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Lung cancer is a cancer that originates in the lungs. More than 220,000 Americans are diagnosed with lung cancer each year. And, lung cancer causes more than 157,000 deaths annually, making it the leading cause of cancer death in men and women. Those most at risk are people aged 50 or older, who have a history of cigarette, cigar, or pipe smoking. However, people who have never smoked can also develop the disease due to past lung infections, environmental factors, and genetic predisposition.
I Want a Basic Understanding
What You Need to Know About Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is the second most diagnosed cancer in the United States. Learn about risk factors, symptoms, treatments, and more.
What Does Lung Cancer Look Like?
Early diagnosis and treatment are important for surviving lung cancer. See what lung cancer looks like in X-rays and CT scans, and see how it affects your organs.
Coughing, Fatigue, and Other Lung Cancer Symptoms
Symptoms don't generally occur in the early stages of lung cancer, but become present as the disease advances. Not all symptoms involve breathing difficulty; lung cancer can affect your entire body.
How Does Lung Cancer Happen?
With all the talk about its causes and risk factors, it's helpful to understand exactly how cancer can occur in the lungs.
Who's Most at Risk?
Engaging in certain behaviors and exposure to harmful elements in the environment increases your risk for lung cancer. But other factors are beyond your control.
The Link Between Red Meat and Lung Cancer
In this video, Mona Khanna, MD, MPH, explains a study that investigated the relationship between eating red meat and the development of lung cancer. What the study found may surprise you.
The Lung Cancer Video Series
These videos cover a variety of lung cancer topics, from unique diagnostic tools to personal stories from cancer patients.
Explore the Lungs
The interactive 3-D bodymaps tool lets you look deep into the lungs. Discover the anatomy and learn how healthy lungs function.
Preventing Lung Cancer
The majority of lung cancer is preventable. By avoiding your exposure to risk factors you significantly limit your chances for developing the disease.
I Want to Know More About Symptoms
9 Early Signs of Lung Cancer
Early lung cancer doesn't produce many noticeable symptoms. Learn what to watch and listen out for, and how early screening may help people at high risk for the disease.
The Progression of Lung Cancer
Lung cancer comes in varying types and progresses through stages. From early warning signs to stage IV bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, learn about the symptoms, types, and stages of lung cancer.
Stage 3 Lung Cancer: Symptoms and Outlook
When lung cancer reaches stage 3, it has spread from the lungs to other nearby tissue or far away lymph nodes. In approximately one third of people diagnosed with lung cancer, it has already reached stage 3.
What Does a Spot on the Lung Mean?
Your X-ray may reveal a spot on the lung. While a spot on the lung—also called a lung or pulmonary nodule—may be an early warning sign of lung cancer, it is often not cancerous.
Shortness of Breath Explained
One of the possible symptoms of lung cancer is shortness of breath. In the case of lung cancer, this may be caused by abnormal cell growth, which blocks the passage of air through your lungs.
I Have Lung Cancer and Want to Know My Treatment Options
19 Common Side Effects of Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy drugs kill rapidly growing cancer cells but can also harm perfectly healthy cells, causing side effects throughout the body.
Tests for Lung Cancer
Your doctor will likely recommend testing only if there is cause to believe you might have lung cancer. Whether they want to rule out or confirm lung cancer, doctors have many tests at their disposal.
Detecting Lung Cancer with Just a Cough
A non-invasive system that identifies cancer cells by their physical characteristics could allow doctors to screen more people more quickly for lung cancer.
How Is Lung Cancer Treated?
There are various types of treatment for lung cancer, including chemotherapy, surgery, and more. Your doctor will determine which type is best for you, based on the type and stage of the lung cancer you have.
Using an Alternative Approach
Alternative therapies can treat symptoms and the side effects of treatment. They aren't stand-alone cures, but can help patients feel better or recover from conventional treatments faster.
Lung Cancer Drugs
Drug options of lung cancer treatment include chemotherapy and the more recently developed targeted rug therapy. Learn about the different types and how they work.
Meet Your Treatment Team
Many types of doctors and specialists are involved in diagnosing and treating lung cancer. Know the types of specialists you may encounter and the roles they will play in your diagnosis.
I Want Tips for Living with Lung Cancer
Lung Cancer: Complicating Matters
As lung cancer progresses, complications can arise. Sometimes they are caused by treatment, or the spread of the cancer to remote areas of the body.
Study: Antioxidants Speed Up Lung Cancer Growth
Testing the popular theory that antioxidants prevent cancer, Swedish researchers find that they may actually speed up tumor growth in certain patients.
The Best Lung Cancer Blogs of the Year
These bloggers share very personal journeys. Learn from their experiences, find encouragement in their hope, and rejoice in their triumphs. You'll have many of the same experiences in your own journey to beat lung cancer.
A "Quit Smoking" Timeline
Ready to quit? Know what to expect each step of the way and see how your health will get better day by day.
Copyright © 2005 - 2014 Healthline Networks, Inc. All rights reserved for Healthline. Healthline is for informational purposes and should not be considered medical advice, diagnosis or treatment recommendations. Terms of Use | Privacy Policy


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Reader Comments (Page 1 of 1)
I don't know what's more shameful: that these win traders have been so successful at what they do, or that Amanda's journalistic standards disappeared in making this article. I mean, if you couldn't figure out that they're obviously win traders, you didn't do any sort of investigation. When a team gets a ranking THAT high, aren't you at least curious what spec/gear they're running?
If you did know they are win traders and didn't say anything about it, that's just bad form. That means you wrote the article to mislead instead of inform, a tactic reserved to lowly folks like tabloid writers and political spin doctors.
Either way, this article is just an example of what's at stake if Blizzard doesn't curb win trading straight away.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Oaklynn Construction has been building custom homes since 1996. From starter homes to not so "starter" homes, Oaklynn can build exactly what you want. Oaklynn has a drafter on hand to design a house to fit your needs. Does your mother-in-law live with your family, we can build an additional master suite with a living area and kitchenette. Work at home? we can build an office with a separate exterior entrance for your clients. Have a whole slew of noisy grandkids (like Gary & Mona do)? Then how about a second soundproof family room? Let us know your needs and special circumstances and we will work together to meet them.


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3154 Desert Dr has a Walk Score of 55 out of 100. This location is Somewhat Walkable so some errands can be accomplished on foot.
This location is in Richmond. Nearby parks include La Moine Valley View Park, la Monine Valley View Park and Stewart Draw Park.
Nearby schools include Murphy Elementary School, El Sobrante Christian School and Bethel Christian Academy.
The closest grocery stores are New Ratna Mahal, Sequoia Townhouse and Manor Market.
Nearby coffee shops include Starbucks, Starbucks and Starbucks. Nearby restaurants include Four Corners Pizza & Pasta, Four Corners Pizza & Pasta and SUBWAY® Restaurants.


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Top-ranked recipe named "Jamaican "Jerk" Chicken Wings"
Try this Jamaican "Jerk" Chicken Wings recipe, or contribute your own. "Chicken" and "June" are two tags used to describe Jamaican "Jerk" Chicken Wings.
Make the marinade: In a food processor or blender puree the onion, the scallion, the garlic, the thyme, the salt, the allspice, the nutmeg, the cinnamon, the jalapeno, the black pepper, the Tabasco, the soy sauce, and the oil. In a large shallow dish arrange the wings in one layer and spoon the marinade over them, rubbing it in (wear rubber gloves). Let the wings marinate, covered and chilled, turning them once, for at least 1 hour or, preferably, overnight. Arrange the wings in one layer on an oiled rack set over a foil-lined roasting pan, spoon the marinade over them, and bake the wings in the upper third of a preheated 450F. oven for 30 to 35 minutes, or until they are cooked through. Serves 4 to 6. Gourmet June 1991
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Sud de France launches WineHub to tap lucrative export markets via @BeverageDaily
AB InBev looking to take #beer up market and convert #wine and liquor drinkers
Direct to consumer market key for Oregon #wine
Should the market decide whether there are too many tasting rooms in Sonoma?
US craft #beer grows to take 7% of US market
#Olive Oil Futures Market Notches Second Profitable Year - via @oliveoiltimes
Breeding top jumpers for today's market
Wine-infused gin to hit market in UK
South African #winemakers urged to consider focusing on lucrative US market
Israeli #wineries innovate as they reach beyond kosher market
Fine #wine market down but good year for Champagne, DRC, Super Tuscans
Treasury #Wine successfully enters US Private Placement market
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Growing markets lead to optimistic #almond outlook:
Big liquor's nasty emerging market hangover, #China
A report on the bulk #wine market
Wally's enters #wine auction market in New York with big money splash
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Much of the material listed on these archived web pages has been superseded, or served a particular purpose at a particular time. It may contain references to activities or policies that have no current application. Many archived documents may link to web pages that have moved or no longer exist, or may refer to other documents that are no longer available.
National Media Release
Mr David Hawker, MP
Federal Member for Wannon
Dr Sharman Stone, MP
Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for the
Environment and Heritage
8 November 1999
Ten young Victorians are helping to map and restore sacred Aboriginal cultural sites as part of the Federal Government's Green Corps program.
Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Environment and Heritage, Sharman Stone MP, and Federal Member for Wannon, David Hawker MP, today met with members of the team on-site at Portland, helping to search local sand dunes for aboriginal middens and other cultural artefacts.
"This is a very special Green Corps project, bringing together modern and ancient cultures to help preserve and protect Victoria's remarkable landscape and cultural heritage. After the six-month project is complete, both will have gained something valuable from the partnership," they said.
"This is a unique project giving 10 young Victorians the to chance to learn more about our state's history as well as gaining valuable on-the-job training and work experience in natural resource management," Sharman Stone said.
The Warrnambool South West Cultural Project aims to survey, audit and protect Aboriginal cultural sites across South-west coast and hinterland of Victoria. With the assistance of Parks Victoria, the team will record and map sites using state-of-the-art Global Satellite Positioning equipment.
"We are only now discovering some of our country's unique natural heritage. Only a few weeks ago, the fossilised remains of 'Dave' a 112 million year old sea-creature were found by fisherman in North Queensland."
"With their enthusiasm and hard work there is every chance the Warrnambool Green Corps team could be next in line to make a major discovery."
The team is working in the Warrnambool-Yambuk region which was today officially declared as Victoria's first Indigenous Protected Area (IPA). This will ensure the regions' unique natural and cultural biodiversity will be preserved and managed by the traditional owners according to customary practices.
Green Corps is the Federal Government's $88.8 million environmental training program, giving young Australians the opportunity to make a contribution to the environment, in return for practical training and work experience in natural resource management.
Over the next four years 6,800 trainee places will be offered to young Australians aged between 17 and 20 years.
"The Federal Government is always looking for new ideas for Green Corps projects. Community groups, Landcare groups and Local Councils are all welcome to nominate projects that aim to protect and restore the environment, indigenous or historical cultural heritage sites," Mr Hawker said.
The next round of Green Corps applications close on 22 November 1999, with further applications called every 10 weeks thereafter.
Green Corps application forms are available from the Australian Trust for Conservation Volunteers on freecall 1800 633 844 or on the Internet at http://www.atcv.com.au.
For further information please contact:
Nicole Johnston, Dr Stone's Office, 02 6277 2016 or 0419 219 415
Lisa McDonald, Mr Hawker's Office, 03 5572 1100 or 0407 719 699


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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) was one of the first systematic techniques for failure analysis. It was developed by reliability engineers in the 1950s to study problems that might arise from malfunctions of military systems. An FMEA is often the first step of a system reliability study. It involves reviewing as many components, assemblies, and subsystems as possible to identify failure modes, and their causes and effects. For each component, the failure modes and their resulting effects on the rest of the system are recorded in a specific FMEA worksheet. There are numerous variations of such worksheets. An FMEA is mainly a qualitative analysis.[1]
A few different types of FMEA analysis exist, like
Sometimes FMEA is extended to FMECA to indicate that criticality analysis is performed too.
FMEA is an inductive reasoning (forward logic) single point of failure analysis and is a core task in reliability engineering, safety engineering and quality engineering. Quality engineering is specially concerned with the "Process" (Manufacturing and Assembly) type of FMEA.
A successful FMEA activity helps to identify potential failure modes based on experience with similar products and processes - or based on common physics of failure logic. It is widely used in development and manufacturing industries in various phases of the product life cycle. Effects analysis refers to studying the consequences of those failures on different system levels.
Functional analyses are needed as an input to determine correct failure modes, at all system levels, both for functional FMEA or Piece-Part (hardware) FMEA. An FMEA is used to structure Mitigation for Risk reduction based on either failure (mode) effect severity reduction or based on lowering the probability of failure or both. The FMEA is in principle a full inductive (forward logic) analysis, however the failure probability can only be estimated or reduced by understanding the failure mechanism. Ideally this probability shall be lowered to "impossible to occur" by eliminating the (root) causes. It is therefore important to include in the FMEA an appropriate depth of information on the causes of failure (deductive analysis).
The FME(C)A is a design tool used to systematically analyze postulated component failures and identify the resultant effects on system operations. The analysis is sometimes characterized as consisting of two sub-analyses, the first being the failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA), and the second, the criticality analysis (CA).[2] Successful development of an FMEA requires that the analyst include all significant failure modes for each contributing element or part in the system. FMEAs can be performed at the system, subsystem, assembly, subassembly or part level. The FMECA should be a living document during development of a hardware design. It should be scheduled and completed concurrently with the design. If completed in a timely manner, the FMECA can help guide design decisions. The usefulness of the FMECA as a design tool and in the decision making process is dependent on the effectiveness and timeliness with which design problems are identified. Timeliness is probably the most important consideration. In the extreme case, the FMECA would be of little value to the design decision process if the analysis is performed after the hardware is built. While the FMECA identifies all part failure modes, its primary benefit is the early identification of all critical and catastrophic subsystem or system failure modes so they can be eliminated or minimized through design modification at the earliest point in the development effort; therefore, the FMECA should be performed at the system level as soon as preliminary design information is available and extended to the lower levels as the detail design progresses.
Remark: For more complete scenario modelling another type of Reliability analysis may be considered, for example fault tree analysis(FTA); a deductive (backward logic) failure analysis that may handle multiple failures within the item and/or external to the item including maintenance and logistics. It starts at higher functional / system level. An FTA may use the basic failure mode FMEA records or an effect summary as one of its inputs (the basic events). Interface hazard analysis, Human error analysis and others may be added for completion in scenario modelling.
The analysis may be performed at the functional level until the design has matured sufficiently to identify specific hardware that will perform the functions; then the analysis should be extended to the hardware level. When performing the hardware level FMECA, interfacing hardware is considered to be operating within specification. In addition, each part failure postulated is considered to be the only failure in the system (i.e., it is a single failure analysis). In addition to the FMEAs done on systems to evaluate the impact lower level failures have on system operation, several other FMEAs are done. Special attention is paid to interfaces between systems and in fact at all functional interfaces. The purpose of these FMEAs is to assure that irreversible physical and/or functional damage is not propagated across the interface as a result of failures in one of the interfacing units. These analyses are done to the piece part level for the circuits that directly interface with the other units. The FMEA can be accomplished without a CA, but a CA requires that the FMEA has previously identified system level critical failures. When both steps are done, the total process is called a FMECA.
The ground rules of each FMEA include a set of project selected procedures; the assumptions on which the analysis is based; the hardware that has been included and excluded from the analysis and the rationale for the exclusions. The ground rules also describe the indenture level of the analysis, the basic hardware status, and the criteria for system and mission success. Every effort should be made to define all ground rules before the FMEA begins; however, the ground rules may be expanded and clarified as the analysis proceeds. A typical set of ground rules (assumptions) follows:[3]
Major benefits derived from a properly implemented FMECA effort are as follows:
From the above list, early identifications of SFPS, input to the troubleshooting procedure and locating of performance monitoring / fault detection devices are probably the most important benefits of the FMECA. In addition, the FMECA procedures are straightforward and allow orderly evaluation of the design.
The following covers some basic FMEA terminology.[4]
Procedures for conducting FMECA were described in US Armed Forces Military Procedures document MIL-P-1629[5] (1949); revised in 1980 as MIL-STD-1629A).[6] By the early 1960s, contractors for the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) were using variations of FMECA or FMEA under a variety of names.[7][8] NASA programs using FMEA variants included Apollo, Viking, Voyager, Magellan, Galileo, and Skylab.[9][10][11] The civil aviation industry was an early adopter of FMEA, with the Society for Automotive Engineers (SAE) publishing ARP926 in 1967.[12] After two revisions, ARP926 has been replaced by ARP4761, which is now broadly used in civil aviation.
During the 1970s, use of FMEA and related techniques spread to other industries. In 1971 NASA prepared a report for the U.S. Geological Survey recommending the use of FMEA in assessment of offshore petroleum exploration.[13] A 1973 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency report described the application of FMEA to wastewater treatment plants.[14] FMEA as application for HACCP on the Apollo Space Program moved into the food industry in general.[15]
The automotive industry began to use FMEA by the mid 1970s.[16] The Ford Motor Company introduced FMEA to the automotive industry for safety and regulatory consideration after the Pinto affair. Ford applied the same approach to processes (PFMEA) to consider potential process induced failures prior to launching production. In 1993 the Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG) first published an FMEA standard for the automotive industry.[17] It is now in its fourth edition.[18] The SAE first published related standard J1739 in 1994.[19] This standard is also now in its fourth edition.[20]
Although initially developed by the military, FMEA methodology is now extensively used in a variety of industries including semiconductor processing, food service, plastics, software, and healthcare.[21][22] Toyota has taken this one step further with its Design Review Based on Failure Mode (DRBFM) approach. The method is now supported by the American Society for Quality which provides detailed guides on applying the method.[23] The standard Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) procedures however, do not identify the product failure mechanisms and models, which limits their applicability to provide a meaningful input to critical procedures such as virtual qualification, root cause analysis, accelerated test programs,and to remaining life assessment. To overcome the shortcomings of FMEA and FMECA a Failure Modes, Mechanisms and Effect Analysis (FMMEA) has often been used.
Design Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (DFMEA) is the application of the FMEA method specifically to product design. It is a paper-and-pencil analysis method used in engineering to document and explore ways that a product design might fail in real-world use. A DFMEA documents the key functions of a design, the primary potential failure modes relative to each function and the potential causes of each failure mode. The DFMEA method allows the design team to document what they know and suspect about a product's failure modes prior to completing the design, and then use this information to design out or mitigate the causes of failure.
Ideally, the DFMEA is begun at the earliest stages of concept development, and can then be used to help winnow down competing designs and to help generate new, more robust concepts.
The method attempts to quantify the likely severity and frequency of occurrence of each potential cause, as well as the ability of the design to detect each failure cause by using an ordinal scale (typically 1 - 10, where one is "best" and ten is "worst"). Those failure modes and causes with the highest scores should then be addressed through product redesign.
DFMEA is fundamentally a team effort, and therefore should only be performed with a cross-functional team that includes members of the design team as well as manufacturing/assembly, quality/validation and stress analysis team members.
First, the known functions of a system or component are written down. These are usually drawn from the product requirements, bill of materials (BOM) and prior experience of the engineering team. Next, for each function, a list is made of ways in which the product might fail to meet the functional requirement; these are known as the failure modes. For instance, the main functions of a pencil sharpener are to sharpen pencils to a fine point and to catch the tailings from sharpening. The failure modes may include not sharpening at all, frequently breaking the graphite and not catching the tailings.
Once failure modes are identified, the product design is reviewed and potential causes of the failure modes are identified.
The team then ranks the severity of the failure mode, using a 1 to 10 scale, where a "1" indicates that there is no discernible effect and a "10" indicates that the failure mode may impact safe operation or violate government regulations. Next, the frequency of occurrence of the failure mode is ranked using a scale from "1," remote likelihood of failure, to "10," persistent failures. Each cause of failure is then evaluated for the ability of the design controls to detect and prevent the failure mode.
Finally, a Risk Priority Number (RPN) is calculated by multiplying the severity, occurrence and detection rankings together.
With RPNs calculated, the next action by the design team depends on the stage of development. In the concept development stage, the RPNs may be used to compare various designs and select the best among them, or as an input to sensitivity analysis when combining features of the best concepts. Later in the development process, the RPNs should be used by the developers as a guide to focus development effort in order to make the product safer and more robust. After production launch, the RPNs should be used to select design features for continuous improvement activities.
The primary tool of DFMEA is the DFMEA matrix, which provides a structure for documenting the relevant information, including revision dates, team members and product data. The AIAG Potential Failure Mode Effects Analysis manual provides examples. The matrix may be created using pen and paper, electronic spreadsheets, or specialized software package .
DFMEA suffers from the same limitations discussed in Failure mode and effects analysis.
|FMEA Ref.
|Potential failure mode
|Potential cause(s) / mechanism
|Mission Phase
|Local effects of failure
|Next higher level effect
|System Level End Effect
|(P) Probability (estimate)
|(S) Severity
|Detection (Indications to Operator, Maintainer)
|(D) Detection Dormancy Period
|Risk Level P*S (+D)
|Actions for further Investigation / evidence
|Mitigation / Requirements
|Brake Manifold Ref. Designator 2b, channel A, O-ring
|Internal Leakage from Channel A to B
|a) O-ring Compression Set (Creep) failure b) surface damage during assembly
|Decreased pressure to main brake hose
|No Left Wheel Braking
|Severely Reduced Aircraft deceleration on ground and side drift. Partial loss of runway position control. Risk of collision
|(C) Moderate
|(VI) Catastrophic (this is the worst case)
|(1) Flight Computer and Maintenance Computer will indicate "Left Main Brake, Pressure Low"
|Built-In Test interval is 1 minute
|Check Dormancy Period and probability of failure
|Require redundant independent brake hydraulic channels and/or Require redundant sealing and Classify O-ring as Critical Part Class 1
It is necessary to look at the cause of a failure mode and the likelihood of occurrence. This can be done by analysis, calculations / FEM, looking at similar items or processes and the failure modes that have been documented for them in the past. A failure cause is looked upon as a design weakness. All the potential causes for a failure mode should be identified and documented. This should be in technical terms. Examples of causes are: Human errors in handling, Manufacturing induced faults, Fatigue, Creep, Abrasive wear, erroneous algorithms, excessive voltage or improper operating conditions or use (depending on the used ground rules). A failure mode is given an Probability Ranking.
|Extremely Unlikely (Virtually impossible or No known occurrences on similar products or processes, with many running hours)
|Remote (relatively few failures)
|Occasional (occasional failures)
|Reasonably Possible (repeated failures)
|Frequent (failure is almost inevitable)
Determine the Severity for the worst case scenario adverse end effect (state). It is convenient to write these effects down in terms of what the user might see or experience in terms of functional failures. Examples of these end effects are: full loss of function x, degraded performance, functions in reversed mode, too late functioning, erratic functioning, etc. Each end effect is given a Severity number (S) from, say, I (no effect) to VI (catastrophic), based on cost and/or loss of life or quality of life. These numbers prioritize the failure modes (together with probability and detectability). Below a typical classification is given. Other classifications are possible. See also hazard analysis.
|No relevant effect on reliability or safety
|Very minor, no damage, no injuries, only results in a maintenance action (only noticed by discriminating customers)
|Minor, low damage, light injuries (affects very little of the system, noticed by average customer)
|Moderate, moderate damage, injuries possible (most customers are annoyed, mostly financial damage)
|Critical (causes a loss of primary function; Loss of all safety Margins, 1 failure away from a catastrophe, severe damage, severe injuries, max 1 possible death )
|Catastrophic (product becomes inoperative; the failure may result in complete unsafe operation and possible multiple deaths)
The means or method by which a failure is detected, isolated by operator and/or maintainer and the time it may take. This is important for maintainability control (Availability of the system) and it is specially important for multiple failure scenarios. This may involve dormant failure modes (e.g. No direct system effect, while a redundant system / item automatic takes over or when the failure only is problematic during specific mission or system states) or latent failures (e.g. deterioration failure mechanisms, like a metal growing crack, but not a critical length). It should be made clear how the failure mode or cause can be discovered by an operator under normal system operation or if it can be discovered by the maintenance crew by some diagnostic action or automatic built in system test. A dormancy and/or latency period may be entered.
|Certain - fault will be caught on test
|Almost certain
|Fault is undetected by Operators or Maintainers
DORMANCY or LATENCY PERIOD The average time that a failure mode may be undetected may be entered if known. For example:
If the undetected failure allows the system to remain in a safe / working state, a second failure situation should be explored to determine whether or not an indication will be evident to all operators and what corrective action they may or should take.
Indications to the operator should be described as follows:
PERFORM DETECTION COVERAGE ANALYSIS FOR TEST PROCESSES AND MONITORING (From ARP4761 Standard):
This type of analysis is useful to determine how effective various test processes are at the detection of latent and dormant faults. The method used to accomplish this involves an examination of the applicable failure modes to determine whether or not their effects are detected, and to determine the percentage of failure rate applicable to the failure modes which are detected. The possibility that the detection means may itself fail latent should be accounted for in the coverage analysis as a limiting factor (i.e., coverage cannot be more reliable than the detection means availability). Inclusion of the detection coverage in the FMEA can lead to each individual failure that would have been one effect category now being a separate effect category due to the detection coverage possibilities. Another way to include detection coverage is for the FTA to conservatively assume that no holes in coverage due to latent failure in the detection method affect detection of all failures assigned to the failure effect category of concern. The FMEA can be revised is necessary for those cases where this conservative assumption does not allow the top event probability requirements to be met.
After these three basic steps the Risk level may be provided.
Risk is the combination of End Effect Probability And Severity. Where probability and severity includes the effect on non-detectability (dormancy time). This may influence the end effect probability of failure or the worst case effect Severity. The exact calculation may not be easy in all cases, such as those where multiple scenarios (with multiple events) are possible and detectability / dormancy plays a crucial role (as for redundant systems). In that case Fault Tree Analysis and/or Event Trees may be needed to determine exact probability and risk levels.
Preliminary Risk levels can be selected based on a Risk Matrix like shown below, based on Mil. Std. 882.[24] The higher the Risk level, the more justification and mitigation is needed to provide evidence and lower the risk to an acceptable level. High risk should be indicated to higher level management, who are responsible for final decision making.
|Probability / Severity -->
The FMEA should be updated whenever:
While FMEA identifies important hazards in a system, its results may not be comprehensive and the approach has limitations.[25][26][27] In a healthcare context, FMEA has been found to have limited validity compared to another prospective hazard analysis method (Structured What If Technique, SWIFT) and retrospective approaches, with particular challenges around scoping and organisational boundaries.[25]
If used as a top-down tool, FMEA may only identify major failure modes in a system. Fault tree analysis (FTA) is better suited for "top-down" analysis. When used as a "bottom-up" tool FMEA can augment or complement FTA and identify many more causes and failure modes resulting in top-level symptoms. It is not able to discover complex failure modes involving multiple failures within a subsystem, or to report expected failure intervals of particular failure modes up to the upper level subsystem or system.[citation needed]
Additionally, the multiplication of the severity, occurrence and detection rankings may result in rank reversals, where a less serious failure mode receives a higher RPN than a more serious failure mode.[28] The reason for this is that the rankings are ordinal scale numbers, and multiplication is not defined for ordinal numbers. The ordinal rankings only say that one ranking is better or worse than another, but not by how much. For instance, a ranking of "2" may not be twice as severe as a ranking of "1," or an "8" may not be twice as severe as a "4," but multiplication treats them as though they are. See Level of measurement for further discussion.


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Contact Us
Contact details
|Queens Medical Centre
109 Queens Road,
020 8255 1144
020 8255 0300
Comments & Suggestions
The practice manager, Ms Lee Dolan, is responsible for the running of the non-clinical side of the practice and is happy to help with any queries about administration or non-medical aspects of the practice. Should you have a comment, suggestion or complaint about the practice please address it to Lee Dolan. The practice actively welcomes both positive and negative feedback from patients and their carers about the services offered.
If you wish to discuss any problems or concerns with a member of the Primary Care Trust, NHS Richmond, please contact the Patient Advice and Liaison Service (PALS). PALS will provide advice and support to patients, their families and carers. You can contact PALS on 020 8973 3000 or in writing to PALS, Richmond NHS, Thames House, 180 High Street, Teddington, TW11 8HU.
The in-house complaints procedure is managed by the practice manager and all official complaints should be put in writing for the attention of Lee Dolan. If you would prefer to make a complaint without going through the practice manager please contact the PALS team (details above).
Patient Reference Group
To have your say why not join Queens Medical Centre's Patient Reference Group (PRG)? We realise that people are generally very busy and may not have time to come to meetings. Therefore, our PRG is a 'virtual group' with whom we can consult from time-to-time. Your inputs and thoughts are very important to us and will help us to deliver the services that you require.
The PRG is a forum where patients can give their views about how the Practice is doing. By providing your email details we can add them to the contact list so that we can email you every now and then to ask your opinion as to how we are doing. If you don't have an email address you can still get involved. The only stipulation is that you are a patient at Queens Medical Centre or care for someone who is registered with us. To have your say please ask the Reception Team for a contact form.


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"This card was "sweet" to begin with, but with my sweet baby's name on it, it only made this card even sweeter! Personalizing this card was made so easy using the template provided by Tiny Prints. With the choice of 2 colour schemes, it was easy to have this card fit into any decor plans you may have for your event. Printing is clear, and the suggested fonts to choose from make it a cinch to create the perfect invite on quality paper. I can't wait to send out these Sweet Cards, and to get my RSVPs and good reviews!"
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"This card is true as seen. Beautiful round shape, nice quality paper, print quality is fantastic. The round design is so unique and I've received many compliments on it! The only tiny little minor hiccup is that you can tell on the edges where the circle design was snapped out of the original paper. It just seemed to cheapen it slightly for me. I'm probably the only person on earth that would notice such insignificance, but that is the reason i rated the paper quality as 4 stars. Otherwise, this would have been a 5star product all around for me."
"These cards are beautiful. I ordered a sample of the basic and the highest quality and there wasn't a difference in the way they looked or color (as was the case with some of the other cards). The only difference was the thickness of the card. The basic ones were good quality, beautiful and the layout looked great even after I had to include more information than what is on the sample. I would highly recommend. They also shipped much faster than estimated. My customer service interaction was well above average too."


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Tech Update: Metal detection & X-ray inspection
System enhancements keep a protective eye on quality
• A Somerset, UK man was preparing a baby leaf and rocket (arugula) salad when he found the carcass of a small, dead bird among the salad materials. (BBC News, November 15, 2011).
• Kraft Foods Global, Inc. voluntarily recalled three varieties of Velveeta Shells & Cheese Single Serve Microwaveable Cups due to the possible presence of small, thin wire bristles (Kraft, September 30, 2011; FDA, October 3, 2011).
• A UK food production company was fined nearly £17,000 when a man found a dead mouse in the loaf of bread he was using to prepare sandwiches for his children (BBC News, September 27, 2010).
While the second incident above is an extremely difficult detection challenge, additional technology can solve the problem, and that may be how Kraft found the wire fragment and was able to alert the supply chain, keeping affected product to a relatively small number of UPCs (five) and 137,000 cases.
Metal detectors with improved sensitivity can help spot hard-to-find targets, but a single unit may not be enough. "When talking about wire contamination, it is important to understand 'orientation effect,'" says Robert Rogers, Mettler-Toledo senior advisor for food safety and regulations. "A wire traveling through the detector in one orientation is easy to detect, yet in the opposite orientation it is difficult to detect. To improve the chance of detecting the material, one could place multiple detectors at different angles on a single production line. However this does not eliminate the need for a robust foreign body prevention program."
One way to improve metal detector sensitivity with applications like sliced cheese, warm bread or filled bottles is to use multiple coil receivers, says Bob Ries, Thermo-Fisher lead product manager, metal detection and X-ray/product inspection business unit. "In the case of metal strands or wires, the only solution known today is to use two metal detectors adjacent to each other at 45° angles. This, in effect, covers all the possibilities [or orientation]."
X-ray systems are becoming sensitive enough to detect wires down to 0.3mm in diameter if they are long enough to create a visible, linear contaminant image the system can analyze and detect, says Ries.
However, X-ray systems are challenged by cases 1 and 3 above. Since X-ray detection is density based, objects like animal carcasses/bones—because they have little density—are difficult for X-ray systems to find. "Only the most dense bones and plastics are currently detectable," adds Ries.
Retailers drive inspection
While government agencies may not be able to mandate the use of metal detection or X-ray systems, retailers have taken the lead in mandating this equipment because they know how important safe food is to their customers. Craig Wilson, Costco assistant vice president, food safety and quality assurance, circulated a letter more than six years ago to producers asking them to "raise the bar in the area of product inspection." The letter states: "Our audit companies have been instructed to inform our vendors that dated metal detection devices should be replaced with X-ray units in all food processing facilities where applicable."
"For customers like Costco, Sysco, airline companies and others, maintaining the highest product quality and food safety is critical," says Adalberto Salce, plant engineer at Orval Kent's Linares, Mexico facility. A large producer of prepared salads for foodservice customers in North America, Orval Kent installed a Mettler-Toledo Safeline X-ray system 18 months ago to monitor product quality.
Orval Kent produces more than 80 different types of fruit salads, which are packaged into 4- and 8-lb. PET jars and 1-, 3- and 5-lb. flexible pouches on five filling lines. "The Safeline X-ray system helps us achieve the highest product quality. It detects metal, glass, plastic and other types of foreign material and removes contaminated product from the production line," adds Salce.
"We considered metal detectors, but the X-ray system was the better choice for us for several reasons," explains Salce. "The X-ray system enables us to inspect for non-metal contaminants such as glass, which allows us to achieve the highest specifications. It offers consistent inspection even with the natural variations in the conductivity of our products. Since the X-ray system can be used after we've sealed the PET jars with foil, we can inspect at the end of the line where there is no risk of subsequent contamination."
Compared to the old X-ray system, the Safeline PowerChek is more sensitive and reliable, says Salce. He tests it at the beginning of every production day and after every changeover, which is typically four or five times a day. "In the 18 months that we've had it, it's never failed a test, and we've had no unplanned downtime. This system helps us guarantee our customers receive the highest product quality and food safety."
Planning and using metal detection systems
Preventing metal-contaminated product from reaching the consumer should be a systematic approach instead of just installing a piece of equipment into the production line, suggests Rogers. Proper installation and system design are critical, as outside influences within the production environment could cause issues. The goal is to have a system capable of running at maximum sensitivity, absent of product, with no false reject activity. Thus, if any product is rejected, it should be further tested to determine the source of the contamination. Then corrective action can be taken to prevent further occurrences of contamination.
If a high level of false reject activity occurs, it must be addressed since it is an indication the program may be faulty and not necessarily the equipment, offers Rogers. Metal detectors may be reaching a plateau in terms of sensitivity or the ability to find smaller targets, but other improvements are extending the usefulness of these detection systems. "Detectors offer significantly higher performance today than even two years ago," says Steve Gidman, Fortress Technology president. "Detection levels in the 0.5 to 0.8mm range are easily achievable with modern metal detectors." And modern metal detectors are much better at living with real-world interference sources. "Proper shielding and signal processing techniques allow excellent performance in electrically active [noisy] environments," he adds.
Last year, Lock Inspection introduced its Insight metal detector, which according to Lock President Mark D'Onofrio, uses advanced digital signal processing (DSP) to reduce unwanted product and environmental signals. This allows for more precise product setups and better overall performance. "The trick with metal detection is to run the electromagnetic field at super-high frequencies, but also effectively manage product signal and outside interference," says D'Onofrio. Advancements in technology have contributed to improved detection for most metals.
In the recent past, several metal detectors used a couple of frequencies—usually one at a time—to obtain a signal from a target that was greater than the noise produced from the "product effect." An example of product effect could be a moist bakery or salty product. A benefit of using two frequencies simultaneously is that one can be used to detect ferrous metals and the other, stainless steel (SS), according to Christopher Young, Anritsu product manager. While certain SS alloys can be a challenge for metal detectors, aluminum, which is not "seen" by X-ray systems, can be detected by a metal detector.
Another approach to effective design is to pick a single frequency from a range of frequencies (e.g., 31-800 kHz) that's right for each product, says Steven Bunnell, Loma Systems sales and marketing manager. In Loma's IQ3+ system, users can select a different frequency for a given product, or they can let the metal detector pick the best frequency for each product during the product "learn" or calibration step, which reduces the possibility of operator error.
A metal detection system that simultaneously uses multiple inspection frequencies can improve detection sensitivity and make it easier to reduce strong product effects such as salinity and water concentration, according to Todd Grube, Heat and Control manager of inspection systems. "With single and three-frequency metal detectors, processors typically reduce sensitivity to achieve a compromise between safety and excessive false positives." Multi-spectrum technology (multiple frequencies), according to Grube, significantly reduces product effect and tracks it during production, automatically adjusting for changes in the product and inspection environment.
Five Star Gourmet Foods (Ontario, CA), a provider of high-quality frozen products including entrées, custom sauces and marinades, snacks and sandwiches, decided to try the multiple frequency technology as implemented by Heat and Control's CEIA THS121 detector. "Our line operators decided to give it the torture test," says QA Manager Marissa Myat. "We mixed different types of fresh and frozen product in the same run to expose any shortcomings. To our surprise, the CEIA detector passed every test. Its performance really exceeded our expectations." Five Star runs from 150 to 450 items per minute per production line, and each detector runs a minimum of 14 hours per day, five days a week.
Little improvements in metal detectors can mean a lot. With the pressure that processors have been feeling to include both metal and X-ray systems in HACCP plans, suppliers are listening. "To that end, what was a detection level just five years ago is no longer accepted, and if the detection level can be improved by just 0.1mm, most food processors will force metal detector manufacturers toward that mark," says Wayne Eide, Advanced Detection Systems marketing manager.
With incremental improvements in head construction symmetry, product screening and software, an improvement in target size, for example, from 2.0mm to 1.5mm is about 40 percent, according to Doug Pedersen, S+S Inspection Systems sales manager. "Some companies will change out a metal detector for this level of improvement, and look at it as only 0.5mm, which is small. But let me ask this question: Would you change any other piece of production equipment for a 40 percent improvement in performance? Very likely."
Extending metal detectors' performance
While some would say that the basic physics of the metal detector is mature and as good as it gets, the emphasis, therefore, has been on improving the peripherals of metal detection systems. "Enhancements in metal detector software and coil configurations have resulted in modest improvements in sensitivities, and the best sensitivities are realized in the pharmaceutical industry as very small apertures are used to scan tablets," says Ray Spurgeon Jr., Eriez X-ray Inspection Division product manager. "Typically, sensitivities in this industry range from 0.3 to 0.5mm diameter. In my opinion, metal detection technology is mature and will offer little or no future improvement to sensitivity."
"There is always a point that the physics of the metal detector has reached its limits, and that is why you see the improvements in compensating for external factors such as vibration and product-effect variability," counters Eide. "For example, our Acculearn technology is so smart that the product learn cycle that once took many passes is now completed in just two passes." Older metal detectors took many passes, and some never learned the product as well as the machines today, claims Eide.
With the auto-learning capabilities of metal detectors, the ease of use is improving to a level where operators can easily set up a new product run without making mistakes in configuration, according to Young. A bigger issue, says Young, is the product itself changing in consistency. For example, a fresh-baked loaf of bread might be "learned" at one temperature, but over time, the product temperature or moisture content changes, potentially affecting the performance of a metal detector.
Most metal detection systems (and X-ray as well) are also network friendly and provide useful tools to track inspection results. For example, Lock's Insight series delivers the streamlining of data management reports and product profiles through its Optix software and offers wireless Ethernet and SCADA packages as well, according to D'Onofrio.
State-of-the-art X-ray system
Ries, who is responsible for both metal detection and X-ray systems, sees X-ray as a step beyond metal detection, but not a panacea for all inspection applications. "X-ray systems can typically find 10-30 percent smaller metal contaminants and many non-metal contaminants. The price is higher, usually two to three times, and system lifetime is shorter (five to seven years vs. 10 to 15 years for metal detectors)." Current state-of-the-art with X-ray is 0.5 to 0.7mm detection of metal or thin products. Because X-ray detection is density based, many other contaminants more dense than water can also be found. Glass detection is usually in the 1.5 to 3mm range, and stones with density similar to that of glass have comparable results under X-rays. However, only the most dense bones and plastics are currently detectable, as stated above.
X-ray technology is best when SS foreign objects need to be detected in products that are conductive, according to Spurgeon. He attributes this to the physics of the application. For example, SS is masked when scanned by a metal detector because conductive products and SS "look" the same to a metal detector. An X-ray system, however, uses contrast (which is not affected by the conductivity of products) to detect SS targets. But, if a product is dry, non-homogenous (e.g., a box of rigatoni pasta) and has no foil packaging or safety seals, a metal detector will consistently outperform an X-ray system, says Spurgeon.
The Anristu X-ray system, according to Young, can typically find 0.8mm SS in most food products (both reactive and non-reactive). On thinner products, detection down to 0.4mm SS is possible, and thin wire can be detected when it's long enough and covering some area of the detector. Young says how well an X-ray system performs depends upon how the image is generated and the image processing software behind it. Several software tools are available that make it easy to adjust one control without compromising other tools, and this can be done automatically during the auto-learn process.However, thin wire strands are problematic for metal detectors because of orientation.
The same phenomenon is also prevalent for X-ray systems, says Spurgeon. With an X-ray machine, when the wire is perpendicular to the beam, the end of the wire will be represented by a single pixel, or none at all if the wire falls in between sensors in the matrix. In a metal detector, the problem occurs when the sliver is on plane with (vs. perpendicular to) the metal detector coils. Consequently, neither technology may detect a wire strand the first time it passes through a system.
Many products that are packaged in metalized films, foils or aluminum trays cannot be inspected with a traditional metal detector. Similarly, SS is commonly used in food equipment and can end up being a contaminant in the food product. Unfortunately, it is the hardest form of metal for a traditional metal detector to find. But an X-ray system can see though all types of product packaging and also find very small SS contaminants, according to Young.
Cooked bone is very difficult to detect with X-rays because the calcium is cooked out, reducing bone density. On the other hand, while bone is not expected in a chicken breast fillet, bone content is in sausage due to the nature of the ground meat/bone that goes into the product.
Where it gets tricky for X-ray detection is in bagged applications where the product is not flat, says Grube. With a Hershey bar, it's easy to set up the X-ray system and get consistent results. But imagine a bag of walnuts. While the X-ray system can penetrate the bag, the software will trigger on edges of the nuts if the sensitivity is turned too high. With a lower sensitivity, the system may miss a contaminant, especially if it's nearly the same density as the nuts.

At times, a bag of nuts or salad materials can fool the X-ray system into thinking a contaminant exists when it doesn't. Typically, this occurs when an X-ray system algorithm detects a darker gray value (something with more density or contrast) than what is deemed as normal. To avoid such an occurrence, the proper inspection parameters must be set with a margin of error to accommodate product variations, according to Spurgeon.
Non-detection applications
"Metal detectors can be used to ensure package contents, often referred to as 'reverse detection.' This could be ensuring the presence of a toy in a cereal carton or counting foil pouches within a larger package," says Gidman. "Similarly, the inclusion of an oxygen scavenger in packaged meat can be confirmed while simultaneously inspecting for contaminants."
X-ray systems, too, can do more than just inspect for contaminants, and often these additional features can help pay for the cost of the system. Because X-ray systems analyze product images, they do many other things—like finding missing pieces, measuring fill levels, estimating product mass and finding damaged or incorrectly sealed packaging, explains Ries. "These applications will evolve and increase in the future as sensors, images and software improve." In many cases, adding these inspection capabilities to an X-ray system already finding contaminants is very low cost or even free, he suggests.
For meat processors and packagers, X-ray technology can be used to measure fat content in meats, in addition to the more common uses—finding metal contaminants, stone and calcified bone, says Terry Woolford, general manager, Eagle Product Inspection (formerly Smiths Detection PID). The technology, called dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), can measure fat content online in real time and can be used in place of Anyl-Ray and NIR/NIT (near infrared reflectance/transmission) techniques. Basically, DEXA machines measure the amount of X-rays that are absorbed by fat in the meat as it passes through the system.
"DEXA machines are not only accurate and repeatable for measuring fat content in meats, they function dually as management tools and process control tools, providing management the information it needs to make informed decisions and guarantee compliance," says Woolford. "Intuitive management software, bar code readers and trace servers, which allow quality personnel to remotely access real-time data and reports for production, rejection, weight and trending, can greatly improve manufacturing processes, cutting costs and meeting regulatory standards."
A place for magnets
While magnets do not technically constitute a detection or inspection system, they can be used early in the line to remove ferrous contaminants. "Magnets can be used on wet applications using traps, and on dry applications, [the use of] plates/grates is always a good idea," says Spurgeon.
Magnets do not work well on many whole products like nuts, fruits, vegetables and meats, and they have problems with non-magnetic metals such as most of the 300 series of SS alloys, according to Young.
"What has to be brought to the forefront is that the strength of a given magnetic circuit is 'as is,'" says Dennis O'Leary, Industrial Magnetics general manager. "A magnet doesn't concern itself with the amount or grade of ferrous or 400 series work-hardened stainless that is present; it simply catches it." Conversely, O'Leary explains that metal detection relies on operator input and an algorithm of potential "blueprints" or make-ups so the unit can be "dialed in." "Dialed in very often means desensitized so as best to capture a broader array of contaminants with vastly differing metallurgical characteristics. The result is a metal detection unit that doesn't function well and allows smaller materials to pass through," adds O'Leary.
Magnets remove ferrous iron and work-hardened SS from processing lines, and they can remove particles much smaller (0.0001 in.) than a metal detector will find, according to Marc Trusdale, Cesco Magnetics operations manager. A magnet is not a replacement for a metal detector, but a complementary piece of equipment. Placed before the metal detector, magnets remove magnetic materials, decreasing the number of rejections by the metal detector. The metal detector removes contaminants that are not magnetic, e.g., aluminum and 300 series SS.
Combined systems and applications
You can never be too safe. So for many applications, the use of magnets before a metal detector on a line can provide some extra assurance that you're creating safe product. But is that enough, now that retailers want to see X-ray systems in place?
"Normally an X-ray system would replace a metal detector on a line as it is more flexible and can find smaller metals and other non-metallic contaminants that a metal detector can't find," says Young. However, a traditional metal detector still has value in the production line and can detect items that are quite thin but have a large surface area, for example, a metalized gum wrapper, suggests Young.
"A metal detector should always be used to cover the X-ray system's weakness in detecting aluminum," says Gidman. "They can be installed right next to each other without concern for interference. If the packaging is metallic, the metal detection system will have to be located upstream of, or within, the packaging machine."
Pedersen points out a perfect application for the two systems in tandem. "In sausage production, I'd put a pipeline metal detector on the stuffer and X-ray after packaging. In areas where aluminum is a risk, a metal detector can do a better job than X-ray, so having them side-by-side on a packaging line is an alternative." Pedersen suggests processors will have to decide which combinations—including magnets—make sense and are cost-effective.
Finding the widest range of contaminants possible would be the reason that Ries would recommend a combined system. "The metal detector can easily find aluminum while the X-ray cannot. The X-ray can easily find glass and stone while the metal detector cannot. The X-ray can easily (and usually at no cost) inspect the inside of a package to assure product integrity. This configuration is rare today but will become more popular as food safety standards increase, and the cost of ownership of X-ray decreases. Combination systems can also potentially be designed to share one user interface."
For more information:
Bob Ries, Thermo-Fisher, 763-783-2500, email@example.com
Steve Gidman, Fortress Technology,416-754-2898, ext. 317, firstname.lastname@example.com
Mark D'Onofrio, Lock Inspection USA, 978-829-0222, firstname.lastname@example.com
Todd Grube, Heat and Control, 717-519-5240, firstname.lastname@example.com
Wayne Eide, Advanced Detection Systems,414-672-0553, firstname.lastname@example.com
Doug Pedersen, S+S Tech, 224-208-1900, firstname.lastname@example.com
Ray Spurgeon, Jr., Eriez, 814-835-6298, firstname.lastname@example.com
Christopher Young, Anritsu,847-419-9729, email@example.com
Steve Bunnell, Loma Systems, 800-872-5662, email@example.com
Robert Rogers, Mettler-Toledo, 813-342-9138, email@example.com
Terry Woolford, Eagle Product Inspection, 877-379-1670, firstname.lastname@example.com
Dennis O'Leary, Industrial Magnetics, 231-582-3100, email@example.com
Marc Truslow, Cesco Magnetics, 877-624-8727, firstname.lastname@example.com


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It's Friday! If you're hitting the movie theaters this weekend, a bunch of stars have movies coming out today - including Sandra Bullock, Billy Bob Thornton, Ben Affleck among them. I'm giving away the last of the passes to the screening of "Aerosmith: Rock For the Rising Sun" that's happening on Thursday, October 17th, at Consolidated Ward Theatres. Listen and win at 7:40!
Now what would you do if you went on a date, and she smelled like toast? Well if you're excited by that, there's a new perfume on the market for a person just like you. Read more of the story [here].
Return to: THE WALK OF SHAME Blog


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Price: $49.95
Following the success of the natural suede Walkstar in SS08 we now present an opening price point, all suede pattern called Oasis. With a naturally soft suede upper that has been treated to ensure it is colour fast should they get wet and microfiber lining we expect this to be a big hit in SS09.
It's the Flip Flop with a gym built in.


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Reader Comments (Page 1 of 1)
In hindsight, I think it was a very questionable decision to adjust the 1-60 content as they did.
We have the lore-sequence issue now, sure, but, meh, I look back and wonder "what if" at it all.
What if 1-60 was just tidied up. Improve the flow (as they did anyway), but keep it with it's original pre-BC stories. Then, use the new stories as random daily level 85 content, slowly adding a new story as the expansion goes by. Giving us a reason to do more than sit on our arses (or fly around doing archaeology. Hey, if I'm going to do something boring, I choose that over sitting in Org/SW all day).
However, this is hindsight, and it is a wonderful thing, but ignorance is bliss, and sometimes I wish the community lived by that rule instead. Sadly, we don't.


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Monday night the Colorado Avalanche finally found the fire that their skates had been missing for so long now. They had been struggling to get wins recently due to their lackluster skating and sloppy execution.
But in a tough battle against the St. Louis Blues, the Avs skated with determination and played strong for three full periods to earn an impressive 4-3 victory.
"It was a good hard game," said Avalanche head coach Joe Sacco. "We worked hard start to finish; I thought the guys had a business-like approach to the game tonight, we got off to a good start…and it was a good overall effort tonight by all the guys playing."
The bitterness between the two teams was demonstrated immediately, as less than two minutes into the game the Blues' Cam Janssen and Avalanche David Koci dropped their gloves to trade punches in what was a long fight that effectively energized both teams as well as the Pepsi Center crowd.
Throughout the first period the Avs brought multiple waves of pressure onto the Blues' side of the ice, did an excellent job of keeping the puck in the zone, and launched many good shots on net. Blues goaltender Jaroslav Halak was up to the task, however, and the Avs were unable to score. Late in the period the Blues also had some good scoring opportunities, but good defense by the Avs accompanied by solid goaltending by Peter Budaj kept the Blues from finding the net, and after a very physical opening period both teams went to the locker-rooms with goose-eggs still hanging up on the scoreboard.
Just over a minute into the middle stanza the Avs broke the scoreless tie. Avalanche Ryan Wilson snatched a loose puck inside the Blues' territory, passed it behind him to a well-positioned Brandon Yip, who wristed a laser beam past Halak and into the net for the game's first goal.
The lead was short-lived, however, as Brad Boyes delivered a nice centering pass to Jay McClement who tied things up at 1-1 at 12:09. This goal gave the Blues a burst of momentum as they began dominating the action on the ice.
With 6:53 left in the period the Blues continued their relentless attack, passed the puck around the Avs zone with clever precision, and a well-placed Eric Brewer unleashed a wrist shot that flew passed Budaj and into the net to give the Blues the lead.
Minutes later, a slashing penalty on the BJ Crombeen gave the Avs a huge chance on the man advantage. While on the power play, Yip launched a shot, got his own rebound, wrapped the puck around the net and squeezed it passed Halak to score his second goal of the night and to tie the game at 2-2.
"I found a little room in the middle," Yip said about his goal. "I took the shot and was able to get the rebound and so I wrapped it around."
The third period began with a lot of back and forth action, but at 12:32, a high-sticking penalty on Boyes put the Avalanche on a four-minute power play.
At first it appeared the Avs were going to fall into their usual routine of squandering great opportunities. They struggled to control the puck, set up plays or launch any shots. But in the final minute of the advantage the Avs generated an onslaught of pressure, passed the puck around the zone, and from the left circle Avalanche defender Kevin Shattenkirk faked out a Blues defender with a juke to clear some space and then wristed the puck into the far side of the net to give the Avs the 3-2 lead.
"I faked the pass, got a little bit of time, and Stoa had a great screen for me to set up the shot," Shattenkirk said about his third period goal.
Then, with less than nine minutes left in regulation, Ryan Stoa skated through the St. Louis defenders for a hard breakaway and slammed the puck into Halak. Halak initially made the stop but he couldn't contain the rebound as it trickled behind him and into the net to provide some cushion.
With just over a minute to play, the Blues — with an empty net — brought an intense surge of pressure into the Avs zone and David Backes beat Budaj with a wrist shot to cut the lead to 4-3.
In the final seconds the Blues continued to attack and threatened to score again with some good shots, however Budaj made a series of crucial saves to hold off the Blues rally, and the Avs left the ice to celebrate a well-deserved victory.
"I think everyone played great tonight," said Yip. "Everyone gave a great effort and it was really a team win."
While all of the Avalanche skaters played with tremendous effort, focus and determination to obtain Monday night's win, Yip was by far the star of the game due to his intensity on the ice and his two timely goals.
"Yip had a strong game tonight," said Sacco. "When he plays with that intensity he's a very effective player."
Although Budaj surrendered three goals minding the net, he also made 21 good saves and withstood a bombardment of shots at the end of the game to protect the lead and seal the victory.
"Peter did a great job for us," said Yip about his goalie. "He stepped in there all night and made some great key saves, especially at the end."
"We made the game more interesting than it had to be," Sacco added about Budaj's performance. "But Peter had a strong game tonight and came up with a huge pad-save at the end that preserved the win for us."
Monday's win was particularly important because the Avalanche have been struggling lately. Their problems have been a lack of effort, sloppy execution and an inability to score.
But the Avs showed that they can skate hard, score goals and find ways to win, which should help them gain confidence and momentum heading into the all-star break.
"Sometimes when we win we get too high and when we lose we get too low," said Yip. "So we're trying to keep that even-keel, play with a good effort and play the way we were playing a couple months ago. Tonight we got back to our game plan; we're a skating team, and when we play physical like that it helps everyone's game, and so we just need to remember what we did tonight as we move forward."
The Avs have one more game before the All-Star break as the Phoenix Coyotes come to Denver for a Wednesday night contest.


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Underzog2 Wrote:
Feb 05, 2013 7:57 PM
Good ole Hitler Buchanan. His column is rich. Look who is talking about anyone person or anyone group being obsessed with Israel? Pat is obsessed with Israel and blames Republicans for traits he has in spades. From Hitler to Hagel, Pat loves the antisemites because he is one of the worst of them. His the-Jews-start-wars-but-don't-fight-in-them meme is the same garbage that turned his idol, Adolf Hitler, antisemitic in 1915. However, this is hypocrisy too as Pat was a draft dodger in the Vietnam war which he wholeheartedly supported.


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Formed in 2004 by President, Matt McMahon, a graduate of
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ERIN Contracting has completed hundreds of construction projects for a distinguished customer list that includes: Five Below, Comcast,
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text:
A few years ago, we tested all the basic bolt-ons in this E39 BMW M5, which included Evosport pulleys, a full engine-back Supersprint exhaust system and Powerchip/Evosport software. Because there wasn't a good intake system available at the time, we swapped a pair of performance drop-in filters. The car turned into a rocket and registered over 377 wheel-hp on a Dynojet 248C dyno.
Advanced Flow Engineering has recently released its intake system for the M5. Since it's been a while and we'd be testing on a different dyno at Tuning Technologies, we established a new baseline. Additionally, in order to find the intake's true gains, we reinstalled stock filter elements, ordered from Bavarian Autosport-a great source for factory BMW maintenance and aftermarket performance parts, including this AFE intake system.
BaselinePeak wheel-hp: 358.5 @ 6500 rpmPeak wheel-trq: 330 lb-ft @ 4650 rpm
Vehicle DataTransmission: Six-speed manualMileage: 37,150Testing octane: 91
Current ModificationsPowerchip/Evosport softwareEvosport pulleysSupersprint headersSupersprint 100-cell metallic catalystsSupersprint crossover pipeSupersprint cat-back exhaust
Dyno DataDyno Type: Dynojet 424xTemperature: 60 degrees FLocation: Tuning Technologies, Colton, CaliforniaTransmission Test Gear: Fourth
NotesOn its initial pull, the ABS system sent out a failure warning, limiting runs to 5000 rpm before the rev limiter kicked in. Prior experience of this vehicle reminded us to pull the two ABS fuses (#17 and #30), which did the trick. Throughout this dyno session, oil and water temperatures were kept to 200 and 190 degrees F respectively, and the air intake temperature to 90 degrees.


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Greatest Indian Cricket Players
jasibossHere is the list of top indian player's of all time. Don't agree with the list? Vote for an existing item you think should be ranked higher or if you are a logged in, add a new item for others to vote on or create your own version of this list.
The Top Ten
1Sachin Tendulkar
Sachin "the god of cricket;no one can replace him
No doubt about it. He is top run scorer in both test's and odi's
He is the best. He is the manager, director and producer of Cricker. Got it!
More comments about Sachin Tendulkar
Sachin is best and will be the best
[newest]The best the most the one
Sachin is best and will be the best
2Mahendra Singh Dhoni
Long live Dhoni... And long live his captaincy... Because he is the only captain who can lead the indian team to glory... He is a true legend...
Dhoni is the best n he will be the best... Noting more to say.. He the best
Dhoni is one of best captain in the world. "enga thala dhoniku periya visil adinga"
More comments about Mahendra Singh Dhoni
[newest]The best player in difficult times of India
3Sourav Ganguly
Ever laststing captain who inspires many OF THE CAPTAINS after him. We miss you 'DADA'. An all time best all rounder. A perfect off side player called him as off side GOD
He is wonderful player as well as great Captain in INDIAN HISTORY. DADA always DADA.
Redefining the Indian team after the 1999 debacle
[Newest]Dada is best Player and good Caption..More comments about Sourav Ganguly
4Rahul Dravid
Very good player test match
Doing many impossible games possible
More comments about Rahul Dravid
[newest]He is the best and better than sachin
5Virat Kohli
An awesome player nobody can beat him
He is the only batsman to score 5 centuries in a row
He is the fastest to hit 13 hundreds
He scored 1000 runs the fastest
He is the next Sachin tendulkar
He is the only batsman to score 5 centuries in a row
He is the fastest to hit 13 hundreds
He scored 1000 runs the fastest
He is the next Sachin tendulkar
Cricketer of year 2012
He is awesome
He is our future star and captain
Next tendulkar
He is our future star and captain
Next tendulkar
[Newest]He scored 1000 runs the fastestMore comments about Virat Kohli
He is the next Sachin tendulkar
He is the next Sachin tendulkar
6Kapil Dev
Top allrounder. He was the captain of world cup winning team in 1983
He is the best keeper in the world. No one can take his place.
Greatest all rounder for everer.More comments about Kapil Dev
7Virender Sehwag
He is the blistering opener in the world
He is the highest run scorer in odi of 219
He is the highest run scorer in odi of 219
When he stands on the pitch awaiting the delivery, everybody has their heart skipping beats.
Virinder sehwag has the highest runs in the Indian cricket team no one can beat him
More comments about Virender Sehwag
[newest]He is one man army of cricket
8Yuvraj Singh
He is the best Sixer King
Yuvi is the best player in the world because of his batting and he is the star of Indian team
I think he is the best cricket player in the world
More comments about Yuvraj Singh
[newest]He is best as heh as recovered from cancer
9Sunil Gavaskar
First player scored 10000 runs in test cricket.
He is the good test cricket players
10V.V.S. Laxman
He is one of the Best batsmen in india
Finest middle order batsmen India ever had in the team. Classy batting is his style
Does a great job working with the tailMore comments about V.V.S. Laxman
Related Lists
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The Contenders
11Anil Kumble
Top wicket taker of india
Best spinner in cricket history a consistent performer nobody won more test matches for India than him
THE WORLD number 1 STYLISH PLAYER
Best cricket captain in indian cricket history
Most successful captain of team indai...More comments about M.Azharuddin
13Suresh Raina
He is the only indian cricketer to make centuries in all formats of international cricket. He is a future captain for india and raina dhoni partnership is better than the best
He has played many match winning innings of India and CSK!
He is player in test also
[Newest]He is always be there when his team needs him and he his the best!More comments about Suresh Raina
14Harbhajan Singh
Best Off-spinner who has 400 wickets and has a secret weapon called Doosra. Rick Ponting is his bunny and he can win games by bat too. He also scored some test centuries.
15Ravichandran Ashwin
He is the best spinner in 2013
He spins off spin and leg spins which inspires my bowlingstyle
Best And taking wickets more and more
16Ravindra Jadeja
He is an amazing spinner and batsman.
He is a best all rounder
17Rohit Sharma
Best player of cricketing shots
Young India top batsman
ONE AN ONLY STYLISH BATSMAN IN Indian CRICKETMore comments about Rohit Sharma
18Shikhar Dhawan
He is very good bats man
Power shots of shikhar I can see. Powerful sixes
We can't see his powerfulshots he is great m vamshi vardhan reddyMore comments about Shikhar Dhawan
19Zaheer Khan
he is my favorite bowler and most energetic bowler of India
He is the best bowler of Indian team
20Bhuvneshwar Kumar
Line and length very nice
He is best bowler in team India.
Best bowler I seen... ! He is future legend... !More comments about Bhuvneshwar Kumar
21Gundappa Viswanath
Cricket flourishing in India started because of him
22Dinesh Kartik
He is my favorite player in the cricket history
My best player in the cricket history
23Mohammed Shami
He is the best inswinger in India in 2013
24Bishan Singh Bedi
25Irfan Pathan
He is the best all rounder
26Manoj Tiwary
He is also a good player if india had put him it will be tough to opposition team
27Vinoo Mankad
28Mohd. Azharuddin
Best fielder in all time in Indian cricket.. And greatest batsman.
29G R Vishwanath
30Ishant Sharma
31Robin Uthappa
He is very good player
He is very good opening playar in ind team
32Umesh Yadav
33C.K. Nayudu
34Sanju Samson
Good batsman of kerala
35Javagal Srinath
36Pragyan Ojha
He is good leg break boller
37Vinay Kumar
38Bharat Kumar
39Arjun Kumar Marethiya
40Stuart Binny
He took 6 wickets for just 4 runs in odi vs Bangladesh, 2014
41Yusuf Pathan
He is the fastest half century scorer in ipl. He scored 50 runs of just 15 balls.
42Amit Mishra
43Naman Ojha
3 tons in Australia
Future wicket keeper
Future wicket keeper
44Ajinkya Rahane
45Parvez Rasool
Master of first class cricket
Future spinner
Future spinner
46Gautam Gambhir
He futrue captain of india. He is awesome player
He is a difficult time great batting player
India is nothing without these experience player
More comments about Gautam Gambhir
[newest]He is best opener of India
47Navjot Singh Sidhu
He was good batsman as well as team member And nowadays He is great commentator
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This list was created 3 years, 188 days ago and has been voted on over 1,000 times. This top ten list has been remixed 21 times and has been blogged about 1 times.
Updated Monday, September 29, 2014
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Floral - Local Area Photos and Information
Local Area Photos | Local Business Directory | Local Real Estate | Local Employment Center
Floral is a populated place located in Hancock County at latitude 37.787 and longitude -86.811.
The elevation is 568 feet. Floral appears on the Pellville U.S. Geological Survey Map. Hancock County is in the Central Time Zone (UTC -6 hours).
Hancock County: Cities & Towns | ZIP Codes | Schools | Features (airports, churches, hospitals, etc.)
BOUNDARY MAPS: | Patesville Division | Hancock County
Floral - Searchable Map, Aerial Photos & Driving Directions
|BIG Map |
Driving Directions |
Data Source - USGS GNIS FID: 508017
BOUNDARY MAPS: | Patesville Division | Hancock County
Nearby Cities, Towns & Census Designated Places
Floral, KY
(< 0.1 mile)
Weberstown, KY (1.9 miles ESE)
Pellville, KY (2.4 miles S)
Goering, KY (2.7 miles ENE)
Arrington Corner, KY (3.6 miles ESE)
Chambers, KY
(3.9 miles NNE)
Gatewood, KY (4.3 miles NW)
Herbert, KY (4.7 miles S)
Knottsville, KY (5.1 miles WSW)
Patesville, KY (5.1 miles E)
Nearby Neighborhoods, Subdivisions & Other Small Populated Places
Sanders, KY
(6.3 miles ESE)
Deanefield, KY (8.8 miles S)
Woodcrest, KY (10.9 miles W)
Colonial Mobile Estates, KY (11.8 miles W)
Brownwood Manor, KY (11.8 miles W)
Laffoon, KY
(12.5 miles SW)
Locust Hills, KY (12.7 miles W)
Normandy Heights, KY (12.8 miles W)
The Downs, KY (13.1 miles W)
Lauer, IN (13.1 miles ENE)


text:
A textured farm house for a rural environment which will feature in our upcoming trailer. We've got some new texturers working on the team which should speed up development quite nicely and give you guys something nice to look at.
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Tue, 04/09/2013 - 7:00pm
- Evesham
Large meeting room
An attorney from Godorov & Nesevich will give an overview of the essential elements that make up a family's legal planning needs. Topics will include: guardianship, wills, trusts, living wills and advanced healthcare directives, powers of attorney, protecting assets from creditors and bankruptcy, protecting your children from inheriting money before they can handle it responsibly, and providing for special needs family members while preserving their eligibility for government benefits.
Attendees will leave with practical information and tips that they will be able to put to use immediately.
- Adult
Registration Status:
- Registration Required
Presented by:
Godorov & Nesevich, LLC, Estate Planning Law Firm


text:
This was where my love for Adam Lambert came from. My mom watched him on Idol and told me to watch. I was never really into Idol. But the night of the AMA's I was online and I saw people freaking out that Adam Lambert kissed a boy on stage and did pretend fellatio with a male dancer… um, yes please! I watched the show that night and was so intrigued. I love it when people cause a controversy. And because this one had to do with two men kissing on live tv, and the uproar that happened after. Adam Lambert you're my hero. Um… it helped that he has an amazing singing voice and is incredibly gorgeous… Love you Adam.
I feel like some Adommy…
I need this on my blog, ok?


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- Home /
- Make yourself at home /
- Explore your new home /
- Accommodation
Home from Home
Starting university life is an exciting and challenging time and arranging a place to live is high on the list for many students. The University of Worcester offers a wide range of quality accommodation, with plenty of choice in location, price and facilities.
My new home
Living with other students is part of the university experience. Youll meet people from every corner of the country and some will become your closest friends for years to come.
The University Push guide rated the University of Worcester 5/5 for housing and puts us in the top 25% of universities for great value accommodation. University Push Guide
Your living space at University will not only be a place to eat, sleep and study, but it will surround you with a ready made, close-knit community. The Accommodation Team are here to help you find Your Space and to make sure it suits your needs and your budget.
All first-year undergraduates who accept a conditional or unconditional offer by 1 May 2014, and apply for accommodation by 31st May 2014, are guaranteed a place in our University managed accommodation.
What are the options?
- University Halls of Residence on St Johns Campus
- University Halls of Residence on City Campus
- University Managed Halls in the City Centre
- University Managed Houses in St Johns/City Centre
- Off Campus Private Managed Accommodation, accredited by Worcester City Council
Friendly support
Our Accommodation Team is on hand to give you advice, help you apply and support you throughout your time at University, making sure you are happy and settled in your new home. With a range of accommodation options and lots of choice, we will help you find the space that is right for you.
Watch a video with Judith Bick, Deputy Residential Services Manager, talking about our accommodation.


text:
2008-07-23 / Events & Calendar
CHS promotes safe driving with Allstate grant
Walter G. O'Connell Copiague High School received a $1,000 grant from Allstate Insurance Company's Safe Teen Driving Program for the purpose of funding activism projects and programs that raise awareness of the need for safer teen driving.
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Manufactured by Husqvarna Viking for Pfaff embroidery machines in accessory group J
For best embroidery stitching results, always use the embroidery hoop closest in size to your embroidery design. The Pfaff 5"x7" hoop has become quite a favorite with avid embroiderers. Pfaff does not make a version of this hoop available, but it is the same size as the Pfaff Air Hoop (180mmx130mm), so just select that size on screen and enjoy this new 5"x7" hoop.


text:
Winter Climbing forum
View latest messages in My Forums
This topic has been archived, and won't accept reply postings.
Topic - Tips on Cold hands
niallsash - on 28 Jan 2014
I going to Scotland in mid Feb for an annual week of winter climbing.I have been going for a few years now and have been there in various types of weather and conditions.
I'm looking for people's tips/ advice on how to improve on the issue of cold hands during winter climbing. Apart from winter climbing I do suffer from having cold hands on a daily basis. I have invested in good quality gloves and what I tend to do now is try be pro active and shake out continuously, whether leading or seconding, before, during and after each pitch. This makes it manageable but I do wonder how anyone else I climb with doesn't seem to get it as bad.
I'd appreciate all advice bar down the lines of winter climbing is hard work, suck it up!
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|Home Earth
Continents The Americas USA U.S.
States Tennessee Map
U.S States Maps Index
World Maps Index
___ Reference Map of Tennessee (TN)
TennesseeThe landlocked US state of Tennessee is situated in the central southeastern United States. Tennessee borders eight other US states, Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia on the south, Arkansas and Missouri along the Mississippi River in west. The states nickname is "The Volunteer State".
Tennessee occupies an area of 109,247 km² (42,143 sq mi), compared it is about the size of Bulgaria or Cuba.
The state has its own special geographical and cultural feature, its called the "Grand Divisions of Tennessee".
The three grand divisions are East, Middle, and West Tennessee.
East Tennessee is dominated by the Cumberland Plateau, the southern part of the Appalachian Plateau, within this mountainous area there are East Tennessee's principal cities Knoxville, Chattanooga and the Tri-Cities (Kingsport, Johnson City and Bristol). The region is almost entirely in the Eastern Time Zone (see: US Time Zone Map) while the rest of the state uses Central Time.
Middle Tennessee lies west of the Cumberland Plateau, it features rolling hills and fertile river valleys and the state capital Nashville as well as Tennessee's largest metro, the Nashville Metropolitan Area with 1.6 million people.
Between Tennessee River and the Mississippi is West Tennessee a mostly agricultural region except for the state's largest city is Memphis.
Highest elevation in the state is Clingmans Dome 2,025 m (6,643 ft), a mountain in the Great Smoky Mountains on the border of Tennessee and North Carolina.
About 6.45 million people (est. 2012) live in Tennessee, capital city is Nashville.
It was the site of many Civil War battles, including those at Shiloh and Chattanooga.
Admission to the Union on 1st June 1796, it was admitted as the 16th state.
The detailed map below is showing the US state of Tennessee with boundaries, the state capital Nashville,
major cities and populated places, streams and lakes, interstate highways, principal highways, and railroads.
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Reference Map of Tennessee
Map is based on a state map of The National Atlas of the USA.
|Cities and Towns in Tennessee
The map shows the location of following cities and towns in Tennessee:
Largest cities in Tennessee with a population of more than 100,000:
Memphis (672,000), Nashville (626,000), Knoxville (178,000), Chattanooga (167,000), Clarksville (133,000), Murfreesboro (109,000)
Other cities and towns in Tennessee:
Athens, Bolivar, Bristol, Brownsville, Cleveland, Columbia, Cookeville, Dickson, Dyersburg, Fayetteville, Franklin, Gallatin, Gatlinburg, Germantown, Greeneville, Hendersonville, Jackson, Johnson City, Kingsport, Lawrenceburg, Lebanon, Lexington, Linden, Livingston, Martin, Maryville, McMinnville, Milan, Millington, Morristown, Newport, Oak Ridge, Oneida, Paris, Portland, Pulaski, Savannah, Selmer, Shelbyville, Smyrna, Tullahoma, Union City, and Waverly.
|More about Tennessee and the United States:
Information about, and searchable maps of:
The states' capital Nashville
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Reference Map of Mainland USA.
Searchable map/satellite view of the United States.
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- Back To School
- Hot Deals
- Guitars
- Bass
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Going for big and loud? The TC Electronics BC410 is your choice.
Going for big and loud? BC410 is your choice. The 500 watt BC410 stacks up to any rig, but it can also rock any venue with loads of bass punch on its own if necessary. However, combining two BC410 cabs will take you on an instant ride to rock heaven and give you a crucial advantage of raw power when the battle begins. BC410 matches perfectly with its smaller brothers too, and it can be stacked both horizontally and vertically as you see fit.
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Nice cab that was suggested to me by a good friend of mine as I was looking for a louder, punchier cab. I prefered this cab in direct comparison to several more costly cabs I auditioned. This cab has a punchy, deep full sound that cuts through the mix but does not seem to get too muddy like alot of ported cabs tend to do. I am not crazy about the lack of tweeter control (a little hissy) but I can't notice it when playing with my band at rehearsals or gigs. Also, it would be nice to have this cab rated at 8 ohms so I could add another at some point with my current head. Then again, this cab is doing quite well as a stand alone. Thanks to Matt and DC at San Antonio Sam Ash!
BC410 Bass Cabinet
The manufacturer's warranty covers parts for one year and labor for one year from date of purchase. The warranty excludes damage from misuse, abuse, and contains other exclusions.