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A method of retransmission protocol reset synchronisation in a radio network of a communication system, said radio network including at least one radio network controller RNC for controlling a plurality of base stations in communication with mobile terminals, wherein the RNC communicates with a communication terminal using a radio link control RLC procedure and the plurality of base stations communicate with the mobile terminals using a medium access control MAC procedure, comprising the steps of initiating a RLC reset procedure upon occurrence of an unrecoverable protocol error and initiating a MAC reset procedure in response to a RLC reset procedure.
1. A method of retransmission protocol reset synchronisation in a radio network of a communication system, said radio network including at least one radio network controller RNC for controlling a plurality of base stations in communication with mobile terminals, wherein the RNC communicates with a communication terminal using a radio link control RLC procedure and the plurality of base stations communicate with the mobile terminals using a medium access control MAC procedure, comprising the steps of:
performing a RLC reset procedure by an RLC sending entity;
initiating a MAC reset procedure in response to a RLC reset procedure
2. The method according to
3. The method according to
4. The method according to claims 1, wherein the MAC reset procedure in the base station is initiated by a MAC release request message sent by the RNC.
5. The method according to claims 1, wherein the MAC reset procedure in the mobile terminal is initiated by a channel reconfiguration message included in a radio resource control RRC protocol sent from the RNC to the mobile terminal.
6. The method according to claims 1, wherein the MAC reset procedure in the mobile terminal is initiated by a reset request primitive sent from the receiving RLC entity to the receiving MAC entity upon receiving a RLC RESET protocol data unit PDU.
7. The method according to claims 1, wherein the radio network is the UMTS terrestrial radio access network UTRAN using high speed downlink packet access HSDPA for data transmission.
8. The method according to
9. The method according to
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[0001] This invention relates to reset procedures of retransmission protocols in radio network of a mobile communication system.
[0002] The most common technique for error detection of non-real time services is based on Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) schemes which is combined with Forward Error Correction (FEC), called hybrid ARQ. If an error is detected by Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC), the receiver requests the transmitter to send additional bits. From different existing schemes the stop-and-wait (SAW) and selective-repeat (SR) continuous ARQ are most often used in mobile communication.
[0003] A data unit will be encoded before transmission. Depending on the bits that are retransmitted three different types of ARQ are defined:
[0004] Type I: The erroneous Protocol Data Units (PDUs) are discarded and new copy of that PDU is retransmitted and decoded separately. There is no combining of earlier and later versions of that PDU.
[0005] Type II: The erroneous PDU that needs to be retransmitted is not discarded, but is combined with some incremental redundancy bits provided by the transmitter for subsequent decoding. Retransmitted PDU's sometimes have higher coding rates and are combined at the receiver with the stored values. That means that only little redundancy is added in each retransmission.
[0006] Type III: Is the same as Type II only that every retransmitted PDU is now self-decodable. This implies that the PDU is decodable without the combination with previous PDU's. This is useful if some PDU's are so heavily damaged that almost no information is reusable.
[0007] Type II and Type III schemes are more beneficial from the point of view of robustness against transmission failures as received (re)transmissions are combined. In a way it is a link adaptation technique, since the redundancy can be adapted according to the channel conditions.
[0008] Another technique that falls under this category of link adaptation is adaptive modulation and coding (AMC). The principle of AMC is to change the modulation and coding format in accordance with variations in the channel conditions, subject to system restrictions. The channel conditions can be estimated e.g. based on feedback from the receiver. In a system with AMC, users in favourable positions e.g. users close to the cell site are typically assigned higher order modulation with higher code rates (e.g. 64 QAM with R=� Turbo Codes), while users in unfavourable positions e.g. users close to the cell boundary, are assigned lower order modulation with lower code rates (e.g. QPSK with R=� Turbo Codes). In the following the different combinations of coding and modulation will be referred to as Modulation Coding Scheme (MCS) levels. A transmission will be split into Transmission Time Intervals (TTI), whereas the MCS level could change each TTI. TTI interval for HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) is equal to 2 ms. The main benefits of AMC are, a) higher data rates are available for users in favourable positions which in turn increases the average throughput of the cell and b) reduced interference variation due to link adaptation based on variations in the modulation/coding scheme instead of variations in transmit power.
[0009] Transmission format of a packet has yet another configurable parameter. By increasing the number of orthogonal codes in one TTI, overall amount of information that can be transmitted is also increased. In the following text it will be referred to the number of orthogonal codes and MCS as Transmission Format Resource Combination (TFRC).
[0010] Packet scheduling is a resource management algorithm used for allocating transmission opportunities and transmission formats to the users admitted to a shared medium. Thus, it is used in packed based mobile radio networks in combination with adaptive modulation and coding to maximise throughput by e.g. allocating transmission opportunities to the users in favourable channel conditions. In further explanations, it will be assumed that the scheduler operates on TTI basis.
[0011] The high level architecture of Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) is shown in the FIG. 1. The network elements are functionally grouped into Core Network (CN), UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) and User Equipment (UE). UTRAN is responsible for handling all radio-related functionality, while CN is responsible for routing calls and data connections to external networks. The interconnections of these network elements are defined by open interfaces as can be seen in the Figure. It should be noted that UMTS system is modular and it is therefore possible to have several network elements of the same type.
[0012]FIG. 2 illustrates the current architecture of UTRAN. A number of Radio Network Controllers RNCs are connected to CN. Each RNC controls one or several base stations (Node Bs) which in turn communicate with the UEs. An RNC controlling several base stations is called Controlling RNC (C-RNC) for these base stations. A set of controlled base stations accompanied by their C-RNC is referred to as Radio Network Subsystem (RNS). For each connection between UE and the UTRAN, one RNS is the Serving RNS (S-RNS). It maintains the lu connection with the Core Network (CN). When required, Drift RNSs (D-RNS) support the Serving RNS by providing radio resources as shown in FIG. 3. Respective RNCs are termed Serving RNC (S-RNC) and Drift RNC (D-RNC). In the following text it will be generally assumed that C-RNC and D-RNC are identical and in this case only abbreviations S-RNC or RNC will be used.
[0013] High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is a new technique that is standardised in UMTS. It shall provide higher data rates in the downlink by introducing enhancements at the Uu interface such as adaptive modulation and coding. HSDPA relies on hybrid Automatic Repeat Request protocol (HARQ) Type II/III, rapid selection of users which are active on the shared channel and adaptation of transmission format parameters according to the time varying channel conditions.
[0014] The User Plane Radio Interface Protocol Architecture of HSDPA is shown in FIG. 4 and described in 3GPP TSG RAN TR 25.308: �High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA): Overall Description Stage 2. V5.2.0, in particular Sections 5.1 and 6.1.4. HARQ protocol and scheduling function belong to the Medium Access Control MAC-hs sublayer which is distributed across Node B and UE. It should be noted that an SR ARQ protocol based on sliding window mechanisms could be also established between RNC and UE on the level of RLC sublayer in acknowledged mode. The service that is offered from RLC sublayer for point-to-point connection between CN and UE is referred to as Radio Access Bearer (RAB) . Each RAB is subsequently mapped to a service offered from MAC layer. This service is referred to as Logical Channel (LC).
[0015] HS-DSCH FP (High Speed Downlink Shared Channel Frame Protocol) is responsible for flow control between Node B and RNC. It determines the capacity that can be granted to RNC for transmitting packets across transport network based on requests obtained from RNC. More specifically, the capacity is requested by CAPACITY REQUEST messages of HS-DSCH FP originating from S-RNC. The permission to transmit certain amount of data over certain period of time is granted by CAPACITY GRANT messages sent from Node B.
[0016] Parameters of the protocols are configured by signalling in the Control Plane. This signalling is governed by Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol for the signalling between radio network (S-RNC and UE) and by application protocols, Node B Application Part (NBAP) on the lub interface and RNSAP (Radio Network Subsystem Application Part) on the lur interface.
[0017] The UE HSDPA Architecture is shown in FIG. 5. It can be noted that each HARQ process is assigned a certain amount of soft buffer memory for combining the bits of the packets from outstanding retransmissions. Once a packet is received successfully, it is forwarded to the reordering buffer providing the in-sequence delivery to RLC sublayer. According to the current architecture, reordering queue is tied to a specific priority.
[0018] It should be noted that the available soft buffer size depends on the UE radio access capability parameters. Processing time of UE for certain MCS level and minimum inter-TTI interval (minimum time between two successive scheduling instants) can also be considered as capability parameter. These are signalled from UE to the RNC by RRC protocol and further from RNC to the Node B.
[0019] The architecture of a HSDPA Base Station is depicted in FIG. 6. There are X different data flows (logical channels) with data packets to be transmitted from the Node B to the UE. The set of HARQ transmitting and receiving entities, located in Node B and UE respectively, will be referred to as HARQ process. The maximum number of HARQ processes per UE is usually predefined. These data flows can have different QoS (e.g. delay and error requirements) and may require different configuration of HARQ instances. The scheduler will consider these parameters in allocating resources to different UEs. The scheduling function controls the allocation of shared channel (HS-DSCH: High Speed Downlink Shared Channel) to different users or to data flows of the same user, the current MCS level in one TTI and manages existing HARQ instances for each user. A data flow or even a particular packet of a data flow may have a different priority. Therefore the data packets can be queued in different priority queues. Different data flows with similar QoS requirements may also be multiplexed together (e.g. data flow #3 and #4). Besides the HS-DSCH that carries the data packets there is control data which is mapped onto the High Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH). This channel could carry data such as the HARQ process ID, the modulation scheme, code allocation, transport format etc. that is needed by the receiver to correctly receive, demodulate, combine and decode the packets.
[0020] It should be noted that there may be a number of packets waiting to be scheduled for the initial transmission to some of the available HARQ processes and also a number of packets pending for retransmissions. Further, the state of HARQ processes is distinguished by whether they are available for accepting packets for initial transmission or they still retransmit the pending packets that are to be combined in UE. In further explanations, it will be referred to this information as HARQ context or MAC-hs protocol context of a UE. In summary, HARQ context includes packets waiting for initial transmission, packets waiting for retransmission and the state of HARQ processes. HS-PDSCH is transmitted with Associated Dedicated Physical Channel (A-DPCH) (see 3GPP TSG RAN WG1#28 �Further simulation results on HS-SCCH power control and HSDPA system throughput performance�). As a dedicated channel, A-DPCH is power controlled. Power control commands referring to the A-DPCH obtained from the UE can be used as an index for estimating channel quality. Another possibility to estimate the channel quality is by means of Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) obtained from uplink signalling.
[0021] The relation between Relation Between Radio Bearers (RBs), Logical Channels (LCs) and Transport Channels (TrChs) will be explained with a reference to the FIG. 7. It can be seen that MAC sublayer (see 3GPP TSG RAN TS 25.321: MAC Protocol Specification, V.5.3.0, section 4.2.4) consists of three entities: MAC-d (located in S-RNC), MAC-c/sh (located in D-RNC) and MAC-hs (located in Node B). It will be assumed that MAC-c/sh entity is bypassed without loosing generality of explanations. It should be noted that there exists a separate MAC-d entity for each user, while there can be more than one RLC entity per user. Each RLC RB is usually mapped to one DTCH (Dedicated Transport Channel). It may happen that RLC Control PDUs are mapped to a separate logical channel and that this channel is mapped to a DCH or HS-DSCH without multiplexing or multiplexed with logical channels of higher priority than that carrying RLC Data PDUs and subsequently mapped to HS-DSCH. It is noted that in both cases, RLC Control PDUs and RLC Data PDUs are mapped to different priority queues in the Node B. These DTCHs can be multiplexed in corresponding MAC-d entity as described below.
[0022] The general format of the MAC PDU is given in FIG. 8. It can be seen that MAC PDU consists of an optional header and MAC Service Data Unit (SDU). The contents and size of the header depends on the type of logical channel the transport channel it is mapped to. The size of MAC SDU is equal to the size of RLC PDU since RLC is the only upper instance on which segmentation/concatenation is performed. TCTF (Target channel type field) provides identification of the logical channel class on Format Access Channel (FACH) and Random Access Channel (RACH) transport channels. UE-Id type field ensures the correct interpretation of UE-Id field. UE-Id field provides an identification of an UE on common transport channels. C/T field provides an identification of logical channel instance when several logical channels are carried on a same transport channel. Therefore, if there is one-to-one correspondence between logical and transport channels the format is shown in FIG. 9, case a). However, if several DTCHs are mapped onto one DCH, MAC PDU has the format as in FIG. 9, case b). The size of the C/T field is limited to 4 bits and exact structure is given in Table 1.
[0023] We refer to a set of MAC-d PDUs belonging to one DTCH (in case logical channel multiplexing is not used) or to a set of MAC-d PDUs belonging to several DTCHs (in case logical channel multiplexing is used) as MAC-d flow. This term corresponds to the term data flow used in the FIG. 6 and in the explanations throughout the previous subsection. One MAC-d flow is mapped to one priority queue in the Node B. Hence, if logical channel multiplexing is used, the packets from more than one RLC transmitting entity can be mapped to the same priority queue.
[0024] As detailed further in the FIG. 7, MAC-d flows (i.e. the packets from the priority queues) are mapped to HS-DSCH TrCh.
[0025] HSDPA uplink signalling is carried out by means of dedicated uplink feedback channel transmitted by UE. CQI transmitted on this channel contains TFRC. Primary benefit of requesting a TFRC compared to signalling the channel state is that it can deal with different UE implementation resulting in different performance for a certain transport format at a specific channel state. A low TFRC value corresponds to bad channel conditions (lower level modulation, low code rate) and a high TFRC value maximises throughput for good channel conditions. The Node B does not necessarily have to follow the request of the UE. A UE uses certain criteria to determine which transmission format it is able to receive in given channel conditions. All the coded bits will be mapped onto the HSDPA Uplink Dedicated Physical Control Channel (UL-DPCCH). In UMTS FDD (Frequency Division Duplex), the HS-DSCH related uplink signalling can use DPCCH-HS with a Spreading Factor=256 that is code multiplexed with the existing dedicated uplink physical channels.
[0026] The transmission cycle and timing for channel quality indicator is determined by UTRAN and signalled by the control plane. Measurement feedback cycle k has a possible value of [1, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80] TTI. The larger the value of k the smaller is the signalling overhead in the uplink at the expense of decreased scheduling performance in the downlink. The set of values for measurement feedback offset/has yet to be determined. An illustration of feedback measurement transmission timing is given in FIG. 10.
[0027] This section will first introduce a number of definitions (see also 3GPP TSG RAN WG2: �Radio Resource management Strategies�, V.4.0.0, sections 5.1.1 to 220.127.116.11). Some procedures related to mobility management will be explained afterwards.
[0028] Radio link is a logical association between single UE and a single UTRAN access point. Its physical realisation comprises radio bearer transmissions.
[0029] Handover is defined as transfer of UE connection from one radio bearer to another (hard handover) with a temporary break in connection or inclusion/exclusion of a radio bearer to/from UE connection so that UE is constantly connected to UTRAN (soft handover). Soft handover is specific for networks employing Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technology. Handover execution is controlled by S-RNC in mobile radio network.
[0030] Active Set comprises a set of radio links simultaneously involved in a specific communication service between UE and radio network.
[0031] Active set update procedure modifies the active set of the communication between UE and UTRAN. The procedure comprises three functions: radio link addition, radio link removal and combined radio link addition and removal. The maximum number of simultaneous radio links is set to eight. New radio links are added to the active set once the pilot signal strengths of respective base stations exceed certain threshold relative to the pilot signal of the strongest member within active set. A radio link is removed from the active set once the pilot signal strength of the respective base station exceeds certain threshold relative to the strongest member of the active set. Threshold for radio link addition is typically chosen to be higher than that for the radio link deletion. Hence, addition and removal events form a hysteresis with respect to pilot signal strengths. Pilot signal measurements are reported to the network (S-RNC) from UE by means of RRC signalling. Before sending measurement results, some filtering is usually performed to average out the fast fading. Typical filtering duration is about 200 ms and it contributes to handover delay. Based on measurement results, S-RNC may decide to trigger the execution of one of the functions of active set update procedure.
[0032] It is noted that HSDPA architecture is distributed in two different aspects: (1) downlink transmitting entities of ARQ protocols, RLC and MAC-hs, are located in S-RNC and Node B respectively and (2) radio resource management algorithms, handover control and packet scheduling are based on two independent measurements obtained from UE and are located in S-RNC and Node B respectively.
[0033] HS-PDSCH (High Speed Physical Downlink Shared channel) is a physical channel associated to HS-DSCH. The frame of HS-PDSCH (TTI of 2 ms) was chosen to be very short compared to that of dedicated channels (10 ms) to allow fast scheduling and link adaptation. Applying soft handover would cause problem in distributing scheduling responsibilities across all Node Bs of the active set and would require extremely tight timing to provide the scheduling decision to all members of the active set even if distribution of scheduling function were resolved. Therefore, soft handover is not supported for HS-PDSCH. Soft handover for A-DPCH is allowed which means it can be transmitted from more than one base station to a UE which combines obtained signals. Handover procedure related to HSDPA radio link is called serving HS-DSCH cell change (see 3GPP TSG RAN TR 25.308: �High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA): Overall Description Stage 2. V5.2.0, section 9).
[0034] During serving HS-DSCH cell change procedure, the role of serving HS-DSCH link is transferred from one radio link to another. The two cells involved in the procedure are denoted source HS-DSCH cell and target HS-DSCH cell (FIG. 11). The network-controlled serving HS-DSCH cell change is characterised in that the network makes the decision of the target cell. In UMTS, this decision process is currently carried out in S-RNC. Cell change procedure can be initiated by UE and it is then referred to as UE-controlled serving HS-DSCH change procedure. Further exposition will be limited to network-controlled procedure. Another criterion for categorising cell change procedure is the one with respect to the serving HS-DSCH Node B.
[0035] The Node B controlling the serving HS-DSCH cell for a specific UE is defined as the serving HS-DSCH Node B. Intra-Node B serving HS-DSCH cell change procedure is the cell change procedure with source and target HS-DSCH cells being controlled by the same Node B. In inter-Node B serving HS-DSCH cell change procedure, source and target HS-DSCH cells are controlled by different Node Bs.
[0036] Finally, it is noted that the present exposition will be limited to synchronised serving cell change procedures in which Node B and UE can simultaneously start transmitting/receiving signals after handover completion. Synchronisation between the UE and the network is maintained with activation timers which are set by RRC entity in S-RNC. Due to unknown delays over lub/lur interfaces, processing and protocol delays, a suitable margin is assumed when determining activation timer setting. The margin also contributes to handover delay.
[0037] It should be noted that executing an inter-Node B serving HS-DSCH cell change procedure also implies executing serving HS-DSCH Node B relocation procedure and this is where the problem of HARQ context relocation arises.
[0038] A simplified example according to current standard of synchronised inter-Node B serving HS-DSCH cell change procedure is shown in FIG. 12. It is assumed that the decision on triggering active set update and cell change procedures is made in the S-RNC simultaneously.
[0039] It is assumed that the UE transmits a MEASUREMENT REPORT message to the S-RNC via RRC signalling. The S-RNC determines the need for the combined radio link addition and serving HS-DSCH cell change based on received measurement reports. As the first step, the SRNC initiates establishment of a new radio link for the dedicated channels to the target Node B by transmitting RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST message via RNSAP/NBAP protocol. Target Node B confirms the establishment of a radio link by transmitting RADIO LINK SETUP RESPONSE message via RNSAP/NBAP protocol. RRC further transmits an ACTIVE SET UPDATE message to the UE via RRC protocol. The ACTIVE SET UPDATE message includes the necessary information for establishment of the dedicated physical channels in the added radio link (but not the HS-PDSCH). When the UE has added the new radio link it returns an ACTIVE SET UPDATE COMPLETE message via RRC protocol. This completes the addition of the new radio link for dedicated channels.
[0040] The S-RNC will now carry on with the next step of the procedure, which is the serving HS-DSCH cell change. For the synchronised serving HS-DSCH cell change, both the source and target Node Bs are first prepared for execution of the handover and the cell change at the activation time.
[0041] The S-RNC first exchanges signalling messages with source Node B (RADIO LINK RECONFIGURATION PREPARE, RADIO LINK RECONFIGURATION READY and RADIO LINK RECONFIGURATION COMIT via NBAP/RNSAP protocols). It should be noted that RADIO LINK RECONFIGURATION COMMIT message contains activation time information for source Node B. The same set of messages are subsequently exchanged with target Node B. The only difference in signalling intended for source and target Node B is that S-RNC informs source Node B to carry out the reset of MAC-hs entity by MAC-hs RELEASE REQUEST message of the NBAP/RNSAP protocol.
[0042] Finally, a PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION is sent to the UE via RRC signalling. It contains activation time information and request for MAC-hs reset to the UE. When the communication is established, the UE responds with PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE message.
[0043] The following summarises the operation of RLC protocol in the acknowledged mode (AM). RLC AM protocol (see 3GPP TSG RAN TS 25.322: RLC Protocol Specification, V.5.3.0) basically operates as a selective repeat sliding window ARQ protocol. It should be noted that the level of details in this and all paragraphs referring to RLC protocol is kept only to an extent sufficient to provide an understanding of the follow up explanations meaning that the descriptions of some state variables, timers and parameters may be shortened or even omitted.
[0044] RLC Protocol Data Units (PDUS)
[0045] RLC PDUs for RLC configured in acknowledged mode are divided into RLC acknowledged mode data PDUs (RLC AM PDUs) and RLC acknowledged mode control PDUs. The former are used for transferring the packets from higher layers, while the latter are used for providing the feedback necessary for protocol operation. Control PDUs may consists of several super fields (SUFls) essentially representing the concatenation of control packets with different information.
[0046] RLC AM transmitting entity encompasses segmentation function. Segmentation is carried out so that payload size is always equal to a number of octets.
[0047] RLC State Variables
[0048] The RLC maintains the following state variables at the transmitter. The values of these variables are dynamically updated during the operation.
[0049] a) VT(S)�Send State Variable.
[0050] The sequence number of the next PDU to be transmitted for the first time (i.e. excluding retransmission).
[0051] b) VT(A)�Acknowledge state variable.
[0052] The sequence number of the next in-sequence PDU expected to be acknowledged, which forms the lower edge of the window of acceptable acknowledgements.
[0053] c) VT(DAT).
[0054] This state variable counts the number of times a PDU has been transmitted. There is one VT(DAT) for each PDU and it is incremented each time the PDU is transmitted.
[0055] d) VT(MS)�Maximum Send state variable.
[0056] The sequence number of the first PDU not allowed by the peer receiver [i.e. the receiver will allow up to VT(MS)�1], VT(MS)=VT(A)+VT(WS). This value represents the upper edge of the transmit window.
[0057] e) VT(RST)�Reset state variable.
[0058] It is used to count the number of times a RESET PDU is transmitted. VT(RST) is incremented with 1 each time a RESET PDU is transmitted. VT(RST) is reset only upon the reception of a RESET ACK PDU, i.e. VT(RST) is not reset when an RLC reset occurs which was initiated from the peer RLC entity.
[0059] f) VT(MRW)�MRW Command Send state variable.
[0060] It is used to count the number of times a MRW command is transmitted. VT(MRW) is incremented with 1 each time an MRW command is transmitted.
[0061] g) VT(WS)�Transmitter Window Size state variable.
[0062] The RLC maintains the following state variables at the receiver:
[0063] a) VR(R)�Receive State variable.
[0064] The sequence number of the next in-sequence PDU expected to be received.
[0065] b) VR(H)�Highest expected state variable.
[0066] The sequence number of the highest expected PDU. This state variable is set equal to SN+1 only when a new PDU is received with VR(MR)>SN>VR(H). The initial value of this variable is 0.
[0067] c) VR(MR)�Maximum acceptable receive state variable.
[0068] The sequence number of the first PDU not allowed by the receiver [i.e. the receiver will allow up to VR(MR)�1], VR(MR)=VR(R)+Configured_Rx_Window_Size. The receiver shall discard PDUs with SN>VR(MR).
[0069] d) VR(US)�Receiver Send Sequence state variable.
[0070] The sequence number of the next PDU to be received. It shall set equal to SN+1 upon reception of a PDU. The initial value of this variable is 0.
[0071] RLC Timers
[0072] The values of timers are set by Control Plane (RRC).
[0073] a) Timer_Discard.
[0074] This timer is used for the SDU discard function. In the transmitter, the timer is activated upon reception of an SDU from upper layer. One timer is used for each SDU that is received from upper layer. For UM/Tr, if the timer expires before the SDU is submitted to a lower layer, �SDU discard without explicit signalling� shall be started. For AM, if the timer expires before the SDU is acknowledged, �SDU discard with explicit signalling� shall be started.
[0075] b) Timer_Status_Prohibit.
[0076] This timer is only used when the STATUS prohibit function is used. It prohibits the receiving side from sending status reports containing any of the status reports. The timer is started when the successful or unsuccessful transmission of the last STATUS PDU in a status report is indicated by lower layer (in UE) or the last STATUS PDU in a status report is submitted to lower layer (in UTRAN).
[0077] c) Timer_Status_Periodic
[0078] This timer is only used when timer based status report sending is used. The timer is started when the RLC entity is created. Each time the timer expires the transmission of a status report is triggered and the timer is restarted. The value of the timer is signalled by upper layers. This timer can be blocked by upper layers. In this case, the timer shall not be active. The timer shall be reset and restarted when it is unblocked by upper layers.
[0079] c) Timer_Poll
[0080] This timer is only used when the poll timer trigger is used. It is started when the successful or unsuccessful transmission of a PDU containing a poll is indicated by lower layer (in UE) or a PDU containing a poll is submitted to lower layer (in UTRAN). The timer is stopped when receiving a STATUS PDU that contains an acknowledgement of all AMD PDUs with SN up to and including VT(S)-I at the time the poll was submitted to lower layer, or when a negative acknowledgement of the same PDU is received.
[0081] d) Timer_Poll_Periodic
[0082] This timer is only used when the timer based polling is used. The timer is started when the RLC entity is created. Each time the timer expires, the timer is restarted and a poll is triggered (either by the transmission of a PDU which was not yet sent, or by a retransmission). If there is no PDU to be transmitted and all PDUs have already been acknowledged, a poll shall not be triggered and the timer shall only be restarted.
[0083] e) Timer_RST
[0084] This timer is used to detect the loss of RESET ACK PDU from the peer RLC entity. This timer is started when the successful or unsuccessful transmission of a RESET PDU is indicated by lower layer (in UE) or a RESET PDU is submitted to lower layer (in UTRAN). It will only be stopped upon reception of RESET ACK PDU, i.e. this timer is not stopped when an RLC reset occurs which was initiated from the peer RLC entity. If it expires, RESET PDU will be retransmitted.
[0085] f) Timer_MRW
[0086] This timer is used as part of the Move Receiving Window protocol. It is used to trigger the retransmission of a status report containing an MRW SUFI field. The timer is started when the successful or unsuccessful transmission of a STATUS PDU containing the MRW SUFI is indicated by lower layer (in UE) or a STATUS PDU containing the MRW SUFI is submitted to lower layer (in UTRAN). Each time the timer expires the MRW SUFI is retransmitted and the timer is restarted (at the time specified above). It shall be stopped when one of the termination criteria for the SDU discard is fulfilled.
[0087] RLC Parameters
[0088] The values of parameters are set by Control Plane (RRC).
[0089] a) MaxDAT.
[0090] It is the maximum value for the number of retransmissions of a PDU. This parameter is an upper limit of counter VT(DAT). When the value of VT(DAT) comes to MaxDAT, either RLC RESET procedure or SDU discard procedure shall be initiated according to configuration by upper layer.
[0091] b) MaxMRW.
[0092] It is the maximum value for the number of retransmissions of a MRW command. This parameter is an upper limit of counter VT(MRW). When the value of VT(MRW) comes to MaxMRW, RLC RESET procedure shall be initiated.
[0093] c) Configured_Tx_Window_Size.
[0094] The maximum allowed transmitter window size.
[0095] d) Configured_Rx_Window_Size.
[0096] The allowed receiver window size.
[0097] An SDU can be discarded with explicit signalling when MaxDAT number of retransmissions is reached (FIG. 13) or the transmission time exceeds a predefined value (Timer Discard) for an SDU in acknowledged mode RLC. Move Receiving Window (MRW) command is sent to the receiver so that AMD PDUs carrying discarded SDU are discarded in the receiver and the receiver window is updated accordingly. If Send MRW is not configured and no segments of an SDU were submitted to a lower layer, the SDU is simply discarded in the transmitter without notification to the-receiver. If Send MRW is configured, a Move Receiving Window request shall be sent to the receiver even if no segments of the SDU were submitted to a lower layer. The MRW command is defined as a super-field in the RLC STATUS PDU, and can be piggybacked to status information of transmissions in the opposite direction.
[0098] The RLC transmitting entity initiates this procedure when any of the following conditions are fulfilled:
[0099] 1) Timer based SDU discard with explicit signalling is used, Timer_Discard expires for an SDU, and one or more segments of the SDU have been submitted to a lower layer.
[0100] 2) SDU discard after MaxDAT number of retransmissions is used, and MaxDAT number of retransmissions is reached for an SDU.
[0101] The sender shall discard all PDUs that contain segments of the associated SDUs. If the concatenation function is active, PDUs carrying segments of other SDUs that have not timed out shall not be discarded. VT(A) and VT(S) state variables are updated accordingly.
[0102] The RLC transmitting entity shall start timer Timer_MRW. Upon expiry of this timer and without receiving MRW_ACK super field, RLC transmitting entity shall retransmit MRW super field up to MaxMRW times. VT(MRW) state variable is updated accordingly.
[0103] If a new SDU discard procedure is triggered when Timer_MRW is running, no new MRW SUFls shall be sent before the current SDU discard procedure is terminated by one of the termination criteria (reception of MRW ACK super field or reaching MaxMRW number of retransmissions of MRW super field).
[0104] A RLC Reset Procedure (see for details, e.g. 3GPP TSG RAN TS 25.322: RLC Protocol Specification, V.5.3.0, section 11.4, JP 200202714; WO 02063913) is initiated when the protocol error occurs. It is used to reset peer RLC entities when operating in the acknowledged mode (AM). RLC reset procedure is carried out by exchanging RLC RESET and RLC RESET ACK control PDUs between transmitting and receiving RLC entities as detailed in the FIG. 14. Together with the reset procedure, RLC entities shall discard invalid PDUs and RLC entity initiating reset procedure shall notify upper layer on unrecoverable error occurrence. Following events are considered as unrecoverable protocol errors.
[0105] a) If the RLC entity receives a PDU including �erroneous Sequence Number�, state variables between peer entities may be inconsistent. Following shows �erroneous Sequence Number� examples:
[0106] Each Sequence Number of missing Protocol Data Unit (PDU) informed by receiver feedback is not within the interval between �Acknowledge state variable(VT(A))� and �Send state variable(VT(S))�1�.
[0107] The sequence number of last acknowledged PDU is not within the interval between �Acknowledge state variable(VT(A))� and �Send state variable(VT(S))�1�.
[0108] b) Inconsistent status indication of a PDU: If a received STATUS PDU indicates different status for the same PDU, then the transmitter shall discard the STATUS PDU and initiate RESET procedure.
[0109] c) Invalid PDU format :If the RLC PDU format contains reserved or invalid values, the RLC PDU shall be discarded and RESET procedure should be initiated.
[0110] d) When discarding an RLC SDU and if the number of retransmissions of an MRW command (i.e. VT(MRW)) reaches MaxMRW, an error indication shall be passed to upper layers and RESET procedure shall be performed.
[0111] e) Reset procedure shall be initiated after MaxDAT number of retransmissions of an AMD PDU if no_discard after MaxDAT retransmissions is used.
[0112] It may be noted that the last case is rare since HARQ retransmission protocol implemented in MAC-hs is quite effective and MaxDAT can be set equal to arbitrarily high constant. The probability of this case is somewhat higher only after executing inter Node B serving cell change procedure. Other cases, however, may occur relatively more frequently.
[0113] An RLC entity receiving a RESET PDU, has to (among other things)
[0114] reset the transmission window [VT(A), VT(MS)], and the receiving window [VR(R), VR(MR)] to the initial values, i.e. after RESET, VT(A)=0, VT(MS)=Configured_Tx_Window_size, VR(R)=0, VR(MR)=Configured_Rx_Window_Size, and reset other state variables (except for VT(RST))
[0115] stop all the timers except Timer_RST, Timer_Discard, Timer_Poll_Periodic and Timer_Status_Periodic;
[0116] discard all RLC PDUs in the receiving side of the AM RLC entity;
[0117] discard all RLC SDUs that were transmitted before the reset in the transmitting side of�the AM RLC entity.
[0118] An RLC entity sending an RLC RESET PDU upon receiving RLC RESET ACK PDU has to:
[0119] reset the transmission window [VT(A), VT(MS)], and the receiving window [VR(R), VR(MR)] to the initial values, i.e. after RESET, VT(A)=0, VT(MS)=Configured_Tx_Window_size, VR(R)=0, VR(MR)=Configured_Rx_Window_Size, and reset other state variables.
[0120] stop all the timers except Timer_Discard, Timer_Poll_Periodic and Timer_Status_Periodic;
[0121] discard all RLC PDUs in the receiving side of the AM RLC entity;
[0122] discard all RLC SDUs that were transmitted before the reset in the transmitting side of the AM RLC entity.
[0123] Timer_Status_Prohibit shall only be used when so configured by upper layers. It is meant to prohibit the receiver from sending consecutive acknowledgement status reports except for the generation of a status report triggered by MAC-hs reset.
[0124] From the time an acknowledgement status report is triggered until the Timer_Status_Prohibit timer expires, acknowledgement is prohibited. If another such status report is triggered by others than an indication from lower layers following a MAC-hs reset while acknowledgement is prohibited, its transmission shall be delayed until the timer expires. The status report may be updated during this time. If a status report is triggered by an indication from lower layers following a MAC-hs reset, a status report shall be transmitted immediately and the timer shall be restarted.
[0125] This procedure is particularly useful during inter Node B serving cell change provided that RLC sublayer is configured in the acknowledged mode (AM). As detailed in the section on the synchronised inter Node B serving cell change procedure, MAC-hs entities in both source Node B and UE are reset thus leading to the loss of HARQ protocol context. The packets lost during MAC-hs reset from the Node B buffer have to be retransmitted by RLC as soon as possible. Hence, status report is unconditionally triggered following MAC-hs reset thus requesting RLC retransmissions.
[0126] We conclude that there exists a mechanism for synchronising MAC-hs reset procedure to RLC operation. However, as detailed in the previous subsection, RLC reset procedure may also occur completely independently of MAC-hs operation.
[0127] It was described above there is a connection between MAC-hs reset and Timer_Status_prohibit handling of RLC. However, there is a coordination missing in another case: RLC protocol has been reset and MAC-hs continues normal operation. Given this assumption, the following scenario is possible (FIG. 15).
[0128] 1. A STATUS PDU is received in the UTRAN RLC. This STATUS PDU contains an erroneous SN as specified in the subsection on RLC reset procedure. This assumption for the cause of reset does not decrease the generality of exposition. RLC AM reset procedure can be invoked by any other reason. Thus the UTRAN RLC generates a RESET PDU to be transmitted to its peer on the UE side. At this point in time no AM PDUs should be transmitted because an inconsistency between the peer RLCs is expected.
[0129] 2. The potential inconsistency between the RLC entities is unknown in MAC-hs. Therefore the scheduler may still decide to transmit data to the UE. These data are likely to be discarded in the UE.
[0130] 3. The UTRAN RLC sends a RESET PDU to MAC-hs.
[0131] 4. The MAC-hs does not know that the received PDU is a RESET PDU. Therefore, MAC-hs continues transmitting MAC-hs PDUs.
[0132] 5. The RESET is received on the UE side.
[0133] 6. The RESET ACK is sent to UTRAN thus completing the RESET procedure.
[0134] This example shows that in the event of an RLC reset a number of MAC-hs PDUs may be transmitted over the air interface that cannot be utilised by the UE. Hence, radio resources are not exploited efficiently. As noted in the subsection explaining the relation between Radio Bearers (RBs), Logical Channels (LCs) and Transport Channels (TrChs), MAC-d flows corresponding to RLC control and data PDUs are mapped to different priority queues. Therefore, the total amount of MAC-hs PDUs that are transmitted in vain depends essentially on the scheduling algorithm and priorities assigned to the respective queues. In the following the influence of erroneously delivered RLC PDUs on RLC AM operation at UE side is examined.
[0135] After the RESET PDU has been received by RLC entity in the UE, two cases can be distinguished with respect to the sequence numbers of �old PDUs� that remained in the Node B Priority Queue after initiating the reset procedure.
[0136] a) All old PDUs have sequence numbers which are not within initialised reception window at the UE ([0, Configured Rx_Window Size])
[0137] b) Some or all of old PDUs have sequence numbers which are inside initialised reception window at the UE ([0, Configured_Rx_Window_Size])
[0138] In the first case, no malfunctions will ensue, because all old PDUs received after initiation of RLC reset procedure will be discarded.
[0139] In the second case, old PDUs will be treated as having been sent from the peer RLC entity on the network side. Consequently, all �real� RLC PDUs sent after reset procedure will be discarded as duplicate PDUs. Moreover, after concatenation, old PDUs will be delivered to higher layer causing possibly further malfunction. Finally, receiving RLC entity will send a control PDU to the network containing feedback reporting for received old PDUs, while new PDUs with corresponding sequence numbers have not yet been sent. This will in turn trigger a new RLC reset procedure due to �erroneous sequence numbers� of control PDUs as explained in the subsection RLC Reset Procedure. It is noted that the probability of old PDUs having sequence numbers inside initialised reception window increases with increasing Configured_Rx_Window_Size parameter.
[0140] A special case for b) is when one of old PDUs is a control PDU with MRW SUFI. In this case even an additional loss of packets in receiving RLC entity may ensue. It should also be noted that certain inefficiencies are caused in the operation of MAC-hs at the UE side when delivering MAC-hs packets with old RLC PDUs.
[0141] As a result, firstly, soft buffer and available HARQ processes are not utilised efficiently. These resources could have been used for receiving the packets from MAC-d flows that are not connected to reset RLC AM entities. Secondly, old packets consume unnecessarily some space in the reordering buffer at the receiver.
[0142] To conclude, RLC AM reset, when not synchronised to MAC-hs operation, may cause following undesirable consequences, such as inefficient utilisation of radio resources, malfunctions in operation of RLC sublayer, malfunctions in operation of higher layer, loss of RLC AM PDUs and inefficient utilisation of HARQ hardware on UE side.
[0143] The object of the present invention is to provide a method to overcome the above-mentioned deficiencies, in particular, to provide an effective utilization of the radio resources and avoid malfunctions in the operation of the retransmission protocol and losses of data.
[0144] This object is solved by a method defined in claim 1. Preferred embodiments of the method are subject to various dependent claims.
[0145] Reset of Radio Link Control protocol (RLC) is typically initiated when some irregular conditions are identified. The invention is based on the consideration that this operation is not synchronised to the operation of another retransmission protocol that may exist closer to air interface to eliminate unnecessary delay. Continuation of operation after resetting only RLC may cause irregular conditions again and repetitive resets of RLC. The present invention provides a method aiming at coordinating reset procedures and operation of retransmission protocols in order to achieve a synchronisation of the RLC reset procedure and MAC-hs operation to avoid the adverse implications mentioned above. According to a preferred embodiment, this synchronisation should be carried out in Node B and UE separately.
[0146] According to an advantageous embodiment, synchronising means that old RLC PDUs remaining in a priority queue should not be transmitted from Node B once RLC AM reset procedure has been invoked. Furthermore, it is preferred that all MAC-hs PDUs containing old RLC PDUs and remaining in UE reordering buffer and soft buffer are flushed (related HARQ processes should be reset) once RLC AM reset procedure has been invoked.
[0147] The invention is particularly applicable to HSDPA. Although most of the presented embodiments refer to HSDPA, the invention is not restricted to this system. Therefore the data transmission does not necessarily depend on a particular radio access scheme. The present invention will be explained in the following in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, which the figures illustrate the following:
[0148]FIG. 1: High Level UMTS Architecture
[0149]FIG. 2: Current Architecture of UTRAN
[0150]FIG. 3: Drift and Serving Radio Network Subsystem
[0151]FIG. 4: User Plane Radio Interface Architecture of HSDPA
[0152]FIG. 5: UE HSDPA Architecture
[0153]FIG. 6: Node B HSDPA Architecture
[0154]FIG. 7: UTRAN Side MAC Architecture.
[0155]FIG. 8: Format of MAC PDU.
[0156]FIG. 9: Format of MAC PDU depending on logical channel multiplexing.
[0157]FIG. 10: Feedback measurement transmission timing
[0158]FIG. 11: Source and target HS-DSCH cell
[0159]FIG. 12: Inter Node B serving HS-DSCH cell change signalling
[0160]FIG. 13: SDU Discard Procedure with Explicit Signalling.
[0161]FIG. 14: RLC Reset procedure signalling between sending and receiving RLC entities
[0162]FIG. 15: RLC AM reset procedure without synchronisation with MAC-hs.
[0163]FIG. 16: Proposed MAC PDU format.
[0164]FIG. 17: RLC AM Reset procedure with synchronisation with MAC-hs.
[0165] As noted in the section above, once a reset procedure is triggered in RLC sending entity (located in the SRNC for downlink transmission), the operation of MAC-hs entities in both Node B and UE shall be synchronised.
[0166] First, synchronisation of reset in Node B will be explained. This can be achieved, for instance, by a MAC-hs RELEASE/REQUEST message of the RNSAP/NBAP protocols, which are sent from SRNC to Node B to initiate MAC-hs reset in the Node B.
[0167] Next, synchronisation of reset in UE is illustrated. There are several ways of synchronising reset in the UE. As a first example, a PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION message shall be sent from RRC entity in the SRNC to RRC entity in the UE to initiate MAC-hs reset in the UE (see also FIG. 9). As a second possibility, for carrying out the RLC reset procedure, RESET and RESET ACK RLC PDUs are exchanged between sending and receiving RLC entity (see FIG. 14). To synchronise the reset of RLC to the reset of receiving MAC-hs entity, an intralayer primitive (Reset Req) can be sent from receiving RLC entity to the receiving MAC-hs entity. It is noted that this option requires less signalling, but an additional intralayer primitive has to be introduced.
[0168] As noted in the section explaining the relation of Radio Bearers (RBs), Logical Channels (LCs) and Transport Channels (TrChs), the packets belonging to more than one RB can be buffered in the single priority queue in Node B and reordered in the single reordering buffer in UE. Hence, flushing the priority queue or reordering buffer of MAC-hs after resetting only one RLC AM entity would lead to the loss of those MAC-hs PDUs which are, due to logical channel multiplexing, associated with other RLC AM entities. We therefore propose a way of partly flushing the contents of the buffer.
[0169] As explained in FIG. 8 and Table 1, C/T field exists in the header of MAC PDU if logical channel multiplexing is applied. There are two ways of partially flushing the contents of Priority Queue/Reordering Buffer/Soft Buffer.
[0170] A first possibility is using in-band identification of RLC Reset PDU encapsulated within MAC PDU. This solution is illustrated in FIG. 17 and it is applicable when DTCH carrying RLC control PDUs is mapped to HS-DSCH with high priority or when a single DTCH mapped to HS-DSCH is used for both RLC control and RLC data PDUs.
[0171] To distinguish the RLC RESET PDU (FIG. 14) in Node B, we propose using the reserved value (1111�Table 1) in the C/T field if logical channel multiplexing is applied to indicate RLC reset. Additionally, another 4 bit field called Reset ID (RID, FIG. 16) will contain information on logical channel being tied to a particular RB. To reduce the overhead, the field should be only appended if logical channel multiplexing is enabled. If the field is not present, the whole priority queue can be flushed.
[0172] The RID field could be used on UE side in an analogous manner to decide whether to flush complete Reordering Buffer or just part of it. We note that logical channel identity field is a part of RB mapping info IE that is sent from SRNC to UE by means of RRC signalling. Therefore this field can also be used in the UE instead of RID field. The Reset Req primitive between RLC and MAC-hs entities should contain one of these fields.
[0173] A second option is the usage of signalling for synchronising RLC reset when logical channel multiplexing is enabled would require introducing new information element (IE) in MAC-hs RELEASE/REQUEST messageThis element would contain logical channel identification analogous to RID field.
[0174] Finally, it is noted that some of MAC-hs PDUs may contain MAC-d PDUs from different RBs. They should also be flushed in case any RLC entity corresponding to these RBs has been reset. The lost RLC AM PDUs will be retransmitted on RLC AM level but this will not cause inefficient use of radio resources.
[0175] Based on the explanations given above, the benefits of the unveiled invention are a more efficient utilisation of radio resources, especially HARQ hardware on UE side and to avoid malfunctions in the operation of RLC (this benefit increases with increasing Configured_Tx_Window_Size parameter which is analogous to increasing available data rates), and higher layers. Finally, loss of RLC PDUs belonging to the same RB is also avoided.
[0176] Finally, it is noted that the feasibility study for Enhanced Uplink Packet Access is being considered in 3GPP (TSG RAN TR 25.896 V.0.3.0). The transport channel used in this case is denoted as Enhanced Uplink Dedicated Channel (EUDCH). HARQ method where erroneous packets are stored for subsequent combining may be also applied to provide time diversity for uplink transmissions. Transmitting and receiving MAC-hs and RLC entities would be located in UE and Node B respectively. It is clear to those skilled in the art that signalling messages analogous to the previous explanations may be exchanged. The primitive Reset Req can be used within UE protocol stack as in the downlink case. It has not been decided whether reordering buffer for uplink HARQ is located in the Node B or in the RNC. In both cases some information on logical channel multiplexing should be transmitted to Node B so that appropriate parts of soft buffer (and reordering buffer) are flushed.
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Our client Belinda was pretty dejected. "Maybe I'm looking for a needle in a haystack," she said. "I have a lot of not-for-profit program management experience. People want you to be so specific nowadays. My background is in land preservation and environmental issues, and I keep getting rejected for jobs at other kinds of not-for-profits, like children and family issues."
"What do you most want to do?" we asked her.
"I want to do environmental stuff," she said. "That's why I studied that topic in undergrad and grad school. That's where my experience is and what I'm passionate about. I just don't see a lot of jobs in that area."
We got on LinkedIn LinkedIn and starting looking at organizations. "Let's do this in reverse," we said. "We'll spot the organizations first and then see if they have any job openings. Even if they don't, we can still send a Pain Letter. You can send a Pain Letter to anyone."
We found an environment agency, not a not-for-profit at all but a government agency. "I'd kill to work there," said Belinda, "but I have no government experience. It's a Program Director job, so that's good, but the Federal jobs application site is a monster."
"It really is," we agreed. The site for Federal job applications is beyond obnoxious. It's a completely broken apparatus. "We think you should ignore that Black Hole and write to the chickadee herself, the hiring manager," we told Belinda. "How will I find the right person's name?" Belinda asked.
"It's right here," we said. "Her name is Martha Stevens. She's the Director of that agency in her six-state region. She's the top dog. Here's her street address."
The job ad for the Program Director was opaque. You couldn't get any hint of what the job actually required. Undoubtedly the Director, Martha, had nothing to say about the way the job ad was composed. It was written of pure boilerplate, another government zombie job ad targeted at would-be government zombies. Belinda said "I literally can't tell from this job even what I would do all day in this job."
"Do you want to meet Martha?" we asked. "Heck yes!" said Belinda, so we wrote a Pain Letter together. We tried to think about Federal government pain. We kept coming back to the same thing. "Most of her job applicants are drone types, most likely," we agreed. We wrote this Pain Letter:
Dear Martha,
Congratulations on growing the Midwest Region of the Agency to national prominence! I caught your interview on NPR and was thrilled to hear about the great work you and your team are doing.
I saw your Program Manager spot and imagined your difficulty wading through piles of resumes to find someone who isn't looking for Federal retirement benefits and a paycheck. It's clear that you're passionate about your mission and about moving aside obstacles to protecting our environment.
When I was at XYZ Wild Lands Preserve, I had to push big projects through a Byzantine local government structure and get support from local communities, a tricky variation of cat-herding that I'm sure you know well. If you've got a moment to talk about environmental community-building and program management, I'd love to chat.
Belinda mailed her Pain Letter with her Human-Voiced Resume on a Tuesday morning. On Saturday morning she was stepping out of the shower when the phone rang. "Belinda Smith!" she said.
"Belinda, this is Martha Stevens at the Environmental Agency," said Martha. "I need you!"
We can tell the truth even in crusty bureaucratic systems. Belinda told Martha that she feared her application would fail in the official government jobs database because her experience came from a different sector. Martha coached her on how to complete the process. What does that tell you?
Hiring managers are desperate for living, breathing, passionate human beings to help them reach their goals. Forget the Black Hole and reach out to your hiring manager directly. It's a new day in the talent marketplace, and old rules are falling by the wayside – but only for people willing to step outside the velvet ropes.


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To say that goals have been tough to come by for the Florida Panthers is like pointing out that ice is cold.
To say that goals have been tough to come by for the Florida Panthers is like pointing out that ice is cold.
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Arley Londono, the Florida Panthers' original Spanish-language announcer, recalls being tucked away in a cramped broadcast booth near the rafters at Miami Arena to call the games in the 1996 Stanley Cup Finals.
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Panthers center Dave Bolland will miss his third straight game Saturday agains the Arizona Coyotes with a lower-body injury.
Panthers defenseman Erik Gudbranson, who was born and raised in Ottawa, was shaken by Wednesday's murder of Cpl. Nathan Cirillo, who was gunned down while at his post by the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at the National War Memorial in Ottawa. The same suspect also went to Parliament and...
Panthers backup goalie Al Montoya has been traveling down memory lane this week while visiting the Pepsi Center in Denver on Tuesday and then the newly named Gila River Arena on Friday.
— With much of the preseason conversation revolving around the Panthers' baby-faced corps of talented defensemen throughout their organization such as teenage rookie Aaron Ekblad, it's easy to forget that six-year NHL veteran Dmitry Kulikov is still six days shy of his 24th...
Hoping to tap into the Hispanic audience, the Florida Panthers will broadcast three games on Spanish radio this season.
Panthers coach Gerard Gallant doesn't come off as a science buff, yet his constant search for the proper chemistry among his four lines resulted in a formula for offensive success late Tuesday night in the Pepsi Center.
Last week Panthers goalie Roberto Luongo blanked the Sabres for his 67th career shutout to pass Hall of Fame netminder Patrick Roy into a tie for 13th place on the all-time shutout list.
A day after Panthers forward Tomas Fleischmann credited Matt Duchene for the most productive stretch of his career, the young Avs center returned the favor.
Oct 17, 2014; Buffalo, NY, USA; Florida Panthers goalie Roberto Luongo (1) is 12-0-2 in last 14 starts against Colorado. Mandatory Credit: Timothy T. Ludwig-USA TODAY Sports ORG XMIT: USATSI-183202
Team release
Wizards broadcaster, "They've gone to the canned crowd noise here in Miami, which is, I guess, something you have to do when LeBron James leaves." Heat executive: "We never have, never will, and don't need to pump in crowd noise. We don't do that here."


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After you have immersed yourself in the ambiance and culture to be found in the France pavilion, what is left but to sample the cuisine? Chefs de France is a perfect choice for all. While the food here is authentic French (and many ingredients are imported directly from France) the sauces are a little lighter and the menu seems to accommodate to a diverse range of tastes.
When you first enter Chefs de France, sunlight floods through the windows and rich yellows and light browns seem to soften the light and set a delightful mood. If you dine here at prime dinner hours you may even have a visit from a pint-sized Pixar star. Remy of Pixar's Ratatouille makes occasional appearances at dinner here most nights. Look for him to be rolled out on a fruit and cheese cart. The audio-animatronic rat/chef is hidden under a dome-topped platter and stops at each table.
Chefs de France is a fun, lighthearted, yet fabulously French dining experience. It is on the Disney Dining Plan, and counts as a table service credit for all members of your party. You can find their full menu HERE. If you are looking for an authentic French meal, with a little Disney magic, then Chefs de France is for you!
Overall, we give Chefs de France an "A".
Are you a Disney Addict? Stand up and be counted! Join our Facebook Group - You Might Be a Disney Addict or #ymbada for short. Share your love of Disney with other like minded individuals. If you have questions be sure to stop by our Disney Addict Website. Here you can ask Disney World, Disneyland or any other travel related question. There is no question too big or too small!


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Hi all,
I've heard that it is possible to use DMOZ data in your own scripts - a live version of the data rather than just downloading the database file.
Please can someone confirm whether or not this is accurate and point me to some information? I've searched their site but it didn't say anything about it.
Thanks in advance! :)


text: COMPLETLEY RENOVATED HOME!! Motivated Seller! Close to shops. Highly rated schools. Stunning HW floors. Living/dining rooms. Open eat-in kitchen w/granite counters and backsplash, custom cabinets, SS appliances, light filled sunroom with separate entrance, huge bedrooms, 4 fully renovated BTH. LRG MSTR BDR w/ WI closet & on suite. Lots of parking in rear. Huge fenced back yard. Move in ready!


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Look....42 USD for private room without even a window and a proper door is crazy. There are several proper hotels nearby and we easily found one with AC, breakfast, bathroom and thanks G-od a window cheaper than this place. The dorms looked like train-wagon - small cabin just with beds. Guys staying there seemed to be in shock and I... More
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on plate
Wine purse - how convenient.
Butterfly Perfume Bottle: from Hula Gypsy Vintage
vintage glass perfume bottle
on book page
right colors
campfire perfume oil
The Cuore (Heart) carafe presents a beautiful, if not slightly unsettling, view of the fragility of the human body. The piece, designed by Liviana Osti, is composed of two carafes nestled in the form of a human heart. It is a reminder that one should drink as much water as wine. (via honeyortarr)
Hmm.... iDuck: Plug your iPod into the egg, then the duck plays your music in the shower wirelessly (and it's waterproof).


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Have you visited Dr. Michael Martin? Rate you experience below.
Orthopedic Spine Surgeons in Tacoma, WAContact Dr. Martin
Dr. Michael Martin specializes in orthopedic spine surgery, orthopedic surgery in Tacoma, Washington.
Dr. Michael Martin has been compared 302 times. Details of Dr. Martin's 28 years experience as an MD, his hospital affiliation and education at Wayne State University are available on your free doctor report.
Dr. Michael Martin identified specializing in Orthopedic Spine Surgery and Orthopedic Surgery.
A hospital affiliation covers any doctor who has an affiliation, association or admitting privilege with a hospital. A doctor's particular affiliation to a specific hospital can translate to the overall quality of that provider.
Dr. Martin is affiliated with 1 hospital:
Dr. Martin attended medical school at Wayne State University School of Medicine and graduated in 1986 having 28 years experience.
While there is no proven correlation between the quality of one's educational institution and the quality of one's professional competence, it is often an indicator. Medical schools have various levels of selectivity (some are harder to get into than others), and both the quality of their clinical training and level of research are measured. Additional medical training in both residency and fellowships and the facilities they are conducted at also provide a history of the doctors' level of training and experience.
Patients may also know Dr. Michael Martin MD as:
Puget Sound Orthopaedics, 1724 W Union Ave, Tacoma, WA 98405
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Looking for ancestors of the original to PA 1743 Andreas Spring whom we believe married Anna Maria Margretha Gerber and had issue of 5 children befor Andrea died.
His one sone Albertus / Albright / Albert born 1750 married and went to NC and had 4 girls and 4 boys per 1790 Census. 3 girls and 4 boys arrived Canada. Looking for the missing girl.
We know Albertus / Albert / Albright Spring prayed for land 21 July 1801 York Cty, now Toronto Canada. Looking to clarify and correspond with decendants of original family group whom married into: Fierheller/Fierhelder, Hilts / Hiltz, Heglar / Hegler, Harrington, Stiver, Emery and Columbe.
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"dedicated to nurturing a supportive, student-centered environment where all people are treated with dignity and respect"
The Delran Middle School wants to welcome you to a new school year and a brand new web space for the Delran community. Delran Township School District replaces its decade-old website with a new web and eLearning platform that will bring our schools, students and teachers to forefront of the 21st century.
The new site is responsive to the device you are using to view the webpage. Thank You for helping to make Delran such a great community. We look forward to providing you the most up to date information, and will continue to offer the best in modern learning technologies.
Dear Parents/Guardians,
Although educating your children is a primary focus of the school district, so to are the health and welfare of all our students.
With the recent reports of Enterovirus-D68 (EV-D68) in our State, We want you to know that we understand your concerns and that you have many questions surrounding it. To help address some of these questions, the New Jersey Department of Health has developed a Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) document regarding EV-D68.
These FAQs are available at http://nj.gov/health/cd/documents/faq/ev_faq.pdf
and are continuously updated, so please check back often. We will continue to monitor the instances of the virus throughout the State and our district and be in contact with additional information if necessary. In the meantime, if you have any questions or concerns regarding EV-D68 and your child, please contact the school your child attends.
Daily Announcements
Each book costs $30.00Your child will get $12.00 profit per book SOLD!
6th graders: See Mrs. Walters if you would like to "SIGN OUT" a book
Mrs. Cooper 7th grade/ Mr. O'Leary 8th grade - to "SIGN OUT" a book.
Girls Lacrosse Practice will start March 30
Physicals are due for Girls Lacrosse by March 28
Softball will start try-outs on March 17.
Physicals are due March 13.


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Stephen Costello to Headline Donizetti Operas in Vienna and Toronto, Spring 2013
Richard Tucker Award-winner Stephen Costello made his role debut as Tonio in La fille du régiment at San Diego Opera last month. This auspicious start marked the first of the tenor's three Donizetti leads this year, the next of which sees him return to the Vienna State Opera to sing Nemorino in L'elisir d'amore opposite his wife and frequent co-star, Ailyn Pérez, (March 1-8) before taking on Edgardo in David Alden's groundbreaking staging of Lucia di Lammermoor at the Canadian Opera Company (April 17-May 24).
Now Costello returns for a third consecutive season to the Vienna State Opera, singing Nemorino opposite his wife and fellow Tucker Award-winner, soprano Ailyn Pérez, in Otto Schenk's iconic staging of L'elisir d'amore. Stephen had this to say about his upcoming performance: "I'm very excited to return to Vienna to sing a great opera at a beautiful house, alongside my beautiful wife, Ailyn, who I have not seen in over a month. The audiences there are wonderful, it's a great company to work for, and many great artists have performed this role on that stage, so it is incredible to be part of it."
The tenor's Nemorino has been justly celebrated on both sides of the Atlantic, inspiring Opera News (speaking of his Michigan Opera Theatre performances) to pronounce him "a first-rate talent"; the UK's Arts Desk declared that, at Glyndebourne, "Costello's Nemorino was a revelation." His collaborations with Pérez have also consistently won praise for their potent chemistry; the two are profiled in the cover story of Classical Singer's February 2013 issue, they were featured in the June 2012 Issue of Vanity Fair, and they were recently billed as "opera's hottest couple" at Los Angeles Opera. They headlined L'elisir at Michigan Opera in March 2009.
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- THE RISE AND RISE OF CHRIS BROWN to Premiere on Music Choice Play, 10/28
- THE VOICE Star Chris Mann, Katie Travis, Storm Lineberger and Anne Kanengeiser to Join THE PHANTOM OF THE OPERA National Tour
- VIDEO: Taylor Swift Previews New Song 'Style' in New Target TV Ad
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- FIRST LISTEN: Gwen Stefani's New Track 'Spark the Fire' ft. Pharrell!
- VIDEO: First Look - Watch Music Video for Gwen Stefani's New Single 'Baby Don't Lie'!
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- Winner of Singing Competition VA POR TI to Receive Recording Deal with Warner Music Recording Deal
- JIMMY FALLON Pens First Children's Picture Book; Cover Art Revealed


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Manama, Bahrain (Feb. 24, 2011) – New York Institute of Technology (NYIT) has named Amal Osama Al Dallal (B.S. '08, M.B.A. '10) as the new Associate Director of Alumni and Employer Relations at its Manama, Bahrain, campus.
About NYIT
New York Institute of Technology (NYIT) offers undergraduate, graduate, and professional degrees in more than 90 fields of study, including architecture and design; arts and sciences; education; engineering and computing sciences; health professions; management; and osteopathic medicine. A non-profit independent, private institution of higher education, NYIT has more than 15,000 students attending campuses on Long Island and Manhattan, online, and at its global campuses. NYIT sponsors 11 NCAA Division II programs and one Division 1 team.
Led by President Edward Guiliano, NYIT is guided by its mission to provide career-oriented professional education, offer access to opportunity to all qualified students, and support applications-oriented research that benefits the larger world. To date, 85,000 graduates have received degrees from NYIT. For more information, visit nyit.edu.
NYIT Medical Students Deliver Hands-On Care at Health Screening Events
Turkish Art Exhibit Opens at NYIT Gallery 61
TEDx Explores Harmonic Tectonics
NYIT Students Surpass the $1 Million Mark in Combined Earnings from Internships
TEDxNYIT: Creating Harmony in a World Experiencing Tectonic Shifts


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Altamont at Agenda ...
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Limited edition. Available at Zumiez 12.15.12.// Read More
Words: Yasi Salek Photos: Garvin I'm a sucker for music that harkens to a time past: a time where ...// Read More
Last night, our very own Patrick O'Dell was a guest on Mike Watt's radio show and you can listen to...// Read More
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Jerry Zgoda missed the entire Kevin Garnett era, but he's back covering the Timberwolves after working the beat for their first four seasons two decades ago. In between, he covered a bit of everything: Gopher men's and women's basketball and NCAA athletics, golf, outdoor recreation, sports media and a little Vikings and Twins.
With the clock ticking toward the start of free-agency signings tonight, the Wolves today reached agreement with Russian 6-6 guard Alexey Shved on a multi-year contract, NBA sources said.
Shved visited Target Center today, three days after he helped lead Russia to the London Olympics at a qualifying tournament in Venezuela.
Shved, 23, plays both guard spots, although the Wolves like his versatility and believe he can play as many as three positions, including some time at small forward.
He's perhaps more point guard in nature because of his passing abilities.
A bit more of a scouting report on him: Uses ballscreens exceptionally well, high basketball IQ, should fit Rick Adelman's system well.
The Wolves are counting him to be a rotation player, which very well might mean they've got plans to move Luke Ridnour or J.J. Barea in a trade.
Especially if they're adding longtime D League Will Conroy. Brandon Roy told a Seattle radio station Monday that his former college teammate and good pal will be joining the Wolves, and apparently not just for summer league.
In many ways, Shved seems like a Russian Ricky Rubio: Good size, lots of flowing hair, instinctive playmaking abilities, good shooter and like Rubio, he was something of a basketball sensation in his mid teens.
Draft Express compared him to Goran Dragic in 2010 pre-draft report.
"His style of play is very similar to the way Goran Dragic played for Phoenix this season. Shved is an even better passer, though. He instinctively makes smart, simple passes within the flow of the offense, but he can also wow you at times with his imagination and his ability to thread the needle and find the open man diving to the rim for an easy basket.."
Shved is not expected to participate in a Las Vegas Summer League mini-camp at Target Center Friday through Sunday and won't play in Las Vegas because of Russian Olympic commitments.
The Wolves are expected to bring 15 to 20 players -- Derrick Williams, Wes Johnson, Malcolm Lee, international prospects Paulao Prestes and Lior Eliyahu, Ohio State guard William Buford among the many -- to the mini-camp. They'll take 11 or 12 probably to Las Vegas for games next week.
Shved played most recently for CSKA Moscow.
Shved's agent was believed to be seeking a three-year contract worth as much as $9 million. Memphis and Cleveland were among the NBA teams interested.
The Associated Press first reported the contract agreement.
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text: Breast Cancer Comprehensive Breast Cancer Program This is a multidisciplinary program designed to provide individualized, state-of-the-art diagnosis and treatment for breast cancer. The guiding principles of the CBCP are quality, innovation, teamwork, service, and accountability. Multidisciplinary care involves the collaboration between all healthcare professionals. Working together allows experts from different departments to come together to provide the most cutting edge cancer treatment and management services available. Patients who require screening and diagnosis are seen in our Betty Puskar Breast Care Center. Caring and compassionate staff members offer screening, early detection, and diagnostic imaging services in a warm, welcoming environment. Our breast-specific radiologists are experts in the diagnosis of breast abnormalities, whether benign or malignant. Our unique breast cancer clinic allows patients to see breast surgeons and oncologists, genetic counselors, social workers, and clinical trial specialists without having to make multiple appointments, allowing the entire cancer treatment process to begin sooner and patients to get on the road to recovery faster. This team of specialists, along with other healthcare workers, come together to discuss recommendations and create an individualized, tailored treatment plan. The Betty Puskar Breast Care Center The Betty Puskar Breast Care Center is dedicated to improving the breast health of the women of West Virginia. This goal is accomplished by the following aims: Reduce the number of breast cancer diagnoses throughout West Virginia by an active program of educational outreach. This program is aimed at educating women about the prevention and early detection of breast cancer. Obtain the most accurate screening and diagnostic results to properly diagnose and support women with cancer. Provide treatment and work to cure cancer with minimal impact on a woman's body. These aims allow women to have access to a comprehensive, all in-one breast care program that provides expert care, educational tools, and technology all aimed at the prevention, early detection, and treatment of breast cancer. In addition, the Center provides care in a warm, compassionate environment that is sensitive to a woman's own unique needs. The Center also provides a wealth of breast cancer information in the form of seminars, genetic counseling, nutritional information, and one-on-one education. Patients also have access to the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center Hamilton Library, a unique resource center that now has an American Cancer Society volunteer present to help patients navigate information as well as point them toward useful community programs. The Center is fully accredited by the American College of Radiology (ACR) and is federally certified by the FDA under the Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA) to provide quality breast imaging. Bonnie's Bus Mobile Mammography Program Bonnie's Bus is a mobile mammography unit that travels across West Virginia, offering breast cancer screening in a comfortable, convenient environment. In 2012, Bonnie's Bus provided mammograms in 104 screening days to 1693 West Virginia women. A gift from Jo and Ben Statler, the Bus serves women who have private insurance, Medicaid, and Medicare, and uninsured women who are participants in the WV Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening program. With funding from grants and donations, mammograms are provided for women without coverage, so that no woman over the age of 40 is ever turned away; age 40 is the recommended age to begin screening mammograms. Bonnie's Bus works in close partnership with the West Virginia Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Program (WVBCCSP) which provides screening services to uninsured or underinsured women whose income, by federal guidelines, is at or below 200% of the national poverty level. Bonnie's Bus was created in honor of Bonnie Wells Wilson the mother of Jo Statler, who succumbed to breast cancer in a remote area of the state with no access to screening mammography. Bonnie's Bus has a mission to provide breast cancer screening services to women in West Virginia, especially those in rural parts of the state with limited or no access to screening mammography. West Virginia Breast and Cervical Screening Program Cancer Prevention and Control at the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, provides data-driven, evidence-based outreach and education as part of the West Virginia Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Program (WVBCCSP). More specifically, CPC offers: Public education which includes free clinics, one-on-one eligibility screening, educational sessions, employee outreach, and broad-based campaigns such as the Walks for Women and Quilts of Hope, Professional education for healthcare providers that affect their knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors to ultimately result in the screening of WVBCCSP program eligible women including the annual Public Health Nurses Physical Assessment Training and regional Women's Health Information Programs, and Coordination of the partnership component of the Program which joins community stakeholders throughout the state, supports Health Information Specialists, and partners with communities to educate West Virginians about the importance of early detection. For more information about other components of WVBCCSP or to talk to someone within the Program, call 304.558.5388 or toll free at 1.800.642.8522 or visit the program website at www.wvdhhr.org/bccsp WVBCCSP Mission: The mission of the West Virginia Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Program is to prevent unnecessary disease, disability, and premature death due to breast and/or cervical cancer. Program Successes: Since Program inception in 1991, the WVBCCSP has: enrolled more than 124,200 women provided over 242,500 Pap tests provided over 160,500 mammograms provided over 242,500 clinical breast exams diagnosed over 919 cases of invasive breast cancer diagnosed 373 in situ breast cancers diagnosed 10,878 cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (precancers) diagnosed over 134 cases of invasive cervical cancer


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US Museums To Sell Off Art Treasures
Paintings by Picasso, Chagall and Modigliani will be sold by a variety of prestigious institutions, including New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Museum of Modern Art (Moma), the Art Institute of Chicago and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Museum directors say they are selling works that have been gathering dust for years in order to replenish their stocks.
"It's only healthy," John Elderfield, the chief curator of painting and sculpture at Moma, told the New York Times. Moma hopes to sell 13 works, including works by Picasso, Henry Moore, and Theo van Rysselberghe's picture of a French Mediterranean harbour, at Christie's next month.
"When the collection was initially developed, Conger Goodyear, the museum's first president, said it would have the same permanence as a river - we know what direction it is going in, but it has to be fluid. That's how we operate. "The van Rysselberghe is very good," he said, by way of example. "But that early part of our collection we don't wish to develop."
With 43 works up for sale at Sotheby's the Los Angeles County Museum of Art is selling more than most and hopes to earn between $ 10m (£5.6m) and $ 15m. "We've taken a pretty aggressive look at the collection, something we don't do that often," said Nancy Thomas, the museum's deputy director. "It's more about the collection and the opportunity to improve it than it is about the market."
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- Scientists Say Proof Of Jack The Ripper's Identity Is Fatally Flawed
- Memorial for black Revolutionary War soldiers finds spot on Mall after 30 years
- Sherlock Holmes star to feature in a new movie about Alan Turning
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- Symposium held in honor of John D'Emilio
- Thousands of Historic Archives from British Asylums to Go Online
- American Studies Association boycott of Israel: Conservatives say it's weakening


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