text:
The present invention relates to bioelectronic devices comprising living cells which are in operative contact with an extracellular planar potential-sensitive electrode, e.g. a field effect transistor. The cells comprise an ion channel/receptor system which is responsive to stimuli. Thus, the device is suitable as a bioelectronic sensor. The electrode may also have a capacitive stimulating spot, with which the electrical or functional state of the cell or its ion channel/receptor system may be affected.
1. A bioelectronic device comprising
(a) a cell which expresses an ion channel/receptor system wherein said ion channel/receptor system comprises an ion channel component that mediates an ion current through a cell membrane and a receptor component; and
(b) an extracellular potential-sensitive electrode wherein the cell is in operative contact with said electrode,
wherein the cell has been manipulated to overexpress said ion channel/receptor system.
2. The device of
3. The device of
wherein the cell is transfected with nucleic acid molecules encoding components of the ion channnel/receptor system.
4. The device of
5. The device of
6. The device of
wherein the chip has at least one integrated field-effect transistor comprising at least one source and a drain or an electrode as stimulating spot for applying voltages.
7. The device of
wherein the cell is in operative contact with at least one gate region between a source and a drain or stimulating spot.
8. The device of
9. The device of
10. The device of
11. A bioelectronic device comprising
(a) a cell which expresses an ion channel/receptor system wherein said ion channel/receptor system comprises an ion channel component that mediates an ion current through a cell membrane and a receptor component; and
(b) an extracellular planar potential-sensitive electrode wherein the cell is in operative contact with said electrode,
wherein the ion channel is the potassium channel hSlo.
12. A method of using a bioelectric device, the method comprising:
providing the bioelectric device of
using the bioelectric device to detect changes in the ion channel current with an extracellular potential-sensitive electrode.
13. The method of
14. The method of
15. The method of
determining if a test substance activates or inhibits the receptor component.
16. The device of
17. The device of
18. The device of
19. The device of
20. The device of
21. The device of
22. A bioelectronic device comprising
(a) a cell which expresses an ion channel/receptor system wherein said ion channel/receptor system comprises an ion channel component that mediates an ion current through a cell membrane and a receptor component; and
(b) an extracellular planar potential-sensitive electrode wherein the cell is in operative contact with said electrode,
wherein the ion channel is the ionotropic glutamate receptor NMDA.
23. The device of
24. The device of
25. The device of
26. The device of
27. The device of
28. The device of
The present invention relates to biolelectronic devices comprising living cells which are in operative contact with an extracellular planar potential-sensitive electrode, e.g. a field effect transistor. The cells comprise an ion channel/receptor system which is responsive to stimuli. Thus, the device is suitable as a bioelectronic sensor. The electode may also have a capacitive stimulating spot, with which the electrical or functional state of the cell or its ion channel/receptor system may be affected.
To determine the pharmaceutical effect of test substances, often so-called cellular screening assays are performed in which a cell to be tested containing a receptor system is brought into contact with a test substance in order to examine its function as an effector on the cellular receptor system. These test procedures are often complicated and expensive. Thus, there is a need for devices and methods which allow a quick and efficient screening of many cells. These could simplify the procedure of pharmaceutical tests.
According to the present invention, this problem is solved by combining receptor-effector systems with the functional characteristics of ion channels. The activity of these ion channels is modulated due to the effect of the receptor-effector system. This modulation can be detected by an extracellular planar potential sensitive electrode.
Thus, a subject matter of the present invention is bioelectronic device comprising
a) a cell which expresses an ion channel/receptor system wherein said ion channel is responsive to a change in the functional and/or conformational characteristics of the receptor and
b) an extracellular planar potential-sensitive electrode wherein the cell is in operative contact with said electrode.
The device of the present invention comprises a living cell. This cell may be a microorganism, e.g. a bacterial cell or a yeast or fungal cell. Preferably, however, the cell is a eukaryotic cell, more preferably, a mammalian cell. Further, it is preferred that the cell overexpresses the ion channel/receptor system, i.e. the cell is manipulated, e.g. by genetic engineering or mutation in a way that components of the ion channel/receptor system are expressed in a higher amount than in a comparative untreated cell. More preferably, the cell is transfected with nucleic acid molecules encoding components of the ion channel/receptor system. In this embodiment of the invention the cell comprises heterologous nucleic molecules which encode at least a part of the components of the ion channel/receptor system and which allow overexpression of said components.
The ion channel/receptor system comprises a polypeptide or a plurality of polypeptides. On the one hand, the ion channel/receptor system comprises an ion channel component, e.g. a polypeptide or a plurality of polypeptides being capable of mediating an ion, i.e. cation and/or anion current through a cell membrane. On the other hand, the ion channel/receptor system comprises a receptor component which is responsive to stimuli. The receptor may be the ion channel or a part of the ion channel. The receptor, however, may be a molecule which is different from the ion channel, which is, however, in operative connection with the ion channel, e.g. a change in the functional and/or conformational state of the receptor results in a change of the functional state of the ion channel thus resulting in a detectable change of ion current through the cell membrane. The stimuli by which the receptor may be mediated are preferably selected from changes in the potential (inside or outside the cell), the presence or absence of effectors, e.g. ligands of the receptor, illumination, mechanical stimulation, stimulation by stimulation spots on the electrode or combinations thereof.
The cell is cultivated on a planar potential-sensitive electrode. Methods of cultivating cells on planar potential-sensitive electrodes are disclosed e.g. in S. Vassanelli, P. Fromherz "Neurons from Rat Brain Coupled to Transistors" Appl. Phys. A 65, 85-88 (1997). By means of these cultivation cells are obtained, which grow on the potential-sensitive regions of the electrode resulting in an operative contact of the cell and the electrode.
The functional characteristics of the ion channels in the cell include an opening of the channels which will cause an ion current through all participating channels. These ion currents will also flow in the region of operative contact between cell and electrode resulting in a detectable signal which can be measured by the extracellular planar potential-sensitive electrode. The detectable signal may be e.g. a voltage drop due to a junction resistance by the narrow cleft between cell and substrate or the change of the surface potential of the electrode due to diffuse ion concentration changes in the operative contact zone.
A change in functional characteristics e.g. conductivity of the ion channel changes the ion current and therefore the electrical signal detected by the electrode. Since the ion channels are responsive to the effector-receptor system, an alteration in the effector-receptor system will modulate the opening of the ion channels and thus result in a detectable signal.
Ion channels, particularly the gating characteristics thereof, can be modulated by different methods, e.g. by voltage modulation across the membrane (voltage-gated ion channels), by ligands acting on the intracellular and/or extracellular side of the channel (ligand-gated ion channels), by mechanical changes (mechanically-gated ion channels) or by combinations thereof.
Voltage-gated ion channels, i.e. ion channels which are voltage sensitive, will change their conductivity with the potential drop over the membrane (Vm=Vintra−Vextra). If the electrolyte, i.e. the culture medium in which the cell is grown, is grounded (Vextra=0 mV) this potential drop equals the intracellular membrane (Vm=Vintra). This potential drop may be measured and/or modulated by patch clamp devices, i.e. electrodes which are inserted in or attached to the cell, and allow an adjustment of Vm to a fixed potential. In another embodiment, the conductivity of voltage-gated ion channels may be changed by voltage modulation due to an interaction with other ion channels, e.g. by means of an action potential. Vm is changed due to ion currents flowing into a cell through different ion channels. This co-operation of several ion channels influences the potential drop over the membrane leading in some cases to an action potential. Moreover, the potential difference between intracellular and extracellular side of the membrane may be modulated by using stimulation spots on the electrode.
A stimulation spot may be integrated next to the potential-sensitive electrode being in operative contact to the cell (Stett et al., Phys. Rev. E 55 (1997), 85). Thus, a device with the features of stimulation and recording may be built. A stimulation spot can, e.g. trigger an action potential which then will be recorded by the extracellular electrode.
Ligands can modulate ion channels preferably by two mechanisms, ionotropic and second messenger systems. In an ionotropic system the ligand molecules bind directly to the ion channels and alter their gating characteristics, e.g. intracellular Ca2+ shifts the gating curve of some K+ channels (DiChiara and Reinhard, J. Physiol. 489.2 (1995), 403). In second messenger systems the ligand molecules bind to a receptor which will first trigger some other molecules before the ion channel is influenced, e.g. many glutamate-second messenger systems.
Of course these different methods of modulating ion channels may be combined to create an effective biosensor which may be used for assaying the influence of a change in environmental parameters, e.g. a test substance (effector) on a receptor molecule in the cell.
The coupling of several ion channels may lead to a sudden and specific voltage drop over the membrane of the cell, called an action potential. To release an action potential there are at least two types of channels necessary, e.g. potassium and sodium channels. Both types of channels can be transfected into cells. Alternatively, one may use cell types which already have intrinsic receptors and respond with an action potential, e.g. chromaffin cells or nerve cells. To trigger an action potential one may use one or several of the techniques described above.
The combination of ion channels with the ability to release an action potential and a receptor-effector system is a powerful tool. The advantage of an action potential is the fast and large voltage drop over the membrane which can easily be detected with an extracellular electrode as an "event". If the signal is very weak, one may use techniques of averaging. Thus, a simple and uncomplicated device and method for assaying substances, if they influence the release of action potentials, is provided.
In a further embodiment of the invention caged probes may be used for a quick release of a large amount of a ligand. Biologically active substances, e.g. Ca2+ or the neurotransmitter L-glutamate may be released by UV-illumination, UV-lasers or flashlamps, and act on the receptor.
A specific example of a device according to the present invention are cells which are transfected with the α- and β-subunits of the voltage-dependent potassium channel hSlo. These cells are cultivated on a field-effect transistor. The characteristic gating curve of the ion channel may be shifted by β-estradiol (Valverde et al., Science 285 (1999), 1929). This shift corresponds to the opening of ion channels. By changing the extracellular concentration of β-estradiol an ion current will flow and can be detected by the field-effect-transistor under the cells. This system may be used as a sensor for β-estradiol concentration.
In another preferred embodiment cells are transfected with a nucleic acid encoding an ionotropic receptor for glutamate, e.g. the NMDA receptor. The ionic flux through the receptor consists of potassium and sodium ions. This ionic current may be triggered by extracellular glutamate addition and recorded by an extracellular electrode. Thus, this system may be used as a sensor for gluatmate concentration. Some characteristics of NMDA channels show the high suitability to use this channels as a part of a sensor (single channel conductivity 50 pS; selectivity for cations: K+, Na+ and Ca2+; voltage dependency; channel will only open in the presence of glycine; Kandel et al., Neurowissenschaften 236 (1996), Spektrum Verlag).
In an embodiment of the invention a cell which is transfected with receptors for L-glutamate is grown on a chip. A certain amount of L-glutamate is released by flashlight. By this means, the receptor will be opened and an ion current begins to flow. The ion flow may be detected by the electrode. This means that the ion current through the receptor may be triggered by a flashlight.
When a cell is attached to the electrode surface, which may be oxidized silicon, other insulated semiconductors or metal, the cell membrane and the electrode surface are separated by a cleft which may be filled with an electrolyte as illustrated in FIG. 1. Thus, a sandwich structure is formed of e.g. silicon, silicon dioxide, cleft, cell membrane and cell interior. The electrode may be integrated on, e.g. embedded in a chip. The chip may comprise further devices such as stimulating spots, transistors etc. Preferably the chip has at least one integrated field-effect transistor comprising at least one source and drain or an electrode as stimulating spot for applying voltages. The potential sensitive electrode, however, may also be a metal electrode which may be integrated on a chip.
The equivalent circuit of the planar core-coat conductor in a cell-silicon junction is shown in FIG. 1a+b. Capacitances are assigned to the membrane and to the oxide in the junction. One or several ion conductances in the attached membrane may be driven by Nernst potentials. The extended cleft is represented by an ohmic conductance. The free part of the cell is described by a capacitance and one or several ion conductances, too. The ionic and capacitive currents in the circuit determine the intracellular voltage VM and the extracellular voltage VJ in the cleft. The voltage VJ in the junction controls the transistor. It plays the same role as the gate-voltage on the metalized gate of a common MOS-FET.
We apply Kirchhoff's law to the node in the junction of FIG. 1b, and obtain Eq. 1 for the voltage VJ, with the membrane capacitance per unit area cM, the ion conductance g1 JM per unit area of the membrane in the junction, the reversal voltage V1 0 and a cleft conductance gJ per unit area of the junction. The approximation of Eq. 1 is valid for weak coupling, i.e. for small values of VJ and dVJ/dt at a modest electrode capacitance cOX.
The properties of the planar core-coat conductor are "squeezed" into the cleft conductance gJ per unit area of the junction according to Eq. 2 with the distance dJ of membrane and substrate, with the specific resistance ρJ of the electrolyte in the cleft and with the radius aJ of a circular junction.
We may eliminate the capacitive current in Eq. 1 by taking into account Kirchhoff's law for the intracellular node of FIG. 1b. The capacitive current through the total membrane is balanced by the total ion current through the free and the attached areas of the membrane according to Eq. 3, with the specific conductances g1 FM and g1 JM in the two regions and with the ratio β of the areas of attached and free membrane. Again the approximation of Eq. 3 is valid for weak coupling, i.e. for small values of VJ and dVJ/dt.
Inserting Eq. 3 into Eq. 1, taking into account Eq. 2, we obtain the coupling relation for an ionoelectronic sensor according to Eq. 4.
The relation shows that a large signal on the gate requires:
(i) a small distance dJ of membrane and substrate,
(ii) a large radius aJ of the contact,
(iii) an enhanced or depleted conductance of the receptor channels in the attached membrane with g1 JM−g1 FM≠0, and
(iv) an electrochemical driving force VM−V1 0.
Thus, the bioelectronic device of the invention is suitable as a sensor which allows the determination of a change in an environmental parameter as a detectable signal on the electrode and which is suitable as a scientific tool for studying the conformational and functional states of membrane proteins.
Particularly, the environmental parameter is an effector for the receptor component of the ion channel/receptor system. More particulary, the system is used to determine, if a test substance is capable of activating or inhibiting the receptor component of the ion channel/receptor system. The receptor component may be a pharmaceutically relevant target molecule. Thus, the present invention provides a method for contacting a test substance with a bioelectronic device as described above, wherein said bioelectronic device comprises a cell expressing and preferably overexpressing an ion channel/receptor system, wherein a response of the receptor to the test substance is determined by an electric signal in the electrode of the bioelectronic device.
In another embodiment, the bioelectronic device may be used as a sensor to determine the presence or the amount of a substance which acts as an effector to the receptor component of the bioelectronic device.
Further, the invention shall be explained by the following figures and examples:
a) A schematic picture of an ionoelectronic sensor with a cell on an open field-effect transistor. A thin cleft of electrolyte separates the attached membrane from the silicon dioxide of the silicon chip. A chemical signal in the solution opens receptor channels in the free and in the attached membrane. Ionic current flows through the free and attached membrane, driven by a suitable thermodynamic force. The resulting superposition of ionic and capacitive current throught the attached membrane flows along the narrow cleft and gives rise there to a voltage drop. The change of extracellular voltage in the cleft plays the role of a gate voltage for the open field-effect transistor and modulates the electronic current from source (S) to drain (D) in the silicon chip.
b) Equivalent circuit of the planar core-coat conductor in a cell-transistor junction (point-contact model). The width of the cleft between membrane and chip is blown up. Source (S), drain (D) and bulk silicon (B) are kept at bias voltages with respect to the bath. The intracellular voltage VM and the extracellular voltage VJ depend on the capacities of the attached and free membrane, on one or several ion conductances—driven by Nernst-type batteries—, on the stray capacitance of the chip and on the conductance of the cleft. A substance in the bath which opens ion channels affects conductances in the attached and free membrane. The resulting change of the voltage VJ is detected by the transistor. An injection current IINJ can be applied by an impaled or fused micropipette.
A schematic picture of an embodiment of the present invention. The voltage and calcium dependent human slowpoke (hSlo) potassium channel was expressed in HEK 293 cells. Transfected cells on a gate are contacted with a patch pipette in a whole cell configuration. In the voltage clamp modus the total voltage dependent potassium current of the cell is detected. Simultaneously, the extracellular voltage between cell and gate caused by the local potassium current is determined.
HEK 293 cells were cultivated in plastic dishes (Becton Dickinson, Plymouth, UK, No.110L7807P) in growth medium consisting of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM, No. 074-02100 A; Gibco Eggenstein, Germany) with 4.5 mg/ml glucose, 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (S181; Seromed; Berlin, Germany), 3.7 mg/ml NaHCO3 (S5761 Sigma), 2 nM L-gutamine (G2150; Sigma), 25 U/ml penicillin and 25 U/ml streptomycin (043-05140; Gibco).
The cells were transfected with two plasmids: the hSLo α-subunit construct in the plasmid pcDNA3, which was obtained by cloning the nucleic acids encoding the α-subunit of the human slowpoke potassium channel in the vector pcDNA3 (Invitrogen) (Tseng-Crank J., Foster C. D., Krause J. D., Mertz R., Godinoot N., DiChiara T. J., Reinhart P. H., "Cloning, Expression and Distribution of Functionally Distinct Ca2+ Activated K+Channel Isoforms from Human Brain", Neuron, 13, 1315-1330, 1994) and the pEGFP-CI Plasmid (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif., USA), which contains the GFP gene and serves as a control for successful transfection.
The cells were transfected with the calcium phosphate transfection technique 1 day after replating by coprecipitation with a solution containing both plasmid DNAs.
The transfected cells were cultivated on a collagen-coated silicon chip having 96 field-effect transistors. Green fluorescent cells located on a gate were used for patch-clamp determinations.
Transfected cells located on a gate were contacted with a patch-clamp in whole-cell configuration. The total voltage dependent potassium current in the cell was determined under voltage-clamp. Further, the change of the extracellular potential caused by the local potassium current between cell and gate was determined. This local potassium current was high enough that transistor signals could be observed without signal averaging.
The specific voltage dependent potassium conductivity in the area of adhesion (area of contact between cell and chip) was obtained by calibrating the extracellular voltage in the junction with the specific cell-chip-contact conductivity and dividing through the distance of voltage and reverse potential. It was found that the functionality of the hSlo potassium channel is not influenced by the adhesion. Thus, a functional bioelectronic device for determining the influence of environmental parameters on an ion channel/receptor system is provided.
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text: Learn to Play Guitar Overnight Most music-oriented person has always the desire to learn to play the guitar. Those who know how to play the guitar, wants to explore some ways to hasten their playing skills. Those who know how to play the instrument want to explore ways to improve their playing skills. Many people do not have the patience to dedicate themselves to learn how to play the guitar. The new method uses guitar books and visual handouts that show the hand and finger position on the chords and on the strings. This may help those who want to learn by themselves and think that they do not need any help from an instructor. For a person who wants to learn to play guitar may check the web where he can find new updated learning tools that will help him learn to play the guitar in just a short period of time. An overnight session may just be enough for a fast learner to understand the basics and learn to play the guitar. Here are premium lessons that will help a person learn to play the guitar overnight from an internet site: 1. Find the desired listed button. This will be an audio file that will let a person hear a quality sound that is played correctly. It will also help the person have an idea if the notes that he is executing matches those of the audio file on the listed button. 2. He may go to the main tutorial screen. The interactive part of the lessons may be found here. A guitar fret board is displayed and has a guide that will enable a person to see the proper fingering of the chords. He will also see the correct way to change chords and strum at the same time. 3. It is always recommended to see the hand's page that will explain every detail and will show visuals on how to execute the hands and fingers. Leonard B. Green is a guitar teacher for 3 years. Learning to play a guitar for him is easy as long as you do it in the right way.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
In the heat of a June afternoon, members of the University of Mary Washington rugby team took a break from summer vacation to give back to the community. Wearing T-shirts emblazoned with the UMW rugby logo, they hoisted large back trash bags from a pick-up truck two or three at a time and delivered them to Micah Ecumenical Ministries in downtown Fredericksburg. Misty Lozano of Micah Ecumenical Ministries accepted the bags – full of donated clothing for those the non-profit organization helps – with a smile and hugs for the UMW students. "You are incredible," she said. "Thank you!" For the rugby players, the donation was just one small way to make a difference to their community. "I found an overwhelming sense that people wanted to help and they really wanted to do as much good as they could," said senior Redmond Manierre. The 60- to 70-member club team, known as the "Mothers" after the university's namesake, emphasizes volunteering and service, as evident in … [Read more...]
UMW Names Ken Tyler Director of Athletics
Ken Tyler has been named director of athletics at the University of Mary Washington. Tyler comes to UMW after serving as director of athletics at West Virginia Wesleyan College, an NCAA Division II school in Buckhannon, W.Va. Tyler succeeds Edward Hegmann, who is retiring from the university next month after 36 years. Tyler begins work at UMW in June. "I am delighted that Ken Tyler has accepted our offer to become our next director of athletics," said UMW President Richard V. Hurley. "I am impressed by his experience, his enthusiasm and his ideas on how to advance our athletic program." Tyler has been at West Virginia Wesleyan since July 2008, overseeing the largest athletic department in the state of West Virginia, with more than 500 student athletes and 19 varsity sports. While in Buckhannon, Tyler's programs swept the President's and Commissioner's Cups for overall athletic excellence in the West Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Conference each year of his tenure. "I am … [Read more...]
UMW Athletic Director Edward Hegmann Announces Retirement
University of Mary Washington Athletic Director Dr. Edward Hegmann has announced that he will retire at the end of the school year, his 36th as an administrator at the Fredericksburg university. During his tenure, Hegmann built UMW Athletics into one of the nation's top Division III programs and leaves a lasting impression as one of the most influential people in the 100 year-plus history of the school. "Ed Hegmann has left an indelible mark on this university," said UMW President Richard V. Hurley. "He will be sorely missed but remembered for his contributions to the success of our athletic program for years to come." "Mary Washington athletics staff members and student athletes have given me 36 years of thrilling memories that will bring a smile to my face and warmth to my heart forever," said Hegmann. A Pittsburgh, Pa. native, Hegmann earned his undergraduate degree from Bucknell University, his master's degree from Springfield College and a doctorate from Temple … [Read more...]


text:
Find records of Charlie Rice
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Charlie J Rice (1900 - 1968) was born on September 2, 1900. He was born into the Rice family.
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text:
Listen to more in the Book of the New Sun series.
©1980 Gene Wolfe; (P)2009 Audible, Inc.
"The best science fiction novel of the last century." (Neil Gaiman)
I'm the managing editor of the Fantasy Literature blog. Life's too short to read bad books!
"It's time to read it this epic!"
The Shadow of the Torturer introduces Severian, an orphan who grew up in the torturer's guild. Severian is now sitting on a throne, but in this first installment of The Book of the New Sun, he tells us of key events in his boyhood and young adulthood. The knowledge that Severian will not only survive, but will become a ruler, doesn't at all detract from the suspense; it makes us even more curious about how he will get there and what he experiences on the way.
What makes Gene Wolfe's epic different from everything else on the SFF shelf is his unique, evocative storytelling style. The reader isn't given all of the history and religion lessons (etc.) that are often dumped on us at the beginning of a fantasy epic. Rather, Severian's story is episodic and seems like it's meandering lazily, taking regular scenic detours, as if there's nowhere to go and plenty of time to get there. Because the story isn't a straight narrative, we don't understand the purpose or meaning of everything Severian relates ??? we have to patch it together as we go. By the end of the book, we're still clueless about most of it and we're starting to realize that Severian is kind of clueless, too. Much of the power of this novel comes from the sense that there is world-building and symbolism on a massive scale here, but that explanations and revelations for the reader would just cheapen it and remove the pleasure that comes from the experience of discovery.
In addition to being unique in style, The Shadow of the Torturer is a gorgeous piece of work: passionate storytelling (heart-wrenching in places), fascinating insights into nature and the human condition, beautiful prose.
"Breaks the Heart and Lifts it High"
I've been a fan of The Book of the New Sun for 30 years, and was delighted that Audible took a chance and recorded it. Though its large and unfamiliar vocabulary may daunt listeners who have never read the text, those who persevere will know a world and a man unlike any other, and find them worth the knowing.
This was the first work of fantasy I read where such magic as it contained was the magic of Clarke's 3rd law: "Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic." There are no dragons, sorcerers or wands, and the only sword is a blunt ended executioner's tool. The magic is in Wolfe's imagination as he builds a story set on an Earth so far in the future that the sun is dying, men mine the ruins of abandoned cities and their middens for raw materials, and so much has happened to the human race that legend and history have become interchangeable.
In this world, Wolfe sends Severian, the Torturer, on a hero's journey. As must be so on such a journey, the hero never knows himself as hero. Instead we live with his perils, his self doubt, his cowardice and courage, the terrible brutality and emotional blankness with which he practices his "art," and the discovery and growth that slowly reveal a magnificent heart. Severian is as flawed as the gem called the Claw of the Conciliator, and as real as your highest aspirations. You will not forget him, nor the many characters he meets on his journey from boyhood to a seat of power that proves to be both vast and impotent.
"Excellent Read!"
This is a remarkable book. Well crafted, rich language, delicate narrative. Certainly not filled with slashing heroes or delicate heroines and certainly not for everyone, but then neither is 20 year old scotch. If you enjoy language and the magic of words you will love this book. The narrator does a beautiful job bringing the characters to life...perfection.
"great story, great narrator"
I read the 1st book before and was happy to see the series here. I started with the 2nd book as an audio book, and purchased this 1st one in audio soon afterward. I found that I had forgotten much of the 1st book. Also, the narrator is so compelling that I thought I would gain more by listening to it instead of re-reading it.
"I Treasure This Series"
In the early 1980's, almost 30 years ago, I read the four books of the new sun as well as its sequel The Urth of the New Sun. Of the hundreds of books I've read in my life, this series has stuck with me, forming me in many ways.
I just finished listening to the four books of the new sun, starting with The Shadow of the Torturer, and I listened to 48 or so hours almost non-stop just pausing when I must to sleep or work. I loved this reading and still love the books the second time around.
This is not so much a plot driven book, though it has a strong plot that it follows in its patient, winding way. It's a book of stories, allegories, compassion, growth and hope. It's a story of pain and loss and change but of humanity and our hope for a better world. I am a richer human for having read the series and richer for having heard it again now that I am older.
I can't wait for Audible to come out with the fifth book, and I hope they get Jonathan Davis to read it, too.
"Some examples of Wolfe's style—judge for yourself"
There are plenty of helpful reviews here. I wanted to give the would-be listener a couple examples of Wolfe's writing style, which I chose nearly at random. The reason to read this book is for this style, which I found to be very lyrical and sharp, and not for plot or character. I thought the narrator was well-suited to this style, because he was slow and articulate--listen to the sample to see if you agree.
"We believe that we invent symbols. The truth is that they invent us; we are their creatures, shaped by their hard, defining edges. When soldiers take their oath they are given a coin, an asimi stamped with the profile of the Autarch. Their acceptance of that coin is their acceptance of the special duties and burdens of military life—they are soldiers from that moment, though they may know nothing of the management of arms. I did not know that then, but it is a profound mistake to believe that we must know of such things to be influenced by them, and in face to believe so is to believe in the most debased and superstitious kind of magic. The would-be sorcerer alone has faith in the efficacy of pure knowledge; rational people know that things act of themselves or not at all."
"I saw a caique, with high, sharp prow and stern, and a bellying sail, making south with the dark current; and against my will I followed it for a time—to the delta and the swamps, and at last to the flashing sea where that great beast Abaia, carried from the farther shores of the universe in anteglacial days, wallows until the moment comes for him and his kind to devour the continents."
Years ago, I was initially put off by the theme of torture as the calling of the protagonist. Luckily, I gave it a second try, and found the subject given a philosophically deep and fascinating treatment that earns respect. This first book sets the story in a surprising and inspired world where the sun is fading and dim, but about to go nova. The details of the aged Urth are amazingly resonant in the imagination, and I have read the entire series many, many times. I have hoped for years that it would someday be available on Audible.
I am so glad I have found another author that I can trust to deliver a worthwhile experience. It is really a bad deal to take a gamble on a new writer and feel you 'wasted' your credits.
When the reviews are skimpy, I run to other review sites to see what others say. It appears that the titles have been changed a bit from the original works. At first, I thought the book left off in a ridiculous place until I realized that I only d/l'ed the first of 2 parts. I have already d/l'ed the 2nd book so there will be no waiting.
I rarely write reviews but since there are so few, I thought I would say a word or two to others who spend their credits cautiously. This writer is sophisticated and dark. I think of Robin Hobb's strong character development mixed with Robert Jordan's poetic skill. Any would be writers would do well to humble yourself observing this writers mastery.
If you are looking for something after this, I strongly recommend R.R. Martin's "A Song of Fire and Ice" series. Pretty much, most works pale in comparison to R.R. Martin's.
I hope this is helpful.
"You may have just found your next addiction."
I have listened to literally thousands of hours of audio books in the last half decade and this is my first review on audible. The reader was fine and did not distract or add to the story in any applicable way. I've read The Book of The New Sun multiple times in the past. Gene Wolfe has been called the best living writer of science fiction/fantasy in the world. If your taste inclines to the same poorly written partially plagiarized fare of orcs and elves you will probably find little to like in the world of Gene Wolfe. I think of this series as science fiction written by an author that could stand on a pedestal beside Charles Dickens. People hate or love his work. Look up some reviews about The Book of The New Sun online to decide if it's for you. You may have just found your next addiction.
"Too abstract for an audiobook"
The narrative style of this book is one that I don't really enjoy in the first place. There is no active voice to be found, and the plot advances by fairly insignificant and underwhelming things just happening rather than being effected by the protagonist. This makes the story hard enough to follow in print where you can flip back a few pages to remind yourself how things progressed from A to B, but I constantly lost the thread while listening and often found myself completely bewildered. The narrator does a great job, though, which is a big plus if this is your kind of book.
There are no listener reviews for this title yet.
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text:
- Network: NBC
- Series Premiere Date: Jan 1, 2007
- Season #: 1
- Starring: Jarrad Paul, Alicia Silverstone, Rhea Seehorn
- Summary: Georgia, Stephanie, Ivan, Eli, and Adam were united by fate when they were assigned to sit at table 18 at a wedding party simply because of their single status. The five strangers could not be any more different, however over the course of the party they come to get along and eventually come to form lasting friendships.The Singles Table is produced by 20th Century Fox Television and distributed by the NBC Television Network. The series was given a six episode initial order, before being cut from the schedule.… Collapse
- Genre(s): Drama
- Show Type: Between Seasons
- Season 1 premiere date: Jan 1, 2007
- Episode Length: 30
- Air Time: 12:00 AM
- More Details and Credits »
Score distribution:
Positive: 0 out of
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text:
[QUOTE=Banks81;3358889]Looks like he likes broadcasting enough to bypass any coaching offers for a few years.
per Mike & Mike.
(Where you at JI Breaking News Ticker!!)[/QUOTE]
Honestly, why wouldn't he? He makes almost as much money, gets to see his family, and works 1/10th the hours with 1/100th of the stress.


text:
Hot Now
You can translate the lyrics into various languages.
User Panel
|Song Title
Public Enemy - Revolution Lyrics
Public Enemy – Revolution Lyrics
[Society's verse]
We was raised in these streets on pork and poison meat
Now i recognize the beast and bare the mark of the gold teeth
Puff on the rolled leaf and bust on the police
While yall playas are fakin bacon we cook the whole beef.
I put it down plain, i stimulate the left and right brain
Cell by cell and frame by frame.
Names, dates, are all inmaterial. i big dick sick ryhme killer like cereal. i
Burn like venerial, and spit that imperial wizardry that climbs right through
The curcitry.
Choake your team for their cream but that's as far as we go
Drop shit like seaguls and smash your little ego.
I get visions like stevie and coleco,
Give me 2000 live people
One late show no seaquel.
Aint no equal in the flesh
I been through more evil than men do.
Nasty off the head and with the pen too!
[Chuck's verse]
Now im pissed
Easy to rhyme on tracks like this
The more things change
The more they remain the same
These games them vidiots
Playin on the brink of insane
Must be a hockey rink
Lost in their drink
In pursuit of plain jane
I think man they think a revolution be pretty in pink
Now in these new tracks
Some of these cats dont know how to act
All them criminal acts aint got nuttin to do wit rap
One hand cuffuffed behind them backs in black
Quiet riot ,yall cant hear one hand clap
Revolution is more than what you hear and what you see
The mass reintroduction
Of society to society
Together we got 100 years of sobriety
These clones
Who be flippin like new phones be surprisin me
Turned out
They happy just to be in the house
So im a call emout
I aint no church mouse
[Griff's verse]
I master rap
Write a 16 and half of that
Then eat some mix greens after that
My raps niggerish black like licorice
While wack rappers get rich off some jibberish
The hoods begging for deliverance"g"
I'm just a hood figure to deliverance this
L y should get into the "sy"
I'm thinkng me and pe should have passed it on
Society's the menace
He get's more love than tennis
On the road to riches
Cause revolutions expensive
Finance whips. finance clips spend our chips
In the ghetto raising rebelz with some fine azz tits.
No champagne no campaign no ice on my wrist
While bred'z dipp'n on fedz sipp'n on crys
Out of my mind ethiopian wine on my lips
Still aint signed the master mind
The masters mine. hey!!!!
Back in your dome where the rebelz rome
The greatest weapon in the hands of the oppressor is the mind of the oppressed
Public enemy the 7th octave we out
[Public Enemy - Revolution Lyrics]
Writer(s): Phil Harding, Paul Mccartney, John Lennon, Ian Gordon Curnow Copyright: Sony/ATV Tunes LLC, Dwb Music Ltd. Lyrics powered by www.musiXmatch.com
Correct these Lyrics (if needed)
Listen To The Music Videos Of These Lyrics:
Lyrics Information
|Public Enemy Lyrics
|"New Whirl Odor" (2005)
|Public Enemy Biography
Album Cover
Watch The Official Video
For this Video look below Lyrics
New Lyrics
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text:
Is it now pay to play for brands in social media?
For the past half decade social media has been a central part of many brand's marketing strategies. Being able to use platforms like Twitter and Facebook to engage regularly with an online, and increasingly mobile audience has enabled brands to connect with consumers in innovative and highly effective ways. And up until recently those platforms seemed happy to accommodate the brands for free. Read more »
The Apple Watch: what it means for brands
Posted by: Grace Emery, Seven
Following the announcement by Apple on Wednesday 9 September that it is to launch a smartwatch, the world has asked: 'Great, but will it actually change our lives? And how?' Read more »
A new distinction in the content market?
Posted by: Paul Keers, White Light Media
A new criteria of content may be about to emerge – and it's one of which we need to be aware. Read more »
A day in the life of... Richard Cree, Editor-in-Chief of economia at Progressive Customer Publishing
A 2013 BSME editor of the year, his day job involves, among other things, making sure the entire suite of publications produced by PCP for ICAEW delivers the right content to the right audience on the right platform at the right time. He is also responsible for the Content Desk blog. Read more »
Month In Content Marketing: September
New launches from Warehouse, awards nominations for BA Business Life, the ongoing debate about Native Advertising and are messaging apps the new frontier for content marketing? Read more »


text:
Talk:Domain-driven design
|WikiProject Computing
Could anyone write something about the relationship to Component-based software engineering?
the diagram doesn't show a domain layer??[edit]
from the little that i know about this, the domain layer and the business layer are the same thing. in DDD this layer is referred to as the domain layer. yet in the diagram its labeled as the business layer. tres confusing. can't whoever put this page together find a better and more corresponding diagram? or do i not get it? Ronewolf (talk) 23:01, 21 October 2009 (UTC)
- Couldn't agree more - the three layers shows a traditional architecture that you would seen in lots of MSDN articles circa 2002. DDD apps typically use something more like the onion architecture with an explicit domain model at the centre. 188.8.131.52 (talk) 07:06, 22 October 2009 (UTC)
Link farm?[edit]
I think that we might be having a link farm for the "Softwares that support DDD". A clean-up would be required. Maxime rouiller (talk) 16:41, 1 February 2010 (UTC)
Request for feedback (Portofino framework)[edit]
I've written a new article about Portofino, an open-source web application framework written in Java and based on model-driven engineering.
The framework was mentioned in the Domain-driven design article (as "ManyDesigns Portofino"), so I would kindly ask anybody interested in the subject to review my article and provide some feedback.
I'm keeping the article under my personal page during the review process.
Predonzani (talk) 09:59, 9 February 2010 (UTC)
Non-trivial domain required for a successful DDD[edit]
Text says: Prerequisites for the successful application of DDD: Your domain is not trivial.
It is absolute valid to have a model with two domain objects. Evans has never required a domain to be complex to be applicable to this model, otherwise please cite. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 18.104.22.168 (talk) 21:41, 2 September 2011 (UTC)
While a non-complex domain is not a pre-requisite for this model, Evans does qualify that the overhead involved in the model process may not be justified for trivial models, which could be adequately treated with less formal methods. Indeed he says that simple programs for trivial models may be best served by a "smart UI" approach (by which he obviously is referring to c# / vb.net using windows forms or WPF graphical design tools). --18.104.22.168 (talk) 13:14, 16 June 2014 (UTC)Michael
Example needed[edit]
|This section or list is incomplete. Please help to improve it, or discuss the issue on the talk page.
A concrete example would be extremely useful for readers of this article. -- Beland (talk) 18:40, 29 March 2011 (UTC)
- Hmmm. There is an extended example in Evans' book about a shipping company with cargoes and customers and handling events (Pp 163 - 186). There is another, smaller example about loans with facilities and transactions, payments etc (P. 202). There may be others, it's along time since I read the book, and I'm just skimming it now. There is also this, that I wrote myself. I am not a reliable source, and that was written in an evening three years ago. It's published under a CC licence. I cannot import it or re-write it here myself because of various policies, but I think if someone else wanted to draw on it, it would be OK, especially if better refs were found for some of the key statements. It's got a very simple example in it about a database-based messaging system. That gets more complex when you start looking at replies to replies, forwarding, attachments, message threads etc. I've worked on several other DDD projects; none of them are written up anywhere public, but I can give ideas if anyone's interested. --Nigelj (talk) 20:29, 29 March 2011 (UTC)
Maintaining Model Integrity image[edit]
That is a seriously awful image. Flow charts aren't supposed to look like crazy squids. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.108.40.206 (talk) 00:37, 3 February 2012 (UTC)
doesn't read like an encyclopedia article[edit]
I'm new to Domain-Driven Design, so I don't feel that I have the background to rewrite any of this article. However, when I was reading this, it seemed like a mix of two things - an advertisement for the original book and some "Dear Abby" type advice. The first could be improved by citing more expert references (not just Wikipedia articles). The second could be improved by changing some of the language like this:
Ideally, it would be preferable to have a single, unified model. While this is a noble goal, in reality it typically fragments into multiple models. It is useful to recognize this fact of life and work with it.
...with something sounding less like "chit chat" like...
Software developers often prefer to develop a single, unified model of their problem. However, proponents of domain-driven design recognize that most unified models fragment into multiple models.
I don't even know if that's true or the intent of this section, but Wikipedia isn't here to be my coach - "that's just a fact of life, now move on". It's here to inform me.
ToddBradley (talk) 14:33, 19 December 2013 (UTC)


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Santa Barbara, CAUSA 93101
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My brother calls me Little House on the Prairie.
Hi KayKay, Barbara here...I noticed you have a teen, interested in food and homeschooled. I'm a pvt chef who teaches teens how to cook. If this interest you take a peek at what we do:
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16124 Rosecrans Avenue, La Mirada CA 90638 $1289 - $2312 1-2 Bed Pets OK
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Rosebeach Apartment Homes features lower level one bedroom apartments and two bedroom town home styled apartments for rent in La Mirada, California.
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Studies in Excellence
Responsibilities: Cole directs the Warfighter Information Network-Tactical (WIN-T), a $500 million-a-year operation that develops future mobile communications for the Army. He also leads the activities of four other communications programs.
What makes him a good program manager: "I think No. 1 is his ability to communicate," said his boss, Gen. Michael Mazzucchi. Cole had to incorporate new programs from other organizations into WIN-T, which required him to articulate the program's message to an audience of varied backgrounds and ranks. Cole managed this impossible task because he understands how to speak to the different interests and expertise of his listeners, and he knows how to stay on message, Mazzucchi said.
How he ended up in the job: Cole previously managed a five-year budget of more than $2 billion and was responsible for the design and fielding of the Army's Joint Future Tactical Communications network.
Best advice received about program management: When you get to a certain point in your career — lieutenant colonel or colonel in the military, for example — you should trust your instincts, Cole said. Make decisions based on your experience, education and background, and don't second-guess yourself.
Best lesson learned on the job: "Take full advantage of the very talented civilian government employees we have," Cole said. "I think there's a tendency, particularly for junior officers, not to realize how capable [civilian employees] are and not rely on them as they should."
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A key contributor to Clinger-Cohen argues that federal IT has failed to take advantage of the tools that law provided.
A new report surveys the many different approaches to launching a dedicated innovation shop in government.
Nominations for 2015 are being accepted now through Dec. 23.
The flip side of default data encryption on mobile devices is that a lost or stolen device won't yield up its secrets -- an important feature for many federal employees.
A decade after the 9/11 Commission identified agencies' reluctance to share information as a dangerous shortcoming, the government is moving in the right direction.
The latest offering is intended to help agencies speed the process of deploying authorized cloud solutions.
Cartoonist John Klossner on the telltale indicators that not everything is running through the CIO.
SBA's innovation office invests in solutions to problems that don't yet exist – like the 2007 seed funding for research into an effective Ebola treatment.
The government-wide IT contract's final awards were put off a month as NASA waded through 233 proposals.
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Decorating a 600-square-foot studio apartment | home, Home guides » real estate rentals & leases » studio apartments » decorating a 600-square-foot studio apartment; decorating a 600-square-foot studio apartment. Tour an amazing 300 square-foot studio apartment video clip, Tour an amazing 300 square-foot studio apartment video designer nick olsen shares small space tips and walk you through a tiny brooklyn studio apartment.. Mary lee's life in 300 square feet house tour | apartment, Name: mary lee location: austin, texas size: 300 square feet years lived in: 8 months that's not a typo. mary lee's austin studio is only 300 square feet, yet it.
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Printable Youth Services Calendar
You can view or download and print this fun calendar at home, or come in and pick up a copy. We publish this calendar each month for an easy overview of our programs.
Download a copy here
Programs noted as NR don't require registration–they are walk in programs.
You can register on our online calendar or call the library. 570–326-0536


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Have fun baking red velvet cupcakes, blueberry muffins and other treats with KitchenAid's ® Set of Two Nonstick Aluminized Steel Muffin Pans. Having two pans gives you the flexibility to whip up blueberry muffins while the first batch of bran muffins bakes. It also lets you keep muffins made with nuts completely separate from those without them to readily accommodate friends or family members with allergies.
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The mission of the Department of Biomedical Sciences is to be "a community of scholars who educate future physicians and scientists and who advance knowledge through discovery." Increasingly, faculty are working together to deliver an innovative, student-centered medical education curriculum taking maximum advantage of technology.
We had a visit from G.G. the Bear to raise awareness for the 2014 Big Bend Heart Walk.
There are no current openings. To see all openings in the College of Medicine, please visit jobs.fsu.edu.
Natasha Coen
Program Associate
Phone: (850) 644-4934
Fax: (850) 644-5781
For Prospective Graduate Student Inquiries:
Professor Mike Overton
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Phone: (850) 644-2717
Graduate Student Publishes New Work
October 10, 2014
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October 3, 2014
Fall Newsletter is out!
September 18, 2014
BMS Faculty Meeting (Meeting)
Major Annual Events • Grand Rounds


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Injured for most of 2013. Aaron Wilson
The Indianapolis Colts announced that they've re-signed running back Ahmad Bradshaw.
Bradshaw only appeared in three games in 2013, before a neck injury placed him on season-ending IR. He ran for 186 rushing yards and added 42 receiving yard.
In his seven-year NFL career, with the first six being with the Giants, Bradshaw has carried the ball 962 times for 4,418 yards and 34 touchdowns, while catching 139 passes for 1,129 yards and three touchdowns.
He'll team up with Trent Richardson in the Colts' backfield in 2014.
Follow me on Twitter: @RavensInsider
Aaron Wilson covers the Ravens for The Baltimore Sun.
NFP's Introduction to Scouting Class is now registering for our Winter sessions! Save $200 if you register before December 1st! REGISTER NOW!
Check out our partners at TiqIQ for the best deals on all games on the 2014 NFL schedule.
OCT 20 National Football Post
Our Introduction to Scouting students break down the Wisconsin Running Back
OCT 18 Joel Corry
The salary cap implications of the Percy Harvin trade
Seattle shipped the wide receiver to the Jets in a surprising move on Friday.
OCT 14 Jesse Lawrence
49ers at Broncos are most expensive NFL tickets of Week 7
Jesse Lawrence of TiqIQ looks at the week's hot tickets


text:
Originally written on Sports-Glory | Last updated 10/22/14
The San Francisco 49ers tweeted Monday that running back Brandon Jacobs has been suspended for the final three games of the regular season. The #49ers have suspended RB Brandon Jacobs for the final three games of the 2012 regular season. — San Francisco 49ers (@49ers) December 10, 2012 The 49ers haven't said exactly why they're suspending Jacobs. They could have just released the 30-year-old runnig back as he is only signed for this season, but coach Jim Harbaugh and the team likely wanted to send a message. Jacobs complained last week about playing for the 49ers, saying, "I am on this team rotting away so why would I wanna put any pics up of anything that say niners," Jacobs wrote in an Instagram post Saturday. "This is by far the worst year I ever had.". He has just five carries for 7 yards in two games this season. Thank you all for all your support, I am doing wonderful it's not a big deal things happen, I am strong enough to ... tmi.me/Ccs2m — Brandon Jacobs (@gatorboy45) December 11, 2012
Original Story: http://sportsglory.com/xn/detail/6286...
PLAYERS: Brandon Jacobs, Michael Crabtree, Frank Gore, LaMichael James
TEAMS: San Francisco 49ers
TEAMS: San Francisco 49ers
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Road Closed After Truck Crashes Into Power Pole In Sacramento
April 8, 2013 9:26 AM
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SACRAMENTO (CBS13) – Crews are cleaning up in Sacramento after a truck hit a power pole and brought power lines onto the road.
The crash happened at the corner of 16th and F Streets. It's a main area where people get onto Interstate 80. Police say the woman lost control of the truck she was driving and it hit a power pole, causing power lines to fall into the roadway.
The driver said it was a scary situation.
"It was so fast. It was so fast. It turned I didn't see the pole, all I heard was the crash, crash," said the woman. "'Oh, we should probably run away from the truck.'"
The driver was shaken up, but is not hurt.
It's unknown if the woman will have the truck towed or if it will be impounded.


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Get information on Bobby Benson with searches on PeopleFinders.com. We have several ways to find people in our large database of public records that includes known relatives, prior addresses, aliases, and more. Bobby Benson is located in Oakland, CA. Their relatives include Sally Benson.
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You may not be an A-lister, but a little knowledge and a good barber can at least help you look like one.
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|Replication and cumulative effects of GWAS-identified genetic variations for prostate cancer in Asians: a case-control study in the ChinaPCa consortium.
|Wang M, Liu F, Hsing AW, Wang X, Shao Q, Qi J, Ye Y, Wang Z, Chen H, Gao X, Wang G, Chu LW, Ding Q, OuYang J, Gao X, Huang Y, Chen Y, Gao YT, Zhang ZF, Rao J, Shi R, Wu Q, Zhang Y, Jiang H, Zheng J, Hu Y, Guo L, Lin X, Tao S, Jin G, Sun J, Lu D, Zheng SL, Sun Y, Mo Z, Yin C, Zhang Z, Xu J
|2012 Feb
|PubMed ID:
|A recent genome-wide association study has identified five new genetic variants for prostate cancer susceptibility in a Japanese population, but it is unknown whether these newly identified variants are associated with prostate cancer risk in other populations, including Chinese men. We genotyped these five variants in a case-control study of 1524 patients diagnosed with prostate cancer and 2169 control subjects from the Chinese Consortium for Prostate Cancer Genetics (ChinaPCa). We found that three of the five genetic variants were associated with prostate cancer risk (P = 4.33 × 10(-8) for rs12653946 at 5p15, 4.43 × 10(-5) for rs339331 at 6q22 and 8.42 × 10(-4) for rs9600079 at 13q22, respectively). A cumulative effect was observed in a dose-dependent manner with increasing numbers of risk variant alleles (P(trend) = 2.58 × 10(-13)), and men with 5-6 risk alleles had a 2-fold higher risk of prostate cancer than men with 0-2 risk alleles (odds ratio = 2.26, 95% confidence interval = 1.78-2.87). Furthermore, rs339331 T allele was significantly associated with RFX6 and GPRC6A higher messenger RNA expression, compared with the C allele. However, none of the variants was associated with clinical stage, Gleason score or family history. These results provide further evidence that the risk loci identified in Japanese men also contribute to prostate cancer susceptibility in Chinese men.


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Microsoft researchers show off a prototype system that turns a room into an interactive game. Continue reading →
As the U.S. Open plays out in New York, we take a look at the surprisingly wide world of tennis technology.
A new motion-capture technique could make 3-D movies easier to capture.
A computer graphics program brings an extinct predator back to virtual life.
The results could lead to robots with better vision and sensing. Continue reading →
Projectors, light and sensors combine to bring a trippy dance production into the realm of absurd imagination. Continue reading →
The xxArray system uses 68 cameras to capture a 360-degree, full-body image in 3D so you can create a realistic avatar. Continue reading →
Two million micro-mirrors help deliver a sharper, virtual 3-D experience with twice the resolution as other head-mounted displays. Continue reading →
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Falling limb clobbers passing truck near 'Y'November 15, 2011 // 0 Comments
James Sherman drew a map showing where a limb fell on his truck as he was driving down Hwy. 290 between the 'Y' and William Cannon. - photo by Will Atkins
by Tony Tucci
More than leaves are falling from Austin trees this year. Record high temperatures and a lengthy drought have left tree branches brittle and ready to snap, causing an increased risk for anyone passing underneath.
The proof of that was discovered last week by Oak Hill resident James Sherman, who was driving north on U.S. Highway 290 when a branch fell from a tree on top of his pickup truck. Sherman said damage was minor, but could have been far worse if he had been driving his motorcycle or a small sedan.
"A few dents and scratches on my pickup just give it character," he said. "But imagine if it had been a Corvette."
Sherman said the limb that fell on him was about 8 inches in diameter and 7 feet long. He had to lift one end at a time to get it off the roadway. The accident occurred on 290 just east of the 'Y' intersection, about halfway between the 'Y' and Wm. Cannon. "I'm just concerned that someone is going to get seriously hurt," said Sherman.
Austin 311 reported that the number of complaints regarding fallen tree limbs has almost doubled this year, from 10 in 2010 to 18 so far this year. And that's just the calls involving low-lying branches on street rights-of-way. Higher branches involving utility lines are referred to Austin Energy.
The utility is tackling the situation before a problem occurs, said Ed Clark, public information officer for Austin Energy.
"We've seen a slight increase (in reports of fallen limbs), but we've been telling our customers to call us and report any dead limbs, and they've been doing so in significant numbers," Clark said. He said there has been an increase of more than 50 percent in reports from customers.
Clark said he expects things to get worse. In the spring, when trees are supposed to blossom and new leaves emerge, dead trees will be even more obvious.
Austin city arborist Michael Embesi said "the drought has taken its toll." He said the lack of rain has added a stress factor, just like high temperatures, poor soil and development. When trees are stressed, they drop their leaves early, and in more severe cases they drop their branches.
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