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Edited by Leon P. Zann
David Sutton
Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville Queensland
Ocean Rescue 2000 Program
Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra, 1995
Nicholas J. Ashbolt
AWT Science & Environment
West Ryde, NSW 2114
The purpose of this review is to summarise present understanding of the micro-organisms of public health concern in the Australian marine environment. Human health aspects relating to chemicals released into the Australian marine environment are covered elsewhere in the SOMER documentation (Philip 1994). Guidelines for exposure to micro-organisms, as with other health-related contaminants, are categorised by water use. This review covers waters used for primary contact recreation (e.g. swimming/immersion in water), secondary contact recreation (e.g. boating) and fisheries.
From a human health perspective, most of Australia's coastal marine environment is distant from the focus of concern, that is regions of urban development. While little is known about the disease-causing micro-organisms (pathogens) in most of our marine environment, overseas experience points to two microbial groups of significance: 1) those introduced from animal and human wastes and 2) indigenous pathogens.
Both groups contain opportunistic pathogens, which only present a health hazard under certain conditions. For example, if an individuals' normal defence mechanisms are compromised, such as by a break in the skin or by the presence of immunosuppressive agents, or if pathogen(s) grow to high densities in the presence of increased organic wastes. The important routes of pathogen uptake are ingestion, aerosol/liquid inhalation and through breaks in the skin. Doses required to cause infection vary widely with micro-organism and status of individuals. However, in general, 10-100 viruses, 1-10 000 parasites and 1000-1 000 000 bacteria are required for infection.
Introduced pathogens (from faecal material) make their way to the marine environment from a number of sources including sewage, septic seepage, boats, stormwater and diffuse run-off via estuaries and major rivers/harbours. These protozoan, helminth, bacterial and viral pathogens may arrive freely suspended, but they are more likely to be associated with particulate matter. Considerable protection from die-off/predation may be conveyed to pathogens which associate with particulate material, and this may present problems in enumeration. Hence, caution is needed in interpreting and comparing quantitative results presented in the literature. Nonetheless, while predicting die-off is a complex problem involving many factors, dilution has the major impact.
In Australia, faecal pollution in seawater is inferred from the presence of certain indicator bacteria, primarily faecal coliforms and/or faecal streptococci (includes the enterococci). However, epidemiological studies of waterborne illness indicate that the common aetiological agents are more likely to be viruses and parasitic protozoa than bacteria (Moore et al. 1994; Seyfried et al. 1985; Cabelli et al. 1982). Furthermore, the recent literature illustrates the poor correlations between waterborne human viruses and faecal coliforms in marine waters (Deuter et al. 1991). This lack of a relationship relates in part to the sporadic presence of pathogens in sewage, which reflects the incidence of illness in the population. In addition, there are problems in sampling (Fleisher 1990), and many pathogens survive longer than the faecal indicator bacteria determined by culturing methods (Evison 1988), with viruses present when indicator bacteria are absent (Hughes et al. 1991). A further complication is the occurrence of nonculturable but viable indicator bacteria which are not enumerated by standard methods and result in further underestimation of pathogen presence (Byrd et al. 1991; Green et al. 1991).
Therefore, this review covers recent literature on the prevalence of a range of key micro-organisms and points to research and management's responsibilities. Secondary public health risks, such as the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes from sewage bacteria to the sediment microbiota and shellfishes (Belliveau et al. 1991; Avilés et al. 1993) are not examined. Also, diseases such as dengue fever and malaria, which are transmitted by insects associated with water, are not considered in this review.
In Australia over 80% of the population reside in large coastal cities with aging sewerage systems. Sewage discharged from sewerage treatment works to estuarine and coastal waters receives at least, primary treatment. As it is currently considered impractical to monitor for the range of pathogens possibly present in seawater, indicator organisms have been chosen (ANZECC 1992).
There is, however, no single suitable group of indicator micro-organisms available (Elliot & Colwell 1985), although the bacterial groups of faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci correlate reasonably well with some of the bacterial pathogens, such as salmonellae (Moriñingo et al. 1992). Furthermore, extension of indicator behaviour, as determined in extensive temperate water studies, to tropical waters must be questioned (McNeill 1992).
Factors affecting faecal coliform decay have been applied to complex models (Canale et al. 1993) in an attempt to predict health risk. Such an approach is doomed to failure, as a range of pathogens in sewage effluent survive for considerably longer periods in marine waters than the indicator bacteria (Tables 1 & 2). In addition, the ratio of faecal coliforms to streptococci is of no use in identifying pollution sources (Pourcher et al. 1991), although the use of strain specific molecular probes may prove useful in the not too distant future.
It is important to note when reviewing the literature that though 99.9% reductions in pathogens may at first appear satisfactory, this is often not the case. For example, infective doses of viruses or protozoa (possibly as low as 1-50 particles) will still be present after 99.9% removal from raw sewage, viz. secondary treated sewage could represent a significant health risk if further disinfection/dilution is not guaranteed.
Once an enteric pathogen of human or animal origin enters a marine or estuarine environment, there are a number of factors affecting its fate. These include sedimentation, predation (by copepods and protozoa), parasitism, inactivation by sunlight, temperature, osmotic stress, or toxic chemicals (Kueh et al. 1991). While dilution is clearly a major factor reducing the likelihood of infection, there is a range of interacting factors, such as presence of nutrients and suspended solids, that influence the survival of pathogens in seawater (McNeill 1992).
An indication of mortality rates, in terms of T90 or T99.9 values (times for 1 and 3 log reduction in numbers, respectively), for selected indicators and pathogens is given in Table 2. Cooler waters and lack of sunlight increase survival. For some bacteria there appears to be a linear relationship between temperature and log T90, and between light intensity and T90 (Evison 1988). Hence, release of subsurface sewage plume material not only substantially reduces harmful light effects but also allows for adaptation to higher salt concentrations with less cell stress, pushing T90's out to several tens of hours for bacteria (Pommepuy et al. 1992) and many months for enteric viruses (Gerba & Goyal 1988).
There is a paucity of data on viral illness associated with direct contact (swimming) in polluted waters. This is a result of the fact that of the over 120 classified enteric viruses, most are very difficult to isolate from the aquatic environment and many are simply nonculturable (USEPA 1985). Nevertheless, enteroviruses (polioviruses, coxsackie viruses, echoviruses) hepatitis A & E, adenoviruses, rotaviruses, and caliciviruses (including Norwalk and small round structured viruses) have all been associated with swimming-related illness (Dufour 1986).
Table 1: Key faecal micro-organisms in sewage and typical % removals by various treatment processes
|Escherichia coli
|Enteric Viruses
|Giardia Cysts
|Raw Sewage (L-1)
|40 000
|100-15 000
|5200-22 700
|% Removal by:
|Primary treatment
|50-90, 27-96
|50-90, 15
|Secondary treatment
|30-75, 76-99
Source: McNeill (1985, pp. 48, 77), Höller (1988) and Yanko (1993) for bacteria and viruses; Giardia data unpublished (Ashbolt).
Table 2: Major potential pathogens/indicators in the marine environment
|Group of Organism
|Marine Survival
|animal/human faeces
|C Co F G
|H R 50 d
|human faeces
|Calicivirus (inc.Norwalk)
|human faeces
|human faeces
|Coxsackie A&B
|human faeces
|2 d - 46 wk
|human faeces
|2 d - 46 wk
|Hepatitis A
|human faeces
|> 24 d
|human faeces
|2-130 d
|animal/human faeces
|None known
|> 4 d
|animal/human faeces
|2-34 d
|Aeromonas spp.
|animal/human faeces
|Campylobacter jejuni
|animal/human faeces
|Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
|animal/human faeces
|h-2 d
|Faecal coliforms
|animal/human faeces
|indicator organism
|2 h -2 d
|Faecal streptococci
|animal/human faeces
|indicator organism
|2 h - 12 d
|Mycobacterium marinum
|Salmonella spp.
|animal/human faeces
|12h - 5d
|Shigella spp.
|animal/human faeces
|Bloody diarrhoea
|<15->70 d
|Vibrio spp.
|seawater, faeces
|Yersinia enterocolitica
|animal/human faeces
|Appendicitis-like G
|Cryptosporidium parvum
|animal/human faeces
|Watery diarrhoea F
|Entamoeba histolytica histolytica
|Giardia intestinalis
|animal/human faeces
|Ascaris spp.
|animal/human faeces
|Taenia spp.
|animal/human faeces
|Alexandrium spp.
|Gambierdiscus toxicus
|ciguatera shellfish poisoning
|Gymnodinium spp.
Source: Chung & Sobsey 1993; Hallegraeff 1992; Evison 1988; McNeill 1985; Akin et al. 1976; Blawat et al. 1976. Key: C-carditis, Co-conjunctivitis, F-fever, D-diabetes, E-M-encephalitis-meningitis, G-gastroenteritis, G-F- gastro+fever, H-hepatitis, P-paralysis, PSP-paralytic shellfish poisoning, R-respiratory infection, S-skin infection, W-wound infection. T90 or T99.9 : times for 1 or 3 log reduction in numbers respectively at 10-25°C.
Seasonality plays a role in the presence of enteric viruses in the community and sewage effluent. Therefore, it may be necessary to detect a range of viruses to determine viral risk in receiving waters. Identification of many of these nonculturable viruses requires molecular methods, which in the case of enteroviruses appear to largely identify infective viruses (Enriquez et al. 1993).
Viruses which specifically infect bacteria (bacteriophages) are useful surrogates for human enteric viruses in survival studies (Elliot & Colwell 1985). Bacteriophages are readily enumerated by plaque assays on bacterial host cells and can serve as useful tracers of sewage effluent, as demonstrated off Geelong, Victoria (Richardson et al. 1993). However, it is important to note that coliphage presence in sewage is related to initial coliform concentration, not the concentration/presence of enteric viruses (Grimes et al. 1986).
To date, only the enterovirus group is monitored in beach waters (in 10 L volumes) under a European directive (Council of the European Communities 1976) and proposed guidelines in some American states for recreational waters (Bitton 1980). As a consequence, most information for enteric viruses relates to the enterovirus group. A problem with this approach is that the majority of culturable enteric viruses in marine waters are not enteroviruses, but generally reoviruses (Grabow et al. 1989; Grohmann et al. 1993). Hence, as discussed in the Sydney region studies (Grohmann et al. 1993), it is important to focus on a range of viral groups, else risk in considerably underestimating enteric virus risk.
The majority of shellfish-associated illness reported in the US is of unknown aetiology, with the largest group identified being due to nonculturable Hepatitis A (20% of illnesses) and a small percentage due to nonculturable Norwalk viruses (Craun 1986). In contrast, Norwalk-like viruses have been the main cause of viral food poisoning from sewage contaminated oysters in Australia (Grohmann et al. 1980). Based on a virus prevalence of 19% in shellfish, Rose and Sobsey (1993) estimated that there was a one in a hundred chance of becoming infected with an enteric virus by consuming raw shellfish. While such an analysis lacks sufficient viral prevalence data, reliance on bacteriological standards appears to be quite deficient in protecting human health. For example, a multi-state outbreak of hepatitis A resulted from eating raw oysters in waters meeting bacteriological standards (Desenclos et al. 1991).
Viruses in waters generally adsorb to solids which protect them from inactivation by biological, chemical and physical factors (USEPA 1985). Marine sediments, for example can adsorb more than 99% of a poliovirus suspension (containing 108 plaque forming units per mL) and may contain 10-10 000 times the concentration of viruses in overlying water (Schaiberger et al. 1982; LaBelle & Gerba 1979). Hence, surface water sampling alone may not give a true indication of the potential viral hazard (Rao et al. 1984). Such sediment-bound viruses can also be taken up by shellfish, thus allowing their bio accumulation in marine life near sewage outfalls (Lewis et al. 1986).
Virus survival in this adsorbed state is of particular interest, as it is well known that virus removal from shellfish by seawater flushing (depuration) occurs at a significantly slower rate than for bacteria (Lewis et al. 1986). Furthermore, sediment-associated viruses are known to maintain their infectivity (Taylor et al. 1980).
Due to considerable variability in enumerating enteric viruses, results are generally discussed on a presence/absence basis. For example, based on the European directive of no enterovirus in 10 L, studies on selected beach waters indicated 27-35% of southern Welsh, 100% of Yorkshire, 29% of English and 46% of Northern Ireland beaches failed the enterovirus directive over various periods in the last seven years (Deuter et al. 1991; Hughes et al. 1992). In Sydney, tests on 100 L samples indicated enteric viruses (entero-, adeno- and reo-viruses) were present in about 20% of city beach waters (Grohmann et al. 1993) prior to commissioning three deepwater ocean outfalls (discharging primary treated sewage effluent). In the two years since commissioning the deepwater outfalls, only two beach water samples (of over 300) cultured positive for an enteric virus (Grohmann, unpublished).
In most western countries, including Australia, gastrointestinal illnesses due to Campylobacter species outnumber those due to any other identified pathogen. However, illness from these bacteria will almost solely be due to food or person-to-person contact (Cohen & Gangarosa 1978). Of the introduced bacterial pathogens (Table 2) salmonellae and shigellas probably survive the longest in marine waters. Nevertheless, the most recent outbreak of swimming-associated Salmonella illness world-wide was typhoid fever (Salmonella typhi) which occurred in Western Australia in 1958 (Anon. 1961). Shigella gastroenteritis has only been implicated from swimming in fresh waters (Herwaldt et al. 1991).
The causative agent of cholera, Vibrio cholerae 01 (and recently type 0139 in Asia) is endemic in various countries, but not Australia. Nevertheless, pandemic strains of cholera could be transported to Australian marine waters in ships ballast water. Whereas non01 strains are not uncommon in warm Australian fresh waters, 01 types have only rarely been isolated from fresh waters (Desmarchelier 1989). This contrasts to the other pathogenic vibrios, V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus which are endemic to temperate Australian seawaters and are two of the most common causes of bacterial food poisoning from shellfish. Furthermore, these endemic vibrios (V. alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus or V. mimicus) have been reported in Australia and overseas as the cause of swimmer's ear following contact with warm seawater, whereas Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the causative agent following freshwater contact (Dufour 1986). However, the significance of P. aeruginosa in seawater, as a causative agent of swimmer illness, is still being debated and some recommend monitoring due to its possible presence in the absence of faecal coliforms (Mates 1992). Similarly, Staphylococcus aureus has been shown to be a useful indicator for ear, respiratory and total illness developed by bathers at densely populated bathing beaches (Cheung et al. 1991). In contrast to these overseas findings, slight to heavily polluted bathing beaches in Sydney contained very low densities of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus (Ashbolt et al. 1993).
Indigenous marine vibrios are also the major aetiological agent in wound infections observed worldwide (Dufour 1986). It is not known if there is a relationship between pollution and occurrence of pathogenic vibrios or other wound bacteria, such as Mycobacterium marinum. The latter is also indigenous to seawater, and infection is so common that it is often considered an occupational hazard among commercial fishers (Dufour 1986).
Pneumonia, resulting from the inhalation of seawater containing Pseudomonas putrefaciens, Staphylococcus aureus or Aeromonas hydrophila have been associated with near-drowning accidents (Dufour 1986). Whereas the low densities of S. aureus are unlikely to be a problem in Sydney waters, Aeromonas and Vibrio spp. are present at concentrations which could cause wound infections or septicemia under certain conditions (Kueh et al. 1992).
Examination of survival characteristics of some bacteria in the laboratory has shown that traditional cultural methods do not detect all viable bacteria present. The portion of the viable population which do not grow in culture have been termed 'viable but nonculturable' or somnicells (Byrd et al. 1991). Somnicells have been reported for a range of pathogens, and such cells may retain their ability to cause disease (references cited in Turpin et al. [1993]).
Lack of correlation between pathogens and indicator bacteria may in part be due to light stress induced somnicell formation in Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis (Byrd et al. 1991; Barcina et al. 1990). Furthermore, Lewis et al. (1991) suggest that E. coli in seawater (in the dark) may be underestimated by up to 100-fold by relying on culturing methods.
For the general population, cysts of Giardia, and oocysts of Cryptosporidium are probably the most important parasites in Australian sewage. In contrast there is an absence of data on the health significance of helminths in marine waters.
Though no relevant survival data for Giardia or Cryptosporidium was available for this review, artificially added cysts may remain viable for weeks in freshwater (De Regnier et al. 1989), and high numbers of cysts (10-100/L) have been detected in marine waters off San Juan, Puerto Rico (Correa et al. 1990); in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong (Hutton, unpublished); and oocysts (up to 400/L) have been found in the Georges River, Sydney (Ferguson et al. 1994). Given that only a few parasite cysts cause infection and that both have been contracted during swimming (Sorvillo et al. 1992), the prevalence of viable parasites in environmental waters requires investigation.
Cases of illness transmitted through inhalation of aerosols from contaminated waste water should not be ruled out, particularly near a surface sewage/contaminated stormwater plume. Aerosols produced in surf can contain a 200-fold increase in viruses per ml than that present in the seawater (Baylor et al. 1977). Also, bacterial aerosols have been reported to cause skin sensitivity in bathers (Gruft et al. 1975).
Harmful algal blooms that have occurred in Australia were reviewed by Hallegraeff (1992) and are summarised below. Many Australian red tide species (primarily Trichodesmium erythraeum), although possibly more common in recent years in waters north from Sydney or Perth, have not been reported as containing toxic compounds. On the other hand, toxic dinoflagellate (Alexandrium minutum) red tides have occurred annually during spring since 1986 near metropolitan Adelaide. Other paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) dinoflagellates, such as Alexandrium catenella and Gymnodinium catenatum, have also become a problem during the 1980s in the southern states. For example, blooms of the latter have resulted in shellfish farm closures in Tasmania for up to 6 months. The sudden occurrence of toxic species and their detection in ship ballast water has led to speculation that they have recently been introduced to Australia rather than indicating a rise in eutrophication.
There are however, toxic dinoflagellates endemic to tropical Australian waters: they include Gambierdiscus toxicus, the cause of ciguatera poisoning from fish (Hallegraeff 1992). There is also recent fossil record of the tropical PSP species Pyrodinium bahamense as far south as Newcastle, but unless ocean warming eventuates, Hallegraeff suggests the latter is unlikely to return to Australian waters.
A range of prospective epidemiological studies have been undertaken worldwide over the last decade (Corbett et al. 1993; Harrington et al. 1993; Cheung et al. 1991). Most, however, rely on insufficient water samples (of variable volumes) and poor recovery of stressed cells resulting in an error of at least 50% in estimating the likely concentration of bacteria to which an individual swimmer is exposed to (Fleisher 1990). As a consequence, different index bacteria are proposed with varying correlations to illnesses.
Sewage release from surface ocean outfalls has definitively caused gastrointestinal illness in swimmers at nearby bathing beaches (Zagorski et al. 1984) and children are particularly vulnerable to such illnesses (Alexander et al. 1992). However, the majority of illness reported in prospective epidemiological studies, including two major studies undertaken in Sydney, have been respiratory and unrelated to standard faecal indicator bacteria presence (Corbett et al. 1993; Harrington et al. 1993; Cheung et al. 1991). Nevertheless, unidentified agents from sewage may cause some of these respiratory infections via aerosols, and several children apparently acquired a Norwalk-like gastrointestinal virus while swimming near a stormwater outlet in Sydney Harbour (Ferson et al. 1993). Except for the 1958 typhoid outbreak, no epidemiological study has been reported for Australian marine waters outside the Sydney region.
On the other hand, in Harrington et al. study, there was tenuous correlation between densities of the faecal bacterium Clostridium perfringens over 50 cfu/100 mL and increased respiratory illness (unpublished). Furthermore, staphylococci have strongly correlated with swimmer illness (respiratory and ear) at beaches with very high swimmer densities, suggesting staphylococci indicate person-to-person transmission rather than sewage effluent contamination (Cheung et al. 1991).
The microbiological guidelines for recreational waters in Australia are expressed in terms of concentrations of colony forming units (cfu) of faecal coliforms and enterococci (NH&MRC 1990). These and the new draft standards (ANZECC 1992) are similar to those reported around the world for faecal indicator bacteria. However, what is clearly missing are standards for pathogens, including viruses, parasitic protozoa and the indigenous bacterial and algal pathogens. With the advent of molecular detection methods for such pathogens (Dorsch et al. 1994; Vesey et al. 1994; Enriquez et al. 1993; Tsai et al. 1993), it is timely to reassess microbiological standards.
The epidemiological evidence for accepting the enterococci standard proposed by Cabelli for marine waters (Cabelli et al. 1979) has been put in doubt (Fleisher 1991). Furthermore, the longer survival of enterococci in marine waters compared to faecal coliforms is of little consequence when in their absence, enteric viruses are present in either seawater or shellfish (Schaiberger et al. 1982).
On the other hand, the sewage indicator bacterium, Clostridium perfringens is significantly elevated at sewage/sludge disposal sites (Ashbolt et al. 1993; Hill et al. 1993). This bacterium may indicate the presence of long lived faecal micro-organisms as illustrated by elevated levels hundreds of kilometres down current of a sewage sludge dump site (Hill et al. 1993). Currently no standards exist for Clostridium perfringens, although a Hawaiian (Fujioka pers. comm.) and the Sydney (Harrington et al. 1993) epidemiological studies are evaluating its usefulness as a pathogen index organism.
Coastal water microbiology has been monitored in the USA since 1955, mounting to a cost of $US130 million in 1989 (Ludwig et al. 1992). Most of this data had not been condensed into useful information (i.e. no computerised database). In addition, the data exist in pools of intensive samplings around discharge points, with very little overall study of the coastal waters. Hence, normal background levels are generally not known and monitoring programs are not coupled to the decision making and resource allocation processes.
A similar situation occurs in Australia. Government agencies require beach waters to be monitored, but streams, lagoons or stormwater drains nearby generally are not. For example, despite the use of submarine outfalls in cities like Sydney or Rio de Janeiro, unmonitored local stormwater discharges/leaky sewers still result in unacceptably high coliform counts at ocean bathing beaches during storm events (Kueh et al. 1991; Jordäo & Leitäo 1990).
If indeed the current faecal indicator bacteria are poor predictors of health risk in temperate and/or tropical Australian waters, where should we be headed? Clearly the presence of fresh sewage material is a health risk; hence a coordinated national measure by applying ANZECC guidelines could be a move in the right direction. On the other hand, a health risk may be present in the absence of these short-lived indicators, or they may be unsatisfactory due to their growth in warmer waters or nonculturability.
Such problems can only be ironed out by a coordinated national program specifically designed to answer the various aspects mentioned above. Taking primary recreational waters as an example, a nationwide database of faecal indicator bacteria for bathing waters could lead onto a better understanding of their distribution (seasonal trend and the impacts of rainfall events) and relevance in protecting public health. However, additional data, such as time of sampling, state of tide during sampling and preceding rainfall is also required along with financial resources to reduce such data into useful information.
Furthermore, a simultaneous step should be to coordinated epidemiological data gathered by health departments and major pathology laboratories to identify likely water or fisheries exposure routes. A reasonable attempt to collect such data has been made for example, in the United States (Moore et al. 1994). Next, specific epidemiological studies and statistical evaluation of risk exposure from measured concentrations of key pathogens and indicators is required to assess what organisms to use and most importantly, what level of risk should be targeted by the Australian Standards. Additional focused monitoring and quantitative risk assessment studies would also be required to understand the role of the nonfaecal pathogens.
While the above example was for primary contact waters, secondary contact standards could rationally be deduced from the primary standards for each major water type (tropical, temperate, ocean, estuarine). Standards for fish/shellfish and fisheries waters should be generated by an analogous program focusing on these foods and source waters and applying quantitative risk assessment methods (Rose & Sobsey 1993) to aid in the establishment of Australian standards.
Until such a program is undertaken, little progress can be made on rationally setting national standards or using appropriate indicators/pathogens for environmental reporting. Key data are available from overseas on likely target micro-organisms, doses required to cause infection and models to apply to estimate risk exposure. However, no progress has been made on establishing health-based microbiological standards for primary or secondary contact waters since the US-EPA program in the late seventies (Cabelli et al. 1979). Therefore, to develop standards suitable for Australian waters we need to use the new methods available in Australia for monitoring target micro-organisms and collate the health data available from the larger pathology laboratories. In summary, it appears that a national priority and appropriately coordinated financing are all that are required to produce health-based standards to protect our diverse range of marine waters.
Acknowledgments: I would like to acknowledge the constructive comments by Anne McNeill and Gary Grohmann on the previous draft of this manuscript. Views expressed in this review are not necessarily those of AWT Science & Environment.
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Dufour, A.P. 1986, 'Diseases caused by water contact', in Waterborne Diseases in the United States, ed G.F. Craun, CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, pp:23-41.
Elliot, E.L. & Colwell, R.R. 1985, 'Indicator organisms for estuarine and marine waters', FEMS Microbiology Reviews, vol. 32, pp. 61-79.
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Fleisher, J.M. 1990, 'The effects of measurement error on previously reported mathematical relationships between indicator organism density and swimming-associated illness: a quantitative estimate of the resulting bias', International Journal Epidemiology, vol. 19, pp. 1100-1106.
Fleisher, J.M. 1991, 'A reanalysis of data supporting US federal bacteriological water quality criteria governing marine recreational waters', Research Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, vol. 63, pp. 259-265.
Gerba, C.P. & Goyal, S.M. 1988, 'Enteric virus: risk assessment of ocean disposal of sewage sludge', Water Science Technology, vol. 20(11-12), pp. 25-31.
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Green, D.H., Loutit, M.W. & Lewis, G.D. 1991, 'Gene probes and polymerase chain reaction for assessing the microbiological quality of waters, in Coastal Engineering - Climate for Change, Proceedings of the 10th Australasian Conference on Coastal and Ocean Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand, 2-6 December 1991, eds R.G. Bell, T.M. Hume & T.R. Healy, Water Quality Centre Publication No. 21, DSIR, Hamilton, pp:399-403.
Grimes, D.J., Atwell, R.W., Brayton, P.R., Palmer, L.M., Rollins, D.M., Roszak, D.B., Singleton, P.L., Tamplin, M.L. & Colwell, R.R. 1986, ,The fate of enteric pathogenic bacteria in estuarine and marine environments', Microbiological Science, vol. 3, pp. 324-329.
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Grohmann, G.S., Greenberg, H.B., Welch, B.M. & Murphy, A.M. 1980, Oyster-associated gastroenteritis in Australia: the detection of Norwalk virus and its antibody by immune electron microscopy and radioimmunoassay. Journal of Medical Virology, vol. 6, pp. 11-19.
Gruft, H., Katz, J. & Blanchard, D.C. 1975, Postulated source of Mycobacterium intiacellulare (Battey) infection, American Journal Epidemiology, vol. 102, p. 311.
Hallegraeff, G.M. 1992, 'Harmful algal blooms in the Australian region', Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 25, pp. 5-8.
Harrington, J., Wilcox, D., Giles, P., Ashbolt, N., Evans, J. & Kirton, C. 1993, 'The health of Sydney surfers: an epidemiological study', Water Science Technology, vol. 27(3-4), pp. 175-182.
Havelaar, A.H., Pot-Hogeboom, W.M., Furuse, K., Pot, R. & Hormann, M.P. 1990, 'F-specific RNA bacteriophages and sensitive host strains in faeces and wastewater of human and animal origin', Journal of Applied Bacteriology, vol. 69, pp. 30-37.
Herwaldt, B.L., Craun, G.F., Stokes, S.L. & Juranek, D.D. 1991, 'Waterborne-disease outbreaks, 1989-90', Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Surveillance Summaries, Centre for Disease Control, vol. 40, pp. 1-21.
Hill, R.T., Knight, I.T., Anikis, M.S. & Colwell, R.R. 1993, 'Benthic distribution ofsewage sludge indicated by Clostridium perfringens at a deep-ocean dump site', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 59, pp. 47-51.
Höller, C. 1988, 'Long-term study of occurrence, distribution and reduction of Campylobacter sp. in the sewage system and wastewater treatment plant of a big town', Water Science Technology, vol. 20(11-12), pp. 529-531.
Hughes, M.S., Coyle, P.V. & Connolly, J. H. 1992, 'Enteroviruses in recreational waters of Northern Ireland', Epidemiology and Infection, vol. 108, pp. 529-536.
Jordäo, E.P. & Leitäo, J.R. 1990, 'Sewage and solids disposal: are processes such as ocean disposal proper? The case of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)', Water Science Technology, vol. 22(12), pp. 33-43.
Kueh, C.S.W., Grohmann, G.S. & Sheehan, D. 1991, 'The impact of stormwater and other urban runoffs on the microbiological quality of Sydney beaches, in Proceedings of the 14th Australian Water & Wastewater Association Annual Conference, 17-22 March 1991, AWWA, Perth, pp:356-364.
Kueh, C.S.W., Kutarski, P. & Brunton, M. 1992, 'Contaminated marine wounds - the risk of acquiring acute bacterial infection from marine recreational beaches, Journal of Applied Bacteriology, vol. 73, pp. 412-420.
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text:
1853 Inn At Woodhaven - Bed And Breakfast - Adults Only401 South Hubbards Lane, Louisville (Map)
6.9 miles from The Space @ 6th & Oak
To enter this competition, you need to have stayed in a ConcertHotels.com hotel close to The Space @ 6th & Oak - that way we can assure our fans that all reviews on our website are genuine. For every 200 valid reviews we receive one lucky winner will be randomly selected to receive a $150 Amazon voucher.
We hope you find our The Space @ 6th & Oak pages useful, with 125 nearby hotels to choose from.
For whatever reason you're visiting The Space @ 6th & Oak, we hope you have a fantastic time!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Trigger export + import
|User, date
Written by linasg
4 years ago
Category: Import/Export
4 posts since Wed, 27 Oct 10
|It would be nice to have an option to export mysql triggers. I haven't checked but I hope that Heidi can import triggers?
Written by linasg
4 years ago
4 posts since Wed, 27 Oct 10
|sorry. I forgot to refresh tree view after trigger import. Delete this thread
Written by ansgar
4 years ago
5045 posts since Fri, 07 Apr 06
|Hehe... cannot delete posts here, sorry. But that could also be informative to other users as well, so no problem.
Please login to leave a reply, or register at first.


text:
3 Great Mechanical Achievements and Their Modern-Day Successors
When humans first chiseled the wheel or learned to make fire, they probably didn't know the depth of their accomplishment. Through the goggles of time, we can see how these achievements have changed the face of humankind. Now we keep an eye on these things, predicting the outcomes of current astounding technological feats.
Integrated Circuit and Quantum Computer
In one of the original "Star Trek" episodes, Bones leaves a piece of equipment on a very impressionable planet. He is chastised by Kirk and Spock because this culture will take apart the device and learn about the one piece of technology that changed the Star Trek world and led to space travel. Our one piece of world-changing technology is the integrated circuit. The integrated circuit is a series of transistors, resistors and capacitors in a circuit to perform some operation. Specifically, it is the transistor, which replaced the vacuum tube, that is the most astounding.
Essentially, a transistor is a switch that goes from on to off. This simple switch is the basis for the central processing unit of a computer. Processor speed is distinguished by the rapidity that the transistors can toggle from the zero position to the one position. Since the beginning of the transistor, scientists have tried to make the toggle speed faster. Now the quantum switch seems to be a possibility. Since quantum leaps happen instantaneously, a computer using a quantum processor would be several orders of magnitude faster than our fastest computers.
Internal Combustion and Hydrogen Engine
The internal combustion engine is touted by The Atlantic as one of the 50 greatest engineering achievements of the modern age. Like the Internet years later, the combustion engine placed into automobiles transformed our culture, making the world smaller. The auto allowed us to sprawl without worrying for our jobs or our families. We are always a car ride away.
Automobiles have taken a special place in our society. No longer simply functional, the auto is our safety and our luxury. Now, we're in a position to move away from fossil-fueled cars toward renewable energy cars. On the horizon is the hydrogen engine. Still an internal combustion engine, the hydrogen engine uses canisters of hydrogen gas that react with oxygen to produce energy (and the byproduct water).
O-ring and Nano-Everything
Who would think that a ring of rubber would change the world? Yet that is what the o-ring did when it was invented in 1936 by Niels Christensen. Primarily an elastomer seal, o-rings are used in everything from the space shuttle to heart valves. Almost anything that needs to direct the flow of fluids has uses an o-ring.
Nanotechnology is the next big step in the o-ring's future. Because it sits at the perimeter of a moving fluid, the o-ring is the perfect substrate for microscopic devices that can measure blood flow, change the shape of the ring or ionize the fluid. If nanotechnology is the way of the future, the o-ring is where is will live.
How Teachers Thinks Homework is Done...
Autonomous Cars: The Countdown Continues
Self-driving cars are coming. Currently four states — California, Florida Michigan, and Nevada — have passed legislation that enables companies to test their self-driving car technology on the roads. The Washington D.C. DMV published its regulations for autonomous vehicles in April, which are expected to take effect this month barring any objections.
Google unveiled a prototype of its self-driving car on May 27 and plans to use its home state of California as a testing ground. John Simpson, director of the taxpayer advocacy group Consumer Watchdog, recently told the LA Times he's urging the California DMV to postpone the September 16 start date of its regulations by 18 months. The groups believes more testing and public scrutiny is necessary to ensure the safety of the state's 25 million licensed drivers.
Photo by Steve Jurvetson via Wikimedia Commons
A February Harris Interactive poll found that 88 percent of Americans would not feel safe in a self-driving car. But that reality isn't slowing down Google and others who want this futuristic technology to become reality for everyday drivers.
How It All Works
The "face" on Google's self-driving car (the headlights are the eyes and a radar apparatus the nose) is the first thing people will notice about its tiny exterior. But the fact there are absolutely no driver controls, such as a steering wheel and brake pedal, on the interior is what has many consumers worried.
A LIDAR (light detection and ranging) sensor called a Velodyne HDL-64E is mounted to the top of the vehicle. It provides a detailed map of the roads and surrounding environment, right down to potholes and road cones. Google Street View Cars have driven (and continue to drive) virtually every road in the U.S. and several European countries to create these detailed maps, despite lawsuits alleging the company has been simultaneously spying on residents.
There are four radars attached to the front and rear bumpers to detect the speed of cars in front of and behind the vehicle. A video camera is mounted where the rear-view mirror would otherwise be located. It detects the presence of pedestrians, other cars, and even deer running across the street. A GPS unit supplements all the aforementioned technology for further accuracy and safety.
A central computer located near the rear axle of the car then processes all of this information to determine and control steering, acceleration, and braking.
Advantages Outweigh Potential Dangers?
A widely circulated video of Morgan Hill, Calif. resident Steve Mahan "driving" a Google self-driving car to Taco Bell in 2012 was significant because he's 95 percent blind. Not only would driverless cars be a boon for 21 million legally blind Americans, they would also give elderly drivers whose reaction times have diminished more options when researching cars in a few years.
Cab drivers would likely balk at the idea of driverless technology, as drunken drivers would be able to get inebriated and still get home legally without paying a hefty fare. Elliot Garbus, of Intel's Automotive Solutions Division, told USA Today that 95 percent of auto accidents are caused by human error. Google reported in August of 2012 that its test vehicles had successfully driven 300,000 miles without even a fender-bender.
Autonomous cars would also be a blow to municipalities that rely on revenue from speeding tickets. Google reported in May that its self-driving cars have never received a moving violation in any state.
There is no definitive answer as to when consumers will be able to head to a dealership and buy an autonomous car of their own. But based on Google's persistence and diligence, it will likely be sooner rather than later.
Why Travel Should Top Your To Do List
Most people look forward to traveling to new, exciting destinations, but few realize that such adventures can also promote better physical health. Travel may even contribute to a longer life, according to the Global Coalition on Aging.
A poll by the U.S. Travel Association revealed women who vacation every six years or less had a dramatically higher risk of heart attack compared to those who vacationed at least twice a year. The men who participated in the poll and reported not making time to escape their day-to-day life at least once a year were found to have a 20 percent greater risk of early death.
Travel offers nearly endless benefits to the body and the mind
The benefits of travel don't stop there. The Global Coalition found the majority of travelers experience a significant reduction in stress within just a day or two of their vacation, and 90 percent of travelers generally have a more positive outlook on life.
Traveling can even help create better relationships by bringing couples closer together and building memories that last a life time. If you're single, you'll have more opportunities to meet others while traveling. You'll blend in better with the locals and get a better sense of the culture and what it's like to live there, expanding your mind. Don't put off travel just because you don't have someone to go with; consider it a self-confidence boosting adventure.
Increasing your happiness level
Whether experiencing a different culture, foods, or new activities, travel also offers countless opportunities to learn something new. Any new experience can increase happiness levels. When traveling, you don't have to look for ways to reinvent your day and break away from the mundane, it naturally happens.
Tools to make it happen
If you don't happen to be independently wealthy, finances may be holding you back from enjoying your travel dreams. Saving for your next trip can be made much easier using Mint.com's vacation budgeting tool to help you figure out how much money you'll need for your vacation. It allows you to track finances on your smartphone and can even give you updates to let you know how close you are to accomplishing your goal. It also provides a projected date when you'll be able to afford it for added motivation.
Once you arrive at your destination, the Travel Budget & Expense Tracker app for iPhone and Android helps you save money while you're there. You can create categories and keep track of how much you're spending, while the app does all the rest. It's a great time saver that will also allow you to relax and enjoy your travels.
Preventing identity theft
One of the downsides to traveling is that your risk of identity theft goes up. Before heading out to your destination, it's recommended that you invest in services to protect against fraud in order to decrease your chances of having that fabulous vacation ruined before it's even begun. If a thief steals your credit cards or other personal information, like a driver's license, your identity could be stolen, which can be financially devastating.
When you're out and about, be sure to take extra precautions to protect your wallet and purse. You should also be cautious with your smartphone. With so much information in one little gadget, it could also give a would-be thief access to personal and financial date in just seconds.
Some Basic Concepts in Image Steganography
(Note: I am by no means an expert on this matter, I am simply expressing my personal experience with the subject. For more information Wikipedia Steganography or Google would be a good start)
Steganography is the art of hiding message in such way that no one beside the intended receiver will find (if done correctly). This is by no means a new idea, the history of Steganography can be traced back to the 15 century. For our purposes, I am going to discuss Steganography in the general sense in the computer world, mostly done in Images, but not limited to them. For this example I am only going to consider 256 gray and colored images for simplicity of example, this can be done however with other images and data as well.
How information is stored?
Any computer data today consists of bits of data, 0 or a 1. A bunch of them constitute a byte, which is normally 4 bits. The length of a bit depends on a number of things such as implementation, system, usage and other factors. An image is usually stored as one of two options:
1. Black & White (Grayscale)
2. RGB colors (Normal)
In both cases the image is built from pixels, or a dot in a 2 dimensional array that has a certain value. In case of option 1 it would be on a scale from 0-255, 0 being black. For option 2 there aren three values that constitute one color as output, Red - Green - Blue, each with the same scale of values from 0 - 255, 0 being black. So if we have a Grayscale image with all values equal to 255, we will end up with a white image.
How to hide?
So lets say we have the following image (Grayscale) stored in memory:
This would give us an empty 4 X 4 pixel white image. Keep in mind that any of these cell blocks is actually stored in memory as 255 = 11111111 in binary. Now you would agree that the character 'A' is equivalent to 65 in ascii which in binary is equal to 01000001. You would also agree that if we change one of these cell values to 254 it would be unnoticeable to the naked eye.
The 'Magic' bit...
We are going to store the individual values of A's binary representation in the least significant bits of the image values. This means we would go over the cell or pixels of the image and change only the last bit of the value, changing the color by only 1. The cells of an image are numbered as follow:
In order for to be stored in memory we will used the first 8 bits, changing the values in the LSB to match to 'A'. The result will still be a seemabliy white page, stored in memory like this:
Color and Extraction
The same idea we applied to this example could be applied to an RGB file or any other data type. One could also encrypt the message hidden so even if it is found by anti-Steganography software it would be useless. Based on how you hide the memory you would also need an extraction code. For our example we would simply need to extract and concatenate the first 8 LSB and convert them back to a character, which would give us 'A'. In other cases, like in RGB images, you will need to figure out how the information is hidden. RGB adds 3 dimensions and can get complicated really fast. All that is another topic all together for another time.


text: WND POLL The power of Drudge Published: 04/03/2013 at 7:53 PM Text smaller Text bigger Cast your vote now. All answers are stored anonymously. Is the Drudge Report a positive influence on news coverage or, as Obama administration claims, a negative one? Negative: Drudge is a reactionary know-nothing Negative: He's just a one-man spinmeister with a loud megaphone Negative: Drudge is a prime example of why we need government control of the Internet Negative: He's the unofficial wire editor for the entire media Negative: Who is this guy anyway? What credentials does he have? Neutral: Drudge merely uses his news judgment, like anyone else, in the business to present interesting breaking news stories from mainstream sources Positive: Without Drudge, we wouldn't even have access to all the real news every day Positive: Drudge has been, for 17 years, a breath of fresh air in the news business Positive: His news judgment is acute. He has his finger on the pulse of what's going on Positive: If Obama doesn't like him, you know he's doing something right Positive: Without Drudge, the American people would be less informed – pure and simple Other View Results Loading ... ADD THIS POLL TO YOUR SITE (copy the code below) <iframe src="http://www.wnd.com/the-power-of-drudge/" style="width: 600px; height: 582px; border: 1px;"></iframe> Text smaller Text bigger


text:
Skip work, put on your boat shoes, and head over to the Marina Green to watch the races! #getexcited
Check out the official ACWS website for more information. Get there 30 mins before race start time:
- August 22-25 – 2:05 pm PDT
- August 26 – 11:45 am PDT
*photo not mine


text:
Reader Comments (Page 1 of 1)
Mortenebra said...
The way I got into fishing was actually through these coins and the associated achievements. My husband was just fishing one day and sent me Murky's coin because, even though I don't have the pet, I'm incredibly infatuated with just how gosh-darned cute the little guy is. (I used to spend a lot of time hanging around the item redemption NPC in major cities, clicking on Murky to hear his vocalizations and watch him do the Michigan Rag. That's how bad it was! Needless to say, the revamped Cookie fight in Deadmines is now one of my favorites.)
Lo and behold, my husband touched on another obsession of mine in the game: lore via flavor text. So, my quest to obtain the coins and read their messages began. I kept a couple of my favorites (like Arthas' coin) but had to part with the rest due to a lack of space. /sigh
I love cookie as well. Every time I would run someone through deadmines I would yell out Cookie! before jumping over the side of the boat and gave him the rest of his life off. I hated to do it but he was a mini-boss and had some good loots. I am glad they gave him his due by making him a full boss in the new heroic version. It's too bad he couldn't have escaped and reformed his criminal ways. Maybe opened up a fishing stand somewhere and sold lures or something. Come to think of it Azeroth needs updated fishing hang outs. Ah well, perhaps a missed opportunity there.


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Can You Really Learn to Forgive and Forget?
The old saying "to err is human; to forgive divine" are good words to live by. The act of forgiving others provides powerful health benefits. In fact, even renowned medical institutions such as the Mayo Clinic advocate forgiving as a sound strategy for good mental health.
What is Forgiveness?
The PBS special This Emotional Life describes forgiveness as a "'shift in thinking' towards someone who has wronged you, 'such that your desire to harm that person has decreased and your desire to do him good (or to benefit your relationship) has increased.'"
Mental health experts say forgiveness is not reconciliation, although you may eventually reconcile with the other person. Forgiving doesn't condone the hurtful action, excuse the person who harmed you, or render justice. However, forgiving someone allows you to move forward in peace.
Mary Hayes Grieco of the Midwest Institute for Forgiveness Training does not subscribe to the idea of forgiving and forgetting. Instead, in an article in Counseling Today, she says, "We need to forgive and remember. Remember who people really are, remember what we can and can't expect of them, and remember how stuck we feel when we hold on to unrealistic expectations." Grieco says that when you carry a grudge, the other person doesn't suffer-you do.
Emotional Benefits of Forgiveness
Forgiving others bestows many health benefits, including:
- Lessening feeling of hurt and anger
- Healthier relationships with others, including more friends and a longer marriage
- Greater spiritual and psychological well being
- Less anxiety, stress, hostility, negative thoughts, depression, and grief
- Lower blood pressure and risk of heart disease or substance abuse
Learning to Forgive
Carrying a grudge or lingering resentment can create an emotional prison, says Sandy Walker of the American Counseling Association. Learning to forgive someone who has deeply hurt you is really a process. The International Institute of Forgiveness has a model to help people through this process. It includes four broad phases: uncovering your anger, deciding to forgive, working on forgiveness, and discovery and release from your emotional prism.
If you believe you should forgive someone, the Mayo Clinic suggests you first consider the value of forgiveness and its importance in your life. Reflect on the incident that hurt you. Evaluate how it's affected your life, health, and other relationships. When you're ready, actively choose to forgive. You'll abandon your role as victim and release the control and power you are giving the person who hurt you.
Mayo Clinic. "Forgiveness: Letting go of grudges and bitterness." Web. 23 November 2011.
American Medical Student Association. "Health Hint: Healing Through Forgiveness." Web.
"What is forgiveness?" This Emotional Life. PBS. Web.
"Benefits of forgiveness." This Emotional Life. PBS. Web.
Shallcross, Lynne. "The benefits of forgiveness and gratitude." Counseling Today. Web. January 2012. http://ct.counseling.org/2012/01/the-benefits-of-forgiveness-and-gratitude/
International Institute of Forgiveness. "Enright Forgiveness Process Model." Web. http://www.internationalforgiveness.com/data/uploaded/files/EnrightForgivenessProcessModel.pdf
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text:
Sun Ray
Closed for renovations.
Reopening November 8, 2014.
Find out more [3] about the renovation project.
Nearby Libraries
Hayden Heights [4] -- Sunday service and evening hours 4 days a week, through August 29.
If you have holds requested for pick-up at Sun Ray, you can log in to your account [5] and change the pick-up location.
If you do not change the pick-up location before the item is "in transit," held items will automatically be sent to Hayden Heights [4].
See pictures of the renovation process on Flickr [6].
Library Profile 2010 [14]
Our Neighborhood [15]
Information about the Sun Ray Library's neighborhood, including district council and neighborhood forum sites.
Metrotransit [16] Bus Routes


text:
It doesn't rank with good versus evil or even dogs versus cats, but the relationship between marketing and IT has its own history of conflict. The dynamic is simple: Marketers feel neglected by corporate IT, so they hire outside vendors to run their systems. This makes it even more difficult for corporate IT to help marketers, who then rely on IT even less.
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How To Dye Textiles With Coffee & Tea
Home Hacks
Staining or dying textiles with natural products, such as coffee and tea, is nothing new. But for us home hacks it is an inexpensive, non-toxic and extremely easy method for altering cloth. Staining fabric is perfect if you'd like to create a vintage look or if you'd like to change a bright-white background to an off-white color.
This method works best on cotton, linen or muslin but you can certainly experiment on other materials (cotton absorbs dye very easily). If you have an expensive piece of cloth (such as embroidery or lace) that you'd like to dye it's best to request a swatch or cut a small sample and dye it first.
There is no exact method to this process and because the desired look is entirely up to you, feel free to tailor this "recipe" to your own needs. Tea tends to create a warm, reddish hue and coffee will create a browner color. Again, if you are particular it would be best to test both methods or a combination of the two. The darker the brew, the longer you let the fabric sit and the less you rinse afterwards, the deeper the stain.
What You NeedCloth for staining: be sure to pre-wash fabric to remove dirt or oils or any finishing spray on new fabrics. The above example is 100% cotton and was pre-washed.
Tea: Use tea in bags, something inexpensive, and cut the tags off. Number of bags will depend on size of cloth. For this project 20 tea bags were used.
Coffee: Again, use something inexpensive. Use either instant coffee or brewed coffee.
Pot or container for soaking. Be aware that the dye may stain the container unless you wash it immediately.
Utensil for stirring and removing textile.
Cooktop, tea kettle or coffee pot for making the coffee or tea.
1. For Tea: unwrap tea bags and cut off tags. Brew hot water in tea kettle or in large pot. When water comes to a boil drop in tea bags and turn off heat. Let the tea bags steep.
For Coffee: Brew coffee in coffee pot or add instant coffee to boiling water (instant coffee was used in the above example).
2. Be sure heat is off on the pan and insert cloth. Stir cloth and ensure that it is resting on the bottom to get evenly stained.
3. Let the cloth steep for at least 1 hour. The stronger the tea or coffee and longer you let the cloth steep, the deeper the stain.
4. When cloth is finished steeping remove from the brew and briefly rinse in a cold water bath. If you would like to remove the tea or coffee scent (which will be mild), try washing in the sink with Woolite or you may wash briefly in the washing machine. Washing and rinsing the fabric will take the color "down" so you may omit this step if you want a darker color.
5. Let dry and iron if necessary. This example above was put in the washer and dryer.
Additional Notes: The textiles in the above example are kitchen towels that will obviously go through the wash and dry cycle very frequently, thus the dye will fade over time. The tea/coffee staining method works really well with textiles that will be displayed on the wall or very infrequently washed like pillow covers.
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(Images: Anne Reagan)
11 Comments
if only the photos were brighter, than i can really see what the stained towel looks like.
Maybe it's the lighting but they just look like grimy hand towels now.
I did this with my wedding shoes! Looked great and smelled nice too.
it actually looks like something even I could figure out how to do! cool!
now they just look dingy and dirty. no thanks.
I was looking for a way to tone down some fabric I plan to make into a bodice for my ren fair costume (it's bright red, and I want to tone it down a little). This might be just the thing to try!
I don't get it. Why would you want your towels to look like a dirty dish rag?
The towels just look dirty, but I can imagine the method would create wonderfull cushions, dresses (imagine a small baby-dress treated this way - it would immediately look like an old vintage piece!) or table cloth.
Thanks for sharing, I will definitely try this (although not on the cheapest IKEA-towels as in the example - I dont think anything can make them look good, really).
I think fabric color is something you should live with - don't alter by dying at home. I've ruined a lot of clothes and linens by washing an item my girlfriend has apparently dyed & then unsuspectingly putting them with "as intended" colors. Everything in the load resolves to a similar shade in the wash. Not a good idea, in my opinion.
Everythingistaken -- this method will only work on whites and light colored fabrics. If you want to tone down the red, either use mild bleach to fade it, or find out what the fabric content is and get an appropriate dye. Synthetics and natural fibers need different things to dye permanently. Dharma Trading Company sells excellent dyes online, and has easy to follow instructions. I've also used iDye which is kind of pricey, but does a decent job. Good luck!
Krunkinator - If the dying is done properly, it should be colorfast. Perhaps the wrong type of dye was used, or the excess dye wasn't thoroughly washed out. That even happens with store bought clothing that hasn't been washed after dying (I'm looking at you, Forever 21). I think everyone has had the load of whites that turned grey or pink after a stray sock or something got thrown in.
A few thoughts:
White vinegar/water mix is supposed to set the dye. You can Google it. A soak in OxiClean will take the dye out even after setting it. I embroidered some cotton kitchen towels that were horrendously bleached white for a friend and dyed them a bit to get a more aesthetic ecru color.


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What If Wild Animals Ate Fast Food (Video)LOL, Pop Culture — By Dave on 2013/02/20 5:20 PM
A compilation of animated shorts titled 'Rollin' Safari', produced for the 2013 Stuttgart Festival of Animated Film, features overly round, bloated wild animals in hilarious scenes of mortal combat.
Spotted here and here. Read more about it here.
Tags: Animated Shorts, animation, bloated, CGI, CGI Animated Short Film, chase, Cheetah, Compilation, crocodile, fast food, Fat, fat animals animated short, Flamingos, FMX 2013, FMX 2013 animated animals, FMX 2013 video, funny, inflated, McDonalds, obese, Official Trailer FMX 2013, overly round, Rollin' Safari, Rollin' Wild, rolling, Stuttgart Festival of Animated Film, video, viral, waterhole, what if, What If Wild Animals Ate Fast Food, wild animals, youtube,


text: Estoril Gallery Kristina Barrois continued her good form while Anabel Medina Garrigues finished first place. Published May 01, 2011 12:00 Alisa Kleybanova waved to the crowd after a 62 62 first round win over Olga Govortsova. Portugal's own Maria Joao Koehler was among those helping out at the official draw ceremony. Klara Zakopalova, playing some of the best tennis of her career at 29, at a kids clinic. Alla Kudryavtseva reached her first quarterfinal since winning in Tashkent last September. Jarmila Gajdosova and Zheng Jie were presented new shoes from famous designer Luis Onofre. Alisa Kleybanova burst out to a 4-1 lead in her quarterfinal match against Kristina Barrois. Kristina Barrois' game was too much for Alisa Kleybanova as she upset the top seed, 64 62. Maria Joao Koehler signed autographs for her Portuguese fans at the Sony Ericsson booth. Johanna Larsson reached her second semifinal of the year, having done so at Acapulco also. Anabel Medina Garrigues won her ninth clay title, tying Venus Williams among active players. Topics: estoril open, tournaments, news, photos or videos, johanna larsson, anabel medina garrigues, maria joao koehler, 2011, kristina barrois, jarmila gajdosova, jie zheng, alla kudryavtseva, klara zakopalova, alisa kleybanova, estoril [+] More Share this page! Print Email Related photos Estoril Gallery: Photos From The Finals May 05, 2012 Kaia Kanepi survived a thrilling final to capture the Estoril Open. The doubles final went the distance too. Estoril Gallery: Off The Court & Into The Oven May 02, 2012 From clinics to makeovers to making pizza, check out what's been cooking at the Estoril Open. Estoril Gallery: The Cascais Bicycle Tour May 01, 2012 Three ATP World Tour stars and two WTA stars toured the picturesque seaside suburb of Cascais. To The Top 3


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LONDON— Samsung Electronics Co. 005930.SE -2.27% Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. S. Korea: KRX KRW1,161,000 -27,000 -2.27% Sept. 23, 2014 3:00 pm Volume (Delayed 20m) : 390,828 P/E Ratio 6.05 Market Cap KRW199,923.96 Billion Dividend Yield 0.09% Rev. per Employee N/A 09/22/14 BlackBerry's Makeover Is Takin... 09/21/14 Renren Seeks China's Next Inno... 09/19/14 Apple's New iPhones Start Sell... More quote details and news » on Thursday showed off an array of new devices with wide appeal, including a cheaper version of its flagship smartphone and two new tablets, in its bid to gain more market share in the highly competitive mobile-devices market.
The product launches come amid mounting concerns that sales of the company's flagship Galaxy S4 smartphone may not be as strong as estimated.
Samsung's Galaxy S4 Mini phone is designed for emerging markets. European Pressphoto Agency
Shares in Samsung, South Korea's biggest company by market capitalization, have fallen sharply over the past two weeks, wiping out more than $27 billion off its market value.
The decline in its stock price is reminiscent of the fall in rival Apple Inc. AAPL +0.10% Apple Inc. U.S.: Nasdaq $101.06 +0.10 +0.10% Sept. 22, 2014 4:00 pm Volume (Delayed 15m) : 51.76M AFTER HOURS $100.71 -0.35 -0.35% Sept. 22, 2014 7:59 pm Volume (Delayed 15m) : 1.03M P/E Ratio 16.22 Market Cap $604.54 Billion Dividend Yield 1.86% Rev. per Employee $2,214,380 09/22/14 BlackBerry's Makeover Is Takin... 09/22/14 New Level of Smartphone Encryp... 09/22/14 Apple Sells Over 10 Million Ne... More quote details and news » shares earlier this year that was sparked by concerns over demand for its latest iPhone 5.
Morgan Stanley MS -1.62% Morgan Stanley U.S.: NYSE $35.18 -0.58 -1.62% Sept. 22, 2014 4:00 pm Volume (Delayed 15m) : 9.76M AFTER HOURS $35.18 0.00 % Sept. 22, 2014 7:50 pm Volume (Delayed 15m) : 384,298 P/E Ratio 16.21 Market Cap $70.21 Billion Dividend Yield 1.14% Rev. per Employee $778,059 09/22/14 Overheard: Wall Street Sees Pr... 09/22/14 Indiana Toll Road Operator Fil... 09/22/14 An Ironic Flood on Wall Street More quote details and news » earlier this month cut Samsung's forecast for Galaxy S4 shipments to 61 million units this year from 71 million, noting a recent decline in component orders for the phone indicates a "normal, not super," global rollout.
Compare Smartphones
See a side-by-side comparison of some popular phones.
Smartphone Wars
Explore features and specifications of smartphones.
The brokerage estimates 310 million smartphone shipments for 2013, compared with an estimated 213 million units shipped in 2012, according to Strategy Analytics. Samsung doesn't disclose sales targets for its smartphones or provide a breakdown of mobile-phone sales.
On Thursday, Samsung touted the Galaxy S4 Mini, a stripped down version of its high-end flagship smartphone, in hopes it will grab more consumers especially in emerging markets. Samsung didn't disclose how much the Galaxy S4 Mini would cost or when it would be available.
In May, Samsung said it had shipped more than 10 million Galaxy S4s since the smartphone hit markets in late April. The company hasn't provided sales-figure updates since then.
Streaming Updates
Plus, visit the Gadget Wars stream for the latest on the cutthroat action between Apple, Amazon, Google, Nokia and others.
As smartphone prices continue to decline amid stiff competition and as manufacturers roll out cheaper smartphones, some analysts said Samsung's ability to deliver a wide portfolio of products across various price points is its survival strategy.
Unlike Apple, which has only one line of smartphones, Samsung has been introducing hand-held and mobile devices in various sizes. But it remains to be seen whether there will be demand for all of the Samsung products.
At Thursday's event, held at a cavernous exhibition hall in London, executives rattled off statistics for a bewildering array of products—some new, some previously announced—ranging from phones and tablets to laptops and cameras.
Samsung appeared to be touting phones for every niche: large ones, small ones, those with zoom lenses, another that is dust and water-resistant, even a pink phone.
"It's an 'all things to all people' strategy, covering every possible product size and type possible to capture as many customers as possible," says Mark Newman, a senior analyst with Sanford C. Bernstein.
While Samsung is the largest smartphone maker, it still trails Apple in tablets.
Apple had a 39.6% share in tablets in the first quarter, with 19.5 million units shipped, while Samsung was No. 2 with a 17.9% share, according market-research firm IDC.
Gaining market share with tablets running on Windows may be difficult as well, as Microsoft Corp.'s MSFT -0.97% Microsoft Corp. U.S.: Nasdaq $47.06 -0.46 -0.97% Sept. 22, 2014 4:00 pm Volume (Delayed 15m) : 38.00M AFTER HOURS $47.06 0.00 % Sept. 22, 2014 7:33 pm Volume (Delayed 15m) : 688,873 P/E Ratio 17.69 Market Cap $391.56 Billion Dividend Yield 2.63% Rev. per Employee $677,570 09/22/14 Credits & Debits | cfoeditors@... 09/20/14 Microsoft Delays Xbox One's Ch... 09/19/14 Once Again, Oracle Must Reinve... More quote details and news » latest Windows 8 operating system has so far failed to make much headway.
Last year, Samsung unveiled its ATIV line of Windows-based tablets but it hasn't yet received wide acceptance by consumers.
On Thursday, Samsung refreshed the product line by launching a 10.1-inch device called ATIV Tab 3 that is billed as "the world's thinnest Windows 8 tablet" at 8.2 millimeters thick. It also launched a 13.3-inch tablet called ATIV Q that can run both Windows and Google Inc. GOOG -1.46% Google Inc. Cl C U.S.: Nasdaq $587.37 -8.71 -1.46% Sept. 22, 2014 4:00 pm Volume (Delayed 15m) : 1.67M AFTER HOURS $587.37 0.00 % Sept. 22, 2014 7:16 pm Volume (Delayed 15m) : 18,195 P/E Ratio N/A Market Cap $406.34 Billion Dividend Yield N/A Rev. per Employee $1,321,030 09/19/14 Tesla Motors Releases New Soft... 09/11/14 Chipheads and Gearheads, Drag ... 09/10/14 Google's Hardware Shift Takes ... More quote details and news » 's Android software.
Samsung's Mobile Chief J.K. Shin said in an interview in March that smartphones and tablets based on Microsoft's Windows operating system aren't selling very well, adding that there is a preference in the market for Android.
Along with the tablets and smartphones, Samsung introduced an upgraded version of its Web-connected camera called the Galaxy NX that comes with an interchangeable lens.
The company is betting on the convergence of smartphones and cameras to grab more market share in the digital-camera industry, which remains a weakness for the company.
Write to Ben Rooney at email@example.com and Min-Jeong Lee at email@example.com


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Ben Shahn's American Scene
Photographs, 1938
Rediscovered FSA photographs by a major American artist
The paintings, murals, and graphics of Ben Shahn (1898�1969) have made him one of the most heralded American artists of the twentieth century, but during the 1930s he was also among the nation's premier photographers. Much of his photographic work was sponsored by the New Deal's Farm Security Administration, where his colleagues included Dorothea Lange and Walker Evans.
Ben Shahn's American Scene: Photographs, 1938 presents one hundred superb photographs from his most ambitious FSA project, a survey of small-town life in the Depression. John Raeburn's accompanying text illuminates the thematic and formal significance of individual photographs and reveals how, taken together, they address key cultural and political issues of the years leading up to World War II. Shahn's photographs highlight conflicts between traditional values and the newer ones introduced by modernity as represented by the movies, chain stores, and the tantalizing allure of consumer goods, and they are particularly rich in observation about the changes brought about by Americans' universal reliance on the automobile. They also explore the small town's standing as the nation's symbol of democratic community and expose the discriminatory social and racial practices that subverted this ideal in 1930s America.
"The inherent truth in these deeply felt photographs is further proof of Ben Shahn's enduring relevance as an artist."--Forward
"Raeburn's close reading of the photographs and his analysis of what Shahn excluded offer a model for how historians can use photographs as primary documents."--Indiana Magazine of History
"With clarity and grace, John Raeburn analyzes Shahn's lesser-known work as a photographer and adds an important dimension to our understanding of 1930s photography and culture."--Miles Orvell, editor of John Vachon's America: Photographs and Letters from the Depression to World War II
"Adroitly analyzing the complex visual dynamics in Ben Shahn's photography of small Ohio towns, Raeburn offers a useful and compelling reading of an important but neglected group of images."--Cara Finnegan, author of Picturing Poverty: Print Culture and FSA Photographs
To order online:
To order by phone:
(800) 621-2736 (USA/Canada)
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text:
- Posted by Maegan
- 6 Comments
- in Everyday Life
We have now lived in the Seattle area for two years now. Two years. I can hardly believe it. They say that time flies when you are having fun and it is sure true. It seems like just yesterday that we moved here. When we moved over here Zoë was less than a year old. She wasn't even walking yet. Now she is almost three and yesterday was walking around humming "Swan Lake." *sniff*
Ever since we discovered downtown Kirkland a few weeks ago we have been on the look out for a new house. Not that we are going to be moving any time soon, but we are casually looking. Moving is such a pain in the…well, you know… that we are not going to do it unless we find the perfect house. There isn't much on the market that can top our current home. Really, it is all about location. If we could pick up our townhouse and move it we would.
Last week we went and looked at another townhouse near downtown Kirkland. Kelly had a home owner's association meeting last Monday (he is the treasurer) and a fellow board member mentioned that she (she is a Realtor) was getting a property ready to put on the market that sounded perfect for us. It was beautiful and had amazing upgrades done to the home, but there was no place for a home office and although it was close to downtown Kirkland, you had to walk through an industrial area to get there. No thanks. I have a feeling that this is going to take a while, but that is OK.
While we were touring the home, Debbie Lynn (the Realtor) asked us if our townhouse was market ready. I had never heard of this before. Kelly said yes. I said, I don't know. Since we decided not to purchase the other home Kelly dismissed her comment but I have been obsessing over it. Market Ready. It just so happened that I found "Designed to Sell" while I was laid out with my cold. I set a season pass on our TIVO and went to town. I have since watched about five episodes and it is fascinating. I had no idea that people redecorated and painted their homes before putting them on the market. Not a clue! Obviously, one would fix anything that needed to be repaired and touch up any scuffs on the walls, but completely redecorate?
I must say, it sure does make a difference. I will also say that our home is most definitely NOT market ready. We would have to repaint Zoë's room. As much as she adores her castle and family tree on the wall, potential buyers probably would not. The designer on the show made a good point, People need to be able to see themselves living in your home. They can't do that if it is filled up with your personable belongings, such as pictures. Then there is the whole issue of the huge burn mark on our counter from where I left a candle burning over night…..How the heck do you refinish a counter top? It's a good thing that we aren't in any rush.
I can't have a boring blog post with no pictures so I will show you the cute little banner I put together for Zoë's blog. I redecorated it for spring. Now if I were just better about posting on it….


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Central Market
Visiting Rīga without seeing the Central Market is like going to Paris and not stopping by the Louvre.
Visiting Rīga without seeing the Central Market is like going to Paris and not stopping by the Louvre.
If you're curious about what lurks behind Rīga's imaginative art-nouveau facades, then it's definitely worth stopping by here. Once the home of Constantīns Pēkšēns (a local architect responsible for over 250 of the city's buildings), the centre has been completely restored to resemble a middle-class apartment from the 1920s.
Touristy Rātslaukums is home to the postcard- worthy Blackheads' House, built in 1344 as a veritable fraternity house for the Blackheads guild of unmarried German merchants. The house was decimated in 1941, and flattened by the Soviets seven years later. Somehow the original blueprints survived and an exact replica was completed in 2001 for Rīga's 800th birthday.
Affectionately known as 'Milda', Rīga's Freedom Monument towers above the city between Old and Central Rīga. Paid for by public donations, the monument was designed by Kārlis Zāle and erected in 1935 where a statue of Russian ruler Peter the Great once stood.
Pilsētas kanāls, the city's old moat, once protected the medieval interior from invaders. Today, the snaking ravine has been incorporated into a thin belt of stunning parkland splitting Old and Central Rīga. Stately Raiņa bulvāris follows the rivulet on the north side, and used to be known as 'Embassy Row' during Latvia's independence between the world wars.
The centrepiece of expansive Doma laukums is Rīga's enormous Dome Cathedral. Founded in 1211 as the seat of the Rīga diocese, it is still the largest church in the Baltic.
The Latvian government has done an admirable job of razing all traces of Soviet oppression (ie ugly utilitarian structures), but they left one hideous reminder behind to purposefully contrast the rest of Rātslaukums' ornate architecture.
An echo of Vērmanes dārzs across bustling Brīvības, the expansive Esplanāde is a large park dotted with imposing trees, wooden benches, historic statues and a couple of cafes. The Latvian National Museum of Art sits within the leafy grounds along K Valdemāra iela.
The stars of the collection at this fantastic museum are cars that once belonged to Soviet luminaries such as Gorky, Stalin, Khrushchev and Brezhnev, complete with irreverent life-sized figures of the men themselves. Stalin, pockmarked cheeks and all, sits regally in the back of his 7-tonne, 6005cc-armoured limousine. The car has 1.
Rīga's skyline centrepiece is this Gothic church, thought to be around 800 years old. Don't miss the view from the spire, which has been rebuilt three times in the same baroque form. Legend has it that in 1667 the builders threw glass from the top to see how long the spire would last; a greater number of shards meant a very long life.
In the far corner of Old Rīga near the Vanšu Bridge, verdant Pils laukums sits at the doorstep of Rīga Castle. Originally built as the headquarters for the Livonian Order, the foundation dates to 1330 and served as the residence of the order's grand master.
Located behind Doma laukums, away from the cathedral, three architectural gems neatly line up in a photogenic row. Known as the Three Brothers, these three stone houses exemplify Old Rīga's diverse collection of architectural styles (and echo Tallinn's 'Three Sisters').


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Name: Munawwar
Considering Munawwar as a baby name?
Below you find information gathered from our name survey where we asked people named Munawwar if they like their name. Parents can use this feedback when considering Munawwar as a baby name.
In total 5 people used the name survey for Munawwar.
Would you advise parents to name their baby Munawwar?
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Tip: It can be irritating and stressful if people have difficulty reading your name. Therefore, try to choose a name that is easy to pronounce. Read more »
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Tip: Names that are difficult to spell can be a stumbling block for a child when they have to explain it's spelling repeatedly. A name with an apparent spelling is better. Read more »
Is Munawwar easily pronounced in other languages?
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In our rapidly globalizing world, children will come in contact with friends, co-workers or family from other countries. Thus, it is advisable to choose names that are easy to pronounce in other major languages as well as your own. Read more »
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Share your comments
1001 great ideas for teaching and raising children with autism or Asperger's
Notbohm, Ellen.
Adult Nonfiction RJ506.A9 N68 2010
Notbohm, Ellen.
Adult Nonfiction RJ506.A9 N68 2010
Summary: Contains 1001 suggestions for meeting the challenges faced by children with autism spectrum disorders, covering sensory integration, communication, language, daily living, social issues, behavior, and education.
Be the first to add a comment! Share your thoughts about this title. Would you recommend it? Why or why not?
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Do not post questions about Ace in this section. Any and all Ace related support should be posted in the Ace section found here.
How to read RPGVX data? *solved*
Feb 4 2010, 05:13 AM
Post #1
Type: Designer
Alignment: Chaotic Good
Okay, so I am making a website for my game as part of my Adv. Web Design class in school. I am making a complete help site for my game with information on all the items/armors/weapons/enemies/etc.
The problem is that, I can't take the editor with all the data to the school computer to get the data for the items(such as their stats and what they do), so I have been writing down all the items' specs and everything in notepad at home, then taking that notepad file to school...which is VERY tedious and slow.
I was wondering if there was any way to somehow either get the editor to work and run the database at school, or to open and decrypt the .rvdata files such as items.rvdata, so I don't have to write down all the stats manually.
Edit: I installed it to my usb drive at home and took it to school and it worked thx a bunch never thought about doing that!
This post has been edited by casper667: Feb 5 2010, 01:43 AM
Feb 4 2010, 05:28 AM
Post #2
Type: Musician
Alignment: Lawful Neutral
Hm, I used to run RPG Maker VX off a usb drive and that worked for me. You really can't use the .rvdata files without the editor afaik, so you'd need to install it on a usb drive, and/or whatever machine you're at, to access them.
Alternatively to notepad, might I suggest Microsoft excel or Google spreadsheets?
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