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Chronology: Yukon-Charley
Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve encompasses 2.52 million acres of virtual wilderness and major portions of the mighty Yukon River and a southern tributary, the Charley. When it crosses the Canadian border, the Yukon River has completed a third of its 1,875-mile traverse to the Bering Sea from its headwaters in the Yukon Territory. Between Eagle and Circle the river courses sinuously but generally northwesterly. From Eagle the river flows through what is called the Upper Rampart, a 155-mile section that skirts the Ogilvie Mountains, descending gradually at a speed of 6 to 8 miles an hour. As the waters flow farther into Alaska, small islands increasingly dot the channel, and streams draining the Ogilvie Mountainsthe Tatonkuk, Kaondik, and Nationjoin the great river from the northeast. The Seventymile and Charley rivers, which head in the Yukon-Tanana Upland, join from the west and south. The additional waters of these tributaries broaden the Yukon from the half-mile width at the border to 2 miles at Circle.
The Yukon River section from the Canadian border to near Circle that is within the preserve was a much-traveled route during pre-Klondike and Klondike gold eras as well as into more recent times. Major activity areas, like the important mining towns of Eagle and Circle, and the most productive placer regions of Birch Creek and Fortymile River, lie outside present preserve boundaries. This portion of the Yukon River ties into earlier interior mining history, but few mining sites are within the preserve. Though production from Yukon-Charley was meager, some mining has been carried out continuously since 1898. Though mining has been limited to a few creeks, notably Fourth of July, Coal, Woodchopper, Sam, and Washington, operations on them exhibit some singularities, particularly in the development of dredging from 1935. Precise production figures are vague because the region's output was always included with other districts: Woodchopper and Coal Creek were reported by the USGS with the Birch Creek district, and Fourth of July Creek was reported within the Eagle District.
Fourth of July Creek
Thanks to the letters of Alfred McMichael, a '98 stampeder, we have some vivid impressions of early mining on Fourth of July Creek. McMichael was one of many stampeders who reached Dawson after all of the ground had long since been claimed by other prospectors. He was not rich enough to buy a claim, so either he returned home in defeat or looked elsewhere for gold prospects. With a couple of partners he determined to look around. He wrote to his wife from Dawson: "We have come many thousands of miles, and spent over four months getting here. It certainly would be extraordinary good luck if we fell into a good claim so soon. Also, we are prepared to face failure for this country has been awfully boomed and vastly lied about." [1]
On June 25 the McMichael party left Dawson in a small boat and rowed 60 miles up the Fortymile. That legendary river also was blanketed with mining claims, so the prospectors returned to the Yukon and headed downriver for Circle. By July 10 they reached a likely looking southern tributary about 40 miles from the Canadian border. With stout resolve, despite the dismal rain, they packed over an old Indian trail. Whenever they left the trail to prospect, they encountered the difficult terrain characteristic of much of the interior:
Slogging over the tussocks was miserable, as were the plagues of mosquitoes. At night the men wore nets for protection, yet the roar of insects kept them awake. After three days they had traveled 16 miles, discovered color, found other miners at work, and staked a claim. Miners from Circle had already staked a number of claims on the "Glorious Fourth," hence the stream's name. But for local regulations made by the discoverers at their first miners meeting, McMichael would not have been able to claim his tract, which he called the 10 Below Discovery. The original miners on the ground, fed up with claim abuses elsewhere, had decreed that only one claim could be taken by an individual, and power of attorney claims were prohibited. As a result, less land had been claimed then elsewhere.
The Fourth of July Creek miners founded two camps on the Yukon, Ivy and Nation. Ivy did not last but Nation, located opposite the mouth of Nation River not far from Fourth of July Creek, developed a little. As with claim restrictions, a miners meeting laid down the rules for the new town. Each person could stake one 50-by-100-foot lot by paying a $2.50 recording fee, clearing one half of the street, and making a few improvements.
Fourth of July Creek, which heads only 12 miles from the Yukon, runs through a valley 200 to 400 feet wide 2,000 feet below surrounding ridges. With a small drainage area and low precipitation, the volume of water available is generally insufficient for mining. Much of the rock is limestone and bedrock averages nine feet.
Most miners left Fourth of July Creek for the winter, and McMichael was no exception. No one thought they had much to protect. Some seven or eight cabins were built the first season, and a couple more were added later. At its peak, Nation boasted only a dozen cabins, a small store, and a roadhouse. Its decline from 1899 was never arrested, although a few miners and trappers continued to use the cabins.
Over the years, the creek yielded only minor amounts of gold. That men persisted to mine the area for half a century speaks volumes about the nature of mining and the men who persevered. Through 1905 the stream produced $30,000. In 1906 a dozen miners made $6,000 through drift and open-cut mining. In 1911 miners brought advanced mining technology into the area. An 86-horsepower Bagley steam scraper finally was put into service, after being removed from the Yukon barge and taking 20 days to plow through 10 miles of brush under its own power.
Even with such limited success, willing investors came forward sometime after 1916 to support a hydraulic operation. Production went on sporadically through the 1930s. In 1929 the July Creek Mining Co. on Fourth of July Creek was the largest of some 10 camps within the district but, in all, only 25 men labored in the district. The July Creek Placer Co. was organized in 1919 by James M. Taylor of Nation with backing from B.D. Vanderveer and Paul Rhodius of Sedro-Wooley, Washington. The company's capitalization was at $100,000, most of which represented the claims themselves. It was a typical small mining operation but more successful than most others. Taylor left after a year and was replaced as resident manager by A.D. Reynolds. Reynolds lasted two years before giving way to George Matlock. [3]
Shifts in management and ownership were common in mining. In 1925 the company optioned the property to Casper Ellington, stipulating that a dredge be installed. When the operator failed to bring in a dredge, the company sold out to Richard Bauer in 1929. Bauer worked for the next seven years with a crew of four to five men. He built a 2.5-mile ditch along the eastern side of the valley to produce 165 feet of pressure. The crew operated three giants to seep gravel into sluice boxes. Water shortages often forced shutdowns.
Bauer's operation was the largest in the district but he sold out in 1936 after production declined. Work continued by the new owners until the war. Yukon Placers bought the claims after the war, built a road from the Yukon, and installed new hydraulic equipment. Work started up again in 1948. Production in 1949 was 1,372 ounces of gold. Work continued until 1951. A bulldozer operation started in 1949, producing $50,000 before closing in 1951.
Charley River
The Charley River courses northward 107 miles from its origin to join the Yukon at river mile 1,179. Despite tributary names suggestive of mineral wealth, including Bonanza and Copper, no minerals have been mined along its reaches. About 60 prospectors tried their luck along the Charley in 1898-99. They founded the camp of Independence on the Yukon River at the mouth of the Charley and built eight or 10 cabins, but it quickly faded when no gold was found.
Coal and Woodchopper Creeks
Prospectors located claims on both of these streams in 1898, but their potential created little excitement. A handful of miners worked placers sporadically in the early years of the century along 5-mile stretches upstream. Some mining was also done on Boulder and Rose creeks, tributaries of Woodchopper and Mineral creeks (a tributary of Woodchopper), respectively. Production statistics for the region do not usually detail particular creek yields, but Mineral Creek's output was $18,000 in 1906 when 18 men labored for the season. Activity had begun to pick up on the several creeks in 1905, but the gain was small. Only $15,000 was taken that year from Woodchopper, Coal, Washington, and Fourth of July creeks.
Life was not easy for Abe Fisher, Frank Slaven, and the few other miners who independently worked the creeks. A man suffering accident or illness had few options. Abe Fisher of Woodchopper wrote to the mission hospital at Fort Yukon in distress over his health. Dr. Grafton Burke was solicitous but cautious: "By this mail we are sending your medicine with full instructions for your ailment, as we best understand it from the rather uncertain account given. You must remember, however, that a catarrhal affliction is surprisingly rebellious to all treatment and more often responds in many types to a change of atmosphere." The doctor was not, however, hinting that Fisher leave the country and extended an invitation: "This hospital of the Episcopal Church is for the purpose of serving humanity whether or not they can meet their business obligations. If, therefore, you are in need of medical or surgical care, you may be admitted for the same, regardless of cost." [4]
Fisher lived at the Woodchopper roadhouse. Other roadhouses were spaced along the Yukon to serve travelers. Some achieved local fame because of the peculiarities of their operators, as with the Washington Creek roadhouse. A determined woman ran this two-room hotel until declining winter Yukon trail traffic closed it sometime after 1910. The Rev. Hudson Stuck reported that the roadhouse's proprietor, eager to stay in business, used to grab her rifle and fire warning shots at travelers who by-passed her place. [5]
Judge James Wickersham, who traveled often between his base at Eagle to Circle and Rampart for court sessions, had plenty to say about roadhouses in his memoir, Old Yukon. Webber's Roadhouse, located about 15 miles northwest of the Coal Creek mouth, was not one of his favorite stops because old Webber was cantankerous and a slovenly housekeeper. Wickersham's description of the roadhouse is detailed and probably fit a number of the hostelries available to miners and others:
Frank Slaven was a Coal Creek miner who hung on in the area for many years. Like Alfred McMichael and others, he had been drawn to the region in 1898. For several years he made a living working several claims with pick and shovel and living off the land. Finally, in 1905, his efforts were rewarded with a promising strike on Coal Creek. This discovery was enough to keep him from wandering away in the manner of most miners. His placer yield, however, was not rich enough to make him independent of other work. He trapped, cut wood for steamboats, and ran a roadhouse which he built where Coal Creek entered the Yukon. Slaven consolidated a number of claims and sold them to A.D. McRae and Ernest Patty in 1934.
Frank Slaven on Coal Creek, Abe Fisher on Woodchopper, and other men dwelling elsewhere along the Yukon and its tributaries were part of a special society. Many of the men were bachelors or, like George Pilcher of Marshall, once married men who, for varying reasons, could neither return outside nor induce their wives to join them.
Their lives were neither very adventurous nor particularly romantic. They were small-scale miners who worked hard just to keep going. Whether their lot, viewed objectively, was superior to that of most workers Outside at the time or not is questionable. But those who lingered in the North certainly believed that their independent, self-reliant existence was a better courseand that kept them going.
After 1906 most mining was carried on by a few pick-and-shovel men. USGS geologist L.M. Prindle and J.B. Mertie, Jr., investigated gold placers between Woodchopper and Fourth of July creeks in 1911 and reported what they found. The region was known to contain auriferous gravel and had relatively easy access from the Yukon River. The nearest settlements were Eagle and Circle "and a few buildings" at Nation and at the mouth of Woodchopper Creek. Virtually all developments in the district had occurred since 1905. Despite the flurry of activity over the previous few years, however, Prindle estimated that "the total gold production of the region to date is less than $150,000, the greater part of which has come from Mineral Gulch, a tributary of Woodchopper, and from Fourth of July Creek." [7]
The most promising discoveries made on Coal Creek by the time of Prindle's visit were 15 miles from the mouth. In 1910, miners reached bedrock at 7 feet and found some nuggets valued up to $14. Miners were also working on Woodchopper Creek, a small stream only 12 miles long in a floodplain half a mile wide, and at Mineral Creek, a promising tributary of the Woodchopper. At some places the overburden was very deep, up to 30 feet.
Ten mines employing 25 men operated in the summer of 1914, and several of them on Coal Creek worked over the winter. Work began that season on a hydraulic plant to carry water from Iron Creek to the mouth of Mineral Creek for an operation on Woodchopper Creek.
Post Offices and Census
Nation had a post office from 1908 to 1924. Roadhouse owner William E. Noyes was postmaster from 1908-1919, succeeded by Frank Young. Woodchopper's post office operated from 1919 to 1936 when the Coal Creek office opened to replace it. The Coal Creek post office closed in 1961. The post office at Circle opened in 1896 and that at Eagle in 1898.
Census figures for the Circle district, which included the town of Circle as well as residents of areas now a part of the Yukon-Charley preserve, show the paucity of the population:
The 1960, 1970, and 1980 census gave populations for the town of Circle but not for the district.
Production Totals
Statistics of gold and silver production in the Circle district from 1894-1918 show a remarkable constancy over the period. Of course, only a small part of the yield can be attributed to Coal, Woodchopper, Fourth of July, or other creeks within Yukon-Charley. See the following page for a breakdown of gold and silver production in the Circle District from 1894 to 1918.
Circle District Gold and Silver Production 1894-1918 [8]
Note: From 1918 to 1988 further production has been documented by state geologist Tom Bundtzen. His figures show a total gold production from discovery of 917,455 ounces and 145,774 ounces of silver.
Conditions changed in the 1930s when a dredge was brought to Coal Creek. This dredge operation distinguishes the mining history of Yukon-Charley from that in other park regions. Dredging became commonplace from early in the twentieth century in the interior, on the Seward Peninsula, and elsewhere, but employment of the great mechanical diggers was not deemed feasible on any sections now within Alaska park boundaries save for Coal and Woodchopper creeks. Dredging, introduced by Gold Placer, Inc. and a sister company, Alluvial Golds, Inc., was directed by Ernest Patty, a mining engineer who later became president of the University of Alaska.
In the years before dredging, the country serviced by the towns of Eagle and Circle was mostly uninhabited. Eagle, well situated on a terrace above the high-water level, had long been recognized as "the best town site of the upper Yukon," because it could not be flooded yet was located alongside a deep channel of the river, which helped steamboat landings. [9] Despite these advantages, the mining economy supported a permanent white population of only 40 people in the summer of 1930, a population that increased a little in the winter when miners moved in from their claims.
Circle was closer to most of the mining areas of Yukon-Charley and was also the supply point for the Birch Creek mining district. Even so, its summer population was only 20 with a few additions in the winter.
Nation and Woodchopper continued to lose population, and by 1930 Nation had only two residents. Eight to 10 miners lived near the Fourth of July Creek diggings. Woodchopper was livelier with 15 to 20 men. The white population between Eagle and Circle, including trappers, was estimated by the USGS in 1930 as "probably less than 100." [10]
The Yukon River was still the major highway of the region in the 1930s. There were a few short wagon roads from Circle to the Birch Creek district and from Eagle to American Creek. In 1925 a short road was built from Nation up Fourth of July Creek. Most freight in the region was moved during the winter by horse and dogsleds.
Even after completion of the Alaska Railroad, freight rates from Outside remained high. The railroad did not offer any connecting freight service to the upper Yukon. The Canadian route remained the important one. Freight was carried by rail from Skagway to Whitehorse, thence by steamboat down the Yukon. In the late 1920s a summer road was built from Fairbanks to Chatanika and Circle, which was some help to district mines, but freight continued to come in over the Canadian route.
Patty's Dredge
Ernest Patty recommended Coal Creek to his Canadian employer, A.D. McRae, putting his faith in mechanical mining. McRae optioned several miles of ground from claim owners, who had been trying to make a living on pick-and-shovel mining. Patty put down churn drill holes every 100 feet across the Coal Creek Valley and also sank prospect shafts. The test results were favorable, but even before the testing was completed the miners were cheered by news that gold prices had risen from $20.67 to $35 an ounce. Thus encouraged, McRae put Patty in charge of the operation and gave him an interest in the mine.
In 1935 Patty built an 8-mile road from the Yukon, portable camp buildings that could be moved at need, and a 2-mile ditch along the hillside to bring gravity water above the mining area for stripping and thawing. Water was essential in preparing the ground for a dredging operation. At Coal Creek the frozen overburden, or "muck," varied in depth from 6 to 26 feet. Removing this was the first task before the frozen, gold-bearing gravel could be thawed and dug by the dredge. To remove the muck, Patty's crew spaced hydraulic nozzles or giants around the area. Water piped from the hills provided pressure heavy enough to sweep the muck away in stages as it thawed at the rate of about 4 inches a day.
After a few weeks of work, the miners reached bedrock. No dredge could dig into this frozen ground, so miners had to drive points10-foot lengths of extra-heavy steel pipe, seven-eighths of an inch in diameter, topped with a chisel bit. Water was carried through a network of connecting pipes under pressure to spurt out from the chisel bit. Eventually the water worked downward to thaw the gravel. It required lots of water and several weeks before the ground was ready for the dredge.
Charles Janin, the leading dredge designer of the time, had been commissioned by McRae to design the Coal Creek dredge. Janin, assisted by engineer Ira Joraleman, designed a 4-cubic-foot bucket system with an iron pontoon hull that was constructed by the Walter W. Johnson Co. of Oakland, California. Once built, the dredge was taken apart and shipped by sea, the White Pass and Yukon Railroad, and barge to Coal Creek. The parts weighed 400 tons, and their removal from a barge at the camp with no loading equipment was a monumental task.
It was a big day for Patty when the dredge was bolted together and moved from its recently flooded construction pit:
The dredge worked around the clock, gouging out its own pond as it advanced, sealing it at its lower end with discarded sand and gravel. Heavier gravel that would not pass through the screen was carried by a conveyor belt or stacker to form piles behind the dredges. Such mounds of tailings remain conspicuous sights wherever dredge mining has been practiced.
After two weeks, Patty shut the dredge down for the first cleanup. This was an anxious time. His reputation and the continued employment of the workforce hung in the balance:
Patty thought the amalgam looked good but could not know its value until the mass was taken to the gold room, cleaned, cooked, to distill the mercury, then cooled. A large sponge of gold was the happy result. After melting in a furnace and slagging off impurities the gold was poured into steel molds to be cast into bars. The yield totaled $27,000an excellent start to the season. McRae was persuaded to follow Patty's suggestion that claims on Woodchopper Creek, just across the mountain ridge, also be purchased.
Services to the area were improved as Coal Creek was developed. The Woodchopper post office was closed in 1936 and moved to the mouth of Coal Creek. An automobile road was built in 1936 from the mouth of Coal Creek upstream 6-miles to the mines. From the camp the road continued westward across the ridge into the valley of Woodchopper Creek.
When geologist J.B. Mertie, Jr. visited the operations in 1936 he described the dredge:
Patty bought Frank Bennett's claims on Woodchopper after sinking a number of test shafts. Bennett, a veteran miner since 1890, had mined in the Fortymile country for years. The ground was good enough to support a second dredge for more than 25 years.
Ernest Patty's memoirs are of interest historically because he had much to say about his development of Coal Creek. Since his family customarily joined him at the camp for the season, he was perhaps stimulated to create a more pleasant environment than that in most mining camps.
The four-man bunkhouses stood separate from these buildings so that night-shift workers could have quiet when they slept.
When the operation closed in October the men dispersed. The Indians of Eagle would return to there, and most miners wintered Outside or in Fairbanks. Phil Berail, the hydraulic foreman, always left with his dog team for the headwaters of the Charley River, where he prospected and trapped until spring. Patty had a home in Fairbanks and close connections with the University of Alaska. Many of the Coal Creek jobs were filled by students, and all of the company's engineers were college men Patty had trained.
As elsewhere, the dredge operations on Coal and Woodchopper creeks were closed during World War II. After the war, Patty tried to carry on despite rising costs of operations. He stopped using hydraulics for stripping off the overburden of muck and relied on ground sluicing using the creek water to erode the muck. By exposing the gravel a year or two before dredging the summer heat thawed it and saved the expense of point driving. This economy saved about 10 cents a cubic yard, a considerable amount since the yield was only 60 cents in gold per cubic yard (about a ton-and-a-half of earth). It took a lot of dirt handling to produce enough gold to justify the operation. Most days the men mined 3,000 yards.
Mertie and the USGS
In 1937 the U.S. Geological Survey published Bulletin 872, The Yukon-Tanana Region Alaska, a compendium of the government geologists' investigations over many years. Its principal author, J.B. Mertie, considered it his opus as it encompassed his field work in 1911, 1921, 1922, 1925, 1928, 1929, 1931, and 1936 and summarized work done by others: "The present report may be said to terminate the era of reconnaissance surveys begun by Brooks and Prindle in 1903." At least 25 geologists had worked in the huge region bound by the Yukon and Tanana rivers but it was Mertie's task to summarize the effort. Production figures compiled by the USGS are the best index to the ups and downs of the region's mining activity. Speculators and miners studied each year's statistics and sometimes shaped their plans by what the numbers revealed. Mertie acknowledged the other USGS men and Alaskans who contributed: "The writer has never experienced any treatment other than hospitality among the prospectors, miners, and traders in this country." [15]
Understanding the importance of work done by USGS includes appreciation of the personal endeavors of individuals compiling research under trying conditions. Bulletin #872, Mertie's personal reminiscences, provides a sense of change and the passage of time on the mining frontier. Mertie and Louis Prindle started their 1911 field season at Woodchopper. He was familiar with the twin nemeses of field workers: "moskitoes were thick and the swampy ground made transport of the men and pack-horses difficult." He learned some coping tricks, like cutting slits in the sides of his boots to let the water out as fast as it seeped in. His unforgettable experiences included a unique view from atop a mountain: "The ridges were covered with caribou in every direction as far as the eye could see. There must have been 100,000." [16]
Near the end of the season, Mertie got lost near Nation and Fourth-of-July creeks. Fortunately, he stumbled onto a cabin, a winter roadhouse, where he met the first Alaskans he had seen since leaving Eagle early in the summer. From there he finished his field work at a Seventymile River mining camp. "I had never seen a placer mine but being a geologist I was supposed to be an expert, so I bluffed my way pretending a knowledge I didn't possess." [17] From this uncertain start in the Yukon-Charley country, Mertie became a familiar summer Alaskan, one of the corps of specialists who studied the northern environment.
District Production
Overall gold production of Coal and Woodchopper creeks has been considerable, with most mined during the early dredging years. [18] Precise figures for Coal Creek from 1936-57 were 92,385 ounces of gold and 9,514 ounces of silver. The Circle district, which included Coal and Woodchopper creeks and Deadwood and Mammoth creeks (outside park boundaries), represented a gold-mining boom in the late 1930s. Thanks to the new dredges operated by Patty, USGS reported that "of all the districts in the Yukon region, the Circle district showed the greatest percentage of increase in placer-gold output in 1936 over that of 1935." The 1935 yield was $346,000; in 1936 it was $124,000. This gain moved the Circle district to third place among the Yukon districts, which were always led by Fairbanks and Iditarod. Other districts included Innoko, Ruby, Tolovana, Hot Springs, Tanana, Fortymile, Koyukuk and Chandalar, Marshall, Kantishna, Bonnifield, Rampart, Eagle, and Chisana. [19]
The 1937 USGS reported figures similar with a production of $937,000, which moved the Circle district to second place among Yukon districts just below Fairbanks and ahead of Iditarod. [20]
In 1938 the Circle district gained again, showing a 50 percent increase some $540,000 more than in the previous year. Half of the total production came from the four dredges on Coal, Woodchopper, Deadwood, and Mammoth creeks, while the balance came from Mastolon, Eagle, Independence, and other creeks. [21]
USGS reported the same trend in 1941 and 1942, although the reduction compared to the 1938 total in 1939 and only a small increase over the 1938 peak in 1940. Philip Smith of the USGS, noting the decline, then the rebound, was mildly optimistic: "This gain, while extremely gratifying as indicating the excellent condition of the placer industry, can hardly be considered to mark a definite trend, but seems rather to represent a fluctuation such as naturally may be expected from season to season." [22]
The war disrupted everything. Recordkeeping became sporadic. USGS specialists received too few reports from operators to make any estimate of the gravel handled by dredges in 1941 and 1942. Operations continued until 1942 when wartime restrictions on mining went into effect. Some work continued even during the war as the War Production Board permitted the Woodchopper dredge to continue during the 1943 season and approved operation of the Coal Creek dredge in summer 1945. In 1946 both dredges resumed their normal pre-war schedule. By 1949 gold volume declined, and the company began working the two creeks on alternate years.
Suspension of steamboat service on the Yukon River by the White Pass and Yukon Railway in 1954 was a severe blow to the dredging company. The consequent rise in freight rates discouraged operations, as profits had been falling steadily for several years. After the 1957 season the company shut down the Coal Creek dredge. Subsequent operators tried dredging for brief intervals, but high costs could not be overcome.
Coal Creek: Recent Mining
Ted C. Matthews leased the Coal Creek dredge and mining properties in 1961 and operated from 1962-1964. He took 6,350 ounces of gold and 570 ounces of silver but could not make a profit because of high costs.
There was no mining from 1965-1972. In 1972, following the de-regulation of gold prices, Ernest Wolff, D. Cobin, and W. Sothen bought the Coal Creek claims. Initially, they worked with bulldozers and sluice boxes, but in 1973 they ran the dredge. They did not operate the dredge in 1974-1975 and in 1976 used it for only a short time.
In 1977 Lomerson, Ltd. (AU Placer, Inc.) purchased the property for open-cut mining with two bulldozers feeding elevated sluices. Stack tailings were removed with a front-end loader. Twenty-five employees worked the first season.
In July 1985 a joint venture, the Coal Creek Mining Properties, acquired the properties. A crew of 12 to 25 stripped gravels and fed the recovery sluices. In October 1986 the company quit and donated the land to the National Park Service.
Woodchopper Creek: Recent Mining
Alluvial Gold, Inc., the McRae-Patty Company established on Woodchopper Creek, operated for 16 seasons, recovering 83,841 ounces of gold and 6,080 ounces of silver. The company shut down after the 1960 season and leased the claims and dredge to Ted Matthews. Matthews worked the dredge in 1962, recovering 3,375 ounces of gold and 308 ounces of silver, mining downstream from the end of the airstrip for a quarter of a mile.
In 1971 Joe Vogler purchased the claims and added others he staked in 1973 and 1976. Most of Vogler's mining has been on Mineral Creek, a tributary of the Woodchopper.
Other Creeks
Miners worked Washington Creek from 1898-1906 but gained only a few thousand dollars. Sandy Johnson was an earlier prospector on Sam and Ben creeks. Johnson did hydraulic mining in the 1920s. Arthur Reynolds worked a ground sluicing operation on Ben Creek from 1927. He built a ditch and dam for ground sluicing and mined until the war years. Johnson sold his claims to Barney Hansen in 1944. Hansen used a Cat for a couple of years and built an airstrip 3,200 feet long on the ridge between Coal and Ben creeks. Hansen sold to J.R. Layman in 1961. Layman worked summers until the mid-1960s. [23]
The Circle district, including the area drained by the Charley, Birch Creek above Circle, and most of Preacher Creek, is an upland area containing many ridges and isolated domes. Prospectors did not neglect exploration for gold, copper, and lead lodes, but no discoveries of lode metals have been made.
Notes: Chapter 15
1. Juliette C. Reinicker, Klondike Letters, (Anchorage: Alaska Northwest Publ. Co., 1984), 47.
3. July Creek Placer Co. Corporation file 842-F. RG8, ASA.
4. Burke to Fisher, December 1, 1921, ASA, Eagle Collection, File 21.
5. Hudson Stuck, Voyages on the Yukon (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1917), 82.
6. James Wickersham, Old Yukon (Washington: Washington Law Book Co., 1938), 140.
7. Brooks, Mineral Resources of Alaska, 1911, USGS Bulletin No. 520, (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1912), 12.
8. Alfred H. Brooks, Mineral Resources of Alaska, 1918, USGS Bulletin No. 712, (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1920), 45.
9. J.B. Mertie, Jr. Geology of the Eagle-Circle District, Alaska, Bulletin No. 816, (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1930), 9.
11. Ernest N. Patty, North Country Challenge (New York: David McKay & Co., 1969), 99.
13. J.B. Mertie, Jr., Mineral Resources of Alaska, 1936, Bulletin No. 897-C, (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1938), 253-54.
15. J.B. Mertie, Jr., Yukon-Tanana, USGS Bulletin No. 872, (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1937), 9, 12.
16. Evelyn Mertie, Thirty Summers and a Winter, (Fairbanks: MIRL, University of Alaska, 1982), 6.
18. James Ducker, "Navigability Study for the Upper Yukon Region, Alaska," (Anchorage: Bureau of Land Management, 1983) Vol. 1, 128.
19. P.S. Smith, Mineral Resources of Alaska, 1936, USGS Bulletin No. 897, (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1938), 49.
20. P.S. Smith, Mineral Resources of Alaska, 1937, USGS Bulletin No. 910, (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1939), 49.
21. P.S. Smith, Mineral Resources of Alaska, 1938, USGS Bulletin No. 917, (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1940), 47.
22. P.S. Smith, Mineral Resources of Alaska, USGS Bulletin No. 23. (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1942), 40.
Last Updated: 01-Oct-2008


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Dr. William A. Mudge, Jr.
Saturday, May 7, 2011 from 10:00 am until 11:00 am.
St. John's Episcopal Church, 101 West Main Street, Negaunee, MI 49866
Saturday, May 7, 2011 at 11:00 am
St. John's Episcopal Church
MARQUETTE – Dr. William A. Mudge, Jr., 93, of 425 Fisher Street, Marquette, entered eternal life Wednesday morning, February 9, 2011, at the D.J. Jacobetti Home for Veterans. Born November 23, 1917 in Minneapolis, a son of William and Vendla Elizabeth (Martins) Mudge, Sr., Bill was raised in Negaunee and was a 1935 graduate of the Negaunee High School. While in high school he was credited with bringing the boy scouts to Negaunee for the first time. He was instrumental in helping to organize and former Boy Scout Troop #21 and later became an eagle scout. He attended Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, receiving his Bachelor of Science Degree in 1939, and in 1944 received his Doctor of Medicine degree from the Marquette University School of Medicine. From 1945 to 1947, he served in the US Army as a general duty medical officer, attaining the rank of captain. Following his honorable discharge, he served at the Hines, Illinois Veterans Administration Hospital and later as Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine at Marquette University School of Medicine in Milwaukee. From 1959 to 1972, Dr. Mudge was on staff at Milwaukee County General Hospital. He moved to Marquette, MI in the mid 1970's. Throughout the years, Bill had many opportunities for service, both medical and humanitarian. Along with those opportunities came many appointments to boards and organizations and a Presidential citation. Bill served as a member of a cancer study group in Wisconsin, was appointed to the Wisconsin Governor's Task Force on Education, served as a member of the executive committee and board of United Migrant Opportunity Service, served on the Upper Peninsula Health Systems Agency, was a member of the Marquette City Commission on Aging, served on the board of directors of Marquette-Alger Planned Parenthood, Lake Superior Hospice Association, Wisconsin Heart Association, Kenosha Anti TB Association, the American Medical Association of Michigan, was a member of the Marquette-Alger County Medical Association, a member of the Upper Peninsula Area wide Comprehensive Health Planning Association, and the American Society of Internal Medicine. Additionally, Bill received a citation for service from the Kenosha Commission on Human Relations. Bill was a member of St. John's Episcopal Church, Negaunee, where he served on the vestry, was a member of the Rotary Club, having served as Rotary president from 1958-1959. In his leisure, Bill was an avid outdoorsman, enjoying all that nature had to offer. He enjoyed being an amateur meteorologist, loved canoeing, camping, and bird watching. His love for the outdoors led to a love of photography and throughout the years, many of his photographs were on display around Marquette. Survivors include his daughters, Susan (Craig) Gieler of Nicholson, GA, Jane (Gaines) Townsend of Wilmington, NC, Mary Mudge of Charlottesville, VA, and Ann (Jerry) Gillum of Garner, NC; a son, William (Cynthia) Mudge III of Oconomowoc, WI; his grandchildren, Kevin Gieler, Tina Pfeiffer, William Gieler, Richard Mudge, Michael Mudge, Covin Davis, and Savannah Gillum; four great-grandchildren; a brother, Dr. Thomas (Mary Margaret) Mudge of Marquette; several nieces and nephews. The family will receive relatives and friends at St. John's Episcopal Church in Negaunee on Saturday, May 7, beginning at 10:00 am. A memorial service will follow at 11:00 am with Rev. John Lenten officiating. Inurnment will be made in the church columbarium. In lieu of flowers, memorials may be directed to the Activity Fund, D.J. Jacobetti Home for Veterans, 425 Fisher Street, Marquette, MI 49855. The Swanson-Lundquist Funeral Home is serving the family where condolences may be expressed online at www.swansonlundquistfuneralhome.com
Tom Just want you to know we are thinking of you at this very difficult time. We do hope the fond memories you have of your brother will be of some comfort at this time - 02.14.2011From Les & Toni Dyer - Flag as inappropriate
To Dr. Mudge's Family: My sincere condolences. I play music once a month at Jacobetti and got to know him. He really enjoyed the music and was a gentle, kind man. I always looked forward to seeing him. I didn't know his name until I saw his picture in the paper. He did so much with his life. Impressive. 'Keyboard Annie' - 02.21.2011From Andrea LaCombe Jensen - Flag as inappropriate
To the Mudge Family- Just a note to let you know that my thoughts are with you at this sad time. I had great memories with all of you. It would be nice to have the opportunity to talk with you again. Sending love, Gretchen - 02.21.2011From Gretchen Muelle Ikkala - Flag as inappropriate
Bill and I worked on many projects together at St. Paul's and he will be missed for his thoughtfulness and commitment to finishing often difficult tasks. He and I shared a very long friendship and I shall miss him. - 02.22.2011From Kai Carrigan - Flag as inappropriate

subset: commoncrawl


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Recent Comments
- 1 year ago this is just plain ridiculous.
- 1 year ago 8GB now sold out. Unbelievable.
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- Member for
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City Council passes modified Avonte's Law
Months after it was introduced, the City Council passed a bill in honor of teen Avonte Oquendo to prevent the circumstances that led to his untimely death.
Department of Education opposes 'Avonte's Law' for alarms on school doors
The city does not support a bill requiring certain schools to install alarms on its doors, even as Avonte Oquendo's grandmother pleaded for change.
Details scarce in de Blasio's 'landmark' labor agreement with teachers' union
The labor agreement between the de Blasio administration and the United Federation of Teachers has an anticipated cost of $4 billion.
Report: Arts education lacking in low-income New York City neighborhoods
A new report paints a dire portrait of arts education in New York City schools.
Queens teaching assistant arrested for relationship with teen student: officials
A Queens teaching assistant was arrested Thursday for having sex with a 14-year-old student of the Maspeth school where she worked, city officials said.
New poll says majority of New Yorkers want to keep horse carriages
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Plan proposed to provide free lunch to all New York City public school students
The brown bag could be bagged in New York City schools under a new plan.
Parents at Harlem charter school to sue Department of Education
Parents of students at a Harlem charter school plan to file a federal lawsuit against the city's department of education […]
Letitia James doubles down against charter school co-locations
Public Advocate Letitia James reaffirmed her opposition to tens of charter school co-locations originally approved by the previous administration.
NYC schools fall short on art education: Report
A state audit revealed that at least half of NYC students sampled in the report graduated without the benefits of art education.


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Sea Dwellers Dive Center of Key Largo is a full service facility providing scuba services in the Florida Keys, since 1974! As a PADI 5-Star Dive Center & Resort we offer hotel packages and daily charters to the Pennekamp Marine Sanctuary....
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The Bambino's hat was famously worn by Bombers hurler David "Boomer" Wells in the June 18, 1997 game. A devoted fan, Wells wore the hat to honor Ruth by bringing the cap back to Yankee Stadium and wearing it on the mound.
The size 7 & 3/8 navy blue flannel is in amazing condition, featuring the symbolic wear-and-tear accumulated over Ruth's use. Modern caps are a darker blue, even virtually black, and in Wells' playing days, were made of wool.
The auction house opened bidding, and the online sale is up until May 19. Other notable items in the baseball sale include: a 1920 Yankees jersey worn by Ruth expected to auction for more than $1 million, the cap worn by Bobby Thompson when he slugged the "Shot Heard 'Round the World" for the New York Giants in 1951 that could go for $100,000, Mickey Mantle's 1958 road Yankees Jersey that's expected to reach $100,000 and the baseball card collection of former All-Star Dmitri Young, including more than 491 cards sold in individual lots.


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I can't even begin to describe how happy it made me to read this! This may have made my whole week to be quite honest.
Thank you so much for taking the time to write this and send it to me, it really means a lot to hear this kind of thing.


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Playoff-bound Patriots face playoff-deprived BillsBy HOWARD ULMAN
the associated press | December 27,2013FOXBOROUGH, Mass. Another year, another playoff berth for the New England Patriots. For the Buffalo Bills, the postseason drought continues.
With their fifth straight AFC East title already achieved, the Patriots (11-4) can clinch a first-round bye Sunday. The Bills are simply ending their 14th straight season, the NFLs longest current streak, without reaching the playoffs.
But under first-year coach Doug Marrone, Buffalo (6-9) has a solid defense and a chance to finish with three straight victories by beating New England.
We just lost some heartbreaking games, running back C.J. Spiller said. We just have to find a way to be able to get over that edge and we will. Weve got a great leadership group. Weve got a lot of great guys coming back in the near future. Were definitely going to get over that hump and make the Bills fans happy.
The Bills lost the season opener to the Patriots 23-21 on Stephen Gostkowskis field goal with 5 seconds left. They dropped overtime games to Cincinnati and Atlanta. And theyve used three quarterbacks because of knee injuries to rookie EJ Manuel, who was limited in practice this week.
But a victory would make them the only AFC East team with a winning record in division games.
That would be important for what we want to be able to build on, Marrone said. Really (were) just trying to change things.
Change has been a constant for the Patriots in an injury-filled season with five key starters defensive tackles Vince Wilfork and Tommy Kelly, linebacker Jerod Mayo, tight end Rob Gronkowski and right tackle Sebastian Vollmer on injured reserve.
But as long as Bill Belichick is the coach and Tom Brady is the quarterback, their divisional dominance is likely to continue.
The Patriots want more, starting with their eighth bye in Belichicks 14 seasons as their coach. They also would drop into a wild-card game if they end up seeded third or fourth.
Youd think that weve played for 15 games, but theres still a lot to be seen with this team, Brady said.
Some things to know about the Bills-Patriots matchup:
MORE THAN BRADY: Despite having new wide receivers and with Gronkowski sidelined for all but seven games, Brady is having an outstanding season. But there are many other reasons for the Patriots success.
A defense with rookies and free agent pickups filling in has progressed to the point where it allowed just one touchdown and had four takeaways two returned for touchdowns against Baltimore in last Sunday 41-7 win. And the Patriots have won six games by three points or fewer.
This years team is one of the most mentally and physically tough football teams Ive been on, said special teams captain Matthew Slater, a six-year veteran.
SACK HAPPY: The Bills hope to increase their NFL-best sacks total of 56 after getting seven in last Sundays 19-0 win over Miami.
They have great players up front, Belichick said. Kyle Williams (10 1-2 sacks) is playing as good as any defensive lineman that weve seen all year. Hes unblockable, borderline unblockable, a lot of the time.
When Brady does get the pass off, hell throw into a defense that is second in the NFL with 22 interceptions.
GROUND GAME: Only one team has more yards rushing than the Bills. Only three have allowed more than the Patriots. So New Englands run defense should be tested. Buffalo has the strong Fred Jackson, with 836 yards rushing, and the elusive Spiller, with 822, to give the Patriots different looks.MORE IN Wire SportsEAST RUTHERFORD, N.J. Full StoryNEW YORK Yankees first baseman Mark Teixeira had a third cortisone shot in his surgically... Full Story
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Below, you will find the latest paid focus groups online info sent to my inbox from Plaza Research (a legitimate, local and semi-national research company that pays for people's opinions).
I plan to continue to post the latest paid focus groups online information as I get it. I also think it would be a good idea to include more nationwide info as it relates and would like to know what my readers think of this idea…
If you think this information is useful and would like to see more, leave a comment. However, if you'd prefer ( and this would work for me as well), simply click on one of the social media buttons (like me on Facebook, friend me on Twitter etc… and I'll get the message).
I will endeavor to provide easy, useful ways that people can make some much needed extra money, so stay tuned… (check back frequently!)
"Wednesday, April 27, 2011
Dear FLOYD:
We have some new studies. If you are interested in getting screened for the studies please click the links below or you know someone who may qualify please forward him or her these links.
$100 2-hour LOCAL ISSUES focus group for Men and Women who live in Denver County. Please click on the link below to complete a pre-questionnaire.
$125 90-minute ASIAN FROZEN FOOD focus group for Women ages 25 and up. Please click on the link below to complete a pre-questionnaire.
$125 3-week online diary study on CURRENT ISSUES for Men and Women ages 35+. Please click on the link below to complete a pre-questionnaire.


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See and share Beautiful Nature Photos and amazing photos of interesting places
"The harder you work, the luckier you get."
Gary Player
Below is the poem entitled 6-28-13 which was written by poet
OMeara. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth.
Read Poems by
Shan Omeara
Straight, blacs, deep set againstk hair, knotted in the back,
Obsidian eyes, nothing to lack;
Long braided legs, muscles intertwined,
Impressive to see, her muscles combined;
Bituminous eyes, deep set against her face,
Her beauty, so poweful, difficult to keep pace;
Her far eaot she is notst features, subtle to see,
Countenance unequaled, no one prettier than she;
Shedoes not pretend to be what she is not,
Especially with her heart, her blood curdling hot.


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Independence, Ohio is located in Cuyahoga County. Independence has a population of 7,004 and has shown -1.5% growth since 2000. Of the 2,740 households in Independence, 86.7% are owned, 9.9% are rented and 3% are not currently occupied. The median age of homes in Independence is 42 years and 63.0% of the homes have been occupied by the same residents for more than 5 years. Learn more about Independence, Ohio real estate at coldwellbanker.com.
Hunter Realty
8915 Brecksville Road
Hunter Realty
15380 Pearl Road
Hunter Realty
24600 Detroit Rd


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Her Close-Minded Grandparents
Friday, September 21st, 2012
A good friend of mine, Codi, sent me an email about her boyfriend. He's black and she's white. Codi's grandparents didn't know about thier relationship until recently. she needs some advice on the matter. Her email is below. Hey Jeremy, As you know, I have been dating a guy for going on 5 years now. Mind you he is […]
Comments Off
BOMBED TRAILER: Liz & Dick
Friday, September 21st, 2012
Smoking all those cigs gave LiLo the qualification she needed to pull this off.
Comments Off
Did Courtney Stodden get more Alleged Plastic Surgery?
Thursday, September 20th, 2012
Is Xtina her inspiration?!
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Shakira Is Pregnant!
Wednesday, September 19th, 2012
Her hips are about to get a little wider…
Comments Off
VIDEO: Demi Lovato calls Simon Cowell an A**hole on Conan!
Tuesday, September 18th, 2012
"Normally you could braid your chest hair"


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Next, you'll be asked to connect with Twitter. Rest assured, we will never send a tweet from your account
without your permission.
We will send you an email with an invite soon.
Posted @ the Electrical Audio forum earlier. It's an untitled, unreleased Jason Molina song recorded by Steve Albini. http://t.co/6HyZueKWr9
RT @DrownedinSound: Jason Molina RIP. Here's an introduction for anyone unaware of his work, perplexed by the outpouring of sorrow:
See what's Trending Now for @loudersoft
Follow @loudersoft on Twitter


text: Department of Public Safety troopers are out in full force this week to help raise awareness of National School Bus Safety Week. Troopers are urging drivers to obey state law.DPS troopers were out in Calallen looking for drivers who are not stopping when school buses have their flashing red lights on and stop signs extended.Troopers say the moment when students are entering or exiting the bus is one of the most dangerous times of a student's trip, and drivers who pass up a stopped bus can potentially create a deadly situation."Make sure that motorists are reminded that kids, young people, today have unpredictable movements, and we just want to be prepared," DPS Senior Corporal Charlie Ramirez said.DPS troopers say drivers must stop when approaching a school bus that is at a full stop with flashing lights. The drivers on both sides of the road may not proceed until the school bus resumes motion or if the flashing lights are no longer activated.


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Reader Comments (Page 1 of 1)
@revyn many people dont realize this but there is a portal to stormwind and org in dalaran now. even without the argent cloak, deepholm pot or guild cloaks, you can set your hearth to dal and easily get back to relevant content in as little as 10 seconds. this is especially useful to those that wish to continue dal jc dailies, obtain the cooking hat or fish the fountain on a character without being too far away from your factions capital.


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A Miami artist's singular vision and the collective vision of Arte Américas
Everglades National Park's sub-surface tsuris
What was once a quaint Cuban festival is now part pan-Latino flag rally; part Hispanic marketer's dream
President Eduardo Padron has instituted an impressive program of intimidation at Miami-Dade Community College
No money. No filmmaking experience. No hope for commercial success. Minor details didn't stop Joe Cardona and Alex Anton from exploring their Cuban heritage.


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Terms of Use | Privacy Policy
Blog | About | Contact | Submit Mod | Join Mod DB | Site Map | Media Kit | RSS
© 2002 - 2014 DBolical Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 3907 modders.
Cloned Cube is a Portal mod. It takes place after GLaDOS' fall in Portal. You assume the role of Chell's secret clone. You have to escape or else you may just be tested to death. There is one obstacle. CUBiS is trying to kill you.
Just an early, early demonstration of a new hazardous test in the Underground.


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The award-winning comedy focuses on Harry Brock, a not-so-honest businessman, and Billie Dawn, a not-so-dumb blonde out to "capitalize" on everything Washington has to offer.
The cast will feature Jim Belushi, Nina Arianda, Robert Sean Leonard, Frank Wood, Terry Beaver, Patricia Hodges, Michael McGrath, Fred Arsenault, Bill Christ, Jennifer Regan, Liv Rooney, Danny Rutigliano, Andrew Weems, and Robert Emmet Lunney.
The creative team includes John Lee Beatty (sets), Catherine Zuber (costumes), Peter Kaczorowski (lighting), and David Van Tieghem (original music/sound).
For tickets and more information, click here.


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Full size version is only available to registered users
Please Register as a New User or Login as Existing User to gain full access to all the photos on this site. Registration is quick and completely free.
Unregistered users can only view full size photos that have been added this month.
Bouldering in Slovakia!
© Ian Alcock, Sep 2010
Problem: Overhang beside the path!
Camera used: Canon EOS 400D DIGITAL


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Was £49.00
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Save a total of £34.30
Item not in stock
Standard Delivery
Click & Collect
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Black lucinda medium shoulder bag
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Debenhams is happy to exchange or refund your purchase within 28 days providing the goods are in a fully resaleable condition (including tags) and not within the exclusion policy*. This policy does not affect your statutory rights. You can return unwanted items either by visiting your local store (the fastest way to get a refund), by arranging a courier collection or returning by post. Exclusions apply to selected products. For instructions on how to return products and information on Debenhams refund policy visit the returns and refunds section of the website.


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Publications archive - International Activities and Commitments
Key departmental publications, e.g. annual reports, budget papers and program guidelines are available in our online archive.
Much of the material listed on these archived web pages has been superseded, or served a particular purpose at a particular time. It may contain references to activities or policies that have no current application. Many archived documents may link to web pages that have moved or no longer exist, or may refer to other documents that are no longer available.
WSSD 2002 fact sheet
Environment Australia, August 2002
In 1997, Asia Pacific EconomicCooperation ministers for sustainable development agreed to double the number of local councils involved in the Local Agenda 21 program by 2003. A national program, administered through Environment Australia, was established in Australia that year.
Environment Australia promotes the agenda by sponsoring an award for achievement in sustainability through the National Awards for Innovation and Excellence in Local Government program managed by the federal Department of Transport and Regional Services.


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Do you really want to circle these old tyrannosaurus bones one more time?
Palm Beach Dramaworks' gritty Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf sends 'em home uplifted.
Pygmalion is an outdated concept, but love of literature lasts forever
A Marriage Minuet is a funny ejaculation that ends a little prematurely
Take Heed's Fool for Love explores the menace of hopeless love, if you can call it that
A play that generates more questions than answers isn't such a bad thing
John Felix, Margery Lowe, Michael McKeever, and Joanna Olsen for Seascape
Albee's Seascape brings humans face to face with their reptilian cousins
Gurney's frequently produced Dining Room still can't deliver the emotional goods
Orton's tour de farce plays a bit too straight for moderns
Albee's tragicomedy puts everything else on-stage to shame
Nilo Cruz's award underscores the high and low lights of South Florida
Who's afraid of Edward Albee? Not Public Theatre
GableStage hits too many false notes in this potentially moving tale of 9/11
What's the future look like? Only our theater critic knows for sure.
No one should be, when it's done this well
Joseph Adler
The Play About the Baby
Look! Up on the stage! It's absurd.... It's a play.... It's Edward Albee!
This year's Fort Lauderdale International Film Fest offers everything from terrorists to overamped adolescents
Up ahead, some lights at the end of the tunnel
Letters for March 30, 2000
A Delicate Balance
June 24 - 30, 1999


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China Speaker Series
The topic of China—or the theme of China's inexorable rise—has been popping up everywhere these days. In the media, Republican primary debates, and academic discussions alike, every road leads to China. The attention is not unwarranted; if you've been paying even reluctant attention to the news since 2008, you'll know that the economic powerhouse has raised many fears and concerns among the international community. China's rise will soon (by 2030) place the pseudo-Communist country atop the worldwide economic pecking order; this in addition to its militaristic attitude, deplorable human rights practices, and general tendency to annoy everyone but Russia and North Korea. It seems banal for this freshman Asian Studies major to harp on the many aspects of China's rise, but luckily The Cornell Program on Ethics and Public Life is bringing in the experts. In a five-part lecture series dubbed "The Rise of China", leading figures from China-related academic and economic posts will discuss the problems and prospects of the country's rise.
In the first lecture given on January 30, David C. Kang (director of the Korean Studies Institute at the University of Southern California) offered a view that diverges from the popular skeptical-realist take on East Asian security. Professor Kang posited that perhaps the sharing of ideas and values, rather than relative power considerations, will determine stability in the region, a theory that has encountered much controversy among foreign policy experts. Catch the next lecture on February 20 at 4:30 if you want to be able to add some other interesting ideas to the next China-centric conversation you encounter. Speaking on the 20th is none other than the Chief Economist at the World Bank, Justin Lin (he's kind of a big deal.) Check out http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/Jan12/EthicsSeries.html for the rest of the dates and details.china, Cornell, Ethics and Public Life, featured, Sam Hine, Speaker Series


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The deaths of NFL players Jovan Belcher and Jerry Brown in the past two weeks has again put a spotlight on athletes' off-the-field issues.
The tragic, unrelated deaths of two NFL players this month may have triggered fresh debate about the behavior of some of the sport's competitors, but has done nothing to harm the game's enormous popularity.
Just over a week ago, Kansas City Chiefs linebacker Jovan Belcher fatally shot his girlfriend at their home then drove to the team's training facility and killed himself in front of his coach and general manager.
Then on Saturday, Dallas Cowboys defensive tackle Josh Brent was charged with intoxication manslaughter after the car he was driving flipped over and caught fire, killing teammate Jerry Brown, a passenger in the car.
The NFL has long been plagued by cases of off-field violence, including gun crime and drunk-driving, but even after the latest violent deaths there was no indication fans were turning away.
Both the Chiefs and the Cowboys played games the day after the death of their respective teammates, with only a few isolated voices suggesting the games should not have gone ahead.
Both games were heavily attended and the Sunday Night Football game was once again the top-rated show in its weekly time slot.
In the tough-guy, macho culture of the NFL, battling through adversity is one of the main mantras from coaches, players and media alike.
The Belcher murder-suicide was just the latest violent incident involving firearms.
Former San Diego Chargers linebacker Junior Seau, a 12-time Pro Bowl selection, was found dead at his home in May, with a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the chest.
In 2009, former Tennessee Titans quarterback Steve McNair was shot dead by his lover in his Nashville apartment in a murder-suicide.
Plaxico Burress served 20 months in prison after accidentally shooting himself in 2008 at a nightclub, a season after catching the Super Bowl-winning touchdown for the New York Giants.
According to a report by USA Today, three out of four NFL players own a gun, above the national average, but the ratio of gun-related crimes in the NFL was no worse than in American society.
"It's not really the culture of the NFL, it's about what's going on in society today," Burress told USA Today.
"It will (be a topic) for a while but over time something else will happen and we will be having the same discussion then."
The debate following Belcher's murder-suicide brought heated opinions and controversy. Prominent NBC broadcaster Bob Costas used his television segment during the last week's Sunday Night Football game to advocate for gun control, earning the wrath of the National Rifle Association.
Some players argued that big-earning, high-profile individuals, were at greater risk of being targeted by criminals and needed guns for their protection.
The case of Washington Redskins safety Sean Taylor, who was shot dead by burglars in 2007, is often cited by players when they explain their high rate of gun ownership.
But while gun-related crimes grab headlines, drunk-driving is a bigger problem among players.
The San Diego Union Tribune reported there were 385 arrests of NFL players between 2000-2008 and 29 percent were for drunk driving.
The league tried to address the problem with a 'Safe Rides' program which was later taken over by the NFL Players Association.
The NFL has taken a strong line with sanctions for off-field trouble through a personal conduct policy.
"We strive every day, not just when a crisis occurs, but every day, to bring the best practices available in providing a safe and productive workplace environment for all our employees and their families," NFL spokesman Greg Aiello told Reuters.
"Specifically, we address domestic violence and gun safety, as well as many other issues, including alcohol and substance abuse, as part of our Employee Assistance Program and other services."


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Celebrity Wife Swap 8 p.m., Channel 5
It's back, and it wants to catch your eye. That's why Kate Gosselin, mother of the year, is trading places with Hugh Hefner ex and E! star Kendra Wilkinson-Baskett in the season premiere of this. Sounds like a reality cataclysm. Although Gosselin isn't anyone's wife now, is she? I guess I'm being too literal. Also scheduled to appear this season: Flavor Flav, Gary Busey, and, get this, Ted Haggard.


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The Potter Generation [x] → 10. The character they butchered the most in the movies: Ginny Weasley
"To Harry Potter, the boy who lived, thank you for my childhood."
So i think i might give this another try…
I think I wear this tshirt too much! Love the play on words.
Rhys Wakefield, Jacob Artist, Bonnie Wright, Abhi Sinha and Freddie Stroma met up in LA this past week. Bonnie wrote about seeing the movie while she was there.
Harry and Ginny - summer
A future Nigella in the making @thisisbwright ?!
mrsjohnbarrowman reblogged your photo: In which Courtney has disturbing fantasies
I feel like you are judging me, I tried to explain this.
You didn't do a very good job of it
In which Courtney has disturbing fantasies


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Datuk Wira SM Faisal Tan Sri SM Nasimuddin, Joint Group Executive Chairman of NAZA Group of Companies announced the Pre-Owned Motorcycle Centre, located behind the Harley-Davidson main showroom in Petaling Jaya, at a press conference. Also present were Nik Daniak Nik Mahmood, Vice President of NAZA Two Wheel Division, Azian Ramli, Dealer Principal Harley Davidson of Kuala Lumpur and Raj Thangavelu, the first owner of pre-owned Harley-Davidson motorcycle and a member of Harley Owners Group (HOG) Malaysia.
The main highlight of this launching is the mock-up key hand-over to the first owner of a pre-owned Harley bike, Raj, who also happens to have own another Harley. Faisal and Choo presented the hand-over of the mock up key.
"The center provides an alternative for Harley enthusiasts looking to own a Harley-Davidson bike – one that is attractively priced, has seen a fair few adventures and is no primed for many more. Harley enthusiasts will look at these bikes, with a knowledge that they have been pre-loved, rather than just been pre-owned," Faisal said.
The pre-owned units consist of trade-in bikes, demo bikes as well as pre-registered units used for promotional events. Special discounts are also available on variety of parts and accessories, all of which are approved by Harley-Davidson Motor Company.
Faisal added, "Harley-Davidson Kuala Lumpur understands and greatly appreciates the value and technical artistry of Harley-Davidson motorcycles, therefore we always ensure the quality of each bikes."
A couple of examples being offered at the freshly opened center are a 2008 Street Rod that is selling for RM103,612 OTR and 2009 FLHTCUSE Ultra Classic Electra Glide CVO that is selling for RM196,417 OTR. Other pre-owned bike range on display includes a Sportster 48, Sportster XR 1200X, Dyna Wide Glide, Softail Fatboy, VROD 105th Anniversary Edition, VROD Nightrod and CVO Ultra Classic.


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Cider is up for debate. It didn't used to be and it certainly shouldn't be. After visiting Warwick Valley Winery in upstate New York, the makers of the acclaimed Doc's Draft hard cider, the story of this historic and once incredibly popular beverage began to unfurl.
If you are like most Americans, when you think of cider you picture that sweet, unfiltered apple juice that hits store shelves in the early autumn. Unfortunately, thanks to Prohibition and some strange legislative tinkering, that notion isn't quite correct.
Cider, since its inception, has meant the product derived from the fermentation of apple juice, or "hard cider" - the first alcoholic beverage to reach our shores, brought over by English settlers. At the time, and well into the 19th and early 20th centuries, cider started as a necessity when water supplies were suspect during the colonial era. It evolved into the drink of choice during meals and at the bar.
The question is, what happened?
Basically, prohibition happened. Cider never recovered from that doomed decade-long social experiment. Other industries including local breweries and distilleries also never recovered, paving the way for the mass-produced beer conglomerates that still take up most of the store shelves. The era of Prohibition was also the time of some concerted semantic tinkering, which is why in many states, the law still stands that "cider" simply refers to unfiltered apple juice.
But now cider is back on the upswing, even though, according to Jeremy Kidde, co-founder of Doc's Draft, it was not without its problems. He recalls that no bar owner or distributer even gave them the time of day back in 2000. They only wanted to know: is your product as cheap or cheaper than the cider we stock now? It didn't matter that Doc's Draft was handmade and locally produced, until, of course, it did. Thanks to things like the Slow Food movement, artisanal and locally produced products are prized for their freshness and high quality compared to factory or mass processed goods. This bodes well for many small farmers and manufacturers like local cideries.
Enter Doc's Draft today, stage right. When speaking to Jeremy and his partner Jason, they had nothing but high hopes for the future, not only for their company or even for cider, but also for the continued success of the Black Dirt region of New York and local agriculture in general.
Doc's Draft produces several fine examples of cider, another aspect of their success. From their original cider, 100% local apples with a honey-like aroma and a deliciously tart finish, to their pear (my favorite), raspberry, pumpkin and black currant, these guys really know what they're doing.
I had the privilege of getting a guided tour in Doc's Draft's production facility, located only a couple miles from their original headquarters. They are currently the biggest cider producer in New York State, distributing about 100,000 gallons a year. To put that into perspective, the largest American cider producer, Woodchuck, produces over 2 million gallons annually. This allows Doc's to retain its handcrafted, small-scale quality while still distributing to over 20 states.
The first step of production is the apples, lots of apples, almost 9000 pounds for a single 1000-gallon tank. The original orchards used to be able to supply all of them, but as the business grew, they've had to look elsewhere for suppliers. It is worth noting here, however, that their suppliers are all local NY orchards from the surrounding region. These apples are then put through a cider press that looks like it's from the 1800's. It's actually not that old, from the mid 1970's, but its certainly wooden and gnarly looking.
The apples are sorted, then ground up and dropped into a series of layers separated by wooden dividers, and a cloth resembling cheesecloth is draped in between them (these layers of apple mush are aptly named cheese). A motorized press then descends and squeezes out every last drop of liquid, which is then quickly pumped to a series of gigantic fermentation vessels.
These tanks, stark and monolithic, reside in two long rows of six or seven. Fermentation is achieved with champagne yeast, which gives Doc's Draft a crisp and refined palate reminiscent of a light and fruity white wine. After fermentation is complete, the cider is still pretty thick and chunky. To combat this, the tanks are cooled close to freezing to allow all the particles to settle. After this, a quick pass through a very serious filtration system and into bottles.
All in all, it takes about a month to go from ripe apple to bottled cider. The transformations that occur during that time are both ancient as well as refreshingly modern. Cider is not meant to be complicated. Rather, it embodies a sense of elegance in its simplicity, a quality that more and more people are coming to enjoy.
Of course, like most alcoholic beverages, there is a popular and earnest cider homebrewing movement. Looking back to our agrarian roots, homemade cider is no longer strictly a farmhouse product. In fact, with just a few simple ingredients and some time, anyone can have a crisp and complex cider to enjoy on a brisk, sun-swept autumn afternoon. Without relying too heavily on flowery metaphor, I think we can proclaim this debate over. Cider is here. And technically, it always has been.


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Thank you Jeff
I do sharpen before I upload my pictures, but usually just apply TRA2 (The Revenge) "Better web sharpen", so there's no more sharpening given at these sizes than my regular uploads using top-flight lenses.
I should add the I did crop the dragonfly, but it's not pushing it too far. I've made three RAW files available to members for download, and they're awaiting approval. I'll add the direct links when they're given the green light.
So far Cole, really impressed.
The short version is that I really enjoy using it.
It doesn't seem to follow the normal rules for superzooms, in that the trade-off's are well managed. It stays reasonably sharp throughout the entire range, and it doesn't seem to suffer from any loss of contrast at the long end, which was something I experienced with the Nikon 18-135mm. There are still times that I wish I had a fast aperture, but to be honest, the VC is so good it's not been much of a problem so far, and the focus is very quick and precise, despite the slower aperture. The only mis-focused frames so far have been down to trial and error on my part with the minimum focus distance.
The only thing I would say is that I wouldn't be inclined to use it on a camera with poor high ISO performance, because sometimes you do have to bump it up a bit for indoor work, but on my D300 it's great. I think that with the recent improvements in the high ISO's of entry-level cameras, it's going to be the perfect lens for people who can only afford to buy one.
I'm still keeping my 2.8 lenses, but there's more to that than just the sharpness of the glass. I'll get more in depth with that in time I think. However, I do think that with consideration of the potential problems, the tamron is giving excellent results, and I'll print off some A3's at some point to compare the results with my other lenses.
Now that's just one of the cutest kitty pics I've seen on here. Very interesting read so far.
Have they sorted out the barrel getting slightly sticky around the 70mm area on this model? The older version has a very pronounced sticking point when zooming.
Thank you, I'm glad you're enjoying it.
Seems smooth. Slightly stiffer from 35mm-100, but certainly not a distinct stop. Did you get your one like that, or did it develop over time? Build quality is definitely something I'll be reviewing towards the end of the year (not much point doing it this early in the game )
It was like it from new but I did read reviews before I bought it which did mention a stiffness around that area. I thought it would smooth out with use but to be honest I've not used it enough to wear it in. Now you've started me thinking about it again I'll give it a fair go.
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Baker, Stevens Pass, Snoqualmie, Hood
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This bindings are great for the beginner and awesome in the park! I absolutely love them on my Solomon Sanchez. Great flex around the ankle and good padding on the straps. Board safe!
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Hey Ethan! My boy Travis is 6ft, 150 and rides a Forum Manual 153 for the park. Super smooth board with great feel. If you're going to do a lot of freeriding then I would get the 159. That would be a great all-mountain deck! Take care!
Hey Scott, the Blunt is definitely a more "progressive" snowboard. You can probably bomb a 30ft kicker but 40ft and above; I would not attempt unless you're a sick rider. I won't feed you a bunch of b.s. but I don't really know if your Ride's will fit on this board. I did a demo on a Blunt a while back....it was a great board for the money and I could ollie all day with her. Very snappy, not super light-weight, but seriously, for the money, it's a great board. Hope this helps bro! Board safe.
Yeah bro, I am 6', 230 and I ride DC PBJ 160 for freestyle and all mountain. I also ride a 157 on park days. I'd stick to a 165 for the East Coast scene. I rode Wisp and Snowshoe out there and I had a 160 Lib-Tech Youth in Asia. It was a great board for those mountains. Hope this helps, board safe brother!
Definitely centered! Just got a look at one in Seattle, I had the same feelings. It is centered on the blunt tip. Don't know if it is on the slightly pointed model though? They didn't have that one in stock.
Oliver, I have been riding a Burton X8 155 EST with a 24.8 waist and I have a size 12 foot. I have never had any toe/heel drag and I ride 6/-3. You should be good to go but I would not go any smaller than that bro. Board safe!
Definitely agree with Lyman! It's pretty light weight but hitting some booters at medium speeds would be a blast.
You will definitely wash out on anything bigger than a 10 foot kicker bro. It all depends on experience though...it's a cambered board so it will maintain stability but it's very flexible so be careful man. Board safe brah'!
Sick hoodie!
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Great Beanie! Very soft and super warm.
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Very nice sidecut:)
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My old lady loves this jacket. It is so damn warm that she has to de-layer and just use the hoodie that comes with it. Should be nice for all you ladies that get super cold on the mountain. It looks hot too, very figure fitting:-)
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The fit on this is just a little long and a bit wide but it looks and feels great on the mountain. Very warm for conditions above 40 degrees. Peace!
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This beanie is sick, hands down it's the best beanie I have had for warmth. As if it matters.....It looks really cool too.
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Not to baggy!
1 Comments
These cargo's are sick! I have never found a pair of better pants. They are fully adjustable with secondary straps around your waistline so that you don't need a belt but you can still dial in a perfect fit. My ass has NEVER been wet and the gaiters on these ankles keep the pant legs down. The fit isn't to baggy at all. I don't even use the liner anymore because I stay warm even in sub 20 temps. Outstanding job 686!!
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Lamesa is home to the Medical Arts Hospital. It's already a huge facility. Now, they're excited about adding a wing that will provide a dialysis center as well. But modern medicine aside, this story is about one woman in Lamesa who fell victim to a rare virus and credits her recovery in large part to the power of prayer.
"What I went through was something no one wants to go through," Judy Meyers says.
It was a normal August day last summer for Judy, at home with her husband, Kenneth, when she developed what she thought was a terrible migraine. By the next day, there was a fever. Then came the ambulance.
"I was in the CICU for about 4 or 5 days. At that point, I didn't know anything. The doctors told my family that I might not make it," she says.
The reason? A mosquito that was infected with West Nile virus.
Last year in Texas, there were about 1,800 cases of West Nile, which can lead to paralysis, even death. But here in Lamesa, the family credits a certain man for a power stronger than anything a mosquito can carry: Reverend Clifton Igo has been in the pulpit for 62 years. He was in that hospital room when Judy needed her dad.
The reverend explains it like this: "I was standing at the foot of the bed. All the family was in there. The only thing I could do was pray. I felt so helpless. So, I prayed as serious as I knew how. God, please open the eyes of my daughter and please heal her." after 5 days of delirium, that's when Judy opened her eyes.
The reverend says "She looked up and she said, 'daddy, I love you.' we just almost shouted. And I just prayed for her. God does the work. I just do the words."
Judy didn't learn until after returning home how lucky she was. When a call came from the state health department in Austin, a woman explained: "Your case was the second highest in the state of Texas without paralysis. I just can't believe you were so high with your blood count."
Judy says she still doesn't understand how it happened. She just knows that it was a miracle that she lived survived the neuro-invasive kind of West Nile and was not paralyzed.
One thing she is certain about now, she hates mosquitos and keeps a big can of bug spray by every door to cover her before going outside.
Ironically, her husband, Kenneth, learned something about himself while Judy was at death's door.
He says, "They tested me for West Nile and said 'yeah, you've had this before. So, I'm one of the 80% who have the virus and never know it."
Sadly, two days before this story aired, Reverend Clifton Igo died at his home in Lamesa. His family says this final story about his faith was a credit to his life-long service to family, community and god. As our community coverage ended, brother Igo was buried at First Baptist church in Lamesa.
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Metal Gear Scanlon - Part 11
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Forza Horizon 2 is a solid open-world racing game that takes Forza's slavish devotion to car culture in a friendlier direction.
A sequel that's just as crazy and ridiculous and fun as its predecessor, even if it suffers from many of the same faults.
This perfectly competent open-world game gets a heck of a lot more interesting when it throws an endless host of savage, dynamic AI enemies into the mix.
Concept »
Assembly is part of the Mythic map pack, in addition to Orbital and Sandbox. This is a small map designed for small team games and free-for-all matches.
A remake of the classic Halo: Combat Evolved map Sidewinder, Avalanche is a downloadable map for Halo 3. Its large scale and plethora of vehicles make it ideal for Big Team Battle and Team Objective gametypes.
Blackout is one of the downloadable maps added to Halo 3. This was one of the most highly requested maps in the game, as it is a remake of Lockout, a popular Halo 2 map revered for its competitive play.
A mostly exact remake of the Halo: Combat Evolved multiplayer map Chill Out, Cold Storage was a downloadable map released for free by Bungie during their annual Bungie Day celebration on July 7, 2008.
A well-rounded map, Construct is favored by many competitive players for its simple-yet-chaotic play mechanics. Various long hallways and open spaces require loads of team communication, but has enough cover that it doesn't feel unfair.
One of the exclusive multiplayer maps for Halo PC and Halo Mac. Death Island bears a striking resemblance to the campaign level The Silent Cartographer.
Inspired by the Halo 2 map Lockout, one would assume Guardian's popularity would diminish when Lockout's proper remake, Blackout was released. A testament to its design, Guardian still holds up as one of the best competitive Halo 3 maps with a near-flawless layout.
High Ground is an asymmetrical storm-the-gates style of Halo 3 map. Its long lines of sight and advantages from, well, the high ground make this map more chaotic than others.
Norrath is the world at the center of the EverQuest franchise.
Rat's Nest is a series of rooms with an outside perimeter ideal for driving Warthogs. Its unusual design works surprisingly well for racing game variants, as well as larger scale Objective games.
Sandtrap is by far the largest multiplayer map in Halo 3. It is primarily used for Big Team Battle matches.
The Pit is one of the most popular and well-balanced multiplayer maps in Halo 3. It is also used in competitive MLG matches.
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