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INTRODUCTION by E. Fuller Torrey, M.D. and Mary T. Zdanowicz, J.D.
IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF THE MODEL LAW by Jonathan Stanley, J.D.
Article 1. Statement of Purpose
§ 1.1 Statement of Purpose
Article 2. Definitions
§ 2.1 Assisted treatment
§ 2.2 Assisted outpatient treatment
§ 2.3 Assisted inpatient treatment
§ 2.4 Certificate
§ 2.5 Chronically disabled
§ 2.6 Court
§ 2.7 Danger to himself or herself
§ 2.8 Danger to others
§ 2.9 Gravely disabled
§ 2.10 Incapable of making an informed medical decision
§ 2.11 Petition
§ 2.12 Psychiatric Treatment Board
§ 2.13 Respondent
§ 2.14 Severe psychiatric disorder
§ 2.15 Treating professional
§ 2.16 Trial release
Article 3. Voluntary Treatment
§ 3.1 Admission to voluntary treatment
§ 3.2 Discharge from voluntary treatment
Article 4. Emergency Treatment/Observation—Certification
§ 4.1 Emergency treatment initiated by law enforcement officers
§ 4.2 Emergency treatment initiated by others
§ 4.3 Transportation to emergency facility
§ 4.4 Evaluation
§ 4.5 Immediate release
§ 4.6 Certification
§ 4.7 Requirements of Certificate
§ 4.8 Criminal penalty
§ 4.9 Initial responsibilities of court after certificate is filed
§ 4.10 Notice of hearing on certificate
§ 4.11 Duration of emergency treatment/observation
§ 4.12 Treatment during emergency treatment/observation
Article 5. Petition for Assisted Treatment
§ 5.1 Petition
§ 5.2 Request for temporary treatment order
§ 5.3 Initial responsibilities of court after petition is filed
§ 5.4 Designated counsel
§ 5.5 Notice of hearing on petition
§ 5.6 Criminal penalty for false petition
§ 5.7 Evaluation
§ 5.8 Petition filed without evaluation
Article 6. Assisted Treatment Hearing Procedures
§ 6.1 Ten-day treatment option
§ 6.2 Continuance
§ 6.3 Location of assisted treatment hearing
§ 6.4 Attendance at hearing
§ 6.5 Expert testimony required at hearing
§ 6.6 Evidence admissible at hearing
§ 6.7 Record of the hearing
§ 6.8 Rights of family members
Article 7. Assisted Treatment Hearing Disposition
§ 7.1 Procedure after failure to comply with ordered evaluation
§ 7.2 Consent order
§ 7.3 Criteria for assisted treatment order
§ 7.4 Assisted treatment order
§ 7.5 Services included in order for assisted outpatient treatment
§ 7.6 Effect of assisted treatment determination on other rights
Article 8. Appeals
§ 8.1 Appeal or review of assisted treatment decision or status
Article 9. Safeguards
§ 9.1 Thirty-day review for medication side effects
§ 9.2 Recommendation for alternative appropriate treatment
§ 9.3 Grievance procedure
§ 9.4 Appeal of grievance to Psychiatric Treatment Board
Article 10. Assisted Outpatient Treatment
§ 10.1 Enforcement of assisted outpatient treatment order
§ 10.2 Transfer to inpatient care
Article 11. Trial Release
§ 11.1 Authorization for trial release
§ 11.2 Notice of trial release
§ 11.3 Revocation of trial release
Article 12. Review of Status
§ 12.1 Request for review of assisted treatment status
§ 12.2 Notice of status review hearing
Article 13. Renewals
§ 13.1 Renewal of assisted treatment order
§ 13.2 Duration of renewal period
Article 14. Procedures for Discharge
§ 14.1 Discharge prior to the expiration of assisted treatment period
§ 14.2 Notice of discharge
§ 14.3 Discharge plan requirement
§ 14.4 Early discharge hearing
Article 15. Accountability
§ 15.1 Treatment provider liability
Article 16. Patient Bill of Rights
§ 16.1 Rights of all individuals in assisted treatment
§ 16.2 Additional Rights of individuals in assisted inpatient treatment
By E. Fuller Torrey, M.D. and Mary T. Zdanowicz, J.D.
Reversing a Dangerous Precedent - Making the Case for a Model Law
We are literally drowning in patients, running around trying to put our fingers in the bursting dikes, while hundreds of men continue to deteriorate psychiatrically before our eyes into serious psychoses. . . . The crisis stems from the recent changes in the mental health laws allowing more mentally sick patients to be shifted away from the mental health department into the department of corrections. . . . Many more men are being sent to prison who have serious mental problems.
Quote from a California prison psychiatrist in 1971, two years after California enacted the Lanterman-Petris-Short Act.
How can so much degradation and death – so much inhumanity – be justified in the name of civil liberties? It cannot. The opposition to involuntary committal and treatment betrays a profound misunderstanding of the principal of civil liberties. Medication can free victims from their illness – free them from the Bastille of their psychoses – and restore their dignity, their free will and the meaningful exercise of their liberties.
Herschel Hardin, former member of the board of directors of the British Columbia Civil Liberties Association and father of a child with schizophrenia.
During the 1960s and 1970s, state laws governing treatment of severe mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia and manic-depression, for individuals who refused it underwent sweeping reform. Most notably, assisted treatment laws were changed to require a court finding of dangerousness before treatment could be provided to those incapable of recognizing their need for it. While well intentioned, reform efforts meant to protect people with mental illness resulted in many of the most severely ill going without needed treatment and, in too many cases, becoming homeless, incarcerated, suicidal, victimized or prone to violent episodes.
It was foreseeable that changing the law to require dangerousness before a person with a severe psychiatric disorder could be treated would lead to people being incarcerated rather than treated when they became symptomatic. Philadelphia's police chief issued a directive that non-dangerous people who could no longer be taken into custody under the mental health act could be arrested for disorderly conduct. A Pennsylvania prison experienced a sharp increase in the admission of inmates with severe mental illness a few months after the change in the law. Two years after California adopted a dangerousness standard, the number of psychiatric hospital commitments of individuals found incompetent to stand trial doubled in one county. Two years after a court changed Wisconsin's standard to imminent dangerousness, the number of criminal observation cases in three state psychiatric institutions nearly doubled.
The criminalization of mental illness has reached crisis proportions. The Pacific Research Institute estimated that the cost to the criminal justice and correction systems of California alone was $1.2 to $1.8 billion in 1993-1994. In 1999, the Department of Justice reported that as much as 16 percent of the population of state jails and prisons, more than 260,000 individuals, suffer from severe mental illnesses. While the vast majority of these individuals are arrested for non-violent crimes, it is inevitable that waiting for someone to become dangerous will culminate in violent episodes. The New York Times studied 100 "rampage killings," defined as "multiple-victim killings that were not primarily domestic or connected to a robbery or gang," committed during the preceding five decades. Of the 100 rampage killers, "more than half had histories of serious mental health problems" and 48 of them had "some kind of formal diagnosis, often schizophrenia." Based on their research, the Times staff concluded that "the incidence of these rampage killings appears to have increased."
A natural outgrowth of a mental health system that withholds needed treatment until a person becomes dangerous is that police become the front line mental health workers. In 1976, the New York City Police Department took approximately 1,000 "emotionally disturbed persons" to hospitals for psychiatric evaluation. By 1986, this number had increased to 18,500 and for 1998 it was 24,787. Most police are not trained to properly respond to "emotionally disturbed persons" and these encounters are often fatal. From 1994 to 1999, Los Angeles Police shot 37 emotionally disturbed persons, killing 25 of them. In 1999 alone, police in New York City, Houston and Tampa shot and killed three individuals with mental illness in each city.
While criminalization is the fastest growing dilemma facing the untreated mentally ill, years of neglect have created other tragic consequences of non-treatment. Sadly, we have grown accustomed to public places dominated by wasted human forms huddled over steam grates for warmth in the winter or wrapped in blankets in the summer. At least 150,000 people, or one-third of the nation's homeless population, suffer from severe mental illnesses. The majority of homeless individuals with untreated psychiatric illnesses regularly forage through garbage cans and dumpsters for their food. Studies reveal that at least one-third of mentally ill homeless women suffer sexual assault, many on multiple occasions.
The consequence of requiring treatment to be withheld until a person becomes a danger to themselves is predictable. By that time, they are likely to be either one of the 19 percent who attempts suicide or one of the 10% – 15% who eventually succeed. Suicide is the leading cause of death in jails and 95% of those who commit suicide in jails have psychiatric illnesses. Withholding treatment also puts people in jeopardy of victimization. Persons with severe mental illnesses are nearly three times more likely to be victims of violent crimes than the general population.
Clearly, a new wave of reform is needed. Enacting and utilizing standards based on the need for treatment will allow for intervention before it is too late. Abandoning dangerousness as the sole standard for assisted treatment will not require re-opening hospital wards. While counter-intuitive, it is logical that hospital usage will decrease by substituting a need for treatment standard for one based on dangerousness. The change will facilitate needed intervention sooner rather than later. For the most part, the same people who would be hospitalized when they become dangerous will simply helped sooner. Because intervention occurs sooner, it will take less time to stabilize patients and they will spend less time in the hospital. At least five states that have adopted standards based on the need-for-treatment experienced decreased hospital admissions after the law changed (i.e., North Carolina, Alaska, Kansas, Texas and Colorado).
Perhaps the single most important reform needed to prevent the need for repeated hospitalization and to prevent the consequences of non-treatment is to encourage the use of assisted outpatient treatment. When appropriate, assisted outpatient treatment fosters treatment compliance in the community through a court-ordered treatment plan. Moreover, not only does the court commit the patient to the treatment system, it also commits the treatment system to the patient. In the most comprehensive study to date, long-term assisted outpatient treatment was shown to reduce hospital admissions by 57 percent. The results were even more dramatic for individuals with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders whose hospital admissions were reduced by 72 percent. Additionally, the same study showed that long-term assisted treatment combined with routine outpatient services reduced the predicted probability of violence by 50 percent.
Progressive assisted treatment laws must be crafted to reflect the significant advances that have been made in the last decade in our understanding and ability to treat severe mental illnesses. We now know that these conditions are treatable biological brain diseases and not lifestyle choices, as was the prevailing thought three decades ago. Research shows that at least 40 percent of those diagnosed with schizophrenia and manic-depressive illness lack insight into their illness because of a biologically based symptom known as anosognosia. A person suffering from this symptom does not believe he or she is ill and is likely to refuse treatment reasoning, "Why should I take medication if there is nothing wrong with me?" For those who previously refused treatment because of unpleasant or dangerous side-effects of medication, a much broader array of medications is now available so that possible adverse effects of treatment can be more effectively mitigated.
The Treatment Advocacy Center was established in 1998 to eliminate barriers to treatment caused by outdated treatment laws. In drafting a Model Law that would meet those goals, the Center solicited advice and assistance from individuals who are diagnosed with severe mental illnesses, their families, and medical and legal professionals. The Model Law was carefully drafted to withstand constitutional challenge. It is consistent with the seminal United States Supreme Court decision, O'Connor v. Donaldson, 422 U.S. 563 (1974) which Judge David L. Bazelon explained held that "persons institutionalized solely because they are in need of treatment are deprived of their constitutional right to liberty if they are denied treatment while confined."
The Treatment Advocacy Center's Model Law promotes the provision of assisted treatment of severe mental illness at every turn for those who need it, while zealously guarding the rights of those who receive it.
By Jonathan Stanley, J.D.
The Treatment Advocacy Center's Model Law for Assisted Treatment is a cautiously considered proposal to promote the provision of care for those who need it because of the effects of severe mental illness. At the same time, the Model Law includes numerous overlapping protections to safeguard those under court-ordered treatment and to ensure that only those for whom it is appropriate are placed or remain in assisted treatment.
The Model Law is more remarkable for what it is not than for what it is. It is not entirely revolutionary nor does it eradicate the basic constitutional protections provided by current treatment laws. There are familiar provisions for emergency treatment; a subsequent certification for a treatment hearing by an examining doctor; a more lengthy process to petition for the treatment of someone less sick; under different names, outpatient commitment and conditional discharge; periodic reviews and possible renewals of treatment orders; and a host of other mechanisms common to current laws for securing treatment for those overcome by mental illness.
A cursory examination may give the impression that the Model Law maintains the status quo when it is actually a compilation of the most effective provisions of existing state laws. Variations of virtually all of this proposal's sections are the current law somewhere in the United States. In essence, we have combined each of the best available components into a statutory model better than any currently in effect.
Only in one area have we dared to be creative: the protection of the rights and well being of those placed in assisted treatment. There we put forth procedures more extensive and vigilant than those now in place anywhere in the nation.
Following is a description of some of the key aspects of the Model Law.
In developing a system to place individuals in psychiatric care, the most crucial question is "when is such an intervention appropriate?" The answer is found in the legal standard that a person must meet in order for his or her placement in treatment to be allowed under the law. The Model Law sets out four alternative criteria that, if met, justify assisted treatment.
Chronically disabled: Only a few states have criteria designed to help people stuck in the "revolving door" of repeated hospitalizations, symptomatic behavior, and, for many, incarcerations. "Chronically disabled" allows consideration of possible harm to a person with symptomatic mental illness in light of past psychiatric history (which would include previous non-compliance with treatment), current likelihood of treatment compliance, and the risk of deterioration without treatment. This standard is thus tailored to assist those who are stuck in the revolving door.
Gravely disabled: A number of states have included "gravely disabled" as grounds for treatment placement. Most of these laws define this condition as when a person becomes so incapacitated by mental illness as to lose the ability to provide for his or her basic needs, with these normally delineated as food, clothing, shelter and, sometimes, medical care. The Model Law mimics the more progressive of the jurisdictions with gravely disabled criteria by explicitly including someone who is likely to suffer significant harm without treatment.
Incapable of making an informed medical decision: While not an independent ground for treatment placement, the "gravely disabled" and "chronically disabled" criteria each also require that the person is either unaware that he or she is ill or is otherwise incapable of making rational decisions concerning proposed treatment. Non-dangerous individuals who are capable of making informed medical decisions should not be placed in assisted treatment.
Danger to others: Every state allows for the court-ordered treatment of individuals who because of mental illness are a significant threat to the safety of other people. The Model Law incorporates a definition of "dangerous to others" similar to that of most states, but makes clear that presenting a threat to a person in one's care, such as a child, or having caused intentional damage to the substantial property of another shall be evidence of dangerousness.
Danger to himself or herself: Similarly, every state allows for the assisted treatment of those who are demonstrated to be a danger to themselves, but the Model Law makes clear that a person's past related behavior shall be considered when making the determination as to whether someone meets this treatment standard.
Many provisions of existing assisted treatment laws make little sense. They delay needed treatment, are inefficient from either a judicial or clinical perspective, or are concepts from other areas of law ill tailored to assisted treatment proceedings. The Model Law adopts procedures from various states that promote both clinical and judicial efficiency.
Combined Commitment and Treatment Proceedings: Although a common practice, the disadvantages of having separate hearings on whether a person should be committed and on his or her capacity to refuse treatment are patent. Having an interval between rulings on commitment and treatment produces the inherently cruel circumstance of medical professionals having to confine a psychotic or delusional patient without being able to provide treatment. Under the Model Law, the judicial determinations about treatment placement and the ability to refuse treatment are made in the same hearing. There is no reason either logically or constitutionally, that both decisions should not be made concurrently. To be eligible for treatment placement under the Model Law, a person must be found either incapable of making an informed medical decision or to be a danger to himself, herself, or others. Each of those conditions is a constitutionally sufficient ground to suspend an individual's right to refuse treatment. Furthermore, the adverse ramifications of any such finding are mitigated by the Model Law's specific prohibition against an assisted treatment determination impacting a person's legal rights and privileges unrelated to the provision of treatment.
Single standard: The Model Law has the same standard for the placement of individuals in both inpatient or outpatient care. Some states have established distinct outpatient and inpatient treatment placement standards. Because of the different criteria, it is difficult in these states to transfer outpatients to inpatient status, and vice versa. A person who meets a more permissive outpatient standard may not meet the more stringent inpatient criteria. As a consequence, the Constitution's Due Process Clause requires there to be a hearing to determine whether an outpatient meets the more strict standard before being transferred to inpatient status. Because the Model Law has a single standard, judicial approval is not required to change a committee's treatment program. Nonetheless, the Model Law does provide safeguards that ensure that such transfers are appropriate and the least restrictive alternative that will meet the patient's clinical needs.
Psychiatric Treatment Board: Most times, the decisions of whether or not to place a person in treatment and, if so, what type of care is most appropriate are left to a judge with little experience with or understanding of mental illness. The Model Law's decision-maker is a judicially empowered panel made up of a lawyer, a physician and a person who has demonstrated experience, either personally or through a close relative, with mental illness. The advantage of having a tribunal with such a depth of knowledge and variety of experience is obvious.
Treatment plans: Extensive services may be included in an assisted treatment order providing for treatment on an outpatient basis. A treatment plan is mandatory for a person being discharged from assisted treatment.
Where the Model Law does substantially depart from existing state laws is in enhancing the rights guaranteed to people with mental illness placed in assisted treatment and the rights of their families.
Family rights: Under the Model Law, relatives may, under certain circumstances, become actual parties to the assisted treatment proceeding, with the right to have counsel, present evidence, cross-examine witnesses, and appeal. When bringing a petition, family members are also eligible for the assistance of designated counsel.
Consumer rights: The Model Law has an extensive number of protections for those placed in assisted treatment. Subjects of assisted treatment petitions have the rights delineated in most state laws, i.e., designated counsel, presentation of witnesses, to appeal, not having placement in treatment not otherwise affect one's legal status, etc. Additionally, the Model Law introduces two novel procedures. Included is a formal grievance procedure whereby patients can bring complaints to the facility's medical director and, if necessary, to the Psychiatric Treatment Board. Perhaps even more significantly, the Model Law calls for the examination of a person placed on inpatient assisted treatment for medication side effects every thirty days by a psychiatrist or physician other than the one treating him or her.
Article 1. Statement of Purpose
§ 1.1 The consequences of untreated mental illness are as apparent as they are devastating: homelessness, criminalization, suicide, violence, victimization, lost productivity, permanently decreased medication responses, and the incalculable costs of unnecessary suffering. Due to advances in recent years, treatment is now available that can eliminate or substantially alleviate the symptoms of mental illness for most who suffer from it.
People with treated mental illness can now reclaim their lives. But first, there must be treatment.
Treatment voluntarily embraced is always preferable. However, mental illness is a biologically based disease that attacks the brain. As a result, mental illness renders many people incapable of voluntarily entering treatment because they are unable to make rational decisions or unaware that they are ill. When this occurs, such people may require assisted treatment to protect their lives as well as avoid tragic personal and societal consequences.
This Model Law is designed to be the legal framework for the provision of care to individuals who, due to the symptoms of severe mental illness, become either dangerous or incapable of making informed medical decisions concerning their treatment.
This Law's substantive and procedural components create a flexible mechanism that can be used to secure treatment for those who most need it while still distinguishing those for whom intervention is inappropriate. Paramount are the strict and plentiful safeguards which this Model Law establishes to protect both the rights and well-being of those subject to it.
Article 2. Definitions
§ 2.1 Assisted treatment: the provision of treatment, in accordance with this Model Law, to individuals who are either dangerous or incapable of making informed medical decisions because of the effects of severe mental illness.
§ 2.2 Assisted outpatient treatment: assisted treatment on an outpatient basis.
§ 2.3 Assisted inpatient treatment: assisted treatment on an inpatient basis.
§ 2.4 Certificate: form filed with the court by a psychiatrist or other physician to request an assisted treatment hearing for an individual currently in emergency treatment/observation.
§ 2.5 Chronically disabled: may be shown by establishing that the person is incapable of making an informed medical decision and, based on the person's psychiatric history, the person is unlikely to comply with treatment and, as a consequence, the person's current condition is likely to deteriorate until his or her psychiatric disorder significantly impairs the person's judgment, reason, behavior or capacity to recognize reality and has a substantial probability of causing him or her to suffer or continue to suffer severe psychiatric, emotional or physical harm.
Comment: These criteria for assisted treatment, modified from the Montana Code (Mont. Code Ann. § 53-21-126(1)), are aimed at providing assistance for those caught in the "revolving door," whereby a person's repeated deterioration due to non-compliance results in successive hospitalizations. Should a state desire separate inpatient and outpatient standards, this may be used exclusively as a standard for assisted outpatient treatment.
§ 2.6 Court: the court for each jurisdiction designated to accept petitions and certificates for assisted treatment and related filings, decide on preliminary and ex parte motions, and all other functions assigned to it pursuant to this Model Law.
Comment: The court is responsible for receiving all filings and deciding all motions prior to the assisted treatment hearing. This splitting of functions between the Psychiatric Treatment Board, defined in section 2.12, and a full-time court is necessary as Psychiatric Treatment Boards are designed as part-time forums without a set location and are therefore neither sufficiently available for filings or always able to render timely rulings on motions.
§ 2.7 Danger to himself or herself: may be shown by establishing that, by his or her behavior, a person is in the reasonably foreseeable future likely to either attempt suicide, to inflict bodily harm on himself or herself or, because of his or her actions or inaction, to suffer serious physical harm in the near future. The person's past behavior may be considered.
Comment: In addition to the traditional standard encompassing suicidal behavior, this definition of danger to oneself includes people exhibiting symptomatic behavior who, because of their illness, are either likely to seriously endanger themselves or are unable to protect themselves from otherwise avoidable threats to their safety.
§ 2.8 Danger to others: may be shown by establishing that, by his or her behavior, a person is in the reasonably foreseeable future likely to cause or attempt to cause harm to another. Evidence that a person is a danger to others may include, but is not limited to:
1. that he or she has inflicted, attempted or threatened in an objectively serious manner to inflict bodily harm on another;
2. that by his or her actions or inactions, he or she has presented a danger to a person in his or her care; or
3. that he or she has recently and intentionally caused significant damage to the substantial property of others.
Comment: The definition of dangerousness in subsection (a), or some variation of it, is standard in virtually every state. Those in subsections (b) and (c) are not. Subsection (b) is designed to address the danger that symptomatic behavior of someone with mental illness can represent to those in his or her care, particularly children. The harm to property criterion in subsection (c), which is included in the North Carolina Code (N.C. Gen. Stat. § 122C-3(11)(b)) and the Kansas Code (Kan. Stat. Ann. § 59-2946(f)(3)(a)), not only protects property but also reflects that someone who engages in the wanton destruction of the substantial property of others due to the symptoms of mental illness is likely to be a threat to the physical safety of others as well.
§ 2.9 Gravely disabled: may be shown by establishing that a person is incapable of making an informed medical decision and has behaved in such a manner as to indicate that he or she is unlikely, without supervision and the assistance of others, to satisfy his or her need for either nourishment, personal or medical care, shelter, or self-protection and safety so that it is probable that substantial bodily harm, significant psychiatric deterioration or debilitation, or serious illness will result unless adequate treatment is afforded.
Comment: Many gravely disabled standards have exceedingly limited application. Section 2.9 is modeled on Vermont's more expansive definition of "a person in need of treatment" which incorporates consideration of the person's ability to provide for his or her medical care and safety in addition to his or her minimum physical needs (Vt. Stat. Ann. tit. 18, § 7101(17)(B)(ii)).
§ 2.10 Incapable of making an informed medical decision: means that a person is unaware of the effects of his or her psychiatric disorder or that the person lacks the capacity to make a well-reasoned, willful, and knowing decision concerning his or her medical or psychiatric treatment. Any history of the person's non-compliance with treatment or of criminal acts related to his or her mental illness shall, if available, be considered.
Comment: Modified from the Florida Code (Fla. Stat. Ann. § 394.455(15)).
§ 2.11 Petition: form filed with a court to request an assisted treatment hearing based on the good faith belief of the petitioner that the subject of the petition is eligible for assisted treatment pursuant to the provisions of this Model Law.
§ 2.12 Psychiatric Treatment Board: a judicially empowered decision-making body which shall consist of a physician (preferably a psychiatrist), a lawyer, and a third member, who either must be or has been a recipient of treatment for mental illness or either be or has been a close relative of such a person. All decisions of the Board must be approved by a majority of its members.
Comment: Among its members, this board will have a collective range and degree of legal and psychiatric knowledge, as well as a familiarity with issues concerning individuals with mental illness, far greater than that of virtually any single judge. As they are not full-time tribunals, use of Psychiatric Treatment Boards will also mitigate the costs of administering this Model Law. Both Nebraska (Neb. Rev. Stat. § 83-1017) and South Dakota (S.D. Codified Laws § 27A-10-9.1) provide for such tribunals in their codes.
§ 2.13 Respondent: the person who is the subject of a petition or certificate.
§ 2.14 Severe psychiatric disorder: a substantial impairment of a person's thought processes (e.g., delusions), sensory input (e.g., hallucinations), mood balance (e.g., mania or severe depression), memory (e.g., dementia), or ability to reason that substantially interferes with a person's ability to meet the ordinary demands of living. Severe psychiatric disorders are distinguished from:
1. conditions which are primarily due to drug abuse or alcoholism, although severe psychiatric disorders may co-exist with these disorders;
2. other known neurological disorders such as epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, or Alzheimer's disease although such neurological disorders may also have psychotic features similar to those found in severe psychiatric disorders;
3. normal age-related changes in the brain;
4. brain changes related to terminal medical conditions;
5. personality disorders as defined by the American Psychiatric Association's "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (APA-DSM);
6. moderate, severe and profound mental retardation as defined by the APA-DSM; and
7. pervasive developmental disorders, including autistic disorder, Rett's disorder and Asperger's disorder as defined by the APA-DSM.
Comment: The definition of severe psychiatric disorder is designed to encompass all severe mental illnesses, regardless of present or future diagnostic nomenclature. The listed exclusions are of disorders or conditions for which states typically develop separate statutory treatment schemes.
§ 2.15 Treating professional. While the care and evaluation of individuals with psychiatric disorders is best done by psychiatrists, demographic, geographic, and fiscal conditions do not always allow for it. Therefore, each jurisdiction should adopt a definition of treating professional that will allow for the highest quality of treatment without compromising its availability.
Comment: Although the Model Law makes use of this unspecified "treating professional," specific types of medical professionals are still designated to perform the most critical functions in the assisted treatment process.
§ 2.16 Trial release: a procedure which allows a patient placed in an inpatient facility pursuant to an assisted treatment order to receive treatment while living in the community and remaining subject to the authority of the inpatient facility.
Article 3. Voluntary Treatment
§ 3.1 Admission to voluntary treatment. A person in need of psychiatric care should be admitted into treatment voluntarily whenever possible.
§ 3.2 Discharge from voluntary treatment. A voluntary patient may seek discharge at any time. Unless properly invoking provisions of this Model Law allowing for their retention, the psychiatric treatment facility must release voluntary patients who request to be discharged within 48 hours, not including Saturdays, Sundays or holidays.
Comment: This delay allows for the initiation of assisted treatment procedures for voluntary patients who request to be discharged, but are still in need of care and eligible for assisted treatment pursuant to this Model Law.
Article 4. Emergency Treatment/Observation-Certification
§ 4.1 Emergency treatment initiated by law enforcement officers. Any law enforcement officer with the power of arrest or any person generally designated to do so by the state, county or department of mental health may bring to a designated facility for evaluation any person the officer has reasonable cause to believe has a severe psychiatric disorder and, because of the disorder, is a danger to himself, herself or to others or is gravely disabled.
§ 4.2 Emergency treatment initiated by others. Any psychiatrist, other physician, psychologist, or person who has been generally designated to do so by the state, county or department of mental health may initiate emergency treatment/observation based on a good faith belief that because of a severe psychiatric disorder a person is either a danger to himself or herself, a danger to others or gravely disabled. Any such person who determines the need for emergency treatment/observation but who is not authorized to transport such individuals to a psychiatric facility may direct any person enumerated in § 4.3 to do so.
Comment: Section 4.2 allows for the delineated types of medical professionals to transport non-protesting individuals or to arrange for the transportation of protesting individuals who they believe meet the criteria of this section to a psychiatric facility for evaluation.
§ 4.3 Transportation to emergency facility. Protesting individuals may only be transported by either law enforcement officers with the power of arrest or others who have been designated to perform this function by the state, county or department of mental health.
§ 4.4 Evaluation. A psychiatrist or other physician shall evaluate an individual in emergency treatment/observation within six (6) hours of the individual's placement in a designated psychiatric facility.
§ 4.5 Immediate release. An individual shall be released from emergency treatment/observation unless the psychiatrist or other physician who performs the evaluation determines that the individual is either a danger to himself, herself or others or is gravely disabled.
§ 4.6 Certification. If the examining psychiatrist or other physician who performs the evaluation determines, in his or her clinical opinion, that the individual is a danger to himself, herself or to others or is gravely disabled, he or she must file, or cause to be filed by another psychiatrist or other physician who has also examined the individual, a certificate with the court. The certificate must be filed with the court within 24 hours of the initial examination, not including Saturdays, Sundays or holidays.
§ 4.7 Requirements of Certificate. The certificate shall be in writing, executed under oath, and shall include the following information:
1. the name and address, if known, of the respondent;
2. the name and address, if known, of the respondent's spouse, legal counsel, conservator or guardian and next-of-kin;
3. the name and address, if known, of anyone currently providing psychiatric care to the respondent;
4. the names and addresses, if known, of other persons with knowledge of respondent's mental illness who may be called as witnesses at the assisted treatment hearing;
5. the name and work address of the certifying psychiatrist or other physician;
6. the name and address of the facility in which the respondent is undergoing emergency treatment/observation;
7. the certifying psychiatrist or other physician's statement that he or she has examined the respondent since the respondent was placed in emergency treatment/observation; and
8. the certifying psychiatrist or other physician's statement that, in his or her clinical opinion, the respondent is a danger to himself, herself or to others or gravely disabled and the clinical basis for this opinion.
§ 4.8 Criminal penalty. It shall be a crime to knowingly file, or cause to be filed, a certificate that contains a false material statement or information.
§ 4.9 Initial responsibilities of court after certificate is filed. After the filing of the certificate, the court must:
1. schedule a hearing on the certificate that will occur no more than 72 hours, not including Saturdays, Sundays and holidays, after the initial examination; and
2. designate counsel for the respondent no less than 24 hours prior to the hearing.
§ 4.10 Notice of hearing on certificate. The court shall notify the certifying psychiatrist or other physician, respondent, and the respondent's legal guardian or conservator, if known, of the scheduled hearing on the certificate at least 24 hours in advance. The court must also attempt to notify of the pending hearing, at least 24 hours in advance, an adult member of respondent's household, if known, and up to five individuals of the respondent's choice. Notice may be either by mail, personal delivery, telephone, or reliable electronic means. Timely actual notice shall fulfill the notice requirement for any given individual.
Comment: Allowing the respondent to select five people to be notified of the hearing is an unusually strong protection of the right to involve those who will best protect his or her interests in the assisted treatment process.
§ 4.11 Duration of emergency treatment/observation. Absent the exercise of other applicable provisions of this Model Law, the period of emergency treatment/observation may last no more than 72 hours after the initial examination, not including Saturdays, Sundays or holidays. Anyone who is determined by the examining or a treating physician not to be a danger to himself, herself, or others or gravely disabled must be released from emergency treatment/observation. The initial assisted treatment hearing shall take place before the end of the treatment/observation period.
Comment: Section 4.11 contains two valuable protections for individuals placed in emergency treatment/observation: (1) given the schedule of a typical court, the interval between the initiation of the assisted treatment process and the hearing is as short as it can be while still affording for the provision of adequate safeguards of the rights of the individual; and (2) the treating physician may, without court approval, terminate the proceedings and release the individual if at any point he or she is not a danger to himself, herself, or others or gravely disabled.
§ 4.12 Treatment during emergency treatment/observation. During the emergency treatment/observation period, treatment may be administered if the person is, in the clinical opinion of a treating professional, a danger to himself, herself, or others or is gravely disabled.
Article 5. Petition for Assisted Treatment
§ 5.1 Petition. Any adult may file a petition for the assisted treatment of another person based on a good faith belief that, due to the effects of a severe psychiatric disorder, the person is either a danger to himself or herself, a danger to others, gravely disabled, or chronically disabled.
The petition shall be in writing, executed under oath, and shall include the following information:
1. the petitioner's name, address and, if any, relationship to the respondent;
2. the name and address, if known, of the respondent;
3. the name and address, if known, of the respondent's spouse, legal counsel, conservator or guardian, and next-of-kin;
4. the name and address, if known, of anyone currently providing psychiatric care to the respondent;
5. that the petitioner has reason to believe the respondent meets the criteria for assisted treatment in § 7.3 (these criteria shall be described in simple language in the petition form);
6. that the beliefs of the petitioner are based on specific behavior, acts, attempts, or threats, which shall be specified and described in detail; and
7. the names and addresses, if known, of other persons with knowledge of respondent's mental illness who may be called as witnesses.
§ 5.2 Request for temporary treatment order. A request for an ex parte order placing the respondent under care and treatment in an inpatient facility until the assisted treatment hearing may be included in the petition. The court may issue a temporary treatment order if it finds that the health or safety of the respondent will be placed in jeopardy absent immediate treatment. However, any treatment pursuant to the court's order must be subsequently determined necessary by a treating professional. On granting a temporary treatment order, the court shall direct the transport of the respondent to a designated treatment facility by either law enforcement officers with the power of arrest or others who have been designated to perform this function by the state, county or department of mental health. The temporary treatment order shall be in effect until either the assisted treatment hearing or the petition is dismissed or withdrawn, whichever occurs first.
§ 5.3 Initial responsibilities of court after petition is filed. Within 24 hours, not including Saturdays, Sundays or holidays, of the filing of a petition for assisted treatment, the court must:
1. determine whether the petition is sufficient to establish the reasonable belief that the respondent may be subject to assisted treatment and dismiss without prejudice those that do not;
2. schedule a hearing on any petition it does not dismiss for within 10 calendar days of when the petition was filed;
3. rule on any request for a temporary treatment order included in a petition it does not dismiss;
4. if necessary, issue an order for the respondent to be examined pursuant to § 5.8;
5. designate counsel for the respondent of any petition it does not dismiss; and
6. forward a copy of any petition it does not dismiss to the agency designated by the County to evaluate petitions as described in § 5.4.
§ 5.4 Designated counsel. The respondent shall have court-designated counsel. The County shall investigate, with due diligence, the basis for any petition not dismissed by the court pursuant to § 5.3. An attorney will be designated for the petitioner by the County if its investigation, performed with due diligence, finds probable cause that the respondent is eligible for assisted treatment under § 7.3. The County shall either designate counsel or notify petitioner of its decision not to designate counsel within 72 hours of receiving the petition from the court. If the County does not designate an attorney, petitioner may still put forth the petition. Both petitioner and respondent have the option of engaging counsel of his or her choice.
§ 5.5 Notice of hearing on petition. Within 24 hours, not including Saturdays, Sundays and holidays, of scheduling a hearing on a petition, the court shall mail notice of the hearing, which shall include a copy of the petition, to the respondent; respondent's legal guardian or conservator, if known; petitioner; petitioner's counsel, if known; an adult member of respondent's household, if known; and up to five individuals of the respondent's choice. The court shall, in addition, attempt to notify the respondent; respondent's legal guardian or conservator, if known; petitioner; and petitioner's counsel, if known, during that period by either telephone or other reliable electronic means. Timely actual notice shall fulfill the notice requirement for any given individual.
§ 5.6 Criminal penalty for false petition. It shall be a crime to knowingly file, or cause to be filed, a petition that contains a false material statement or information.
Comment: This section and the corresponding one for certificates, section 4.8, deter the abuse of the assisted treatment system by making it a crime to knowingly file a petition containing false material statements or information. As the classifications of crimes vary from state to state, one is not delineated. However, it is recommended that filing a false application be punishable by up to six (6) months incarceration and/or a comparable monetary penalty.
§ 5.7 Evaluation. Except as otherwise delineated in this Model Law, the respondent must be examined by a treating professional prior to the hearing but not more than seven (7) calendar days before the petition is filed.
§ 5.8 Petition filed without evaluation. A petition may be filed that is unsupported by an evaluation so long as the petition presents sufficient evidence to establish the reasonable belief that the respondent may be subject to assisted treatment. The court shall order the person who is the subject of the petition to be examined by a treating professional assigned by the department of mental health, or its designee, no less than 72 hours prior to the assisted treatment hearing.
Comment: Unlike the codes of some states, the Model Law does not require a psychiatric evaluation be filed with a petition for assisted treatment. This helps ensure that a petition can still be filed for individuals with mental illness who are in need of treatment but refuse to be evaluated.
Article 6. Assisted Treatment Hearing Procedures
§ 6.1 Ten-day treatment option. The respondent has the option of choosing 10 calendar days of inpatient treatment in lieu of being subject to the assisted treatment proceeding. This option is available to the respondent from the time he or she is served with the petition until the end of the petitioner's presentation of evidence at the hearing. At that point, the Psychiatric Treatment Board shall give the respondent a final chance to accept 10 days of treatment before it forecloses him or her from doing so, clearly expressing that it is the respondent's final opportunity to exercise this option. The respondent may select the 10-day treatment option prior to the hearing, in which case the treating facility shall file an affidavit of this election, signed by the respondent, with the court within 48 hours, not including Saturdays, Sundays or holidays. During the 10-day treatment period, the respondent may be discharged on the signature of both the treating medical professional and the medical director of the facility. At the expiration of the 10-day period, a respondent placed in treatment in accordance with this section shall be transferred to voluntary status, but may be subject to additional periods of assisted treatment pursuant to this Model Law.
Comment: This section allows individuals to choose 10 days of treatment instead of being subject to the Psychiatric Treatment Board's determination at the assisted treatment hearing, reducing the number of hearings held in exchange for potentially reduced initial periods of assisted treatment for those who elect this option. A person who takes this option may, if appropriate, be subject to additional care pursuant to the provisions of this Model Law.
The assisted treatment laws of many states allow for the subject of a petition to elect voluntary treatment to avoid a pending assisted treatment hearing, but make little or no provision to ensure the person stays in that treatment for any clinically significant period. The 10-day election in section 6.1 also permits those in need of care to choose to enter treatment voluntarily, but precludes such patients from immediately seeking discharge.
§ 6.2 Continuance. The Psychiatric Treatment Board or the court may, for good cause, order a continuance of up to 48 hours or, if this period ends on a Saturday, Sunday or holiday, to the end of the next day on which the court is open. The continuance shall extend the emergency treatment/observation period or any temporary treatment order until the time of the hearing.
Comment: This possible short continuance of the hearing date is afforded with the realization that gathering all the required individuals for the hearing may not always be possible on short notice and that the respondent may desire the extra time to prepare for the hearing or to decide whether or not to exercise his or her 10-day treatment alternative.
§ 6.3 Location of assisted treatment hearing. For those currently admitted to an inpatient facility operated by the department of mental health, or its designee, assisted treatment hearings shall be held at the respondent's psychiatric facility.
Comment: For most patients, the psychiatric facility will be a more comfortable setting for a hearing than a courthouse. Use of this venue will also eliminate the costs and adverse clinical effects of transporting individuals to the hearing.
§ 6.4 Attendance at hearing. The hearing shall be open to anyone unless the respondent requests that it be closed, at which point only parties and their counsels, witnesses, members and staff of the Psychiatric Treatment Board, and court personnel may be present. However, the court may approve a motion of an individual to attend the trial upon a showing that the person has a substantial interest in the proceeding.
Comment: By providing for closed hearings while still allowing the Psychiatric Treatment Board to permit the attendance of anyone who demonstrates a legitimate interest in the proceedings, this section balances the respondent's right to privacy with the interests of those closest to him or her.
§ 6.5 Expert testimony required at hearing.
1. For a hearing on a certificate, a treating professional who has examined respondent since he or she was placed under emergency treatment/observation shall testify.
2. For a hearing on a petition, the testimony of a treating professional who has examined the respondent more recently than seven (7) calendar days before the petition was filed is required. Such testimony may be presented by affidavit, unless respondent's counsel requests of the petitioner or petitioner's counsel, in writing, the presence of such a treating professional at the assisted treatment hearing. A copy of this request must be filed with the court and made at least 72 hours, excluding Saturdays, Sundays and holidays, prior to the hearing. If planning to present the examining treating professional's testimony by affidavit, counsel for the petitioner must present a copy of the affidavit either to respondent's counsel or at the office of respondent's counsel at least 24 hours, excluding Saturdays, Sundays and holidays, prior to the hearing. The procedures applicable when the respondent has not been examined prior to the hearing are delineated in § 7.1.
Comment: Allowing for the possibility of the examining physician's testimony to be presented by affidavit will conserve resources, typically those of the department of mental health, when live testimony is not necessary.
§ 6.6 Evidence admissible at hearing. The Psychiatric Treatment Board may review any information it finds relevant, material, and reliable, even if normally excluded under rules of evidence.
Comment: This relaxation of the rules of evidence allows for less expensive and more informal hearings in which the Psychiatric Treatment Board will have a greater wealth of information on which to base its findings, but still maintain the ability to disregard suspect exhibits or testimony.
§ 6.7 Record of hearing. No transcript is required to be kept of hearings before Psychiatric Treatment Boards.
Comment: Not transcribing the hearings will dramatically decrease their expense, while the need for transcription of initial assisted treatment hearings is eliminated by offering the de novo appeal to a court of record described in section 8.1.
§ 6.8 Rights of family members. A family member may file a motion for participation in the hearing. The Psychiatric Treatment Board may approve the preliminary motion of such an individual to participate in the hearing upon a showing that the person has a substantial interest in the proceeding. If the Psychiatric Treatment Board so approves, the family member may have the right to representation by counsel at his or her own expense, present evidence, cross-examine witnesses, and appeal.
Comment: This establishes that a family member who demonstrates a sufficient interest in the assisted treatment proceeding may essentially become a party to it. These rights are based on those allowed in similar hearings by Kentucky (Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 202B.160) to the parents of individuals with developmental disabilities; Kentucky's provision of these rights were considered favorably by the Supreme Court in Heller v. Doe, 509 U.S. 312 (1993).
Article 7. Assisted Treatment Hearing Disposition
§ 7.1 Procedure after failure to comply with ordered evaluation. If the respondent presents good and credible reason why he or she was not present for an ordered evaluation, the Psychiatric Treatment Board shall continue the proceeding and issue another order for examination. A hearing concerning an individual who fails to comply, without good reason, with a court's evaluation order shall still proceed. At the conclusion of the argument of the parties, the Psychiatric Treatment Board may either order the respondent released, into treatment, or continue the proceedings so that the respondent may be evaluated. An individual's refusal, without good reason, to comply with an evaluation order may be used as evidence of his or her need for treatment and incapability of making an informed medical decision. If a continuance is ordered, the respondent shall be placed in a designated psychiatric facility and evaluated by a treating professional. The continuance shall be for no more than 72 hours or, if this period ends on a Saturday, Sunday or holiday, until the end of the next day on which the court is open.
§ 7.2 Consent order. At the hearing, the petitioner and respondent may proffer a mutually agreed upon proposed assisted treatment order. The terms of the order must be consistent with those of an initial order for assisted treatment made pursuant to this Model Law. The proposed order must be accompanied by the testimony, which may be by affidavit, of a treating professional qualifying under § 6.5 that the suggested order is clinically appropriate for the respondent. At its discretion, the court may enter the proposed order without a full hearing. Once entered, the consent order has the same effect as an assisted treatment order issued pursuant to § 7.3.
§ 7.3 Criteria for assisted treatment order. After reviewing the evidence presented at the hearing, the Psychiatric Treatment Board shall only order assisted treatment, which can be on either an inpatient or outpatient basis, if it finds the following by clear and convincing evidence:
1. that the person has a severe psychiatric disorder;
2. that the person is either a danger to himself or herself, a danger to others, gravely disabled, or chronically disabled; and
3. that, except for someone found to be a danger, the person is likely to benefit from assisted treatment.
Comment: The operative components of this section are defined in Article 2.
§ 7.4 Assisted treatment order. An order for assisted treatment, for its duration, subordinates the individual's right to refuse the administration of medication or other minor medical treatment to the department of mental health, its designee, or any other medical provider obligated to care for the person by the Psychiatric Treatment Board in its order. The treatment setting shall be the least restrictive possible appropriate alternative. An initial assisted treatment order requiring inpatient placement may be for up to 30 calendar days. An order for assisted treatment on an outpatient basis may be for up to 180 calendar days.
Comment: The order for assisted treatment incorporates the ability to treat the individual subject to it. Each of the possible standards for assisted treatment in section 7.3 requires a determination either that the respondent is dangerous or incapable of making an informed medical decision, thus obviating the need for a treatment order subsequent to the proceedings or the institution of a separate treatment order at the hearing.
§ 7.5 Services included in order for assisted outpatient treatment. An initial assisted treatment order directing care on an outpatient basis must include provisions for intensive case management, assertive community treatment, or a program for assertive community treatment. The order may also require the patient make use of and care providers to supply any or all of the following categories of services to the individual:
1. medication;
2. periodic blood tests or urinalysis to determine compliance with treatment;
3. individual or group therapy;
4. day or partial day programming activities;
5. educational and vocational training or activities;
6. alcohol or substance abuse treatment and counseling, and periodic tests for the presence of alcohol or illegal drugs for persons with a history of alcohol or substance abuse;
7. supervision of living arrangements; and
8. any other services prescribed to treat the person's mental illness and to assist the person in living and functioning in the community, or to attempt to prevent a relapse or deterioration.
Any material modifications of the provisions of the assisted treatment order to which the patient does not agree must be approved by the court.
§ 7.6 Effect of assisted treatment determination on other rights. The determination that a person is in need of assisted treatment, either as an inpatient or outpatient, is not a determination that the patient is legally incompetent or incapacitated for any purpose other than those set out in this Model Law.
Comment: This section ensures that an order for assisted treatment is for assisted treatment alone and does not otherwise impact an individual's legal status.
Article 8. Appeals
§ 8.1 Appeal or review of assisted treatment decision or status. Except where specifically prohibited by this Model Law, a decision of the Psychiatric Treatment Board may be appealed to an appropriate court of record within 10 calendar days of being entered. The hearing of an appeal is de novo and must be held within seven (7) calendar days of the filing of the appeal. The subject of the assisted treatment decision, the petitioner, and family members allowed as parties pursuant to § 6.8 have the right to appeal. The court of record may review any information it finds relevant, material, and reliable, even if normally excluded under rules of evidence.
Article 9. Safeguards
§ 9.1 Thirty-day review for medication side effects. Each patient in an inpatient treatment facility receiving medication pursuant to an assisted treatment order shall be examined every 30 days for serious side effects by a psychiatrist or physician other than his or her treating psychiatrist.
Comment: For some patients, side effects from their medication can lead to their ultimate discontinuance of them. This independent review will increase the opportunity for detrimental side effects to be eliminated or mitigated while inpatients are subject to assisted treatment. Thus these independent reviews not only protect the patient's health, but also maximize the likelihood of his or her long-term medication compliance.
§ 9.2 Recommendation for alternative appropriate treatment. After an examination described in
§ 9.1, a non-treating psychiatrist or other physician who determines, in his or her clinical judgment, that the patient has serious side effects from his or her current medication shall suggest, if available, an alternative appropriate treatment that will have fewer side effects. The treating psychiatric professional shall either comply with this recommendation or bring the non-treating psychiatrist or other physician's written version of it to the facility's medical director, who shall then determine the patient's treatment. If the treating psychiatrist is the facility's medical director, the final decision shall be made by a medical professional generally appointed for this purpose by the department of mental health or its designee.
Comment: The procedure set out in section 9.2 guarantees that either a supervisor of the treating physician or an independent medical professional will choose between conflicting courses of care recommended by the treating psychiatric professional and the psychiatrist or physician who performs the periodic examination required by section 9.1.
§ 9.3 Grievance procedure. There shall be a one-step grievance procedure made available to patients on inpatient status. Grievances concerning treatment may be made to the medical director of each inpatient facility. Grievances about a patient's treatment regimen may be brought by the patient or on the patient's behalf by his or her legal guardian or conservator; his or her patient advocate; any party at a hearing for the institution of or renewal of assisted treatment; or his or her spouse, parent, adult child or, if there is no relative of such degree, his or her closest living relative. The grievance of a patient whose treating psychiatrist is the facility's medical director shall be ruled on by a medical professional generally appointed for this purpose by the department of mental health or its designee.
Comment: In addition to the periodic medical review, the one-step grievance procedure set out in this section empowers the patient, or any one of a number of other individuals interested in his or her welfare, to request a modification of the patient's treatment from either the facility's medical director or an independent psychiatrist.
§ 9.4 Appeal of grievance to Psychiatric Treatment Board. Grievances that are disallowed may be appealed to the Psychiatric Treatment Board, which shall hear the appeal within 14 calendar days. All rulings on appeals of grievances by the Board are final. If the appeal of a grievance is denied, the patient it was brought either by or for is barred from appealing, and others from doing so on his or her behalf, any other grievances to the Psychiatric Treatment Board for a period of 90 days. This limitation of appeal does not otherwise alter the patient's right to bring grievances in accordance with the provisions of § 9.3.
Comment: The Model Law further strengthens patient protections by establishing the right to appeal disallowed grievances to the Psychiatric Treatment Board. The 90-day bar on appeals of grievances to the Board following a denial is to deter repetitious or frivolous appeals. Note that this limitation only restricts a patient's ability to appeal a grievance, not to bring one.
Article 10. Assisted Outpatient Treatment
§ 10.1 Enforcement of assisted outpatient treatment order. An assisted outpatient treatment order's requirement to maintain treatment can be enforced for non-compliance. On the signature of a supervising psychiatrist, the order may be enforced either at the patient's residence or a treatment center designated by the department of mental health or its designee, whichever the patient chooses. Patients who physically resist or fail to select a treatment location shall be treated at a designated treatment center.
Comment: This section offers a non-compliant individual the choice of either accepting medication discreetly in his residence or in the less private, but for some less threatening, setting of a facility designated as a treatment center by the department of mental health or its designee.
§ 10.2 Transfer to inpatient care. The procedures used to determine whether a patient under an assisted treatment order who is on outpatient status should be placed in inpatient care are the same as those for initial placement in assisted treatment. A patient who meets the criteria for emergency treatment shall immediately be given care in an inpatient facility, but a hearing is still necessary to confirm this transfer to inpatient status. At the hearing, the Psychiatric Treatment Board shall order the patient's transfer to or continued placement in inpatient care, depending on his or her status pending the hearing, if such treatment setting is the least restrictive form that will meet the patient's clinical needs. A patient's failure to comply with an order for assisted treatment while in the community may be used as evidence that outpatient placement is not an appropriate treatment setting for that individual.
Comment: Because there is one set of standards for placement in both inpatient and outpatient care, judicial affirmation of the transfer of a patient from outpatient to inpatient status is not necessary. However, recognizing the much greater restriction of liberty of inpatient as compared to outpatient status, the Model Law nonetheless requires judicial approval, either beforehand or afterwards, depending on whether there is an immediate need for inpatient care, for transfers from assisted outpatient to assisted inpatient treatment. Given the existing adjudication from the initial hearing that patients have already met the standard for assisted treatment, a more flexible standard centering on the clinical appropriateness of the new placement is used by the Psychiatric Treatment Board to evaluate such transfers.
Article 11. Trial Release
§ 11.1 Authorization for trial release. When appropriate, a treating physician may allow an inpatient under an assisted treatment order to receive care in the community by placing the patient on trial release. Trial release is subject to the patient's condition and compliance with a treatment plan developed prior to his or her release. The care of a patient on trial release will continue to be supervised by the releasing hospital. The trial release period may last until the expiration of the order for assisted inpatient treatment. The trial release period may not be extended. If appropriate, prior to the expiration of the trial release period, a petition should be filed requesting the renewal of the assisted treatment order and that the patient be placed on outpatient status.
Comment: The absence of the need for the Psychiatric Treatment Board to approve the transfer of an inpatient to outpatient status in trial release helps ensure that patients subject to assisted treatment orders will be cared for in the least restrictive setting.
§ 11.2 Notice of trial release. Notice of a patient being placed on a trial release anticipated to exceed 72 hours shall be mailed at least 72 hours in advance by the patient's inpatient facility to the petitioner; patient's legal guardian or conservator, if known; patient's counsel, if known; an adult member of the patient's household, if known; and anyone recognized as a party at the initial assisted treatment hearing or any subsequent renewal hearings.
§ 11.3 Revocation of trial release. A treating psychiatrist shall revoke a patient's trial release if he or she makes the determination that the patient has either substantially violated the conditions of his or her release or is in need of inpatient care. There is no hearing necessary to revoke trial release. After determining a patient should be removed from trial release, the treating psychiatrist may direct either law enforcement officers with the power of arrest or others who have been designated to perform this function by the state, county or department of mental health to return the patient to the releasing hospital.
Comment: As with its initiation, the revocation of trial release may be done without recourse to the Psychiatric Treatment Board. This contemplates the uncertain condition of someone who is released after being hospitalized for any significant period.
Article 12. Review of Status
§ 12.1 Request for review of assisted treatment status. If the time for appeal of his or her most recent assisted treatment order or renewal has expired, a patient may request a review of his or her assisted treatment status by the Psychiatric Treatment Board. The Psychiatric Treatment Board must review the request within 14 calendar days. A patient may request a review of status hearing no more than once every 90 days.
Comment: This is another of the Model Law's overlapping patient protections.
§ 12.2 Notice of status review hearing. Notice of the status review hearing shall be mailed at least seven (7) calendar days in advance to the patient; patient's legal guardian or conservator, if known; patient's counsel, if known; an adult member of the patient's household, if known; and anyone recognized as a party at the initial assisted treatment hearing or any subsequent renewal hearings. Timely actual notice shall fulfill the notice requirement for any given individual.
Article 13. Renewals
§ 13.1 Renewal of assisted treatment order. The process for renewing an assisted treatment order is the same as for the application for an original assisted treatment order by petition except that notice of the renewal hearing, as provided in § 5.5, shall also be sent to anyone recognized as a party at the initial assisted treatment hearing or any subsequent renewal hearings.
§ 13.2 Duration of renewal period. The first renewal for an assisted inpatient treatment period may last up to 180 days and subsequent renewals up to 360 days thereafter. A subsequent renewal for an assisted outpatient treatment period may last up to 360 days.
Comment: The successively longer periods of treatment reflect that patients who have been in an inpatient facility longer are more likely to stay for longer periods in the future. Note that the intervals between renewals are less significant than those in some state codes because, as set out in section 12.1, both inpatients and outpatients may request a review of their status every 90 days.
Article 14. Procedures for Discharge
§ 14.1 Discharge prior to the expiration of assisted treatment period. A patient in assisted inpatient treatment or on trial release may be discharged on the signature of both the treating medical professional and the medical director of the facility. A patient under an assisted treatment order who is on outpatient status may be discharged on the signature of the treating medical professional and the director of the outpatient program.
§ 14.2 Notice of discharge. Notice of discharge from an assisted treatment order shall be mailed at least 72 hours before the planned discharge to the petitioner; patient's legal guardian or conservator, if known; patient's counsel, if known; an adult member of the patient's household, if known; and anyone recognized as a party at the initial assisted treatment hearing or any subsequent renewal hearings.
Comment: This notice is especially important in light of the Model Law's provisions for the release of patients prior to the expiration of the assisted treatment period ordered by the Psychiatric Treatment Board.
§ 14.3 Discharge plan requirement. Any patient placed on assisted treatment must be given a treatment plan at the time of discharge from inpatient care or an outpatient program or when placed on trial release for a period anticipated being greater than 72 hours. A treatment plan may include, but is not limited to suggested medication; individual or group therapy; day or partial day programming activities; services and training, including educational and vocational activities; residential supervision; intensive case management services; and living arrangements.
Comment: Requiring a comprehensive treatment plan prior to a transfer from inpatient to outpatient treatment or discharge will encourage continued contact with the mental health system by the patient and the provision of the best available services.
§ 14.4 Early discharge hearing. A hearing before the Psychiatric Treatment Board to determine the appropriateness of the discharge of a patient prior to the expiration of his or her assisted treatment period may be demanded as a matter of right by the petitioner; the patient's legal guardian or conservator, if known; an adult member of the patient's household, if known; and anyone recognized as a party at the initial assisted treatment hearing or any subsequent renewal hearings.
Article 15. Accountability
§ 15.1 Treatment provider liability. In addition to other limitations on liability set out elsewhere in the state code, persons providing care to patients placed in assisted treatment pursuant to this section shall only be liable for harm subsequently caused by or to individuals who are either discharged from assisted treatment, placed on outpatient status, or given trial release if the discharge or placement of the individual was not within the scope of the person's employment, or was reckless or grossly negligent.
Comment: This limited liability waiver is a compromise between two necessarily competing interests. It is designed to allow treatment providers to make clinical decisions concerning the placement of patients under assisted treatment orders on trial release or discharging them altogether without undue consideration for possible tort liability. At the same time, redress for an individual harmed by the intentional, reckless or exceedingly inept actions of a treatment provider is still available.
Article 16. Patient Bill of Rights
§ 16.1 Rights of all individuals in assisted treatment. All patients placed in assisted treatment pursuant to this chapter have the following rights:
1. The right to appointed counsel at the initial assisted treatment hearing, reviews of status, subsequent renewal hearings of orders for assisted treatment, and appeals of these proceedings.
2. The right for the patient and his or her legal guardian or conservator, if known, to receive a written list of all rights enumerated in this chapter.
3. The right to appropriate treatment, which shall be administered skillfully, safely, and humanely. Each patient placed in assisted treatment pursuant to this chapter shall receive treatment suited to his or her needs, which shall include such medical, vocational, social, educational, and rehabilitative services as the patient's condition requires.
4. The right at all times to be treated with consideration and respect for his or her privacy and dignity.
§ 16.2 Additional Rights of individuals in assisted inpatient treatment. In addition to those guaranteed in § 16.1, patients placed in assisted inpatient treatment have the following rights:
1. The right to have preserved and safeguarded his or her personal property.
2. The right to communicate freely with and be visited at reasonable times by his or her legal counsel or advocate and, unless prior court restriction has been obtained, to communicate freely with and be visited at reasonable times by his or her personal physician or psychologist.
3. The right to communicate freely with others, unless specifically restricted in the patient's treatment plan because such communication is likely to be harmful to the patient or others.
4. The right to receive visitors at reasonable times, unless specifically restricted in the patient's treatment plan because the contact is likely to be harmful to the patient or others.
5. The right to have reasonable access to telephones, and to make and receive confidential calls, unless specifically restricted in the patient's treatment plan because such communication is likely to be harmful to the patient or others. This shall include a reasonable number of free calls if the patient is unable to pay for them and assistance in calling if requested and needed.
6. The right to have ready access to letter writing materials, unless specifically restricted in the patient's treatment plan because such communication is likely to be harmful to the patient or others. This shall include, if the patient is unable to pay for them, a reasonable number of stamps without cost, the right to mail and receive unopened correspondence, and assistance in writing if requested and needed.
7. The right to be provided with an adequate allotment of neat, clean, and seasonable clothing.
8. The right to maintain personal appearance according to the patient's personal taste, including head and body hair, unless inconsistent with health and safety.
9. The right to keep and spend a reasonable sum of his or her own money for expenses and small purchases.
10. The right to vote if otherwise eligible to do so. Voter registration forms, applications for absentee ballots, and absentee ballots shall be made available to patients.
Comment: Taken together, the rights of patients delineated in Article 16 offer both inpatients and outpatients substantial protection of both their rights and dignity.


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The function of the spark plug is to introduce the ignition energy into the combustion chamber and to initiate combustion of the compressed air-fuel mixture. It accomplishes this task by generating a spark between its electrodes, which then generates the required heat to ignite a smooth burn of the air/fuel mixture. The spark plug is an important factor in determining optimal performance and reliable functioning of an engine. It must permit reliable cold starting, it must guarantee that there is no misfiring during acceleration, and it must withstand the engine being operated for hours on end at maximum power. These requirements apply throughout the entire service life of the spark plug. For 100 years, Bosch Spark Plugs have been designed for optimal performance, reliable functioning, and to withstand extreme operating conditions. Today, the continuously developing spark plug is a key engine system component. It plays a major role in fuel economy, clean, efficient combustion, and the reliable operation of engines and catalytic converters.
There is a large variety of different spark plug designs with more than 1,400 variations. Design variants and special materials such as platinum, silver, or yttrium allow Bosch spark plugs to be used in a wide variety of applications today. In all, Bosch has developed more than 20,000 different types of spark plugs over the last 100 years.
During operation, the spark plug is subjected to both wear and to fouling and should be replaced at regular intervals according to each vehicle's maintainence schedule. In the course of its service life, the spark plug generates wear that requires greater and greater electricity to fire. When the required voltage of the spark plug is greater than what is supplied by the engine, there will be a misfire. Spark plug wear is caused by electrode wear, enegine wear, and abnormal driving conditions among other things. Independent tests have shown that installing Bosch OE Fine Wire Spark Plugs can reduce voltage demand by as much as 24%, providing longer spark plug life and increased performance.
Reading the spark plugs provides valuable information on spark plug and engine operating conditions. See the Technical Info tab to review spark plug faces.
Bosch recommends when installing spark plugs to use a torque wrench and the correct torque in ft.-lbs. As listed below:
If a torque wrench is not available, hand tighten the plug until it is seated in the cylinder head. Spark plugs with gaskets should be tightened an additional 90°. Spark plugs with tapered seats should be tightened an additional 15°.
Most Bosch Spark Plugs are factory pre-gapped for popular vehicle applications. The gap measurements are indicated either on the box, or by the part number located on the spark plug shell.
Gaps should never by adjusted on Platinum+4 or Platinum+2. Bosch Platinum+4 and Platinum+2 have factory pre-set gaps, and should never be gapped by the installer.
Bosch Platinum and Super Spark Plugs also have factory-set gaps. For most plugs, the setting is shown on the plug package. These gaps are correct for the most popular applications of these plugs. There are applications, however, for which the gap setting has to be adjusted according to the vehicle manufacturer's specifications. To avoid damage to a spark plug in the process of adjusting the gap, it is important to follow these guidelines:
Detonation or "knocking" is uncontrolled combustion with a very steep rise in pressure. It is caused by spontaneous ignition of the fuel mixture, which has not yet been reached by the ignition spark. As the high-pressure waves hit the walls of the combustion chamber, their impact produces a metallic knocking sound. Failure to recognize and deal with knocking will inevitably lead to serious engine damage.
The spark plugs' heat range is an index of its capacity to dissipate thermal energy. The different characteristics of automotive engines regarding operating load, compression, engine speed, cooling, and fuel make it impossible to run all engines with a standard spark plug. The same spark plug may get very hot in one engine type, but may reach only a relatively low temperature in another. In the first case, the air-fuel mixture would ignite on the glowing parts of the spark plug projecting into the combustion chamber (pre-ignition) and, in the second case, the insulator tip would soon become so badly fouled by combustion deposits that misfiring would occur. To ensure that the plug runs between the desired temperatures, plugs with different heat capacities were developed. The so called "heat range", which is assigned to each spark plug, is used to characterize these heat dissipation capacities. A plug with a low heat range number (e.g., 2-4) indicates a cold plug that quickly dissipates heat to the engine block and cooling system, while a high code (e.g., 7-10) indicates a hot plug that retains heat. By properly selecting the heat range of the plug, it ensures that the plug will operate between the plug's designed operating range of 500-900 degrees Celsius. In this range, the spark plug will be self-cleaning, yet will not be hot enough to pre-ignite the air/fuel mixture.
To ensure optimal performance in your car, Bosch has tested each vehicle model and the various engines available for that model listed in the Spark Plug catalog or our web-page. Using a special spark plug with a thermocouple built in, Bosch engineers find the hottest cylinder in an engine and then test various spark plugs in that cylinder until the ideal plug is found. This ensures that you will always get the best performance possible.
If you have modified your engine with a performance system such as a turbocharger, supercharger, or nitrous, the recommended spark plug may not be correct. You may need to use a plug with a colder heat range to compensate for the additional heat generated by the engine. Bosch recommends that in these situations, you consult a qualified engine builder for assistance in determining the appropriate heat range.
As a rule, Bosch recommends that you follow the replacement interval listed in your vehicle owners manual, however we highly recommend that you inspect (read) your spark plugs annually and replace as required, to insure optimum engine performance.
Yes! Bosch Spark Plugs meet or exceed warranty requirements of all vehicle and engine manufacturers, and when properly installed in accordance with the recommended application, will not adversely affect the emission control system of any vehicle.
Consumers are sometimes told by an automobile dealer's service writer or mechanic that a brand of replacement spark plug cannot be used in the consumer's vehicle during the warranty period. The claim is made that use of the brand will "void the warranty", with the statement or implication that only the original equipment brand of spark plugs may be used. This, of course, tends to cast doubt on the quality of the replacement spark plug. That claim is not true. Under the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act and general principles of the Federal Trade Commission Act, a manufacturer may not require the use of any brand of spark plug (or any other article) unless the manufacturer provides the item free of charge under the terms of the warranty.
So, if the consumer is told that only the original equipment spark plug will not void the warranty, they should request that the OE spark plug be provided free of charge. If they are charged for the spark plug, the manufacturer or dealer is in violation of the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act.
Yes! See the Technical Info tab for the list of designation codes.
Perhaps the greatest innovation in spark plug design over the years is precious metal technology. As early as the 1960's, engineers recognized the value that platinum added to spark plugs. It provides improved corrosion and erosion resistance and imparts a longer perofrmance life than the standard copper spark plug. The use of platinum not only broadens the heat range beyond that achieved with a copper spark plug, but also provides consistent performance, a reliable spark and a longer performance life. Beginning in the 1990's, iridium spark plugs began to be used for their increased durability over platinum. Now, iridium is the most commonly used original equipment metal in spark plugs and will continue to be in the future.
To validate the improved performance of surface air gap plugs with a pure platinum core and multiple ground electrodes, extensive testing was conducted in the laboratory and in the field:
YES! Racing, as it has for 100 years, provides a great developmental impetus and test bed for spark plug durability and performance, and what is learned at Indy or Darlington, or Le Mans helps improve the spark plugs installed in today's cars or trucks. From the first Indy 500 won by Ray Harroun's Marmon Wasp to the last 17 Indy 500 winners, and many in between, each have used Bosch spark plugs. Many premium passenger car spark plugs use multiple ground electrodes and precious metals, such as platinum, which are a direct result of their development and testing in long distance racing.
See the Technical Info tab for more details on how racing improves the breed of passenger car spark plugs.
Bosch guarantees that you will feel improved performance in your vehicle when using a spark plug of the Bosch Platinum Series (Platinum+4, Platinum2, and Platinum). However, if you do not experience quicker starts, smoother acceleration, and improved fuel efficiency, you can return the plugs with a dated sales receipt and Bosch will refund the purchase price of the spark plugs.
Glossary: Multi Ground- Plugs with multiple ground electrodes are called multi ground. These plugs also use surface gap spark patterns and the multiple ground electrodes increase service life.Surface Gap- Surface gap technology is when the ground electrode is to the side of the center electrode. There can be no ground electrode (racing applications), multiple ground electrodes (PT+4 and PT2), or a single ground electrode. These spark plugs have improved efficiency and a higher probability of igniting a lean air/fuel mixture.Resistor- Many spark plugs have a special conductive glass seal between the center electrode and the terminal stud. This seal acts as a resistor in the plug which reduces the transmission of pulses of energy to the ignition cables. These pulses can cause Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) with electrical components in the car. For some newer cars, resistor plugs are required for effective communication between the plugs and the electronic ignition.Radio Frequency Interference (RFI)- When the spark plug creates a spark, a high frequency burst of energy is created. If this energy was to travel through the ignition wires, it could cause interference with other sensitive electronic devices, such as the radio or electronic control units. The resistor in the spark plug reduces this energy before it causes interference with other electrical components.Fouling- Fouling occurs when a plug becomes contaminated with fuel, oil, or other contaminates that prevent the plug from generating a spark. Most plugs today are designed to reduce fouling and become self-cleaning when they reach 500 degrees Celsius. However, short trips, low speed driving, improper spark plug heat range (too cold), improper timing, or an oil leak in the combustion chamber can cause a spark plug to become fouled.Bridging- Over time, contaminants can build on the surface of the spark plug if it does not reach self-cleaning temperature often. These buildups can grow between the electrodes until they are actually connected by a bridge of contaminants. This will often cause misfire.Flashover- Occurs when the spark does not jump between the electrodes within the combustion chamber, but instead jumps between the metal shell and the terminal on top of the plug. This will always cause a misfire since the air/fuel mixture will not be ignited. Bosch spark plugs have a ribbed insulator to prevent flashover.Quenching- The purpose of a spark plug is to introduce enough heat into the combustion chamber to initiate a smooth burn of the air/fuel mixture. Quenching occurs when that heat generated by the spark is reabsorbed back into the ground electrode, the center electrode, and the ceramic insulation. To reduce quenching and ensure an efficient transfer of heat, Bosch Platinum+4 and Platinum2 spark plugs use surface gap technologies.
Engineered for high performance and long life
Engineered for extended performance life and durability
Double Platinum
The longest lasting copper core spark plug on the market
Super Plus
Optimum horsepower and exceptional performance life
Platinum Ir Fusion
Delivers maximum engine power for a longer performance life
Optimum engine performance and longer life
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Unit details
HSN703 - Diet and Disease
|2015 unit information
|Enrolment modes:
|Trimester 1: Cloud (online)
|Credit point(s):
|EFTSL value:
|Unit chair:
Phillip Parker
|Incompatible with:
|Contact hours:
All content available in Cloud (online)
Note:You will need to access substantial learning resources and experiences in CloudDeakin (Deakin's online learning environment). Compliance with the Standards in computing, connectivity and student capability are a condition on your enrolment.
This unit concentrates on major nutrition-related components of the major non-communicable diseases that affect the health of developed nations. Topics include: the metabolic syndrome, obesity (regulation of energy balance, health consequences, best practice dietary interventions); cardiovascular disease (atheroma pathophysiology, lipoprotein metabolism, dietary management); type 2 diabetes (T2D) (the role of diet and physiological mechanisms in the pathogenesis and treatment of T2D); nutrient-gene interactions (epigenetic methylation, histone modifications and single nucleotide polymorphisms); mental health (role of nutrients in the brain and effect on several significant mental health pathologies) and cancer (dietary components as indicators, promoters or protective agents).
Assessment task 1: Assignment 1 (1000 words) 15%
Assessment task 2: Assignment 2 (1500 words) 25%
Assessment task 3: Examination (2 hours) 60%
Unit Fee Information
|Student Contribution Rate*
|Student Contribution Rate**
|Fee rate - Domestic Students
|Fee rate - International students
* Rate for all CSP students, except for those who commenced Education and Nursing units pre 2010
** Rate for CSP students who commenced Education and Nursing units pre 2010
Please note: Unit fees listed do not apply to Deakin Prime students.