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Are you searching for the perfect pre-owned motorcycle in St. Louis, MO? Allow Mungenast Motorsports to simplify your search. In addition to a wide selection of new motorcycles and power equipment, our St. Louis motorcycle dealership also has a large inventory of used sport bike motorcycles, used cruiser motorcycles, used touring motorcycles, and much more. We make every effort to offer you the lowest prices on used motorcycles from the brands you love, like Honda, Victory, Yamaha, Suzuki, GEM, and Harley-Davidson – just take a look at our current pre-owned motorcycle inventory here. Keep in mind, our pre-owned inventory of used motorcycles changes daily, so stop in or browse frequently.
Unlike when you purchase a used motorcycle from a private dealer, purchasing a used motorcycle from Mungenast Motorsports comes with the assurance that your new bike has been thoroughly inspected for quality and safety. Mungenast Motorsports sends every unit through our Service Department, and our Honda-Certified Technicians perform a detailed 40-point inspection. Every street-legal bike is state inspected and any necessary service and reconditioning is performed using OEM and Honda Parts. Don't be wary of a used motorcycle purchase — Many of our used motorcycles still have a manufacturer's warranty or extended warranty, giving you the peace of mind you need when investing in a motorcycle. Please ask our sales staff for information on additional coverage programs.
Perhaps you're looking to sell your clean, late-model used motorcycle, used ATV, or used power equipment? We would love for you to sell to us at Mungenast Motorsports! We pay top dollar for trade-ins of all makes and models and are always looking to expand our inventory. We also offer consignment through Mungenast Motorsports Professional Consignment Services – learn more here.
We're excited to be a part of your new used motorcycle purchase, and hope you can join us at our local motorcycle events and rides. Call (855) 585-7147 to speak to our friendly and knowledgeable sales staff, or contact them online at http://www.mungenastmotorsports.com/contact_us.asp
Mungenast Motorsports is a member of the Mungenast Automotive Family.


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Behind Area 51 (2012)
- SterlingRose
- uploaded: Jan 25, 2013
- Hits: 242
original upload by Arkitekture
original upload by Arkitekture
A short documentary about Area 51. Filmed during my recent trip to the US. Features the Cammo Dudes, the mysterious white bus and more.
Filmed, Edited & Produced by Adrian Musto. Music, narration and soundscapes written by Adrian Musto. Filmed with a Canon 5D MKIII and GoPro HD Hero2 with ProTune firmware for the interior car shots.

subset: commoncrawl


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A group of business owners and elected officials representing the states that host NFL teams has filed a brief in support of the players to have the lockout lifted. The brief claims that the federal court made the correct decision when they lifted the lockout.
"This injunction is about far more than the paychecks of the players or the fortunes of the owners," read the brief. "It is also about the livelihoods of the business owners whose livelihoods depend on NFL game day and the taxpayers and elected officials who have committed their scarce resources to the NFL enterprise.
"The NFL is a multi-billion-dollar business, with a significant economic impact on the markets in which its teams are located. In addition to employing workers directly, the NFL's teams also drive business for hotels, restaurants, bars, and other service industries. As a result, the NFL's lockout threatens the livelihood of thousands of American workers."
What will come of this brief is yet to be seen, but it can only help the players case. The studies proving how important NFL games are to the economy of those 32 host cities has to have some impact on the 8th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals decision. Let's hope they eventually decide to uphold the federal courts ruling.
To read the brief in full, click here.
Tags: NFL NFL Lockout Nfl Owners Nfl Players


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Stop in and sit down for a meal or choose to take something home with you. Hosting a party? Be the talk of the town with tasty food from us.
Contact us
Whatever you may be craving tonight, we have what you're looking for. Our menu spans every meal from breakfast to dessert you'll be sure to love.


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LOL Counter Pick
10,000 - 50,000 downloadsAdd this app to your lists
+ By Johann Verbroucht
The database is managed by the community for the community !
You can vote for a counter pick, and see the vote of other players
Follow me on twitter : @jverbroucht
Keywords: League of Legends, LoL, character, league of legend champions, champions manager, who counter, allies, enemies, utils, jungler, items
Tags: lol counter, lol counter pick, lol free pick, lolcounterpick, lolcounter, lolcounterpick.com, lolcounter cass, counter pick lol, counter lol, lol counter picks.
- Fix bugs on vote ("You already vote for this char")
- Facebook and twitter in english now :)
(48 stars)
Doesn't work
(48 stars)
Was not bad but now after update not working.
(48 stars)
Does not work
(48 stars)
Very bad app, not worth instaling, oh and the last patch is Syndra...
(48 stars)
You cant counter rengar ..
(48 stars)
You didn't fix anything false advertisement fix this vote bs for real no more false bug fixes
(48 stars)
Everytime I want to rate it says: "You have already voted for this char" and the update info says this bug is fixed but is not. Plus Alistar cant be counter for blitz if blitz is counter for alistar or opposite


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When I was a kid, I was fascinated by the huge dominoes displays people would build and knock down. The cascading tiles seemed to move in waves and there was something really satisfying about the sound they made when they tumbled over.
Marbles-original Colorfall takes this a few steps further with beautiful color wooden tiles that you can set up with the design cards enclosed to make fun images to tumble over. Or even better, come up with your own patterns. And give Colorfall as an eco-friendly gift of imagination and coordination fun for all ages.
Want to be the first to get your hands on it? Join our alert list and we'll email you as soon as it's available.


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I would play this game!
Or watch this sport!
Or watch this game or play this sport! [x]
I would play this game!
So this is happening and no one cares because why would they care, they never used the thing, because using the thing would be counter-intuitive, so its dead now and no-one is sad.
So is Castlevania just Bayonetta now?!?! [x]
Provided you have two ears connected to a heart (and memory) you should listen to this…. [x]
Will Nick Fury Die in Captain America: The Winter Soldier? [x]
Ummmmm… No.
Unless, Yes


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Modern Dad: Michael Diamant
We're surveying some of the coolest guys we know about life as a modern dad.
Kid: Spencer (12)
Location: New York, NY
Find me online: SkipHop.com, @skiphop, Skip Hop on Facebook
More posts in this series
Modern Dad
6 Comments
I Love SkipHop!! When my son was a few months old I cam across a brief write up in a magazine and rushed out and bought the Duo Diaper bag in Camo Blue. I still have it and remember how it revolutionized how I moved about NYC with my kid. Even though I had tons of room in our house we were a MacClaren stroller family and instead of having to lug around that old ugly diaper bag that was built like travel luggage I could just put the bag on the stroller (MacClaren's at that time were not too bag friendly) have have room for 4 bottles, diapers, wipes, a change of clothes for kiddo, metrocard, keys, play toys. The first time I took it out I went to the Central Park Zoo and was stopped a few times to ask "who makes that bag". Reading about Diamant and his wife they had just started out and wanted a great solution for moving about NYC too and Skip Hop was born. So nice to see him and his now tween son. Thanks for the flashback.
It's a shame to see a lack of racial diversity in this series. This is a great opportunity to talk to some admirable men that is made trite by its white washing.
I like how this dad uses his time to BE with his children. Yeah, he loves his army men, but you had to play more in your mind than what's really in front of you (as opposed to video games where no imagination is needed). Going out and exploring the neighborhood is becoming a lost art (I bet he knows his neighbors by name).
I hereby convey the title of "Dad" onto Michael Diamant.
And I do hope that AT will show a bit more color in their dads. But, there still is time.
Not just racial diversity. There are many single dads out there who are invisible in this series.
This is feedback for the editors, and not a comment on the individuals featured in this article: given that this website is AT, how is content on Modern Dads/Weddings relevant?
What brings me here is a passion for interiors & fascination with how others make optimal use of their space... there are plenty of other 'lifestyle' publications out there, so how about sectioning off this type of (to me, seemingly unrelated) content so that its there for people what who want to see it (and not, for those who don't?)
Having enjoyed reading the site daily for best part of a decade, I've not had much negative comment, but not enjoying these two latest developments
Thanks for opportunity to feedback :)
I don't understand the constant complaints about this. They've already explained that there is a wedding theme this month, and obviously these Modern Dad posts are related to Father's Day, which is tomorrow (in the US). How is it such a hardship to scroll past the posts you don't want to read?


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Hunters Supply Hard Cast Bullets 45 Caliber (459 Diameter) 405 Grain Lead Flat Nose Box of 50
Product #: 568756 Hunters Supply #: 0145940540 UPC #: 001459405408
Product Information
A great bullet for competitive shooting or small and medium-sized game, these high-quality cast bullets are composed of 6% antimony, 2% tin and 92% lead with a Brinell hardness of 15. They are rated to 1600 fps without gas checks. The bullet lube is designed for use with smokeless powder, but it will work with blackpowder firearms that have barrels less than 20" long. The alloy is lab text certified before casting. This is not loaded ammunition.
Technical Information
Sectional Density: 0.275
Technical Information
Sectional Density: 0.275
Delivery Information
Shipping Weight: 2.880 PoundsXThe total weight of the product, including the product's packaging as it sits on our shelf. Since some products ship directly from the Manufacturer, their weight may be unavailable. Because of variations in the manufacturing process, similar products may have differing weights. Unless the product is designated as "Ships Alone", Shipping Weight does not include the shipping box or packing materials associated with your order.
Ships Alone: NoXProduct ships from MidwayUSA, separate from any other products on your order due to its size. Products that are Shipped Alone incur separate "Per Order" and "Per Pound" shipping charges.
DOT-Regulated: NoXProduct is regulated by the US Department of Transportation (DOT) and cannot be shipped via USPS or air shipping methods. DOT-Regulated products must ship UPS Ground.
Carrier Restrictions: NoXProduct is restricted by shipping carriers and cannot be shipped to certain locations or via certain shipping methods.
HazMat Product: NoXAdditional shipping charge for HazMat products. Carriers charge extra to ship packages with products they consider hazardous, such as reloading powder and primers.
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text:
Zoom out
$ 1,495.00
Runway piece! Lovely gitane-style midriff baring top in silk and cotton voile made with a patchwork of Pucci prints. The central plastron is in raw-cut black lace. The wide neckline leaves the upper bodice bare to the slightly puffed shoulders that taper to form narrow sleeves tied at the elbows with contrasting scarf-like sashes. Style it with its matching ankle-length maxi skirt.22RM4122817-012
Made in Italy
68% Silk, 32% Cotton
68% Silk, 32% Cotton
This item is sold out
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So the mystery is over, Captain Murphy is indeed Flying Lotus himself. In other news, the artist has released a new music video for 'Tiny Tortures' starring Elijah Wood in a narrative where he imagines the regrowth of his arm in a dream-like state.
Name (required)
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Whitworth Today: Spring 2005mplishment
The full interview with Tammy Reid, '60, who will return to the faculty in fall 2005 after nine years as Whitworth's chief academic officer.
Q. You've overseen construction of Weyerhaeuser Hall, revision of the general-education curriculum, expansion of the faculty, two rounds of strategic planning and accreditation and about 11,000 hours of meetings. What are you most proud of?
Q. What surprised you most about the job?
Q. We hear that your administrative support staff — Patti Green and Martha Brown — like to "spruce up" your office when you're out of town. Can you describe one of their more memorable makeovers?
Q. You've been meeting with the president's cabinet almost every week for the past 17 years, the last nine as VP for Academic Affairs. What will you do with your Wednesday afternoons?
Q. The president's cabinet enjoys a remarkably strong rapport. What made it work so well and what was your role in the group dynamic?
Q. You have focused considerable time and resources on raising Whitworth's academic profile. What are some of the tangible signs that a Whitworth degree is growing in value?
Q. Is there anything you had hoped to accomplish but weren't able to?
Q. What do you look forward to about Michael Le Roy's leadership as dean?
Q. We know you're returning to the faculty, but what will you be teaching?
Q. What do you most look forward to about returning to the classroom? What are you most afraid of?
Q. Word has it you may return to teaching in the core program. Will you be reprising your captivating role in a certain Core 250 video illustrating methodological doubt in the modern era?
Q. What do you hope to spend more time doing once your administrative responsibilities diminish?


text:
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- All Events
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- Anywhere In The UK
- Location: Anywhere in the UK
Radius: ... miles
Rich Wilson has loved comedy ever since his older next door neighbour gave him a cassette of Eddie Murphy - Delirious.'It was the most mindblowing thing I'd ever heard. My young ears had never heard language like it.'
His comedy aspirations lay dormant until he got a job as a barman at a comedy club in Greenwich, South London. Then in 2004 following some back slapping by those around him, Rich Wilson hit the stage and even amazing himself, hasn't looked back since.
'Highly entertaining' (Time Out)
'He's a very, very funny man' (Frank Skinner).
Listed on Ents24.com since: Oct 2006
12 Rich Wilson Tour Dates
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September 2014
The Bowel Variety Performance:
Paul Tonkinson, Rich Wilson, Andrew Bird
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January 2015
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Leonardo DiCaprio Wants Robert Pattinson to Quit Both Smoking & Kristen Stewart
Sometimes in life, a girlfriend doesn't like a buddy of her boyfriend's. That's just how it goes. And in the case of Kristen Stewart and Robert Pattinson, that friend has to be Leonardo DiCaprio, because dude does not want KStew and RPattz getting back together. Well, so say some people, which is good as gold to this gal.
According to UK paper, The Sun, Leo has influenced RPattz to kick his filthy habit of smoking cigs. (Great, right?!) Rob is reportedly now sucking on electronic cigarettes, as renowned actor/seasoned ladies' man Leo has been for years. But. Some people think -- and they may or may not be right in doing so -- that the next thing on Leo's pygmalioning of Rob list is to get him to kick his KStew habit.
Remember a few months back when Leo supposedly took Rob on the Puerto Rican dudebro trip of a lifetime? Yeah, well, supposedly it was to get his mind off of Kristen. And apparently it didn't work, as RPattz and KStew are as together as the day is long.
Leo no likey.
Well, theoretically, Leo no likey. It would make sense, though, for DiCaprio to want Rob to break things off with Kristen, as he himself just broke up with his on-again, off-again girlfriend, Erin Heatherton. A fellow dude to go bird-dog the chicas with.
Will Rob follow in Leo's footsteps? Hard to say. On one hand, Kristen seems to have Rob under an incredibly potent spell; on the other other, Rob clearly looks up to Leo. On even another, this is all complete speculation.
Regardless, I think it's a safe assumption that Kristen doesn't want Robert spending too much time with Leo. Anybody that can get a guy to smoke an electronic cigarette, has got to have a lot of pull. Those things are weird!
Do you think Rob and Kristen will last?
Image via accidentalpaparazzi/Flickr
Piping Hot Posts
- -- Nonmember comment from
AnneNovember 5, 2012 at 2:29 PMThis is a bogus story....Why don't you stop being a hater...Leave Kristen and Rob alone...Besides, do you really think they actually care? Really...Their living their lives...Go live yours....
- --
Lulu2216November 5, 2012 at 2:40 PMI just can't believe Leo cares that much. Seriously, I bet he has other things to worry about.
- -- Facebook comment from
Bel Dickey LockwitzNovember 5, 2012 at 3:28 PMI personally think that Leonardo DiCaprio should mind his own business. If Rob and Kristen isn't going to work out it is for them to find out even if it is the hard way.
- -- Facebook comment from
Irene CooperNovember 5, 2012 at 3:36 PM
ridiculous article all the way round. yes quitting cigs would be good for his health but otherwise the rest is nobody's business
- -- Facebook comment from
Sandie M. HoweyNovember 5, 2012 at 4:35 PM
I think it is time to move on to someone else, leave them alone. I hope they prove everyone else wrong, I wish them the best. I would like to see them stay together.
- -- Facebook comment from
Geraldine SestoNovember 5, 2012 at 5:58 PM
LEO is a loser who is to immature to settle down so the old man should shut up and leave these two kids alone.
This is a bogus story....Why don't you stop being a hater...Leave Kristen and Rob alone...Besides, do you really think they actually care? Really...Their living their lives...Go live yours.... THATS RIGHT!!!! LEAVE THEM ALONE!!!!!
I think it is time to move on to someone else, leave them alone. I hope they prove everyone else wrong, I wish them the best. I would like to see them stay together.
- -- Facebook comment from
Bobbie VaughnNovember 5, 2012 at 8:29 PM
I say Leo it's none of your business and this story is stupid!!!!
- -- Facebook comment from
Colleen SaricaNovember 5, 2012 at 9:26 PM
This story is not true - It was even said by Leo that nothing like that was ever done or thought of. Boy you just can't leave them alone can you. Just keep making up stories - not to mention that this story was brought out the beginning of August and you have to bring it back up. Leo could care less - he has a life of his own. The papparazzi need to all get fired.


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Question about creates/s and updates/s monitor stats
Thu, 03/22/2012 - 07:26
We are experimenting with increasing the expiration length of items in a large data set and monitoring the server stats as we go.
Most of them make sense (e.g. total no. of items and memory usage increase), but can anybody clarify why the create/s and update/s counts should grow significantly as the expiration increases? My gut instinct would be that the the actual number of create and updates would be unchanged.
Another (possibly) related thing is that the % of replica items is RAM seems to drop off rapidly from time to time.
Overall, there doesn't seem to be any drop off in performance.


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Light rail construction can be a drag, but the small businesses along 19th Avenue, between Dunlap and Bethany Home Road, are still open and offering big discounts.
Residents can special sale opportunities with the Metro Max rewards program. Cardholders have access to "buy one get one" deals, lower prices and special social media offers.
Valley metro is hosting Shop to Win family night, a Metro Max kick-off event on Friday.
You'll have a chance to win an iPad mini, $500 Landis Cyclery gift card, hotel stays from the Sheraton Phoenix Downtown and Hotel Palomar Phoenix, US Airways Center tickets, one of two $100 JC Penney gift cards, transit passes for an entire year and more.
Attendees need to check in to receive a Metro Max discount card and map of participating businesses.
Catch a free trolley or walk to as many restaurants and shops as possible before 7:30 p.m. and then show a receipt for each purchase on Friday for a raffle ticket and a chance to win prizes.
METRO Max Shop to Win Night
April 26, 4 p.m. to 8 p.m. (raffle winners at 7:45 p.m.)
19th Avenue and Northern (Albertson's parking lot)
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Hotel Spotlight: Sleep with the fishes in Singapore
Written by Robert Niles
Theme Park Insider readers love Disney's Animal Kingdom Lodge, in part because of the many rooms where visitors can see animals from the theme park's safari exhibits grazing right outside their window. Now, for all you wildlife lovers out there, how about a hotel room with a floor-to-ceiling window looking at upon 70 species of sea creatures?Tweet
Photo courtesy Resorts World Sentosa
How would you like to sleep with the fishes? (Sorry, couldn't resist.)
Singapore's Resorts World Sentosa, home of Universal Studios Singapore, has just opened 11 Ocean Suites at the resort's Equarius Hotel. The suites are two-story rooms with the aquarium view on the lower level. They're pricey - S$2400 (US$1,963) a night, plus tax, but that includes 24-hour butler service throughout your stay.
Your window to the sea actually looks out into the world's biggest aquarium exhibit, the 12-million-gallon S.E.A. Aquarium in Resorts World Sentosa's new Marine Life Park, which just opened this month.
The rainforest-themed Equarius Hotel is located on the other side of the resort from Universal Studios Singapore, but Resorts World Sentosa is only about 120-some acres in size (the Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World is 107 acres), so it's an easy walk to get anywhere in the resort, which also includes one of Asia's most popular casinos, five other hotels and a luxury shopping mall, with shops such as Versace, Rolex and Jimmy Choo.
So, yeah, it's nice. And for this price, it'd better be.
Readers' Opinions
From 126.96.36.199 on November 28, 2012 at 9:38 PM
It's sad really. They totally destroy the view from the day guest side of the Aquarium.
From O T on November 29, 2012 at 6:59 AM
It looks ok but I like the Dubai Atlantis underwater rooms a bit more:
From Rod Whitenack on November 29, 2012 at 7:33 AM
For two grand a night, Nemo better be my butler.
From Anon Mouse on November 29, 2012 at 8:27 AM
The fishes get to enjoy watching human mating activity. Or watch out for the aquarium cleaners that might stumble upon you when you might be indecent.
From Daniel Etcheberry on November 29, 2012 at 2:25 PM
For that price they better give complimentary *censored*
From Mike Gallagher on November 29, 2012 at 2:31 PM
Okay, I might not be the sharpest knife in the drawer, but I can't figure out what word could be *censored* in the context of that post, Mr. Etcheberry. Please enlighten me, via a message through my profile if necessary.
From Daniel Etcheberry on November 29, 2012 at 4:49 PM
It ain't continental breakfast.
Mike, check your email. The answer is there, but you will still have to decipher the meaning.
From Mike Gallagher on November 29, 2012 at 7:37 PM
Received and deciphered, Daniel :)
From Anthony Murphy on November 29, 2012 at 10:05 PM
Suprised something like this isn't found in Florida
From O T on November 30, 2012 at 7:07 AM
In Florida:
From Daniel Etcheberry on November 30, 2012 at 8:35 AM
Is that hotel wheelchair accessible? Just kidding, but even if I could, I would never stay there because I would feel claustrophobia.
This article has been archived and is no longer accepting comments.
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Dad's Funeral – I am not Jewish who do I contact? Home › Discussions › Death and Mourning › Dad's Funeral – I am not Jewish who do I contact?This topic has 1 voice, contains 1 reply, and was last updated by Ed Case 1243 days ago. Viewing 2 posts - 1 through 2 (of 2 total) Author Posts Author Posts April 27, 2011 at 2:49 am #5752 SharonB. My Dad passed away in Florida last month. He was raised Jewish while Mom was a Catholic. She predeceased him. His only requests were to be cremated and buried with Mom in the Veteran's cemetery here in Long Island, NY. I just got the remains back yesterday. Dad was never observant (at least while I was growing up) but he was spiritual if that makes sense. Since Mom passed, I have not attended any organized church. I know I am not the first child of a mixed marriage having to handle funeral arrangements but Dad had no family that would acknowledge the marriage (I never met my Dad's side of the family) and Mom's family has passed on. Dad deserves the same dignity he gave my Mom when she passed – I just don't know where to begin. They had a great marriage – married over 25 years. Because he passed in FL, I flew down to the funeral home there to make the arrangements for the creamation. Any suggestions are greatly appreciated. April 27, 2011 at 11:09 am #5753 Ed Case Sharon, I'm sorry for your loss. If you fill out a request for our Jewish clergy officiation referral service, with the details about location, we will send you the names of rabbis who would work with you on a funeral. You can find the request form at http://www.interfaithfamily.com/findarabbi. You might also find some helpful information about your options on our Death and Mourning Resource Page at http://www.interfaithfamily.com/life_cy … ning.shtml. Viewing 2 posts - 1 through 2 (of 2 total) Reply To: Dad's Funeral – I am not Jewish who do I contact? Your information: Name (required): Mail (will not be published) (required): Website: Reply: You may use these HTML tags and attributes:   <acronym title="">
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Maria BonaseraComments0
2,308pages on
this wiki
this wiki
|Maria Bonasera
|Biographical Information
- "I raised my daughter in the American fashion. I gave her freedom - but taught her never to dishonour her family."
- ―Amerigo Bonasera[src]
Maria Bonasera was the daughter of Amerigo Bonasera.
BiographyEditBonasera's only child and the goddaughter of Carmela Corleone, she was raised in the 'American fashion', given freedom, yet also taught never to dishonour her family. As she got older, Maria began to stay out late, and worry her father by hanging around with the loutish Kevin Moonan. Bonasera did not protest, which he later regretted, as one night, Moonan took her out with his friend Jerry Wagner, got Maria drunk and tried to take advantage of her. Maria resisted, and she was instead beaten, receiving numerous injuries including a broken jaw. Devastated, Bonasera took his case to Don Corleone.
Corleone sent his hired men, led by Paulie Gatto, to deal with Moonan and Wagner, who were beaten within an inch of their lives and thrown in to open graves. Following this revenge, Maria was sent to live with her aunt in Boston, where she could recuperate and forget the blows that had been dealt to her. Eventually she married a young man who took over her father's business.


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Why Do Populist-Outsiders Get Elected? A Model of Strategic Populists
AbstractThe existence of populist regimes led by outsiders is not new in history. In this paper a simple framework is presented that shows how and why a populist outsider can be elected to office, and under what conditions he is more likely to be elected. The results show that countries with a higher income and wealth concentration are more likely to elect populist outsiders than countries where income and wealth are more equally distributed. It is also shown that elections with a runoff are less likely to bring these populist outsiders into office.
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Bibliographic InfoPaper provided by Inter-American Development Bank, Research Department in its series Research Department Publications with number 4716.
Date of creation: May 2011
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Handle: RePEc:idb:wpaper:4716
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Other versions of this item:
- Sebastián J. Miller, 2011. "Why Do Populist-Outsiders Get Elected?: A Model of Strategic Populists," IDB Publications 37838, Inter-American Development Bank.
- D72 - Microeconomics - - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making - - - Political Processes: Rent-seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior
- D31 - Microeconomics - - Distribution - - - Personal Income and Wealth Distribution
This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:
- NEP-ALL-2011-08-29 (All new papers)
- NEP-CDM-2011-08-29 (Collective Decision-Making)
- NEP-POL-2011-08-29 (Positive Political Economics)
ReferencesReferences listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Prat, Andrea, 1999.
"Campaign Advertising and Voter Welfare,"
CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers
2152, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Prat, Andrea, 2002. "Campaign Advertising and Voter Welfare," Review of Economic Studies, Wiley Blackwell, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 69(4), pages 999-1017, October.
- Andrea Prat, 2002. "Campaign Advertising and Voter Welfare," Review of Economic Studies, Oxford University Press, vol. 69(4), pages 999-1017.
- Prat, A., 1997. "Campaign Advertising and Voter Welfare," Discussion Paper, Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research 1997-118, Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research.
- Campante, Filipe R. & Ferreira, Francisco H.G., 2007.
"Inefficient lobbying, populism and oligarchy,"
Journal of Public Economics,
Elsevier, vol. 91(5-6), pages 993-1021, June.
- Campante, Felipe R. & Ferreira, Francisco G.H., 2004. "Inefficient lobbying, populism and oligarchy," Policy Research Working Paper Series 3240, The World Bank.
- Francisco H. G. Ferreira & Filipe Campante, 2004. "Inefficient lobbying, populism and oligarchy," Textos para discussão 483, Department of Economics PUC-Rio (Brazil).
- Stephen Coate & Michael Conlin, 2004. "A Group Rule–Utilitarian Approach to Voter Turnout: Theory and Evidence," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 94(5), pages 1476-1504, December.
- Rudiger Dornbusch & Sebastian Edwards, 1989. "Macroeconomic Populism in Latin America," NBER Working Papers 2986, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Ernesto Dal Bó & Pedro Dal Bó, 2011.
"Workers, Warriors, And Criminals: Social Conflict In General Equilibrium,"
Journal of the European Economic Association, European Economic Association,
European Economic Association, vol. 9(4), pages 646-677, 08.
- Pedro DalBo & Ernesto DalBo, 2004. "Workers, Warriors and Criminals: Social Conflict in General Equilibrium," Working Papers 2004-11, Brown University, Department of Economics.
- Pedro Dal Bó & Ernesto Dal Bó, 2004. "Workers, Warriors and Criminals: Social Conflict in General Equilibrium," Econometric Society 2004 North American Summer Meetings 642, Econometric Society.
- Pedro Dal bó, 2004. "Workers, Warriors and Criminals: Social Conflict in General Equilibrium," Econometric Society 2004 Latin American Meetings, Econometric Society 341, Econometric Society.
- Robert R. Kaufman & Barbara Stallings, 1991. "The Political Economy of Latin American Populism," NBER Chapters, in: The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America, pages 15-43 National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Stephen Coate, 2004. "Pareto-Improving Campaign Finance Policy," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 94(3), pages 628-655, June.
- Navin Kartik & R. Preston McAfee, 2007. "Signaling Character in Electoral Competition," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 97(3), pages 852-870, June.
- Berdugo, Binyamin, 2008. "What It Takes to Be a Leader: Leadership and Charisma in a Citizen-Candidate Model," MPRA Paper 11408, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Dornbusch, Rudiger & Edwards, Sebastian, 1990. "Macroeconomic populism," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(2), pages 247-277, April.
- Rudiger Dornbusch & Sebastian Edwards, 1991. "Introduction to "The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America"," NBER Chapters, in: The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America, pages 1-4 National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
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The Jonas Brothers and Fox are hoping the awards-hosting experience proves more successful than that concert experience.
Nick, Joe and Kevin will emcee Fox's Teen Choice 2009 Awards, paying tribute to everything cool in film, TV, music, sports and fashion that brand-obsessed entertainment marketers teens dig.
The purity-ring-wearing boy band will oversee the doling out of the ceremony's surfboard-shaped trophies in such categories as Choice Male Hottie, Choice Hookup, Choice Female Athlete, Choice Breakout Artist, Choice Breakout TV Show and Choice Reality/Variety Show. The JoBros will also perform.
The ceremony is slated for Aug. 10, and nominations will be announced soon.
Aside from their new Disney Channel series, JONAS, debuting May 2, the tween phenoms are about to embark on a world tour. The U.S. leg kicks off June 20, five days after they drop their fourth studio album, Lines, Vines and Trying Times.


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Teacher Connie Marion has been traveling abroad for seven years alongside local students hand-picked to serve as ambassadors.
Marion, who also coaches softball at Lodi High School, traveled to China with fellow Lodi High teacher Tammy Boschee and students Blake Alexander, Cameron Locke, Jay Andrade and Carlos Andrade last month.
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This hotel has some very weird policies, like locking all the exit doors overnight so nobody can get out, even if there is a fire. When asked "What if there is a fire?" the response from the staff person was "there's never been one." Also, if you have a question or request after a certain hour, don't knock on the... More
- Also Known As:
- Seaport Hotel Churchill, Canada - Manitoba


text:
Chapter IX:
Mining, Wilderness, And National Park Status
As important as visitor use planning loomed in the conception of a wilderness park, it received much less attention than another form of use, mining. The controversy over mining in Glacier Bay National Monument, dormant since the 1930s, revived in the 1960s by conservation groups who saw the riddance of this environmental threat as a necessary item of housecleaning before making the monument a national park, as well as a fair price for Alaskans to pay in exchange for the development moneys and tourism revenues that would accompany national park status.
For its part, the Park Service chose to combine the two issues of mining and national park status with a third issue: designation of wilderness within the area as required under the Wilderness Act of 1964. The future of mining in Glacier Bay National Monument became the focal point in a public debate over how much of the monument--or park--should be protected under the Wilderness Act. The principal forum for this debate was the wilderness proposal and public review process mandated by Congress in the Wilderness Act, which allowed the Department of the Interior ten years, or until the end of 1974, to submit wilderness recommendations.
The "emergency" bill that opened Glacier Bay National Monument to mining and prospecting in 1936 resulted in little mining activity until more than twenty years later. Although prospectors made a number of claims around a known molybdenum deposit in Muir Inlet in 1941, and the USGS conducted a mineral survey of the area for national defense in 1942, and the Parker family, Joe Ibach, and other locals worked their claims from time to time, the bill's most significant effect upon the land in the 1940s and 50s was the rather pointless scratching and grubbing that mineral claimants had to do in the name of "assessment" work in order to keep their claims valid. [1]
The potential for environmental damage on a much larger scale increased almost overnight in 1958 with the discovery of a huge copper-nickel deposit lying beneath the Brady Icefield. The discoverers, a crew of fifteen mineral explorers employed by the Fremont Mining Company, were working the seaward slope of the Fairweather Range from their sea-going cabin cruiser, helicopter, and base camp at Crillon Lake. They found a mineralized rock outcropping, or "nunatak," protruding out of the huge, white expanse of the Brady Icefield, a little more than a thousand feet above sea level. The following summer, Fremont put a much larger crew in the field and began making extensive test drills through 300 to 400 feet of ice and into the bedrock underneath the glacier. Meanwhile, another crew employed by Newmont Exploration Ltd. buzzed over the icefield in helicopters leased from an oil exploration company, alighting here and there around the glacier rim to do some surface sampling. Analysis of the many core samples confirmed the existence of a large mineral deposit underlying the Brady Icefield. By 1963, the mining companies had filed twenty claims and invested $800,000 in mineral exploration. [2]
At the same time, an increase in prospecting was causing the monument staff "grave concern." A jump in gold and silver prices attracted dozens of new companies into the field. During the summer of 1964, there were no fewer than five companies prospecting in the monument: two in Muir Inlet, one using a drill rig near Lake Seclusion, one using helicopters without a permit, and one that made a mess of an area on Lituya Bay. [3] In a report titled "Information Required for Legislation to Redesignate Glacier Bay as a National Park," Mitchell included photographs of the degradation caused by this last operation--of "slashed forests, heavy equipment abandoned to rust, and supplies left to rot." It was typical, Mitchell said, of fly-by-night corporations that came and went so fast, "even we cannot keep track with all our efforts." His staff referred to it as the "legalized rape of Glacier Bay." [4]
A third concern for NPS officials was the potential that outside capital would develop one of the older mining operations in the monument on a large scale if gold and silver prices should further increase. Bert Parker claimed that his Ptarmigan Creek mine produced $250,000 between 1960 and 1964--not enough to attract investors at current gold prices, but enough to worry the superintendent. [5]
In the years following Alaska statehood the proposal to make Glacier Bay a national park seemed to spring from many sources at once. Dr. Cooper wrote to the acting director of the Park Service on the eve of Alaska statehood, suggesting the time was propitious and Alaska's new senator Ernest Gruening would likely sponsor a bill. [6] Ted Stevens, a future senator from Alaska and presently a legislative counsel in the Interior Department, urged much the same thing to the Park Service director, who forwarded his proposal to the interior secretary. [7] Superintendent Mitchell was the key player, according to Dave Bohn, having decided soon after his arrival in 1958 that the area should have been made a national park long before. Mitchell once told Bohn he "did not want to see the Monument go another thirty-five years as it had," and in a letter to Irving M. Clark of the Seattle Mountaineers, Mitchell allowed that there was a "good possibility" of a park bill in the near future. [8] On the other hand, when Mitchell asked Regional Director Lawrence Merriam how he should respond to inquiries about park legislation from tourist industry boosters in Juneau, he was told to provide information but not to push it, and Merriam later praised Mitchell's "adroit" handling of the matter. The Juneau Chamber of Commerce enlisted conditional support for a park bill from both Senator Gruening and Representative Ralph J. Rivers, but the chamber changed its own position after encountering opposition from mining and commercial fishing interests who feared possible restrictions on their use of the area. The Advisory Board on National Parks endorsed the idea in principle but indicated that mining and seal hunting would have to be eliminated. Gruening was the most consistent supporter of the park idea and the most powerfully placed, but he too equivocated when mining interests appeared to be threatened. [9]
The mining issue soon brought the Park Service and Alaska's congressional delegation to an impasse. Park Service officials maintained that national park status "should bring with it a cessation of prospecting and mining, subject to valid existing rights." [10] Congressman Rivers, with Senator Gruening's concurrence, wanted "special provisions that mining and certain other uses which are allowed under monument status be carried over." [11] Anticipating a fight, Secretary Udall in 1964 requested that the Park Service prepare legislative proposals with accompanying reports on adverse uses in three national monuments that allowed mining but were otherwise deserving of national park status: Glacier Bay, Death Valley, and Organ Pipe Cactus. [12]
The Park Service's new director, George B. Hartzog, Jr., mapped out his agency's course around this impasse in a meeting with his top advisors on September 24, 1964. Hartzog determined that any legislation to upgrade the three monuments should treat the mining issue within the context of the wilderness review process, as prescribed by the Wilderness Act of September 3, 1964. Under this act, the mining laws would no longer apply to all designated wilderness areas after December 31, 1983, but mining and prospecting would be permitted to continue in the interim. Hartzog thought the upgrading acts might prescribe earlier cutoff dates, while mineral patents that were issued after Congress passed these acts would convey title only to the subsurface minerals. There would be other limitations embodied in the legislation as well. [13]
Superintendent Mitchell and his staff were in "complete accord" with this approach. He suggested that the Glacier Bay bill give the secretary of the interior the prerogative to require all prospecting parties to register their intentions, and to waive the requirment of annual assessment work, which tended to cause a lot of "senseless slashing." Mitchell also recommended that one of his staff should be on hand when committee hearings began. [14]
In October 1965, more than a year after Hartzog's decision, regional director Edward A. Hummel sent a list of nine recommendations to the director to incorporate into a park bill. The first was to "combine park status and wilderness designation legislation in one bill." Hummel's next five points involved mining provisions along the lines of the Wilderness Act and Mitchell's recommendations. His seventh point involved a minor deletion of land and water in the Gustavus area. The last two recommendations were to authorize commercial fishing in the park's marine areas and eliminate seal hunting. [15]
Under Hartzog's plan, Alaskans would have an opportunity to respond to these provisions when they appeared in conjunction with the agency's wilderness proposal, three or four years hence. But other participants in the process, particularly the boosters, wanted action sooner. At a press conference in Juneau on August 1, 1965, a reporter asked Secretary Udall how Glacier Bay National Monument could be made a park. Udall explained that it required an act of Congress, but said nothing of Hartzog's plan to combine it with the Department's wilderness proposal. The main concession Alaskans would have to make, Udall said, was the elimination of mining in the park. He hastened to add that this would happen only after the Park Service had completed a mineral survey. [16]
This was news to Park Service officials, who duly arranged a meeting with the USGS on September 21, 1965 to discuss the need for a reliable mineral survey. At first the USGS indicated it would target the study for the 1968 fiscal year. The Park Service, still thinking in terms of coordinating a park bill with a bill to designate wilderness, prepared to reprogram its wilderness review of Glacier Bay National Monument to coincide with the USGS study. Instead, the USGS study went forward the next summer. It seems likely that Senator Gruening used his influence to get this mineral study done much sooner, for a copy of the report arrived on his desk early in 1967. It was followed a few weeks later by a draft of a park bill prepared by the Park Service at Gruening's request. [17]
This bill was not to the senator's liking, for it repealed the Act of June 22, 1936 and authorized the secretary of the interior to acquire any lands or interests within the park by exchange or purchase. The only concession to mining interests was a provision that gave holders of valid existing claims two years to obtain mineral patents. The bill also authorized commercial fishing.
In April 1967, Udall met with Alaska's senators Gruening and E.L. Bartlett. The secretary pointed out that the USGS report listed only fifteen mineral sites of potential economic importance. Gruening said he had had considerable correspondence with Newmont Exploration Ltd., and felt that there were significant values beneath the Brady Icefield. Why not draw a line down the Brady Glacier and exclude from the proposed park all the lands to the west of it? Udall said he wanted to talk to Alaska's governor and representative, get their views, and "try to keep this out of a political fight between the Congressmen." An interior official who attended the meeting informed Hartzog's Alaska hand, Assistant Director Theodor Swem,
This was the last time a Glacier Bay national park bill was seriously discussed. By now, the mining industry was coming under sweeping attack for its dismal environmental record, from the strip mining of coal beds in Appalachia to the pollution of air and water by smelters and mine waste. Regarding surface mining on federal lands, President Lyndon B. Johnson announced that the government "must put its own house in order," and Secretary Udall followed the President's lead by promulgating new regulations on July 17, 1967. With all the publicity given to the mining industry's effects on the environment, any concession to mining interests in a national park bill became unthinkable, and the Alaskan congressional delegation's only option, if they wanted to protect those interests, was to maintain the status quo. [19]
As hopes for a park bill died, Park Service officials returned to their plan of achieving the same objective in conjunction with their forthcoming wilderness proposal, confident that it would be approved by Congress. Some even contemplated a bill that would address mining in all the national park areas where it was authorized. Writing the Alaska field office in 1970, Superintendent Howe's call for legislation revealed the prevailing sense that the NPS had captured the moral high ground:
Howe and others were encouraged in these views by the growing strength and organization of the wilderness preservation movement, which even gained a foothold in Alaska as the 1960s ended. Asked by the newly formed Alaska Wilderness Council what would be the most opportune time to push for repeal of the 1936 mining law, Howe's staff advised: when the wilderness proposal gets submitted to Congress. [21]
Shortly after park planner James S. Rouse transferred to the new Pacific Northwest regional office in Seattle in 1970, he was assigned supervision of the Glacier Bay National Monument wilderness proposal. Rouse's team completed the document in 1971 and prepared to conduct public hearings on the proposal in Juneau and Anchorage that fall. Almost at the last minute, Rouse was reminded that the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) required an environmental impact statement to accompany the proposal. Until that point, Rouse's team had not considered the potential economic effects of wilderness designation, and they addressed these in a hastily prepared two-page EIS. With a thin proposal numbering just seven pages of text and this fig leaf of an EIS, the Park Service entered the public hearings process. [22]
The timing of these public hearings in November 1971 could not have been worse for the Park Service. That month, Alaskans were following local press coverage of the House and Senate floor debates on the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, which promised to be the most important Alaska lands legislation since statehood. An amendment introduced in the Senate version of the bill, which would become Section 17 (d) (2) of the act, directed the secretary of the interior to withdraw up to 80,000,000 acres for study and possible inclusion in the various federal land management systems, including the national park system. Much of this land, it was understood, would also be included in the nation's wilderness preservation system. Complaints of a massive federal "lock up" of the state's natural resources--a staple of Alaskan politics--reached a new crescendo just as the Park Service made public its proposal to designate more than 2,000,000 acres in Glacier Bay National Monument (and a larger area in Katmai National Monument) as wilderness.
Regional Director John A. Rutter reported that the wilderness proposal got a somewhat less scorching reception at the hearings than it did in the press. At the Juneau hearing on November 20, the Sierra Club's Alaska representative, Jack Hession, commended the wilderness proposal, saying that the monument's unique roadless character should be preserved and Congress should eventually appropriate funds to buy out the mining interests. "The debate here today," Hession said, "takes place amidst a growing national awareness that reform of the mining and mineral leasing laws is overdue." [23] At the Anchorage hearing, a spokesman for the Alaska Miners Association argued that the Park Service plan contradicted the secretary of the interior, who had recently called on the mining industry to triple production in thirty years. An Alaska Airlines representative called for further study, and an editor of the Anchorage Daily Times slammed the Park Service proposal for its superficiality, saying it "read like a chapter out of a tourist promotion handbook." Governor William A. Egan harangued the Park Service in an hour-long speech, calling the proposal and the EIS "legally insufficient...and meager," and saying that the EIS represented a "double standard for environmental impact statements." [24]
The most significant information that came out of the hearings was Newmont Exploration Ltd.'s disclosure of its plan to bore a three-mile tunnel under the Brady Icefield. It proposed to open the mine at a point about 1,000 feet above sea level. There would be a mill at the site of the mine adit, and a road down the Dixon River valley to Dixon Harbor. At Dixon Harbor there would be a wharf and townsite for several hundred workers (Map 5). Newmont enumerated thirty-five sections that encompassed these planned facilities and requested that they be omitted from the wilderness area. [25]
It was clear that the magnitude of this planned operation posed a major environmental threat: a three-mile adit would yield an enormous quantity of waste rock, to say nothing of how the road would inhibit the movement of animals along the narrow coastal corridor, nor how minewater and smelter smoke laden with copper sulphides would contaminate the environment. But the mining law of 1936 placed the Park Service in an ambiguous position for responding to it. Superintendent Howe convinced the Pacific Northwest regional office that Newmont's plans were a "major concern," and the regional office provided funds and support for a two-year "baseline" study of the natural resources on land and in the water that would be impacted by such a development. [26] But for the time being, the Park Service was coy about its legal authority to restrict the planned operation. It was left to environmental groups like the Sierra Club to threaten Newmont with a legal challenge and probable court injunction if the company should try to proceed. [27]
Gradually, the Park Service adopted the position that the scope of operations Newmont proposed was illegal. The first indication of this stance came with the release of its wilderness recommendation for Glacier Bay in May 1972, six months after the wilderness proposal hearings. The Park Service recommended that the entire Dixon Harbor area be included in a wilderness area, and it made the recommendation with the understanding that wilderness designation by Congress would be accompanied by the repeal of the 1936 mining act. Two months later, in July 1972, Regional Director Rutter requested a solicitor's opinion as to whether Newmont's mineral patent entailed the right to use surface areas for a millsite and shipping and housing facilities. Mineral patents did entail that right under standard mining law, but Park Service officials noted that the act of 1936 applied to "mineral deposits...exclusive of the land containing them." The law provided further that the secretary of the interior could regulate use of the surface land "as may be required for all purposes reasonably incident to the mining or removal of the minerals." How much was reasonable?
The solicitor's opinion suggested that the Park Service could prohibit mill operations, road construction, and waste disposal in the monument if it allowed alternatives such as access by helicopter and waste disposal in an adjacent area. But the solicitor's opinion was equivocal and failed to reflect upon some of the peculiar logistical problems of the Newmont claims, such as the mineral deposit being overlaid by 400 feet of moving ice. Park Service officials were told that the legal questions involved would almost certainly have to be litigated. [28]
Some sixteen months after the wilderness proposal hearings, James S. Rouse's planning team completed a revised draft EIS to accompany the wilderness recommendation. This document left no doubt about the Park Service's position, as it asserted that the mining law of 1936 did not convey to mineral claimants the right to construct mills on the surface. In describing the no-action alternative (designating no wilderness in the monument), the draft EIS stated that mining development "would degrade one of the most scenically grand and ecologically significant areas in the world." [29] The Park Service released the draft EIS for public comment on March 22, 1973.
In the next six months, the draft EIS received mounting criticism not only from mining interests and the state of Alaska but from other bureaus in the Department of the Interior as well. One criticism, first sounded by Newmont Exploration Ltd. and soon echoed by others, was that the draft EIS distorted the findings of the USGS mineral survey of 1966 to say that the area did not contain significant mineral values. Newmont asserted that the nickel deposit represented the "largest known reserve of nickel in the United States." The USGS stated that its study had been "misused," and "the fact that deposits were discovered during the limited USGS investigation indicates that further potential exists." [30] As more criticisms came back, one exasperated Park Service official wrote:
This official predicted that the named agencies would not be appeased until a larger mineral study was done. He thought the Park Service would be "going to the mat" with the USGS. [31]
In March 1974, the Interior Department took two steps which demonstrated the Nixon administration's commitment to keeping Glacier Bay National Monument open to mining, regardless of the Park Service's recommendation. On March 22, the Interior Department requested a second opinion on the mining law of 1936 from the Office of the Solicitor. Then on March 31, Secretary of the Interior Rogers C.B. Morton met with the USGS and John C. Whitaker, the White House aide on natural resources, and ordered a new USGS study of the proposed Glacier Bay National Monument wilderness areas. The solicitor's opinion, dated May 16, stated unequivocally that the law of 1936 did not cover milling of ore. This opinion never got into Park Service files, nor was the Park Service informed of the USGS study until August 6, 1974, when geologist David Brew and his team appeared at Bartlett Cove in their USGS charter boat. [32]
Both the Nixon and Ford administrations maintained that the Brady Glacier copper-nickel deposit must remain accessible to the mining industry for reasons of national security. According to administration officials, United States consumption of imported nickel was already three times the amount produced from domestic sources, and the nation's known domestic supply would be exhausted in fifteen years. [33] Skeptics pointed out that most of the United States' foreign supply came from Canada, and most of the world's supply came from the western hemisphere; these were not sources that were likely to be cut off. It seemed that the national security argument was a wedge for keeping the door open to the mining industry.
The irony that two USGS mineral surveys had now sprung from the wilderness review process, thereby encouraging mineral discoveries where wilderness enthusiasts least wanted to see them made, did not escape the environmentalists who had learned by now that environmental impact statements could be used by federal agencies to achieve almost the opposite of what the National Environmental Policy Act had intended them to do. More often than not there was more money available to research economic costs and benefits than to study environmental consequences. It seemed to some environmentalists that the USGS study of mineral values in Glacier Bay National Monument epitomized the cynical use of environmental law. "One of the greatest absurdities is the current mineral survey being conducted within Glacier Bay National Monument while it remains open to mineral location," remarked Charles M. Clusen of the Sierra Club. "If any potential mineral values are found, mineral development will not only have been accelerated by the survey without any controls, but private interests will be able to claim virtually for free any minerals found at the public's expense." Representative John F. Sieberling likewise observed, "There is nothing to stop prospectors from following the Survey along and staking claims on the choicest lands. And before Congress could even consider wilderness designation for the area, the wilderness qualities could be destroyed forever." [34]
By now it was clear that the Nixon and Ford administrations would not complete all the wilderness recommendations required under the Wilderness Act by December 31, 1974. On June 4, 1974, Secretary Morton recommended to President Richard Nixon that the wilderness recommendation for Glacier Bay National Monument be deferred. On July 13, 1974, President Nixon transmitted to Congress the following recommendation: "Until we have the benefit of additional mineral survey data on the area...we will be unable to balance its wilderness values and mineral resources. For this reason we recommend that the Congress defer action on this proposal until such a survey is completed." [35]
In the Pacific Northwest regional office, James A. Rouse's planning team still forged ahead on a wilderness proposal for Glacier Bay National Monument, but finally requested permission in the summer of 1975 to shelve the project and await results from the mineral survey. [36]
On September 18, 1975, Senator Lee Metcalf of Montana introduced a bill to prohibit location of mineral claims in six units of the national park system where it was presently legal. The six areas were Glacier Bay, Death Valley, and Organ Pipe Cactus national monuments, Mount McKinley and Crater Lake national parks, and Coronado National Memorial. The bill repealed the special mining law for each area such as the Act of June 22, 1936, for Glacier Bay National Monument, called on the secretary of the interior to determine the validity of all unpatented claims, and imposed a four-year moratorium on any surface disturbance of claims while Congress had the opportunity to consider their purchase. [37] Representative Sieberling introduced a similar bill in the House.
The official Park Service line, which was known by the monument staff even before it was enunciated at the Senate and House committee hearings in early October, was that Glacier Bay National Monument should be excluded from the bill. Nevertheless, public concern about the Newmont mining development was running high enough that monument staff and Alaska conservationists were cautiously optimistic that the legislation would result not only in repeal of the 1936 act but in an eventual buyout of the Newmont claims. Jim Kowalsky, Alaska representative for Friends of the Earth, wrote biologist Gregory Streveler a note before packing his bag for Washington: "Send me arguments in favor of this measure as regards Glacier Bay, especially when some senators light into me and demand to know how the hell I could ask to lock up the nickel when the nation needs it so, etc. etc." Ranger Charles V. Janda answered Kowalsky's letter with this revealing caveat:
Constrained by the administration's position that the monument should remain open to mining because it contained "critical minerals which are in short supply," Park Service officials could do no more than supply information, without giving any sort of endorsement of the environmentalists' testimony. [39]
Opponents mounted a strong effort to cut Glacier Bay National Monument out of the bill. Senator Ted Stevens argued that the debate over mining in Alaska parks ought to wait until Congress considered comprehensive Alaska land legislation, after the administration completed the land withdrawals required by Section 17 (d) (2) of the Alaska Native Claim Settlement Act. [40] The Joint Federal-State Land Use Planning Commission took a different tack, recommending (as Gruening had earlier) that the west slope of the Fairweather Range be deleted from the monument. By the time the bill went to the whole Senate for a vote in February 1976, Senator Stevens, the commission, and the Ford administration had joined forces in urging an amendment that would retain the west slope area in the monument but leave it open to mining. Stevens pushed the amendment through the committee by a vote of 22 to 19, but in the full Senate it was defeated 33 to 53. Stevens did succeed in exempting Glacier Bay National Monument from the four-year moratorium on surface development. [41]
When the Senate bill came before the House in September, the contest involved two further amendments affecting Glacier Bay National Monument. The first was an amendment introduced by Congressman Don Young, nearly identical to that of Senator Stevens, which the House rejected by a two-to-one margin. The second was a reinstatement of the four-year moratorium on surface development in Glacier Bay National Monument. Environmental groups lobbied hard on this issue, countering potent assertions by the administration that the Dixon Harbor development could create as many as 800 jobs for up to twenty-five years. Up to ten lobbyists worked the halls of the House of Representatives in a coordinated effort to visit all 435 members' offices before the vote. The lobbyists included former superintendent Howe, who was now retired and able to speak freely on the issue. As the best informed lobbyist, he was directed to the offices of the undecideds, toting maps and photographs which he spread before each of the congressmen or their aides. The bill passed by a vote of 352 to 9. [42]
The law required the Department of the Interior to determine the validity of each unpatented mining claim in Glacier Bay and Death Valley National Monuments, estimate the market value of each valid claim, and recommend to Congress which, if any, claims should be bought with public funds. These tasks devolved upon the NPS, with practically no assistance from the USGS, Bureau of Land Management, or Bureau of Mines, agencies with much more experience in determining the validity of mining claims. The Park Service's report on Glacier Bay National Monument, submitted four months late in January 1979, invalidated all unpatented claims in the monument and estimated the cost of purchasing the twenty-two patented claims (twenty in the Newmont group plus the Parker family's Leroy No.1 and No.2) at $100,000. The report stressed the logistical problems that would be involved in mining and milling the Newmont claims, including the erosion that would result from the 13-mile access road, mine portal, and tailings disposal, the flooding that would likely develop in a mining operation underneath a glacier and in such a wet climate, and the problem of disposing of nearly six million tons of waste per year. The report estimated that the community at Dixon Harbor to support such an operation would number 4,000 people. The environmental impacts would be profound; the cost of administering the area under these conditions would be an estimated $200,000 per year. [43] Interior officials later acknowledged that the overriding consideration in framing various options was cost rather than environmental impact, as both Congress and the Carter administration were pushing hard in 1979-80 to balance the budget. The Interior Department drafted a bill to enact the NPS recommendations for Glacier Bay and Death Valley, but it was never introduced in Congress. [44]
In 1981, Congress asked the General Accounting Office (GAO) to review the Department's handling of the Mining in the Parks Act. Predictably, given the change of administrations that year, the GAO issued a report in December assailing Interior's performance, suggesting among other things that the Department had given inadequate consideration to the "mineral supply and economic ramifications" of its recommendations. Concerning the Brady Icefield nickel-copper deposit, "no analyses were submitted to Congress regarding other commodities known to exist in other areas." In sum, the GAO report recommended that 1) Congress should not legislate on the basis of the 1979 recommendations by the Park Service, 2) the secretary of the interior should notify Congress that it no longer supported the Park Service's 1979 recommendations, and 3) all mineral management functions of the Park Service should be transferred to other agencies. [45] The Reagan administration allowed the matter to rest, never submitting to Congress new recommendations for the buyout of mining interests in Glacier Bay or Death Valley.
In the long run, the Mining in the Parks Act was only a partial victory for environmentalists: the mining claim above Dixon Harbor remains in private hands, and development awaits only a growth in demand and a legal decision over milling rights before it goes forward. If it ever happens, says a former park biologist, "They will turn the bay inside out." [46]
Last Updated: 24-Sep-2000


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Onedaycourses.com provides One Day Complementary Health & Personal Development Courses both online and at its purpose built learning centre situated in Drury Lane, Covent Garden, in the heart of London.
Onedaycourses.com has been established for more than 25 years as a learning centre and also has its own attached Complementary Health clinic There more than 8 experienced teachers, all of whom are qualified therapists in their own right. The learning centre is fully equipped with kitchen and bathroom facilities.
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Why Would I Do A "One Day Course"?
As I'm sure you are aware, there are many ways to meet new people, expand your social network, as well as learn a new skill that may interest you.
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Seasoning Spicy
A wonderful spicy, Mexican-American mix of spices and herbs, not too hot, just rich in flavor. Warm chili peppers combined with onion, garlic, pepper and cilantro, laced with a smoky hint of chipotle pepper. Great for broiled or grilled chicken, fish and chops, sprinkle meat or poultry with lemon or lime juice, then rub on Southwest Seasoning, 1-2 teaspoons per pound. For dirty rice or red beans and rice: sauté ½ onion (minced) in 1 TB. butter. Add 2-3 tsp. seasoning and 1 Cup white rice, stir. Add 2 Cups stock, and ¼ Cup chopped tomato, bring to boil. Reduce heat to low, cover, cook 15 min. Stir in 1 Cup beans. Hand-mixed from: salt, ancho pepper, onion, garlic, Tellicherry black pepper, Mexican oregano, cayenne red pepper, cumin, chipotle and cilantro.


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To the Editor: Fear-associated freezing/immobilization is a well described, adaptive, defensive behavioral phenomenon that is common in many species of animals and occurs during conditions of natural threat or fear. Although freezing behavior has been assessed in humans utilizing stress/anxiety paradigms in the laboratory (1), no study, to our knowledge, has explicitly examined the prevalence of freezing or immobilizing behaviors in a clinical sample.
In our study, we used the NIMH Panic Questionnaire (2), a self-report instrument designed to elicit detailed, syndrome-specific information in patients with panic disorder, to obtain information regarding panic-related, freezing/immobilizing behavior. The frequency ("never," "rarely," "sometimes," "always") and severity ("mild," "moderate," "severe," "extreme") of 44 panic attack symptoms were obtained in a mixed treatment- and community-based sample of 1,118 people who met self-reported DSM criteria for panic disorder. In our analysis, we focused on a single item that determined whether the subjects were actually immobilized during a panic attack.
Among the participants, 198 (18%) reported "always" being immobilized during panic attacks. Fifty-three percent of the participants reported varying frequencies of immobilization panic ("sometimes" [N=405] and "rarely" [N=188]). Thus, 71% of the participants reported lifetime episodes of immobilization panic. Notably, subjects with positive lifetime histories of immobilization panic were 2.3 times (95% confidence interval [95% CI]=1.73–2.95, p<0.001) and 1.6 times (95% CI=1.21–2.09, p<0.001), respectively, more likely to suffer from disabling chronic anxiety and sleep panic attacks relative to panic disorder patients who had never experienced immobilization panic. Moreover, panic disorder patients who had experienced immobilization panic were 2.4 times (95% CI=1.64–3.57, p<0.001) more likely to also experience work impairment relative to panic disorder patients who did not report immobilization panic. This latter finding is noteworthy because work absenteeism is increased in panic disorder patients relative to nonpanic disorders in primary care settings.
Data presented in this report indicate that immobilizing/freezing behaviors are common, yet clinically underappreciated, events during panic attacks. The fact that patients with immobilization panic report a more severe course of illness underscores the importance of soliciting such data as part of standard clinical assessment.
Our laboratory, as well as that of others (3), observes a phenomenological overlap and possible comorbid association between panic attacks and sleep paralysis, a rapid eye movement-related event characterized by muscle atonia and frightening immobilizations that can either emerge from or intrude upon sleep/wake states (4). Future studies are needed to determine the nature of freezing behaviors and related phenomena (e.g., muscle atonia/paralysis) in panic and other anxiety disorders during sleep/wake states.
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Check out this great new football tumblr blog called Brutalist Football. It features football stadiums built in a brutalist architectural style and is well worth a follow.
This is the Estádio Governador Alberto Tavares Silva (or Albertão), Piauí, Brazil. Currently used by Esporte Clube Flamengo & River Atlético Clube
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Not Quite Laughing Gas… Chinese Herbs Produce Nitric Oxide, Benefits Heart
Extry! Extry! Read all about it!
Chinese Herbs prove to help the body produce nitric oxide! (NO)
NO? Wait a minute, isn't that laughing gas?
An anesthetic?
Not quite. Laughing gas is NITROUS oxide. This is nitric oxide.
Anyway, scientists at the University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston will be publishing an article in the paper Free Radical Biology and Medicine entitled "Nitric Oxide Bioactivity of Traditional Chinese Medicines Used for Cardiovascular Indications"
In plain English that means "We've studied how traditional heart benefiting herbs produce NO. Looks like ancient tradition is proved by science yet again, despite attempts of skeptics to hide the fact."
(Interestingly, when I read the news article on personalliberty.com, I thought it looked familiar… turns out similar news articles have been out since August…)
What's the big deal about nitric oxide? A quick Wikipedia scan reveals:
NO is an important messenger molecule involved in many physiological and pathological processes within the mammalian body both beneficial and detrimental. Appropriate levels of NO production are important in protecting an organ such as the liver from ischemic damage. However sustained levels of NO production result in direct tissue toxicity and contribute to the vascular collapse associated with septic shock, whereas chronic expression of NO is associated with various carcinomas and inflammatory conditions including juvenile diabetes, multiple sclerosis, arthritis and ulcerative colitis.
Nitric oxide should not be confused with nitrous oxide (N2O), a general anaesthetic and greenhouse gas, or with nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which is another air pollutant. The nitric oxide molecule is a free radical, which is relevant to understanding its high reactivity.
Despite being a simple molecule, NO is a fundamental player in the fields of neuroscience, physiology, and immunology, and was proclaimed "Molecule of the Year" in 1992.
Oooookay, so like any other substance, it's got it's good and bad points. Let's look at more. I'll highlight the good stuff:
NO is one of the few gaseous signaling molecules known. It is a key vertebrate biological messenger, playing a role in a variety of biological processes. Nitric oxide, known as the 'endothelium-derived relaxing factor', or 'EDRF', is biosynthesised endogenously from arginine and oxygen by various nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes and by reduction of inorganic nitrate. The endothelium (inner lining) of blood vessels use nitric oxide to signal the surrounding smooth muscle to relax, thus resulting in vasodilation and increasing blood flow. Nitric oxide is highly reactive (having a lifetime of a few seconds), yet diffuses freely across membranes. These attributes make nitric oxide ideal for a transient paracrine (between adjacent cells) and autocrine (within a single cell) signaling molecule. The production of nitric oxide is elevated in populations living at high-altitudes, which helps these people avoid hypoxia by aiding in pulmonary vasculature vasodilation. Effects include vasodilatation, neurotransmission (see Gasotransmitters), modulation of the hair cycle, production of reactive nitrogen intermediates and penile erections (through its ability to vasodilate). Nitroglycerin and amyl nitrite serve as vasodilators because they are converted to nitric oxide in the body. Sildenafil, popularly known by the trade name Viagra, stimulates erections primarily by enhancing signaling through the nitric oxide pathway in the penis.
Whoah, whoah WHOAH! Penile erections? I should emphasize that in the tags! Get me more hits!
Seriously though, I can see how NO helps the heart – by promoting vasodilation and decreasing blood pressure (I presume). So what happens when we don't get enough of nitric oxide?
Nitric oxide (NO) contributes to vessel homeostasis by inhibiting vascular smooth muscle contraction and growth, platelet aggregation, and leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium. Humans with atherosclerosis, diabetes, or hypertension often show impaired NO pathways. A high-salt intake was demonstrated to attenuate NO production, although bioavailability remains unregulated.
Again, in plain English, people with heart disease, diabetes and high blood pressure don't have enough of the stuff. Of course, one can have TOO MUCH of the stuff too and that's… bad. Feel free to browse the entire wiki article. Oh I love wikipedia.
Back to the personalliberty.com article: I checked to see the actual abstract of the study and here is an excerpt:
We tested a group of convenience samples of TCMs obtained here in the U.S. for endogenous nitrite, nitrate, nitroso, nitrite reductase activity as well as their ability to relax isolated aortic rings. The results from this study reveal that all of the TCMs tested reveal NO bioactivity through their inherent nitrite and nitrate content and their ability to reduce nitrite to NO. Many of the TCM extracts contain a nitrite reductase activity greater by 1000 times than that of biological tissues. Repletion of biological nitrite and nitrate by these extracts and providing a natural system for NO generation in both endothelium dependent and independent mechanisms may account for some of the therapeutic effects of TCMs.
Wowzers! Scientific proof on how Chinese medicine works! Who would have thought?!!?
And now finally, the article that inspired this blog post, in it's entirety:
New research has uncovered the scientific basis of ancient Chinese herbal formulas that have been shown to improve cardiovascular health.
Based on their work, researchers at the University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston believe the formulas help prevent heart disease by producing large amounts of nitric oxide, which is known for its artery-widening properties that facilitate blood flow and circulation.
The compound also lowers pressure and reduces the formation of artery-clogging plaque that may cause blood clots, the scientists explain.
Dr. Nathan S. Bryan, the study's senior author and assistant professor in the university's Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, explains that "[these herbal formulas] have profound nitric oxide bioactivity primarily through the enhancement of nitric oxide in the inner walls of blood vessels, but also through their ability to convert nitrite and nitrate into nitric oxide."
Herbal medicines, along with massages and acupuncture, have formed the basis of traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years, contributing to the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
Nice summary!
Oh and I checked some of the August articles. They named dan shen and gua lou as some of the herbs they used. Bought from a Houston store… perhaps with the help of Yao Ming?
I must emphasize once again that one can have too much of a good thing. Chinese herbs and other medications, whether alternative or conventional, must be prescribed by a qualified practitioner.
Cahill, Robert. "Scientists help explain effects of ancient Chinese herbal formulas on heart health" Eurekalert.org 18 August 2009. 13 October 2009 <http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-08/uoth-she081809.php>
No author listed. Wikipedia.com.13 October 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide>
Personal Liberty News Desk. Personalliberty.com 12 October 2009. 13 October 2009 <http://www.personalliberty.com/news/scientists-explain-beneficial-effects-of-ancient-chinese-heart-medicines-19396254/>
Tang, Garg, Geng, Bryan et al. "Nitric Oxide Bioactivity of Traditional Chinese Medicines Used for Cardiovascular Indications" Free radical biology & medicine. 01/07/2009 as shown in researchgate.net. 13 October 2009 <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26310210_Nitric_Oxide_Bioactivity_of_Traditional_Chinese_Medicines_Used_for_Cardiovascular_Indications>


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//Hello hello~ Another Gareki askblog on Tumblr.
I shall be sticking to the manga coloring of Gareki (meaning green eyes and dark brown hair rather than blue eyes and black hair).
I shall do my best to entertain you all the best I can, so feel free to drop in an ask every once in a while. o v o
Also, if you submit an ask and want the regular Gareki(which is the display icon for this askblog) rather than chibi (like shown here), please specify that in the ask so that I can do that for you. o u o
You can also send in a command like "The next 5 asks you have to _____" and the latter.
I hope to be able to make this an enjoyable blog, so please look forward to what I have to offer. Thank you~ o v o
…Or maybe I should stop being lazy and answer them all in full body Gareki. Yeaaaah. I'll do that instead. ]]
//Hello hello~ Another Gareki askblog on Tumblr.


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A peppy twin-tip that rallies the whole mountain.
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is this board easy to press?
im 120lbs
Leif Kulisek
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is this board easy to press?
im 120lbs
Josh Chapman
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Hey Leif,
That's pretty light and with a mid-flex you probably wont press with ease unless you downsize quite a bit.
Member since
no, this board is not easy to press at all i have it, go with a softer board if your looking for something that presses with ease.