text:
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Anyone who's ever tried to train a cat, particularly to do something that goes against their will, knows what a challenge that can be. Oh sure, they love us, but when the choice comes down to doing what their loving person wants them to do (please, Cleo, do not scratch the sofa!), or doing what they darn well please, well.... Let's just say that making us happy isn't usually their top priority. And no amount of scolding is likely to get you the results you want when it comes to training cats not to scratch somewhere they have decided is a GREAT place to scratch. Fortunately, we have a solution to help you change your cat's mind - and maybe even let them think it was their idea in the first place.
Only Natural Pet Herbal Scratch Deterrent can stop your cat from scratching your furniture, drapes, carpets, and screen doors the natural way with the effective deterrent of aromatic herbs that cats generally find unpleasant to be around. With their strong and highly discriminating sense of smell, most cats will take a whiff of the garlic and clove aroma of this easy-to-use spray and decide that they have better things to do with their time than scratch whatever area or item you've sprayed.
To get the best results with any feline behavior training plan, it's always a good idea to use the tried-and-true positive AND negative reinforcement approach. Cats scratch instinctively to stretch, stay limber, and keep their claws sharp, so it's best to give them an appropriate alternative for scratching. A scratching post or perhaps even a sisal rope floor mat (rubbed with some aromatic catnip to increase its allure) can fit the bill perfectly. This lets you protect your home from unwanted destruction while being a caring cat guardian and giving your furry friend an outlet for that natural urge to shred something. So forget the sticky tape and squirt guns and let the natural aromatic qualities of clove and garlic help you make your carpet, fabric surfaces and screens safe again.
Available in 16 oz liquid.
Still have a question about this product? Click here to send us your product questions or comments by email.
Review Rating: 3.5
Country of Origin: USA
Manufacturer: Only Natural Pet
Shipping Weight: 1.2
Active IngredientsGarlic 7 gm - 2.0%Clove 7 gm - 2.0%Sodium Lauryl Sulfate 10 gm - 3.0%
Inert Ingredients - Sodium Bicarbonate, water
Suggested Use
The reviews below are presented for informational purposes only and are not intended as an endorsement of any product. The information is not intended to be a substitute for visits to your local veterinarian. Instead, these testimonials offer the reader information and opinions written by pet owners and/or veterinarians concerning animal health and products that they have used.
(based on 20 reviews)
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cat scratch fever
By Mojogirl
from Baltimore, MD
About Me Long-time Pet Owner
Comments about Only Natural Pet Herbal Scratch Deterrent:
This only worked initially...after it dried my two cats were right back at it.
Bottom Line No, I would not recommend this to a friend
Was this review helpful? Yes / No
- You may also flag this review
Comment on this review
(1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
My Cat Loves Garlic...who knew?!
By Owner of Francis - The King of the Cats
from Boston, MA
About Me New Pet Owner
I used the product as described on my curtains and fabric love seat. My kitten seems to like the smell and in fact, licks the spray bottle when he gets the chance.
Ingredients not concentrated enough
By jj
from Waco, Texas
Maker should add more concentrated ingredients. Product has absolutely no smell. Sounds great but doesn't work. Try again!
Merchant response: Pets actually have a much more acute smell than us, and this is a vet approved formula. Perhaps shaking the bottle before using would improve your experience.
Natural but not a deterrent.
By Stine
from Denver, CO
The product was easy to apply, but had absolutely no effect on my two cats. Used it for two weeks to no avail.
Herbal Scratch Deterrent
By Connie
from New Paltz, NY
my cat would go where the spray was not high on the couch, and after a few days, it did not stop him even where it was sprayed.
Merchant response: We agree with Jewelry Girl...you need to be persistant to help change behavior, success cannot happen with just a try or 2!
It works, but be persistant
By Jewelry Girl
from New Jersey
This is a great product, but you have to stay persistant with it. I spray our "no-scratch zones" every 24-48 hours, but personally I don't mind because it takes just a few seconds out of my day protect our brand new rug & sofa. It is odorless/colorless, so it will not tint or make your furniture smell funny at all. A great investment to keep your furniture/rugs looking nice. :)
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
cat scratching
By cat lover
from Grand Rapids MI
Both my cats kept right on scratching the furniture, I sprayed and sprayed but did not make any difference at all.
Merchant response: We hope this customer took advantage of our brand guarantee!
I think it would work well if ....
By PDoe - mom of Myra, Izzabell & Willie
from Suffern, New York
... I was home more often to spray it! I do noitce the kitties stop scratching for a while when I spray but then I leave for work and I'm gone almost 12 hours. Hmmm... maybe I can douse a clothe and put it in a plastic container in the areas where they scratch most and it may last longer? I'll give it a shot!
(0 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
By Cuda
from Russell Ks.
Very pleased with all the products I have ordered
Scratch deterrent
By Charlie the cat
from St. Petersburg, FL
This worked immediately and is very effective in stopping cats from scratching furniture.
© 2014 Only Natural Pet LLC - All Rights Reserved


text:
Pets must be on a leash of not more than 10 feet at all times. They may not be left unattended. Aggressive dogs not allowed. No pets allowed on swimbeaches.
Quiet hours are 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. Please be respectful of your neighbors and other campers.
The only alcohol allowed is 3.2%, in cans only - no glass containers - no kegs.
There is an additional charge for an additional camping unit parked on the site. At the park, campground hosts or rangers will collect $10.
In addition to camping permits, daily or annual entrance permits are required and available at park entrances. Annual permits are available online, ahead of time. Allow two weeks for arrival before your trip.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
What would you do if all you could salvage is the riser? Bent cams and at least one limb bad, is it worth rebuilding and what would it cost?
What would you do if all you could salvage is the riser? Bent cams and at least one limb bad, is it worth rebuilding and what would it cost?
Sorry to hear that Bob! Are you alright? I would talk to Martin and see what they would do for cost. They also have that trade in deal going!
Bow String Depot Custom String Builders
Need a string set pm or email me @ firstname.lastname@example.com
or check us out @ http://bowstringdepot.com
No not my bow, mishap with arrow rest and boom. He'll call Martin next week. I've never seen such a train wreck. I would rebuild it if I could get all the parts for $200 or less, although it's been through 3 limbs delaminating.
Wow that's quite a mishap for a rest!
In God and guns we trust;
- One nation, under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.
- A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.
2011 Onza 3: 70#, 28.25 draw (AMO), 384 gr arrow, 288 fps
2005 Saber: 70#, same arrow, 250 fps
A HUGE THANK YOU to Joel. Martin sent parts to a dealer and they put my friends Z back together for very little $ I Mounted all his accessories and first shot in Paper was a bullet hole. Went out this am to beat the heat, 108 here at 7:46 pm. one sight adjustment and he's back in the game. Martin was a tough act to follow with C.S. Only time will tell, hope the fourth set of limbs hold up. I am looking hard at PSE right now for my next bow. THE END.


text:
CIAA Basketball: Livingstone another Hoosiers story?
By Laurie Willis
SALISBURY — In "Hoosiers," arguably one of the 10 best sports movies ever made, there's a poignant scene in which Hickory High School's basketball team enters the arena where they're going to compete for a state title. It's mammoth, and immediately the players look shell shocked.
So their coach, portrayed by two-time Oscar winner Gene Hackman, astutely whips out a tape measure to show them though the gym is enormous, its dimensions around the basket are exactly the same as theirs back home.
Livingstone College's men's basketball team has made it to the NCAA Division II playoffs for the first time in school history and plays at 8:30 p.m. Saturday against the 22-8 Fairmont State University Fighting Falcons. But when the Blue Bears take the court today at 3 p.m. for practice inside the gym at West Liberty University (W. Va.), don't expect coach James Stinson to borrow a page from Hackman's book.
Sure the NCAA DII playoffs will be by far the biggest stage on which the Blue Bears have played, but Stinson and his assistant coaches have worked all week on keeping the players grounded.
"Our players are anxious and excited at the same time," said Stinson, who captured CIAA Coach of the Year honors. "We haven't played since March 2, so it will have been two weeks since we played when we tip off Saturday night. None of our players competed for a state title in high school, so Saturday's playoff game will be the biggest game of their lives. But we've told them to just remember the mental attitude, hard work and solid play that got them where they are. If they do that, I think we'll be all right."
The Blue Bears finished the regular season 20-5 and won the CIAA Southern Division for the first time in school history. Their impressive season featured many firsts, including sweeping rival Winston-Salem State and defeating archrival Johnson C. Smith on its home turf.
Of course losing the CIAA championship game was disappointing, especially given the Blue Bears made it to the finals and lost just two years ago. Today, Livingstone's players and coaches are focused on one thing and one thing only: their game against Fairmont State.
"We understand you don't make it to the NCAA D-II playoffs without being a talented team that knows how to string together wins," said senior guard Omar Ford-Bey. "So we're definitely not taking Fairmont lightly even though we have a slightly better overall record than them.
"We can't worry about what happened two weeks ago at the CIAA Tournament and all of the 'what if's and should have been's,' " Ford-Bey continued. "The fact of the matter is Livingstone College is one of three teams from the CIAA to be chosen to compete for the DII national championship, and from the tipoff Saturday night forward our charge is to do our absolute best to represent Livingstone College and CIAA fans everywhere to the best of our ability."
The Blue Bears have already made their alumni proud, not to mention the students, faculty and staff. A "fan bus" is expected to leave from campus early Saturday, filled with people who are anxious to lend the team support.
If Livingstone defeats Fairmont State, they play again Sunday. If they winthat one, they play again on Tuesday.
Of course, Stinson knows better than to get ahead of the game and is taking things one contest at a time — just as he did throughout the season. And unlike his players he has been here before — as coach of the Barber-Scotia Sabres. Stinson led Barber-Scotia to the Elite Eight of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) playoffs in 2003 and 2004 and knows what it's like to play in high-profile games.
"I'm very grateful for the way our season has progressed thus far," Stinson said. "Our players have come together, worked hard as a team and made a lot of folks proud. People want to bestow tons of credit upon me, especially since I was named CIAA Coach of the Year, but as I'm quick to tell them and especially our players, to God be the glory."
With a head coach who practices humility and instills that in his players, there's no telling how far up the ladder the Blue Bears will claw during the post-season.


text:
h4.Jockey Quotes
PAT VALENZUELA, GONE REBEL, Winner: "I'd never been on her, but Vladimir (Cerin) told me she had a lot of speed. She broke kind of a half-step slow behind the front two and after a sixteenth of a mile she put them away and went on about her business. She's a very fast filly. I was riding her hard the last part because when you're going for a stakes race you surely want to get them some black type and I don't want to be caught at the wire, do I?"
VLADIMIR CERIN, GONE REBEL, Winner: "She really didn't break well today, which really surprised us. But she's just really fast. I was so disappointed with her race in the (Darley) Debutante( Sept. 4 at Del Mar). Sometimes things just don't go the way you want them to. She's just a beautiful, athletic and talented filly. She's a Louisiana bred and there's a race for Louisiana breds ($250,000 Louisiana Jewel) November 20 (at Delta Downs) going one mile. Hopefully against Louisiana breds she can get the mile. Patrick's good at relaxing them."
Copyright © 2009-2014, Hollywood Park. All rights reserved.


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When it comes to financial management and process improvement you want to have Alex Mirkow on your team.
Alex brings more than 18 years of experience in Federal project management to his role as a principal with Deloitte Consulting's Strategy & Operations service area. His experience includes strategic planning, financial modeling, preparing financial statements, and evaluating operating results for both private sector entities and public sector organizations. With more than 15 years of experience supporting law enforcement, Alex leverages his extensive knowledge and skills to deliver quality and value to the client. Alex also serves as the National Sponsor of the Hispanic/Latino(a) Employee Network business resource group, which fosters marketplace connections, community involvement and professional development in alignment with the firm's commitment to inclusion.
"The opportunity to work with a group of high-quality colleagues motivates me and continues to drive my professional growth."
Alex received a BS degree in Finance from the University of Maryland at College Park and earned his MBA from the American Graduate School of International Management (Thunderbird). He speaks both Portuguese and Spanish.
Outside of the office, Alex enjoys spending time with family and friends, coaching "Team in Training", participating in triathlons, and playing rugby. He also loves to travel. His favorite vacation spot is China, where he has fond memories of walking along the Great Wall.
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As used in this document, "Deloitte" means Deloitte & Touche LLP, a subsidiary of Deloitte LLP. Please see www.deloitte.com/us/about for a detailed description of the legal structure of Deloitte LLP and its subsidiaries. Certain services may not be available to attest clients under the rules and regulations of public accounting.


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Stock Market & Financial Investment News
News Breaks
July 7, 2013
'Despicable Me 2' beats 'Lone Ranger' for holiday weekend, Bloomberg says
Universal Pictures' (CMCSA) animated feature "Despicable Me 2" topped Walt Disney's (DIS) " The Lone Ranger" at the box office for the 4th of July weekend, says Bloomberg. "Despicable Me 2" took in $82.5M from Friday to Sunday, while "The Lone Ranger" took in $29.4M for the same time period, added Bloomberg.
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October 31, 2014
GreatLand Connections files to trade with symbol 'GLCI'
Midwest Cable, which formerly announced it will be known as GreatLand Connections Inc., filed paperwork with the SEC stating that it has applied to list its Class A common stock on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol "GLCI." Upon consummation of the SpinCo merger, the company expects to change its legal name. As previously announced, GreatLand Connections is the new cable company that will be spun off from Comcast (CMCSA, CMCSK) upon completion of the Comcast – Time Warner Cable (TWC) merger and the Comcast – Charter Communications (CHTR) transactions.
Judge approves CSN Houston restructuring plan, WSJ reports
A bankruptchy judge approved a restructuring plan that will hand control of ComcastSportsNet Houston to DirecTV (DTV) and AT&T (T), reports the Wall Street Journal. Despite objections from Comcast (CMCSA), the approved plan will shut down the network and then relaunch it under the name Root Sports Houston. Comcast owns about 23% of CSN Houston.
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Time Warner Cable downgraded to Hold from Buy at Brean Capital
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October 30, 2014
Starz says PLAY SVOD service to be launched in 2015
Says does not rely on Disney (DIS) and will thrive with or without them. Says will continue to be "opportunistic" with share buybacks. Comments from company's Q3 earnings conference call.
Comcast, UPS announce partnership
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Time Warner Cable remains confident merger with Comcast to close in early 2015
The company says regulatory approval process is on going as expected, albeit slow. Comments taken form Q3 earnings conference call.
October 29, 2014
FCC chairman wants to give Internet video providers access to more content
FCC. Chairman Tom Wheeler yesterday proposed allowing Internet video providers to show some content previously available only on cable and broadcast TV. Internet video providers could offer "many different kinds of multichannel video packages designed for different tastes and preferences." Wheeler added. Netflix (NFLX) provides Internet video content, while Comcast (CMCSA) and Cablevision (CVC) provide cable TV services. Broadcast TV providers include CBS (CBS), Twenty-First Century Fox (FOXA), and Disney (DIS).
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October 28, 2014
Disney rises after Marvel unveils 'Phase 3' movie release slate
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October 27, 2014
'Ouija' makes $20M debut at weekend box office, WSJ says
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Critics say Comcast acquisition could be blocked, Re/code reports
Critics of Comcast's (CMCSA) proposed acquisition of Time Warner Cable (TWC) "sound cautiously optimistic" that Comcast will have to comply with strict conditions following the deal, or the transaction will be blocked completely, according to Re/code. Among the reasons for this belief are the large number of complaints made by consumers about the deal, and evidence that the FCC is worried about the lack of competition in the national residential broadband market, the website stated.
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October 23, 2014
On The Fly: Midday Wrap
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On The Fly: Pre-market Movers
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Alibaba CEO ups Hollywood content pursuit with studio meetings, Bloomberg says
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Comcast says video customer net losses declined to 81,000 in Q3
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Comcast reports Q3 adjusted EPS 73c, consensus 71c
Reports Q3 revenue $16.8B, consensus $16.82B.
October 22, 2014
Notable companies reporting before tomorrow's open
Notable companies reporting before tomorrow's market open, with earnings consensus, include Comcast (CMCSA), consensus 71c; Union Pacific (UNP), consensus $1.52; 3M (MMM), consensus $1.96; AbbVie (ABBV), consensus 77c; Celgene (CELG), consensus 95c; Eli Lilly (LLY), consensus 67c; Occidental Petroleum (OXY), consensus $1.57; Caterpillar (CAT), consensus $1.36; Alexion Pharmaceuticals (ALXN), consensus $1.16; Precision Castparts (PCP), consensus $3.32; Raytheon (RTN), consensus $1.60; American Electric Power (AEP), consensus $1.02; Southwest Airlines (LUV), consensus 53c; Lorillard (LO), consensus 90c; T. Rowe Price (TROW), consensus $1.15; Mead Johnson (MJN), consensus 91c; Zimmer Holdings (ZMH), consensus $1.30; Nucor (NUE), consensus 73c; Nielsen (NLSN), consensus 65c; Prologis (PLD), consensus 46c; Sigma-Aldrich (SIAL), consensus $1.06; Under Armour (UA), consensus 40c; EQT (EQT), consensus 56c; Dr Pepper Snapple (DPS), consensus 88c; Cameron International (CAM), consensus $1.10; Coca-Cola Enterprises (CCE), consensus 89c; Quest Diagnostics (DGX), consensus $1.08; CMS Energy (CMS), consensus 41c; Airgas (ARG), consensus $1.29; PulteGroup (PHM), consensus 36c; Diamond Offshore (DO), consensus 79c; Bemis (BMS), consensus 67c.
Comcast October weekly 51.5 straddle priced for 3.4% move into Q3
Earnings Preview: Comcast reporting Q3 results as Time Warner deal progressing
Comcast (CMCSA, CMCSK) is set to report third quarter earnings before the market open on Thursday, October 23, with a conference call scheduled for 8:30 am ET. Comcast is a diversified media company that operates the NBC family of networks and Universal Pictures, among other cable, internet, and voice services. On February 13, Comcast announced plans to merge with Time Warner Cable (TWC) in a deal valued at $45.2B. EXPECTATIONS: Analysts are looking for earnings per share of 71c on revenue of $16.82B, according to First Call. The consensus range for EPS is 64c-76c on revenue of $16.5B-$17.17B. LAST QUARTER: Comcast reported second quarter EPS of 75c against estimates for 72c, on revenue of $16.84B against estimates for $16.95B. TIME WARNER CABLE DEAL: On August 17, The Wall Street Journal reported that the Federal Communications Commission said that one issue it must decide as it reviewed the proposed acquisition of Time Warner Cable is whether to allow Comcast to continue Time Warner Cable's arrangement to handle programming and technology acquisitions for cable operator Bright House Networks. On August 26, Engadget reported that Netflix (NFLX) filed a formal protest against the Time Warner Cable deal, saying that the merger would result in "serious public interest harm" and that a combined cable giant would have a huge amount of leverage over it and rivals such as Hulu. Hulu is a joint venture owned by Comcast along with Disney (DIS) and 21st Century Fox (FOX,FOXA). The New York Post reported on September 8 that Discovery (DISCA) believed Comcast's takeover of Time Warner Cable would give the merged entity an unfair advantage over programmers. That same day, Reuters said a proxy statement detailed that Time Warner Cable employees would split $416M if the merger deal with Comcast did not transpire. At the Goldman Sachs Communacopia Conference on September 10, Comcast said that it has made "a lot of progress" on the shareholder approval process for the Time Warner Cable deal, but expected the agreement to be finalized in early fiscal year 2015 versus the previous guidance of late 2014. The company expects the Time Warner Cable merger to generate $1.5B in operating expense synergies. On September 16, Comcast said at the Media, Communications and Entertainment Conference that it would reveal its capital plan at the close of the Time Warner Cable deal and noted at that time that "everything was on track" regarding the merger. The Wall Street Journal reported on September 30 that the FCC pushed for media companies to submit details of their programming agreements with Comcast prior to the Time Warner Cable deal. The FCC announced three days later that it extended time for the companies to file their replies on Comcast regarding the merger. On October 8, Comcast Shareholders approved stock issuance for the Time Warner Cable deal and the next day, Time Warner Cable stockholders approved the Comcast merger deal. STREET RESEARCH: Analysts remained fairly quiet on Comcast throughout the quarter. On September 9, UBS raised its price target on Comcast to $72 from $60 given its strong underlying fundamentals and the expected free cash flow accretion from the Time Warner Cable deal. The firm also said it expected Comcast to accelerate its stock buyback and increase its dividend. UBS kept its Buy rating on the stock. On October 17, Goldman Sachs said that Comcast was its top large cap pick into the earnings report given steady fundamentals, moderated expectations, and valuation. The firm maintained the stock with a Buy rating and a $64 price target. PRICE ACTION: Since the first day of trade following its Q2 report on July 22, shares of Comcast are down about 3.5%. Since it announced its deal with Time Warner Cable on February 13, shares of the media company have fallen just under 6%. In late-morning trade ahead of tomorrow's Q3 report, shares of Comcast are down fractionally.
FCC stops 'informal clock' for review of AT&T, Comcast proposed deals
Federal Communications Commission disclosed in a notice on its website that a number of commenters filed a motion for an extension of time to file replies in Docket 14-57, which is the review of the application of Comcast (CMCSA) for approval of its proposed acquisition of Time Warner Cable (TWC). Among other points, the commenters argue that certain third-party programmers "do not want any of the interested parties' outside counsel or experts to view [their programming contracts]," the FCC noted. "We agree with these commenters that their current inability to review Highly Confidential Information that has been submitted in these dockets significantly hampers their ability to meaningfully comment and participate in these proceedings, in both Docket 14-57 and Docket 14-90. Accordingly, we are suspending the pleading cycles and stopping our 180-day informal time clock in both dockets," the FCC stated. Docket 14-90 refers to AT&T's (T) proposed purchase of DIRECTV (DTV).
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Comcast should be owned into Q3 results, says Pacific Crest
Pacific Crest expects Comcast's video subscriber trends to improve in Q3, and the firm thinks the company's video business could surpass expectations by gaining share over the next two years. Pacific Crest keeps a $65 price target and Outperform rating on the name.
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text:
For more information on living with urban wildlife, see the
Arizona Game and Fish Department's Living with Wildlife
Web pages at azgfd.gov/urbanwildlife or call the
Department at:
Flagstaff (928) 774-5045 Pinetop (928) 367-4281
Kingman (928) 692-7700 Tucson (520) 628-5376
Mesa (480) 981-9400 Yuma (928) 342-0091
Phoenix (602) 942-3000
Other Web sites include the Stanley Park Ecology Society
at stanleyparkecology.ca for urban coyote information,
and the Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management
at wildlifedamage.unl.edu for wildlife damage information.
You can also go to a search engine and type in "living with
coyotes" or "coyote roller" for related sites.
Portions of this brochure were reproduced with the
permission of the Stanley Park Ecology Society, Vancouver,
BC, Canada.
Are Coyotes Dangerous?
On rare occasions, human-fed coyotes have bitten people.
Although naturally curious, coyotes are usually timid
animals that run away if challenged. Coyotes can be a risk
to people once they become comfortable around humans,
usually as a result of feeding or indifference. When this
occurs, coyotes lose their natural fear and learn to see
humans, their yards and their pets as food sources and
safe havens. You must aggressively discourage coyotes
from feeling comfortable around you and your family by
never intentionally feeding coyotes, eliminating attractants
(food sources, including pet food) from your yard, using
aggressive gestures toward coyotes when you see them,
and encouraging your neighbors to do the same.
Arizona Game and Fish Department
5000 W. Carefree Highway
Phoenix, AZ 85086
(602) 942-3000
The Arizona Game and Fish Department prohibits discrimination on the
basis of race, color, sex, national origin, age, or disability in its programs
and activities. If anyone believes that they have been discriminated against
in any of the AGFD's programs or activities, including employment prac-tices,
they may file a complaint with the Deputy Director, 5000 W. Carefree
Highway, Phoenix, AZ 85086, (602) 942-3000, or with the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, 4040 N. Fairfax Drive, Ste. 130, Arlington, VA 22203.
Persons with a disability may request a reasonable accommodation or this
document in an alternative format by contacting the Deputy Director as
listed above.
Coyotes are wild canines that are clever and opportu-nistic.
They are well adapted to living in cities, suburbs,
rural towns and agricultural areas. When developments
are built in their habitat, coyotes are not permanently
displaced. Some move on to other areas, but many
simply adjust to their new environment. Coyotes can
be seen at golf courses, parks, preserves and in many
neighborhoods—maybe even yours!
Coyote Tra its and Behaviors
• Coyotes live throughout Arizona and in every state
except Hawaii. Their range has expanded with the
human removal of their predators, such as the wolf.
• They weigh 15-30 pounds. Females are slightly
smaller than males.
• Coyotes eat whatever is available, including seeds,
dates and other fruit, dead animals, rodents, rabbits,
garbage, pet food, house cats and small dogs.
• They breed every year. They have two to 12 pups per
litter, with an average of six. Pups are raised in a den.
• Coyotes may be seen in groups, called packs, or alone.
• Removing coyotes from one area generally results in
other coyotes moving in from surrounding areas and
breeding faster.
It is generally not
normal for coyotes
to attack or pursue
humans; it is a
learned response
to human feeding
or indifference.
L i v i n g w i t h
What Should I Do If a Coyote Approaches Me?
Remember, the human is dominant and must act that way.
Here are some things to remember:
• Never approach a coyote.
• Show you are dominant by keeping eye contact with
the animal.
• Yell or make loud noises with whistles, blaring music,
or pots and pans.
• Encourage coyotes to leave by spraying with a hose,
throwing sticks or rocks near them, or shaking a can
filled with pennies or pebbles.
• Don't stimulate a coyote's chase instinct by running.
• Pick up small pets.
• Protect small children so they won't panic and run.
How Ca n I Keep My Pet Sa fe?
Pets most likely to be endangered by coyotes are typically
off-leash or smaller than 25 pounds. Coyotes have taken
cats and small dogs in the vicinity of their owners and occa-sionally
right off the leash. Coyotes have also been reported
to attack larger dogs when the coyotes are in groups, or
after one or two have lured a dog away from its owner. Here
are suggestions for keeping your dog or cat safe:
• Supervise small pets at all times when outside.
• Allow pets off-leash only in enclosed areas. If your dog
is off-leash, be sure it has immediate recall response to
How Ca n I Discoura ge Coyotes from
Entering My Backyard ?
If there is a regular coyote food source in one yard on your
block, then coyotes will be active throughout the neigh-borhood.
All potential food sources must be removed to
keep the coyotes from becoming dangerously comfortable
around humans. An indifferent attitude toward a coyote in
your yard has the same effect as feeding it. If a coyote is
in your yard, then you need to make the animal aware it is
not welcome. Here are some things you can do:
• Do not feed wildlife.
• Store garbage inside or in wildlife-proof containers.
• Place trash containers outside at the last possible time
on day of pickup.
• Feed pets inside or remove uneaten pet food between
• Keep pets indoors or on a leash. When outside, keep
pets in a secure enclosure with a roof or supervise at
all times.
• Supervise small children.
• Trim back plants and bushes around the house to
prevent hiding or resting places.
• Install outdoor lighting.
• Reduce a coyote's ability to get over a fence or wall by
building it at least 6 feet tall, burying the bottom a few
inches underground, and installing barbed wire, electric
wire, or a pipe that spins around a wire on the top.
Also, to scare a coyote away, you should act as large and
threatening as possible. Make aggressive gestures with
your arms and legs, or by waving an object at the animal.
Move toward an area with other people or a building.
What About Childr en's Sa fety?
Small children can be at risk from coyotes. However, in
Arizona, it is rare for a coyote to bite any human. In Mari-copa
County, eight coyote bites were reported between
1994 and 2004, and all of them were attributed to human
feeding. Supervise children under 5 years old wherever
wildlife may be a concern, especially near a source of
water like a pool, around streets that coyotes can use
as travel corridors, and with
domestic dogs that could
attract or fight with coyotes.
prevent conflicts with coyotes and other wildlife.
• Take steps to keep coyotes out of your yard (see tips
at right).
• If you see a coyote when walking your dog, then let the
coyote know you are there. Either gather your dog in
your arms or keep it as close to you as possible, while
also using some of the deterrents described above.
Move toward an area of human activity.
• Keep cats indoors or in a secure outdoor enclosure to
protect them from coyotes, other wildlife (owls, hawks,
etc.) and also from cars, domestic dogs and disease.
You can also make a "coyote shaker," which is a soft drink
can filled with washers, pebbles or pennies, wrapped in
foil and taped closed, or you can make a "can clanger,"
which is three or four empty cans connected to each
other with string or rubber bands. Shake either of these
to scare away coyotes. The combination of the light reflect-ing
on the foil or cans, the noise made by the clanging
of the cans, and the aggressive gesture of shaking them
provides several deterrents.
What About Rab ies?
Coyotes can be rabid. However, the Arizona Department
of Health Services records show an extremely low occur-rence
of rabid coyotes in the state.
A unified neighborhood effort is
crucial to keep coyotes away from
your home and yard.
Know the Law
It is your responsibility to know the laws. Coyotes can
only be captured or killed by someone with a proper
license from the Arizona Game and Fish Department,
or in defense of yourself or another person. Check
your local ordinances regarding the use of firearms
and traps.
It is unlawful to feed coyotes in Maricopa and Pima
Counties per Arizona Revised Statute 13-2927.
Violations can result in a fine of up to $300.
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text:
- Antique Jewelry
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Date: Modern estate.
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Hallmarks: Tiffany & Co.; PT 950 (for platinum).
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Origin: American.
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text:
- Preliminary Draft -
February 15, 1989
- Preliminary Draft -
INTERGOVERNMENTAL FISCAL REtATIONS IN ARIZONA Executive Summary
The Arizona fiscal system consists of counties, cities, school districts, and special districts in addition to the state government. The existence of these local jurisdictions provides a range of options for citizen choice and enhances the efficiency of governmental units by fostering competition between them. Counties Arizona counties do not have home rule authority so their duties and powers must be prescribed by state law. The counties rely on state aid, user fees, property taxes, and franchise taxes to carry out state mandates in areas such as public health, law enforcement, and indigent health care. The counties spend a greater portion of their funds on social services than on any other major service category. To finance their activities, Arizona counties rely more heavily on service charges and less heavily on non-property taxes than counties in the U.S. aggregate.
Arizona cities and towns operate under general law or home rule charter. They rely on service charges, state aid, sales and use taxes, business license and franchise taxes, and property taxes to provide services such as police and fire protection, planning and zoning, parks and recreation, and garbage collection. Arizona cities rely more heavily on sales taxes and service charges than municipalities in the U.S. aggregate. School Districts School districts in Arizona rely heavily on state aid and property taxes to finance education expenditures. In total, they expend more funds than any other type of local government. Sgecial Districts Special districts are limited purpose governmental units authorized by state law for specific service provision and revenue-raising activities. In aggregate, special districts in Arizona spend approximately three quarters of their funds on natural resources and sewers, and rely on user charges and fees for approximately 80 percent of their total revenue. Revenue and Ex~enditureLimits In 1978 and 1980, Arizona established a series of constitutional and statutory revenue and expenditure limits which apply to the state government and local jurisdictions. Due to several limits relating specifically to property taxes, local governments
reduced their reliance on property tax revenue between 1977 and 1987, and increased their reliance on user fees and service charges. Because special districts fall outside the local government revenue and expenditure limits, they are a vehicle for providing new or enhanced public services without further straining city and county budgets. State Aid State aid to local governments can serve to equalize tax burdens and/or service levels between jurisdictions, and to increase those local government goods and services that create statewide benefits. The nature of state aid varies significantly from state to state. State aid in Arizona establishes strong fiscal linkages between the state and local governments through the sharing of state tax revenues and the appropriation of state funds to school districts. In 1987, Arizona cities, counties, and school districts depended on state aid for 25 to 50 percent of their total general revenue. Also in 1987, the state of Arizona distributed 41 percent of its total general revenue to local governments compared to an aggregate U.S. state distribution of 33 percent.
In summary, the Arizona state shares of both total state and local revenue and expenditures in FY 1987 were below the state shares of the U.S. total, indicating that the Arizona fiscal system is relatively decentralized. Because of the fiscal relationships between the state and local governments, changes to the state fiscal system cannot be thoroughly evaluated without examining potential impacts on local government operations.
INTERGOVERNMENTAL FISCAL RELATIONS IN ARIZONA The Arizona fiscal system involves not only the state government, but numerous units and types of local governments as well. There are several reasons why local governments exist in
our national political system. First, citizens differ in their preferences for the types and levels of public services provided. If there were just a
state government with no local subdivisions, citizens could express their preferences through voting, but they would have to live with a single package of services. With the existence of local governments, however, citizens can express their preferences by moving to a locality that offers a preferred service package. Second, the existence of numerous subdivisions of local government fosters competition between governments and, thus, helps to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of each governmental unit. If elected officials and government managers
know that citizens and businesses can choose to move to another jurisdiction, they will be more motivated to respond to citizen a desires and to wproducett quality government product. Third, the existence of local subdivisions allows different governments to experiment with innovative policies and enables governments to learn from the successes and failures of other jurisdictions. As Supreme Court Justice Brandeis once observed,
ItIt is one of the happy incidents of the Federal system that a single courageous state may, if its citizens choose, serve as a
laboratory, and try moral, social, and economic experiments without risk to the rest of the co~ntry.'~ of course, there are also several disadvantages to a decentralized governmental system. Since many governmental services have effects--both positive and negative--on citizens in other jurisdictions, the political decisions of an individual jurisdiction may be inefficient from an overall perspective.
particular town, for example, may choose not to invest funds in a modern sewage treatment plant because it can ship its waste down river. Of course the waste is imposing environmental and health
costs to citizens down river, but since the first town does not take account of these outside effects when making its decisions,' it does not choose the efficient method of waste disposal.
A second disadvantage of a decentralized system is the loss
of economies of scale. Numerous individual jurisdictions may be duplicating administrative costs of providing services and collecting taxes. In addition, local units of government are not as able to implement policies that redistribute resources from wealthier citizens to less wealthy citizens. Because people can move
between jurisdictions, a local redistribution policy would provide incentives for wealthier citizens to move elsewhere and for less wealthy citizens to migrate to the jurisdiction. a local government may not be able to maintain a balanced population and may be prevented from implementing redistributive programs. Thus,
Because there are advantages to decentralized governments and also advantages to a centralized system, a complex intergovernmental, overlapping system has evolved. The major
units of subnational government in the United States are states, counties, municipalities, school districts, and special districts. Each has different service responsibilities,
different taxing authority, and different legal and organizational constraints. Local governments are creations of
the states and their characteristics vary significantly from state to state.
LOCAL GOVE ~A Table 1 shows the number and kinds of local governments in Arizona. TABLE 1 Types of Governments in ~ r i z o n a State Counties Cities and Towns School Districts Special Districts TOTAL 421
Governmental ~rsanization,Census of Governments, U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, selected years.
Compared to other states, Arizona has relatively few units of local government. In 1987 the numbers of local governments
ranged from 18 in ~awaiito 6,627 in Illinois.
In 1982, Arizona
had fewer local governments than forty other states. ~unicipalitiesin ~rizona(in 1982) made up a much lower percentage of the total number of local governments than they did in the U.S. as a whole, while Arizona school districts made up a much higher percentage. While the number of Arizona governments
grew by 37 percent between 1977 and 1987, the total number of local governments in the U.S. more than doubled. All units of government within a state are interrelated and one of the chief forms of interaction between them is fiscal. This report examines the fiscal relationships among Arizona's state and local governments--their various service responsibilities and sources of funding.
Counties ~rizonacounties are primarily administrative arms of the State. The County Boards of supervisors are elected policy-
makers who must work with other elected officials in order to govern (i.e. county sheriffs, assessors, and attorneys). The
counties do not have a home rule option so they cannot create their own charters defining their responsibilities. Rather, the
State Constitution requires that the duties and powers of the counties be prescribed by state law. ~ccordingly, services
provided by Arizona counties must either be mandated or authorized by state statute. The primary role of the counties, then, is to serve as subdivisions of state government, carrying
out state-mandated functions. Major categories of services mandated for the counties include:
* * * * * * * *
air pollution control indigent health care public health transportation solid waste management planning and zoning recording of deeds property tax collection
* * * * *
administration of elections voter registration law enforcement maintenance of justice and superior courts assessment and appraisal of property
county revenue sources to finance these services are fairly limited. Counties cannot impose sales or income taxes: they rely
on property taxes, franchise taxes, user fees and charges, and intergovernmental revenues. (Counties can levy, by a vote of the
people, a special sales tax for transportation expenditures. This funding is transferred to the state and/or regional
transportation authorities, and is not expended by the counties.)
cities and Towns By law, tradition, politics, and economics, Arizona cities and towns serve many functions. called municipalities.) (cities and towns are also
The Arizona Constitution and state law general law and home rule
permit two types of municipalities: charter.
Currently, 64 of the 83 municipalities operate under This means that the cities cannot take action in an
general law.
area without enabling authority in state statutes. According to the ~onstitution, any city with a population over 3,500 may "frame a charter for its own government." The
charter and subsequent amendments to it are voted upon by the
qualified electors in the city, and must be consistent with the Constitution and state laws. A charter is comparable to a
constitution in that it outlines the city's governmental structure and provides enabling authority for self-rule. Charter government offers basic jurisdiction and authority and permits each city to determine its own governmental structure. While the larger cities in Arizona tend to have charter governments, several smaller cities have adopted charters as well. Charter cities have more flexibility than general law
cities in determining their organizational structure, but they often have less fiscal flexibility because their own charters impose fiscal constraints that are not imposed on general law cities by the Constitution or state statute. Although charter cities may implement some specific programs that general law cities are not authorized to administer, both types of cities are involved in the same broad categories of governmental services. The goods and services provided by Arizona cities vary. typical list of city services includes: A
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
police and fire protection planning, zoning, and building inspections parks and recreation facilities garbage collection libraries road maintenance
Additional services provided by many cities include: water systems sewage and waste disposal sanitary landfills economic development mass transportation systems airports
TO finance these services, Arizona municipalities can draw
on a relatively diverse revenue base. sources for cities and towns are:
Basic local revenue
* * * * *
property taxes sales taxes franchise taxes business license taxes use taxes bed taxes various user and permit fees, service charges, and fines
In addition, Arizona municipalities may raise revenues for direct local expenditure with the following tools:
* * * *
General obligation bonds Revenue bonds Street improvement bonds Special improvement district bonds and community facilities district bonds
BY state law, cities are prohibited from imposing
local gas taxes, income taxes, or luxury taxes. School Districts School districts for elementary and secondary education are political subdivisions of the State "organized for the purpose of the administration, support and maintenance of the public
school^...^ (ARS 15-101 (15)) They are authorized by law to make
expenditures in accordance with this purpose.
School districts
depend on the following revenue sources to finance education expenditures: state aid, the state-mandated county property tax
for education, federal aid, school district property taxes, and user fees and charges.
community college districts are subdivisions organized to operate community colleges. They are organized along county boundaries and consist of one county or two or more contiguous counties. They are funded through state aid, county property
taxes, and tuition and other user charges. S~ecialDistricts special districts are limited-purpose, independent governmental units which exist as separate entities with substantial administrative and fiscal independence from general purpose local governments. These districts provide services such
as crop protection, fire protection, hospitals, mosquito abatement, and sanitation sewer systems. Every special district
is formed and organized following the enabling authority of the particular type of district. Specific authorizations and
limitations for each type of district are contained in the district's enabling statute. Special districts are financed by a
variety of means, including levying taxes on property within each district, charging user fees to service recipients, and issuing revenue and general obligation bonds.
STATE AND LOCAL EXPENDITURES In Arizona in FY 1987, total direct general expenditures by the state were 3.4 billion dollars while total direct general expenditures by local governments were 6.1 billion dollars. As
shown in Table 2, state expenditures were fairly evenly divided between education, social services, and transportation, with
Table 2 DIRECT EXPENDITURE MIX OF STATE AND LOCAL G O V E W N T S FY 1986-87 (percentages) Social Services Transportation
22.4 9.5 10.6 23.4 00 . 0
ARIZONA State Total Local County Municipal School Dist. Special Dist.
Public Safety
Env. & Housing
U.S. State Total Local County Municipal School Dist. Special Dist.
23.6 43.0 14.7 13.9 98.2 1.8
Social Services
34.7 12.5 30.2 9.7 00 . 28.1
12.4 7.0 9.7 11.7 0.0 9.3
Public Safety
6.6 10.1 11.9 20.2 0.0 5.0
Env. & Housing
4.2 11.0 7.2 19.8 0.0 37.0
5.1 5.5 12.1 7.7 0.0 0.0
13.4 11.1 14.1 17.0 1.8 18.9
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source: Governmental Finances, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, FY 1986-87.
fewer dollars being spent on public safety, environment and housing, and all other types of services. The State of ~rizona
spent a lower percentage of total expenditures on social services than the percentage spent by all U.S. states, and Arizona spent a higher percentage on transportation than the U.S. total. As Table 2 illustrates, the bulk of total local expenditures go toward education. County governments in Arizona spent the
largest portion of their funds on social services and spent almost nothing on education. Arizona municipalities spent just under one quarter of their funds on each of the three expenditure categories of public safety, environment and housing, and transportation; this percentage spending on transportation was approximately double the percentage spent on transportation by all municipalities in the U.S. School districts, of course, Special districts
spent almost all of their funds on education.
in Arizona spent nearly three quarters of their funds on natural resources and sewers (in the environment and housing category),
11 percent of their funds on public safety, and 10 percent on
social services; aggregate special district expenditures in the U.S., by contrast, included 28 percent on social services and
37 percent on environment and housing.
For both Arizona and the U.S. total, the state expended the majority of total state and local funds spent on social services and transportation, while local governments expended the majority on all other expenditure categories, and the majority of total state and local spending.
Table 3 illustrates the distribution of local expenditure responsibility by category in Arizona and the total U.S. for FY 1987. In Arizona, school districts spent 97 percent of all local Counties in Arizona expended 95 percent
education expenditures. of all
social services spending, while for the total U.S.,
special districts and municipalities made 42 percent of the local social services expenditures. Arizona local transportation
expenditures showed an approximate 75/25 percent split between municipalities and counties, while the U.S. total split was closer to 60/30 percent with special districts spending the remainder.
STATE AND LOCAL REVENUES In FY 1987, the State of Arizona received 58 percent of total state and local general revenues. sources is shown in Table 4. The mix of state revenue
Thirty percent of ~ r i z o n astate
revenue was generated by the sales tax compared to 19 percent from the sales tax for all states. Arizona funds generated from
user charges, federal aid, and income taxes, and other taxes, ranged between 14 and 18 percent of total state revenue, with local aid and property taxes making up much smaller portions of the total mix.
Table 3 LOCAL EXPENDITURE RESPONSIBILITY BY CATEGORY FY 1986-87 (thousands of dollars and percentages) Total Local Expenditures Percentage spent by Counties Percentage spent by Municipalities Percentage spent by School Districts Percentage spent by Special Districts
ARIZONA Education Social Services Transportation Public Safety Env. & Housing Administration Other Total
Total Local Expenditures
Percentage spent by Counties
Percentage spent by Municipalities
Percentage spent by School Districts
~ercen tage spent by Special Districts
Education $167,996,117 Social Services 48,746,724 Transportation 27,215,636 Public Safety 39,359,351 Env. & Housing 42,861,173 Administration 21,556,543 43,359,550 Other Total $391,095,094 24.1 34.0
Source: Governmental Finances, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, FY 1986-87
Table 4 STATE GOVERNMENT GENERAL REVENUE MIX z? ill ions of dollars and percentages) FY 1986-1987 ARIZONA Total general revenues
% from federal aid % from local aid
% % % % %
from from from from from
income tax sales tax property tax other taxes charges & misc.
Governmental Finances, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, FY 1986-87.
Table 5 shows the mix of revenues raised by local governments (excluding intergovernmental aid) in ~ r i z o n aand the U.S. between FY 1977 and FY 1987. Total Arizona local
governments received 46 percent of their own-source revenues from user charges in FY 1987, 41 percent from property taxes, and 13 percent from other types of taxes. The table illustrates the
decline in city and county reliance on property taxes over the 10-year period, and the corresponding increase in the reliance on user charges and fees. This trend reflects the citizen tax
revolts of the early 1980's and the resultant limitations on local property taxes. While aggregate special districts in the
U.S. followed this same pattern, special districts in ~ r i z o n a increased their reliance on property taxes from 10 percent of
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total special district revenue in FY 1977 to 18 percent of total revenue in FY 1987. For school districts, property tax reliance
decreased between 1977 and 1982, but subsequently rose so that the 1987 reliance level was close to the 1977 level. All types
of Arizona local governments rely more heavily on user fees and charges than do total local governments in the U.S. ~rizona
counties rely less on non-property taxes than do counties in the
aggregate, and Arizona municipalities rely more heavily on
non-property taxes
-- primarily sales taxes -- than
In Arizona, the state
municipalities in the U.S. aggregate. Table 6 shows the distribution of property taxes raised by level of government in 1977 and 1987.
share of total property taxes diminished during that period and the school district share of total property taxes increased. The drop in the state share reflects the drop in the state property tax rate from $1.60 per $100 of assessed value in FY 1977 to
$0.38 per $100 of assessed value in FY 1987.
In FY 1987 Arizona
municipalities received a smaller share of total property taxes than municipalities in the U.S. aggregate, and Arizona school districts received a greater share of total property taxes than the U.S. aggregate. Table 7 illustrates another fiscal trend that occurred in the U.S. and ~rizonabetween 1977 and 1987: while the actual
amount of federal dollars distributed to state and local governments grew, other sources of revenue grew at a faster rate,
Table 6 PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL PROPERTY TAXES RAISED BY LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT (millions of dollars and percentages)
------- ARIZONA ------- -------1976-77 Total property taxes State County Municipality School District Special District $727.9 17.8% 26.5% 8.4% 46.6% 0.8% 1986-87 $1,584;4 7.2% 26.2% 10.0% 54.5% 2.0%
$62,534.9 3.69 20.6% 31.0% 42.5% 2.3%
$121,226.9 3.8% 22.6% 28.6% 41.6% 3.4%
Governmental Finances, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, selected years.
Table 7 FEDERAL AID AS A SHARE OF TOTAL GENERAt REVENUE (millions of dollars and percentages)
1976-77 State government 1986-87
1976-77 1986-87
Total local government
$160.0 8.6%
$263.1 4.4%
$16,636.9 9.3%
$19,532.6 4.8%
Governmental Finances, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, selected years.
so that state and local government reliance on federal funds diminished.
REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE LIMITS Government revenues and expenditures are determined by the decisions elected officials make regarding taxes and budgets. Because citizens elect the policy-makers, revenues and expenditures are indirectly determined by the voters. In most
states, voters have expressed their tax and spending preferences in a more direct way by enacting constitutional limits on the amount of revenue governments can raise and on the amount of funds governments can expend. Many of these limits were created*
in the late 1970's and early 1980's during the taxpayer revolt. Taxpayers in California were concerned that their governments would continue to grow dramatically and unchecked, and that their tax bills would continue to grow accordingly. Voters there
enacted "Proposition 13," a strict limit on property tax revenues and expenditures of local governments. Taxpayers in other states
began to voice the same concerns, and policy-makers and voters established variations of Proposition 13 all around the country. As part of this trend, the Arizona Legislature and voters enacted a series of revenue and expenditure limits in 1978 and 1980. These limits are described in Table 8. As the table
shows, the state and every type of local government, except special districts, are subject to some sort of revenue or expenditure limit. It is important to note that special
EXEMPTIONS specific situations listed in Constitution OVERRIDES 2/3 vote of each house of State Legislature
State Appropriation Limit a propriations limited to 71 state rsonal income, 7.18% to account adjusted for the county contribution to the AHCCCS appropriation
SOURCE Constitution U, 17 ( 3 )
EU l) b Cp
Property Tax Limit total homeowner rina p y e r t g tax bilP is L i t e d o 1 o primary assessed n valuation: and arowth i local1 assessed primary is limited
Constitution Ix, 18 (1)
special districts, items in the secondary tax
Propert Tax Levy Limit grad inis limite$ roperty primary tax levy to 2'2 over previous year plus the value of new construction County, City E enditure Limit Yimited to 1988 level plus cost of living and po lation increases and annexatgns
Constitution IX,19
special districts, county school taxes
by vote of the people
specific itens listed in Constitution
Governor-declared emer encies, vote of the peo ?e for change to base rimit, cities can submit an alternative expenditure limit to a vote of the people
Community College District All School Districts
Each School District
E enditure Limit ?imited to 1988 level lus cost of living and stusent population increases Ag re ate Expenditure Limit ?imlted to 1980 level lus cost of living and stusent population inEreases E enditure Limit ?imited according to formula based on student counts and cost factors
Constitution Ix, 21 Constitution IX, 21 Statute
specific items listed in Constitution specific items listed in Constitution specific exemptions prescribed in law, items in the-. . secondary tax 2/3 vote of each house of State Legislature by vote of the people
districts fall outside local government revenue and expenditure limits. This is one reason for the dramatic growth in the number
of special districts in Arizona between 1977 and 1987 (a 139 percent increase during that period). In recent years the
counties have become tightly constrained by their revenue and expenditure limits. When the Legislature has identified the need for certain programs or services in several cases, lawmakers have established new special districts with specific revenue-raising authority in order to provide the desired services without further straining county budgets. Although most of the revenue and expenditure limits are contained in the Constitution, their details and implementation procedures are further defined in statute. As described in Table 8, most of the limits exempt certain items and allow the jurisdictions to override the limits under certain conditions through specified procedures. Because of economic conditions,
exemptions, and override opportunities, some of the limits have not placed real constraints on the government units. For a
number of years, for example, state revenues were significantly below the Constitutional appropriation limit of
percent of
state personal income, so that available revenues constrained the State budget. For community college districts, school districts,
and counties, on the other hand, the revenue and/or expenditure limits have imposed real constraints on tax and spending decisions.
STATE AID In U.S. intergovernmental fiscal systems, a portion of revenues raised by the states is often distributed to local governments for local expenditure. There are several reasons for
this state aid to local governments. One purpose of state aid is fiscal equalization. It is
usually the case that local jurisdictions within a state vary greatly in their wealth--measured by property values or income--and, thus, vary in their ability to raise revenue and provide government services. In order to make tax burdens and
service levels more equal throughout the state, state governments often appropriate or distribute funds to local governments based' on some measure of jurisdictional wealth or need. These state
aid formulas provide greater resources to jurisdictions with lesser wealth or greater service needs to bring these areas closer to the statewide average.
A second purpose of state aid is to target funds to specific program areas to address specific needs. State policy-makers may
identify issues of statewide importance that cannot be adequately addressed by individual jurisdictions. In these cases, the state
may provide local governments with service authority and responsibility, and provide them with the corresponding funding, rather than create state agencies to administer the programs. A third purpose of state aid is to increase the provision of local government services whose benefits "spill overu into other local jurisdictions. A spillover, or externality, occurs when
the benefits of a government service are felt outside the boundaries of the jurisdiction that is providing the service. When this happens, the jurisdiction will choose an inefficiently low level of public goods and services because the decisionsmakers do not take into account the benefits accruing to nonresidents. From the statewide perspective, it would be more
efficient and beneficial to provide a greater level of the service in question. By providing fiscal aid, the state can
encourage the local jurisdiction to produce greater levels of the service. Table 9 shows the distribution of state aid to local governments in Arizona and the U.S. aggregate between 1977 and 1987. Note that because these data are collected nationally for
the purpose of interstate comparisons, Ifstate aidw includes state payments to local governments for contracted services and other purchases in addition to state appropriations to local governments and state shared revenues. true for Tables 11 and 13.) (This definition is also
Total state aid to local governments
grew by 206 percent in Arizona during the ten-year period, while the U.S. aggregate state aid grew by 126 percent. The shares of
Arizona state aid distributed to counties and municipalities grew between 1977 and 1987, while the share distributed to school districts diminished. In 1987 the Arizona distribution looked
very similar to the U.S. distribution, with over half of state aid going to school districts and the remainder being split nearly evenly between counties and municipalities.
Table 9 DISTRIBUTION O STATE A I D BY T P O LOCAL GOVERNMENT F YE F (millions of dollars and percentages)
-------Total State t o Local Counties Municipalities School d i s t r i c t s Special d i s t r i c t s
ru ru
Governmental Finances, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, selected years.
Shared Revenues There are two major types of state aid in Arizona: state
shared revenues and state aid appropriations for education. Arizona state shared revenues are described in Table 10. The
distributions of sales, income, and motor vehicle license tax revenues are for general governmental purposes
recipient local
governments can spend the funds on any valid government purpose. The distributions of ~ i g h w a yUser Revenue Funds (known as HURF, this fund contains the revenue from the fuel tax and a variety of .fees, fines and other proceeds) and lottery receipts must be spent on transportation. Note that all of the distribution This is
formulas are based, at least in part, on population.
true because population serves as a measure of service need that is relatively easy to calculate and to understand. The sales tax distribution to counties is based in part on the net assessed secondary property valuation in each county: the higher the valuation, the greater the amount of revenue
This distribution method seems to run counter to
the equalization goal of state aid described above, since the wealthier jurisdictions receive more state funds. The
* ,
distribution of HURF funds is partially based on place of origin of fuel sales, which is a measure that is not directly related to wealth but may be indirectly related to need if the volume of sales reflects the extent of vehicle use of local roads.
Table 10 ~istributionof Shared State Revenues Tax Sales Tax (Structure Base for distribution is a varying percent of taxable activities
(counties State (
Factors That Determine Shares Cities: population Counties: 1. Net assessed valuation 2. County origin of sale
Income Urban Tax Revenue Sharing
Highway User Revenue Fund (I I R -UF
net Individual and Corporation income taxes received two years prior to current fiscal year Cities: population Counties: populatior in unincorporated areas
3 cents/gal 14% to Counties with 64% motor fuel pop. of 1,400,000 or use fuel or more (shared tax with cities) 8.5% to counties with pop. between 400,000 and 1,400,000 (shared with cities) 8% to counties with pop <400,000 5 . 5 % to cities in counties with pop < 400,000
Cities: 1. population 2. County origin of saie Counties: sale origin of
93% to state highway fund, 7% to cities with population greater than 300,000 shared per population.
Table 10 (Continued) ~istributionof Shared State Revenues Tax Motor Vehicle License Tax
Structure County Treasurer Distributes 31.5% of all receipts to KURF All remainin receipts9
Counties State
Factors That Determine Shares
Cities: 5% cost of admin.
Counties: origin of receipt Cities: population
Lottery $23,000,000 receipts to local transporttion assistance fund (exp 7-1-91)
$7,650,000 to county assistance fund
93.47% to counties with pop <5Q0,000 6.63% to counties with pog >500,000
Counties: 1/13 of the 93.47% amount to each of 13 counties, and 1/2 of the 6.63% amount to each of the 2 largest counties
Remaining lottery receipts after admin. costs and prize monies
special provision if annual tax growth exceeds 7%, then excess of general fund share is deposited to HURF in nine monthly payments from general fund share of following years receipts.
State Aid for Education There are three major types of state aid appropriations for education. The distribution of basic state aid to schools is
based on the number of students, educational cost factors, and the property wealth within each school district. The formula
provides less (or no) aid to districts with greater wealth and, thus, serves an equalizing function. The appropriation of
additional state aid to schools, also known as the homeowner's rebate, serves as a property tax relief measure for homeowners. Through this program, school districts are required to reduce homeowner property tax bills by 56 percent (with a maximum reduction of $500). The districts are then reimbursed by the Similarly, if a
state with state general fund revenues.
homeowner's total primary property tax bill is above 1 percent of assessed valuation, the school district reduces the tax bill to the 1 percent level and is reimbursed by the state. So, while
these measures allow homeowners to pay lower property taxes to their school districts, the tax bills of other property owners and the total revenues and expenditures of school districts are unaffected. The distribution of state aid to community college
districts is based on student populations and assessed property valuation.
The Sianificance of State Aid in Arizona
HOW important is state aid in ~rizona's intergovernmental
fiscal system?
Table 11 illustrates the extent to which local The data show that school
governments rely on state aid.
districts rely the most heavily on state aid, receiving approximately half their total revenue from state aid, both in Arizona and the U.S. While counties and cities rely less on
state aid than do school districts, they still depend on state aid to a significant degree (29 percent for counties and 25 percent for municipalities in Arizona in 1987). In fact, distributions of state aid to local governments make a significant difference in the overall fiscal pattern of the state as can be seen from Table 12.
The table shows that the
state shares of both total state and local revenues and expenditures in Arizona are below the state shares of the U.S. total, meaning that the Arizona fiscal system is a relatively decentralized one. While the state of Arizona raised 58 percent
of the total state and local revenue, the state spent only
36 percent of the total state and local expenditures.
The state
share of expenditures is lower than the state share of revenues because the state distributes a significant portion of its revenues for expenditure at the local level. Table 13 shows
that the state of Arizona distributed 41 percent of its revenue to local governments in 1987. distribution of 33 percent. Table 14 A shows the dollar amounts and percentage distribution of the major types of state shared revenues. In FY This is above the total U.S.
Table 11 STATE AID A A SHARE OF TOTAL GENERAL REVENUE S
1976-77 1981-82 1986-87 37.3% 26.7% 24.4% 53.1% 1.0% 35.8% 29.0% 24.9% 49.5% 1.2%
1976-77 33.7% 34.5% 23.1% 46.8% 7.0% 1981-82 1986-87 34.0% 34.3% 20.9% 51.6% 6.7% 33.3% 31.7% 20.5% 52.8% 5.3%
Tot. Local Governments Counties Municipalities School Districts Special Districts
37.2% 26.9% 24.5% 50.6% 0.0%
Source: Governmental Finances, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, selected years.
Table 12 STATE SHARE OF TOTAL STATE AND LOCAL GENERAL REVENUES AND DIRECT EXPENDITURES FOR FY 1986-87 Arizona Revenue Expenditures
58.3% 36.0%
61.1% 40.2%
Source: Governmental Finances, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, FY 1986-87
Table 13
Arizona U.S. Source:
40.7% 32.6%
Governmental Finances, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census,
TABLE 14-A STATE AID Four Major Types of Shared Tax Revenue (dollar figures in thousands rounded to the nearest thousand)
Sales Tax Total State Collections Distributed to Cities Distributed to Counties Net to State Income Tax Total State Collections Distributed to Cities Net to State Highway User Revenue Fund Total State Collections Distributed to Cities Distributed to Counties Net to State Lottery Receipts Net State Collections** Distributed to Cities Distributed to Counties Net to State $1,141,224
* includes a $25 million one-year special distribution * * after prizes, retailer commissions, and administrative expenses paid
Sources: Arizona Department of Transportation, Administrative Services Divison, Office of Fiscal Planning; Department of Revenue Annual Reports, selected years; Arizona State Lottery
TABLE 14-B STATE AID Major Expenditures on Education Aid as a Share of State General ~ u n dRevenue F Y 1987-88 ( i n thousands of dollars and percentages)
Total State General Fund Revenue
State General Fund Expenditures by School Districts for Basic State Aid State General Fund Expenditures by School Districts for Additional State Aid State General Fund Expenditures by Community College Districts for Operating, Capital Outlay and Equalization Aid
Total Major Education Aid Expenditures
State of Arizona Annual Financial Report, F Y 1987-1988.
1988 the state distributed 22 percent of state sales tax revenue, 13 percent of income tax revenue, 55 percent of HURF revenue, and
46 percent of lottery receipts to local governments.
As the
table illustrates, Arizona cities and counties receive relatively large dollar distribution for general government purposes, with no strings attached. Table 14 B shows the amounts expended from
the State general fund by local jurisdictions in the three major state aid for education formulas. The data show that in FY 1988,
the expenditures for these three formulas represented 41 percent of total state general fund revenues.
Arizona's fiscal system is relatively
Intergovernmental fiscal relations in Arizona significantly affect the pattern of total state and local government revenues and expenditures.
decentralized compared to other states, with extensive expenditure authority residing in local governments. Arizona
intergovernmental fiscal ties are strong relative to other states: Arizona local governments depend more on state aid than
do local governments in the U.S. as a whole, and the state of Arizona distributes a greater share of its state revenue to local governments. Because of these fiscal interrelationships, changes
to the state's fiscal system cannot be thoroughly evaluatedwithout examining potential impacts on local government operations.
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Whether you are planning to stay a day or a week, Estes Park has many things to offer.
Find the suite that is perfect for your vacation getaway.
Visit our Photo Gallery to see some of our wild visitors!
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October 15th, 2014
Dress in your holiday best and jump on the Elkhorn Express for the Tinsel Tavern Tour! Starting at t[...]
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July 14, 2005
Dear CODEPINK activist,
Imagine you're driving down a back road in Texas, flipping through the radio dial only to find one talk-show host after another singing the praises of George Bush. Then all of a sudden, you tune in to a station and hear this:
Sending our children to die for lies is a moral outrage. Deceiving Congress is an impeachable offense. Please honor our soldiers by urging your representatives to investigate and hold George Bush accountable. See www.afterdowningstreet.org. Brought to you by CODEPINK women for peace".
This fantasy is going to become a reality on Saturday, July 23, the 3rd anniversary of the Downing Street Memo. CODEPINK is going to run this radio ad during Sean Hannity and Rush Limbaugh's radio shows all over the country. But we can't do it without YOU.
Starting on July 23, CODEPINK will begin a campaign to hit the right-wing airwaves with the above Downing Street/impeachment radio spot recorded by Cindy Sheehan, whose son Casey was killed in the Iraq war. We will run the ads during Sean Hannity and Rush Limbaugh's nationally syndicated shows, which are the most listened-to conservative talk shows in the country. Click here to listen to the ad.
And you know us. If the radio stations refuse to air our ad, we will carry out a media campaign to make sure that even more people hear about its contents.
In peace and solidarity,
P.S. We also hope you're planning to participate in the July 23 Day of Action that CODEPINK is working on in collaboration with www.afterdowningstreet.org.


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Tommy is in the KOTR Hall of Fame, for sure. He attacked the "Highest, Longest, Most" challenges and it shows. This edit is so gnarly it could stand out as its own video part. This was from 2004, 2005, and 2006. Read More
The Zumiez Best Foot Forward tour kept rolling through the Southwest with the Zero team. Check out the mayhem in Albuquerque, Colorado Springs, and Denver. Read More
Be sure to check out Dane Burman's 'BANGIN!' now playing at www.theberrics.com Read More
Official has released the Jamie Thomas Collection of hats with timeless style wearability that is built to last. Click through to see the collection and head to Official Skate to buy. Read More
Dane Burman and Nick Boserio team up and handle biz at a few Arizona skateparks for The Skateboard Mag's latest Quick Clip by olloclip. Flimed by Jamie Thomas using the 4-in-1 fisheye lens. Read More


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Whitnall finished the grand opening of it's new stadium with a 19-6 win over visiting Greenfield on Sept. 7.
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"What I said was terrible, mean and downright stupid…. I wasn't trying to scare anyone, I was trying to be witty and sarcastic. I failed and I was arrested."
– Justin Carter, in a letter to District Judge Jack Robison
On February 14, in New Braunfels, Texas, Justin Carter was arrested on terroristic threat charges. Carter, then age 18, had been posting on a Facebook page for the game League of Legends. When a friend called Carter crazy, Carter allegedly volleyed back that, yeah, he was messed up in the head and that he was going to "shoot up a kindergarten, watch the blood rain down and eat the beating heart out of one of them." A Canadian woman who viewed the comment reported Carter to law enforcement officials.
Carter's father insists that his son immediately followed his first Facebook comment with "LOL" and "JK," clear indications that Carter was . . . laughing out loud and joking when he wrote. Lest you think that explicitly stating that you are joking is enough to insulate your comments from criminal liability, Justin Carter was arrested, then charged by the Comal County Criminal District Attorney. In Comal County, txtspk cannot save you….
Continue reading "Terroristic Threat Laws & A Texas Teen: There But For The Grace Go We"


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Main bodies
- The Bureau
- The Questeurs
- Conference of Presidents
- Political Groups
- Standing Committees
- The Plenary Sitting
The Speaker
As the fourth highest dignitary of the State, the President of the National Assembly plays an essential role in French political life.
He is elected for the term of Parliament and has many prerogatives, certain of which are listed in the Constitution. He is thus consulted by the President of the Republic in several cases (the dissolution of the National Assembly, the implementation of the special powers provided by article 16 of the Constitution) and is vested with the power of referral to the Constitutional Council of which he appoints three members.
He particularly has a preeminent role in the organisation of Parliamentary work and in the chairing of debates in the public sitting.
Biography of Claude Bartolone, Speaker of the National assembly
The son of a Maltese mother and an Italian father, Claude Bartolone was born in Tunis on July 29, 1951.
He arrived in France at the age of 9. His parents and their three children settled in Le Pré-Saint-Gervais in the Département of Seine-Saint-Denis. After a general secondary education in French State schools, he earned a degree in mathematics prior to starting a career as an executive in the pharmaceutical industry.
Meanwhile, he joined the Socialist Party in Le Pré-Saint-Gervais and was elected for the first time in 1977 as a local councillor. In 1981, he was one of the youngest MPs elected following the victory of François Mitterrand as President of the French Republic.
Strongly rooted in the life of the Seine Saint Denis Department, he has been reelected as an MP ever since, and became Mayor of Le Pré-Saint-Gervais in 1995. Three years later, he was appointed as Minister for Urban Affairs in the Government headed by Lionel Jospin.
Elected President of the General Council of Seine-Saint-Denis in 2008, Claude Bartolone made education, social diversity and economic development his top priorities.
As a seasoned MP, he served as Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly from April 1992 to April 1993. Later he became Chair of the Committee on Social, Cultural and Family Affairs from June 17, 1997 to April 1, 1998.
Between June and December 2011, Claude Bartolone chaired the Parliamentary Inquiry Commission on Risky Financial Products and Loans Subscribed to by Local Authorities and Other Local Public Services. This commission was set up upon his initiative and was unanimously approved. His final report was also adopted unanimously by the members of the inquiry commission.
The Bureau
Even if the Constitution only mentions the Bureau of the National Assembly in passing (articles 26 and 89), the Bureau is nonetheless the highest collective decision-making body of the National Assembly.
By uninterrupted tradition, the Bureau has general competence, either directly or by the delegation of powers to certain of its members, over the organization and the internal running of the National Assembly.
This idea is expressed in article 14, paragraph one, of the Rules of Procedure: "The Bureau shall have complete power to run the deliberations of the House and to organize and direct departments".
The Questeurs
The term and the position of questeur date from the Senatus Consultum of 28 frimaire, year XII (20 December 1803). There are three Questeurs since the Third Republic. It is a tradition, since 1973, that two of them should come from the ranks of the Government majority and one from the opposition.
The Questeurs are members of and act under the authority of the Bureau of the National Assembly and thus of the President of the National Assembly. They "shall be responsible for financial and administrative matters. No new expenditure shall be incurred without their prior agreement" (Article 15, paragraph one, of the Rules of Procedure of the National Assembly). No expenditure can thus be incurred directly by any of the departments under their authority.
They are elected by their peers at the beginning of each term of Parliament, and then every year at the beginning of each ordinary session, except that which precedes the renewal of the National Assembly.
In practice, the Questeurs manage, by delegation of the Bureau, the administrative and material sides of the life of the National Assembly.
The Conference of Presidents
The Conference of Presidents is the competent body as regards the preparation of the organization of the work of the National Assembly in plenary sitting. It is convened by the President of the National Assembly once a week, usually on a Tuesday, or more often if necessary.
The Conference of Presidents is made up, apart from the President, of the six vice-presidents, the eight chairmen of the standing committees, the General Rapporteur of the Finance Committee, General Economy and Budgetary Monitoring Committee, the Chairman of the European Affairs Committee and the chairmen of the political groups. The chairmen of ad-hoc committees may be invited to attend upon their request.
The Government is represented by one of its members, usually the Minister in Charge of Relations with the Parliament. This person transmits to the Conference of Presidents the plans of the Government for the sittings weeks during which it has priority.
The new wording of article 48 of the Constitution lays down the principle of the setting of the agenda by the assembly. It is the task of the Conference of Presidents to determine the order of business whilst taking into account the limits laid down by the Constitution.
Political Groups
The political groups, which have been recognized by the Constitution since the revision of July 2008, are the formal representation of political parties and movements in the National Assembly and allow MPs to come together according to their affinities.
They are represented in the Bureau and in the standing committees proportionally, according to the number of seats they hold. The allotted time for speaking during the plenary sittings is also decided upon by the number of members they have.
The chairmen of political groups enjoy certain prerogatives within the legislative procedure. These are particularly aimed at safeguarding the rights of the Opposition.
Outside of the prerogatives of their chairmen, the opposition and minority groups have a number of recognized rights in accordance with article 51-1 of the Constitution.
Since june 2012, there are six political groups at the National Assembly :
-Socialist Republican and Citizen (293 members and related)
- Union for a Popular Movement (196 members and related)
- Union of Democrats and Independants (30 members)
- Ecolo (17 members)
- Radical, republican, democrat and progressive ( 16 members)
- Democratic and Republican Left (15 members)
8 MPs are not members any political group.
The Standing Committees
As the essential working bodies of the National Assembly, the standing committees have a double role:
– To prepare the legislative debate in plenary sitting;
– To inform the National Assembly and monitor the Government.
In their efforts to set up a form of rationalized Parliamentarianism, the framers of the 1958 Constitution attempted to strictly limit the role and influence of the standing committees (in particular by restricting the number of standing committees to six).
The practical reality has not fulfilled their expectations. Today the work of the standing committees represents an important contribution to the drawing-up of the law. The constitutional revision of July 23, 2008, drew the necessary conclusions from this development and introduced rules whereby the bills debated in plenary sitting are those which emanate from the work in committee and the maximum number of standing committees was increased from six to eight.
In addition, various constitutional and statutory revisions have provided the standing committees with much more varied means of monitoring governmental action and have increased the publicity surrounding their work.
Each committee is composed of one eighth of the members of the Assembly
The 8 standing committees are:
– Cultural and Education Affairs Committee
– Economic Affairs Committee
– Foreign Affairs Committee
– Social Affairs Committee
– National Defence and Armed Forces Committee
– Sustainable Development, Spatial and Regional Planning Committee
– Finance, General Economy and Budgetary Monitoring Committee
– Constitutional Acts, Legislation and General Administration Committee
Each M.P may only be a member of one standing committee.
The Plenary Sitting
The plenary sitting is one of the highpoints of Parliamentary life because it is in the Chamber that laws are passed and that the Government may be held to account.
One week out of four is, in addition, outside of the period of discussion of the budget, given over to the monitoring of Government action and to the assessment of public policies.
The plenary sitting is also called the "public sitting", thus testifying to the importance attached to the public nature of the debates. This constitutes an essential element in all Parliamentary democracies.
The Rules of Procedure of the National Assembly give a special place and role to the main actors in the plenary sitting: the President of the National Assembly, the rapporteurs, the M.P.s. and the Government.
They also lay down the general rules of the debates and the votes and attempt to facilitate the expression of all shades of opinion.


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Our bedding collection features plain and patterned duvet sets,
wonderful pillow cases and beautiful curtains to add
those finishing touches to your bedroom.Create a tranquil
environment where you can relax and unwind with our great
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Snuggle Up In Bed
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You are here Home Dividend Miles Buy, share or gift miles
You can buy miles for yourself, gift miles to friends and family or share your miles. It's the quick and easy way for you or someone else to reach award travel.
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Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) now applies its proprietary CBOE Volatility Index® (VIX®) methodology to create indexes that reflect expected volatility for options on select exchange-traded funds (ETFs).
CBOE calculates and disseminates the CBOE Brazil ETF Volatility Index (ticker VXEWZ), which reflects the implied volatility of the EWZ ETF.
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NFL Notebook: UNC's Bernard has family ties to league
Associated Press
The NFL notebook ...
The list is long, but nearly two dozen players drafted will be following in the NFL footsteps of fathers, brothers, cousins and uncles. Here's a sampling:
Bengals running back Gio Bernard out of North Carolina is the brother of Yvenson Bernard, who spent time with the Rams and Seahawks in 2008; quarterback Geno Smith (Jets) is a cousin of former Broncos running back Melvin Bratton; Ravens running back Kyle Juszczyk's great uncle, Rich Moore, was the No. 12 overall pick in the 1969 draft by the Packers; Bills wide receiver Robert Woods' father, Robert, was a fifth-round pick of the Chiefs in 1978 and played for them, the Browns, Oilers and Lions; Rams free safety T.J. McDonald's father, Tim played 13 seasons for the Cardinals and 49ers from 1987-1999.
Bears guard Kyle Long is the son of Hall of Famer Howie Long (Raiders) and brother of Chris Long, an All-Pro now with the Rams; Colts center Khaled Holmes' brother, Alex, played for the Dolphins in 2005, and his brother-in-law, Troy Polamalu, is a seven-time Pro Bowler for the Steelers; Texans offensive tackle Brennan Williams' father, Brent, played for the Patriots, Seahawks and Jets from 1986-1996; Ravens linebacker Arthur Brown's brother, Bryce Brown, plays for the Eagles; Falcons defensive back Desmond Trufant's brother, Marcus Trufant, plays for the Seahawks, and another brother, Isaiah, has played on the practice squads for the Jets and Eagles; and Eagles defensive end Joe Kruger's brother, Paul Kruger, plays for the Ravens.
This was one special draft for the Ivy League. Known for turning out doctors, lawyers, economists and presidents, the league saw three of its players picked in the three-day NFL draft. That may not sound like many, but consider this: in the past six draft, NFL teams picked a total of three players from the league,
And the winners are:
• Cornell tackle J.C. Tretter, a fourth-round pick (No. 122) by Green Bay.
• Harvard running back Kyle Juszczyk, a fourth-round compensatory pick (No. 130) by Baltimore.
• Princeton linebacker Mike Catapano, a seventh-round pick (No. 207) by Kansas City.
ALLEN PARK, Mich. (AP) — Denard Robinson's wait for a new employer stretched to the final day of the NFL draft, but the former Michigan standout didn't have to wait long.
The Jacksonville Jaguars selected him early in Saturday's fifth round with the 135th overall pick and plan to use him as a running back and kick returner.
"They can put me in at receiver or running back or whatever," he said in an interview posted on the team's website. "There's a lot of different positions so I'm excited about doing that."
He was a quarterback in former Wolverines coach Rich Rodriguez's spread system but shifted to other skill positions during his senior season after an injury and the emergence of passer Devin Gardner. Jacksonville had one of the league's worst offenses last season but new general manager Dave Caldwell and head coach Gus Bradley seemed mostly intent on finding players to augment the secondary in the later rounds of the draft.
Robinson started 35 games at quarterback for the Wolverines and set an NCAA record for career rushing yards (4,495) by a signal-caller.


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