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CME Disclosure
C. Robert Cloninger, M.D., Director, Center for Well-Being, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
No relevant financial relationships to disclose.
Ada H. Zohar, Ph.D., Chair of Psychology, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Israel
Kevin M. Cloninger, Ph.D., President, Anthropedia Foundation, New York
Address correspondence to C. Robert Cloninger, M.D., Director, Center for Well-Being, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8134, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110; e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
An understanding of the mechanisms of personality development provides a systematic way to promote health as an integrated state of physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being. Individual differences in personality are causal antecedents of the full range of psychopathology. The maturation with integration of personality appears to be an important mechanism by which diverse modalities of treatment promote wellness and reduce illness. First, the authors review the relationship between personality and a wide range of psychiatric disorders. Second, the authors evaluate the impact of character structure on a wide range of measures of well-being, including positive emotions, negative emotions, life satisfaction, perceived social support, and perceived health. Third, the authors describe a practical and inexpensive clinical method for facilitating the maturation and integration of personality based on an understanding of the processes of human thought, which underlie changes in personality and well-being.
The major problem limiting the effectiveness of mental health care is the failure to promote well-being due to an excessive contemporary focus on deficits symptomatic of mental ill-being. Our treatments focus on symptoms rather than on causes of dysfunction and fail to promote healthy functioning. As a result, improvements in treatment are usually weak, incomplete, and temporary, whether based on psychopharmacology or psychotherapy (1). In contrast, randomized controlled trials of treatments designed to promote well-being have been shown to reduce dropout, relapse, and recurrence rates compared with treatments for symptoms of disorder (2—4). In addition, psychiatric care to promote well-being reduces the stigma and increases recovery of mental health. In other words, mental health care appears to be more effective than mental illness care.
An understanding of personality development provides a systematic way to promote health, which can be defined as an integrated state of physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being, rather than merely the absence of disease or infirmity (5, 6). More specifically, mental health has been described as "A state of well-being in which the person realizes and uses his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to contribute to his or her community" (6). This definition of mental health corresponds closely to the description of maturity of personality, particularly the character traits of self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence, which allow a person to work, love, and serve others. In fact, there is extensive data indicating that individual differences in personality are causal antecedents contributing to the full range of psychopathology (7).
Mental health professionals and educators use a wide variety of methods for the development of character and well-being. The traditional mainstays of psychiatric treatment have been various forms of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, but there are also many other effective evidence-based treatments that promote greater mind-body awareness by means of work on physical exercise, diet, sleep hygiene, deep breathing exercises, guided imagery, muscular relaxation, or meditation (8—10). The effects of conventional and alternative methods are often indistinguishable, suggesting that some common mechanism is being influenced by complementary pathways (11). How do these diverse biological, psychological, and social interventions influence well-being? One clear answer has been given to this question by sages throughout history (1). Well-being and the integration of personality depend fundamentally on self-awareness, as summarized in the Delphic injunction to "Know Yourself." Rather than relying on the authority of ancient sages, however, here we will consider evidence to evaluate the possibility that character development can be facilitated by diverse methods that enhance a person's awareness of any aspect of their being, including their body, thoughts, or psyche. To do so, we must evaluate ways of measuring the different aspects of being and well-being. Each of these terms and their aspects need to be clearly defined and measured in ways that can be implemented efficiently in clinical practice, as we will describe in detail. We must also consider the mechanisms by which increasing awareness may promote increased well-being and reduced ill-being.
First, we review the relationship between personality and a wide range of psychiatric disorders. Second, we evaluate the impact of character structure on a wide range of measures of well-being, including positive emotions, negative emotions, life satisfaction, perceived social support, and perceived health. Third, we describe a practical and inexpensive clinical method for facilitating the maturation and integration of personality based on an understanding of the processes of human thought, which underlie changes in personality and well-being.
Remember that most psychopathology has a complex or multifactorial causation and that it develops as a nonlinear dynamic system. This means that disorders depend on combinations of multiple genetic and environmental variables and that the same factor may contribute to many different disorders and that the same disorder may arise from interactions of different sets of causes. The effect of a variable can be very different, depending on which other variables it is combined with. As a result, we should not expect simple linear chains of development from molecular variables to clinical syndromes, even though contrary claims are made frequently and just as frequently fail to be confirmed. Complexity of pathogenesis is another way of talking about the "equifinality" and "multifinality" properties of development observed consistently for personality and psychopathology (12, 13).
The complexity of personality and psychopathology has been amply confirmed by etiological research. We have no laboratory tests for any psychiatric disorder. Genetic variables, when found, have weak and inconsistent effects when evaluated one at a time because their effects depend on other unmeasured genetic and environmental variables with which they are combined. There are no algorithmic formulae or shortcuts for understanding the complex biopsychosocial processes involved in the development of well-being and its disorders.
Personality traits are an important component of the complex development of the full range of psychopathology but do not explain most of the variance in risk for psychiatric disorders. The incomplete determination of psychopathology by personality is partly related to the incompleteness of what is traditionally called personality. A fuller account of all aspects of a person needs to include sexuality, physicality, emotionality, intellect, and spirituality in an integrated developmental perspective (14). Furthermore, the development of psychiatric disorders depends on internal and external variables that pull on the self, such as the appropriateness of a person's life style, goals, and values within the personal, social, and cultural setting in which they live (15). We cannot separate the self or the whole person from their family or culture any more than we can separate a person's body and mind. Efforts to do so result in "brainless" or "mindless" perspectives, which eventually lead to confusion rather than understanding (16, 17).
As a result of such complexity, we must be modest about the extent to which personality explains the etiology of psychopathology. Yet it is also clear that personality variables contribute to most psychopathology and that the integration of personality allows such improved adaptation that people can enjoy the way they have learned to live well with the strengths that they always had or the abilities that they can acquire with experience or treatment. This is the modest etiological but hopeful therapeutic claim that we think is justified by what we know about personality development: Nearly all human beings have enough capacity for self-awareness to allow them to learn how to live well—with satisfaction, purpose, and a sense of meaning greater than their individual selves, even if their self-awareness is initially limited. Some randomized controlled trials have been done to directly support this claim using diverse methods to increase awareness of the body, thoughts, and psyche of a person (2, 4, 8—11), but much more is needed before this claim can be considered well-documented. Our limited knowledge of the science of well-being is a well-known reality that every practicing psychiatrist already faces daily with each patient encountered. What all mental health professionals need is a practical way to help people make their lives better. So here we will review the facts that are available to guide such a hopeful person-centered approach to well-being.
Psychiatrists have been divided by interest and training into schools that emphasize the importance of major categories of illness, as described on axis I of DSM, or the development of personality traits, as described on axis II of DSM. Sometimes these distinctions have been confounded with the belief that neurobiology or nature causes the major categories of illness, whereas psychosocial development or nurture causes personality traits. The dichotomies of nature or nurture, neurobiology or psychosocial development, and category or trait are no longer scientifically tenable perspectives (17). The brain does not have centers for different categories of illness; it is modular, with each module having functions that participate in a variety of integrative processes in combination with other modules to allow purposeful adaptation to internal and external events. These modules are extensively interconnected, like the Internet, so that communication operates as a nonlinear dynamic system with quantum-like properties (1). The dynamics of shifts in brain states is depicted in Figure 1. The two brain states, A and B, in Figure 1 represent different configurations of a person's brain modules. The two brain states or configurations of personality differ in their level of information content and well-being. These states are technically described as "metastable": a person can be stuck in the less well configuration A because the only way to reach the more well configuration A is by temporarily giving up some of the advantages or pleasures associated with configuration B. In clinical terms, people must face who they are and recognize both the advantages and disadvantages of their current way of living and of other potential attitudes toward life before they can change without self-defeating conflict. As a result of such relative stability, configurations of traits can appear to be a categorical disorder temporarily until they radically transform, usually in the flash of a moment of insight leading to a change in outlook.
(Reproduced with Permission of the Washington University Center for Well-Being.)
It is important for clinicians of all perspectives to recognize that there is substantial similarity in diagnosis and treatment whether viewed through the lens of major clinical syndromes, personality disorders, or the traits they share in common. The similarity between major syndromes and personality disorders is illustrated in Table 1. Although it may seem surprising to people accustomed to a biomedical model, even the major syndromes of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder are strongly influenced by premorbid personality traits (18—21). As previously mentioned, temperament and character may not explain all of the components of a clinical syndrome, but their contribution is usually sufficient to effect recovery by understanding the personality configuration that led to vulnerability to the disorder.
Phenotypic Similarity between Major Clinical Syndromes and Personality Disorders
The components of temperament and character that are most strongly associated with different major psychiatric disorders are summarized in Table 2. A personality dimension is only indicated as high (+) or low (−) when it is regularly observed and useful for therapeutic intervention. The strongest effects are denoted as very high (++) or very low (− −). Table 2 gives the observations that are of practical utility for a clinician interested in diagnosis and treatment, and more details are given in the references cited in the text.
Personality Traits That Are Highly Likely to Be High (+) or Low (−) in Different Mental Disorders and States of Mental Health
Extensive findings about temperament and character configurations contributing to schizophrenia have recently been reviewed (21, 22). Perceptual aberrations and magical thinking characterize the character configuration of low self-directedness and high self-transcendence because such people have poor reality testing (i.e., low self-directedness) combined with vivid fantasy (i.e., high self-transcendence). The full schizotypal or disorganized character configuration also includes social intolerance, hostility, and distrust (i.e., low cooperativeness). Schizophrenics also are asocial because they are both anxiety-prone (i.e., high in harm avoidance) and emotionally aloof (i.e., low reward dependence). In a study of schizophrenics and their nonpsychotic siblings, asociality was found to be a mediating variable leading to schizophrenia only when combined with schizotypal character traits or with the neurocognitive deficits typical of schizophrenics, such as poor working memory and low crystallized intelligence (21). More importantly, high self-directedness was strongly correlated with the absence of neurocognitive deficits, such as low crystallized intelligence, in the nonpsychotic siblings of schizophrenics, whereas it is not correlated with intelligence in the general population. In other words, high self-directedness is protective against neurocognitive deficits and psychosis in siblings of schizophrenics (21). High self-directedness is also strongly associated with measures of well-being among schizophrenics in treatment (23).
Patients with major depressive disorders and their siblings have a personality structure different from that of healthy control subjects and their siblings (18). Study of people with major depression and their siblings has allowed a rigorous evaluation of the heritable trait effects of personality as well as the extent to which they are influenced by mood states. The causal importance of personality in major depression can be tested in a sibling study because both personality and major depression are heritable. In the families of patients with major depression, the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) personality traits are all moderately heritable (18), just as they are in samples of healthy people in the general population (24). Likewise the risk of major depression was increased in the siblings of patients with depression compared with the siblings of healthy control subjects. The current level of depressed mood was correlated with high harm avoidance, low novelty seeking, and low self-directedness, indicating some state effect of mood on self-reports of personality. People with past histories of recurrent depression had particularly high harm avoidance scores, suggesting severity of predisposition and/or scarring from past episodes. Well siblings of patients with depression who have never had depression were lower in harm avoidance, higher in novelty seeking and reward dependence, and lower in cooperativeness. Persistence, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence did not influence the risk of depression in siblings. Other studies confirm the strong impact of high harm avoidance and low self-directedness on risk of depression (25—27). Higher harm avoidance scores reduce the response to antidepressant drugs, so that treatment responses are poorer and slower, and outcomes are worse at 6 and 18 months (28—30). Higher harm avoidance is associated with earlier onset, a greater number of past depressive episodes, and higher future recurrence risks (20, 29, 31, 32). Temperament configuration influences drug response and can be used to guide choice of drug, dosage, and adjunctive medications according to some studies (33, 34). Both tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors reduce harm avoidance scores, which mediates a reduction in depression (30, 34, 35). Lowering harm avoidance increases serotonergic activity (30, 36) and enhances connectivity between the amygdala and the anterior cingulate cortex, which serves as a crossroads to enable emotional regulation, cognitive planning, and purposeful activity (37). Antidepressants and cognitive behavior therapy both increase self-directedness, which protects against relapse over the long term (31).
Patients with bipolar disorder have a personality structure different from that of those with unipolar depression or healthy control subjects. In terms of temperament, people with mania are higher in both novelty seeking and harm avoidance than are control subjects, whereas those with unipolar depression are usually higher only in harm avoidance (19, 38, 39) unless they have some comorbid feature such as substance abuse or suicide attempts (20, 40). The strong association of novelty seeking with bipolar disorder in adults is also observed in milder variants such as hyperthymia or cyclothymia (41, 42) and in prepubertal and adolescent bipolar disorder (43, 44). The full personality profile is usually made up of a sensitive (NHR) or explosive (NHr) temperament and a cyclothymic (sCT) or disorganized (scT) character, which are associated with emotional lability and immaturity, respectively. (In the personality profile, lower case letter refer to low scores and capital letters refer to high scores for the following traits: N, novelty seeking; H, harm avoidance; R, reward dependence; S, self-directedness; C, cooperativeness; T, self-transcendence.) Unfortunately, it is impossible to disentangle the effects of mood state on reporting in the absence of a sibling study in which mood is measured. When patients with euthymic bipolar disorder have been studied, they have consistently been found to have low persistence (45, 46), but sometimes also high harm avoidance (47) or low novelty seeking (46). However, high novelty seeking predicts a failure to recover euthymia in prospective studies (48, 49), so those who recover to stable euthymia may differ in their antecedent personality traits. Findings about comorbidity also indicate that bipolar disorder cannot be considered as a homogeneous category: bipolar patients with comorbid anxiety have higher harm avoidance and lower self-directedness than other bipolar patients, and bipolar patients with comorbid alcoholism have lower persistence (19). In summary, people with low persistence (i.e., easily discouraged and frustrated) or both harm avoidance and novelty seeking (i.e., conflicting needs for security and excitement) are vulnerable to bipolar disorder, particularly when their character is immature so that they cannot regulate their emotional conflicts, frustration, and disappointments.
High harm avoidance is a strong and sensitive predictor of the presence and severity of anxiety disorders in adult and child psychiatric patients and in the general population (50—55), but not everyone with high harm avoidance develops a clinical anxiety disorder (53). Essentially, high harm avoidance increases a person's sensitivity to and difficulty coping with the impact of negative life events (56—58). For example, high harm avoidance augments startle responses when a person's prestimulus outlook is negative, whereas low harm avoidance reduces startle responses when a person's prestimulus outlook is positive (59, 60). As a result of differences in sensitivity to internal and external events, the form of any clinical disorder depends not only on harm avoidance but also on other personality traits that influence the perception of life events (1, 61).
Except for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), which is quite distinct in terms of personality, there is much overlap among the other anxiety disorders in both symptoms and personality configurations. Generalized anxiety disorder is most often associated with only high harm avoidance, whereas panic disorder and social anxiety disorder are somewhat more likely to occur in people who are both high in harm avoidance and low in novelty seeking (32, 62). In addition, people with social anxiety disorder are also unlikely to be average in reward dependence—they are likely to be either high in reward dependence (so that they are avoidant and rejection-sensitive) or low in reward dependence (so that they are cautious and aloof). Of course, any of these temperament profiles can be associated with weak development of character traits, particularly low self-directedness, which is moderately correlated with high harm avoidance (62—64). Patients who are higher in character development have pure anxiety disorders that respond better to antidepressants or cognitive therapy than those with less character development (63, 65).
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has a distinct personality configuration compared with that of healthy control subjects and of those with other anxiety disorders. Adult and child patients with OCD and their first-degree relatives have a methodical temperament with very much higher harm avoidance, lower novelty seeking, and lower reward dependence (designated as an nHr temperament profile) compared with healthy control subjects and first-degree relatives of control subjects (66, 67) and are high in persistence (68). In terms of character, patients with OCD usually are low in self-directedness and cooperativeness (65, 69, 70). Personality traits are differentially associated with severity and type of symptoms among patients with OCD: greater symptom severity is correlated with low self-directedness and low cooperativeness, whereas hoarding is associated with higher persistence and/or higher harm avoidance (69—72). Patients with chronic fatigue syndrome have a premorbid personality configuration similar to that seen in OCD except that they are not likely to be low in reward dependence (73).
High novelty seeking and low self-directedness are the two personality traits most consistently associated with alcohol and drug abuse. High novelty seeking involves impulsive thrill-seeking and experimentation with new things, such as experimenting with alcohol, cigarettes, or recreational drugs at an early age (74—77). Low self-directedness is just as strongly associated with substance abuse because it involves inadequate executive control of a person's emotional drives (78). Thus, both high novelty seeking and low self-directedness contribute to difficulty inhibiting, delaying, or otherwise controlling impulsive behaviors, such as substance abuse, pathological gambling, or binging (79—82).
Novelty seeking interacts with other personality and familial variables in influencing the development of alcohol abuse (74). If a person has one or more alcohol-dependent parents, then high novelty seeking is an even stronger predictor of alcohol dependence in the child than if the child had no alcoholic parent (83). On the other hand, low novelty seeking protects children from developing alcoholism if they have alcoholic parents. Essentially novelty seeking serves as a nonlinear moderator of the familial risk of alcoholism, like an intrinsic ability to either expose a person to risk (if novelty seeking is high) or to protect them from risk (if novelty seeking is low).
Likewise the risk of alcohol abuse is increased if a person is extremely high or extremely low in harm avoidance or extremely high or extremely low in reward dependence, but the overall effects of novelty seeking and self-directedness are predominant in most circumstances (74). The overall effect of the extreme deviations of harm avoidance and reward dependence are missed if only group averages are compared. Nevertheless, if individuals low in novelty seeking begin to use alcohol to cope with stress, they may become dependent, particularly if they are high in harm avoidance and/or low in self-directedness, as often occurs in people who begin to drink during a depressive episode.
The impact of social pressure and cultural attitudes on substance dependence is particularly evident in the changing relationships between personality and cigarette smoking over the past 50 years. Initiation of regular cigarette smoking is usually associated with high novelty seeking combined with high persistence and low reward dependence (84, 85). Some people initiate smoking to relieve anxiety if they are high in harm avoidance and want to relieve negative affect or stress. Likewise, the withdrawal from cigarettes in regular smokers is not a consistent physiological syndrome, but one that depends substantially on personality. Smokers high in novelty seeking experience greater abstinence-induced increases in nicotine withdrawal, negative affect, and cigarette craving than smokers low in novelty seeking. In contrast, smokers high in harm avoidance report greater abstinence-induced increases in negative affect and urges to smoke to relieve stress (84). Reward dependence is not associated with abstinence effects. Cessation of cigarette smoking is strongly moderated by character traits, so that individuals who are highly self-directed are much more likely to succeed in quitting smoking when they decide to do so. In people born before 1950, cigarette smoking was a prosocial behavior and was correlated with high cooperativeness, particularly in men. However, when some people began to regard smoking as an antisocial behavior, it became correlated with low self-directedness and low cooperativeness, as is seen in many people born after 1950 (78). This example illustrates the importance of understanding psychopathology as the expression of dysfunction in a complex dynamic system regulating biopsychosocial adaptation (15). Personality assessment provides a systematic way to understand the motives of a person and the internal and external influences that pull on the self in an ever-changing biological, social, and cultural context. Adequate clinical understanding of mental disorders requires awareness of the meaning of desires, feelings, relationships, and events in relation to the goals and values of a person and the collective expectations of the society within which the person functions.
Eating disorders provide well-defined clinical subgroups of individuals, who differ objectively in their weight, subjective features such as body image, and patterns of behavior such as restrictive dieting, binging, and/or purging. Temperament and character traits have been extensively studied in eating disorders and show strong utility for both differential diagnosis and treatment planning (86—88). High harm avoidance and low self-directedness are typical characteristics shared by all groups of patients with eating disorders compared with healthy control subjects, both before and after recovery (88). Restrictor anorexic individuals are perfectionistic and have high harm avoidance, high persistence, and relatively higher self-directedness compared with patients with other eating disorders. In contrast, binging bulimic individuals have approach-avoidance conflicts and are high in harm avoidance and novelty seeking along with lower self-directedness and lower cooperativeness (89—94). Anorexic individuals who also binge or purge are most like bulimic individuals in personality but may be high in persistence like restrictive anorectic patients (87, 93, 94). Likewise obese patients, whether they have food binges or not, are usually like normal-weight bulimic individuals in that they are high in harm avoidance and novelty seeking and low in self-directedness (80, 81). Not all patients with anorexia have the restrictive pattern with high persistence, however; some anorexic individuals are withdrawn and avoidant without enthusiasm for eating, as in individuals who are high in harm avoidance (H) and low in novelty seeking (n), combined with a depressive character structure [low in all three characters (sct)] (95). Hence the structure of personality can reveal more than the subdivision of eating disorders according to weight and eating behaviors alone. The temperament and character traits appear to have a causal role in the pathogenesis of eating disorders because they are heritable, expressed early in development, moderately stable throughout life, not explained by mood or metabolic status, and present before treatment and after recovery (86, 88).
The role of each personality trait in eating disorders has been examined in relation to different attitudes toward eating and weight. High novelty seeking is correlated with impulsivity and disinhibition, whereas low self-directedness is related to overall restraint in eating and susceptibility to hunger (96). Low self-directedness is the strongest predictor of severity of vomiting in bulimic individuals (97). People with both low self-directedness and high self-transcendence are prone to excessive fantasy and seem to be particularly reactive and susceptible to unrealistic societal messages about slenderness (96).
Temperament and character are also important predictors of prognosis in prospective longitudinal studies. Cognitive behavior therapy in bulimic individuals resulted in a reduction of harm avoidance and an elevation of self-directedness compared with pretreatment, but the values for the bulimic individuals continued to differ from the values for healthy control subjects (86, 88). High self-directedness at intake predicts rapid improvement with cognitive behavior therapy and sustained recovery at 1 year in bulimic individuals (86). Dropout rates from brief psychotherapy are high for patients with eating disorders who have borderline features, including high novelty seeking, high harm avoidance, low reward dependence (NHr) and disorganized character traits of low self-directedness, low cooperativeness, and high self-transcendence (scT) (98). Mature character development greatly facilitates treatment by helping with the emotional regulation of anger and frustration (99). Anorexic patients who are high in both self-directedness and cooperativeness at intake are more likely to recover fully with cognitive behavior therapy, whereas those who do not improve are higher in harm avoidance and lower in self-directedness (100). High self-directedness and high persistence are also strong predictors of sustained weight loss in morbidly obese people after gastric banding (101, 102).
These findings about the role of personality in the differential diagnosis and treatment of psychopathology indicate that the assessment of personality provides more information than is available from efforts to subdivide patients into categorical groups. The clinical syndromes remain useful because the same personality profile may lead to different problems under different conditions. Yet the personality configurations add much information to help in understanding the pathogenesis of the disorder, in prognostication of outcome, and in planning effective treatment interventions that are individually tailored to the patient's resources and interests.
Remember that personality traits occur in all possible combinations, whereas clinicians are accustomed to thinking as if a person has only one basic diagnosis. In fact, we know that there is extensive overlap among the major clinical syndromes, so that having a mood disorder or schizophrenia does not provide any protection from having other disorders. The phenomenon of comorbidity has revealed the fundamental inadequacy of categorical diagnosis (103). Once a clinician realizes that the syndromes are not mutually exclusive diseases and that they actually share many functional components, then the clinical utility of multidimensional personality assessment becomes clear. Our diagnostic and treatment processes are greatly facilitated by having a way to understand the patterns of comorbidity that we observe in people by knowing what their personality structure is. Once we know the personality structure, we can often anticipate what other problems individuals may have even if they did not volunteer the information in their initial presenting complaints.
For example, the TCI profile allows clear prediction of what comorbid syndromes are present in people presenting with any diagnosis, such as a major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder (19, 50, 104). If persons presenting with a mood disorder has high harm avoidance, which they usually do, then they are likely to have comorbid anxiety and somatization. If patients with major depression have high novelty seeking, they are likely to have comorbid syndromes associated with poor impulse control such as substance dependence, bulimia, binge eating, or pathological gambling. And vice versa, if patients with depression has substance dependence we should investigate whether they are high in novelty seeking. If patients with major depression are low in cooperativeness, we can anticipate that they will have problems with hostility or suspiciousness. The structure of personality forms a clear scaffold on which we can systematically organize our thinking about the functional interactions that occur over the course of people's lives as they shape and adapt to an ever-changing internal and external environment. We can see that every component of personality is always important in adapting rather than trying to oversimplify human motivation by reducing it to a fuzzy set of idealized categories that are really metastable configurations of dynamic functional processes by which people seek health and happiness with more or less success (105).
In addition to understanding the relationship of personality to psychopathology, a mental health professional also needs to understand the relationship of personality to health as a state of physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being (6). To proceed scientifically, we must be able to measure these aspects of well-being in a reliable way. We studied personality with the TCI and related it to well-validated measures of well-being in 1,102 consecutive community volunteers from the Sharon region of Israel (106). The measures of well-being we used were the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (107), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (108), and the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale (109). Perceived health was also rated on a five-point Likert scale based on the item "How would you rate your health over the past 30 days?" from the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (110). Table 3 summarizes the correlations among these measures. Positive and negative affectivity were largely uncorrelated (r=−0.09), which reminds us that the presence of positive affect (i.e., happiness) is not at all the same as the absence of negative affect (i.e., not being depressed or upset). Scores for life satisfaction, perceived social support, and perceived health were weakly but positively correlated with one another (r=+0.23—+0.31), so we formed a Composite Health Index (CHI) as the mean of these three measures. Table 3 shows that each measure of health was strongly correlated with the CHI (r=+0.7—+0.8). These findings show that health and happiness are correlated but made up of distinguishable components of physical, mental, and social well-being, as suggested by the World Health Organization definition of health (WHO, 1946).
Correlations ×100 among Measures of Aspects of Well-Being: Positive Emotionality, Negative Emotionality, Life Satisfaction, Perceived Social Support, Perceived Health, and a Composite Health Index
Next we began to consider the way a person's character profile influenced these components of well-being. From prior work reviewed in the preceding section, we knew that recovery from mental disorders in prospective treatment studies involved greater maturity or adaptability of TCI character traits. In contrast, measures of well-being have little relationship to temperament traits except for harm avoidance (111). Prior work had suggested that a gradient in adaptiveness of character could be described along an approximate gradient shown in Figure 2 from the creative character (designated as SCT) with high self-directedness, high cooperativeness, and high self-transcendence to the depressive character (designated as sct) with low self-directedness, low cooperativeness, and low self-transcendence. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the relationship between character configuration and well-being for each of the measures of well-being in Table 3.
Variation in Negative Affect as a Function of Character Profile.
Overall results are summarized in Table 2 for well-being in a format that parallels that for mental disorders. We will consider each of the measures in sequence to describe the way each character trait has distinct functional effects while interacting with the other traits.
First, let's consider the relationship of character structure to the differences between individuals in negative affect ("unhappy"), as depicted in Figure 2. All four character configurations with high self-directedness had less negative affect than those with lower self-directedness, demonstrating a strong association of self-directedness with lower negative affect. Cooperativeness had a weak association when self-transcendence was high: higher cooperativeness was associated with lower negative affect in the contrast between moody and disorganized profiles (sCT versus scT) and between creative and fanatical profiles (SCT versus ScT). Self-transcendence was not associated with lower negative affect in any contrast.
The interactions of character dimensions on positive affect, depicted in Figure 3, were different from those observed for negative affect. Higher self-transcendence was consistently associated with higher positive affect for each of the four possible configurations of self-directedness and cooperativeness (SCT versus SCt, ScT versus Sct, sCT versus sCt, and scT versus sct). Likewise, higher self-directedness was consistently associated with higher positive affect for each of the possible configurations of the other two characters. The association of higher cooperativeness with positive affect was also highly significant when self-directedness was low: higher cooperativeness was associated with higher positive affect than lower cooperativeness in the contrast of moody versus disorganized profiles (sCT versus scT) and for dependent versus depressive profiles (sCt versus sct). When self-directedness was high, higher cooperativeness was weakly associated with higher positive affect (SCt versus Sct and SCT versus ScT). In other words, the association of character profiles with positive affect was dependent on specific combinations of traits.
Variation in Positive Affect as a Function of Character Profile.
Likewise we evaluated the relationship between character profiles and the other measures of well-being shown in Figure 4. Profiles with higher self-directedness were again consistently associated with better life satisfaction, perceived social support, and perceived health than those with lower self-directedness. In addition, profiles with higher cooperativeness were associated with greater perceived social support than those with lower cooperativeness.
Variation in Life Satisfaction, Perceived Health, and Perceived Social Support as a Function of Character Profile.
Another way to recognize the impact of character structure is to examine the proportion of people with each configuration who are in the top sixth and the bottom sixth of the population in overall health as measured by the CHI. Figure 5 illustrates the strong impact of self-directedness on health.
Comparison of Percentage of People in Each Character Configuration Who are in the Top One-sixth ("Best Health") and Bottom One-sixth ("Worst Health") of the Total Israeli Sample on the CHI.
As summarized in Table 2, high self-directedness is consistently associated with all our measures of well-being: lower negative affect, higher positive affect, greater life satisfaction, greater perceived social support, and better health. Accordingly, highly self-directed people are typically described as hopeful. Cooperativeness is associated with greater social well-being as measured by perceived social support. Accordingly, highly cooperative people are typically described as loving. Self-transcendence is associated with greater positive affect, so self-transcendent people are often described as exuberant or joyful. Self-directedness has pervasive importance for the development of well-being, but each aspect of character makes a unique contribution.
These results in a general community sample confirm the results of work reviewed in the prior section showing that character development has a crucial role in recovery from ill-being and the development of well-being. How then can character and well-being be systematically developed?
Today many psychiatrists have limited time for psychotherapy, but nevertheless there is a great unmet need for ways to help facilitate character development. Personality assessment methods such as the TCI do enhance a clinician's practice by promoting a person-centered therapeutic dialogue (112). However, additional methods need to be integrated with personality assessment to promote character development and well-being in a systematic way. We are proposing use of a multi-method psychoeducational course developed by C. R. Cloninger in consultation with the Anthropedia Foundation for the purpose of promoting growth in self-awareness (2). The course, available on a set of DVDs (Anthropedia, http://anthropedia.org) integrates experiences and practices that promote growth in self-awareness with evidence-based techniques from a wide variety of therapeutic approaches (cognitive-behavioral, person-centered, psychodynamic, logotherapy, well-being therapy, positive psychology, and others) and engages patients in practices that stimulate the development of the prefrontal cortex and lead to well-being (1, 2). The course combines assessment of temperament and character with a self-directed exploration of personal well-being.
The course contains five distinct modules or sections (Table 4). In the first module, a patient takes the TCI along with other brief measures of emotionality and life satisfaction to provide a baseline assessment and to stimulate reflection (107, 108). The patient reflects on what has provided lasting personal satisfaction in the past to improve his or her self-knowledge and become more likely to work toward satisfying goals. This self-exploration can help motivate the patient for constructive change, as well as help to establish a therapeutic alliance (112—115). Self-observation about attitudes characteristic of well-being (1) and related evidence-based exercises that promote satisfaction, such as practicing acts of kindness, suggest ways for the patient to begin to know himself or herself better (116). Functional brain imaging shows that such exercises activate the medial and anterior prefrontal cortex (Brodmann areas 8, 9, and 10), which is implicated in self-aware processes characteristic of self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence (1, 117—120).
The Know Yourself Course
The second part of the course requires the patient to examine the steps of thought to understand the processes of thought that can lead to greater life satisfaction (Table 5). This extends cognitive-behavioral descriptions of thought to recognize the three major systems of learning and memory that have evolved in the long evolutionary history of human beings (14, 121). Once patients have begun to reflect on and identify what they find satisfying and to realize that their current habits of thinking may be interfering with their health and happiness, modules three to five of the course provide meditations and exercises to help patients activate their prefrontal cortex so that they can be more aware. Each exercise builds on the other but focuses on a different aspect of the being and a different system of learning. Specifically, patients first learn a simple meditation for relaxing the body and calming the emotional brain and then observing their own flow of thoughts to understand without judging or blaming. With this introduction, most people can begin to experience mindfulness and let go of judging and blaming (1, 122, 123). Then the next two modules help to enhance this natural ability.
Functional Properties, Information Processing, and Awareness of the Three Major Steps in Thought in Self-aware Consciousness
A second meditation is introduced to stimulate perception using all five senses in a way that is harmonious and joyful. Such voluntary activation of integrative sensory processing is designed to facilitate the perception of unity and harmony, which activates the medial and anterior prefrontal cortex and facilitates the development of rational intuition and emotional regulation. Use of rational intuition without judging or blaming is associated with deactivation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex along with activation of the medial and anterior prefrontal cortex (124). Syntactical functions of self-aware consciousness, such as the perception of harmony and improvisation in music (124, 125), depend on the maturity of the late-myelinating terminal association areas in prefrontal, inferior temporal, and inferior parietal cortex (126, 127). Accordingly, patients are encouraged to practice integrative sensory awareness exercises regularly in a wide variety of their daily activities to promote the perception of unity and connectedness while acting spontaneously, as well as to reduce feelings of loneliness and isolation.
The final meditation focuses on deepening awareness of one's outlook on life, which is the backdrop that colors a person's perceptions. The ability to shift outlook on situations or temporal viewpoint is a function of contextual "mental time travel" that depends on self-awareness (124, 128). Enhanced awareness of one's outlook and its triggers helps a person become free of the momentum of past conditioning and attitudes, thereby facilitating self-transformation. Essentially the meditations provide exercises that instill calm and awareness of each of the three steps in thought. Each meditation helps in this process until a person is aware of all the steps in thought, which reduces his or her vulnerability to unnecessary conflict and dissatisfaction, as described in more detail elsewhere (1, 112).
The practice of most psychiatrists and mental health professionals often permits only short visits and limited time for psychotherapy. The availability of materials such as the Know Yourself course and assessment methods such as the TCI can help to enhance what clinicians can do in their office and help patients by having access to materials that intensify and elevate their clinical experience. We welcome communication and suggestions about how we can further assist you to incorporate a person-centered approach to well-being in your own clinical work.
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Two incumbent aldermen face no opposition in spring election
Franklin Alderman Steve Taylor today filed nomination papers to run for re-election in the April 5 spring election.
As of 2:30 p.m. today, Taylor was the only candidate to file to represent District 4.
Another incumbent, Ken Skowronski, who represents District 6, also has filed to run. He, too, faces no opposition, so far.
There will be a race in District 3, however, as incumbent Kristen Wilhelm will run against Robert Schick Jr.
Candidates have until Jan. 4 to file papers at the City Hall, 9229 W. Loomis Road.
Suburban roundup: Week one of the WIAA football postseason
Blowouts, nailbiters, rising stars and a mud bowl mashup. Such is the story of the kickoff weekend of the WIAA football playoffs.
A roundup of our coverage:
-Mukwonago duked it out against Hartford in a muddy march of the old-school, smashmouth gameplan, winning 29-6.
-Turnovers spelled the end of Sussex Hamilton's playoff hopes. The Chargers lost 23-16 to Waunakee.
-Lake Country Lutheran handily defeated Pecatonica/Argyle, 40-0.» Read Full Article
Franklin defense locks down Kenosha Bradford
The Franklin offensive line gets all the attention on game days. However, it's what the massive group does during the week to the defense that has the Sabers on track with a rematch with their oldest rival.
Franklin stayed in control from the beginning to eliminate Kenosha Bradford from the football postseason, cruising to a 24-7 Friday night in a WIAA Division 1, Level 1 matchup. The Sabers advanced to Level 2 where they will face arch rival Oak Creek next Friday night at Oak Creek.
"I don't know if we have ever played them in the playoffs," said Franklin coach Louis Brown. "Either way, it won't take much to get the guys ready for this one."
Franklin fell short in their regular season matchup back in September, 20-12. The two ultimately shared the Southeast Conference title.
Nursing a slim 10-0 lead to start the third quarter, the Sabers leaned on junior running back Gavin Boeck to put the Red Devils away. He picked up a pair of first downs before a promising drive began to stall. Back-to-back fumbles were quickly recovered to keep the drive alive as Boeck scored from 1-yard out.» Read Full Article
Preps football photos of the week: Level 1
The fight for a championship trophy started Oct. 24 as Level 1 of the WIAA playoffs kicked off.
Now Newspapers and Lake Country Publications compiled the best photos shared on social media featuring teams from our coverage area, predominantly in Milwaukee and Waukesha counties.
Here's the best sights and sounds from Level 1.
Franklin Police investigate armed robbery at North Shore Bank
Franklin — The Franklin Police Department is investigating an armed robbery that occurred at the North Shore Bank Thursday.
Police received a 9-1-1 call from bank employees around 4:47 p.m., reporting that the bank had been robbed.
The suspect demanded money from a bank teller and fled with an undisclosed amount of money, according to the police news release. No one was injured during the robbery.
Police described the suspect as a black male, but no further description of the man was provided in the news release.
Officers from Franklin, Greenfield and Greendale, including two Franklin K-9 units, checked the area but were unable to locate the suspect.» Read Full Article
Franklin boys volleyball team wins Southeast divisional title
The Franklin boys volleyball team pulled out all the stops Wednesday night in its Southeast Conference Northern Division dual meet championship dual with Racine Horlick.
The Sabers enlisted the support of the girls team, they even had the band out there for some pre-match music and the national anthem, it was also senior night and they also had a large contingent of friendly, noisy fans cheering them on.
It all worked, as the Sabers secured the divisional crown with a tense 27-25, 26-24, 23-25, 27-25 decision over Horlick that will send them into Saturday's overall league tournament at Wilmot as one of the event favorites.
Saber coach Chris Dibb, who encouraged everyone to "pack the gym" in a pre-match e-mail, was encouraged by the backing and the result.
"It was a nice night," he said. "This (the dual meet title) had definitely been one of our goals since the beginning of the year. Now we can move on to our second and third goals."» Read Full Article
Glen Morrow hired as new Franklin City Engineer
Franklin — The Common Council welcomed its new City Engineer during a meeting on Tuesday, Oct. 21.
Mayor Steve Olson made the appointment to hire Glen Morrow for city engineer and director of public works after an extensive search to replace former city engineer Jack Bennett, who retired earlier this year.
Morrow will move to Franklin from Indiana, where he served as city engineer for the city of Greencastle from 2000 to 2007. Since 2007, he has served as Senior Project Manager for the Utility Infrastructure Sector at Burgess & Niple, an engineering consulting firm in Indianapolis.
"The detailed process and my conversations with Glen make me confident that he is the right person to help move the city forward in this important position," Olson said in a news release. "I believe he will be a leader and an innovator and will serve the council and citizens well."
Poll: Which area team will win a state football title?
This week is when championship seasons title runs are started. Level 1 of the 2014 WIAA Football Playoffs start Friday.
But we want to know which, if any, of the area local teams will win a title in Divisions 1, 2 and 3. Answer on our polls.
Last year Arrowhead beat Franklin in Division 1, and Greendale lost in Division 3 championship games.
» Read Full Article
Franklin's EDC remains clouded in political dust-up
Following controversy regarding his appointment to the Economic Development Commission earlier this month, Ted Grintjes withdrew his application during Tuesday's Common Council meeting.Franklin —
As a result, the EDC, a seven-member board, still has only three members. Until a fourth member is added, making it a quorum is met, the EDC cannot take formal action.
Grintjes, appointed by Mayor Steve Olson to both the Community Development Authority and the EDC, did not receive the approval needed from the council at a previous meeting in October.
Alderwomen Kristen Wilhelm and Susanne Mayer and Alderman Doug Schmidt questioned Grintjes' resignation from three city boards, including the EDC, in 2008.
Grintjes explained earlier that he resigned to avoid potential conflicts of interest related to business associated with his wife, a real estate agent, but indicated he was ready to serve on the EDC again and recuse himself from issues when appropriate.» Read Full Article
Man arrested for fraud after ordering food, passing out and leaving eatery
A man was arrested for fraud after he left without paying for food and drinks after he passed out at the bar and then left when he woke up Oct. 4.
According to the Oak Creek police report:
The man ordered food and drinks at at Branded Steer Restaurant, 1299 W. College Ave., about 7:05 p.m. Oct. 4. Employees said the man ordered $84 worth of booze and garlic bread and passed out at the bar.
When he woke up he was informed he had to pay his bill, at which point he left the restaurant and walked across the street to McDonald's.
Police arrested and cited the man for fraud, who admitted he had no intention of paying what he owed.
Teen drug use, prevention panel discussion Thursday, Oct. 30
Oak Creek — A forum comprised of community members and local government officials will discuss teen drug use and prevention with parents and caregivers on Thursday, Oct. 30 from 6 to 8 p.m. at Oak Creek Assembly of God church, 7311 S. 13th St.
This event is a call to action, the news release said. Presentations and information will be focused on signs to look for and what to do if you discover your teen using drugs. Tom Murray from TMJ-4 will moderate the event.
Speakers include: Oak Creek Mayor Steve Scaffidi, Rep. John Nygren, Paul Zenisek of Aurora Psychiatric Hospital, Sgt. Loontjens of the Oak Creek Police Department, Jody Ebbinger-Bentley of Oak Creek High School and Martine Tate, a parent advocate who will share a personal story.
This event is open to all communities. Participants can also enter to win a medication lockbox.
Early voting now open at Oak Creek City Hall
Oak Creek — Early voting is now open to the public at Oak Creek City Hall, 8640 S. Howell Ave.
Voting hours are 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. Monday through Friday.
County Supervisor Steve Taylor to host Oak Creek town hall meeting on Wednesday
Oak Creek — Milwaukee County Supervisor Steve Taylor (District 9) will be hosting a town hall meeting Wednesday, Oct 22 to discuss the proposed 2015 county budget from 7 to 8 p.m. at the Oak Creek Community Center, 8580 S. Howell Ave.
"I invite residents to provide their valuable input and to identify priorities in the Milwaukee County 2014 Proposed Budget," said Taylor in a news release.
"I'm looking forward to discussing the issues facing the Ninth District, including current road construction projects on North Cape Road, St. Martin's Road and 13th Street as well as County Executive Chris Abele's recommendation to close the Hales Corners Wading Pool," said Taylor.
County Supervisor Steve Taylor to host Hales Corners town hall meeting on Wednesday
Hales Corners — Milwaukee County Supervisor Steve Taylor (District 9) will be hosting a town hall meeting Wednesday, Oct 22 to discuss the proposed county budget from 5 to 6:30 p.m. at the Hales Corners Park pool house, 5674 S. New Berlin Road.
"I invite residents to provide their valuable input and to identify priorities in the Milwaukee County 2014 Proposed Budget," said Taylor in a news release.
"I'm looking forward to discussing the issues facing the Ninth District, including current road construction projects on North Cape Road, St. Martin's Road and 13th Street as well as County Executive Chris Abele's recommendation to close the Hales Corners Wading Pool," said Taylor.
A Committee of the Whole meeting will immediately follow the town hall meeting at 6:30 p.m. in the Village Hall, 5635 S. New Berlin Road.
Across Wisconsin, uneven property assessments fly in the face of fairness
A Milwaukee Journal Sentinel investigation found inappropriate reductions in property assessments creating an unfair system. In dozens of communities across Wisconsin, 20% or more of taxes are being paid by the wrong people.
Preps football photos of the week: Week 9
The regular season of the 2014 high school football season came to a close for area teams Oct. 17.
Now Newspapers and Lake Country Publications compiled the best photos shared on social media featuring teams from our coverage area, predominantly in Milwaukee and Waukesha counties.
Here's the best sights and sounds from Week 9.

subset: commoncrawl


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Australian goalkeeper Mitchell Langerak is confident Borussia Dortmund can create more history in their record-breaking season.Dortmund clinched their second straight Bundesliga title on Saturday with a 2-0 defeat of Borussia Moenchengladbach that left them eight points clear of second-placed Bayern Munich with two games remaining.
|Heldt: Draxler out until new year
|Rojo relishing Aguero clash
|Perth Glory 2 Newcastle Jets 1: Maclaren double downs the Jets
|Alcacer keen to commit long-term future to Valencia
|Mourinho delighted with Drogba form
|Bielsa plays down Gignac and Djedje dispute
|Benitez calls for focus to be on football
|Jardim: Monaco are not clinical enough
|Keshi returns for Nigeria
|Draxler injury ´a real blow´ for Schalke
|Late goals inspiring Liverpool - Lallana
|Sandro convinced QPR can stay up
|Benfica 1 Rio Ave 0: Talisca stunner wins it for champions
|Deportivo La Coruna 1 Getafe 2: Lafita returns to haunt hosts
|Norwich go joint top, Accrington defeat Morecambe
|St Johnstone 2 Motherwell 1: O´Halloran double secures win
|Monaco 1 Reims 1: Moukandjo denies former club
|Schalke 1 Augsburg 0: Draxler limps off as Di Matteo´s side triumph
|J.League Preview: Gamba out to close on Urawa
|CSL Preview: Guangzhou, Beijing in final-day fight
|MLS Preview: Conference semi-finals get under way
|Rabiot pens new PSG deal
|Serie A Preview: Benitez eager for Napoli to seize Roma opportunity
|Manchester City v Manchester United: Hart calls on hosts to step up
|UEFA sanctions Romania and Hungary
|Suspect charged with Meyiwa murder
|Ferdinand laments ´ludicrous´ ban
|Aston Villa v Tottenham: Lambert longs for elusive goal
|Milan v Palermo: Menez eager to get back to winning ways
|Simeone warns against complacency versus Cordoba
|Hughes will ´not stand´ for Shawcross treatment
|Zidane ban suspended
|Falcao out of Manchester derby
|K. League Preview: Championship, relegation sections begin
|Sunderland receive Fletcher fitness boost
|Caparros rubbishes newspaper comments ahead of Real clash
|Guardiola hoping for Robben return
|Ajax take A-League youngster on trial
|Khedira has role to play - Ancelotti
|Luis Enrique prepared for ´special´ fixture
|Garcia paying no attention to table
|Liga MX Preview: Queretaro eye play-off spots as derby unfolds
|Silva set for four-week absence
|Costa available for Chelsea
|Mazzarri focused on performance
|Away form a disaster - Allegri
|Redknapp carefully managing Zamora
|Hutton ruled out for Villa
|ES Setif v AS Vita Club: Algerians aiming to prove doubters wrong
|Cavani unsure over Paris Saint-Germain future
|Melbourne City 1 Adelaide United 2: Villa bows out with defeat
|Robertson returns for Hull
|Di Matteo calls the shots - Heldt
|Reveillere counting on European experience
|Cheyrou leaves Marseille
|Allardyce considers mid-season break
|Cavani working to prove critics wrong
|Walcott not ready to start, Wilshere ruled out against Burnley
|Vermes refuses to play blame game
|Eto´o on course to trigger Everton extension
|Pellegrini facing sack - Marsh
|Guidetti must pick Celtic - Deila
|Zubizarreta unconcerned by Barcelona´s squad age
|Costa Rican Primera Division Review: Alajuelense preserve lead
|Al Hilal v Western Sydney Wanderers: A clash of styles to decide Asian champions
|Liverpool exit possible - Gerrard
|Pioli pleased with Lazio display
|Copa Sudamericana Review: Emelec strike back at Sao Paulo
|New York Red Bulls 2 Sporting Kansas City 1: Late winner denies reigning MLS champions
|Robson: United talented as City
|Verona 1 Lazio 1: Toni on the spot to earn a point
|Varela returns to West Brom training
|MLS announce new franchise Los Angeles FC
|Newcastle United v Liverpool: Pardew vows to attack
|UEFA sanction Slovan Bratislava and Sparta Prague
|Pardew credits Hull fightback for upturn in form
|Stoke City v West Ham: Allardyce sweating on Sakho´s fitness
|Jovetic hungry for City goals
|Fernandez red card rescinded
|Chelsea v QPR: Redknapp ready to face Premier League´s best
|Everton v Swansea: Martinez hails in-form attackers
|SFA ban Tonev for seven games
|Leicester City v West Brom: Pearson backs hosts to end slump
|Arsenal v Burnley: Walcott set to return against bottom side
|Koeman backs Southampton to maintain impressive start
|Klopp wary of Dresden Pokal upset
|Empoli v Juventus: Bonucci calls for greater maturity
|Monk to meet with referee boss Riley
|Parma v Inter: Crunch time for struggling Donadoni
|Uchida extends Schalke deal
|Liverpool must build on Swansea win - Rodgers
|Hull City v Southampton: Koeman not worried about tiredness
|Destro may consider Roma future
|Raul completes Cosmos move
|Bolasie working to adapt game
|Bayern Munich v Borussia Dortmund: Kehl demands raised games
|Bodmer pens Nice extension
|Forest agree Ince loan
|Simeone expected Atleti exits
|Clark targets great escape after getting Blackpool job
|Sakho ´touch and go´ for Stoke trip - Allardyce
|La Liga Preview: Barca look to bounce back, Sevilla face Bilbao test
|Icardi slams Inter boo-boys
|Granada v Real Madrid: Ancelotti´s expectant side in red-hot form
|Lorient v Paris Saint-Germain: Champions aim to stay in touch
|Bundesliga Preview: Dortmund aim to end form slump at Bayern
|Redknapp unconcerned over Ferdinand conduct
|Atletico Madrid v Cordoba: Godin reveals Atleti motivation
|Ligue 1 Preview: Strugglers Guingamp and Bastia face off
|Ribery plays down supporter incident
|Barcelona v Celta Vigo: Suarez set for home debut
|Martinez praises influential Eto´o
|Hernandez determined to shine
|Kane hoping for starting role
|Bonucci: Pitch not to blame for Juve loss
|Pardew hails returning Taylor
|Spain hit back in Costa row
|Allegri slams Juve for Genoa loss
|Copa Sudamericana Review: River Plate, Atletico Nacional grab leads
|FC Dallas 2 Vancouver Whitecaps 1: Late penalty sends hosts through
|Venezuelan Primera Division Review: Trujillanos triumph at Zamora
|Liga del Futbol Profesional Boliviano Review: Bolivar reclaim lead, San Jose bounce back
|Garcia not interested in Juventus´ loss
|Copa do Brasil Review: Flamengo blitz Mineiro late
|Guardiola: Hamburg ´surprised´ Bayern
|Independiente del Valle 4 Universidad Catolica 0: Sornoza scores stunner
|Paraguayan Division Profesional Review: Nacional extend Rubio Nu´s winless run
|Ancelotti retracts Blatter criticism
|Eredivisie Preview: Feyenoord-PEC a championship six-pointer
|DFB Pokal Review: Leverkusen edge through on penalties, Bayern march on
|Allegri unhappy with Genoa pitch and late goal
|Bonaventura reveals ´lucky´ lob
|Buoyant Pardew bullish after Newcastle triumph
|Coupe de la Ligue Review: Late goal eliminates Marseille, Metz edge Nice on penalties
|Pellegrini has defensive concerns


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- $4.99 3-Day Shipping. Any Size Order -
Main Content
It's awesome when your interests collide; not only do you love golf but poker as well. It is hard to balance the two sometimes but you find a way to make it work. This commemorative 2014 Ryder Cup poker chip will be a great keepsake for someone like you! It features the official 2014 Ryder Cup logo on the front and a Gleneagles logo on the back surrounded by a striped border with event lettering and trophy logos. There's no better way to display your loyalty to your favorite pastimes!
- Imported
- Officially licensed
- Regulation size and weight
- Vibrant colors
Special event items are produced by manufacturers only after the outcome of a game or event. These are advanced sale items and will ship immediately after they are received in our warehouse.
Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items are not available for international or expedited shipping.
Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite number, and/or designs. Some options may be limited by league rules.


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20 Ways to Enjoy Summer Vegetables
Recipe Roundup
Summertime is the bonanza, the gold rush, the shining pot at the end of the rainbow for vegetable-lovers. Maybe you're already looking forward to a bumper crop of zucchini or an extra paper bag full of sweet corn. Here are 20 recipes, ripe with ideas for summer vegetables, from French-style zucchini breakfast cake, to simple braised eggplant and tomatoes, to an Indian-inspired cucumber salad with sour cream and mustard seeds. There's a three-cheese tomato tart, and a corn and zucchini salad with chives.
It's fresh recipe inspiration for your weekly CSA, trips to the farmers market, or any time those good fresh vegetables come pouring into your summer kitchen.
• 1 Three Cheese Tomato Tart
• 2 Tomato Salad with Red Onion, Dill and Feta
• 3 Tomato and Mozzarella Skewers with Basil Oil
• 4 Roasted Eggplant Salad with Smoked Almonds & Goat Cheese
• 5 Braised Eggplant and Tomatoes
• 6 Eggplant Caponata Sandwiches
• 7 Cucumber-Rosemary Gin and Tonic
• 8 Quick, Cool Cucumber Sauce
• 9 Sour Cream Cucumber Salad with Mustard Seeds
• 10 Caramelized Corn with Tomatoes and Bacon
• 11 Herbed Sweet Corn and Tomato Salad
• 12 Creamy Grits with Corn, Goat Cheese, & Roasted Tomatoes
• 13 Corn and Zucchini Salad with Chives
• 14 Grilled Zucchini and Grape Tomato Salad
• 15 Zucchini and Olive Breakfast Cake, French-Style
• 16 Zucchini Garlic Soup
• 17 Super Easy and Delicious Zucchini Butter
• 18 Quick-Pickled Cherry Peppers
• 19 Fried Okra
• 20 Dad's Authentic Ratatouille
What's your favorite way to eat summer vegetables?
Related: Weeknight Recipe: Potato, Red Pepper, and Feta Frittata
(Images: See linked recipes for full image credits)
15 Comments
Do you have any good garlic scape recipes to share? I get them in my CSA but the only recipes I see are for pickled garlic scapes or pestos. Any suggestions?
I get garlic scapes with my CSA too - I just chop them up and saute them and use them like I would garlic. The flavor is slightly different, but amazing. I have added them to hakurai turnips a lot for an awesome vegetable dish.
Rose A.- my favorite way to use garlic scapes is in scrambled eggs.
It's too early for most of this in Milwaukee. At least, if you plan on getting fresh, local, seasonal. California must be awesome though.
Right now we're eating peas, the tail end of strawberries, cherries, salads, all the spring stuff. This list will be great in two to four weeks though.
My favorite summer vegetables are zucchini, I probably have them 3 times a week. I love them sauteed and put in a vinaigrette with mint, a recipe I recreated from a restaurant on the Amalfi Coast. I also love them sauteed in butter and marjoram as part of a fresh, quick dinner. And they're great grilled with some eggplant and a spicy tomato pineapple sauce.
Not to seem too ungrateful, but I have such a love/hate relationship with your recipe roundups. I love looking at all the recipes, and reading all the comments, but I hate when I look up at the clock and see the time that has passed while I did that! Nonetheless, thank you. Many of this recipes are waiting in my to-do queue.
Agreed! I made this last summer and it has become one of my favorite recipes, ever.
Agreed! One of my favorite recipes, ever.
YUM! I have met a surplus of zucchini this year with open arms. My favorite way to enjoy them: zucchini enchiladas with zucchini salsa verde. Delish.
Can't wait to try the three-cheese tomato tart!
I belong to a CSA, and I'm a vegetarian - I'm thrilled this time of year!! I post at least one recipe every day using the veg - so I've been busy.
I use garlic scapes in lots of the recipes I'd use regular garlic in, but I have a few special ones...
I have a black barley garlic scape risotto with white corn.
If you type garlic scapes into the search function box lots of other recipes should come up.
I recently made a nice summer tart with a walnut white pepper crust, zucchini, tomatoes, fennel and a garlicy (garlic scapes!) basil custard. Very simple to make, and quite tasty!!
We've had a ton of lettuce, so I used it to make pesto (with pumpkinseeds & goat cheese) and soup with white beans and hazelnuts.
And we've had a delightful amount of beets. I made french lentils cooked with red wine and a bit of orange juice, with roasted beets, walnuts, mozzarella and sage.
And I used roasted beets to make a delicious grillable vegan burger!!
I have lots of greens recipes, and herb recipes, salads, galettes...I could go on and on! Vegetables are my favorite! But I'd better stop.
this is really not fair - we are in the middle of a bleak, snowy winter here in hobart australia, so garden-fresh tomatoes and corn are but a distant memory!
Live the idea of grilling ochra. This past year I have also been steaming them. With a little Sea Salt you are good to go.
@RoseA. -- go to the blog SkilletChronicles.com and search Aglio e Olio California Style. Great green garlic recipe.
Does anyone have any good ideas for fennel? I got some in this week's CSA. I like it, but have never made anything with it before. Any suggestions would be much appreciated!
Sliced tomatoes with balsamic
Spinache sauted with garbanzo beans and cumin
Greek salad in a pita with mint leaves
Grilled veggies in a kaiser with pesto
Blackbean and sweet potato burritos
Lots and lots of thai salad
Ok, now I'm hungry


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Moving Up Graduation Announcement
Are you sick of the graduation announcements with tassels and robes? This abstract interpretation of the world into which the graduate emerges depicts the excitement the new world has to offer. Celebrate the graduate's great achievements and look to the world ahead with this card that can be customized as a graduation announcement or invitation. Printed on premium, recycled paper.
See how Paper Culture compares to Tiny Prints, Minted, Shutterfly & Snapfish
- Card Type:
- Flat card, round corners. Free custom back option.
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- Envelopes:
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Free (pay only the stamps)
Shipped To You
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My inspiration doesn't necessarily always come from looking at design specific imagery or items but also comes from going about my everyday life. I find inspiration in unexpected things such as a shop window, random objects left behind on the street, and household items. Furthermore, I believe that typography is an essential part of design. Choosing the right font is an integral part of speaking to your target audience. I want to show people that a card which contains only type can be just as arresting and exciting as illustrated cards. www.victoriafong.com


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The Orlando Science Center's public relations efforts generate awareness for its exhibits, films, programs and events through media coverage as well as enhance its image as a community resource.
Through careful planning and good relationships with local newspapers, TV networks, websites and radio stations, the Orlando Science Center enjoys consistent coverage.
The Orlando Science Center also functions as a reliable resource for area reporters in need of quick story ideas or colorful backgrounds for live reports. Area media often interview guests and staff on issues involving science, technology and current events.
29 April 2014
Posted in Press and Media
Orlando Science Center Awarded $20,000 in Disney Grants Support
ORLANDO, Fla. (April 30, 2014) — Orlando Science Center recently received $20,000 from Walt Disney World Resort as part of the company's 2014 Disney Grants program. The organization will use the funding to enhance mission-enabling projects including teacher professional development, classroom workshops and family engagement — each as it relates to early childhood learning — for communities in need.
"Orlando Science Center and Disney have both long been dedicated to serving our community through engaging experiences for families that inspire curiosity and wonder," said JoAnn Newman, Orlando Science Center President and CEO. "Disney's generosity will enable the Science Center to extend our reach while creating positive learning environments for young children."


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SPEC Kit 307 investigates how many manuscript collections are held in ARL member libraries; what percentage of these collections are represented on the Web; what types of information about the collections are available in finding aids and on the Web; what formats are used for finding aids on the Web; how many library staff are working on manuscript collections, the challenges and benefits of migrating collection information to the Web, and whether and how usage of manuscript collection information is tracked. It includes documentation from respondents in the form of manuscript collection Web sites, finding aid Web sites, arrangement and description guidelines, and Web processing procedures.
This publication is available for purchase in both online and print versions. Download the spec-kit-purchase-options-2013.pdf for complete pricing and purchase options information.
Link to the online SPEC Kit 307 on the ARL Digital Publications website.


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Love. Justice. Family. Equality.
Family Equality Council is changing attitudes and policies to ensure all families are respected, loved, and celebrated - especially families with parents who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender.
Get involved
Family Equality Council connects, supports, and represents the three million parents who are LGBTQ and their six million children. Learn more and join us!
The Outspoken Generation
Empowering young people to speak out and share their stories in the name of family equality.
Find the answers to your most frequently asked questions here.
See you in LA!
Voices of Children
Family Equality Council has just filed our latest "Voices of Children" brief advocating on behalf of children for whom the denial of marriage as an option for their parents affects their legal well-being, personal self-esteem, and sense of purpose.


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Cable vs. Satellite
Compare the differences and get the right service for you.Compare Now
Are bundles bogus?
Nope, they can save youSee How
a bundle of cash.
See the provider map.
You want cable, you need cable, but who is your cable provider?View Now
It's easy to get cable. Call 1-866-921-5828
Why Cable TV in Hessel, MI
If you are looking for an affordable TV service that is packed with entertainment and easy to use, then choose cable TV in Hessel, MI. Cable offers programming for every taste; it's an affordable way to get the programming you want. With hundreds of HD channels, movies, premium networks and On Demand entertainment, cable TV offers hours of entertainment. And you can easily bundle cable TV with high-speed Internet. Cable offers Internet that is faster than DSL, and installation that is easier than satellite. Plus cable is:
Cable TV offersmore HD choices
Snow may mess up satellite, but itdoesn't faze cable
Cable can beinstalled virtually anywhere
How Hessel Watches TV
If you thirst for cable TV knowledge, we can help. CableTV.com has cold-filtered cable data on tap and ready for consumption. Try this (it's on the house): almost everyone, or 97% of Americans, watches television as it is aired and roughly 33% of those TV viewers have at least four televisions in their homes. Upwards of 50% of people also stream video content online. Among those with cable TV, almost three-fourths bundle their service with high-speed Internet. Cable's ubiquitous national presence also helps explain how DVRs account for about 7% of America's total TV viewing.
All those stats mean that if you don't own at least one TV for every room in your house, chances are your neighbor to the left or right of you does. It also means that almost everyone you meet today will watch a TV tonight, and 57% of them will use either their DVR or their Internet to do so.
Cable Internet in Hessel
Cable providers have so much more to offer than TV. That is why so many Hessel residents bundle cable services. Cable Internet is faster than most DSL services, providing downstream speeds 25%-100% faster than the national average. People who choose cable bundles also save money, roughly $400 every year they bundle TV and Internet. Both are very good explanations why cable Internet subscribers represent 32% of households, and how broadband penetration in Michigan grew to 66% by 2010. Enter your zip code to find out more about cable Internet, bundles and providers in Hessel.
It's easy to get cable, Call 1-866-921-5828
CableTV.com's Favorite Hessel, MI Actors
With all the great roles Sasha Alexander has had in her career, it's no surprise that people in Hessel, MI are big fans. Actress Sasha Alexander, born Suzana Drobnjakovic, has appeared on television shows including "Wasteland," "Dawson's Creek," and "Presidio Med." Her career skyrocketed when she landed the role of Caitlin Todd in on the CBS drama "NCIS" in 2003. After her character's death in 2005, she landed the lead role of Emily Atwood on "The Karenskys." Now she has moved to TNT's popular crime drama "Rizzoli & Isles," which you can check out on cable TV. In addition to a thriving television career, she's also been in "Mission Impossible III," "He's Just Not That Into You," and Jim Carrey's "Yes Man."
Find Cable TV in Hessel
You can probably tell we know cable TV like Indiana Jones knows you should wave a torch at anything that slithers. That's why we can match you with the right cable provider, which isn't as bigheaded as it sounds. Because of government licensing, cable companies don't typically overlap in the same area. Put your zip code in the box below to find out who provides cable TV in Hessel.


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Used Car Dealer in West Palm Beach, Florida
You'll notice three things when you shop Arrigo Dodge Chrysler Jeep for a used car : 1) Our used cars look much younger than their actual model year. 2) Each used car at Arrigo Dodge Chrysler Jeep serving Boynton Beach, Pompano Beach and Delray Beach demonstrates like-new performance. 3) The quality of our cars transcends to our sales approach, in which you're long-term satisfaction is our foremost interest? And, you don't just have to take our word for it. See for yourself below? and when you swing by 6500 Okeechobee Blvd West Palm Beach, Florida for a test drive.
Need to Secure a Car Loan for Your Used Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep or RAM? Serving Pompano Beach, Delray Beach & Boynton Beach
We invite you to talk to our esteemed team of car financing specialists. They're here not only because they're good with numbers but people too. This means, they take into account your current circumstances and goals - and make the time to translate all of the fine print into everyday speak. We're talking about a financing experience you'll walk away from feeling good about.
The 'Arrigo Price' pricing is valid BY APPOINTMENT ONLY (link) through our Internet Sales Department and cannot be combined with any other offers. Price includes all costs to be paid by consumer except for sales tax, registration, title, and $599.95 dealer fee.


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Vet-to-Vet Wisdom
No one is an island - veterans are made stronger through their bonds with others who have served. This section introduces stories by and about Veterans who have met with post-military success. When you become an Excelsior College student or are a visiting student, you can opt to take part in our Veteran Mentorship program which connects new or visiting student veterans with a current senior level veteran student or recent veteran graduate.
Are you ready to make a difference, now? Become a Mentor or Mentee for another Military Servicemember, Veteran, Family Member, or DoD Civilian by reinforcing the military mantra of "Leave No One Behind."
"With my dyslexia, I learn better online or by CD-ROM than in a classroom setting. There is less distraction, so I can concentrate on the lesson and assignments. That's why Excelsior College was perfect for me. You could tell they really cared, too. Now I recommend Excelsior to all my Army buddies."


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Literature Library
The most complete online offering of the literature of the Austrian School and libertarian ideas, including books, journal articles, and other writings, sorted by author or any method you choose.
We recommend Adobe Reader for PDF files and Adobe Digital Editions for desktop reading of ePub (ebook) files.
An ePub reader is a free, downloadable program that allows you to read digital books on a computer or other electronic device. There are numerous options available, among them: iBook, Adobe Digital Editions, Calibre, and Firefox ePub Reader.
Has the Mises.org Literature section changed your life? We want to hear from you!
Author: 383: 5 records
About Roderick T. Long
Roderick T. Long is a senior fellow of the Mises Institute and a professor of philosophy at Auburn University. He runs the Molinari Institute and Molinari Society. His website is Praxeology.net. Send him mail.Sort by Title
"Austro-Libertarian Themes in Early Confucianism"
Roderick T. Long Updated 1/15/2007Scott Kjar Microsoft Word - 35-62 Roderick 17-3 Acrobat Distiller 3.01 for Power Macintosh...
"Editorial to Symposium Issue on Studies in Mutualist Political Economy"
Roderick T. Long Updated 1/15/2007william longintro.qxd Acrobat Distiller 6.0.1 (Windows)...
"Editor's Remarks"
Roderick T. Long Updated 1/15/2007Roderick Long Editor's Remarks for Journal of Libertarian Studies Adobe Acrobat 7.0 Paper Capture Plug-in...
"Land-Locked: A Critique of Carson on Property Rights"
Roderick T. Long Updated 1/15/2007william long.qxd Acrobat Distiller 6.0.1 (Windows)...
Libertarian Anarchism: Responses to Ten Objections
Roderick T. Long Updated 1/15/2007Roderick T. Long Libertarian Anarchism: Responses to Ten Objections Acrobat Distiller 6.0 (Windows)...


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The above video shows a design concept for a Leica R10 camera by Pirela Neuman. This is just the artist's view on how a digital R10 would look like and is not related to Leica AG in any way (I have to say this because there were some misunderstandings in the past). You can also check […]
Search LeicaRumors.comCustom Search
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- Upcoming Leica auctions
- 100 years of Leica photography (new Deutsche Welle video)
- It does exist: Leica Summarit-M f/2.5 lenses price reduction
- Rumors: Lomography is working on a new Leica mount lens
- New Leica bags from Angelo Pelle
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- Leica rumored to announce a new M Monochrom and a M240 Lenny Kravitz edition
- Leica M4 modded with a Canon Rebel sensor
- Adobe Camera Raw 8.7 and DNG Converter 8.7 RC add support for some of the latest Leica products
- Leica Akademie Italy street photography workshop (video)
- Leica V-Lux (Typ 114), X (Typ 113) and X-E (Typ 102) cameras now in stock
- Top 10 LeicaRumors posts for September 2014
- New Leica "100" promo video
- Leica X Vario firmware update v1.1 released
- Westlicht camera auction on November 22, 2014
- Reversible digital conversion kit for Leica M3 cameras on Kickstarter
- The new Carl Zeiss Distagon T* 1,4/35 ZM lens for Leica M mount (sample photos and more)
- The new Leica SF26 flash is compatible with all current Leica system cameras *UPDATED*
- The 2014 Photokina show is now over (additional Leica coverage)


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Package konquest-3.5.10-2
|Warning: Package konquest not found for selected release!
|KDE - multi-player strategic war game (3.5.10-2)
This the KDE version of Gnu-Lactic Konquest, a multi-player strategy game. The goal of the game is to expand your interstellar empire across the galaxy and of course, crush your rivals.
|Usage Hints:
---[ Installation ]--------------------------------------------------- To install all of the official KDE packages, install "bundle-kde" or "bundle-kde-ssl" (depending on whether crypotgraphic laws permit downloading strong cryptography). Unless you have a specific reason not to, "bundle-kde-ssl" is suggested. ---[ Configuration ]-------------------------------------------------- To use KDE as your windowing system in XDarwin, create a file called ".xinitrc" in your home directory, containing the following line: /sw/bin/startkde >/tmp/kde.log 2>&1 See http://fink.sourceforge.net/doc/x11/run-xfree86.php#xinitrc for more information on the xinitrc files and how they work. If you want to use Apple's X11 instead of the KDE window manager, put the following line before the startkde line in .xinitrc: export KDEWM=quartz-wm If you want to disable quartz-wm even for clipboard synchronization (proxying), put the following line before the startkde line in .xinitrc: export DISABLE_PROXY=1 ---[ Startup ]-------------------------------------------------------- Once you have created an ~/.xinitrc file, you should be able to start KDE by clicking on the "XDarwin" icon in your Applications folder. NOTE: By default, X11 on Mac OS X runs in "rootless" mode, generally. If you run KDE in rootless mode, it will take over your desktop with a window that covers everything up. You can remove this by disabling desktop icons in the KDE control center. Open the control center (either from the "K" menu bar, or by typing "kcontrol" in an xterm) then expand the "Desktop" list, click "Behavior", and uncheck the "Show icons on desktop" checkbox. ---[ Removal ]-------------------------------------------------------- To remove all of the official KDE packages, you can remove the KDE libraries and anything that depends on them by running, in a terminal: sudo apt-get remove kdelibs3-unified-shlibs To remove an individual KDE package collection (like kdenetwork3 or kdesdk3) you can generally remove [package]-base. For example, to remove all of the kdenetwork3 packages, run: sudo apt-get remove kdenetwork3-base
|Benjamin Reed <kdegames3ATfinkDOTracoonfinkDOTcom>
|kdegames3 (KDE - games)
CVS log, Last Changed: Tue, 02 Nov 2010 09:46:17 (UTC)
Section list - Flat package list - Search packages
(*) = Unsupported distribution.


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Saturday, January 28, 2006
Recipe for Corned Beef with Veggies and Horseradish
13 comments:
- Lera said...
Hi Kalyn, just mailed you the link for WHB....happy weekend!
- January 28, 2006 at 11:00 AM
- Alanna said...
Whoa -- didn't you just do Sugar High (Low) Friday too???
- January 28, 2006 at 11:14 AM
- Ivonne said...
Wonderful, Kalyn!
That is definitely what I call comfort food!
- January 28, 2006 at 3:45 PM
- This comment has been removed by a blog administrator.
- January 28, 2006 at 8:28 PM
- Rose said...
Hi kalyn. I finished the 4x8 meme you tagged me for :-)
- January 28, 2006 at 9:44 PM
- ilva said...
Kalyn, I always wondered WHY it's called corned beef??? Teach me please!!
- January 28, 2006 at 11:35 PM
- MM said...
Squeezed in WHB in between Chinese New Year posts - phew! Have emailed you.
- January 29, 2006 at 6:14 AM
- mg said...
Hi Kalyn, just like you, i have to admit that i rarely use cookbooks for the recipes. I buy them cos i love looking at the photos!!! LOL.
Btw, WHB:17 contribution is now posted and the recipe too. Thanks.
- January 29, 2006 at 9:26 AM
- Kalyn said...
Ilva, "corning" is a form of curing. It has nothing to do with corn.
- January 29, 2006 at 2:41 PM
- Alicat said...
Thank you for partcipating! The round up can be found here:
:o) ~Alicat
- February 3, 2006 at 12:58 PM
I made this yesterday for St. Patrick's Day and it came out wonderfully. I used two corned beef briskets, one 2 and one 2.5 lbs, that came with their own spice packet, so I just used that. It took a little longer than I expected to cook the veggies, simply because I could barely squeeze them all in my crockpot, but they tasted great and weren't all mushy.
- March 18, 2007 at 8:33 AM
- Kalyn said...
Zoe, so happy to hear it turned out well for you. I like to keep the veggies a bit crisp too, especially the carrots with a little crunch left. I cooked it myself yesterday, and I'm going to eat some today.
- March 18, 2007 at 8:50 AM
- przepisy kulinarne said...
Cool fun. Like me. Thanks.
I like to cook very at home. Greetings from Poland.
- August 2, 2008 at 9:33 AM


text:
Join Us for the Dream To Freedom Experience! Using EFT and Gestalt Dreamwork to Understand, Interpret, and Heal Your Dreams
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Russian - Россию
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Historic Willamette
West Linn – Historic Willamette
B.J. Willy's Public House & Eatery
1717 Willamette Falls Drive, West Linn Oregon 97068
Phone: 503-656-4410
Open Seven Days a Week!
Sunday through Wednesday: 11am – 11pm
Thursday and Saturday: 11am – Midnight
Friday: 11am – 1am
Hours subject to change without notice. Please contact the restaurant to confirm.
Happy Hour Twice Daily: 3 to 6 pm and 9:30 pm to Midnight
Looking for a West Linn restaurant to call your own? How about BJ Willy's gourmet pizzas, fresh salads, gourmet burgers, delicious sandwiches and delectable dinner specialties, which is what our small, locally-owned and operated establishment is all about. Visit our family friendly restaurant in West Linn, where we feature the best pizza in West Linn and a fabulous happy hour. Find yourself here as part of our neighborhood: full of value, taste, and fun!
Follow Us Online:


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Enter your Email Address and click 'Continue' Example: firstname.lastname@example.com Submit Cancel Forgot Password Close /GarnetHill/US/Global/Popups/forgot_password Enter your email address:
false pdp {"scheme":"product1_cr"}
false pdp {"scheme":"product2_cr"}
Dot to Dot Percale Cases 318 318
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(27 Questions : 31 Answers)
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3 years ago
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3 years ago
New Hampshire
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How much ironing required?
I would like to know if the Dot to Dot percale bedding comes out of the dryer too wrinkled to use without ironing.
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