text:
Office of Waste Programs
Report to the Arizona Legislature
By the Auditor General
October 1993
93- 8
DEPUTY I Y D l T O I DENEIAL
October 26, 1993
Members of the Arizona Legislature
The Honorable Fife Symington, Governor
Mr. Ed Fox, Director
Department of Environmental Quality
Transmitted herewith is a report of the Auditor General, A Performance Audit of the
Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, Office of Waste Programs. This report
is in response to a September 3, 1992, resolution of the Joint Legislative Oversight
Committee and is the tlurd in a series of four audits.
We found that ADEQ has taken too long to respond to hazardous waste violations
and enforcement actions have been limited. The Department has also been slow to
clean up contaminated sites. Insufficient monies available in the Water Quality
Assurance Revolving Fund ( WQARF) significantly impedes ADEQ's ability to clean up
State superfund sites.
My staff and I will be pleased to discuss or clarify items in the report.
Tlus report will be released to the public on October 27.
was R. Norton
Auditor General
The Office of the Auditor General has conducted a performance audit of the Arizona
Department of Environmental Quality ( ADEQ), Office of Waste Programs ( OWP),
pursuant to a September 3, 1992, resolution of the Joint Legislative Oversight
Committee. The audit was conducted pursuant to A. R. S. 55 41- 2951 through 41- 2957.
Tlus is the third in a series of four performance audits of the Department.
Employees within the Office of Waste Programs ( OWP) implement and oversee waste-related
programs, including solid and hazardous waste management, Federal and State
Superfunds, pollution prevention and recycling programs, and an underground storage
tank program. The Office employs 221 full- time equivalent employees. State General
Fund appropriations, dedicated taxes and user fees, and Federal grants finance OWP
and the programs it administers. These sources provided OWP $ 23.7 million in reve-nue
during fiscal year 1992- 93.
Hazardous Waste Violations
Continue For Years With Little
Formal Enforcement By ADEQ
( see pages 5 through 12)
ADEQ has been slow to resolve many cases where its inspectors have discovered
violations of hazardous waste laws. In fact, the average high- priority, active case in
ADEQ's data base had been under investigation for nearly three and one- half years.
Since hazardous waste law violations ( such as storing waste in unlabeled or corroded
containers, failing to train personnel in safe waste- handling procedures, and failing to
clean up spills) can result in exposing people or the environment to toxic or corrosive
substances, timely resolution of these cases is important.
Several changes are needed to improve hazardous waste enforcement. For example,
formal enforcement actions ( consent orders and compliance orders) should be utilized
more frequently. Soon after a violation is discovered, ADEQ should either negotiate
a consent agreement in a timely manner or issue a compliance order. However, such
actions were initiated by ADEQ in only 55 ( 6 percent) of the 916 cases opened since
ADEQ also needs to improve its consistency by developing clear policies and
procedures for hazardous waste compliance officers to follow, and should develop a
better system to help management track industry compliance with waste laws. Finally,
the Legislature should consider expanding ADEQ's administrative penalty authority
to strengthen the Department's ability to enforce hazardous waste laws.
ADEQ Takes Too
Long To Clean Up
Contaminated Sites ( see pages 13 through 18)
ADEQ takes too long to clean up pollution at sites administered by the State Water
Quality Assurance Revolving Fund ( WQARF) program. Delays begin early in the
process, when site characteristics and pollutants are studied and defined. Nearly
three- quarters of the 36 sites we reviewed are bogged down in this phase, 9 of them
since before the WQARF program began in 1987. These lengthy delays can add to
further contamination of an area and higher future cleanup costs, as contaminants
travel and spread through soil and ground water. Weak enforcement, limited funding,
and the lack of a strict statutory liability standard have contributed to delays. ADEQ
generally relies on responsible parties ( landowners and others who contributed to the
pollution) to conduct cleanup voluntarily, instead of using its enforcement authority
to prompt remedial action.
Insufficient Funding Of The
State Superfund Has
Weakened ADEQ's
Remedial Program ( see pages 19 through 25)
The Water Quality Assurance Revolving Fund ( WQARF), also know as the State
Superfund, does not have sufficient funds to support an effective remediation
program. Whle WQARF was originally financed with annual appropriations of about
$ 5 million, more recent methods used to fund WQARF, such as dedicated fees and
taxes, have not produced expected revenues. Ths has significantly contributed to
WQP T ' s decreasing balance, which ADEQ expects to be at an all- time low of $ 1,400
by th close of fiscal year 1993- 94. As a result, ADEQ has had to stop or delay
remedial work at many sites and cannot initiate work on new sites. The Legislature
should consider various options for financing WQARF, such as annual appropriations
or a change in the fee structure supporting the Fund. In addition, as described in our
previous report ( Auditor General Performance Audit Report No. 93- 4, Department of
Environmental Ouality, Management Issues, August 1993), ADEQ needs to improve
its cost recovery from responsible parties.
ADEQ Should Increase Landfill
Inspection Frequency ( see pages 27 through 31)
Due to limited resources and a poorly allocated workload, ADEQ has failed to meet
its goals of inspecting municipal landfills annually. Most other Western states conduct
inspections more frequently than ADEQ, and solid waste experts recommended
quarterly inspections to protect the public and the environment. While more effective
use of staff would help ensure more timely inspections, a better alternative might be
to expand existing county delegation agreements to include inspections of municipal
( This Page Intentionally Left Blank)
ADEQ Is Responsible For
Enforcing Hazardous Waste Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ADEQ Takes Few Formal
Enforcement Actions And
Cases Are Not Resolved
In A Timely Manner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Lack Of A Strong Enforcement
Phlosophy And Other Factors
Allowed Violations To Continue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
ADEQ Coordinates Cleanup Of
Contaminated Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
ADEQ Has Made Little Progress
Cleaning Up WQARF Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
ADEQ Lacks The Elements Of
An Effective Remediation Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
FINDING Ill: INSUFFICIENT FUNDING OF THE
WQARF Provides Funds
For Cleanup Efforts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Remediation Efforts Cut Back
Because WQARF Is Nearly Depleted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Policy For Funding WQARF
Should Be Reconsidered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Landfill Inspections
Are Important . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
ADEQ Does Not Inspect
Landfills O'ften Enough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
ADEQ Should Delegate Inspection
Responsibility To Some Counties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Table 1 Number Of Unresolved Hazardous
Waste Cases Still Open On April 13, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Table 2 Progress Of 36 Cases
Through The Remediation Process
AsofMay1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Table 3 WQARF Receipts, Disbursements,
And Fund Balances For
Fiscal Years 1990- 91 Through 1993- 94 ( unaudited) . . . . . . . . 20
Table 4 WQARF Fee And Tax Revenues
For Fiscal Years 1990- 91 Through 1992- 93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Table 5 State Superfund Funding Sources
That Provide More Than 20 Percent
Of Total Fund Revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Table 6 Number Of Landfills Uninspected By ADEQ
For Two Years Or More
As Of June 28,1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
The Office of the Auditor General has conducted a performance audit of the Arizona
Department of Environmental Quality ( ADEQ), Office of Waste Programs, pursuant
to a September 3, 1992, resolution of the Joint Legislative Oversight Committee. This
performance audit, the third in a series of four on the Department of Environmental
Quality, was conducted pursuant to Arizona Revised Statutes ( A. R. S.) 9541- 2951
through 41- 2957.
The Office of Waste Programs ( OWP), one of four offices within ADEQ, manages
ADEQ's waste- related programs. Waste regulation is important to protect public health
and safety and the environment. For example, lack of toxic waste regulations in the
past led to the well- known problem at New York's Love Canal, where heavy rains in
1976 caused chemicals dumped into a canal in the 1930' s to leach into backyards and
basements of homes and a school. Eventually, 239 homes nearest the canal had to be
bulldozed. By 1990, $ 250 million had been spent to contain 22,000 tons of waste on
the site, including dioxin and benzene. Studies found that residents showed elevated
rates of birth defects, miscarriages, and other health problems associated with the
dumped chemicals.
Even ordinary household and business garbage can become a menace if not properly
handled. In January 1993, for example, the erosion of the Tri- City landfill1 located near
Phoenix released more than 140,000 cubic yards of waste, the equivalent of about 3,500
garbage truck loads, into the Salt River. In addition to short- term consequences such
as insect and rodent breeding and aesthetic concerns, there is a potential for ground
water contamination in the long term.
The Office's important program responsibilities include:
Re- g ulation of hazardous waste - administering both Federal and State laws
governing ignitable, corrosive, reactive, and toxic wastes. To ensure proper
handling and disposal of these wastes, OWP inspects facilities that generate the
wastes as well as those that treat, store, and dispose of them.
1. The Tri- City situation, familiar to most Arizonans due to extensive news coverage, is mentioned
only to illustrate the importance of landfill regulation. The landfill is located on tribal land and
therefore is beyond the jurisdiction of ADEQ. However, ADEQ participated in organizing the " Great
Salt River Cleanup," a volunteer effort where approximately 20,000 people helped to clean up the
riverbed after the release occurred.
8 Remediation of contaminated sites - managing cleanup of contaminated soil and
water. using State and Federal funds, and overseeing privately funded
remediation efforts. The Water Quality Assurance Revolving Fund ( WQARF),
known as the State Superfund, helps pay for cleanup of sites not covered by the
Federal Superfund Program and for ADEQ oversight of private and local
government cleanup efforts. WQARF was established by the Environmental
Quality Act in 1987.
OWP also identifies and notifies responsible parties and gathers legal and
technical evidence for recovery of ADEQ's remedial costs. This program focuses
mostly on contamination resulting from handling and disposal practices prior to
1976, when the Federal hazardous waste laws were first enacted. ADEQ also
responds to emergency situations ( e. g., highway spills) involving hazardous
Re- n ulation of solid waste - ensuring that landfills and other solid waste facilities
meet the standards set by Arizona statutes and regulations. The Office reviews
and approves construction plans, conducts inspections, and investigates com-plaints.
In addition, OWP has an underground storage tank program for preventing and
responding to leaks, and a waste assessment program that compiles data on wastes,
prepares the State's capacity assurance plan ( a report required by Federal law showing
that Arizona has the ability to dispose of all the hazardous waste generated in the
State), and administers pollution prevention and recycling programs.
And Staffing
The Office is headed by an Assistant Director and is organized into five sections:
Solid Waste, Remedial Projects, Hazardous Waste, Waste Assessment, and
Underground Storage Tanks. The Office is staffed with 221 full- time equivalent ( FTE)
And Expenditures
Funding is provided through a combination of State General Tund appropriations,
various dedicated tax and user fees, and Federal grants. For fiscd~ y ear 1992- 93, OWP's
funding sources totaled $ 23.7 million.
Audit Scope
Our audit focused on three major program areas: hazardous waste, remedial projects,
and solid waste. This report presents findings and recommendations in four areas:
Does ADEQ effectively enforce requirements for facilities that generate, handle,
or dispose of hazardous waste,
Is ADEQ ensuring that contamination handled by the State Water Quality
Assurance Revolving Fund program is remediated in a timely manner,
Are Water Quality Assurance Revolving Fund revenues adequate, and
Can ADEQ improve its oversight of landfills in the State.
In addition, we identified an area where further audit work is needed to determine
whether enforcement of waste tire laws is adequate.
Due to time constraints, we were unable to review all OWP programs. In addition, we
elected not to review the underground storage tank program because it is new and
has very recently undergone operational changes.
As we note throughout our report, in May 1992, ADEQ began a Total Quality
Involvement ( TQI) Program to review and improve its operational practices and
procedures. This initiative is based on the principles of Total Quality Management
( TQM). For each targeted program, ADEQ brings together a Program Advisory Team
( PAT) consisting of ADEQ managers, staff, and others familiar with the program,
including representatives from industry, environmental groups, and cities and counties.
To improve the program's efficiency and effectiveness, the PAT reviews operations
using various techniques. At the time of the audit, TQI efforts were well under way
in the underground storage tank program and had just begun in the remediation and
hazardous waste programs. We cannot assess the ultimate impact of this effort at this
This audit was conducted in accordance with government auditing standards.
The Auditor General and staff express appreciation to the Director and staff of the
Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, and the Assistant Director and staff
of the Office of Waste Programs, for their cooperation and assistance during the audit.
( This Page Intentionally Left Blank)
ADEQ takes few formal enforcement actions against violators of hazardous waste
laws, and cases often drag on for years while companies continue to violate statutes
and regulations. Regulation of hazardous waste is important to ADEQ's mission of
protecting public health, safety, and the environment. However, the Department's
policy of relying on voluntary compliance by facilities that generate or handle
hazardous waste, coupled with inadequate legal authority and other problems, have
led to delays in resolving cases. While ADEQ has taken some steps to strengthen and
improve hazardous waste enforcement in recent years, more needs to be done.
ADEQ Is Responsible For
Enforcing Hazardous Waste Laws
ADEQ regulates the handling of hazardous waste under the Federal Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act ( RCRA) of 1976, with authority delegated by the U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA). Hazardous waste laws protect the public and
the environment from flammable, corrosive, or toxic wastes by requirements such as
emergency plans, employee training, labeled containers in good condition, and prompt
cleanup of any spills. In 1990, Arizona facilities generated over 50,000 tons' of
hazardous waste, including corrosive materials, sludge from electroplating operations,
used- up solvents, and waste containing the metals cadmium, chromium, or lead.
Electronics manufacturers are among the largest generators of hazardous waste in
1. The information on Arizona's hazardous waste stream was developed by the Hazardous Waste
Disposal Committee from shipping manifests submitted to ADEQ when wastes are moved from one
place to another. It is unknown how much waste is double- counted as a result of counting it once
when the waste is picked up from the primary generator, and then counted again on the waste
handler's manifest.
ADEQ Takes Few Formal
Enforcement Actions And
Cases Are Not Resolved
In A Timely Manner
Our analysis of ADEQ data found that the Department is slow to resolve many cases,
and generally has chosen not to use formal options to encourage compliance. As a
result, violations have continued for years, and the Department's workload is burdened
with dozens of old, unresolved cases.
ADEQ staff can generally use either informal or formal enforcement techniques.
Specific enforcement tools available depend on which laws apply to the situation, but
in general, informal methods include meetings and phone calls to encourage violators
to comply, and formal methods include administrative orders and court actions. When
a facility violates RCRA regulations, the Hazardous Waste Section's Compliance Unit
is responsible for bringing it into conformity. Informal enforcement tools available to
ADEQ compliance officers include letters of warning, as well as phone calls, meetings
and consent orders. Formal tools for RCRA enforcement include compliance orders
and court orders.
To evaluate timeliness and effectiveness, we analyzed data from ADEQ's hazardous
waste compliance logs for the period October 1988 to April 1993. We also examined
the case files on a judgmental sample of seven hgh- priority enforcement cases to
identify problems associated with compliance enforcement. In addition, we held focus
groups of hazardous waste compliance officers and interviewed management to obtain
further insight into compliance issues. Finally, we contacted other Western states to
compare enforcement strategies.
Enforcement actions are slow and weak - ADEQ actions have not been timely. EPA
standards adopted in 1992 require that at least 90 percent of high- priority cases', with
some exceptions, must either be closed or have formal enforcement action taken witlun
135 days of the inspection date. 2 However, the average high- priority, active case in
ADEQ's data base had been under investigation for nearly three and one- half years,
whle the average low- priority case had been open a little over two years ( see Table
1, page 7). Analysis of closed cases showed hgh- priority cases that have been resolved
1. ADEQ uses EPA's priority system to rank the seriousness of violations. High priorities include
imminent hazards, criminal violations, and violations with chronic or recalcitrant history; medium
priorities include on- site contamination with no public exposure hazard and general waste
management violations; and low priorities are any violations not meeting criteria for hgh or
medium priority.
2. ADEQ has not been expected or required to meet this standard in most of the cases in its data base,
because the standard is relatively new and it applies only to certain types of cases. However, the
standard provides a useful benchmark for evaluating ADEQ's timeliness. We found that no more
appropriate timeliness standard exists.
averaged over two years from inspection to close date, whle low- priority cases
averaged only six months.
Number Of Unresolved Hazardous Waste Cases
Still Oven On April 13, 1993
Length of Time High Medium Low
Since Open Priority Priority Priority Total
Less than 135 days( a) 0 0 0 0
135 days to 1 year 8 22 1 3 1
1 to 2 years 14 4 1 3 58
2 to 3 years 14 36 3 53
Over 3 years - 37 - 5 1 - 2 - 90
Total -- 73 - 150 -- 9 2- 32( b )
( a) According to ADEQ staff, cases opened after about September 30, 1992, may not have been
entered onto the data base at the time of our analysis. The data base showed only one open
case aged less than 135 days, and it had no specified priority ( see Note b).
( b) Eleven open cases are not included in the table because priorities for these cases were not
specified in ADEQ's data base.
Source: Auditor General analysis of ADEQ Compliance Log data bases.
Further, ADEQ takes strong enforcement actions in very few cases. Formal
enforcement actions ( including both negotiated and unilateral enforcement orders) were
initiated on only 55 ( 6 percent) of the 916 cases in the data base. In these 55 cases, the
violations continued for an average of 2 years before ADEQ took formal action.
Our file review uncovered the following examples that illustrate how ADEQ's failure
to take early formal enforcement action affects timely resolution of environmental
CASEE XAMPL1E: ADEQ has not taken effective action against a fertilizer and
explosives production plant with a history of environmental problems dating back
to 1979. In 1980, samples taken at the site, whch is located along a river, found
ammonia, nitrate, and heavy metals; and nitrate was also found in the river
downstream from the facility and in a nearby family's well. Nitrate is dangerous
to humans because it takes away the bloodstream's ability to transport oxygen
to the tissues, and thus can lead to suffocation. Infants up to 6 months of age are
most susceptible to these harmful effects.
The company was uncooperative with ADEQ and EPA during more than ten
years of fruitless negotiations. Since 1980, the facility has denied that the waste
it has been spilling is hazardous, and it has objected to studies finding evidence
of contamination at the site. At the same time, it has twice refused to voluntarily
conduct its own cleanup study, stating that the study " was not justified and was
economically prohibitive." The facility refused to correct its operating procedures
to prevent further leaks of nitrate to the ground.
Despite the ongoing violations and the company's failure to demonstrate any
willingness to voluntarily comply with RCRA, ADEQ has neither classified ths
as a case that requires formal enforcement nor issued an administrative order. By
contrast, EPA issued a Superfund Compliance order in 1989 and initiated a study
at Federal government expense. However, EPA's efforts are aimed at cleaning up
existing contamination at the site, not the company's current operations. DEQ
remains responsible for ensuring that the company does not continue to
contaminate the site.
CASEE XAMPL2E: When we revisited a case we examined for our 1990 audit of
ADEQ's pesticide program1, we found little change. We reported that ADEQ had
found numerous violations of RCRA regulations in every inspection since 1981
of a company that diluted and repackaged pesticides. Soil at the site was badly
contaminated, and the company had accumulated thousands of barrels encrusted
with pesticide residue. The company had not complied with several regulations
designed to protect employees and the public from hazardous waste. We found
that over a period of nearly ten years, ADEQ repeatedly requested that the
facility clean up the site, and issued letters of warning about the various
violations, but the facility declined to comply with ADEQ's requests. Although
the facility had removed some of the barrels and has an agreement under an
EPA order to spend $ 25,000 a year for cleanup efforts, the agreement did not
address the daily operational violations discovered by ADEQ.
In our current review, we found that a 1991 inspection report said the facility
showed " little ar no improvement since the last inspection, " and did not appear to
have spent any funds, or made any attempt to comply with day- to- day
1. Auditor General Performance Audit Report No. 90- 8, Pesticide Re- g ulation, Department of
Environmental Qualitv, November 1990.
operational issues that are now 12 years old. Our interview with the inspector
confirmed that the same operational violations continued to exist at a 1993
inspection. ADEQ's efforts to bring the company into compliance with RCRA
have had little effect.
Lack Of A Strong Enforcement
Philosophy And Other Factors
Allowed Violations To Continue
In the past, ADEQ's lack of a strong enforcement philosophy and inadequate authority
to impose penalties, along with several other factors, have contributed to the slow
resolution of enforcement problems. However, while top management appears more
willing to take strong enforcement action now than before, and the Department has
recently taken other steps toward improvement, we believe more needs to be done.
ADEQ relies on voluntat. ll compliance - ADEQ's approach to RCRA enforcement has
relied on obtaining voluntary compliance from facilities. As mentioned previously,
ADEQ has used formal enforcement actions in only 6 percent of the cases in its
compliance log since 1988. Even when formal actions were taken, ADEQ management
has favored negotiating a consent order instead of issuing a compliance order.' Our
review disclosed that this approach has often been ineffective. In fact, some violators
have taken advantage of ADEQ's approach by negotiating in bad faith, stalling
corrective actions, and even committing criminal acts. For example:
At one electronics firm, the owner ordered employees to illegally alter the labels
on containers of hazardous waste to show the waste had not been stored beyond
the 90 days allowed for companies without storage permits. Only two months
earlier, ADEQ and the firm had reached agreement on a consent order covering
violations discovered in an inspection the previous year.
At another company, the owner hid hazardous waste in a truck and tried to
transport it out of state, but the waste was discovered when an accidental spill
occurred. When this incident happened, the company and ADEQ were already
engaged in lengthy discussions about decontaminating some of the company's
ADEQ properly referred these two cases to the Attorney General for both civil and
criminal prosecution. However, these incidents demonstrate the danger of assuming
all companies will act cooperatively and in good faith.
1. Both consent orders and compliance orders are administrative orders issued by the Director of
ADEQ. However, in a consent order, the violator agrees to the statement of facts and other terms
of the order, thereby waiving his or her right to a hearing.
Some states have adopted a more aggressive approach to enforcement. In five of the
nine Western states we surveyed, officials reported they issue an order before
negotiating with the facility. For example, Nevada issues its orders in cases with
serious violations as soon as the violation determination is made. Likewise, in New
Mexico, negotiated agreements are used only for remediation cases or unusual
circumstances; unilateral orders are the norm. Oregon issues only unilateral orders in
the early stages of the enforcement process, and has mandatory penalties for serious
Lack of administrative pena1t. y authorim - Limited administrative penalty authority
further weakens ADEQ's enforcement efforts. In most cases, ADEQ must seek penalties
for RCRA violations through the courts, a difficult and time- consuming task. It cannot
impose such penalties administratively when it discovers a violation, but instead must
first put into place a consent order or compliance order. If the company then violates
the terms of the order, ADEQ can collect penalties of up to $ 1,000 per day as specified
in A. R. S. 549- 923( B).
Most states have administrative penalty authority. This authority, which is
recommended by EPA for all states that enforce RCRA, has enabled some states to
encourage timely cooperation by facilities. For instance, Oregon and Idaho impose
penalties early in the enforcement process, and allow facilities to earn a reduction in
the penalties by agreeing to comply with the state's requirements.
Several other factors contribute to enforcement problems - During the course of our
investigation, we discovered other factors that contribute to enforcement problems:
B High turnover among prog- r am staff and management - Staff turnover causes
higher workloads when remaining staff cover cases for vacant positions, and can
cause delays in case resolution while new staff are learning about these complex
cases. Further, compliance officers told us that management turnover impacts
compliance efforts because each new manager has different priorities and sets
different policies. ADEQ attributes turnover to the high demand and high salaries
in private industry for people with knowledge of hazardous waste regulations.
Lack of a training pro- f lam for compliance oficers - New staff learn on the job
about the complex regulations, informal ADEQ procedures, and techcal issues
associated with the cases assigned to them, in addition to the legal and other
matters associated with enforcement.
w Poor coordination between ADEQ's compliance and inspections units - For
example, a compliance officer may need reinspection results as evidence in an
enforcement action, or an inspector may need compliance unit followup on a
violation. Our interviews with ADEQ staff indicate communication and
cooperation has been inadequate between these units.
Lack of clear policies and procedures - resulting in inconsistent handling of cases.
No written manual is available to guide ADEQ's compliance officers.
Inadequate electronic data wstems - which do not track compliance by facility
over time, thereby failing to give management the hstorical perspective needed
to make enforcement decisions.
ADEQ has recentlw made efforts to improve - ADEQ has begun to step back from its
complete reliance on voluntary compliance. ADEQ's Director issued an enforcement
policy in May 1993 that sets out some guidelines for acheving " strong, swift
enforcement actions to deter and penalize violations." The new policy includes timeliness
goals similar to the existing EPA goal that compliance officers should either bring the
facility into compliance or begin formal enforcement action within 90 days of receiving
the case.
The Department is also beginning efforts which may address some of the other factors
that contribute to enforcement problems. For example, the Hazardous Waste Section
has developed a new training program for compliance officers and has developed
" boilerplate" consent and compliance orders. In addition, management reports that
coordination between inspection and compliance units has recently improved. Further,
ADEQ has initiated a review of the Section as part of its TQI program ( see
Introduction and Background, page 3), which may eventually help to resolve the lack
of policies, poor coordination, and other management- related factors. At the time of
this audit, however, the TQI evaluation in the Hazardous Waste Section was not
complete, so the effects of this process are unknown.
1. The Legislature should consider revising A. R. S. 549- 923 to expand ADEQ's
administrative penalty authority so that the agency can impose penalties for
violations of RCRA requirements when they are discovered.
2. ADEQ should strengthen program management by:
developing a policy and procedures manual for the Hazardous Waste
Program, including:
- deadlines fm negotiation of consent agreements, after which unilateral
compliance orders should be issued
- definitions of the circumstances in which fmmal enfmcement can be avoided and
voluntary compliance can be used,
improving electronic data systems to give management better information
regarding a facility's degree of compliance, and
incorporating into its TQI effort the evaluation of staffing and other
management practices in order to reduce turnover, improve inter- unit
coordination, and eliminate any inefficient practices.
ADEQ's remediation of contaminated sites takes too long. Sites polluted with
hazardous waste threaten public health and the environment and need to be
remediated in a timely manner. However, since its inception in 1987, ADEQ's
remediation program has cleaned up few contaminated sites, and for the vast majority,
cleanup may not begin for several more years. Various factors, including weak
enforcement and inadequate funding, have delayed the progress of remediation efforts.
ADEQ Coordinates Cleanup
Of Contaminated Sites
Although RCRA, the Federal law that sets out requirements for facilities that generate
or handle hazardous waste, should prevent most new contamination of soil and water,
many sites were polluted in the years before RCRA was enacted in 1976. In addition,
accidents and noncompliance with RCRA can create new contamination, and
sometimes those responsible for the pollution cannot be found, or are unable or
unwilling to clean up these sites. The Federal Superfund and State programs such as
the Water Quality Assurance Revolving Fund ( WQARF) were established to provide
a means of cleaning up such sites.
Contaminated sites can pose significant threats to public health and the environment.
Heavy metals such as lead and chromium, agricultural pesticides such as DDT, and
industrial solvents have been found in soil or surface water at some sites. In addition,
pollutants at some sites have leached through soil to ground water, affecting sources
of public drinking water. If uncontrolled, contaminants can migrate off- site, causing
other sources of drinking water to be impacted. These pollutants can make the places
unfit for wildlife or public use, and can cause health problems ranging from minor
physical irritation to more serious disorders such as leukemia, other forms of cancer,
and liver and kidney damage.
ADEQ is responsible for coordinating cleanup activities at a large number of diverse
sites throughout Arizona. These sites are located in commercial and residential areas
and vary in size from several hundred square yards to 25 square miles. The
Department is presently coordinating activities at 45 contaminated sites Statewide
which are administered by the WQARF program: 18 sites where ADEQ oversees
private party efforts, 15 where ADEQ oversees efforts by political subdivisions, and
12 where ADEQ and its contractors are actually conducting the remediation. ADEQ
also oversees remediation conducted by the Department of Defense at active and
inactive military installations, and has lesser responsibility for Superfund sites
administered by the EPA. ADEQ's Remedial Projects Section also conducts emergency
cleanup actions when there is an immediate threat to public health and safety or to
the environment. It has conducted 38 such actions since 1987.
More than 400 other sites in Arizona may require cleanup in the future by WQARF,
responsible parties, or the Federal Superfund. EPA provides funds to ADEQ to
conduct assessments of a few of these sites each year to determine whether they
qualify for inclusion on the National Priority List ( NPL) for Federal Superfund
cleanup. Sites that do not qualify for the NPL may be eligible for the WQARF
program, but some contaminated sites may not fit the criteria for either program. Most
Arizona sites do not meet Federal NPL criteria due to the State's low population
To determine ADEQ's progress in remediating contaminated sites, our analysis focused
on 32 ongoing and 4 completed WQARF sites where ADEQ has or had substantial
control over activities.' At these sites, ADEQ project managers oversee remediation
work which is typically performed by a consulting firm under contract either to ADEQ
or to the person, company, or other entity that caused the contamination.
ADEQ Has Made Little Progress
Cleaning Up WQARF Sites
While ADEQ has made progress cleaning up some WQARF sites, many remain in the
early phases of the remediation process. Information provided by the Environmental
Protection Agency and other experts indicates that the remediation process should take
less time than is currently the case in Arizona.
The remediation process begins with a brief screening phase to determine whether a
site is contaminated, the characteristics of the site and its proximity to populations. If
results of the screening indicate that further work is necessary, the site enters an
investigative p- hase. In this phase, which can take from a few months to several years
to complete, the source, type, and extent of contamination are identified, and a
feasibility study is developed that describes cleanup alternatives and their cost. Finally,
in the action p- hase, a detailed remediation plan is developed describing the techniques
to be used, and cleanup action begins ( after an opportunity for public comment on the
plan). Cleanup itself can take as long as 30 years to complete, depending on the type
and extent of contamination.
1. Nine of the 45 WQARF sites were excluded from our analysis. Four of the nine are not regular
projects, and the other five were added to the WQARF project list after our analysis was completed.
Cleanup action has not begun at most contaminated sites - Most sites are bogged
down in the investigative phase, which begins early in the remediation process. We
found that more than two- thirds of the sites we reviewed were currently in this phase.
Further, 36 percent of the sites that were in the investigative phase had been in it
since before the inception of the WQARF program six years ago. Only about
one- quarter of WQARF sites in this phase have any interim remediation taking place
to reduce contamination before the investigation is completed. Table 2 provides the
status of 36 cases we reviewed. ADEQ project managers told us that many sites
currently in the investigative phase may have years of investigation and remedial
design ahead of them before they can begin to undergo remedial action. Because
ADEQ's resources are tied up in these existing projects, the Department cannot work
on the other 400 contaminated or possibly contaminated sites in the State.
Progress Of 36 Cases
Through The Remediation Process
As Of May 1993
Phase of Process Number of Cases
Under Investigation 26
Investigation Completed,
Action Phase Not Started 3
In Action Phase 3
Completely Remediated - 4
Total -- 36
Source: Information received from ADEQ project managers.
The following example illustrates the length of time a site can remain in the
investigative phase:
In 1985, contaminants were found in ground water serving as a drinking water
supply for some residents in metropolitan Phoenix. ( The City of Phoenix has
discontinued use of all affected drinking water wells to avoid any public
exposure.) The area was officially designated a WQARF site by ADEQ and
investigation began in 1987. ADEQ believes the ground water contamination,
which encompasses approximately 12 square miles, may have been caused by
manufacturing operations improperly handling and disposing of solvents and
other industrial wastes. ADEQ has identified numerous responsible parties and
has obtained agreements from some to perform remedial activities; however,
none have completed the investigative stage. Currently, no interim remediation
of ground water is taking place.
Less time should be spent in the investigation phase - The EPA and other states
report spending considerably less time during the investigative phase. An independent
analysis of National Priority List sites conducted by the Rand Corporation found that,
on average, this phase took about three years to complete. In addition, New Jersey,
Minnesota, and Washington, considered by many to have effective programs for
cleaning up contaminated sites, told us they spend an average of 18 months to about
3 years in this stage for State Superfund sites. In Arizona, the average for the few
sites that have completed the investigation phase is nearly five years.
Experts we spoke with1 also told us that spending too much time during the
investigation phase could cause a variety of problems. For instance, because site
conditions ( such as the extent and concentration of contaminants in soil and ground
water) often change over time, experts questioned whether data obtained during the
early stages of the investigation phase would be useful in developing effective
remedies years later. Also, a lengthy investigation phase may allow contaminants to
spread and cause additional soil and ground water contamination, which may result
in significantly higher cleanup costs.
ADEQ Lacks The Elements Of
An Effective Remediation Program
ADEQ's ability to move contaminated sites through the remediation process has been
hampered by weak enforcement, inadequate funding, and other factors. Experts
familiar with state cleanup programs believe that states able to combine strong
enforcement with sufficient funding have the greatest potential for effectively cleaning
up contaminated sites. While ADEQ has taken some steps to improve its remediation
program, it has yet to address fundamental problems.
1. We contacted knowledgeable people in the field of hazardous waste remediation from a variety of
organizations including Rand Corporation, EPA, Association of State and Territorial Waste
Management Officials, and the Environmental Law Institute.
Weak enforcement delavs remediation - Although ADEQ has the authority to negotiate
consent agreements or issue remedial action orders in cases where those responsible
for contamination have been identified, management has not effectively used ths
authority.' Instead, as in its Hazardous Waste Program, ADEQ has generally relied
on voluntary compliance. As of June 1993, ADEQ had negotiated a total of three
consent agreements and issued one remedial action order for WQARF sites. Without
enforceable consent agreements, ADEQ has little control over the completion and
timeliness of remedial investigations.
According to the EPA and other states, consent agreements can be used to limit delays
during the investigative and action phases. The EPA and other states also use remedial
action order authority to compel responsible parties to perform remedial activities at
a site.
EPA staff familiar with ADEQ's remediation program told us that ADEQ's enforcement
policy has probably contributed to delays in site cleanup. Both ADEQ management
and staff agree that some delays could be avoided if consent agreements were in place
during the investigative phase.
Insufficient fundin- g limits ADEQ's abilitv to clean up sites - Inadequate funding of
WQARF has further hampered ADEQ's ability to remediate sites. Without adequate
funding, ADEQ cannot threaten to take over remediation at a site when responsible
parties fail to clean up their own contamination. Since states can charge responsible
barties with cleanup iosts plus punitive damages of up to three times these costs,
experts told us that responsible parties often respond quickly if the state has the
financial ability to conduct the cleanup. ADEQ management and staff believe
insufficient funding has caused ADEQ to become too dependent on responsible parties
to voluntarily conduct remedial activities, which can contribute to delays. ( FOm~ o re
information on WQARF funding, see Finding 111, page 21.)
Other factors also delav cleanups - ADEQ's ability to remediate contaminated sites
in a timely and effective manner is further impacted by insufficient statutory authority
and a lack of written policies and procedures.
The statutory definition of responsible party restricts ADEQ's ability to compel
potentially responsible parties to clean up contaminated sites in a timely and effective
manner. Specifically, WQARF statutes require ADEQ to prove that a person or
company knowinglv contributed to the contamination or allowed it to occur. By
contrast, Federal law has a strict liability standard which requires only that a release
1. Enforcement tools available to the Remedial Projects Section are consent agreements and remedial
action orders. Both are legally binding documents enforceable in court. Consent orders contain
negotiated agreements between ADEQ and a responsible party, and typically describe the type and
timing of the remedial activities to be performed, and outline penalties. Remedial action orders
require a responsible party to stop a release or threat of a release of hazardous waste and take
appropriate action to clean up the contamination, and failure to comply carries a civil penalty of
as much as $ 5,000 for each day the violation continues.
has occurred or is threatened, and that the person or company contributed to the
release. To prove responsibility under Arizona's weaker definition, ADEQ would have
to gather extensive evidence. ADEQts Attorney General representatives told us that for
this reason, there has never been a complaint filed in court using WQARF statutes;
instead, Federal statutes are used, which requires obtaining the EPA's cooperation.
In addition, ADEQts lack of clear, written policies and procedures for managing
cleanup efforts has also negatively impacted these efforts. Many project managers told
us that, in the absence of written policies and procedures, they often refer to Federal
remediation guidelines, which tend to be cumbersome and time- consuming. ADEQ
management and staff, and environmental consultants familiar with ADEQ's
remediation program, believe written policies and procedures would help reduce
inconsistency and limit unnecessary delays.
ADEQ workin- n toward imvovement, but more needs to be done - ADEQ recognizes
that problems exist and has taken some steps toward improving its remediation
program. ADEQ is developing an enforcement workplan to ensure that limited staff
and legal resources are expended on those sites most in need of enforcement. In
addition, ADEQ has drafted guidelines to help standardize enforcement practices.
Finally, TQI has recently begun in the Remedial Projects Section, although the outcome
from this process is unknown at this time.
1. To improve ADEQ's ability to remediate contaminated sites, the Legislature
should consider strengthening WQARF statutes by adopting a strict liability
standard similar to that found in Federal law.
2. To improve the effectiveness of its remediation program, ADEQ should use its
enforcement authority more effectively by negotiating enforceable consent agree-ments,
issuing remedial action orders more regularly, and including time
schedules and stipulated penalties in its agreements and orders.
3. To improve consistency and avoid unnecessary delays, ADEQ should develop a
clear, written policies and procedures manual for project managers.
FINDING Ill
The Water Quality Assurance Revolving Fund does not have sufficient funds to I support an effective remediation program. Revenues from the existing array of fees
and other sources have not been adequate to support the Fund. As a result, the
Legislature needs to consider restructuring how the Fund is financed. I
I WQARF Provides Funds
For Cleanup Efforts
I The Water Quality Assurance Revolving Fund ( WQARF), also referred to as the State
Superfund, supports cleanup efforts when hazardous substances either have
contaminated or threaten to contaminate State waters. The Fund, created in 1986,
I complements the Federal Superfund program by addressing contaminated sites not
included on the EPA's National Priority List. In addition to long- term remediation
efforts, the Department uses WQARF for responding to emergency situations that pose
I an imminent and substantial danger to the public health and safety or the
environment, regardless of impact on State waters. WQARF also funds the required
State match on Federal sites.
I Typically, WQARF monies pay for remediation of polluted sites when parties
responsible for the contamination are unknown or are unable or unwilling to conduct I the cleanup, and also for the costs of overseeing voluntary remediation by private
parties. Examples of these costs include professional services, such as environmental
consulting, laboratory analysis, paralegal and Attorney General assistance for I identifying and pursuing responsible parties, and salaries of staff who manage
remediation projects, such as geologists, engineers, and hydrologists.
I Remediation Efforts Cut Back
I Because WQARF Is Nearly Depleted
ADEQ expects WQARF to be completely depleted soon, in part due to insufficient
I funding. The Fund's weak financial status has forced cutbacks in cleanup efforts on
State sites.
I WQARF nearlv out of funds - WQARF program funds are critically short. Since
reaching an ending fund balance high of $ 14,605,400 on June 30, 1990, the Fund's
balance has steadily decreased ( see Table 3). In fact, ADEQ is projecting an all- time
low balance of $ 1,400 by the end of fiscal year 1993- 94. Furthermore, to simply break
even by the end of fiscal year 1994- 95, the Department's budget director told us
WQARF. must receive all monies designated for it, which includes a $ 2.9 million
General Fund appropriation.
Funding problems have contributed to low Fund balance - Recent methods used to
fund WQARF have resulted in lower than intended revenues. In creating WQARF, the
Legislature supported the Fund with an annual appropriation of about $ 5 million,
doing so for fiscal years 1986- 87 through 1989- 90. Since then, however, the Legislature
discontinued the annual appropriation and replaced it with various fees and taxes also
expected to provide WQARF with $ 5 million each year. Table 4 ( page 21) shows,
however, that this funding scheme never generated the expected revenues. For
example, one particular tax, the " environmentally hazardous products surtax" ( referred
Schedule Of Receipts, Disbursements, And Fund Balances
For Fiscal Years 1990- 91 Through 1993- 94
[ unaudited)
Fiscal Year Fiscal Year Fiscal Year Fiscal Year
1990- 91 1991- 92 1992- 93 1993- 94
( Actual) [ Actual) [ Estimated) [ Estimated)
Fee Revenues $ 1,675,008 $ 4,210,835 $ 3,123,410 $ 3,219,030
Other Revenues 257,192 620,965 1,407,190 1,844,070
Total Revenues 1,932,200 4,831.800 4,530.600 5,063,100
Expenditures 4,939,300 11,271,600 8,622,900 6,127,900
Expenditures in Excess
of Revenues 3,007,100 6,439,800 4,092,300 1,064,800
Beginning Fund Balance 14,605,400 11,598,300 5,158,500 1.066,200
Ending Fund Balance $ 1 1.598.300 $ 5,158,500 $ 1.066.200 $ 1.400
Source: Internal budget documents provided by the ADEQ Budget Director and ADEQ
Assistant Director of Administration
to as the " Drano" tax), was expected to produce about $ 3 million annually. Shortly
after its creation, however, it was changed from a surtax on hazardous products to a
license fee for retailers of environmentally hazardous products, and then dropped
altogether due to its continued unpopularity. In total, only slightly over $ 1 million was
ever received from ths source.
To help make up these shortfalls, the Legislature passed S. B. 1364 ( Laws 1992, Chapter
290) which outlined its intent to appropriate $ 2.9 million into WQARF beginning in
fiscal year 1992- 93. Again, Fund revenues fell short, because legislation actually
appropriating the money was never passed. The Fund did not receive an appropriation
in either fiscal year 1992- 93 or 1993- 94.
WQARF Fee And Tax Revenues( a)
For Fiscal Years 1990- 91 Throunh 1992- 93
( unaudited)
Fiscal Year Fiscal Year Fiscal Year
1990- 91 1991 - 92 1992- 93( b)
( actual) ( actual) ( estimated)
Water User Tax $ 830,679 $ 1,491,065 $ 1,380,000
Pesticide Registration Fees 547,650 569,625 570,000
Aquifer Protection Permit
Fees ( APP) 83,500 92,021 450,000
Hazardous Waste Facility
Registration Fees 128,379 235,980 212,010
Solid Waste Landfill
Registration Fees 51,000 122,256 11 5,590
APP Registration Fees 144,452 60,000
Industrial Discharge 89,500 39,000
Registration Fees
Fertilizer License Fees 33,800 33,060 31,430
Manifest Resubmittal Fees 6,380
Environmental Products
License Fee (" Drano tax") 1 , I 72,486
$ 1 - 675.008 $ 4.21 0.835 $ 3.123.41 0
( a) WQARF fees and taxes include those collected by ADEQ, the Department of Water Resources,
the Department of Agriculture, and the Department of Revenue.
( b) Total revenues for fiscal year 1993- 94 and fiscal year 1994- 95 are projected to be $ 3,219,030,
a slight increase ($ 95,620) over fiscal year 1992- 93. The difference represents a projected
increase in APP fees of $ 102,000 and no receipts for manifest resubmittals.
Source: Internal budget documents obtained from the ADEQ Budget Director and Assistant Director
of Administration.
In addition to fee- related revenues and past appropriations, other sources, such as civil
and criminal penalties and cost recoveries from responsible parties, contribute to the
Fund, but their impact on the Fund's balance can be small. Furthermore, it is often
difficult to accurately predict how much revenue some of these sources will generate
in any given year, making it hard for ADEQ to rely on them when planning remedial
work. For example, both the amount and timing of cost recoveries are dependent on
complex negotiations and court proceedings outside of ADEQ's control.'
Work on projects impacted - Low WQARF balances have adversely impacted work
on remedial projects. For some existing projects, planned work has been halted,
sometimes with the hope that the EPA or others will volunteer to conduct the work.
On other projects, work is being delayed pending available funding. Specifically,
during the last half of fiscal year 1992- 93, ADEQ cut approximately $ 438,000 from 8
projects. The following examples illustrate the impact of these cuts.
$ 107,590 was eliminated from a project designed to provide a treatment system
for two wells of a small town. The wells were found to be highly contaminated
with volatile organic compounds, and several private wells in the area were
found to have lower levels of contamination. Though not currently used to
provide municipal drinking water, treatment is needed to mitigate contamination
in the aquifer and prevent further migration. ADEQ had intended to initiate the
engineering work needed to design the remediation, but instead has referred the
site to the EPA, hoping EPA will eventually adopt it as a national Superfund
site. ADEQ officials expect this action to delay the cleanup.
$ 28,883 was cut from a project within the metropolitan Phoenix area. ADEQ
planned to use the money to continue testing a nearby town's wells and to
install additional monitoring wells to track the movement of a contamination
plume of industrial solvents toward the town's wells. ADEQ is now relying on
responsible parties to conduct most of ths work, but it has no assurances the
work will be conducted in either the most appropriate way or in a timely
$ 17,330 was reduced from a project within metropolitan Phoenix where ADEQ
found extremely hgh concentrations ( thousands of times higher than drinking
water standards) of industrial solvents. ADEQ planned to use the funds to install
two monitoring wells and to conduct investigative work for developing evidence
identifying responsible parties to fund the cleanup. As in the previous example,
ADEQ is hoping previously identified responsible parties will conduct some of
1. ADEQ needs to improve its recovery of costs, as reported in Auditor General Performance Audit
Report No. 93- 4, Department of Environmental Qualitv: Management Issues, August 1993.
Improvements in cost recovery could help to replenish the Fund's balance. However, costs may be
recoverable only on projects where a financially able responsible party exists.
this work. However, the Department expects significant delays in this work being
completed because it has been unable to secure a " good faith" agreement with
those parties.
Furthermore, due to the projected lack of resources, the Department has not budgeted
WQARF monies for site- specific work on either existing or new projects for fiscal
year 1993- 94. Instead, the Fund will be slated for staff salaries and benefits ( for
enforcement and oversight of voluntary work conducted by responsible parties),
various monitoring and laboratory work ( partly for continued monitoring of existing
sites), the Aquifer Protection Program, and legal and administrative costs.
Policy For Funding WQARF
Should Be Reconsidered
For WQARF- related cleanup efforts to continue in a meaningful way, the Legislature
should reconsider how it finances the Fund. Although Arizona's method of funding
WQARF is in some ways similar to methods used by other states, important
differences exist. Overall, however, Arizona's biggest obstacle for sufficiently funding
WQARF has been its inability to identify and implement a sufficient, reliable revenue
source for the Fund.
Financin- g o- f State Superfunds varies amon- g states - Although we attempted to
perform a detailed comparison of the financing methods used in other states, this
proved difficult due to differences in the nature and scope of financing sources ( such
as fees) from state to state.' Furthermore, according to the Environmental Law Institute
( Washington, D. C.), which conducted a recent national study of State Superfunds for
the EPA, one- to- one comparisons of state funds ( including revenues) can be misleading
because of the funds' different purposes and secondary goals, such as encouraging
waste reduction.
In general, however, we found both similarities and differences in the way Arizona
finances its Superfund compared to other states. For example, reliance on fees, General
Fund appropriations, and taxes to support State Superfunds is typical in most states
( see Table 5, page 24.) In other ways, though, Arizona's funding scheme differs. For
example, according to research conducted by the Environmental Law Institute, most
states that rely on fees or taxes for a portion of funding utilize those related to the
generation, transportation, treatment, and/ or disposal of hazardous waste, hazardous
1. We reviewed various reports, including An Analysis of State Superfund Program: 50- State Study
( 1991 Update), and Enhancing State Superfund Capabilities, A Nine- State Study ( December 1990),
both conducted by the Environmental Law Institute in Washington D. C. with funding from the
EPA. We also followed up with 11 states ( those studied in the 9- state report and 2 other states
identified to us as having strong cleanup programs.) In addition, we spoke with remediation
experts at the EPA, the Environmental Law Institute, and the Association of State and Territorial
Solid Waste Management Officials.
waste substances, or solid waste. This is not the case in Arizona. In fact, WQARF's
largest revenue generator of recent years has been a tax on businesses operating
municipal water delivery systems, rather than fees or taxes on hazardous or solid
waste substances.
State Superfund Funding Sources
That Provide More Than 20 Percent
Of Total Fund Revenues( a)
Number of
Funds( b)
Fees 25
Appropriations 19
PenaltiesIFines 15
Bonds 15
Taxes 13
Cost Recovery 11
( a) In addition to the six categories of funding identified above, transfers from other funds or
accounts, and interest, were noted as major funding areas for two states.
( b) Some States have more than one State Superfund.
Source: EPA, An Analysis of State Superfund Programs: 50- State Study, 1991 update
( prepared by the Environmental Law Institute with funding by the EPA.)
Arizona also differs from some other states in that certain revenue sources they utilize
are not currently an option for Arizona. For example, charges related to hazardous
waste disposal provide significant revenues for some other State Superfunds. California
finances nearly all of its State Superfund work with various disposal- related fees and
taxes. A Minnesota fund administrator told us Minnesota expects to generate the
majority of its Superfund's receipts from taxes on hazardous waste generators and
waste brought into Minnesota for final disposal. In Illinois, fees on the transport and
disposal of hazardous waste make up the majority of its Hazardous Waste Fund.
Arizona, however, has no hazardous waste disposal capabilities ( Arizona ships its
hazardous waste to other states for disposal) so it cannot capitalize on this source.
WQAK€ lacks sufficient, reliable fundin- x source - While there will likely always be
considerable differences between WQARF funding and that of other states' Superfunds,
it appears that the problem most greatly impacting funding is the lack of a steady,
substantial revenue source. The Legislature apparently attempted to address this issue
when it shifted from total reliance on General Fund appropriations to a fee and tax
structure. As evidenced in recent years and confirmed by a national expert, appro-priations
are not as reliable as funding with designated sources. However, as
mentioned earlier, legislative efforts to implement what was supposed to be the largest
individual source of potential revenue for WQARF ( the " Drano" tax) failed.
ADEQ recently developed a proposal to restructure WQARF funding. Although the
proposal was not presented to the Legislature due to other priorities for use of the
UST revenues, it could serve as a starting point for legislative discussion. The proposal
should have streamlined the fee structure and identified a new, reliable funding source
that would not require an immediate fee or tax increase. Some key features of the
proposal included:
Redirecting several existing fees and the water user tax from WQARF to other
programs administered by ADEQ. According to ADEQ's director, other programs,
like the Safe Drinking Water and the Solid Waste Programs, need additional
monies; also, these fees and the tax are more closely related to the purpose of
these other programs than to WQARF.
Diverting 15 percent of the Underground Storage Tank ( UST) excise tax revenue
( A. R. S. 549- 1031), amounting to approximately $ 3 million annually, into WQARF.
This tax, levied at the rate of 1 cent per gallon of regulated substances, generates
about $ 22 million each year. ADEQ's director believes this tax would be an
appropriate revenue source for WQARF, in part because it is a broad- based tax.
According to ADEQ officials, directing 15 percent of this tax to WQARF would
not adversely impact the long- term goals of the UST Assurance Account.
The proposed funding scheme also relied on General Fund appropriations to WQARF.
The Department plans to recommend a change in existing statutory language that
would make the intended $ 2.9 million General Fund appropriation automatic.
The Legislature should reassess the adequacy of the mechanisms currently used to
fund WQARF in order to provide reliable and sufficient funding for the program. In
doing so, the Legislature should ensure that any fees, taxes, or other funding sources
under consideration have a rational basis for financing WQARF.
( This Page Intentionally Left Blank)
The Department has not inspected solid waste landfills in a timely manner. Landfills
can potentially harm the environment and the public and should be inspected three
to four times per year. Due to limited resources and poor allocation of workload,
however, many landfills have not been inspected at all over the past two years. ADEQ
needs to increase inspection frequency by reallocating staff, requesting additional staff,
and/ or delegating responsibility for landfill inspections to some counties.
ADEQ's Solid Waste Section responsibilities include overseeing collection, storage,
treatment, and disposal of solid and special waste, and operating recycling and used
oil programs. 1 The Section has 23 FTEs with specialized duties such as reviewing and
approving construction plans, overseeing waste tire collection sites, and inspecting
landfills. In fiscal year 1993- 94, the Section has a budget of $ 2,027,300.
Landfill Inspections
Are Important
Regular inspections are needed to determine whether landfills operate in accordance
with ADEQ- approved procedures. Specifically, inspections help to ensure that landfill
operators routinely employ techniques designed to prevent ground water contam-ination.
Techniques such as spreading, compacting and covering the waste, grading
the landfill so that water does not flow toward the waste, and ensuring that leakage
collection systems and landfill liners are properly maintained are crucial to protecting
ground water. Landfills failing to comply with these procedures may risk rainwater
filtering through the waste and carrying contaminants into ground water. In addition,
regular inspections help prevent landfills from becoming environmental nuisances.
Inspectors tour landfills to determine whether there is evidence of illegal burning or
blowing litter, and to ensure that disease- carrying insect and rodent populations are
being adequately controlled.
1. Special waste refers to materials, such as asbestos and automobile shredder waste, not defined as
hazardous but requiring special handling.
ADEQ Does Not Inspect
Landfills Often Enough
ADEQ has not conducted a sufficient number of inspections of municipal landfills, in
part due to poor scheduling of staff. Furthermore, other responsibilities recently
imposed on the Solid Waste Unit will make regular inspections unlikely in the future.
Frequencll of inspections is inadequate - ADEQ has not met its goal of annual
inspections. We interviewed the unit's inspection staff and reviewed landfill files to
determine how many landfills were inspected during 1992. We found that ADEQ staff
inspected only 52 ( 62 percent) of the 83 landfills in operation during 1992. In addition,
we found that ADEQ has not inspected 19 of the remaining 31 landfills for more than
2 years, as shown in Table 6.
Number Of Landfills Uninspected By ADEQ
For Two Years Or More
As Of June 28, 1993
Source: Auditor General analysis of ADEQ landfill files and interviews with ADEQ solid waste
Maricopa County
Pima County
All Other Counties
The following example illustrates a landfill that has gone uninspected by ADEQ for
several years, despite important concerns.
ADEQ did not inspect a landfill in Pinal County for more than three years
although ADEQ's file on the landfill contained a report showing that hazardous
materials, including chromium plating waste and unrinsed pesticide containers,
had been illegally dumped there. Ground water samples found that EPA's
Maximum Contaminant Levels ( MCL) had been exceeded for several elements,
including arsenic, chromium, iron, and lead. Since ADEQ has not inspected ths
Years Since Last Inspection
2 to 4 More Than 4
- 0-
landfill for more than three years, they do not know whether the landfill has
been complying with operating requirements that would help prevent further
Even if ADEQ did meet its annual inspection goal, ADEQ's solid waste managers
believe that annual inspections do not adequately protect the public and the environ-ment.
Instead, they feel solid waste landfills should be inspected at least three to four
times each year.
In many states, landfills are inspected frequently each year. Of the ten states we
contacted1, five said they inspect their landfills from semiannually to monthly. Another
three states told us they conducted inspections annually at a minimum, with some
landfills receiving as many as three to six inspections during a year's time. We also
interviewed experts from national solid waste management associations to determine
how often landfills should be inspected. 2 They told us that quarterly inspections are
generally reasonable to protect the public and the environment.
Unequal distribution of workload among staff may have contributed to ADEQ's low
inspection rate. Currently, ADEQ has assigned 2 staff to conduct annual inspections
of 83 landfills in Arizona. However, about one- third of landfills are assigned to one
inspector in the North region and about two- thirds to the other in the South region.
In addition, the unit manager assigns numerous other tasks to the South region
inspector; for instance, requests for special reports for top management. Consequently,
in 1992, the North region inspector had time to inspect 17 small transfer stations in
addition to all North region landfills. Wlule the South region inspector conducted
about the same number of landfill inspections, more than half of the South region
landfills did not get inspected.
Additional responsibilities will increase workload - In the future, it will be even more
difficult for ADEQ to conduct timely inspections. For example, beginning in fiscal year
1993- 94, new Federal regulations will require ADEQ to inspect an additional 20 private
landfills. ADEQ staff and experts specializing in solid waste management believe that
the time it takes to conduct an inspection may also increase by as much as 25 percent
1. We contacted officials in New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, California, Texas, Oregon, Washington, Idaho,
Montana, and Wyoming.
2. We interviewed representatives of the Association of State and Territorial Solid Waste Management
Officials and the Solid Waste Association of North America.
because of the new Federal regulations. For example, inspectors will spend additional
time making sure that landfill operators are randomly screening waste haulers for
hazardous wastes and regularly sampling ground water and methane gas.
In addition, organizational changes within ADEQ may also increase the workload of
ADEQ's landfill inspectors. For fiscal year 1993- 94, ADEQ's Solid Waste Unit will be
responsible for approximately 400 additional facilities and sites, most of whch were
formerly regulated by ADEQ's now- eliminated Special Waste Unit. However, the
inspection requirements and other duties associated with these facilities are not yet
fully defined, so the impact on the Unit is unknown at this time.
ADEQ Should Delegate Inspection
Responsibility To Some Counties
While ADEQ might be able to improve its inspection capability by using staff more
effectively, a better alternative may be to expand county delegation agreements to
include solid waste landfill inspections. Some counties, especially those with estab-lished
environmental programs, have sufficient resources and expertise to inspect
landfills more frequently than ADEQ.
Current delegation agreements give 12 counties some regulatory authority for
managing solid waste. Through delegation agreements, ADEQ has authorized all of
these counties to issue permits to solid and liquid waste haulers. Two counties are
also authorized to inspect other solid waste facilities, including construction debris
landfills. For these facilities, counties are responsible for conducting regular
inspections, writing inspection reports, and taking enforcement actions. ADEQ also
relies on these counties to investigate citizen complaints. In addition, one county has
been given the authority to regulate facilities generating hazardous waste and another
has requested similar authority. Existing delegation agreements, however, do not give
counties the authority to regulate solid waste landfills.
At least two counties have adequate staff and expertise to conduct more frequent
inspections of solid waste landfills than those currently done by ADEQ. County
environmental program managers in Maricopa and Pima counties told us they could
inspect these landfills more frequently than ADEQ with little effect on existing
workload. For example, one county official told us that the county would probably
inspect solid waste landfills at least quarterly.
Other counties may lack the staff or expertise to conduct regular inspections of
landfills. In these cases, ADEQ should be responsible for inspecting these landfills
regularly. However, whether inspections are conducted by ADEQ or by counties,
ADEQ needs to develop a system to ensure that inspections are adequate and timely,
and to track information about landfill compliance. For example, ADEQ could conduct
random inspections of delegated landfills to ensure that county- run and privately
operated landfills are inspected with equal vigor. In addition, ADEQ could improve
upon its cur- rent information system, which does not provide management with each
landfill's history of inspection dates, report dates, violations, whether corrective
measures were taken, and the status of current enforcement actions.
1. ADEQ should delegate the authority to inspect solid waste landfills to those
counties that have sufficient resources and are willing to accept the additional
responsibility, and should oversee county activities to ensure these responsibilities
are carried out effectively.
2. For those landfills not delegated to counties, ADEQ should conduct inspections
at least annually. To make this possible, ADEQ should examine the inspection
staff's workload and allocate landfill inspections and other duties more evenly
among them.
3. ADEQ should develop and implement a system to monitor landfill inspections,
and compliance and enforcement actions, whether inspections are conducted by
ADEQ or by counties.
( This Page Intentionally Left Blank)
During the course of our audit, we identified an issue we were unable to fully pursue
at this time.
Has ADEQ Adequatelv Enforced Re- n ulatow Requirements Governing Waste
In 1990, the Legislature granted ADEQ authority to establish a new regulatory
program for waste tires, supported by a surcharge levied on new tire purchases.
Under the program, each county is responsible for establishing at least one waste
tire collection site. Owners or operators of waste tire collection sites must register
and file a facility plan with ADEQ, and waste tires must be disposed of under
proper conditions. Since landfills are no longer allowed to accept waste tires, the
new program is designed, in part, to provide a legal disposal alternative and to
control illegal dumping. Tire fires can release toxic substances to the air, surface
water, and ground water, so operating standards include such requirements as
limiting the size of tire piles, controlling the intermingling of dried brush with
tires, and maintaining separation between tire piles.
Our limited review of ADEQ's waste tire program revealed that several collection
sites housed hundreds of thousands of waste tires, despite being out of compli-ance
with statutory requirements. Of 32 collection sites that had registered with
ADEQ, 6 did not meet operating standards established by law, and ADEQ was
aware of 16 additional unregistered sites that may have been out of compliance
as well. Four fires broke out within the past two years at sites that were out of
compliance with ADEQ requirements. ADEQ appears to have taken significant
steps toward addressing the waste tire problem, including issuing cease- and-desist
orders, working with other agencies in a court action against one flagrant
violator that resulted in a jail sentence and an order to pay restitution, and
entering into discussions with Maricopa County about developing an
Inter- Governmental Agreement to transfer some of ADEQ's Statewide responsi-bilities
to the county. However, in the cases we reviewed, ADEQ's own enforce-ment
actions seemed slow.
Further audit work is required to determine whether Arizona has adequate legal
disposal options for waste tires, whether ADEQ's enforcement of waste tire
regulations is adequate, and to evaluate the success of the waste tire program as
it matures.
( This Page Intentionally Left Blank) l
Fife Symington, Governor Edward Z. Fox, Director
October 20, 1993
Mr. Douglas R. Norton
Auditor General
State of Arizona
2910 N. 44th St.
Suite 410
Phoenix, AZ 85018
Dear Mr. Norton:
Thank you for the opportunity to respond to the Arizona Department of Environmental
Quality ( ADEQ) Office of Waste Programs Audit Report ( the Report). As with the
Management Audit Report and the Office of Water Quality Report, this Report has identified
several areas that have been of concern to this administration as well as some additional
problem areas. The analysis will help us focus our efforts. We feel, however, that the
Report should:
Identify many of the problems as historical;
Recognize that ADEQ assisted in identifying and raising many of the problems
raised by the Auditors;
Recognize all the significant efforts underway to address those problems; and,
Acknowledge the significant resource ( staffing and financial) limitations on the
Office of Waste Programs.
A recurring theme in the Report is the need for better management of programs. We agree.
As the Auditors that worked here know, many of these programs were developed and
implemented without basic business support systems ( i. e. records management, activity
tracking, policies and procedures, etc.). This was primarily due to the demanding nature of
the legislative time frames for implementing programs and the lack of personnel trained in
management systems. The current ADEQ management is aware of this situation and has
been working a Total Quality Involvement/ Business Process Improvement ( TQIIBPI) effort to
identify and build systems that are needed.
3033 North Central Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona 85012, ( 602) 207- 2300
Douglas Norton
October 20, 1993
Page 2
The TQIIBPI effort is being undertaken throughout the agency. It effects every program and
every individual. The effort has already borne fruits. The TQIIBPI process has been
completed in three sections - Underground Storage Tanks, Waste Assessment and Solid
Waste and implementation is under way.
We agree that in the past the level of formal enforcement action related to hazardous waste
has been less than satisfactory. However, we feel that the Report should recognize a number
of initiatives undertaken in the Hazardous Waste Section which are already improving overall
program performance. Program accomplishments include:
Implementing the recently adopted ADEQ Enforcement Policy which
establishes timeframes and procedures for returning facilities to compliance;
Developing and implementing boiler plate consent and compliance orders;
Closing 45% ( 104) of the 232 backlogged cases reported by your office;
Establishing a TQI Team to develop an integrated local1RCRIS database
system that will work for the entire program ( permitting, inspections,
compliance tracking and enforcement);
Conducting bi- weekly policy development workshops to assure consistent
regulatory interpretation, case prioritization and coordination among
inspection, compliance, permitting and emergency response staff; and,
Establishing a customer information line to better serve the public.
In reference to Case Example I - On August 26, 1993 the Department demanded in writing
that the facility come into compliance with ADEQ air, waste and water requirements within
90 days or face judicial action.
Douglas Norton
October 20, 1993
Page 3
ADEQ agrees that some WQARF sites have been in investigation stages for six years. In
comparison to the Federal superfund program, however, this is not unusually long for sites
with significant contamination. According to EPA's Superfund Section Manager for
Arizona, it usually takes 10 years for a Federal superfund site to go from site discovery to
remedial action. Arizona has eight large, area- wide WQARF sites with multiple sources and
complicated hydrogeology. It is unlikely that these sites could have reached the remedial
action phase any quicker than Federal NPL sites. Of the 26 sites identified in the Report as
being in the investigative phase, seven have moved into the remediation phase. Substantial
progress has been made on the 9 high priority sites which will result in movement of the
projects toward remediation this next year ( interim remediation, source control, removal,
bioremediation, etc). Of the remaining ten sites which have been classified as lower priority,
eight are being addressed by their responsible parties and two have relatively low levels of
contamination. Under the leadership of this administration, the Remedial Projects Section
has also:
Formed steering committees to address area- wide contamination at two
WQARF sites;
Filed two civil complaints in U. S. District Court on two separate sites
involving multiple responsible parties;
a Signed three WQARF consent decrees;
Signed one EPA three- party consent decree;
Signed three Intergovernmental Agreements with political subdivisions for
remedial activities under their jurisdiction; and,
Initiated negotiations with 24 responsible parties involving 24 individual
In addition, ADEQ recognizes the importance of interim remedial actions. During FY 1992,
six of the sixty- five projects administered by the program were in the remedial design phase.
This means that a remedy was selected and the engineering work to design and construct the
remediation system was initiated. Additionally, remedial actions were conducted at 21 sites.
For example, 122,329 tons of contaminated soil and waste were removed and/ or treated.
Lastly, groundwater pump and treat plants remediated approximately 4.5 billion gallons of
water at 11 sites during FY 1992. For FY 1994, ten additional facilities are scheduled to
begin remedial actions.
Douglas Norton
October 20, 1993
Page 4
Although we recognize that there are 400 contaminated sites in Arizona, we have screened
each of them and focused our resources on the 65 which pose the highest risk to human
health and the environment. We acknowledge, however, that much additional cleanup work
remains to be done.
FINDING Irk INSUFFICIENT FUNDING OF THE STATE SUPERFUND HAS
We concur with the finding that the Water Quality Assurance Revolving Fund does not have
sufficient funds to support an effective remediation program. We also agree that a dedicated
funding source is critical to the long- term viability of this program. In addition, in order to
recover expenditures of this program, I have made it a priority of my administration to build
the tools necessary to perform aggressive cost recovery. The results of our efforts are now
coming to fruition:
Cost recovery revenue for FY 1993 ($ 1,052,490) doubled the cost recovery
revenue from the previous year ($ 385,867);
Cost recovery revenue for this year ($ 480,563) has already exceeded the
amount collected during all of FY 1992 ($ 385,867); and,
Current FY 1994 cost recovery revenue projections ($ 1,436,200), based upon
the number of cost recovery packages completed and submitted to responsible
parties, anticipate a 36% increase over the FY 1993 level of collections.
Despite the significant increase in cost recovery revenue, ADEQ concurs that " the
Legislature should reassess the adequacy of the mechanisms currently used to fund WQARF
in order to provide reliable and sufficient funding for the program". However, ADEQ's
initial proposal to redirect part of the Underground Storage Tank ( UST) excise tax revenue
to WQARF is no longer feasible given the potential utilization of those funds for Urban Air
Quality. Therefore, ADEQ has requested in its FY 1995 Executive Budget Request
resumption of General Fund support for WQARF.
The Report highlighted concerns on the frequency of landfill inspections. ADEQ was aware,
prior to the audit, of our inability to meet our unwritten goal of annual " random" inspections
Douglas Norton
October 20, 1993
Page 5
for all landfills. However, inspection is only one area of a multi- faceted program. While
we share the auditor's concerns, we feel that it is inappropriate to evaluate the inspection
activity independently of the other program components. ADEQ has concentrated significant
resources towards program approval and rule development as required by the United States
Environmental Protection Agency. Additionally, in the overall program priority scheme, it is
critical that landfills be properly designed and constructed. If we miss the opportunity to
make these assurances during our plan review and permitting processes, we will lose this
opportunity forever. It is much more difficult or impossible to correct design deficiencies,
regardless of inspection frequency, after construction is completed.
Given ADEQ's balanced approach to program development and implementation, we believe
that the current workload allocation is appropriate. Please note that additional resources are
necessary for full program implementation.
On two specific issues, we disagree with the statement on page 29 that ". . . the NRO
inspector had time to inspect 17 small transfer stations that ADEQ is not required to
inspect.. ." The referenced transfer stations are " public facilities" that are a key element of
solid waste management and are subject to State regulation and inspection.
Secondly, with respect to the Pinal County Landfill, the Report said ADEQ hadn't inspected
this facility in over three years and that our files contained a report showing that hazardous
materials, including chromium plating wastes and unrinsed pesticide containers had been
illegally dumped there. Department records show that two undocumented incidents of
hazardous materials disposal occurred between 1962 and 1964. The incidents of unrinsed
pesticide containers occurred previous to 1978. RCRA became effective in 1981 and
therefore these incidents were not illegal as stated in the Report. Five subsequent
departmental inspections did not indicate illegal hazardous waste disposal.
Although ADEQ agrees that some of the landfill inspection authority and functions can be
delegated to counties, currently 42 of the 91 public landfills are county owned or operated.
This may result in a potential conflict of interest. Of the two counties mentioned in the
Report as capable of handling additional inspection responsibilities, 1 regularly requests
ADEQ to assist them in meeting their current delegated activities ( illegal dumping). In
addition, the Report did not address the resources necessary to oversee the delegation
agreements. We currently delegate some aspects of the solid waste program to the counties
but, to expand these delegations, we will need to develop an effective delegation oversight
capability. This includes operating guidance and standards of performance to assure
consistency of county implementation of ADEQ policies and objectives for this program.
Douglas Norton
October 20, 1993
Page 6
As with the previous two reports, ADEQ takes no real exception with the balance of the
problems described in the Report. We identified these problems and others early in this
administration and continue to work to address them. I look forward to your continued
assistance in providing greater protection to public health and the environment through more
efficient and effective implementation of ADEQ programs.
Edward zfiox
EZF: tef
c: Bill Wiley , Deputy Director, ADEQ
Steve Johnson, Assistant Director, Office of Waste Programs
Bill Thomson, Director, Performance Audit Division, Auditor General's Office
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text:
A retired bowhunter sold this to my Chief hunters Ed instructor several years ago. We were using it for Hunter ed training until The state changed the laws this year and we can no longer bring in our personal firearms and bows to help with training. They now learn with Orange non firing firearms. Anyways, The chief instructor had no need for it so i bought it off her for 100 bucks.
It's a PSE Phaser-flite bow with strings, sight, rest, older release, strap, all metal stabilizer, 11 aluminum arrows with field points and 7 NAP Broadheads...They rotate around the ferrule. Basically the fella quit shooting the bow and sold it as how he had it for hunting. it's a 31 DL with 55-70 DW. it's too long for me but it shoots. It will make a nice addition to my collection. it comes with the case too.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Selected Writing
Press and Interviews
Illuminati Girl Gang
© 2012–2014
"Comparisons to the films of Miranda July are also apt. Like July, Gabby's work in Airplane Food has emotional resonance in its flattened language and framing. As I was reading Airplane Food I was often reminded of Miranda July's film Me and You and Everyone You Know. The attempt to bridge the gap between art and life. To make art like life and life like art. And also the flattened language and framing and bleak landscape but also the beauty and hope within those framings that is unflinching, rare, and brave." - Marcus Slease, The New Poetics of Confession
"What Gabby Bess captures with her words is the beauty of a fragile time and place. In this collection, she evokes what it means to be young, to be a woman, to have both feet firmly planted both in this world and the virtual. She asks fascinating questions like, 'Is anyone moved by the plainness of raw skin anymore?' She makes you trust she has the necessary answers with intelligence and confidence. In this book, Bess builds an identity for herself and tears it down and builds herself anew. It is breathtaking to behold." —Roxane Gay, author of An Untamed State and Bad Feminist
"The poems and prose pieces in this smart and complex collection illuminate the shape of a new, 21st century webcam feminism—one that questions its own ambitions, knows the shape of pornstar mouths, and doubts the sanctity of individuality when pitted against the existential. Gabby writes with radical uncertainty about illusions of control, the limits of identity, and what it means to still want to kiss another human amidst the screenshots. This is a book that invents its own female gaze and then, like a bad bitch, breaks the lens." —Melissa Broder, author of Meat Heart


text:
• Sterling silver drop earrings
• Oval purple amethyst gemstones
• Rhapsody jewelry collection
• Left and right design
• Post and clutch closure
• Measures 1-1/2" long x 3/8" wide
• Made in America with gemstones from around the world
Highlight your look with elegant earrings. Deep purple amethyst gemstones create this chic look, prong-set in a base of polished sterling silver swirls.
Learn more about our jewelry
Like all fine jewelry, Carolyn Pollack Sterling Silver Jewelry should be handled carefully. Store jewelry in a plastic bag, dry and wrapped in tissue paper, when not being worn or displayed. Clean sterling silver with a silver polishing cloth when necessary, but never subject to chlorine, silver dips, chemical solutions or ultrasonic cleaners, as these substances can cause the genuine gemstones to discolor. Never wear jewelry in a swimming pool.


text:
"illy Espresso Coffees; The world's coffee of choice…"
Discover the extraordinary pleasure of illy, the celebrated Italian espresso coffee served in the finest restaurants and cafés and enjoyed by coffee connoisseurs worldwide. A blend so popular, it is served in Italy alone over 2 million times a day. Prized for its full, rich body and smooth, balanced flavor, illy's signature blend is meticulously selected and is 100% sustainably grown Arabica coffee. Espresso at its finest!
Try the latest Mono-Arabica single origin choices from the best coffee growers around the world.
- 1 - 2 of 2
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This one's for the drip coffee enthusiasts. The Pre-Ground Dark Roast Drip Coffee Sampler includes premium blends from Caffe D'arte, Illy, Lavazza and Aloha Island. You'll get a 1lb. bag of Caffe D'arte Gourmet Drip Dark Roast, an 8.8oz can of illy Cafe's celebrated Dark Roast, an 8oz brick of Lavazza's intense 100% Arabica Gran Filtro, as well as an 8oz bag of the USDA-certified organic Aloha Island Bonzai Pipeline ground coffees. With such a diverse...
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Enjoy the superb variety of Illy espresso anytime without the mess of grinding or tamping! This pod sampler includes one box each of Illy's dark, medium, and decaffeinated roasts. Illy Monodose E.S.E. (easy serve espresso) Pods are compatible for use with almost any pod-ready espresso machine. Each box contains 18 individually wrapped single servings.
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text:
Alerts and Important Information
All sites are accessible by Hike-In.
Walk-ins are available for 1 night if the site has not been reserved by another family.
Check in is between 8:00am and 4:00pm, no campers after 4:00pm.
Site specific info – You must walk approximately 3-6 miles to access this site.
Miscellaneous – This site is not suitable for RV's/trailer/pop-outs.
Site access is difficult – steep, windy, upgraded.


text:
the kdmcinfo weblog
Protovis JavaScript Charts vs Google Gadgets
Can or should JavaScript data visualization libraries replace Google Gadgets?
By Len De Groot, October 5, 2010
Observations on digital media by the faculty and staff of the Knight Digital Media Center at UC Berkeley.
Building the next generation of new media leaders. Learn more
kdmcBerkeley at the University of California Berkeley is the leading professional development program specializing in digital media training for journalists, communication professionals and educators. Based in the Graduate School of Journalism, kdmcBerkeley provides workshops and custom training in storytelling, social media, data visualization, photojournalism, video, and other interactive media technologies for new media leaders.
Comments? Contact us ©2007-2014 The Regents of the University of California.


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text: Photos of Everybody's Fine Photos of Everybody's Fine by Celebrity 12/04/09 0 Reactions 0 Shares Print 0 0 0 0 0 Previous Photo 1 of 36 View on One Page ADVERTISEMENT ( more slides) Next 1 Photos of Everybody's Fine Read More Everybody's Fine Get a Personalized Celebrity & Entertainment Newsletter Help us customize your newsletter by selecting your interests (optional): TV Young Hollywood A Listers Movies Link Love Kris Jenner hopes Bruce is "having a good time" — Us Weekly 5 things you don't know about Kim Kardashian — HuffPost Celebrity Does Ryan Gosling already want another baby? — OK! Amber Rose threw herself a Halloween-inspired birthday party — Dlisted What has Mandy Moore been up to lately? — Lainey Gossip Bad news for Diane Kruger — JustJared How to hold your purse exactly like Taylor Swift — BuzzFeed Sarah Michelle Gellar's got a brand-new look — Pink Is the New Blog Drama ensues with Tyga and Kylie Jenner — The Superficial Paris Hilton keeps it classy — Hollywood Tuna Latest Celebrity & News


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I cant stand pse.....congrats on the buy, if you like it thats all that matters
I cant stand pse.....congrats on the buy, if you like it thats all that matters
That thing looks fast sitting still!
2007 Martin Wildcat / Jaguar 55# Dw 29" DL, Wildman Fly Series Quiver,Nap Apache Drop Away Rest, 28" Beman, ICS. Bowhunter 400- Custom Camo Hutch-n-son wrist sling
Got the bow yesterday,put all my stuff on it,new qad ultra hunter rest,new truglo carbon xs 4 pin sight,bernies control freak stabalizer,has winner choice s&c,wrist loop.
Very nice bow,has a big hump in draw but is very fast and quiet,not a bad trade off.Ran some new gt 5575 expedition hunter arrows through it didnt take long to tune.Now i need to beak it in on some hogs.
2008 Martin Firecat Pro x,Martin mounted ripcord rest,Sword twilight hunter site,G5 maglock quiver,carbonx stab,H&S custom threads.
Took in the xforce ran through chrono with 29"dlx62#375grn arrow shot 297fps.ran a speed pro with aluminock did a 315 fps.....not to bad......
Good looking bow you've got Speedy. Now you've just got to start having fun with it.
Bow String Depot Custom String Builders
Need a string set pm or email me @ firstname.lastname@example.com
or check us out @ http://bowstringdepot.com
Ya its my go to bow until i get my AX limbs installed.One of them has a hair line crack in it......not for sure what im going to do wit the AX........way she rolls.................


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