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The management and conservation of wildlife in Rocky Mountain National Park have posed special problems for its officials ever since the Park's inception. In part, the problems arose from the dual objectives that were established for wildlife management in national parks. According to the Act of August 25, 1916, which created the National Park Service, the agency was instructed to
During the ensuing years, Park officials worked out a reasonable balance between conserving wildlife and providing for its enjoyment. Neil Guse, Wildlife Biologist for Rocky Mountain National Park, later explained the philosophy of wildlife management in the following terms:
Initially, the policy of Park administrators aimed at insuring an abundant supply of animals to complete the picture of a wholly natural, wilderness condition. Early administrators apparently did not anticipate the day when herds of elk and deer would exceed their available forage supply. Later Park officials had to face this reality. These officials had to deal with a situation for which there seemed to be no satisfactory solution. To understand and evaluate their responses, it is necessary first to review conditions during the period before the Park was established.
In the middle and late nineteenth century big game was plentiful in the area now occupied by Rocky Mountain National Park. Milton Estes, son of the founder of Estes Park, later recalled that during the latter 19th century
Range conditions were quite adequate to support not only wild game but also the domestic stock of the Park's pioneers. Early residents of the area reported that there were few times when it was necessary to provide special feed for cattle ranging in the vicinity.
Ironically, the accessibility of the wild game contributed to their near extinction. Much game was killed to support the rapidly growing populations of the valley towns and gold camps. Pioneer accounts indicate that, prior to 1900, elk and deer carcasses were taken from the Estes Park area by the wagon load. So extensive was the slaughter that from 1900 to 1910 wild game became scarce. Milton Estes, returning to his former homeland after an absence of thirty years, reported seeing "The same old mountains, hills, valleys and streams, but no wild game." [5]
While the amount of all wild game had diminished, the number of deer had not suffered as greatly as the elk. Deer were less gregarious and smaller, therefore less productive of marketable meat. Moreover, the deer made a rapid recovery after the creation of the Rocky Mountain National Park in 1915. From an estimated population of 600 in 1915, the herd was reported to have risen to approximately 4,000 in 1923.
On the other hand, even before 1915 dramatic steps were necessary to save the vanishing elk herds. Twenty elk were reintroduced into Roosevelt National Forest from Yellowstone National Park in 1912. When this planting proved unsuccessful, further shipments were tried. In 1913, twenty-five elk were unloaded from a railroad car at Lyons, Colorado, and taken by truck to the Elkhorn Corral at Estes Park. Only twelve head survived the trip. These were then driven to Horseshoe Park and freed. Again in 1914, twenty-two more elk were released in the Park area. The Forest Service paid for the shipment of these elk from the Yellowstone Park region to the railway terminals, and popular subscription made possible the rest of the trip. In 1915, there were an estimated thirty head of elk within the Park's boundaries. [6]
These elk, along with other big game, thrived under the protection of the Park. Not only did officials prohibit public hunting in the Park, but in 1917 they also began to eliminate predatory animals. Superintendent L. C. Way reported in 1913 that wild game were flourishing without exception. Elk were "in the best condition and increasing rapidly." Mountain sheep were "so numerous that I feel like saying that we have the largest band in the United States." Deer were more plentiful in the Park than any other animal." [7]
Way took an active, almost paternalistic, interest in the welfare of the game. Commenting on the hunting of deer outside the Park, he worried that:
Residents of the area shared his concern and appreciation of the game. In 1918, he reported:
The creation of the Colorado State Game Refuge in 1919 further stimulated the increase of wild game in the National Park. The Refuge embraced a section of the Colorado National Forest, which joined that part of the National Park lying east of the Continental Divide. Later in 1927, the boundaries of the Refuge were made contiguous with the entire eastern boundary of the Park, there by adding additional protection and winter range. Though the Game Refuge was opened to hunting in 1939, it had done much to provide the time necessary for the recovery and increase of the Park's wild game. [10]
As added insurance that the desirable species of wild game would multiply, the first full-scale predatory animal control program was started in 1922. Classified as "predatory" animals were mountain lion, bobcat, wolf, fox, lynx, and the most numerous of the lot, the coyote. The program was launched early in January, when Park Superintendent Roger W. Toll, Predatory Animal Inspector Stanley P. Young of the U. S. Biological Survey, and his associate, John W. Crook, met with the newly formed Estes Park Fish and Game Commission. This meeting led to a decision to "open war" on coyotes and mountain lions with the idea of "practically cleaning out those pests from this district." Both poisoned bait and trained dogs would be used. [11]
The Estes Park Trail left no doubt that the campaign was sup posed to be merciless and decisive. With a hint of sadism it reported:
Young and Crook instructed the Park rangers in the application of poisoned bait and other methods of predator control. During their two week visit in the Park they helped provide for the killing of four lions, two coyotes, and one bobcat. Thereafter, most of the actual trapping, poisoning and shooting was performed by the rangers, although a limited number of permits were issued to hunters to trap predatory animals.
Rangers were first allowed to retain part of the funds, generally twenty-five per cent, derived from the sale of pelts taken in the control programs. This was offered as compensation for expenses involved in poison, traps, feed for horses and ammunition, all of which came out of the ranger's salary, then about $900 per year. This "kickback" induced rangers to become enthusiastic about eliminating the predators. Later, the government sold the pelts through public auction and the rangers were reimbursed only for expenses. [13]
Park Superintendent Toll stood consistently behind the predator control program. Initially, he had declared that "there are too many predatory animals in the Park for the good of the game." [14] In November 1924, as the control program for the year neared a close, he wrote:
Rocky Mountain National Park was not alone in this particular game management practice. Yellowstone National Park was reported to have killed more predatory animals than any other park. Intensive predatory animal control continued at Rocky Mountain until 1926, when the Park officials began to realize that the campaign against predators was essentially contrary to national park philosophy. [16]
There is little doubt that this control program stimulated the growth of deer and elk herdsso much so that their very numbers proved a threat to their continued vitality. In September 1930 the Superintendent's report showed for the first time a concern about the carrying capacity of the range. Due to abundant summer forage, the Park's wild game appeared to be in good condition. Yet superintendent Edmund Rogers warned:
With the coming of colder weather, Rogers' fears increased. "It is a source of wonder," he maintained,
This limit was soon reached and even exceeded, yet neither the townspeople nor the Park officials wanted the herds artificially reduced. Consequently, hungry elk increasingly broke down fences and destroyed haystacks along the North Fork of the Big Thompson River, and 3,600 deer "munched away" on browse plants already thinned by a six-year drought.
A hostile public reaction met any plan that involved harming the big game. A case in point occurred in November of 1931 when the State of Colorado considered opening Larimer Countyincluding all of the Park's winter rangeto elk hunters for a special five-day hunt. This threat to the Park's elk was met with a broadside of angry recrimination. Superintendent Rogers predicted that "the whole herd could be exterminated" if driven to lower elevations by early snows. [19] The Estes Park Chamber of Commerce, American Legion, Rotary Club, and Game and Fish Association joined in the protest. Rogers noted with satisfaction that "The Village of Estes Park and all its organizations were one hundred per cent opposed to any open season in this section." [20] Confronted with this barrage, the state redesigned the hunting area to protect the winter range from the hunters. Still necessary was some way of protecting the winter range from the elk and deer.
The summer range was ample enough to satisfy many times over the number of elk and deer in the Park. The winter range, however, was made up largely of the lowland meadows, which consisted of patented land subject to heavy grazing by horses and cattle. The scarcity of food was indicated by the number of aspen trees stripped of bark. Some conservationists regarded the elk situation as "precarious." [21] Deer, on the other hand, fared much better than elk. They fed mostly on browse plants and therefore were not in direct competition with livestock.
In 1932, the national government eased the problem somewhat when it purchased for the Park extensive amounts of private land in the Beaver Meadows, Mill Creek, and Horseshoe Park areas. By 1933, livestock had been prohibited from all winter range within the Park, except in Moraine Park. The effect of the land purchases was, according to Rogers, "remarkable." [22] Seemingly the winter range problem had been reduced in seriousness, if not solved. Yet, despite the increased range, "barking" of the aspen continued. In previous years it had been assumed that this gnawing had been due to a lack of forage. This continuing damage to the aspen prompted the initiation of detailed studies by employees and wildlife technicians assigned to the newly created Civilian Conservation Corps. [23]
During 1933 and 1934, twelve small enclosures or "check plots" were set up on the winter range where animal concentrations were the heaviest. These enclosures were twenty feet square and were built with steel posts, each two of which were connected by two strands of woven wire. These plots were used in studying the effect of protection upon the vegetation. Also, unfenced plots were used to determine the effects of browsing on different shrubs.
These investigations showed that grass growth in the area was better than at any time during the previous four years. The status of browse plants, however, showed no improvement, largely because of over-grazing before the lands were acquired by the Park Service. Some method to control the browsing by deer constituted the most difficult problem on the winter range. The aspen, bitter brush, willows, and sage brush were being heavily drawn on as a source of food. Even young pines and firs, species not ordinarily eaten by deer and elk, showed signs of browsing. [24]
The seriousness of the range condition was reflected in Park wildlife reports for 1933 and 1934reports which continually hinted at imminent catastrophe. Some typical comments were: "the range is being more heavily used than ever"; "some control measures may be necessary"; "the winter range is making a desperate effort to come back." Other reports concluded: "The range is not in good condition and is not sufficient for our present population"; "problem is in the waking here and must be closely watched"; "vegetation is steadily decreasing." [25]
To complicate the problem further, the natural balance between predators and the wildlife was decidedly out of kilter. The merciless predator control campaign of the 1920's had diminished a natural check on the increase of other forms of wildlife. In the mid-1930's some officials advocated outright protection for the predators. They believed that control of the amount of other forms of wildlife by predators was preferable to indiscriminate shooting because the lion and coyote killed already weakened and sickened animals, whereas hunters aimed for the best specimens.
One of the most emphatic voices on behalf of the coyote belonged to Dorr Yeager, Rocky Mountain National Park Chief Naturalist. He concluded:
The problem and its alternative solutions could not have been better stated. There was apparently not enough winter range to sustain the Park's deer and elk herds. Little if any prospect of additional land purchases by the government seemed likely in the forseeable future, and the official efforts to reduce predators had left too few to re-establish a natural and suitable wildlife balance. Superintendent Rogers presented his understanding of the situation in the 1935 Annual Report, when he wrote:
While Park officials were finally facing up to the deterioration of the range, they were perplexed by another wildlife problem. The number of bighorn sheep was diminishing and no one seemed to know why. So beginning in 1935, Rocky Mountain became one of four national parks selected for the study of the habits of the bighorn in order to determine the reasons for the decline. Older residents had reported that previously there had been several thousand bighorn sheep within the Park's present boundaries. About 1875, bands of 100 or more were counted in Moraine Park and Horseshoe Park, while others were spotted at Mary's Lake. [28]
Study revealed that the coming of white settlers caused the initial decline in bighorn numbers due to extensive hunting for market and sport. Whole flocks were exterminated at Sheep Rock near Mary's Lake. Restriction of the lower winter range following the introduction of domestic stock, and the infection of scabies was another factor contributing to the initial decline. Pioneers reported that sheep died by the hundreds between 1878 and 1906. But from 1909 to 1921, the bands increased in numbers and in health. Bighorns were plentiful again in places from which they had been nearly extirpated. This increase was believed to be due primarily to the removal of elk as a competitive factor through excessive hunting. Moreover, the sheep had become tame. In 1918, Superintendent Way counted forty-one mountain sheep during a one hour's drive along the High Drive Road. Way also reported that often the sheep ate with his horses no more than 100 feet from his house. [29]
These favorable conditions did not last long, for by 1920 the elk had recovered sufficiently to compete again with the bighorns for the available range. This competition factor led to another period of decline in bighorn numbers. Another reason for the reduced numbers was the apparent deficiency of mineral salts in the granite soils of the range. The loss of lower ranges to the elk and deer where mineral salts were once obtained was believed to account for the reduced stamina of the sheep and the increased susceptibility to internal parasites. Artificial salting had been tried, but with inconclusive results during the early years of the Park.
Additional factors which affected the sheep adversely were the lungworm, coccidia and other parasites discovered in autopsies of dead sheep found in the Park. Several sheep showed symptoms of pneumonic infection during 1939 and 1940. No valid records exist of scabies among the Park's bighorn between 1906 and 1940, but in 1943, a ewe was found heavily infested with scab mites at Sheep Lake. Recent studies have indicated a high mortality among new-born lambs, a factor which has tended to keep the herd size stable. [30]
The major wildlife problem in the Park, of course, concerned elk and deer. In December of 1937, a wildlife census was taken by Merlin Potts (Senior Foreman Naturalist of the Emergency Conservation Work), Ranger Harold Ratliff, and Park Naturalist Howard Gregg. The census resulted in an actual count of 648 deer and 263 elk, although later estimated figures for the winter range showed 810 deer and 329 elk. Even the estimates were considered to be on the conservative side. The condition of the game at that time appeared, in general, to be "fair to good." The problem of an adequate winter range seemed "slightly less acute" than formerly. Still Potts maintained that a reduction in deer numbers would soon be necessary if the range condition and upward population trend continued. [31]
For a brief period, the trend was reversed. In the spring of 1939, the deer count showed a slight decrease from the previous year. This decline was attributed to drastic winter starvation and an increase in coyotes. Nevertheless, the month's use of the winter range was bringing over-browsed conditions on all of the lower feeding grounds. And the number of elk was rising. For instance, in 1940, the numbers in the elk herd increased twenty-five per cent over that of 1939, and thus compounded the deer problem. Harold Ratcliffe reported:
A utilization of forty to fifty per cent of the annual forage growth was considered the maximum allowable for the good of the species involved. Much of the range, however, was being utilized to the extent of seventy-five to ninety percent of the new growth annually. Construction of the Colorado-Big Thompson diversion project contributed to the deterioration of the winter range, by blocking the normal migration routes of the deer and elk. Ratcliffe warned:
To help relieve this situation, adjustments were made in the winter elk hunting season. The regular winter hunt was poorly timed, coming before the big game had wandered outside the protection of the Park boundaries. A special season was therefore arranged by the State Game and Fish Department in cooperation with Park officials to run from November 28 to December, 1941. Licenses were limited to 400 hunters, representing the amount of herd reduction desired. The hunting area extended from the Buckhorn Ranch north of the Park, and followed the eastern boundaries of Roosevelt National Forest south to the South St. Vrain and Middle St. Vrain creeks below the southern boundary of the Park. Excluded was a section surrounding Estes Park village and the Twin Sisters area of the Park. During the ten day special session only ninety-seven elk were killed, far fewer than expected and far fewer than necessary. [34]
Faced with a worsening wildlife problem, Park officials fortunately received special aid. In 1941-1942, a representative of the Pittman-Robertson Federal Aid to Wildlife Research group conducted an elk-range-and-food study in the Park. The Pittman-Robertson Act for 1938, made such wildlife surveys possible annually with the aid of federal funds. Counting crews began work in the fall of 1941 to determine the sex-age ratio of the elk. This count indicated the size and nature of the average "family group" in deer and elk herds. After this ratio was determined, a complete census was undertaken by employing both airplane and ground methods as quickly as possible, counting in an area where natural barriers prevented the drift of herds, thus eliminating duplications. In rugged regions, too vast and thickly timbered for complete coverage, a count was made in sample areas of known square mileage, and an average obtained for the entire area. The last phase of the count involved tallying the winter death loss. This type of census was estimated to be ninety-seven percent correct. [35]
The conclusions of this careful study probably surprised some local wildlife observers. The study reported
Park Naturalist David Condon weighed this report with the backlog of earlier wildlife studies. He concluded that artificial reduction of both elk and deer herds was still necessary. In his report he advised
This report was submitted to the Director's office where it was approved in December of 1943. After Assistant Secretary of the Interior Chapman added his approval in January 1944, Park officials were authorized to proceed with the reduction program.
The Park officials tried to prepare the local townspeople for the reduction program through such publicity releases as the following which appeared in the Estes Park Trail:
Negative reactions to the planned reduction did not appear in either the major Denver dailies or the Estes Park Trail. Park officials learned, however, that there "were a few local people who apparently mumbled in their beards in a sour grapes manner. . . ." [39]
During a two-month period, 300 elk and slightly more than 100 deer were killed by Park rangers. In this endeavor, the Park secured the reluctant cooperation of the Colorado Game and Fish Department. This department was basically opposed to direct control of the elk and deer populations in the Park, other than by public hunting. Because of the apparent seriousness of the wildlife conditions, Game and Fish officials agreed, in October 1944, to accept and dispose of all elk and deer killed in control operations within the Park. In return for the carcasses, they agreed to supply ammunition, trucks, horses, and feed, when necessary, and assist in research.
Russell Grater, who became Park Naturalist in the summer of 1944, reported on the success of the reduction program. In so doing he added an interesting interpretation of the role of in wildlife management.
Later he spoke out increasingly against control programs, by declaring:
39. Guse, "Administrative History of an Elk Herd," p. 37. One of the critics of the reduction program was R. T. "Dixie" MacCracken, the first ranger in Rocky Mountain National Park. MacCracken and Jack Moomaw, another old ranger, examined some elk carcasses and found them to have good hearts, lungs, and livers. According to MacCracken, "Some guys in Omaha didn't know what they were talking about." Author's interview with R. T. "Dixie" MacCracken, July 1, 1964.
In January 1946, the Director's office cautioned Park officials against a regular reduction program. Assistant Director Hillary A. Tolson stated:
Range studies following the first reduction program were discouraging. They indicated that serious damage to many browse plants was continuing and that native grasses were also being depleted. By 1948, Park observers noted that some plant species, such as aspen and willow, were actually disappearing from areas where growth should have been luxuriant. The "problem range" of the Park lay east of the Continental Divide. The animals on the west side were driven by weather into legal hunting territories and were thereby controlled.
The annual elk and deer census of that fall showed 1,267 mule deer and 932 elk in the Park area. Indeed, the population trend of elk and deer seemed destined to climb. If it did, it would result in heavier abuse of the already weakened plant growth and the serious weakening and possible starvation of the animals themselves. Consequently, a second reduction program was proposed for the following winter. In an effort to placate sportsmen, final approval for the reduction was delayed until the results of the regular hunting season were tabluated. [43] When the public harvest of elk and deer proved to be mediocre, officials decided to hold a control program in the Park between November 28, 1949 and February 1, 1950.
To some insufficient critics, this decision was abrupt and accompanied by publicity. The Estes Park Trail editorialized:
This second extensive control program resulted in the removal of an additional 340 elk and 100 deer from the winter range. The reduction brought the number of elk in the Park down to about 500, the estimated carrying capacity of the winter range. Additional help in the control of excess deer came from an especially heavy public harvest of animals outside the eastern boundary of the Park, for public hunters killed 1,406 deer during this same season.
Park Superintendent David Canfield remembered that the reduction program caused "a pretty rough time." Game was still held to be "sacrosanct" by many of the local people. One man wrote Canfield protesting the reduction and stating that one of the great joys of his life was to see the elk roaming the Park. Now he would never again hear their "glorious burgling" [sic]. [45] Nevertheless, the idea of an annual reduction program seemed desirable to Park officials. To Chief Ranger Lynn Coffin, annual control was, in fact, imperative. In his report on the reduction, he declared:
Coffin proposed an annual elk reduction program equal to the annual increase of the herds, which meant about seventeen percent of the herds' numbers. With some minor changes, his plan was approved on August 22, 1950. Park officials believed that 500 elk and 800 deer could subsist on the critical winter range.
The Estes Park Trail gave its grudging support to the annual reduction program. It noted that hunting was becoming more difficult as areas bordering the Park became more inhabited. It admitted that transplanting elk to already well-stocked forest areas was both costly and unwise. Artificial reduction, therefore, seemed to be the "only out." The Trail concluded:
Park officials were loath to admit, at least publicly, that they were solely committed to control by shooting. In November 1951, Superintendent Canfield announced that more than 100 deer would be live-trapped within the Park that winter and transplanted east to the Roosevelt National Forest. To facilitate this exercise, corral posts were erected just west of Estes Park village on Buck Creek. Netting ten feet high was stretched on the posts. A chute was then placed on one side of the enclosure.
The purpose of the control program was not only to prevent damage to the range but also to break up and scatter the sedentary herds within the Park so they would migrate and become fair game for the public hunters. A Park ranger reportedly told the Trail that it was hoped the experiment in live trapping would "demonstrate the desirability of this method of control." [48] Between 1950 and 1953 a total of sixty-two deer was trapped and transplanted to other locations, generally from along the South St. Vrain highway near Allenspark.
Though more humane than reduction by shooting, the trap method did not replace the gun as the major tool in game management. From 1950 through 1960, 225 deer were killed by Park rangers. Annual public hunting outside the Park boundaries also helped relieve the pressure on the winter range. The peak years for public hunting were 1959, when 1,370 deer were killed, and 1961, when hunters took 1,408.
Meanwhile the annual reduction campaign aimed at the Park's elk herds was having some effect. From 1950 to 1960, 505 elk were destroyed in connection with the wildlife management program. The greatest number, eighty-nine, was killed in the 1951-1952 season; the least, sixteen, in the 1957-1958 season. Of the total, 212 were males, 293 females. The age classes represented were: seventy-two calves; forty-six yearlings; 230 two-to-five years old; and 157 five years and older.
By 1960 there were still over 600 elk observed on the winter range. It was evident that the annual reduction program was insufficient to allow full and necessary range recovery. So a quota of 200 elk was set for elimination in order to bring the number on the winter range down to 400. However, after 140 animals had been removed, a halt was ordered, pending the completion of studies for a new long range management program. [49]
While these studies were being conducted, Park officials co-operated with the state in consistently recommending and encouraging more liberal hunting in areas adjacent to the Park. The Park administration had also recommended extended hunting seasons, additional open areas, post seasons, and licenses permitting the killing of male or female elk. Some of these recommendations bore fruit, as will be noted below. But the problem persisted east of the Divide. The problem herd wintered on the slopes of Mt. Ypsilon on the north to Alberta Falls on the south, and from Fern Lake on the west to the Park boundary on the east. To survive during the winter an elk required about sixteen pounds of food daily. This meant that the eastern slope herd of 510 animals consumed eight tons of grass, willows, and aspen each day. [50]
In October of 1962, Colorado Game and Fish Department Director Harry Woodward called on Secretary of Interior Stewart Udall to allow a pilot program of controlled hunting in the Park, itself. [51] When rebuffed, Woodward took a more dramatic step. In 1963, he announced a special pre-season hunt for elk in the region east and north of the National Park. The hunt extended from January 26 through February 17 and was opened to resident and non-resident hunters alike, with a bag limit of one elk of either sex. Many land owners opened their land for the hunt. Through the efforts of the Colorado Cattlemen's Association and the Game and Fish Department, ranches were tied into a network of headquarters. Concentrations of elk were reported to all cooperating ranch owners. In this way, hunters were kept informed of the location of the elk. [52]
Officials of the National Park said they "welcomed" the special hunt. Chief Ranger Stanley Spurgeon and his men stood ready to cooperate with hunters who shot elk outside the Park and tracked their prey to the Park boundaries. The Estes Park Trail was told that if the kill was sufficient, other methods for keeping the herd "in balance" with the range would not be necessary. One Park spokesman added, "We hope that hunters are able to get them." [53] The hunt was generally successful, with over 400 kills reported. A veritable army of 4,933 hunters had descended on the area. Local residents, many of whom were successful in "getting an elk," voiced favorable comments on the hunt.
Perhaps of more lasting value has been the meaningful cooperation exercised among the Forest Service, the Game and Fish Department, and the Park Service in the tagging and transplanting of wildlife. On December 18, 1962, a "Memorandum of Understanding Covering the Rocky Mountain Cooperative Elk Studies" was signed by all participating agencies. [54] According to this "Memorandum,"it was agreed to mark and release the first eighty elk trapped and then transplant a minimum of twenty animals near Craig, Colorado. Through this program the migration habits of the elk could better be studied to the end that public hunting seasons and hunting areas could be more intelligently planned.
On February 26, 1964, for the first time in Park history, elk were transplanted from Rocky Mountain National Park. Fifteen of them were transferred to Danforth Hills, southwest of Craig, Colorado, through the cooperation of the Park Service, the Colorado Game and Fish Department and the Craig Jaycees. A Park Service official claimed that transplanting was "the best possible solution to the surplus elk problem. It will probably eliminate the necessity for future direct control." [55]
According to Park Superintendent Allyn Hanks, "the highlight of two years of elk research" was a combined meeting of the Advisory Council and Technical Committee of the Rocky Mountain Cooperative Elk Studies, held at Park headquarters on March 20, 1964. In attendance were representatives of the Colorado Game and Fish Department, Roosevelt National Forest, and Rocky Mountain National Park. Also present was Neil J. Reid of the Midwest Regional Office of the Park Service. The group determined to continue the trapping and marking program and to extend aerial coverage west of the Park. These recommendations were made in an effort to determine the extent of the elk population summering in the area and the possibilities of harvesting an appropriate number of them. [56]
The elk and deer problem in Rocky Mountain National Park was not solved by 1965. Neither was there a solution for the continuing demise of the bighorn sheep. Perhaps the wildlife in the Park, as well as in other national parks, will remain in but an imperfect balance with the available range. As long as wildlife engineers are saddled with the dual imperative "to conserve the . . . wildlife . . . and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations," only an imperfect solution can be achieved. In all probability the day has not passed when the ranger must once again "wet his sight" and bring down the elk and deer in Rocky Mountain National Park.
Last Updated: 15-Jan-2004


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Cougar Pride!
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Glad to see she qualified for the pole position. No pun intended, but wouldn't mind seeing that either…
The fastest I drove was in a BMW M5 at about 160 mph on the German autobahn and there was still room left.
One thing that I noticed at that speed was the forest next to the 'track' became a green blur.
Wished I could join you at the Daytona 500 in a Ferrari FF (four-seat; four-wheel drive): top speed 208 mph.
Awesome… but winning the 500 requires teamwork with other drivers. Any of those good ol' boys willing to team up with Danica yet?
Also, by taking the pole, she has won the right to be in next year's Unlimited (aks Shoot Out)
Well, now NASCAR has jumped the shark. NASCAR racing is about as honest as a WWF main event between Hulk Hogan and Macho Man Randy Savage. My favorite NASCAR illusion before this one was having a Mexican driver you never heard of qualify on the pole when NASCAR ran an event in Mexico City. Not only did he not run competitively in the race, I don't think he finished 5 laps.
She is 50 to 100 pounds lighter than any of the male drivers (weight reduction equals speed), the car has power steering, you only turn left, there is only one driver on the track for qualifying. ….. yawn.
How much did that cost?
I have spent many years driving on race tracks. She is one H*ll of a driver!!
This is a marketing bonanza for Nascar. I wish her well next Sunday.
cool, don't take no *(*& danica
@ John D I doubt she weighs 100 pounds less than any other driver. Race drivers are generally not large people – .prospective F1 drivers weighing in at 170 are well advised to start dieting. You are aware that ballast is added to the cars so they all weight the same in the race, right? Granted there are advantages to having more weight in ballast or structure than in the driver, but it does tend to minimize the advantage of a lighter driver.
In the end, it is boorish to diminish Ms. Patrick's abilities by attributing her success to her weight. Like all athletes, she brings certain advantages and disadvantages to the field compared to her competitors. Certainly there is no shortage of adults who weight the same or less than she does but I don't see them competing.in NASCAR any more that I see every 6'8″ male playing in the NBA.
Maybe in the future we will see women replacing men as race drivers due to this natural advantage. Is there anything wrong with that? We have long accepted that women are effectively excluded from the top leagues in many sports. Maybe NASCAR can establish a men-only league which would allow competition among the naturally disadvantaged male racers.
Takes a high level of skill and a lot of luck to win the 500. So far she hasn't shown the skill level of the top guys. Juan Pablo surely has the skill and has never won an oval race in NASCAR. I doubt she's as good a driver as he is, so she better have a lot of luck like in her single win in Indycar.
Driver's Seat is a blog featuring news, views, and advice about cars, auto safety, driving, and transportation. Driver's Seat is written by Jonathan Welsh with contributions from auto critic Dan Neil, columnist Joe White and Wall Street Journal staffers and others.


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Naomi Annandale is a PhD candidate in Religion, Psychology and Culture whose work draws on care ethics, feminist pastoral theologies, and empirical methods to construct liberative pastoral theology concerned with the well-being of individuals with disabilities and their families. Her primary work uses care as a lens to assess qualitative research with families of teenagers with autism, asking how these families experience care and lack-of-care in the church and in society, what their care experiences say about our social values, and how the church might contribute to human flourishing for these families.
Naomi also has an interest in theological education, and in addition to her dissertation, she is researching how students at ATS-accredited seminaries and theological schools are prepared to work with persons with disabilities. She recently conducted a survey of all ATS-accredited seminaries and is writing a paper on the research.
She has presented at a conference on Wesleyan theology and will present at one on medicine and religion this summer.
In her work, Naomi seeks to drawing together church and academy for the sake of building whole, healthy communities. To that end, she has done research for the Nashville Mayor's office on faith communities' work with children and youth, and currently leads a disability awareness committee that organized a community shoe drive to raise awareness at the state legislature about the deplorable lack of resources for adults with disabilities in the state of Tennessee. The ARC of Middle Tennessee has awarded Naomi their community service award for this work.


text:
What does JBSS mean in NASDAQ Symbols?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand JBSS in the Business field in general and in the NASDAQ Symbols terminology in particular.
John B SanFilippo & Son
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Read About Johnny Appleseed
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Authors: Feinstein, Stephen
Title: Read about Johnny Appleseed
Publisher: Berkeley Heights, NJ : Enslow Publishers, c2006.
Characteristics: 24 p. :,ill. (chiefly col.), col. map ;,24 cm.
Contents: Alone in the woods
In the apple orchard
Johnny goes west
Johnny gets a new name.
In the apple orchard
Johnny goes west
Johnny gets a new name.
Local Note: 118 152 263
Statement of Responsibility: Stephen Feinstein
Bibliography: Includes bibliographical references (p. 21) and index.
Subject Headings: Appleseed, Johnny, 1774-1845 Juvenile literature. Apple growers United States Biography Juvenile literature. Frontier and pioneer life Middle West Juvenile literature.
Topical Term: Apple growers
Frontier and pioneer life
Frontier and pioneer life
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'The Three Musketeers'
Event occured on Sat, Aug 3 2013, 1:00 pm - 4:00 pm CDT
Repeats every day until Sunday, August 04, 2013
Theatre-Hikes and Pullman State Historic Site present "The Three Musketeers," a swashbuckling tale for the entire family, on Aug. 3 and 4. Join d'Artagnan, Athos, Porthos and Aramis in this classic tale of heroism, treachery, and, above all, honor. Bring a folding chair since Theatre-Hikes productions move around the site and Pullman neighborhood. Dress for the weather, with sturdy shoes. Tickets at www.theatre-hikes.org or at the door.
Website: http://www.theatre-hikes.org/TheThreeMusketeers.html


text:
Today the journey finally came to an end. A lot of me didn't want it to end and than a lot of me couldn't wait to get off of my bike. The weather was cruddy most of the day and then finally cleared as we left the lunch spot and cruised through Malibu. We road along the pch and things were extremely stressful with riders of all different skill levels and speed negotiating speeding and parked cars on either side. Once we turned into Santa Monica it started to settle in a bit and the speed slowed and the enjoyment began. We rolled as a team of 6 through the maze of people to the finish line where we were welcomed with cheers and hugs and high fives. Unfortunately I couldn't stick around for the closing ceremonies.
Why you ask?
Because there was a train leaving from Union Station in a little over an hour and a half in downtown LA about 16 miles away that I wanted to catch. I got my last free Zico water and Cliff Bar and grabbed my bag and began the sprint to the train station. Even with stop lights, la traffic and a Naked bike party along the way I made it to the station in just an hour.
I am traveling down to San Diego to pick up my motorcycle and ride it the opposite way back up to San Francisco. I will have much more to reflect on in the coming days and weeks and will continue to post on this blog.
This adventure has been eye opening, touching, physically demanding and challenging. I only hope to give you more insight into the experience of the Aids Lifecycle ride so that maybe just maybe you can sign up for 2014.


text:
Manuals and Guides
It's Easy - Universal compatibility means it works on all system types. Screwless, color coded wire terminals, built-in level bulb and all purpose screws mean you can install it in 5 minutes - really! And Hunter's patent-pending programming interface means you can program it in 25% fewer steps than other thermostats. It's Convenient - With 5-2 Programmable capability, you can set up to four daily programs for the work week and up to four daily programs for the weekend - allowing you to customize the program to fit your lifestyle. It's Smart - With a feature exclusive to Hunter, it helps you save money. The Save Away one-touch override lets you adjust the temperature for times you are away - giving you even more opportunities to save. And it's all controlled with an easy-to-use digital interface which makes saving money a breeze!
I have spent an hour trying to determine why the backlight on this thermostat is inop. Owner's manual states that the display is backlit with a blue led. After much research I have determined that actually there is no backlight. How stupid is that. You have to use a freakin flashlight to adjust the temperature at night. I tried to give it a half star rating but 1 star is the lowest it will allow.
If you are going to advertise unit with a back light on it Then you should put one on it!! I was having my wiring checked to be sure that it was not my problem!!!!! Guess what? It is the unit!! It doesn't even have a back light feature that is advertised on unit package!!!!!! May need to get Advertising dept. to determine which units are to be advertised with units!!!!! Or have Management evaluated on exactly what they know about how units work!! I have bought all hunter units from fans to lights!! This disappoints me about thermastats you produce!! Sorry!!
I bought two of these thermostats a couple of years ago and have finally gotten around to installing them. Even though the instruction booklet refers to backlighting, these DO NOT HAVE BACKLIGHTING! I have to use a flashlight to see the display on one which is located in a dark hallway area. VERY POOR DESIGN! Also, the company said they could not exchange them for thermostats with backlighting even if I paid the difference!
I got a 44132 because it turns on and off at 1/2 a degree from the setting. My old Hunter let me get too warm or cold between cycles.
I found no installation directions in the Owners Manual. So, I plugged in the wires according to color after finally figuring out that the colored plastic tabs release the tension on the wire slots.
It worked.
Later I discovered the installation sheet with the paperwork and found complete directions. I learned that I should set my heating switch to "electric" .
Read the installation sheet and it's pretty much just plugging the wires in according to color,
and using the owners manual for initial setup
and programming if you want to use that.
I could not get out of the factory program and into a fixed temp mode.
Also,In one of the original instrucioins, it does not tell you to set the switch from "off" to either "heat" or "cool". I called the factory amd the tech didn't pick up on this either.
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Dropping out from college, not knowing what to do next, a friend of mine now a music director, Chirantan Bhatt, told me he was studying Sound Engineering and suggested I go with him to Chennai to understand what it was. Back in early 2000 it was something unheard off in India especially. As most of my buddies were pursuing their MBA degrees, studying computer science abroad or working towards getting better grades to choose subjects and careers they would be accepted in next, I chose to do what I loved – exploration. Not the deep sea kind, but for life.
I loved music so much, I would give up on anything for it. I always wanted to become a musician, but couldn't play a single instrument or read or write or even understand notes for that matter. I was never attracted to the business of it, but spent a lot of my childhood mastering tapes compiling and recording songs using various tape decks and techniques mastering them for all songs to sound the same quality and crisp. I never knew that it was a sound engineers job until I went to Chennai for a short trip.
Luckily, my father always encouraged me to do what I loved, he often told me that he wouldn't mind me being a sweeper, as long as I'm interested and would work towards being the best in the world. After all, every profession is a respectable one and is valuable to you if you truly love it. No matter what others think of what you do. Chirantan always wanted to become a music producer. His father fought with him and pushed him to do his MBA. Chiru, lovingly and respectably obeyed, completed his MBA degree and gave his father the certificate and went to the newly opened Australian franchise of SAE (School of Audio Engineering) in Chennai to pursue his dreams.
From Columbus to Chennai in three weeks, changed my world. After spending a year bathing in hot water smelling like eucalyptus, walking around the world's largest campus, discovering new music with a diverse set of friends, having subs by the lake and another year and a half; being haunted by ghosts at home, sitting on one side of the bus or negotiating with auto rickshawallas, bathing in chilled water under the terrace tank, not getting decent food to eat and moving in auto-pilot mode without sleep for days together.
Those were some of the best days of my life. The United States broadened my horizons and vision, Chennai taught me adaptability and a subject I loved most – Sound & Music.
I wrote songs, I produced them with my very talented buddies playing for me and I boldly scored for them, although I never tried anything brown, green or white. We got along in the studio like a house on fire, there was always a humour and jokes on even the most senseless things, just like creative minds do together.
The silent killers of growth - http://pulse.me/s/kzIge
1. Silence out of chaos. After a night out or coffee with friends and other inspiring people. Or, things done in a dis-orderly or tedious manner that can be better and simpler.
2. From needs. When you're looking for a product and can't find it. Then, you think of building it and then you feel that there's a market for it.
3. Passion. If you're passionate about something, you probably feel there are many others who'd love to join you and use what you've created.
What do you think?
In an age full of brilliant people today than have ever been - entrepreneurs, scientists, inventors, artists, workers, thinkers, etc.. unfortunately, most of us have gotten comfortable in our own way of doing things. And, "change" or the "idea of changing" shocks us back with an instant refute at the thought of it. But, ask yourself if you're getting lost towards your goals on day-to-day mundane matters - here, now and where? What is there was a solution, would you go for it?
Getting there takes fundamental change. Something that gets difficult to achieve with age and maturity. But, can be easily done with practice.
Here's when you know whether you're working hard or playing smart?
1a. Working hard is when you spend over 2 hours commuting to & fro from work.
1b. Playing smart is when you relocate closer to your work place or your work place closer to you.
2a. Working hard is when you try to do everything yourself.
2b. Playing smart is when you hire the right people and trust them to execute the assigned tasks.
3a. Working hard is doing.
3b. Playing smart is planning and getting things done.
4a. Working hard is delivering.
4b. Playing smart is over delivering.
5a. Working hard is learning from your own experiences.
5b. Playing smart is learning from the experiences of others.
6a. Working hard is talking about your achievements.
6b. Playing smart is leveraging your achievements to help others succeed.
7a. Working hard is not chilling on the weekends.
7b. Playing smart is taking the weekends off to start the next week fresh.
8a. Working hard is running late.
8b. Playing smart is always being on time.
9a. Working hard is when you value money over time.
9b. Playing smart is when you value time over money.
10a. Working hard is being correct.
10b. Playing smart is being wise.
11a. Working hard is not taking risks.
11b. Playing smart is risk taking every moment.
12a. Working hard is copying others and trying to out-do them.
12b. Playing smart is doing your own thing.
13a. Working hard is doing things their way.
13b. Playing smart is doing things your way.
14a. Working hard is leaving office late.
14b. Playing smart is leaving office on time.
15a. Working hard is allowing others to take over your day.
15b. Playing smart is doing everything you planned for the day.
16a. Working hard is when you put in more effort.
16b. Playing smart is when you bring in more value.
What else can you think of?
These guy's company, once valued at USD 250 million in June, 2006; after starting up with $ 6000 seed capital in 2004 was sure a success story back then. Only 6 years later, the company gets sold at less than $ 500,000 and one of the founders gets employed at Google (who had once offered to buy his company for USD 200 million).
Now, that's the Story of Digg.
Most largely funded eCommerce companies in India seem to be going the same way. Cost to acquire a customer is Rs. 1000 - Rs. 3000. Average first gross sale per customer is Rs. 500 - Rs. 1200, net margin is less than 5%. i.e. Company gross earning per sale Rs. 25 - Rs. 60. Of this, company bares taxes, shipping charges, marketing costs, salaries, etc. etc. costs.
And yet, investors and entrepreneurs are bullish about these models to scale.
Oops! Does this make any sense to you? - No?!
Let me tell you how it makes sense to investors and the other folks (more investors).
Entrepreneur (E) starts a small online venture. Sells stuff for dirt cheap, even below cost at times. Obviously, customers flock to his store. Seeing the number of customers come in (traffic), an investor puts in a little money (assume Rs. 10 lacs) for E to advertise and get more traffic.
Assuming, E's store advertises on Google and other networks, spending Rs. 20/click, he gains 50,000 new visitors. Since he sells stuff for real cheap, his conversion rate is high. That means, of 50,000 visitors, 5000 (10%) end up buying. The average sale per visitor is Rs. 300, yet, as the website is new and sells books, cd's, t-shirts, etc. Total money collected is 5000 x Rs. 300 = Rs. 15,00,000/-
E tells the investor that of these 5000 customers, 4000 will shop again. This time, they will spend a bit more. That is, 4000 x Rs. 500 = Rs. 20,00,000/-
And, they will shop 4 times during their lifetime, that is 20,00,000 + 20,00,000 + 20,00,000 + 15,00,000 = 75,00,000/-
E also tells the investor, that each of these repeat customers will influence other customers. So, 4000 customers will multiply twice to become 8000 customers. That is 8000 will generate a sale of Rs. 1.5 Cr. in their lifetime.
Aggregating the entire business model, the E and the Investor on spending Rs. 10,00,000 have made a sale of Rs. 2.25 Cr!
Sounds good?
Not yet!
Now the company earns 5% of 2.25 Cr = Rs. 11,25,000 of which Rs. 10,00,000 was spent in advertising, balance Rs. 1,25,000 of which part goes in shipping, packing, taxes, salaries and other expenses.
So, they put a value for each customer - 2.25 Cr / 12,000 customers = Rs. 1875.
With this value, they find another investor and tell him that if he invests Rs. 1 Cr. like the investor did of Rs. 10 lacs, he will have 12,000 x 10 = 1,20,000 customers, each valued at Rs. 1875. Can you imagine what his company worth would be?
Reverse it!
So, if eCommerce companies in India, report a sale of Rs. 500 Cr to Rs. 1200 Cr per year, are they really making money?
Nope, it only depends on when and at what price do you exit. At some point, unless you own patents like Amazon does and other intellectual sources of income, your bread will always just be bread. It may get a bit sweeter, but will never turn into cake.


text:
Web Id: P000274314
Attivo offers sporty comfort in the NIVEA thong sandals. These womens thong sandals feature cushioned insoles with a print design.
Bealls is a privately held company, rich in tradition, owned by the founding family and its employees. Founded in 1915, Bealls Department Stores now operates 80 store locations in the state of Florida in addition to BeallsFlorida.com. Bealls Department Stores and BeallsFlorida.com are owned and operated by Beall's Department Stores, Inc and Beall's Westgate Corporation.
Copyright 2014 Bealls, Inc. All rights reserved.


text:
TUESDAY, April 5 (HealthDay News) -- New research shows that
levels of a particular protein can indicate the severity of
Alzheimer's disease, but it doesn't serve as an early warning sign
of the illness.
Still, the findings are helpful because they reveal that signs
of Alzheimer's lurk in the blood, said one of the co-authors of the
"What's promising is that we can get such clear signals" through an indicator known as a biomarker, said Monique Breteler, an epidemiologist with University Medical Center Rotterdam in the Netherlands. "It will be a matter of time, and resources, to find the markers or panels of markers in blood that can be used to help predict or diagnose the disease."
Alzheimer's disease, which robs its victims of their memories,
affects an estimated 5.2 million people in the United States. That
number is expected to grow to as many as 7.7 million Americans by
2030 as the population ages.
At the moment, physicians can't diagnose Alzheimer's with
certainty in living patients; it can only be diagnosed with
certainty after death.
Scientists have known for some time that there are higher levels
of a protein called clusterin in the blood of people with
Alzheimer's, Breteler said, and recent research has linked
variations in the protein to the disease. Those findings, in turn,
raise the prospect that the protein could actually be a factor in
causing Alzheimer's, she said. If so, physicians might be able to
diagnose the disease early on and maybe even try to stop it in its
Unfortunately, the new study revealed the limitations of
clusterin testing.
From 1997-99, researchers tested levels of the protein in 60
people with Alzheimer's and a randomly chosen group of 926 people,
and additionally, in 156 people diagnosed with Alzheimer's before
2007. They found that those with the highest levels of clusterin
were also most likely to have Alzheimer's even after they adjusted
statistics so they wouldn't be thrown off by factors such as age,
education level and gender. Alzheimer's patients with the highest
levels had the worst disease.
At the moment, one potential use for a clusterin blood test
would be to predict rapid decline in Alzheimer's patients, said
Greg Cole, associate director of the Alzheimer's Center at the
University of California Los Angeles. "But," he said, "I don't
think it is ready for that use."
Dr. James R. Burke, director of the Memory Disorders Clinic at
Duke University Medical Center, identified a potential problem with
such a test: clusterin levels don't specify whether a person has
Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia, a form of senility
related to impaired blood flow, Burke said. "So, measurements of
clusterin do not appear to be useful clinically," he noted.
Even so, research like this latest study is "important to
prevent widespread adoption of tests that are not useful to answer
clinical questions, such as, 'Am I going to get Alzheimer's
disease?'" he added.
The study appears in the April 6 issue of the
Journal of the American Medical Association.
More information
For more about
Alzheimer's disease, try the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
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Get Gear'd Up! Enter to WIN $1000 in gear!
Please Click Here for full details and to enter. You will need to be registered and logged in to view the details and to participate.
Thanks and good luck to everyone
Info on 22 rifle accuracy
Discussion in '.22-Rimfire Forum' started by rgoberle, Nov 4, 2012.
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German magazine Auto Bild reports that the next Transporter's design will be more of an evolution than a revolution. It will borrow styling cues from the e-Co-Motion concept that was presented to the public at the Geneva Motor Show last month, giving it a more angular look all around than the current model.
The Transporter will follow the van industry's shift towards more car-like interiors and adopt a touch-screen based infotainment system similar to the one found on the Golf and the Passat.
The EuroNCAP, Europe's rough equivalent to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), has urged auto manufacturers to build safer commercial vans, so Volkswagen's next-gen Transporter will consequently come standard with numerous airbags and a wide array of electronic driving aids.
Mechanically, Volkswagen will fit its mid-size van with more efficient gasoline- and diesel-burning engines and rumors claim that a range-topping version powered by a plug-in hybrid drivetrain will be offered later in the production run. Both front- and all-wheel drive models will be available.
Like the current model, the next Transporter will not make its way to the United States.
Photos by Ronan Glon.


text:
World's Best Rides
We're trotting the globe and riding the world's most extreme water rides. From the world's tallest slide in Brazil to the world's largest indoor waterpark in Germany - we're getting wet and counting down the ...Go to Episode
Wave – Wörgl Water World
Innsbruckerstraße 112
6300 Wörgl, Austria
Tropical Islands
Tropical – Islands – Allee 1
15910 Krausnick, Germany
Buena Vista Lodge and Adventure
3 Km En Ruta A Nicaragua
Desv.Pto.De Canas Apdo.
Rincon De La Vieja, Costa Rica
More Brazil Travel Guides
Bikinis & Boardwalks: Bikinis and Boardwalks Travel Guide
Bikinis and Boardwalks Travel Guide includes all of the beaches and activities featured on the show.
Xtreme Waterparks: Getting Wet in Brazil
See our travel guide for the Brazil episode of Xtreme Waterparks.
Extreme Hotels Travel Guide
With more than 14 million hotel rooms on the ...
American Grilled Travel Guide
In the first season of the all-new series ...
New York City Travel Guide
These off-the-map New York City restaurants ...
Nashville Travel Guide
These off-the-map Nashville restaurants serve ...
More Travel Inspirations
HGTV Urban Oasis 2014
Enter daily for a chance to win a grand prize worth over $1.5M, located in Atlanta.
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Food Network's Back to School Recipes
Win over the kids with these easy, time-saving dinners the family will love.


text:
Just a little something from the vaults. I like hosting Munny-decorating parties, and this pretty much sums it up.
Men are hard to shop for, but I've found that function and/or edibility are key. Here's a fun two-for-one crafty project that makes for excellent man-gifts: bacon-fat mason jar candles and chocolate-covered bacon. For both, you'll need:
2 pkgs. bacon of your choice (I like maple, and thick-cut is best)
6 4-oz. mason jars (if you don't need a lidded candle, reserve the lids for three pairs of steampunk goggles)
6 waxed and pre-tabbed candle wicks
1 lb. soy wax chips/shavings
candle dye of your choice (optional)
1 c. semi-sweet or dark chocolate chips
spicy Cajun seasoning (optional)
1. Fry your bacon.
I like to sprinkle a little cinnamon on my bacon, but that's a personal preference. The thick-cut bacon is perfect for optimum fat rendering. Plus, it holds up better to the chocolate we'll be dipping it in later.
2. While the bacon cooks, prepare your candle vessels.
Use a little dot of hot glue to secure your tabbed, waxed wicks in the center of your mason jars. Set these aside.
3. Transfer your bacon strips to a paper towel to drain, and pour the rendered fat into a can or heat-proof bowl through a mesh strainer to remove the little bacon bits left behind.
4. Melt your wax.
I used a fondue pot to melt my wax, but any double-boiler would work. You could also hold a heat-proof bowl over a pot of boiling water (careful, please!) if you don't have a double-boiler.
As the wax melts, slowly add in more wax chips a few tablespoons at a time, stirring along the way.
5. Add your bacon grease. The proportion of bacon grease to soy wax is completely up to you. More grease will make a softer, gooier candle, and more wax will dilute the bacon-y smell. I went with about 40% bacon grease to 60% soy wax.
6. Add candle dye. I used a mixture of green and orange dye to get a brown-ish maple color. However, I forgot that wax dries MUCH lighter than it looks when melted, so add more dye when in doubt.
7. Pour your candles.
Pour the candle wax/grease mixture into your mason jars carefully, leaving about a centimeter clearance from the top.
8. Allow candles to set up.
I was in a bit of a hurry, so I threw mine in the fridge to set up quicker. Within about 30 minutes, they were able to be handled. As I mentioned before, the color dries MUCH lighter, so I ended up with a peachy tone rather than brown. Eh, still works! Kind of looks like the fatty parts on bacon, anyway.
1. Let your bacon strips cool.
By now, the bacon you cooked for the bacon candles should be completely cooled and drained. Try not to snack on too many of them, because now we're going to COVER THEM IN CHOCOLATE.
2. Melt your chocolate chips. Put about a cup of chocolate chips in a microwaveable bowl, and heat in the microwave for 30 seconds on 50% power. Stir them up, and repeat in 10- to 15-second intervals (at half power) until the chocolate is completely melted, silky and smooth.
3. Dip your bacon.
I like to leave about an inch of uncovered bacon at the end to act as a handle, as well as to inform the consumer of what they're about to eat. It's more attractive looking than a nondescript blob of chocolate, I've found. Lay freshly-dipped bacon strips on a wax-paper-lined tray.
I am a huge fan of sweet and spicy, so I sprinkled some Cajun seasoning on about half of this batch.
It adds a wonderful slight kick, mingling oh so beautifully with the sweet and salty goodness you've already got goin' on in your mouth. So. Good.
4. Let your chocolate-covered bacon set up in the fridge. It shouldn't take long for the chocolate to harden enough to be handled, but a solid hour is probably best. Throw them in a wax-paper-lined decorative tin, and you've got a super tasty, novelty, unexpected housewarming, birthday, holiday, anytime gift for the carnivores of your life.
Wow, it's already March. This post was supposed to happen months ago, but I suppose it's never too early to start thinking about homemade gifts for next season!
In an effort to stick to my budget after buying my first home on my own, I decided to give all homemade gifts this past Christmas. While homemade gifts are not foreign to me, I've never made ALL the gifts for my family, so I knew I had my work cut out for me. Hopefully, these may spark some ideas for you to have a greener, more thoughtful and meaningful giving season next year.
First up, a wooden clock for my dad:
Next, hand-painted mugs with homemade dark n' spicy hot cocoa mix (dark cocoa powder, non-dairy dried creamer, sugar, ginger, cinnamon, cayenne pepper):
A holiday polar bear plush:
Maple bacon mason jar candles for the men:
Chocolate-covered bacon (some with spicy Cajun spice sprinkled over the top):
Medal hanger, for a marathoner/triathlete:
Etched beer mugs:
Baby's first zombie plush toy (my personal favorite):
Thrift-store-t-shirt bibs:
Yoda hat:
A painted portrait:
And lastly, a pixel quilt:
All wrapped up in brown paper and twine:
What to give your totally awesome, nerdy boyfriend? I opted for something large, bold, and completely homemade: a pixel quilt. I've seen several of these online (some of which are EXTREMELY impressive), so there was no shortage of inspiration. Some had specific images designed in quilted pixels while others were more abstract. A true child of the '80s, he and I both grew up playing classic video games, but I wanted this quilt to be a bit more timeless, so I opted for an abstract design. I also opted to go more monochromatic, so as to maximize future bedroom decor compatibility.
I began in classic OCD nerd fashion: in Excel.
I chose three shades of red and a bright orange for this project, in a gradient pattern. Once I tweaked it to my liking in Excel, I was able to determine how much of each color I would need, and headed off to the fabric store.
After laboriously cutting out 323 perfect 5-inch squares, I sewed them all together by horizontal rows, and stacked them neatly along the way.
Next, I ironed down all of the seams for each of these horizontal rows and laid them out on my bed to make sure the pattern was still looking the way I wanted.
Right on track so far. Next up, I carefully sewed all of the horizontal rows together, hopin' like the dickens the seams line up alright.
To my pleasant surprise, they mostly did! Thank gawd.
My beau is rather tall (6'4"), so I wanted to make sure I made this quilt extra long. I ended up adding about an 8-inch panel border on the top and bottom to give it some extra length. I added a contrasting pale sage green backing fabric, and pinned some polar fleece between the two layers as batting.
And now for my least favorite part about making patchwork quilts: the actual quilting part, or as I amateurishly call it, top-stitching.
I ended up going with a Fibonacci-esque squared off spiral pattern, which worked out well and gave the back an interesting look to it.
I was very happy with the final product, as was my lovely sig. oth. I'm not sure how many hours I clocked on this thing, but when it's for a loved one, who's counting?
Oh, and don't forget to add a personalized embroidered note on any quilt you make as a gift. It adds exponential sentimental value, and contributes to those warm fuzzies we all like.
All you pet owners out there know how expensive dog beds can be. How some cheap-looking fabric and poly-fill or foam could cost upwards of $100, I'll never understand. Even the DIY dog bed kits out there cost you at least $30 for a medium-sized bed that might fit a cocker spaniel comfortably. I'd rather spend $30 on making a completely unique one from scratch—I ended up spending significantly less on this project ($5!).
Don't even get me started on the ugly fabrics commercial dog beds are made with. Ok… I'll start. The pet bed manufacturers out there must think all pet owners love plaid and paisley, as those seem to be at the forefront of pet bed fashion. Oh, we also only like deep forest green, tan and burgundy. That's it.
In an effort to find a more affordable pet bed solution, I came across several products that call for stuffing the bed with old blankets, towels or clothes. Great idea, I thought, especially so your canine companion gets the extra benefit of comforting, familiar smells. Still, the aesthetic problem remained that even these eco-friendly dog bed shells were made from fairly unattractive fabrics.
I found some bolts of felt at my local craft store for about $5 a yard, and a whopping 72 inches wide! Super affordable. With only about one yard of this felt, I was able to whip up a simple, modern dog bed shell. I decided to go with an exposed seam look, similar to some Blu Dot furniture, like below:
I also dig the geometric look, so I came up with this boxy pattern:
Obviously, you could do an even easier project by omitting the headrest and sticking with a simple rectangle. My dog, Obi, particularly loves resting his head on knees, pillows, my cat, etc., so the added headrest was a must in my case. Though he's only 35 pounds or so, he's rather long, so I went with a 32-inch total length.
I ended up stuffing this with an old comforter that I used to keep in the back of my car. For the headrest, I simply rolled one edge onto itself, and it worked out really well. The bottom has an open slit, which makes it easy to remove and wash separately from the blanket.
The final product turned out great, and Obi loves his new bed—it sort of reminds me of a human bed, so I may add two little white pillows to drive that point home. Enjoy the ridiculous cuteness below.
I've long loved the dusty and desaturated. My mom enjoys reminding me of when I quoted at age 4 or 5, "I'm very antique-y, Mama." Since steampunk fashion and culture started surfacing more prevalently a handful of years ago, I'm fascinated by all of the various interpretations of accessories, costumes, gadgets, everyday household items… anything combining Victorian style with sci-fi and tech is a win in my book.
For Halloween this year, I've decided to go all out steampunk. It's about damn time. These goggles are merely a foundation that can be tweaked, embellished and built upon to create a truly unique piece of optical headgear. Here we go…
First, you'll need to figure out what you want to use for the lens frames. My first instinct was to use mason jar lids, as they already have a built-in lip to hold the lenses. Plus, I was in dire need of some rocks glasses, so my $9 purchase of a dozen jelly jars was money well spent. Spray paint the lids any variety of metallic, whether that be gold, bronze, oiled bronze, copper, hammered metal… hardware and craft stores are full of metallic spray paint choices, so take your pick.
The temple pieces can be as big and as wide as you'd like, depending on how much you want your goggles to protrude from your face. You could even stack several temple pieces together to form a graduated telescopic effect. I'm using a corrugated cardboard for the base of my temple pieces because it curves nicely into a cylinder. Simply cut one straight edge the length of the jar lid circumference, and an undulating edge opposite, as wide as you'd like. You can see in the above photo how, when placed inside the lid, the shape wraps around the side of your face covering your temple.
Choose a surface material, and cut out pattern pieces about a quarter-inch larger all around than your cardboard pieces. I'm using a faux-leather vinyl material. It's easier to work with than real leather, not to mention less expensive. Let me take this opportunity to say that super glue is my friend. While bits of this project could be done using the sewing machine or even hand stitching, I opted to adhere my pieces together for a speedier process. I don't actually plan on fighting mechanical octopi in the steampunk wilderness with these, so super glue will be plenty secure for my purely aesthetic purposes. Note that I cut slits around the curves, as I would if I were sewing them, to avoid unsightly bunching. Wrap your cardboard pieces with the leather and glue down the edges. You can see above how these are starting to take shape!
I took this opportunity to add a bit of detail work. I lined the inside of the temple pieces in an embossed felt. It looks like a much more expensive fabric, but was a meager $0.30 per 9x12 sheet. Can't beat that! This lining is something only the wearer will appreciate, but I find these details important. I also used picture frame buttons (those rubber dots used on the backs of frames to prevent wall damage) as faux rivets. Again, spray paint them any metallic you like, preferably a slightly different metallic than your mason jar lids, before sticking them in place.
These adorable distressed hinges were half-off at the craft store, and I couldn't resist picking them up. I immediately thought they would be a perfect transition piece for the temple pieces. Like this…
At this stage, nothing is really glued together (except the hinges onto the temple pieces). I like to leave the majority of the permanent adhering to the end, just in case a random spat of creativity surges mid-project. You never know when you'll happen upon another material to incorporate. The lenses are merely clear plexi that I've tinted with Sharpies—I used a medium green tone. Once they are on the face, they look much darker from the outside, but are still easy to see out of.
The nose piece can be a great many things. I was more concerned with stability in this case, as aesthetic details can always be added later. I used a strip of thick leather to connect the two eye pieces. Again, super glue is a gift of the gods. This is a situation where I'm glad I hadn't glued in the temple pieces yet. I think the nose piece is substantially more secure sandwiched between the metal ring and the temple pieces.
After the nose piece is in place, it's safe to glue in the temple pieces permanently.
Straps. I happen to have a pile of leather scraps, which come in handy for this sort of thing. Cut two thin strips, about 10 to 12 inches each in length (depending on your head size). I'm using metal snaps as the back closure, found any any sewing notion or craft store. As shown in the bottom right photo above, I determined the leather was too thick to install the snaps, so I added a section of the faux leather to one end of each strip.
Now, it's time to connect the straps to the temple pieces. Oh, those hinges were perfect! Once I determined the proper length of each strap and trimmed accordingly, I super glued the raw edges of the straps to the hinges.
There you are, ladies and gentlemen — a simple pair of steampunk goggles. From here, the possibilities are endless. I plan on adding a scope-type apparatus to one of the lenses, in addition to a slew of tiny gears, wires, maybe even some tubing. Check back soon for the final product!
As promised in my previous post, here are my final steampunk goggles. I think these will serve nicely with my Halloween/ComicCon costume this year.
Sock monkeys have an interesting history that includes heightened popularity of exotic animals during the Victorian era, the innovation of seamless red-heeled industrial work socks in the late 1800s, and the resourcefulness of the Great Depression. Aside from all that, sock monkeys are an iconic play thing of my childhood. It occurred to me recently that I had never actually made this traditional toy. I know, embarrassing. It's high time I get down to <monkey> business.
One pair of substantial socks of your choice (red-heeled Rockfords, if you'd like to keep the traditional look).
Here we go…
Turn the first sock inside out. Flatten so the heel is facing up. Cut a quarter-inch strip length-wise from the top of the sock to about an inch away from the heel.
These will be the legs. Round the "feet" and whip stitch the seam, leaving a couple of inches open at the crotch.
Turn right side out and stuff with poly fill, beans, or a combination of the two. Tuck in the raw edges and use a zig-zag stitch to close it up. I realize this is looking a bit phallic, but bear with me.
Take the second sock, cut the top off right above the heel, divide in half longways and round the top edges. These will be the arms. Turn inside out, whip stitch around the seam, turn right side out, and stuff. Tuck the raw edges in, and whip stitch the arms to the body.
Cut the heel out of the second sock, leaving a slight edge of brown. Fold the raw edge under, and stitch the top half in a crescent moon shape to the face. Stuff with poly fill and stitch the bottom half of the mouth closed.
Now for the tail. Cut a long strip down the top of the second sock, to a point at the toe. Turn inside out, whip stitch the seam, turn right side out. Stuff with poly fill, tuck the raw edges in, and whip stitch to your monkey's arse.
For the ears, cut out two elongated half-circles from the remainder of the sock. Roll the outer raw edge in (to create a bit of "cartilage") and whip stitch to secure. To make the ears curl in a bit more, run a loose baste stitch through the rolled area, and cinch like a coin purse. Secure the thread when it is cinched to your liking. Whip stitch to the sides of the head.
Pick out some buttons for the eyes. This is where you can definitely get a bit more creative. Choose one type of button, mismatched, bright colors… whatever suits your monkey. I chose two layer two differently sized and colored buttons for bigger, buggier eyes.
Voila! Your very own sock monkey. This is the absolute basic variety, and can be infinitely customized for a completely unique simian sensation. Check back soon for some sock monkey accessory ideas.
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Has your family trusted in Toro products to make yard work easier and more enjoyable? Do you own a Toro passed down through generations, and it's still running strong? Or, maybe you have trusted in Toro products throughout your professional career for their productivity, performance and efficiency. If this is you, we want to hear your Toro story!
Click here to share your story.
May 28, 2014 - THE TORO COMPANY RINGS THE CLOSING BELL® AT THE NYSE TO CELEBRATE 100 YEARS
To mark this special occasion, Michael J. Hoffman, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, joined by other company executives and channel partners, rang The NYSE Closing Bell.
The Toro Company Celebrates 100 Years of Growth and Success(City of Bloomington)
A century of innovation was recognized as one of Bloomington's largest employers and highly valued business turns 100.
Read More
Toro Introduces Edger Attachment for Sand Pro® 3040/5040
BLOOMINGTON, Minn. (January 18, 2011) - New for the Toro® Sand Pro® 3040/5040 infield groomer, the Sport Field Edger attachment is designed to quickly and easily maintain the grass edge of the outfield on baseball and softball fields by removing overgrown turf and infield lip build-up.
"The primary appeal of the Edger attachment is that it eliminates much of the hand work done in edging base lines, warning tracks and infield/outfield boundaries on ball fields," said Kevin Conry, senior marketing manager for Toro's Commercial Business. "It may take eight hours to edge a field by hand - with the Edger attachment on a Sand Pro 3040/5040, it can be done in less than two hours."
The Toro Edger attachment, the first of its kind in the industry, is built for use on the Toro Sand Pro 3040/5040 utility vehicles. Both Sand Pro models offer a rear hydraulic Quick Attach System™ (QAS) enabling operators to change out attachments in under one minute with no special tools required. With more than 21 attachments available, the Sand Pro keeps sports fields and golf courses in "game day" condition every day.
For more information about the Toro Sport Field Edger attachment and Sand Pro® 3040/5040 infield groomer, visit www.toro.com
About The Toro Company
The Toro Company (NYSE: TTC) is a leading worldwide provider of turf and landscape maintenance equipment, and precision irrigation systems. With sales of nearly $1.7 billion in fiscal 2010, Toro's global presence extends to more than 80 countries through its reputation of world-class service, innovation and turf expertise. Since 1914, the company has built a tradition of excellence around a number of strong brands to help customers care for golf courses, sports fields, public green spaces, commercial and residential properties, and agricultural fields. More information is available at www.toro.com.


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what the hell
Posted by JmanChicago on Dec. 16, 2006
Posted by JmanChicago on Dec. 16, 2006
NIGERIAN SCAM!: haha I work for eBay.. and LOVE it.. but if you havent been on eBay I guess you dont know about the Nigerian Scam.. but you should! they send you fake PayPal emails saying they have paid and it will show up in your account once you send PayPal the tracking number.. and they target new eBayers.. and then the person ships the item but never gets paid! Im starting to think there are people in Nigeria who have swimming pools full of money from all the free products they get and then rese


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5168 Civic Center Drive · Waterford MI, 48329 · 248.674.4831
Celebrating 50 years of service to the Waterford community
You read them... you rated them... and here they are - a selection of the best reviewed books of the summer. Enjoy!
Pawley's Island by Dorothea Benton Frank "Great characters, paybacks & humor! Makes a good combo"
Quiet Dell by Jayne Anne Phillips "Details of a real serial killer woven into a good read!"
Matched by Ally Condie "Couldn't put it down!"
The Spellman Files by Lisa Lutz "Loved it! The characters were hilarious and charming!"
Glimpses of Heaven: True Stories of Hope and Peace at the End of Life's Journey by Trudy Harris"This is a glorious book."
Destiny of the Republic by Candice Millard "Best book I have ever read and I have read a lot of books." Read more
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If you are a fan of English history this DVD is for you. Although it's fictional, I must say it comes very close to being authentic. Looking forward to seeing the next set.
I thought i was ordering World Without End, the book i read, but i made a mistake and ordered a similar movie. This was my mistake. The story was still interesting.
great movie and greatbchristmas present my sister could hardly wait to view
The miniseries was well produced and fairly true to the book by Ken Follett. It is an interesting look at what medevial life was like.The actors are very good.
If you are looking for a review of the movie itself, it was awesome! It's one of our favorite books, so we looked forward to this television series. It was as good as any big screen movie, maybe even better. Overstock had great pricing and it arrived fairly quickly. It is now one of my favorite movies!
This item will be delivered to you via USPS Trackable Media Mail or UPS Mail Innovations and will take from 2 days to 3 weeks from the time the item leaves our warehouse. *
Items must be returned in new or unused condition and contain all original materials included with the shipment. More details
FINAL SALE EXCLUSION: Items marked as FINAL SALE are not returnable unless the problem you experience is the result of our error.
* For your safety, some orders go through our loss prevention department. If we select your order for this process, we will immediately notify you that there may be up to a 3-day delay on your order.
** Most Oversize orders are delivered within 1-4 weeks. Some orders may take 6 weeks to be delivered.


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MacBook Pro
The best Apple computer device ever is likely in the Apple Store now
iMac? MacBook? iPhone? None of those, although the current models of each are outstanding.
Review: StandStand portable standing desk
The most aromatic way to join the standing desk revolution.
OGIO announces two new laptop backpacks: Throttle and Clutch
Named after rejected Top Gun pilot nicknames, perhaps?
Kickstarter Find: StandStand portable standing desk
Pledge and stand up for health!
Kickstarter Find: Easel laptop stand
Show some support if your neck is tired of being cramped.
Experience VertiGo from WaterField Designs
That's "Verti" as in vertical, and "Go" as in carry your MacBook somewhere.
Catalyst unveils waterproof sleeves for tablets and laptops
Back when I went to school, no one carried around laptops (which barely existed) or tablets (which didn't exist). What did exist was rain and snow, and we surely had plenty of that. If you find yourself in the same environment this school year, but with $1,000 of technology to carry around, you may want to check out Catalyst before heading back to school.
Kickstarter Find: Modbook Pro X conversion for 15″ Retina MacBook Pro
Modbook, the company that creates Mac-like tablets, has launched a Kickstarter campaign to support the new Modbook Pro X that is based on the 15-inch Retina Macbook Pro. The $150,000 campaign will enable users to send their own machines to the company so they can be converted for $1,999. Alternatively, for $3,999, customers can make reservations for complete systems coming directly from Modbook.
MacBook Pro update clears agenda for 12″ MacBook Air unveiling
The updated Retina MacBook Pros Apple announced Tuesday are essentially a minor speed bump, bur are perhaps perhaps significant in clearing the decks for Apple to devote full attention to a widely anticipated announcement deeper into the year of a completely new 12-inch MacBook Air design with a Retina display, no internal cooling fan, and no trackpad button.
MacBook Pro with Retina Display gets updated
The MacBook Pro with Retina display laptops have been officially refreshed with more memory, faster processors, more upgrade options, and a cheaper price. As has been rumored, the 15-inch model now comes with 16GB memory standard, along with a 1TB flash drive upgrade option.
Chart hints at launch of upgraded 15-Inch Retina MacBook Pros
A photo of an Apple Store chart has surfaced that suggests the company may have plans to launch a slightly modified line of 15-inch Retina MacBook Pros that will come with 16GB of RAM standard, as well as faster Haswell processors. The photo purportedly comes from Apple's Chongqing store in China.
Apple launches back to school promotion for Mac, iDevice purchases
Apple has launched its Back to School Promotion as the school year shopping season kicks-off. Students who purchase Mac models (except the Mac mini) are eligible to receive a $100 gift card, while iPad and iPhone buyers are entitled to a $50 gift card.


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XFINITY from Comcast is not available in all areas.
The AnyRoom DVR from XFINITY lets you control the content across every TV in your Santa Clara home. That's just right for you if you fit in with the 33%, or 580 of New Mexicans with multiple TVs.
XFINITY Internet packages from Comcast offer download speeds of up to 105 Mbps. That's a significant increase in speed from the Santa Clara average download speed of 0.00 Mbps.
XFINITY Bundles are another great way to save money each month by paying one provider for all of your telecommunications costs. Join the 72% of other Santa Clara residents, or 1,266 people, who already bundle TV, Internet, and/or Phone.
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Santa Clara residents have more ways to watch TV and save money thanks to XFINITY packages from Comcast providing a variety of everyone's favorite channels. Packages include digital cable channels, DVR recording and playback, and On Demand, so XFINITY TV fits your schedule.
Most Americans spend 35 hours every week watching TV, and XFINITY brings TV to Santa Clara, NM to fill these hours with the most enjoyment possible. XFINITY TV provides Santa Clara sports fans with their favorite local cable channels. Choose XFINITY TV specials and get the best new movies as well as all the classic films you love.
Do you need super-fast Internet connection speeds? XFINITY Internte provides surfers with download speeds up to 105 Mbps in Santa Clara, NM. You get the ability to stream the TV shows you love to all the devices you use with XFINITY Internet. Plus, XFINITY includes up to seven individual email accounts.
What is the best thing about XFINITY Internet for Santa Clara, NM? The variety of packages to choose from. XFINITY Internet has the fastest speeds and perfect promotions for you, whether you want to game online, use social media, or connect the whole household. And for no extra cost, you'll have peace of mind with Constant Guard® , the industry's best online protection suite.
Would you like caller ID on your TV, PC, and smartphone? Join the 66% of New Mexicans who already bundle their telecommunications services with one provider by bundling XFINITY Voice and/or Internet with TV in Santa Clara. Choose an XFINITY TRIPLE PLAY or DOUBLE PLAY Bundle from Comcast, and get back to watching your favorite TV shows, chatting with your friends in Santa Clara, and liking pictures on Facebook.
Get a single statement for all your telecommunications services, and same time for the things that matter. Get the equipment you demand, standard, when you choose a Triple Play or Double Play to bundle your TV, high-speed internet, and home phone in a XFINITY package. Santa Clara residents save the most money when they pick from the variety of offers.
Local governments license the ability to provide cable service in New Mexico. This means that there's usually only one provider for each geographical area.
xfinity is available in your area.
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