Yreka" away from the road through Shasta. [57]
But having to depend on the private sector to finance county roads was a serious problem for the county officials. After 1853 contributions were scarce from the merchants, wagoners, steamboat owners, packers, hotelkeepers, and other businessmen who used the road frequently. Finally, in 1855 the threat of a competing road up the Sacramento Valley swung private interests along the trail to Yreka in line. Nearly half million dollars worth of freight passed over the route to Yreka annually, and tradesmen such as Levi H. Tower of the Tower House began to show concern for the loss in business which would result should traffic be diverted up the Sacramento Valley. Having received a request for his support to improve the trail to Yreka into a wagon road from leaders in Siskiyou County, Tower explained, in an open letter printed in the Shasta Courier on November 17, 1855, his reasons for pledging $10,000 towards the road's construction and his expectations for additional contributions from other citizens on the line of improvements:
In addition plans were underway for a wagon road to Weaverville in 1855. Tower, as one of fifteen county road supervisors, again played a role in the early stages of planning, but both the Weaverville and Yreka road improvements suffered extensive delays. Not until April 1858 did the Courier announce the completion of the former road and August 1858 that of the Yreka road. [59]
While, the Weaverville road was under construction in 1857 and optimism was running high concerning the increase of traffic over the improvements, Benjamin Mix, properietor of the Whiskeytown hotel, announced his plan for constructing a new bridge over Whiskey Creek:
Other businessmen in the vicinity of Whiskeytown began to cooperate in the effort to improve the roads. Tower constructed a new bridge over Clear Creek at the Tower House in 1858, and in February 1860 the Shasta Turnpike Road Company completed a survey for a new wagon road from Shasta to the Four Mile House. Nicholas Maher, the proprietor of that hotel, financed a road from the Four Mile House south to Salt Creek in 1861 while Charles Camden furnished most of the labor force and funds in 1862-63 to complete the wagon road from the Four Mile House to the Tower House. [60]
To some who traveled over the road between Shasta and the Tower House early in the 1860s, the improvements seemed marginal, judging from the comments in William H. Brewer's journal on September 23, 1862: "Tower's . . . is on the great Yreka road, many heavy teams are met, and the road is dusty almost beyond endurance." Brewer was witnessing the continued extension of trade with the northern counties, a trade which nearly all passed over the Shasta to Yreka road at that date. But even in 1862, plans were announced to build a road up the Sacramento Valley to Yreka, and, in response, the California Stage Company vowed to invest as much as $100,000 to keep the traffic on the road through Shasta, as the company owned a long stretch of the wagon road north of the Tower House. [61]
At the same time troubles plagued the newly constructed Weaverville wagon road, causing traffic over the mountainous, windy route to come to a near standstill during the winter months. But the twelve-mile stretch between Shasta and the Tower House, which opened as the Camden Toll Road in 1863, evidently satisfied travelers, for Camden later admitted that the tolls collected rewarded him handsomely for his initial $20,000 investment in road construction. Camden recalled that his company had faced a difficult task to cut a road over mountainous terrain and, at times, through solid rock. [62]
The Camden Toll Road, purchased by the county in 1912, remained the principal route between Shasta and the Tower House until 1924, when the state of California constructed a new highway through the area. Camden maintained the toll road adequately, at least until the early 1870s, when the railroad out of Redding Station began to sap some of the toll road's profits. In 1864 he improved the bridge over Clear Creek, as the Courier described:
Three years later Camden built a sturdy replacement for the Whiskey Creek bridge after heavy rains in March 1867 damaged the old one. The Courier again admired the quality of the work: "The framework of the bridge is composed of the best oak timber, and the foundation is built up in such a manner as to insure its safety." [64]
These improvements, however, were made before 1870, when the California-Oregon Stagecoach and Railroad Company decided to reroute their coaches from the Shasta-Yreka road to the road up the Sacramento Valley, thus bypassing the Shasta area completely. By 1880 Shasta no longer greeted the majority of travelers to northern California and much of the area's population had moved away. The golden days had faded, but not without many an account and memory of the adventures, fears, and festivities of pioneer life along the heavily traveled Shasta-Yreka road.
3. Social Developments, 1850-1880
a. Hotels as Social Centers
Because of the composition of the population during the first decade of growth, traditional social customs emerged slowly around Shasta. With only a fraction of the inhabitants women, and with mostly restless, wandering miners camped out near the mining centers, the social amenities known in the eastern and European communities had small place in frontier living. Instead, the mining camps at Whiskey Creek, Oak Bottom, Grizzley Gulch, and Tower House featured hotels with saloons or bars, and most likely, gambling tables. In 1856 the Whiskeytown hotel became the first post office, with Ben Mix, the owner, as postmaster, and in 1858 the Tower House became a stage depot for the California Stage Company, leasing stables to provide fresh horses for the trip on to Weaverville and Yreka. Thus the hotels became convenient social centers for travelers and local citizens alike who wanted refreshment, company, entertainment, and news of family affairs elsewhere, as well as the latest happenings and gold strikes in the mining regions of the West. [65]
Certain merchants who chose to remain in the Shasta area assumed the leadership in creating a social atmosphere conducive to permanent settlement which would provide a dependable, long-range market for their wares. In the area between Shasta and the Tower House, Levi H. Tower and Benjamin Mix showed the most interest in the community's social development. Both men furnished their hotels with dance halls and sponsored formal balls for ladies and gents from near and far. The Shasta Courier of May 13, 1854, printed Tower's effusive invitation to a Fourth of July festivity:
Evidently worried that he would not have an adequate number of women at the ball, Tower purchased space in the June 24th issue of the Courier to explain his unusual open invitation and to urge its ready acceptance:
While not so effusive, Benjamin Mix's invitation to his opening ball in December 1855 matched Tower's in its ambitiousness, stating that "Benjamin Mix would inform the public and lovers of Dancing, that he will give a GRAND OPENING BALL at his new Hotel at Whisky Creek, . . . on which occasion he would be most happy to see his friends and acquaintances." Mix went on to list a total of fifty-five managers from Shasta, Lower Springs, Canon House, Clear Creek, American Ranch, Cottonwood, Prairie House, Red Bluffs, Tehama, Bald Hills, Eagle Creek, Horsetown, Briggsville, Nebraska, Middletown, Spring Creek, Four Mile House, Whisky Creek, Oak Bottom, Grizzley Gulch, Mad Ox, Tower House, French Gulch, Grass Valley, Weaverville, Trinity River, Ridgeville, Bate's Ranch, and Yreka. [68]
Mix's ball received flattering comments in the Shasta Republican:
Both of these proprietors not only organized social events but also participated as managers of activities in neighboring communities such as French Gulch, Lower Springs, and Briggsville. By the second half of the 1850s, their gregariousness and hospitality had won them reputations. In August 1856 the Shasta Republican reported on a pleasure party which had recently gathered at Tower's:
In September 1857 the same press tipped its hat to Ben Mix:
While Tower's popularity clearly stemmed largely from the attractive setting at his property, Mix's popularity seemed to be based on the enthusiasm sparked at his festivities. Whiskey Creek was at its peak in the mid-1850s, and had yet other gracious hosts for traditional social evenings:
Such concern for a proper social atmosphere reflected the gradual strengthening of traditional amenities in the Shasta area. Like many other California mining communities, Whiskey Creek was receiving a healthy proportion of German and other Old World immigrants who were introducing their formal customs at social gatherings such as at Mr. Trip's home:
By the close of the decade, however, Whiskeytown's population was on the decline, as were its grand social gatherings. When reporting on the Whiskey Creek Ball in April 1860, the Shasta Herald noted, with a subdued delivery, that the local affair "was a pleasant gathering of pleasure seekers and pleasure enjoyers. . . . Burke has hosts of friends, and the hospitable manner in which he treats them gives few opportunities of there ever growing any less." [73]
While the Whiskeytown social activities diminished in scope, the Tower House broadened its appeal as a resort for political and private parties. G. I. Taggart, manager of the Tower House in 1861, hosted the Union Democratic Senatorial Convention during the heat of summer, and because of the hotel's location "in a gorge of Clear Creek," the convention proved to be an excellent retreat, with "cool and pleasant breezes." In 1864 the Soldiers' Aids Society of Whiskeytown, French Gulch, and the Tower House chose the latter location for a benefit festival to raise money for their sanitary fund. According to the press report, "the Tower House Sanitary Festival was the most magnificant affair ever gotten up in this county, and reflects the greatest credit upon those having charge." Apparently in a spirit of celebration at the close of the Civil War, Taggart hosted a May party at the Tower House for which he boasted, "no pains or expense" would be spared. [74]
Throughout the 1870s the Tower House continued to enjoy a local and regional reputation as a pleasant summer resort, but its earlier use as a community center, election precinct, mining district, communication hub, and quasi-courthouse faltered as the area's population dispersed. During the 1850s the Tower House's spacious public rooms and its convenient and comfortable location prompted groups of multiple purpose to gather there for business and pleasure. Levi Tower's familiarity with the local clientele helped to win him political positions in the county government and social acceptance in the Masonic Fraternity in Shasta. [75]
On a smaller scale, the hotels and their owners at Oak Bottom, Whiskey Creek, and Four Mile House experienced the same exposure to travelers, local groups, and political positions. Ben Mix and Nicholas Maher, hotel owners at the latter two locations, both ran for the office of Sheriff of Shasta County in 1855no doubt against more influential candidates from Shasta, where the money and political incumbents were concentrated. Whether they won the elections is not known, but their aspirations provide a minor key to the social development of the communities in which they lived. [76]
Little detailed information has turned up to shed light on the actual day-to-day affairs at these public houses or on the personality of the owners, but an interesting journal entry made in 1860 by J. Lamson depicts a few days' visit at the Oak Bottom House. Lamson's impressions of the hotel's proprietory suggest the spontaneity and tension of California's mining frontier society:
b. Schools, Hospitals, Churches
Even with such irregularity in the social framework, the local leaders in the Shasta area did make provisions for the welfare of their sick and their children. On the western outskirts of the county seat a hospital that was within a few hours' ride from the Tower House was erected in 1855. In the same year a school was opened in Whiskey Creek. After five years the school population remained small, as the Shasta Courier in February 1860 observed:
Reminiscent of the sense of disorder and tension depicted by Lamson at the Oak Bottom House, the article closed with a sharp rebuke to those parents who showed no interest in the education of their children: There is something wrong when we see only ten scholars, in a school district of twenty-six children, attending public school." [78]
That "something wrong," presumably, was the fact that many of the rough, antisocial habits of the early gold fever years still prevailed in the Shasta area in 1860, despite nearly a decade of settlement. Traditional social mores, as known in the eastern states, had not taken sufficient root in Whiskeytown by 1855 to make way for a church of any demonimation, although by 1859 the community did share the services of Reverend William Kidder, who reportedly also preached in Weaverville, and taught school at Whiskey Creek. [79]
c. Intemperance and Disease
Both Camden and Lamson indicated that a more popular pastime than school or church on the mining frontiers was socializing at the numerous bars, saloons, or hotels. All the hotel owners between Shasta and the Tower House assured their customers that they had stocked a wide variety of liquors and choice cigars. Their advertisements probably were unnecessary, however, because excessive drinking often posed a problem in the area. The Shasta Courier in August reported that Henry Wood, who had been mining for two years in the Oak Bottom precinct, had died becoming "another victim . . . [on] the long list of deaths by intemperance." In a somewhat lighter vein, the same press related the experiences of a traveler to Weaverville in October who "passed in succession Nick Meyer's Mix's, Van Deventer's, Brown's, and finally reached the Tower House. At each one of the before-mentioned places the hospitable landlords invited us to smile, but as we were on the temperance list we were forced to decline, so we reached Tower's sober." [80]
The heavy drinking so common in the vicinity of Shasta no doubt closely correlated with the rate of violence and crime in the mining camps and along the road, as did probably the poor physical conditions and frequent disappointments met by the average miner. In addition to alcoholism, the mining camps were often hotbeds of dysentary, diarrhea, land scurvey, typhoid, chills, fever, and ague. Worn or frusterated by the harsh physical labor in the mines, the meager product of a day's dig, the current disease of the camp, or the quick disappearance of their profit into food, supplies, and liquor, the miners were laid victim to all sorts of personal shortcomings. As if to set the mood for the subsequent experiences in the mining camps of California, a miner in 1850 entered in his diary:
Ten years later John Hittell's description of miners for his government publication Mining in the Pacific States of North America gave official confirmation of the emergence of a reckless and riotous lifestyle in the mining camps of California:
d. Violence and Outlawry
The Shasta press kept its readers abreast with the latest acts of violence and crime. A sampling of the news reports follows:
e. Law and Order
Although Shasta County boasted a sheriff and jailhouse in the county seat by the mid-1850s, most law and order evidently was maintained by vigilante groups and by a code of honor among the miners. In his autobiography Camden recalled that in 1851 a fellow traveler, a "man of good appearance" whom he and Tower had joined on their return to Shasta County from Yreka, stole his gold specimens worth about $300. Realizing the man had fled with their valuables, Camden and Tower followed him to French Gulch "and accused him of it; searched him, but found nothing; cursed and threatened to lynch him, but all to no effect; had him watched. . . But with all our caution, he slipped out, and we never saw him or the specimens again." [84]
Not all thieves alluded their victims so successfully. The Shasta Courier reported in February 1856:
In cases of manslaughter or physical violence, the law apparently was more flexible, at least as far as convictions and punishments were concerned. In the incident of 1857, when Bennett and Henley attacked each other with shovels, the latter died and the former turned himself in to Sheriff Follansbee, who discharged him, citing the fact that Bennett had acted out of self-defense. The next year a Chinaman, who was confined for several days in the Shasta jail on suspicion that he was involved in "the late horrible murder of Feldbush and Lewis, near Whiskytown," was released without mention of further investigation or other suspects. [86]
Bennett's decision to turn himself in illustrates the code of honor frequently reported among the miners, many of whom had come to California imbued with strong traditions of honesty, integrity, and self-respect. In developing his theory that "the free strong life of the mining camp has been a factor of prime importance in the social, literary, and institutional development of large and prosperous American communities," Charles H. Shinn gathered testimonies from several gold rush journals about the system of self-government development developed during the 1850s. He quoted Dr. J. B. Stillman's description of 1849-50 that "there was no government, no law," but "more intelligence and good feeling than in any country I ever saw. . . . Men are valued for what they are. . . . One feels that he has a standing here that it takes a man until he is old and rich to enjoy at home." Hilton R. Helper's 1855 journal, Land of Gold, declared that there was "more real honesty and fairness among the miners than among any other class of people in California. Taken as a body, they are a plain, straightforward, hard-working set of men." [87]
The overall sense of comraderie and individuality pervasive in the mining camps spawned a crude form of self-government which all members of a camp faithfully observed. As Mr. Helper testified, "Almost every bar is governed by a different code of laws, and the sizes of the claims vary according to locality. . . . One-fourth of an acre is an average-sized claim." As late as 1857 Blackwood's Magazine reported, "It is an agreeable and unexpected feature in the mines themselves that order, justice, and courtesy reign," and that "patches of a few square feet, teeming with gold, are as sacred as if secured with title deeds." In 1855 Frank Marryat came to the same general conclusion in his Mountains and Molehills:
Shinn summarized his thorough research on the system of law in the mining camps:
With the gradual exhaustion of rich placer deposits towards the close of the 1850s, however, self-government began to be altered and replaced. As Shinn observed, the laws of each mining district had to be changed from time to time, as the area came to be reworked. "This reworking of a district increased the size of a claim: with rich, virgin soil 10 or 20 feet sufficed, but with the fifth reworking, the claims were restaked with 100 or 200 feet of frontage on a creek or river." By 1860 California had established state laws governing mining claims, and finally in 1866 the United States government started to issue regulations and laws which gradually supplanted the self-government found on the mining frontiers. [90]
f. Prejudice and Discrimination
The code of ethics and the sense of freedom and individuality characteristic of the first decade in the gold mines, however, did not often include minority groups. The Anglo-Saxon population predominated in the mines and maintained racial prejudices often learned in their early life. To his dismay, Camden discovered that a group of miners he and Tower had joined in 1851 while on a trip north of Shasta Flats had disguised their real purpose"to kill Indians and to take their ponies." The Indians in the area of the Tower House and Whiskey Creek made initial efforts in 1851-52 to drive out the white men from their lands, but with notable failure. Except in the northernmost mining districts, little further reference was made to the native population. [91]
Chinese immigrants who came to California to make their fortunes in the gold rush presented a more subtle threat than the Indians, for they chose to live near and compete with the Anglo miners. Prejudice and rigid discrimination flared up early in the 1850s and grew into a serious racial problem which, although greatly tempered, persists. In his analysis of frontier mining camps, Shinn observed, "There were large numbers of camps where none [Chinese] were allowed to work or hold claims at any time." In the Churn Creek mining district of Shasta County Chinese miners were forbidden not only to own a claim but even to secure employment as late as 1882. [92]
In the vicinity of Shasta the Chinese apparently received mixed messages from the whites. While they were allowed to set up a shantlylike camp on the outskirts of Shasta, their community reportedly received the racial slur of "Hong Kong." The Shasta Republican in 1856 indicated the economic benefit that the entire community derived from the Chinese population by announcing that $243 had been collected from the sale of fifty-four mining licenses to Chinamen, and urging the sale of "many more to increase the county revenue." In the county at that time, the article continued, there were "at least one thousand foreign miners"foreign obviously meaning only Chinese in this reference, even though immigrants from other countries also lived in the area. [93]
The ambivalent, rather than intolerant, treatment of the Chinese by the citizens around Shasta evidently attracted more to the area, for the same newspaper reported the following year: "The Chinese population of our country is rapidly on the increase. What has been known as Chinatown in the suburbs of Shasta, and which has become much dilapidated during the last two years, is being revived and rebuilt." The growth of the Chinese population around Shasta marked the end of an era; as Paul observed, "Since white men rarely allowed Chinese to come into a prosperous district, the ubiquitousness of the Orientals in the later 1850s was in itself clear evidence of the declining appeal of the placers." [94]
Even though the placer mines had been worked over several times by the Anglo miners before most Chinese were allowed to mine the tailings, the continued proximity of the Oriental community in the Shasta area finally prompted open support of discriminatory policies from the local press. In February 1860 the Shasta Herald editorialized:
Despite such open hostility towards their presence, some Chinese remained in the area during the 1860s, as shown in the sale of the Oak Bottom House to "Qui Chin and 19 other Chinamen" in May of 1868. The twenty Chinese owners paid a high price for the property$5,100and only four years later sold it to Dennis Desmond for a mere $300, which appears to be a clear reflection of the prejudicial treatment given them during their brief period of landownership at Oak Bottom. [96]
The 1872 deed of sale for the Oak Bottom House listed twelve Chinese as owners of the property, only one of whose names appeared on the 1868 deed of purchase. During the short time of ownership, there had been nearly a 100 percent turnover, which may suggest the restlessness or discomfort of the Chinese as residents in the Shasta area. Judge Ross briefly related what he had learned of the departure of Chinese from the area: "[They] were herded out of places by the whites at times, . . some settled in Trinity County and some in agricultural parts of Shasta County." Possibly influenced by the more stereotyped picture of the Chinese laborers, Ross also noted that "many went to work on the railroad construction, wherever that happened to be." Thus, ironically, those Chinese who met with harsh treatment in the vicinity of Shasta may have helped to bring the town to its knees, for the completion of the railroad from Oregon to Redding in 1872 slowly began to cut off the economic pulse of Shasta and its neighboring communities along the road to Yreka and Weaverville. With the decline of Shasta came the close of the frontier chapter in the history of the area included within Whiskeytown National Recreation Area. [97]
Last Updated: 11-Dec-2009


text:
Need Help1-877-848-2228
Current PromotionCR685SAVINGS
Health Herbal
Detox Herbs
A-Z Brand
A-Z Healthy
Remedy Personal
Care Organic
Formula Baby
Kids Massager
& Vibrator
Rollover Image To MagnifyView Larger
Tribulus 2400, 90 Capsules, From iForce Nutrition
Regular: $19.99You Save: 54%Online Sale Price: $9.20
Buy With Confidence
Ultra High Bulgarian Tribulus Extract. Supplementing your diet with IForce Nutrition's ultra high potency Tribulus 2400 may promote: Increase Testosterone & Leutinizing Hormone Production. Increase Sex Drive. Boost Muscle Strength and Power! Tribulus 2400 features a specific form of Bulgarian Tribulus terrestris, that is know for a superior amounts of active saponins and protodiscin. These actives are the driving force behind Tribulus 2400's ability to promote rapid testosterone production and muscle gains! This makes Tribulus 2400 more potent and more effective than lesser quality extracts on the market that will not deliver gains. Tribulus is scientifically proven to increase the production of leutinizing hormone or LH. LH is responsible for many functions including sex drive and sexual stamina. LH is also a direct indicatory of testosterone production. By boosting the output of LH your body will also increase its output of testosterone. Elevated testosterone levels support increased muscle mass and strength, and also help muscle recovery and endurance!


text:
Triumph 1961 TR3A, just graduated from a frame-off every nut & bolt restoration, black with red leather seats, chrome wire wheels, overdrive transmission, eye... More
1958 Triumph TR3A, Mint condition, garaged, pampered. You would be hard presed to find a Triumph of this vintage in as excellent condition. Full... More
FOR SALE: '67 TR4A Triumph (show car) Restored inside and out, around 7,000 miles since restoration: overhauled with electric fan, recent new tires. Car has... More


text:
Film critic Roger Ebert dies at 70
(Photo: Kevin Winter / Getty Images file)
Roger Ebert, the longtime critic who popularized film criticism with his "thumbs up, thumbs down" reviews in print and on television, has died, the Chicago Sun-Times reported on Thursday. He was 70.
More on this breaking news story.
He was from my home town :(


text:
Timeline: Unrest in Syria
Published On: Dec 24 2013 04:19:21 AM EST Updated On: Sep 01 2013 09:25:25 AM EDT
Two years after the first anti-government protests, the conflict in Syria rages on. Learn about the major events in the country's tumultuous uprising.
The views expressed are not those of clickorlando.com, WKMG or its affiliated companies. This is a community moderated forum (Please note the 'Flag' button). By posting your comments you agree to accept our Terms Of serviceblog comments powered by Disqus


text:
« All Blogs
Math Professor gives what will be by far the most entertaining lecture on complex numbers you'll ever see...by Bildo
I like this guy...Read More »
Conan's Audience Invaded By Youtube Commentersby Span
Recreate your childhood picturesby Laura Bradshaw
This is great! Kind of like "awkward family photos" but almost better!!!! Recreate your silly childhood photos. Gets VERY awkward...Read More »
30 For 30: The Space Jam Gameby Bildo
Chastity belts for men ...even comes in camo hunter's!by Burnzy
Grandmas in Bloomers - Priceless!by Joe Cassady
A customer at the counter of a garden ornament shop said to the cashier, "Give me four of those pinwheels, two of those pink flamin...Read More »
Difference between men and womenby Laura Bradshaw
This shows various situations that both men and women are involved in, and how they react. Surprisingly, or not surprisingly, it is...Read More »
Just So Everyone Knows....It's Illegal To Impersonate a Cop To Get a Discount On Donutsby Kelly Meyer
Apparently this guy wasn't aware of that fact.Read More »