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About This BookletThis National Cancer Institute (NCI) booklet (NIH Publication No. 09-5009) is about cancer that starts in the liver (primary liver cancer). In 2013, about 23,000 men and 8,000 women in the United States will be diagnosed with primary liver cancer. Most will be over 64 years old.
It's common for cancer to spread (metastasize) to the liver from the colon, lungs, breasts, or other parts of the body. When this happens, the disease is not liver cancer. Instead, the cancer in the liver is named for the organ or the tissue in which it began. For example, colon cancer that spreads to the liver is metastatic colon cancer. It is not liver cancer.
In the United States, metastatic cancer in the liver is far more common than primary liver cancer.
People with metastatic cancer in the liver have different treatment options than those with primary liver cancer. Treatment depends mainly on where the cancer started. Instead of this booklet, you may want to read the NCI fact sheet Metastatic Cancer. The NCI Cancer Information Service at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237) can send you this fact sheet, as well as other information.
Learning about medical care for liver cancer can help you take an active part in making choices about your care. This booklet tells about:
- Diagnosis and staging
- Treatment and supportive care
- Taking part in research studies
This booklet has lists of questions that you may want to ask your doctor. Many people find it helpful to take a list of questions to a doctor visit. To help remember what your doctor says, you can take notes or ask whether you may use a tape recorder. You may also want to have a family member or friend go with you when you talk with the doctor--to take notes, ask questions, or just listen.
This booklet is mainly about adult liver cancer. It does not deal with childhood liver cancer. Information about childhood liver cancer is available on the NCI Web site and from the NCI Cancer Information Service. Call 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237) or instant message us through LiveHelp.
The Liver
The liver is the largest organ inside your abdomen. It's found behind your ribs on the right side of your body.
The liver does important work to keep you healthy:
- It removes harmful substances from the blood.
- It makes enzymes and bile that help digest food.
- It also converts food into substances needed for life and growth.
The liver gets its supply of blood from two vessels. Most of its blood comes from the hepatic portal vein. The rest comes from the hepatic artery.
Cancer Cells
Cancer begins in cells, the building blocks that make up tissues. Tissues make up the organs of the body.
Normal cells grow and divide to form new cells as the body needs them. When normal cells grow old or get damaged, they die, and new cells take their place.
Sometimes, this process goes wrong. New cells form when the body doesn't need them, and old or damaged cells don't die as they should. The buildup of extra cells often forms a mass of tissue called a growth, nodule, or tumor.
Growths in the liver can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). Benign tumors are not as harmful as malignant tumors:
- Benign tumors:
- are rarely a threat to life
- can be removed and usually don't grow back
- don't invade the tissues around them
- don't spread to other parts of the body
- Malignant growths:
- may be a threat to life
- sometimes can be removed but can grow back
- can invade and damage nearby tissues and organs (such as the stomach or intestine)
- can spread to other parts of the body
Most primary liver cancers begin in hepatocytes (liver cells). This type of cancer is called hepatocellular carcinoma or malignant hepatoma.
Liver cancer cells can spread by breaking away from the original tumor. They mainly spread by entering blood vessels, but liver cancer cells can also be found in lymph nodes. The cancer cells may attach to other tissues and grow to form new tumors that may damage those tissues. See the Staging section for information about liver cancer that has spread.
Risk Factors
When you get a diagnosis of cancer, it's natural to wonder what may have caused the disease. Doctors can't always explain why one person gets liver cancer and another doesn't. However, we do know that people with certain risk factors may be more likely than others to develop liver cancer. A risk factor is something that may increase the chance of getting a disease.
Studies have found the following risk factors for liver cancer:
- Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV): Liver cancer can develop after many years of infection with either of these viruses. Around the world, infection with HBV or HCV is the main cause of liver cancer.
HBV and HCV can be passed from person to person through blood (such as by sharing needles) or sexual contact. An infant may catch these viruses from an infected mother. Although HBV and HCV infections are contagious diseases, liver cancer is not. You can't catch liver cancer from another person.
HBV and HCV infections may not cause symptoms, but blood tests can show whether either virus is present. If so, the doctor may suggest treatment. Also, the doctor may discuss ways to avoid infecting other people.
In people who are not already infected with HBV, hepatitis B vaccine can prevent HBV infection. Researchers are working to develop a vaccine to prevent HCV infection.
- Heavy alcohol use: Having more than two drinks of alcohol each day for many years increases the risk of liver cancer and certain other cancers. The risk increases with the amount of alcohol that a person drinks.
- Aflatoxin: Liver cancer can be caused by aflatoxin, a harmful substance made by certain types of mold. Aflatoxin can form on peanuts, corn, and other nuts and grains. In parts of Asia and Africa, levels of aflatoxin are high. However, the United States has safety measures limiting aflatoxin in the food supply.
- Iron storage disease: Liver cancer may develop among people with a disease that causes the body to store too much iron in the liver and other organs.
- Cirrhosis: Cirrhosis is a serious disease that develops when liver cells are damaged and replaced with scar tissue. Many exposures cause cirrhosis, including HBV or HCV infection, heavy alcohol use, too much iron stored in the liver, certain drugs, and certain parasites. Almost all cases of liver cancer in the United States occur in people who first had cirrhosis, usually resulting from hepatitis B or C infection, or from heavy alcohol use.
- Obesity and diabetes: Studies have shown that obesity and diabetes may be important risk factors for liver cancer.
The more risk factors a person has, the greater the chance that liver cancer will develop. However, many people with known risk factors for liver cancer don't develop the disease.
Early liver cancer often doesn't cause symptoms. When the cancer grows larger, people may notice one or more of these common symptoms:
- Pain in the upper abdomen on the right side
- A lump or a feeling of heaviness in the upper abdomen
- Swollen abdomen (bloating)
- Loss of appetite and feelings of fullness
- Weight loss
- Weakness or feeling very tired
- Nausea and vomiting
- Yellow skin and eyes, pale stools, and dark urine from jaundice
- Fever
These symptoms may be caused by liver cancer or other health problems. If you have any of these symptoms, you should tell your doctor so that problems can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible.
If you have symptoms that suggest liver cancer, your doctor will try to find out what's causing the problems.
You may have one or more of the following tests:
- Physical exam: Your doctor feels your abdomen to check the liver, spleen, and other nearby organs for any lumps or changes in their shape or size. Your doctor also checks for ascites, an abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen. Also, your skin and eyes may be checked for signs of jaundice.
- Blood tests: Many blood tests may be used to check for liver problems. One blood test detects alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). High AFP levels could be a sign of liver cancer. Other blood tests can show how well the liver is working.
- CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your liver and other organs and blood vessels in your abdomen. You may receive an injection of contrast material so that your liver shows up clearly in the pictures. On the CT scan, your doctor may see tumors in the liver or elsewhere in the abdomen.
- MRI: A large machine with a strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of areas inside your body. Sometimes contrast material makes abnormal areas show up more clearly on the picture.
- Ultrasound test: The ultrasound device uses sound waves that can't be heard by humans. The sound waves produce a pattern of echoes as they bounce off internal organs. The echoes create a picture (sonogram) of your liver and other organs in the abdomen. Tumors may produce echoes that are different from the echoes made by healthy tissues.
BiopsyA biopsy usually is not needed to diagnose liver cancer, but in some cases, the doctor may remove a sample of tissue. A pathologist uses a microscope to look for cancer cells in the tissue.
The doctor may obtain tissue in one of several ways:
- A needle through the skin: The doctor inserts a thin needle into the liver to remove a small amount of tissue. CT or ultrasound may be used to guide the needle.
- Laparoscopic surgery: The surgeon makes a few small incisions in your abdomen. A thin, lighted tube (laparoscope) is inserted through the incision. The laparoscope has a tool to remove tissue from the liver.
- Open surgery: The surgeon can remove tissue from the liver through a large incision.
- How will the biopsy results affect my treatment plan?
- What kind of biopsy will I have?
- How long will it take? Will I be awake? Will it hurt?
- Is there a risk that a needle biopsy procedure will cause the cancer to spread? What are the chances of infection or bleeding after the biopsy? Are there any other risks?
- How soon will I know the results? How do I get a copy of the pathology report?
- If I do have cancer, who will talk with me about treatment? When?
If liver cancer is diagnosed, your doctor needs to learn the extent (stage) of the disease to help you choose the best treatment. Staging is an attempt to find out whether the cancer has spread, and if so, to what parts of the body.
When liver cancer spreads, the cancer cells may be found in the lungs. Cancer cells also may be found in the bones and in lymph nodes near the liver.
When cancer spreads from its original place to another part of the body, the new tumor has the same kind of abnormal cells and the same name as the primary tumor. For example, if liver cancer spreads to the bones, the cancer cells in the bones are actually liver cancer cells. The disease is metastatic liver cancer, not bone cancer. It's treated as liver cancer, not bone cancer. Doctors sometimes call the new tumor "distant" or metastatic disease.
To learn whether the liver cancer has spread, your doctor may order one or more of the following tests:
- CT scan of the chest: A CT scan often can show whether liver cancer has spread to the lungs.
- Bone scan: The doctor injects a small amount of a radioactive substance into your blood vessel. It travels through the bloodstream and collects in the bones. A machine called a scanner detects and measures the radiation. The scanner makes pictures of the bones. The pictures may show cancer that has spread to the bones.
- PET scan: You receive an injection of a small amount of radioactive sugar. The radioactive sugar gives off signals that the PET scanner picks up. The PET scanner makes a picture of the places in your body where the sugar is being taken up. Cancer cells show up brighter in the picture because they take up sugar faster than normal cells do. A PET scan shows whether liver cancer may have spread.
Treatment options for people with liver cancer are surgery (including a liver transplant), ablation, embolization, targeted therapy, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. You may have a combination of treatments.
The treatment that's right for you depends mainly on the following:
- the number, size, and location of tumors in your liver
- how well your liver is working and whether you have cirrhosis
- whether the cancer has spread outside your liver
Other factors to consider include your age, general health, and concerns about the treatments and their possible side effects.
At this time, liver cancer can be cured only when it's found at an early stage (before it has spread) and only if people are healthy enough to have surgery. For people who can't have surgery, other treatments may be able to help them live longer and feel better. Many doctors encourage people with liver cancer to consider taking part in a clinical trial. Clinical trials are research studies testing new treatments. They are an important option for people with all stages of liver cancer. See the Taking Part in Cancer Research section.
Your doctor may refer you to a specialist, or you may ask for a referral. Specialists who treat liver cancer include surgeons (especially hepatobiliary surgeons, surgical oncologists, and transplant surgeons), gastroenterologists, medical oncologists, and radiation oncologists. Your health care team may also include an oncology nurse and a registered dietitian.
Your health care team can describe your treatment choices, the expected results of each, and the possible side effects. Because cancer therapy often damages healthy cells and tissues, side effects are common. Before treatment starts, ask your health care team about possible side effects and how treatment may change your normal activities. You and your health care team can work together to develop a treatment plan that meets your needs.
SurgerySurgery is an option for people with an early stage of liver cancer. The surgeon may remove the whole liver or only the part that has cancer. If the whole liver is removed, it's replaced with healthy liver tissue from a donor.
You and your surgeon can talk about the types of surgery and which may be right for you.
Removal of part of the liver
Surgery to remove part of the liver is called partial hepatectomy. A person with liver cancer may have part of the liver removed if lab tests show that the liver is working well and if there is no evidence that the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes or to other parts of the body.
The surgeon removes the tumor along with a margin of normal liver tissue around the tumor. The extent of the surgery depends on the size, number, and location of the tumors. It also depends on how well the liver is working.
As much as 80 percent of the liver may be removed. The surgeon leaves behind normal liver tissue. The remaining healthy tissue takes over the work of the liver. Also, the liver can regrow the missing part. The new cells grow over several weeks.
It takes time to heal after surgery, and the time needed to recover is different for each person. You may have pain or discomfort for the first few days. Medicine can help control your pain. Before surgery, you should discuss the plan for pain relief with your doctor or nurse. After surgery, your doctor can adjust the plan if you need more pain control.
It's common to feel tired or weak for a while. Also, you may have diarrhea and a feeling of fullness in the abdomen.
The health care team will watch you for signs of bleeding, infection, liver failure, or other problems.
Liver transplant
A liver transplant is an option if the tumors are small, the disease has not spread outside the liver, and suitable donated liver tissue can be found.
Donated liver tissue comes from a deceased person or a live donor. If the donor is living, the tissue is part of a liver, rather than a whole liver.
While you wait for donated liver tissue to become available, the health care team monitors your health and provides other treatments.
When healthy liver tissue from a donor is available, the transplant surgeon removes your entire liver (total hepatectomy) and replaces it with the donated tissue. After surgery, your health care team will give you medicine to help control your pain. You may need to stay in the hospital for several weeks. During that time, your health care team monitors how well your body is accepting the new liver tissue. You'll take medicine to prevent your body's immune system from rejecting the new liver. These drugs may cause puffiness in your face, high blood pressure, or an increase in body hair.
Methods of ablation destroy the cancer in the liver. They are treatments to control liver cancer and extend life. They may be used for people waiting for a liver transplant. Or they may be used for people who can't have surgery or a liver transplant. Surgery to remove the tumor may not be possible because of cirrhosis or other conditions that cause poor liver function, the location of the tumor within the liver, or other health problems.
Methods of ablation include the following:
- Radiofrequency ablation: The doctor uses a special probe that contains tiny electrodes to kill the cancer cells with heat. Ultrasound, CT, or MRI may be used to guide the probe to the tumor. Usually, the doctor can insert the probe directly through your skin, and only local anesthesia is needed.
Sometimes, surgery under general anesthesia is needed. The doctor inserts the probe through a small incision in your abdomen (using a laparoscope) or through a wider incision that opens your abdomen.
Some people have pain or a slight fever after this procedure. Staying overnight in the hospital is not usually needed.
Radiofrequency ablation is a type of hyperthermia therapy. Other therapies that use heat to destroy liver tumors include laser or microwave therapy. They are used less often than radiofrequency ablation.
- Percutaneous ethanol injection: The doctor uses ultrasound to guide a thin needle into the liver tumor. Alcohol (ethanol) is injected directly into the tumor and kills cancer cells. The procedure may be performed once or twice a week. Usually local anesthesia is used, but if you have many tumors in the liver, general anesthesia may be needed.
You may have fever and pain after the injection. Your doctor can suggest medicines to relieve these problems.
EmbolizationFor those who can't have surgery or a liver transplant, embolization or chemoembolization may be an option. The doctor inserts a tiny catheter into an artery in your leg and moves the catheter into the hepatic artery. For embolization, the doctor injects tiny sponges or other particles into the catheter. The particles block the flow of blood through the artery. Depending on the type of particles used, the blockage may be temporary or permanent.
Without blood flow from the hepatic artery, the tumor dies. Although the hepatic artery is blocked, healthy liver tissue continues to receive blood from the hepatic portal vein.
For chemoembolization, the doctor injects an anticancer drug (chemotherapy) into the artery before injecting the tiny particles that block blood flow. Without blood flow, the drug stays in the liver longer.
You'll need to be sedated for this procedure, but general anesthesia is not usually needed. You'll probably stay in the hospital for 2 to 3 days after the treatment.
Embolization often causes abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Your doctor can give you medicine to help lessen these problems. Some people may feel very tired for several weeks after the treatment.
Targeted TherapyPeople with liver cancer who can't have surgery or a liver transplant may receive a drug called targeted therapy. Sorafenib (Nexavar) tablets were the first targeted therapy approved for liver cancer.
Targeted therapy slows the growth of liver tumors. It also reduces their blood supply. The drug is taken by mouth.
Side effects include nausea, vomiting, mouth sores, and loss of appetite. Sometimes, a person may have chest pain, bleeding problems, or blisters on the hands or feet. The drug can also cause high blood pressure. The health care team will check your blood pressure often during the first 6 weeks of treatment.
You may want to read the NCI fact sheet Targeted Cancer Therapies.
Radiation TherapyRadiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. It may be an option for a few people who can't have surgery. Sometimes it's used with other approaches. Radiation therapy also may be used to help relieve pain from liver cancer that has spread to the bones.
Doctors use two types of radiation therapy to treat liver cancer:
- External radiation therapy: The radiation comes from a large machine. The machine aims beams of radiation at the chest and abdomen.
- Internal radiation therapy: The radiation comes from tiny radioactive spheres. A doctor uses a catheter to inject the tiny spheres into your hepatic artery. The spheres destroy the blood supply to the liver tumor.
The side effects from radiation therapy include nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. Your health care team can suggest ways to treat or control the side effects.
You may find it helpful to read the NCI booklet Radiation Therapy and You.
ChemotherapyChemotherapy, the use of drugs to kill cancer cells, is sometimes used to treat liver cancer. Drugs are usually given by vein (intravenous). The drugs enter the bloodstream and travel throughout your body.
Chemotherapy may be given in an outpatient part of the hospital, at the doctor's office, or at home. Rarely, you may need to stay in the hospital.
The side effects of chemotherapy depend mainly on which drugs are given and how much. Common side effects include nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, headache, fever and chills, and weakness.
Some drugs lower the levels of healthy blood cells, and you're more likely to get infections, bruise or bleed easily, and feel very weak and tired. Your health care team will check for low levels of blood cells. Some side effects may be relieved with medicine.
You may wish to read the NCI booklet Chemotherapy and You.
- What is the stage of the disease? Has the liver cancer spread?
- Do I have cirrhosis?
- Do I need any more tests to determine whether I can have surgery?
- What is the goal of treatment? What are my treatment choices? Which do you recommend for me? Why?
- What are the expected benefits of each kind of treatment?
- What are the risks and possible side effects of each treatment? How can side effects be managed?
- Will I need to stay in the hospital? If so, for how long?
- How will you treat my pain?
- What will the treatment cost? Will my insurance cover it?
- How will treatment affect my normal activities?
- Would a clinical trial (research study) be appropriate for me?
- How often will I need checkups?
- Can you recommend other doctors who could give me a second opinion about my treatment options?
Second Opinion
Before starting treatment, you may want a second opinion about your diagnosis, the stage of cancer, and the treatment plan. You may also want to find a medical center that has a lot of experience with treating people with liver cancer. You may even want to talk to several different doctors about all of the treatment options, their side effects, and the expected results. For example, you could discuss your treatment plan with a hepatobiliary surgeon, radiation oncologist, and medical oncologist.
Some people worry that the doctor will be offended if they ask for a second opinion. Usually the opposite is true. Most doctors welcome a second opinion. And many health insurance companies will pay for a second opinion if you or your doctor requests it. Some companies require a second opinion.
If you get a second opinion, the second doctor may agree with your first doctor's diagnosis and treatment plan. Or the second doctor may suggest another approach. Either way, you have more information and perhaps a greater sense of control. You can feel more confident about the decisions you make, knowing that you've looked at your options.
It may take some time and effort to gather your medical records and see another doctor. In most cases, it's not a problem to take several weeks to get a second opinion. The delay in starting treatment usually will not make treatment less effective. To make sure, you should discuss this delay with your doctor.
There are many ways to find a doctor for a second opinion. You can ask your doctor, a local or state medical society, a nearby hospital, or a medical school for names of specialists.
Also, you can request a consultation with specialists at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center in Bethesda, Maryland. Specialists in the NCI Surgery Branch provide consultations and surgical care for people with liver cancer. The telephone number is 301-496-4164.
The NCI Cancer Information Service at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237) can tell you about nearby treatment centers. Other sources can be found in the NCI fact sheet How To Find a Doctor or Treatment Facility If You Have Cancer.
Supportive Care
Liver cancer and its treatment can lead to other health problems. You can have supportive care before, during, and after cancer treatment.
Supportive care is treatment to control pain and other symptoms, to relieve the side effects of therapy, and to help you cope with the feelings that a diagnosis of cancer can bring. You may receive supportive care to prevent or control these problems and to improve your comfort and quality of life during treatment.
You can get information about supportive care at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/coping on the NCI Web site and from the NCI Cancer Information Service at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237) or LiveHelp.
Pain Control
Liver cancer and its treatment may lead to pain. Your doctor or a specialist in pain control can suggest several ways to relieve or reduce pain:
- Pain medicine: Medicines often can relieve pain. (These medicines may make people drowsy and constipated, but resting and taking laxatives can help.)
- Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy can help relieve pain by shrinking the cancer.
- Nerve block: The doctor may inject alcohol into the area around certain nerves in the abdomen to block the pain.
The health care team may suggest other ways to relieve or reduce pain. For example, massage, acupuncture, or acupressure may be used along with other approaches. Also, you may learn to relieve pain through relaxation techniques such as listening to slow music or breathing slowly and comfortably.
More information about pain control can be found in the NCI booklet Pain Control.
Sadness and Other Feelings
It's normal to feel sad, anxious, or confused after a diagnosis of a serious illness. Some people find it helpful to talk about their feelings. See the Sources of Support section.
It's important to meet your nutrition needs before, during, and after cancer treatment. You need the right amount of calories, protein, vitamins, and minerals. Getting the right nutrition can help you feel better and have more energy.
However, you may be uncomfortable or tired, and you may not feel like eating. You also may have side effects of treatment such as poor appetite, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. Your doctor, a registered dietitian, or another health care provider can advise you about ways to have a healthy diet.
Careful planning and checkups are important. Liver cancer and its treatment may make it hard for you to digest food and maintain your weight. Your doctor will check you for weight loss, weakness, and lack of energy.
You may want to read the NCI booklet Eating Hints. It contains many useful ideas and recipes.
Follow-up Care
You'll need regular checkups (such as every 3 months) after treatment for liver cancer. Checkups help ensure that any changes in your health are noted and treated if needed. If you have any health problems between checkups, you should contact your doctor.
Sometimes liver cancer comes back after treatment. Your doctor will check for return of cancer. Checkups may include a physical exam, blood tests, ultrasound, CT scans, or other tests.
For people who have had a liver transplant, the doctor will test how well the new liver is working. The doctor also will watch you closely to make sure the new liver isn't being rejected. People who have had a liver transplant may want to discuss with the doctor the type and schedule of follow-up tests that will be needed.
The NCI has publications to help answer questions about follow-up care and other concerns. You may find it helpful to read the NCI booklet Facing Forward: Life After Cancer Treatment. You may also want to read the NCI fact sheet Follow-up Care After Cancer Treatment.
Sources of Support
Learning that you have liver cancer can change your life and the lives of those close to you. These changes can be hard to handle. It's normal for you, your family, and your friends to need help coping with the feelings that a diagnosis of cancer can bring.
Concerns about treatments and managing side effects, hospital stays, and medical bills are common. You may also worry about caring for your family, keeping your job, or continuing daily activities. Here's where you can go for support:
- Doctors, nurses, and other members of your health care team can answer questions about treatment, working, or other activities.
- Social workers, counselors, or members of the clergy can be helpful if you want to talk about your feelings or concerns. Often, social workers can suggest resources for financial aid, transportation, home care, or emotional support.
- Support groups also can help. In these groups, patients or their family members meet with other patients or their families to share what they have learned about coping with the disease and the effects of treatment. Groups may offer support in person, over the telephone, or on the Internet. You may want to talk with a member of your health care team about finding a support group.
- Information specialists at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237) and at LiveHelp can help you locate programs, services, and publications. They can send you a list of organizations that offer services to people with cancer.
For tips on coping, you may want to read the NCI booklet Taking Time: Support for People With Cancer.
Taking Part in Cancer Research
Cancer research has led to real progress in liver cancer detection and treatment. Because of research, people with liver cancer can look forward to a better quality of life. Continuing research offers hope that, in the future, even more people with this disease will be treated successfully.
Doctors all over the world are conducting many types of clinical trials (research studies in which people volunteer to take part). Clinical trials are designed to find out whether new approaches are safe and effective.
Doctors are studying many types of treatment and their combinations:
- Liver transplant: The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, an agency of the National Institutes of Health, is sponsoring the Adult to Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation Cohort Study. This trial will study whether it's better to transplant a whole liver from a deceased donor or a part of a liver from a living donor.
- Radiofrequency ablation and chemotherapy: Doctors are studying the combination of radiofrequency ablation with an anticancer drug.
- Targeted therapy: Doctors are studying new targeted therapies with people who have liver cancer.
Even if the people in a trial do not benefit directly, they may still make an important contribution by helping doctors learn more about liver cancer and how to control it. Although clinical trials may pose some risks, doctors do all they can to protect their patients.
If you're interested in being part of a clinical trial, talk with your doctor. You may want to read the NCI booklet Taking Part in Cancer Treatment Research Studies. It describes how treatment studies are carried out and explains their possible benefits and risks.
The NCI Web site includes a section on clinical trials at http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials. It has general information about clinical trials as well as detailed information about specific ongoing studies of liver cancer. The NCI Cancer Information Service at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237) and at LiveHelp can answer questions and provide information about clinical trials.


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WD Blue drives are designed and manufactured with the proven technology found in WD's original award-winning desktop and mobile hard drives. Built to the highest standards of quality and reliability, these drives offer the features and capacity ideal for your everyday computing needs. These drives are available in a broad range of capacities, cache sizes, form factors and interfaces so you can be sure there's a drive that's the perfect fit for your system, in more ways than one.
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I chose Crucial because they were able to identify this HDD as an appropriate fit for my Dell and the price was close enough to the competition -- no need to bargain shop. The drive arrived in the time frame specified.
Cloning software was downloaded from Western Digital. For installation, I had to snag the SATA connection from one of the DVD drives as this item is "drive only" -- no cable included. It all worked surprisingly well.
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Replaced a 160 GB Drive on my Lenovo Desktop, very satisfied with the product and price.
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Been using site for years and telling friends will continue
I bought this to replace my Seagate ST31000528AS which was only 3 years old when it started to fail. I tried every type of test and stress test on the drive none detected a problem. I took a gamble and replaced the drive. All my PC horrors went away. I guess I will have to wait and see how well the WD drive fairs in comparison.
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Honestly have not had time install it as the second HD in my computer
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Saved me from having to buy a new computer. Easy to install, works great, and at a great price.
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large capacity provides plenty of space for photos and special projects.
I bought 2 x MX100 256GB SSD drives.
Both when plugged in fail the SMART 180 attribute on starting the computer.
I have tried them both in 2 different PC's (HP XW4300 and HP Z200), and the error is the same on both computers and on both drives.
I have tried emailing for support with no luck..
Has anyone seen this type of failure before, and do I need to get the drives replaced?
Any assistance or thoughts appreciated.
I had Samsung drives previously and never had any issues at all.
I too am considering this upgrade to SSD. This may seem trivial but try control panel, programs and features, windows features and untick internet explorer then reboot. Upon reboot go and retick the box to reinstall that feature. This has worked for me in the past when ie stopped functioning. Good Luck. Please let us know the results.
Ok I got it to work, but it's intermittent. I pulled the drive out, switched the type of HDD in the BIOS from AHCI to IDE. Then I re-installed the drive. This got me past BIOS. Then I go into BIOS, reset it to AHCI, and the drive works perfectly. I'm using it now to post this.
However here's the weird thing. If I shut down my machine, I have the same problem again, sometimes. Twice today I've shut down the machine and it's come back with no problem, twice it's repeated the same error I had before. That means to fix it, I have to open the laptop, remove the SSD, reset BIOS to IDE, let it boot, reset BIOS again to AHCI, then reinstall the drive and it works.
Any ideas to stabilize this now? How odd.
Hi koalagurl,
I am very sorry for the issues that you have been experiencing with your HDD. It does sound like there is an issue with the drive that is causing the issues that you have experienced. At this time I would recommend contacting Seagate directly as they do offer support on their drives. I am sorry for the inconvenience that this may cause, but they will be able to offer better assistance and help you out with a warranty if necessary.

subset: commoncrawl


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Veterans Day deals and meals
- 4:25 pm Friday, November 5th, 2010 by Allison Ross
Veterans Day, which is Thursday, was created to honor the heroism of those who served the country.
Set on Nov. 11 to honor the end of fighting in World War I, Veterans Day was meant to be observed with parades, public meetings and a brief suspension of business, according to the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.
In recent years, though, it's become noted for something else, as well: a traditional time for retailers to offer sales and discounts.
Here are some of the deals that have come across my desk:
UPDATES: More added to the lists on Nov. 10.
Applebee's: Veterans and active duty members with proof of military service get a free meal Thursday. However, you must choose from a selection of entrees, which include a three-cheese chicken penne and a 7-ounce house sirloin. Drinks and gratuity are not included in the freebie.
McCormick & Schmick's: The restaurant, which has locations in West Palm Beach and Boca Raton, is offering a free entree for people with proof of military service Sunday. Again, you have to choose from a select list of entrees. Reservations are strongly recommended. [More]


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Hey guys :) I'm Rohith: 20, NJ, South Indian, love friends, love having fun and being spontaneous. Hope you like my blog... I'll follow back if I like your blog :)
If you want to know more about me or want to talk just ask :)
I'm just a guy that's trying to find my place in life and I'm just a guy that wants to make a difference for other people. Just a dream to change the world starting with the smallest things I do. I hide a lot, but I am open at the same time. Just a mind filled with the complicated thoughts of the world and it's contents.
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The Senator Group are the largest manufacturer of Office Furniture in the UK and the leading investor in R&D and Design. This handy app features...iOS Version 1.2 ... Added: 01/15/13Total Downloads0Last Week0
Hop into your starfighter and protect Naboo from a Trade Federation invasion.Windows Version ... Added: 02/24/01Total Downloads177,213Last Week2
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For an ad-free experience, search for Senator Who in the App Store.Identify U.S. Senators and get the critical information the moment you need it....iOS Version 1.1.2 ... Added: 02/07/12Total Downloads0Last Week0
The fantastic 1875 novel by Anthony Trollope, following the courtship behaviour of two women. It is notable for its depictions of rural English...iOS Version 1 ... Added: 02/15/11Total Downloads0Last Week0
The official mobile application for United States Senator Roy Blunt of Missouri. This application provides the latest updates directly from the...iOS Version 1.0.5 ... Added: 09/16/13Total Downloads0Last Week0
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INGLEWOOD, Calif. (February 21, 2012)—The second year of the popular Night School, a weekly online education for fans of racing, will begin Tuesday, February 28. Each session begins at 5:30 p.m. PST.
Created by Horseplayer NOW's Joe Kristufek and Jeremy Plonk, Night School is presented weekly on numerous websites, including Hollywoodpark.com., throughout the horse racing industry.
Different topics are discussed for 90 minutes each week by various experts. Presenting sponsors besides Horseplayer NOW include the National Thoroughbred Racing Association, Daily Racing Form, American Quarter Horse Racing, Churchill Downs and Keeneland.
"Countdown to the Crown'' is the topic of the first session. Upcoming Night School topics include Class Handicapping, Pace/Bias Handicapping and Speed/Performance Figures.
A complete schedule is attached.
Copyright © 2009-2014, Hollywood Park. All rights reserved.


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Sae (새이). Born in a big city in Europe on May 17th, 1987. Taurus.
Likes. Food. Music. SHINee. Cooking. Photoshop. Movies. Design. Blue. Criminal Minds. Mango. Raspberries. Lasagna. Super Junior. NCIS. Orange juice. K-POP. Milk. Sunshine. Rain. Thunder. Silence. Friends. How I Met Your Mother. Vampire Diaries.
Dislikes. Liars. Onions. Disloyalty. Cold. Night-time. Dishonesty. Judgmental mofos.
Things you should know about me. I tend to abuse the caps lock key. I spam a lot of Jonghyun. I am honest. I am usually all bark, but I also bite if you give me a reason to. Otherwise, I'm quite the fluffy panda who likes to snuggle.
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I'll add more as I make them. ♥
Untamed {Jonghyun/Key; Minho/Taemin; AU; NC-17; ongoing}
Kibum has a new job, one that will help him advance in the community of science and physics... as well as unravel a world to him that he could never have imagined existed.
Chapter 1 | Chapter 2 | Chapter 3
Indelible Secrets {Jonghyun/Minho; smut; NC-17; 6317 words}
Jonghyun has a secret that he doesn't want to share with Minho.
It's All In Your Fist {bandfic; crack!fic; G; 1129 words}
It started off with a comment made on their UFO, an innocent question posed by a fan, one Kibum assumed had been plaguing Shawols for quite some time.
Countdown {Minho/Key; smut; R; 1861 words}
There was a silent promise evident in those russet orbs, a vow to take him, undo him and to leave him begging for more.
Your Name {Jonghyun/Key; smut, AU; NC-17; 1697 words}
"Fuck, Jonghyun, you're such a pervert…"
Giving Chase {Minho/Taemin; smut; NC-17; 3743 words}
It left him yearning for more, more of that penetrating gaze, more of the silent vows to unravel him, to mark him forever… to crush every last remaining ounce of his innocence.
Sweet, Proliferous Tortuga {Jonghyun/Minho/Key; crack, humor; PG; 442 words}
It's a pirate's life for Jonghyun — a parody of the Tortuga scene in Pirates of the Caribbean.
Personality Switch {bandfic; humor; crack!fic; PG-13; 5/5}
Reasons for why SHINee members should not switch personalities.
Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5


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Have you ever considered entering any of the competitions that we see either in our magazines or online?.
For me personally this is something that I will not consider. Allow me to explain, you see over many years I have looked at many images that have been entered by friends and others, and to me thay have been simply stunning. One amazing sport photographer I know had an unpleasant experience with a truly remarkable image he had taken of a racing motor cyclist. Encouraged by friends he entered it in a competition and waited. He was present when the judging took place and was rather baffled by the image that won which was a very mediocre image of a landscape, by all accounts it was nowhere near the quality of the pics we see in our gallery. While standing there taking this in, he overheard someone ask the judge who was in his 90's, what was wrong with the motor cycle racer photograph. The judge replied that a landscape looked nicer than a motor cycle. This judge also had a penchant for landscapes being a keen landscape phtographer himself.
So no matter how superior an image may be to anything else in a competition, if the subject is not looked upon with kindness by a judge or indeed judges, then it seems that their favourite subjects will always take precedence, even though quality may be an issue.
When I look at the amazing imagery in our gallery I know that many of them are more than capable of being outright winners in any competition, and indeed to me they seem far better than many so called prize winners. In the final analysis though, it's what the judges personally prefer that will win, not quality, subject, or composition.


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When I think of Minnesota, I think of Lake Wobegon — "where all the women are strong, all the men are good looking, and all the children are above average."
Michele Bachmann is strong. Jesse Ventura is good-looking (if you're into that whole "manly" thing). And the law students at the University of Minnesota Law School are above average. Their academic qualifications help Minnesota Law claim the #19 spot in the U.S. News law school rankings. (In the Above the Law law school rankings — which focus on outputs, like job placement, rather than inputs — Minnesota also fares well, ranking #25.)
The professors at Minnesota Law are above average too. The Minnesota faculty ranks #19 in terms of scholarly impact.
How do they fare in the professorial pay sweepstakes? Let's look at the data….
Continue reading "How Much Does Your Law Professor Make? University of Minnesota Law School Edition"


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Thursday, 31 Oct 2013 04:20 PM
By Morgan Chilson
© 2014 Newsmax. All rights reserved.
Friday, 31 Oct 2014 20:00 PM
For those who have ever wished Starbucks had delivery service, that wish will soon be coming true after the coffee giant . . .
Friday, 31 Oct 2014 19:16 PM
A bronze bust of John Denver went missing during a heavy-metal Halloween ball and the Denver radio station that held the . . .
Friday, 31 Oct 2014 18:23 PM
Seattle-based megachurch Mars Hill announced Friday that it will dissolve, splitting its 13 campuses into separate and s . . .
Newsmax, Moneynews, Newsmax Health, and Independent. American. are registered trademarks of Newsmax Media, Inc. Newsmax TV, and Newsmax World are trademarks of Newsmax Media, Inc.


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forum: Food & Drink
#581 Thu 17 Nov 11 4:13pm
Re: Dave Barkers Christmas Kitchen...
I've done: pesto, preserved lemons, tapenade (pls see below), olives in marinade, panettone, panforte, fruit mince, dukkah, ras el hanout, mini puds, mini cakes.
Have yet to do: char-grilled veg, feta in marinade, eggplant/aubergine relish, tomato relish, Frizz's caramelised onions and mini (mini muffin sized) pastry cases for the fruit mince (pies) or tapenade etc (I use my late FIL's recipe for tapenade which includes capers and almonds and has texture) and kourabiethes/kourabiedes (Greek almond shortbread studded with cloves, crescent shaped and dusted with icing sugar) and strawberry/vanilla jam.
I admit I'm using these gift baskets as a "marketing" and "good will" exercise for my catering business but ... Am also doing "pet baskets" with toys, treats etc.
Must get on with "family food stuff". Though, these days, Christmas is *very* complicated- not helped by my poor, sweet darling son's birthday being 27 December.
Hope I've given someone some ideas for Christmas "gifts from the kitchen"
Mummza, living alone most of the time and rejecting most bottled/processed stuff, I've become a scrounger with friends, family and neighbours in order to get my jars. Some nicer than others. Would really like bottles for oils and vinegars. They are in scarce supply here, it seems. From scrounger to hoarder .
Last edited by Maree (Thu 17 Nov 11 4:46pm)
"Cook with love and laughter ..."
#582 Thu 17 Nov 11 10:42pm
- Forum super champ Occupation avoiding housework
- From The land of song.
- Member since Tue 04 Oct 05
Re: Dave Barkers Christmas Kitchen...
I know what you mean about getting jars Maree , I had carefully saved a pile of jars and my darling found them and recycled them as he had forgotten why they were being saved !
Jars of Ras el hanout sound a great idea to me , I could make up a little gift box/hamper with ther things that compliment it.. I shall give that some thought
#583 Fri 18 Nov 11 12:16am
Re: Dave Barkers Christmas Kitchen...
I had the jar "incident" happen to me a couple of years ago. I'd carefully stored them in the laundry, a room that I thought I was the only one to know the location of .
Here's the "recipe" I use:
RAS AL HANOUT (from Greg Malouf)
Lightly roast and grind:
1 tsp cumin seeds
1 tsp coriander seeds
6 cardamom pods, seeds only
1/2 tsp fennel seeds
1/2 tsp black peppercorns
then sieve to remove the husks
Mix in:
2 tsp sweet paprika
1 tsp cinnamon powder
1 tsp turmeric
1 tsp cayenne pepper
1 tsp salt
1/2 tsp sugar
1/2 tsp allspice
Store in an air tight container.
"Cook with love and laughter ..."
#584 Wed 28 Nov 12 7:36am
- Forum super champ Occupation avoiding housework
- From The land of song.
- Member since Tue 04 Oct 05
Re: Dave Barkers Christmas Kitchen...
Time to 'bump' our long standing Christmas thread I think . This thread is full of recipes and ideas ( plus a bit of chit-chat ) to help with Christmas .
For those that don't know Dave , Dave Barker is a chef , when he first joined the forum he had a different job but then re-trained to work as a chef.
As you can see this thread has been running for a number of years . Please add a few more tips and recipes as its a good one to keep running.
#585 Fri 30 Nov 12 1:30pm
Re: Dave Barkers Christmas Kitchen...
Good thinking, Mummza
Also, a reminder for those on "Wouldn't it be Cool" thread (leftovers), tomorrow (Saturday) we are meant to be "doing edible gifts".
"Cook with love and laughter ..."
#586 Sat 01 Dec 12 9:32am
- Forum super champ Occupation avoiding housework
- From The land of song.
- Member since Tue 04 Oct 05
Re: Dave Barkers Christmas Kitchen...
#587 Sun 09 Dec 12 10:41am
- Forum super champ Occupation avoiding housework
- From The land of song.
- Member since Tue 04 Oct 05
Re: Dave Barkers Christmas Kitchen...
I am rather behind with my Christmas preperations at the moment , some of the freezer space needs to be eaten to make space for the christmas preperation like the 'pigs in blankets' the sausagemeat stuffing , mince pies etc . and although my poor darling is doing his best to eat through things progress is slow !
My family seem to be failing in ' task ...eat the freezer contents'
Fortunatly one of my daughters is home this weekend and so there has been one joint of meat removed for them to eat for lunch today .. thats a little bit of space made
another daughter will be home next weekend , but I will be in London as I am going to the street party outside Fifteen .. I will have to encourage her to cook meals for her father using things from the freezer
Ah well , things arnt going to the usual plans this year but never mind, Christmas always happens whatever and we always ave a lovley time together as a family and thats what is important.


text:
Green Book 2014
From ITwiki
Information Technology
Information Technology provides services to the campus including the Help Desk, UniPrint printing, the PC Computer Lab, computer sales and repairs, myStevens, Windows Campus Domain accounts, VPN and the Online Card Office. Student user services are available at the Computer Center, which is accessed through the doors to the left of the main Library entrance, in the lower level of the Library building. Systems and servers are normally available twenty-four hours a day via both the campus network and remote access. Contact Information Technology (at 201-216-5500 or submit a ticket at http://www.stevens.edu/helpdesk ) if you have any issues with your notebook, its connectivity to the network, your email or other related issues.
Information Technology: An Overview
Information Technology has five main functions: User Services, Networking, Systems Administration, Computer Purchases, and Repairs. User Services includes Help Desk staff available to answer questions about your access to computing services, software, and network applications. The Networking group is responsible for the campus network and internet connectivity. System Administrators/Programmers maintain the operating systems and server applications.
Information Technology Service Hours
User Services – Help Desk & PC Computer Lab
Monday through Thursday - 8:00AM to 10:30PM
Friday 8:00AM to 7:30PM
Saturday - 9:30AM to 5:00PM
Sunday - 12:00PM to 7:30PM
Administrative Offices
Monday through Friday - 9:00AM to 5:00PM
Computer Service Center
Monday through Friday - 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM
Information Technology is closed on school holidays and some Saturdays and Sundays. Check the Information Technology Events Calendar or Information Technology Home Page (http://www.stevens.edu/it) for closing. In case of inclement weather, please check the Stevens Home Page for closings and delays, or call 201-216-8200.
Help Desk [201-216-5500 | http://www.stevens.edu/helpdesk]
Consultants are available to assist you with questions related to software on your notebook and most Stevens systems including myStevens. Consultant coverage is scheduled so that you can reach a consultant most days (including weekends and evenings). Consultants will create a Help Desk request—and provide you with its reference number—and help track your resolution. Whenever possible, mention your reference number when contacting the Help Desk.
Before Calling The Help Desk...
- Attempt to restart your machine (if possible) and see if this solves your problem.
- For a password related issue with logging into MyStevens or the Campus Domain:
- Attempt to log in again
- Ensure that the caps lock key is not on
- Go to the website http://www.stevens.edu/password
- Check the online help within Windows and/or your applications, and the http://www.stevens.edu/itwiki.
- Record any and all error messages as accurately as possible, and be ready to provide the exact application, service, or machine make/model with which you are having difficulties.
- About a server or system being down, please verify that the issue is not unique to your machine.
The Stevens ITWiki is edited and maintained by the Information Technology Help Desk staff. The wiki contains documentation on a wide variety of issues and protocols, and is available to students. For more information, go to http://www.stevens.edu/itwiki.
Computer Service Center [201-216-5108 | http://stevens.edu/csc]
Located in the lower level of the SC Williams Library, the CSC handles sales and service of Stevens issued notebooks and desktop PCs, including system upgrades and the sale of peripherals, accessories and printer supplies. Before bringing your notebook for repair to the CSC, remember to back up your hard drive. The CSC is not responsible for data loss or data that cannot be retrieved due to hard drive failure.
The Computer Service Center maintains a vending machine with accessories, such as printer ink cartridges, ear buds, flash drives, and Ethernet cables. Only Duck Bills are accepted by the vending machine.
Managing Your Notebook
You are responsible for your notebook, its data, and its operation on the network. It is your duty to keep your notebook in an operational condition at all times. Replacement or repairs of most parts are covered under warranty. Limited accidental damage coverage is provided on Class of 2014 notebooks until May 31, 2014. The cost of repairs or damages outside of the warranty or the accidental damage coverage is your responsibility. Please take care of your notebook. Having it in proper working condition is an academic requirement. You should use the provided book bag or protective case at all times when carrying your notebook.
You must back up your data, be responsible as an "Administrator" of Windows 7 on your notebook, install new software releases, and apply software patches/updates. While doing all of this, you must make sure your computer does not become infected with computer viruses and spyware, that your other applications do not conflict with what you are about to install, and that network configuration settings and Windows registry data are not corrupted or changed adversely. '''Be aware of and document all configuration and software changes made to your notebook, especially if you are not the one making them.'''
Virus Protection
Virus protection is mostly about being aware of your computing environment, how you are using the internet, and keeping the operating system and virus protection software current. Always be cautious!
Some general rules of thumb:
- Do not open email attachments from unknown senders or run any .exe or .bat file included in an e-mail
- Inspect all links (and ask their "sender" if they intended to send a link) sent via Instant Messaging Clients such as AOL Instant Messenger, Windows Live Messenger and Yahoo! Messenger. These may be the result of a rapidly spreading bug which will instant message itself to your entire buddy list.
- Do not click on (Pop-up or Pop-Under) Ads indicating you have a virus, spyware or malware or which indicate that you could win a prize.
- Read all dialog boxes before clicking 'Yes' as some of these may be asking you for permission to install unwanted software.
- Information Technology will never send attached files via email. If use of a file is required, users would be redirected to either myStevens, the ITWiki (http://www.stevens.edu/itwiki), or the Information Technology Webpage (http://www.stevens.edu/it).
- Before entering credentials into a website, be sure to check the web address (URL) to prevent Phishing, which is an attempt to gain your password to a popular site (such as eBay, Amazon, Paypal, Myspace or Facebook). Only authenticate yourself on sites with addresses you know are genuine. Using myStevens as a gateway to Stevens Authenticated web Resources is a good way to ensure a Stevens link is genuine.
- Always check the web address (URL) of a website accessed via a link before typing in any sensitive information. Just because a link in an email looks like a given site does not mean that you will be going to that site. A shield with a red 'X' on it in your system tray (lower right hand corner of the screen to the immediate left of the clock) means you are currently in what Windows believes is a lesser than desired state of security. Click this and investigate your machine to ensure that all Windows Updates have been installed, that all Antivirus and Antispyware Definitions are up to date, and daily scans of each are running on your machine. If McAfee claims you have a virus or spyware infection, attempt to clean or repair these files. It is a safe practice to always follow up a routine scan in which any form of infection is found with a follow-up, non-scheduled scan to be sure that any repaired or cleaned files are safe from these infections. Getting a virus means you may lose some or all of your data, so if repeated scans and attempts to clean and/or quarantine these files are not successful, contact the helpdesk immediately.
Connecting to the Campus Network
Wired Connections
- Every dorm room is wired with one computer network outlet per resident.
- Laptops distributed to incoming students are both 802.1x compliant and have their MAC Addresses registered to work on the campus network.
- In order to connect, simply plug the network cable provided with the Ethernet connectors in your room.
- If you bring a computer to campus which is not compliant with the 802.1x standard, you will have to register its MAC Address, if you intend to use it on a non-802.1x enabled network port. Non-802.1x enabled ports are generally located within offices and research labs.
- Should you wish to connect multiple machines to the Campus Network via your wired port in the residence halls, you may use a switch as long as your devices support either 802.1x or has a web browser that you can use to authenticate. You can optionally use a NAT router, one device behind the NAT router will have to use a web browser to authenticate. Bear in mind if you choose to connect multiple machines to the network neither a switch nor NAT router is supported by the Help Desk and for trouble shooting purposes you will asked to remove the intermediate device and plug directly into the wall. For more information on these policies, contact the Help Desk or refer to http://www.stevens.edu/itwiki/routers.
- In addition, all machines must be DHCP enabled. A machine that is not DHCP enabled will not be allowed on the network and may result in traffic on the port being suspended.
- You may connect up to five (5) machines concurrently to one network port in campus residences.
- Treat the network cable with care. Pinching it, bending it tightly, continually walking on it or rolling over it with a chair will permanently damage the cable.
If you do not get a network connection, first unplug and re-plug your network cable, both from the wall and your PC. If you still do not get a network connection try swapping ports with your roommate if he or she is properly connected to the network. If you are having issues with multiple machines connected to a switch or router, remove the intermediate device and try connecting just one computer to the port. If this does not help, call the Help Desk at 201-216-5500. You may be asked to bring your notebook and the Ethernet cable to the Help Desk to test both in a properly functioning network outlet.
Wireless Connections
Wireless access is provided in the dorms. However, connectivity is not guaranteed due to interference from other appliances such as microwaves, cordless phones and Bluetooth as well as other devices using that unregulated frequency spectrum. Use the campus connectivity map (found on http://www.stevens.edu/it/wireless) to determine the wireless signal strength from the location where you wish to connect.
The wireless network technology supported by all access points on campus is 802.11g, newer access points support 802.11a and 802.11g and the newest access points support 802.11n on both 2.4Ghz and 5Ghz frequencies, 802.11a and 802.11g
Network Names: "Stevens Student": a wireless networks that requires the 802.1x authentication protocol in order to connect. "Stevens Guest": a wireless networks that uses web page authentication, instead of 802.1x. "Stevens": a wireless network for non-student users, students will not be authenticated on this network.
Your notebook is configured to use the 802.1x Wireless Network. Should you need to configure an additional device, instructions for configuring 802.1x are available on the ITWiki at http://www.stevens.edu/itwiki.
MAC (Media Access Control) Address Registration
The wired and wireless adapter (MAC) addresses for Stevens provided notebooks are registered as they are distributed to entering undergraduate students. Unauthorized use of the network and systems is not allowed; connection logging and network sniffing by authorized personnel may be in effect when system security or integrity is in question. By using the network, you expressly consent to such logging and monitoring and any resulting legal actions should your activities violate Stevens Policies or State or Federal Law. Use of the network implies consent with all Stevens Acceptable Use Policy.
Acceptable Use Policy
Stevens Institute of Technology expects that all persons who make any use of computing hardware, software, networking services, or any property related or ancillary to the use of these facilities will abide by the following policy statement:
Information Technology resources are provided in the hope that the community will use them in a spirit of mutual cooperation. Resources are limited and must be shared. Everyone will benefit if all computer users avoid any activities which cause problems for others who use the same systems.
All hardware, software, and related services supplied by Stevens are for the sole purpose of supplementing and reinforcing the institution's goals as set forth in the student and faculty handbooks and mission statement. We expect that no one will use hardware, software or services without authorization to do so. There has also been increasing concern over legal issues when using electronic communications. There are already laws that prohibit the following:
- Electronic libeling or defaming another person
- Sending/Posting messages that incites hate or discontent
- Transmitting repeated unwanted sexual advances
- Falsifying information via impersonation
- Unauthorized use, providing, or copying protected intellectual property.
While the Internet is considered a public electronic highway, the Stevens network is a private resource. As such, access and use of the network must in accordance with Stevens' rules and policies as well as all legal regulations. Therefore, the following actions are strictly prohibited:
- Posting or transmission of confidential or classified information.
- Using offensive or discriminatory language.
- Transmission of any graphic image, sound or text that is sexual in nature.
- Giving account passwords to individuals who are not the owners of such accounts.
- Obtaining passwords to or using accounts other than one's own.
- Using resources for personal profit or gain.
- Harassing, threatening, or otherwise invading the privacy of others.
- Initiating or forwarding e-mail chain letters.
- Causing breaches of computer, network or telecommunications security systems.
- Initiating activities which unduly consume computing or network resources.
The following actions are required:
The MAC (physical address) of network devices must be registered online via Web For Students, in person with the CSC or the user must authenticate with a valid username and password. Members of the campus community must maintain their computers with virus-protection software, spyware protection, and operating system updates.
To ensure the lawful and ethical use of electronic communications, rights to privacy when using electronic communications at Stevens Institute of Technology are limited. Stevens reserves the right to monitor electronic messages and information stored on computers owned by Stevens. For example; email, web pages, conference contents, voice mail, are subject to archiving, monitoring or review and/or disclosure by others than intended recipients.
Failure to comply with the terms of this policy will be met with disciplinary and/or legal action.
General Information
myStevens and Email
myStevens is a portal through which you can access Information Technology resources including email, Student Web Self Service (Web for Students), course communication tools or access any course which your instructors support with a WebCT Virtual Classroom. The URL for myStevens is http://www.stevens.edu/myStevens. If you forget your password, you may be able to reset it at http://www.stevens.edu/password, or if not call or e-mail the Help Desk and upon verification of your identity, a new password will be given to you. You may also go to the Help Desk in the Computer Center at the Lower Level of the Library to request a new password.
You can check your Stevens e-mail via myStevens or any of a number of Desktop Mail Clients such as Microsoft Outlook or Thunderbird. You are given 100MB of storage space and may send emails of up to 25 MB (text and attachments) with an attachment limit of either 20MB or 10 files, whichever comes first. This email address will be terminated within months after your graduation from Stevens. After graduation, but before termination, you will be contacted by the Alumni Association about the On-Line Community, where you may establish email forwarding for life.
It is recommended that you use Webmail to check your email from home, as some Internet Service Providers (ISPs) may not support your Outlook settings. If you still wish to use Outlook configured with authenticated SMTP with another home computer, documentation for Microsoft Outlook is on the ITWiki website at http://www.stevens.edu/itwiki/w/index.php/Outlook. Not all ISPs allow authenticated SMTP for sending messages. In the instance an SMTP connection is not permissible by your ISP, an alternative would be to connect to Stevens using a split VPN connection.
Computer Labs
- The PC Room at the Computer Center (SC Williams Library Basement)
- The Schacht Lab (in the Kidde Building 3rd floor, Room 350)
- The Art & Music Tech. Mac Lab (2nd floor Morton Building, Room 201)
- The Unix Lab, (1st floor of Burchard Building, Room 127)
Each department sets hours of operation for its own lab and determines who has access. Check with the department running each lab if you have any questions. Links to these labs websites and hours are online in the ITWiki version of this document.
Available Software
In order to view and download available software, you need to map a network drive. Instructions on "How to map a network drive" can be found on the ITWiki. Please be aware that these programs are licensed to Stevens for academic, educational use only and generally may not be installed on machines not distributed by Information Technology.
The Copying of licensed software, also known as "pirating", is prohibited both by the terms of the License Agreement(s) and federal copyright law(s). Use of all software on campus must be in accordance with the Acceptable Use Policy.
Practices to Avoid
- Chain mail of any kind is not tolerated on the Stevens network. If someone sends chain mail to you, please report this by forwarding the message exactly as it was sent to you to Information Technology [firstname.lastname@example.com] and no other addresses. DO NOT pass these emails across the Stevens network.
- Mass mail is also unacceptable on the Stevens network. If you have an announcement you need to communicate with the entire Stevens community, please inform Student Life [email@example.com] and they will issue an announcement through myStevens.
- All national and international copyright laws must be observed while on (and off) campus. Sharing and downloading music, photos, video, programs or any other data in an unauthorized fashion and without the consent of their owners with peer2peer programs such as Limewire, eDonkey or others, or via torrents and/or servers is illegal and could result in legal, disciplinary action, and/or disconnection of your computer from the Stevens Network. You are not prohibited from obtaining legally distributed music and video; please visit http://www.stevens.edu/legalcontent for a list of legal and safe sites.
- Do not register domains and have them point at Stevens Servers. All Stevens-owned domains must be obtained with Information Technology assistance. Contact the Information Technology Help Desk staff for more details.
- You may not use Stevens servers to develop commercial web content or for any commercial use. Personal web pages are permitted as long as they abide by the Acceptable Use Policy.
- You may not relocate your own notebook or desktop machines to other locations on campus. Student machines are to remain in residences, except when being used in areas with public notebook ports such as classrooms, The S.C. Williams Library, America's Cup, Hayden Lounge and wireless access points. Your machines may not be permanently moved to any academic or administrative building.
- The internet is an electronic method of communication and therefore every piece of information sent and received could potentially be logged somewhere. Your actions reflect not only on the Stevens community, but ultimately on you; keep all actions online in accordance with our Acceptable Use Policy and any and all applicable laws.
- Don't assume that your e-mail is entirely private. Like a postcard mailed via "snail mail", every person--or in this case, system--could potentially read it. Stevens reserves the right to inspect your email, as well.
- The best place to keep personal files on the network is in your personal space. All files in the public_html directory are visible to anyone who uses the internet, and access is not restricted to the Stevens Network. Create a secure password and don't tell anyone!
- Users not running DHCP (for any reason), will not be allowed on the network. It is the user's responsibility to understand these conditions and be aware of any network authorization changes. Users must maintain their systems accordingly. Users whose authorized addresses have changed, but whose systems are not running DHCP, and therefore have not reflected the change will be considered to be in violation of the network policy.
HP Compaq 8540w Information & Policies
The following section covers questions and policy answers to Frequently Asked Questions about Stevens Institute of Technology's Mobile Computing (Notebook Computer) Program, which includes details on personal printers for this year's incoming undergraduates.
Distribution Contents
During Orientation, the school provided you with a Mobile Workstation notebook computer. This notebook is yours to use as long as you progress towards your Stevens degree, but must be returned or purchased if you withdraw or are withdrawn at any time prior. This package contains:
- HP Compaq 8540w Mobile Workstation
- HP Deskjet D2660 Printer
- 2m USB Cable
- 14' Ethernet (network) cable
- Power Pack and AC Cord
- HP Backpack
- Optical Mouse
- Documentation
- Class of 2014 Green Book
- Pink Sheet (Notebook Setup Wizard; Tech Specs and Useful Links)
- White Sheet (802.1x)
If any of these were for some reason not included in your package, please contact the Helpdesk immediately so that we can correct this error.
Things to Know
- Your notebook will not be upgraded during your tenure at Stevens. You will not be provided another notebook before graduation. However, you will be able to keep your notebook upon graduation from Stevens.
- Keep your notebook battery charged and in your notebook. It takes about four hours to initially charge your notebook's battery. DO NOT LET THE BATTERY COMPLETELY DISCHARGE.
- Peripherals like monitors and keyboards may be purchased through the Computer Service Center (http://www.stevens.edu/csc)
- If your notebook is not functional, the Computer Service Center is an authorized repair center, and will repair your notebook on site—if possible—once it has been checked in.
- If your notebook is broken and has been checked into the Computer Service Center for over 24 hours, you may request a loaner notebook.
- Your battery and hard drive will be placed into another machine for you to use.
- Loaners will be as close to your own model as possible.
- You will be expected to pick up the repaired unit and return the loaner within one business day of being sent notice of repair completion.
- If the loaner is not returned within one business day, a penalty of $25.00/day will be assessed and charged to your student account, since there are a limited number of loaner notebooks available.
- Service will be refused if the serial number on the notebook is missing or unreadable or if repairs have been performed by HP or a third party if not authorized by the Stevens Computer Service Center.
- Repairs will be free of charge unless there is evidence of neglect, abuse, or non-warranty expendable parts are required as determined by the Computer Service Center based on HP's warranty policies. Limited accidental damage and limited warranty coverage is provided on Class of 2014 notebooks until May 31, 2014.
- The Computer Service Center will not repair printers. The phone number for printer repair is 1-866-519-1555. For the quickest service, have the serial and model (D2660) numbers ready when calling HP. If you are for any reason unable to print, you may print to one of the other printers listed as installed on your machine via Uniprint. Information on Uniprint can be found at http://www.stevens.edu/it/uniprint.
- Stevens insures your provided student notebook, with the exception of a $500 deductible against theft. There are limitations—for example, any associated peripherals are not covered or a theft due to negligence. Contact the Computer Service Center if you have any questions.
Loss, Theft, and Returns
Loss and Theft
You must immediately report the loss or theft to the Stevens police, if the loss or theft is on the Stevens Campus. If not, you should file the report with the local Police. There is a $500 deductible which is your responsibility. The Computer Service Center will instruct you on the payment procedures. Upon arranging for the deductible payment and providing the Computer Service Center with the Police Report from the jurisdiction where the loss occurs, you will receive a replacement notebook unit that is the same, or as close to the same as possible, as the missing unit. Replacement terms and conditions are subject to change and based on the Stevens policies in effect at the time of the loss or theft.
If the computer is lost or stolen more than once, the student is required to purchase a unit that is the same as the missing unit at a price to be determined by the Computer Service Center. Insurance only applies to the first unit distributed.
Withdrawal or Leave of Absence From Stevens
You have the option of returning the notebook and accessories or purchasing them. If you decide not to purchase the notebook and peripherals devices, they must be returned during the semester of separation from Stevens in good condition as defined by the Computer Service Center. Should you decide to purchase the equipment, the price will be based on the number of semesters you attended Stevens Institute of Technology as a full-time undergraduate.
Before the end of the first year, the purchase price is $2,000. After one-full year, the purchase price is $1,500; after the second full year, it is $1,000, $500 after the third full year. There is no charge after the fourth full year. This charge does not reflect the market value of the notebook and peripheral devices but rather a portion of the cost of this program. The Dean of Undergraduate Academics will make the determination of the number of years as a full-time student at the time of separation from Stevens Institute of Technology.
Students granted a Leave of Absence by the Dean of Undergraduate Academics may be permitted, upon approval by the Dean to retain the notebook for a maximum of one year. Students who do not re-enroll at Stevens to complete their studies prior to the expiration of the one year Leave of Absence period will be required to immediately return the notebook, or purchase it at the purchase price in effect at the time the Leave of Absence was granted. Students who fail to return or pay for the notebook computer by the end of the Leave will be charged $250/semester for each semester, or part thereof, they keep the notebook, even if it is returned after the initial one-year period. they keep the notebook, even if it is returned after the initial one-year period.
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- Home
- Health Information
- Cataract
|Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
- Aging, the most common cause
- Smoking
- Diabetes
- Certain infections
- Exposure to radiation, certain toxins, or medications
- Taking adrenal cortical hormones for a long time
- Birth defect, inborn error of metabolism, or chromosomal abnormality
Risk Factors
- Age
- Excessive exposure to ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation from sunlight
- Family members with cataracts
- Diabetes
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Eye Trauma
- Chronic eye disease (uveitis, retinitis pigmentosa)
- Smoking
- Rheumatoid arthritis or other auto-immune diseases
- Cloudy or blurry vision
- Colors seem faded or images appear with a yellow tint
- Poor contrast
- Poor night vision
- Difficulty reading
- Double or multiple vision (this symptom often goes away as the cataract matures)
- Increased nearsightedness, requiring frequent changes in your eyeglass or contact lens prescription
Problems with light, including
- Headlights that seem too bright at night
- Glare from lamps or very bright sunlight
- A halo around lights
- Trying to read in bright light
- Problems when moving from a dark area to a bright area
- Colors seem faded
- Poor night vision
- In rare cases, a cataract may cause an acute glaucoma attack.
- Visual Acuity Test—This eye chart test measures how well you see at various distances. This may include a test of your vision under conditions of low contrast and/or glare.
- Slit Lamp Exam—This is an examination of the eye using a specialized microscope that magnifies the eye.
- Tonometry—This is a standard test to measure fluid pressure inside the eye. Increased pressure may be a sign of glaucoma .
- Dilated Eye Exam—The doctor gives you special eye drops to widen your pupil, which allows better examination of the lens and the structures of the back of the eye. This allows your doctor to examine the lens in more detail to detect a cataract.
- Do not smoke.
- Consume antioxidants, such as antioxidant vitamin supplements.
- Wear a hat and UV-protected sunglasses when outdoors.
- Follow your doctor's instructions to keep any chronic diseases in good control.
American Academy of Ophthalmology http://www.aao.org
National Eye Institute, NIH http://www.nei.nih.gov
The College of Family Physicians of Canada http://www.cfpc.ca
Canadian Ophthalmological Society http://www.cos-sco.ca
Cataracts. National Eye Institute. National Institutes of Health website. Available at: http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract. Updated May 2009. Accessed July 13, 2009.
National Institutes of Health. Ophthalmic Genetics Newsletter . 2000 Summer;1(2).
Revision Information
- Reviewer: Michael Woods, MD
- Review Date: 06/2013 -
- Update Date: 06/30/2013 -