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MOREnet is Now Seeking Presentation Proposals For Our Upcoming 2010 Connections Conference.
Connections 2010: The Future of Technology…Bring IT!
Two decades ago, almost no one would have envisioned what technology would offer today. Imagine what we'll discover in the future! Whether you're an IT novice, a dreamer or someone with fond "memories of the future," MOREnet's Connections conference will have something for you.
We are looking for presentations on cutting-edge technology, inspirational how-to leadership and ground-breaking policy discussions. It takes all types of presentations to make a well-rounded conference; we welcome presentation proposals on a variety of topics. To see a list of session tags for this conference and to submit your presentation proposal online visit:
You will not want to miss the opportunity to play an active roll in this adventure!


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Took these with my sister today – I absolutely love high heels and how powerful they make me feel – are you a heels or ballerina girl?
Tell me whether you love or loathe high heels!shoes
Shoes are an addiction for me. The way your toes can look as round as the moon in a pair of heels is not matched by other types of shoes. The following shoes I have picked scream sex appeal and high-heeled luxury for businesswomen or women who want that power business look for their downtime.
[1] Guiseppe Zanotti Summertime Heels (watch the video below)
[Source: Saw the video at Shoerazzi first]
[2] YSL Trib Toos (Beyoncé is wearing them in mock-croc brown below)
Do you think high heels are appropriate for where you work or are you a ballerina girl?
I have a huge crush on the spring/summer shoes by Versace. They are like glossy architecture. I am willing to go to the bookies to get no man will resist a girl in these shoes.
Keep reading for more stunning shoe-building high heels. They are epic. All pictures from Fashioning via the fashion spot.
This is why I love Charcoal comments so much. You lot are so intelligent and knowledgeable. In this post, I talked about wanting to get thigh high booties. Charcoal readers ph2072, missra & Lita weighed in on the issue of thigh high booties. Lita suggested wearing knee high tights & heels instead. I think this is a fab idea, thank you very much! It is also more cost-efficient and it means I get to execute the look quicker and cheaper than saving £100 to buy the Topshop thigh high booties.
The picture below are Louboutins. Obviously I am not going for Louboutins, but the look I am aiming to do in two weeks time when I have some money saved up is black court shoes with a platform + overknee black tights.
Costs of the Outfit
Please tell me what you think of the look of overknee thights & black F me pumps. Also, if you were me, what kind of dress would you pair them with? How would you make them look elegant and slick, as opposed to schoolmarmish? I want to hear your suggestions.
Here's a revised idea of what I think.
Autumn, wintry look: Woolly jumper dress, overknee tights + black courts. No boobies showing whatsoever.
What are your thoughts?
[1] – I can walk in high heels if they have a platform! Woop!

subset: commoncrawl


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Okay, I'm going to need a lot of courage.
I'm going to need shitlaods of courage to break the news to my dad when he comes home today.
my heart is about to explode omg.
I really hate talking to my sister about college.
90% of the time, she has no idea what I'm on about because we are just too different people with two different ideas of happiness.
I think the worst part of all this is that I haven't been to any of the campuses, so I have no idea what the atmosphere will be like.
I mean, I have some sort of idea about each one but I really can't tell unless I've been there, you know?
Chicago just seems to be calling my name a lot louder than San Antonio.
omg my dad still hasn't sent in the bank statements to Trinity.
I can still go to DePaul if I want to.
What am I going to do?
I wanna go to Chicago so badly but I know my dad will get really angry since this is the third time I've changed my mind about all this.
fuck, I don't know.
you wouldn't think that the absence of feeling would feel like anything, but it does
I love it when I see people I know blogging away on tumblr.
It makes me feel better to know I'm not the only one procrastinating like fuck.
I want to wear shitloads of make up and a black dress and then go out and kiss a lot of people on their cheeks and sometimes even on the mouth.
then I'll come home and have myself a drink and a cigarette, then sleep for a few days.
I wonder what the world was like before mirrors.
I've decided to be 18 forever.
wow someone just sent me an essay trying to convince me I'm not a horrible person.
I barely know this guy but he basically psychoanalyzed me and convinced me that I am capable of making the needed changes in my life and then gave me a few reasons to continue getting up in the morning.
what a blessing, though, honestly. It made me really happy.
you know you're a 1600s kid when Sabrina the Teenage Witch was a girl being burned at the stake in town square
"The Winter of Mixed Drinks"
remember when i used to believe in love?
LOL omg, such good times.
its not even about what you say. its all about how you say it.
thats what it all comes down to.


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41.6301 2.716
Avda. Del Mar s/n, 2, 08398 Santa Susanna, Spain +34 937 678 612
The tastefully furnished hotel offers a total of 323 rooms spread over a 5-storey building. Amongst the hotel facilities are a foyer with 24-hour reception, hotel safe, a currency exchange desk, café and a lift. In addition, guests are offered a shop, an in-house bar, a TV room and a restaurant. Business guests are offered an Internet terminal and conference... More from Hotelopia
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Vintage photo cake
This cake was created for a special 80th birthday! This was a sugar image of the birthday girl in her 20s. A sugar envelope with a hand calligraphed celebratory note was made for her. The flavors inside are a moist vanilla cake with blackberry buttercream.
Cristi, Miami, FL, http://www.facebook.com/meninasweets


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Black SUV
2 Deadly Police Pursuits In 3 Days In South Florida
A police chase ends with a death and a second possible pursuit also cost a woman her life all in the span of three days in South Florida.
4 Years After, No Leads In Boca Mall Murder Case
A South Florida family is marking the fourth anniversary of the death of their loved one in a murder case that remains unsolved. Meanwhile, detectives are asking for the public's help in solving the case.


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Warcraft Riches Wow Mirror 1
Warcraft Riches Wow Mirror 2
iDemise WoW Leveling Guide
Team iDemise Has The Fastest 1-80 Time in the World! We Get There In 6 Days 5 Hours and with our In-game WoW Leveling Guide You Can Do It Too. Our Alliance & Horde leveling guide is jam-packed with everything you need to master WoW Horde & Alliance.
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Nealine Game Portal
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Brian Kopps Alliance Leveling Guide
Briankopps 1-80 Alliance Leveling Guide is a Secret Path That Blizzard Doesn't Want YOU To Know About. Every step is numbered and sorted by each zone that you will quest in from level 1 to 80, including amazing mod that will uncover your entire map.
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Aim with the cross on the football goal. You can adjust the strenght of your football game. Cool and addictive online flash game. Online soccer game. Play multiplayer online football/soccer management games with 3D matches. B
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Derek's Gold Mastery Guide TM
Derek's gold mastery guide is one of the best gold guides for world of warcraft. It is created by a professional player and teaches you how to make 200+ gold per hour.
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Play Tetris! play tetris online and tetris online, free online tetris, play tetris online, play tetris free online, tetris game online or free online tetris game, jong mah online solitaire tetris, free game online play tetris, play tetris attack onli
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Play canon. Destroy enemy. cannon free online game. Cannon! A free online Java game for all. ... The object of Cannon! is simply to destroy online game sites, I highly recommend the sites below. Play Free Online Games, sports games, massive multipla
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The Dandy Warhols - We Used To Be Friends
The highlight of The Hills season finale was this song. Amanda and I used to sit through every Veronica Mars intro just so we could hear this song.
Amandalyn Ferri is so cool. I am so lucky to have her as a best friend. She is such a babe. I would love to see her drink liquor from a boot wearing nothing but a pizza bikini riding a crown wearing dinosaur. Don't tell my boyfriend….this is weird.


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Anvil (also known by its development name Scimitar) is a game engine created by video game developer Ubisoft for use on Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 for Prince of Persia and Assassin's Creed series.
Jul 13th, 2013
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51 votes submitted.
You Say
Ratings closed.


text: Sony DAV-C700 DVD home theater system Zoom Front Back Front Remote Photos Videos Item #: 158DAVC700 Be the first to write a review DISCONTINUED This item is no longer available to purchase. Contact us for other options Call Email Original price Call for price Shop all TV Sound Solutions Shop all TV Sound Solutions x By buying this product you'll earn up to 600 Rewards points. When you sign up for a Crutchfield account, you'll be enrolled in Crutchfield Rewards. You'll earn one point for every dollar you spend on gear from us. You can turn your points into Rewards Cards that you can use toward future purchases. You can sign up for an account now, or after you complete your purchase (you'll get credit for the points either way). Sign up for a Crutchfield account Overview Details Customer Reviews Articles & Videos Accessories Our take on the Sony DAV-C700 Looking for instant home theater with some high-end extras? Here it is! Sony's DAV-C700 "Dream System" has everything that's made DVD home theater systems so popular you get terrific Dolby® Digital sound and a stunning DVD picture, along with 1-box shopping convenience, and an easy setup. The combination 5-disc changer/receiver handles DVDs, CDs, audio CD-Rs and CD-RWs, even stereo and multichannel Super Audio CDs! Plus, the changer/receiver features a component video output for maximum DVD picture quality with a compatible TV. Read more The DAV-C700 comes with a full complement of matched home theater speakers: 2-way satellites for the main left and right channels, single-speaker satellites for center and surround, plus a separate subwoofer. The sats and sub are so compact, you'll barely even notice 'em; but fire up a DVD movie, and you'll experience clean, spacious, room-filling sound. And thanks to the color-coded speaker connectors, wiring 'em is a breeze. The system is powered by 350 total watts from the super-efficient digital amplifier built into the DVD changer/receiver: you get 50 watts x 5 for the satellites, plus 100 watts for the subwoofer. This surprisingly slim component also houses the built-in Dolby Digital and DTS® decoding for your DVDs, and Pro Logic decoding for VHS tapes and stereo TV broadcasts. You can use the optical digital input to connect a compatible DIRECTV system for exciting Dolby Digital surround sound on select satellite programs. The built-in AM/FM tuner gives you 30 presets for your favorite stations. Details: DVD/CD changer/receiver: plays DVD-Video discs, SACDs, CDs, and audio CD-Rs and CD-RWs 5-disc capacity (change 4 discs while the 5th keeps playing) built-in Dolby Digital/DTS/Pro Logic decoding digital amplifier with 350 total watts (50 watts x 5 for satellites, plus 100 for subwoofer) Digital Cinema Sound Headphone Theater mode tuner with 20 FM/10 AM presets multibrand remote (operates most TVs and cable boxes) on-screen GUI optical digital audio in/out 2 A/V inputs (1 is in/out); composite 1 video output (composite, S-video, or component) headphone jack color-coded speaker connectors 14"W x 4"H x 15-1/2"D Subwoofer: 7-1/8" cone ported enclosure 7-15/16"W x 15-7/16"H x 14"D Front speakers: 2-way design with 2-7/8" mid/woofer and 5/8" dome tweeter 4"W x 4"H x 4-3/8"D Center and surround speakers: 2-7/8" full-range driver 4"W x 4"H x 4-3/8"D System specs: overall frequency response 35-50,000 Hz warranty: 1 year designed for use with "Region 1" coded DVDs Hands-on research from the Crutchfield Labs (what are the Labs?) What's in the box? | In-depth notes Product Research What's in the box? Download owner's manual HCD-C700 5-disc DVD/CD/SACD changer/receiver SS-WS500 Subwoofer 5 SS-TS500 satellites RM-SS900 Wireless remote 2 "AA" batteries AM loop antenna FM wire antenna 59" Video RCA patch cord 20 Self-adhesive rubber foot pads One 16.25' length of speaker wire for the front right channel (has bare wire on one end and a proprietary red speaker connector on the other end) One 16.25' length of speaker wire for the front left channel (has bare wire on one end and a proprietary white speaker connector on the other end) One 16.25' length of speaker wire for the center channel (has bare wire on one end and a proprietary green speaker connector on the other end) One 16.25' length of speaker wire for the subwoofer channel (has bare wire on one end and a proprietary purple speaker connector on the other end) One 49.25' length of speaker wire for the rear left channel (has bare wire on one end and a proprietary blue speaker connector on the other end) One 49.25' length of speaker wire for the rear right channel (has bare wire on one end and a proprietary gray speaker connector on the other end) Operating Instructions "Speakers-Connection and Installation" "Quick reference for Remote Commander" Owner Registration Card Important Safeguards Warranty sheet Power saving note Our Product Research Team At Crutchfield, you'll get detailed, accurate information that's hard to find elsewhere. That's because we have our own in-house Product Research team — they open the box, verify contents, check the owner's manual, and record dimensions, features and specs. We stay on top of new products and technologies to help people make informed choices. Features Speakers Remote Control Inputs and Outputs Dimensions Specifications System Overview: This integrated system includes a 5-disc DVD/SACD/Video CD/Audio CD changer/receiver, 2-way satellites for the main left and right channels, full-range satellites for center and surround, plus a separate subwoofer. A multibrand remote is included for system control. Features DVD/SACD Changer: This system has a 5-disc DVD/SACD changer that is compatible with the following discs: DVDs, Super Audio CDs, Video CDs, audio CDs, finalized audio CD-Rs, and finalized audio CD-RWs. Direct Stream Digital (DSD) Decoding: This unit is equipped with a DSD decoder to enable SACD playback. Unlike PCM based technology (CD/MiniDisc/DVD/Audio DVD, etc.), Super Audio CD is based on DSD encoding which does not require decimation and interpolation filters. DSD is much simpler and enables a 1-bit signal to be recorded directly. DSD encodes music at 2,822,400 samples per second allowing you to hear sound with incredible ease and clarity. DSD combines the advantages of digital recording with the best characteristics of analog sound. Surround Decoding: This system has built-in Dolby Digital, DTS, and Dolby Pro Logic decoding. On-Screen Display: The on-screen display language can be set to English, French, Spanish, or Portuguese. Sound Fields: Normal Surround: Normal Surround includes the following modes: Dolby Digital/Dolby Pro Logic: Dolby Digital sources are played with as many channels as recorded; 2-channel stereo sources are decoded with Dolby Pro Logic DTS Cinema Studio Ex. A: Reproduces the sound characteristics of Sony Pictures Entertainment's classic editing studio; uses the 3D sound imaging of the Virtual Multi Dimension mode to create 5 sets of virtual surround speakers from one pair of actual surround speakers Cinema Studio Ex. B: Reproduces the sound characteristics of Sony Pictures Entertainment's mixing studio; uses the 3D sound imaging of the Virtual Multi Dimension mode to create 5 sets of virtual surround speakers from one pair of actual surround speakers Cinema Studio Ex. C: Reproduces the sound characteristics of Sony Pictures Entertainment's BGM recording studio; uses the 3D sound imaging of the Virtual Multi Dimension mode to create 5 sets of virtual surround speakers from one pair of actual surround speakers Virtual Multi Dimension: Uses 3D sound imaging to create an array of virtual rear speakers positioned higher than the listener from a single pair of actual rear speakers. This mode creates 5 sets of virtual speakers surrounding you at approximately a 30-degree angle of elevation. V.Semi-M. Dimension: Uses 3D sound imaging to create virtual rear speakers from the sound of the front speakers without using actual rear speakers. It creates 5 sets of speakers surrounding the listener at a 30-degree angle of elevation. Small Hall: Reproduces the acoustics if a small rectangular concert hall Large Hall: Reproduces the acoustics if a large rectangular concert hall Jazz: Reproduces the acoustics of a jazz club Live: Reproduces the acoustics of a 300-seat live house Game: Obtains maximum audio impact from video game software Headphone Theater: Allows you to experience a theater-like environment while using a pair of stereo headphones Auto Format Decoding: Automatically detects the type of audio signal being input (Dolby Digital, DTS, Dolby Pro Logic, 2-channel) and performs the proper decoding without adding any effects. Speaker Setup: Front Speakers: The front speaker setting is fixed at "YES" Center Speaker: You may select "YES" or "NO" Rear Speakers: If you choose not to use the rear speakers you can select "NONE". If you are using the rear speakers, you will need to specify the rear speaker position and height. You can select "BEHIND (LOW)", "BEHIND (HIGH)", "SIDE (LOW)", or "SIDE (HIGH)". Subwoofer: The subwoofer setting is fixed at "YES" Test Tone: The test tone feature allows you to adjust the volume level of the center, subwoofer, and rear channels. The level of each channel can be adjusted from -6dB to +6dB in 1dB increments. Bit Rate Meter: The bit rate meter lets you monitor the average bit-rate level on a DVD. Disc Exchange: You can change up to four discs while playing a fifth. Resume Play: This feature allows you to resume playback of a disc from the point where you last stopped. The stopping point will be saved even if the power is turned off, however, the stopping point will be lost if the tray is opened. PBC Playback: PBC playback allows you to play Video CDs interactively by following the menu on the TV screen. Disc Mode: Before setting Program Play, Shuffle Play, or Repeat Play, you need to choose whether to set those play modes on one disc or all discs. Program Play: Up to 25 titles, chapters and tracks can be programmed and played in any order. Shuffle Play: When playing a DVD, you can play the titles or chapters in random order. When playing a Super Audio CD, Video CD or an audio CD, you can play the tracks in random order. Repeat Play: When playing a DVD, you can repeat the current title, current chapter, or the entire disc. When playing a Super Audio CD, Video CD or an audio CD, you can repeat the current track or the entire disc. In addition, you can repeat Program Play and Shuffle Play. Scan Search: When playing a DVD, Super Audio CD, or an Audio CD, there are three fast-play speeds available in the playback direction. When playing a DVD, there are three fast-play speeds available in the reverse direction. Slow Motion: When playing a DVD or Video CD, you may move forward through the program being played in one of two slow motion speeds. When playing a DVD, you may move backward through the program being played in one of two slow motion speeds. Multi-Angle Display: This function allows you to choose the viewing angle of scenes that were shot from a number of different angles. This function is limited to DVDs recorded with multiple camera angles. Parental Control: This unit allows you to set two kinds of playback restrictions for DVDs using Parental Control and Custom Parental Control. Parental Control allows you to restrict playback according to a predetermined level. You can select a parental control rating from 0-8, which is protected by a 4-digit password. Using the same registered password, Custom Parental Control allows you to set playback restrictions for a specific disc. You can set the same Custom Parental Control password for up to 50 discs. Display Dimmer: You can set the display to one of two brightness levels. Tuner: This system has a digital AM/FM Tuner. You can store up to 20 FM and 10 AM station presets so that you always have easy access to your favorite stations without having to tune them in manually each time. FM tuning is done in 0.1MHz steps and AM tuning is done in 9kHz or 10 kHz steps. Language Setup: On-Screen Display: Allows you to select English, Spanish, French, or Portuguese as the on-screen display language DVD Menu (DVD only): Allows you to select the default DVD menu language Audio (DVD only): Allows you to select the default audio language Subtitle (DVD only): Allows you to select the default subtitle language Screen Setup: TV Type (DVD only): Allows you to select 4:3 Letter Box (automatically displays a wide screen DVD as letterboxed on a normal aspect ratio TV), 4:3 Pan Scan (automatically converts a wide screen DVD to Pan and Scan when supported by the DVD, otherwise it is played in letter box format), or 16:9 (used when using a wide-screen TV with a 16:9 ratio). Screen Saver: Protects against screen burnout by selecting a screensaver after the unit has been in pause or stop mode for 15 minutes. The screen saver can be turned On or Off. Background: You can select the background color in stop mode or while playing a CD. You can choose Jacket Picture (shows the DVD jacket picture if supported by the DVD), Graphics (shows a Sony graphic), Blue (background color is blue), or Black (background color is black). Custom Setup: Pause Mode (DVD only): Allows you to select how an image is displayed in pause mode. You can choose Auto or Frame. Parental Control (DVD only): Allows you to enter a 4-digit password to limit playback (available on DVDs with parental support) Track Selection (DVD only): You can select Auto or Off. When Auto is selected, priority is given to the digital audio track with the largest number of channels. Speakers Subwoofer: The subwoofer uses a 7-1/8" paper woofer with a rubber surround, and the woofer is mounted in a bass-reflex enclosure. Satellites: The front left and right satellites have 2-7/8" paper cone midranges with foam surrounds and 5/8" balanced-dome tweeters. The center and surround satellites have 2-7/8" full-range paper cone drivers with foam surrounds. Each satellite has a set of spring clip terminals that will accept bare wire and pin connectors. Each speaker is covered by a non-removable, light gray cloth grille. Satellite Mounting: Each satellite has an M5 (5mm) threaded insert on the back. The satellites can be mounted on the wall using an optional bracket or an M5 (5mm) screw (not included). If you do not wish to mount the satellites on the wall, you can place them on any flat surface. Video-Shielding: The satellites and subwoofer are video-shielded. Remote Control Multibrand Remote: The DAV-C700 comes with a remote that is pre-programmed to operate this system and a number of functions on different brands of TVs and cable boxes. Inputs and Outputs Front Panel of Receiver: Phones: Stereo mini-jack headphone output Rear Panel of Receiver: AM Antenna Input: Two spring clip connectors FM Antenna Input: F-Type connector Optical Digital Input: Standard Toslink digital input with a plastic protective cover Optical Digital Output: Standard Toslink digital output with a plastic protective cover Video 1 Input/Output: Stereo RCA jacks and RCA composite video jacks Video 2 Input: Stereo RCA jacks and RCA composite video jack Component Video Output: 3 RCA jacks labeled "Y", "PB/B-Y" and "PR/R-Y" Monitor Output: RCA composite video jack and S-video jack Speaker Outputs: Six color-coded 2-pin proprietary connectors for all channels Dimensions Receiver: W=14", H=3.991", D=15.5" Subwoofer: W=7.893", H=15.4375", D=14" Satellites: W=3.956", H=3.967", D=4.345" Specifications Amplifier Section: Front (6 ohms at 1kHz, 10% THD): 50 watts x 2 Center (6 ohms at 1kHz, 10% THD): 50 watts Rear (6 ohms at 1kHz, 10% THD): 50 watts x 2 Subwoofer (3 ohms at 100Hz, 10% THD): 100 watts SACD/DVD System: DVD Frequency Response: 2Hz to 22kHz (+/-1dB) CD Frequency Response: 2Hz to 20kHz (+/-1dB) Signal-to-Noise Ratio: More than 80 dB Harmonic Distortion: 0.03% Speaker System: System Frequency Response: 35-50,000Hz Front Speaker Frequency Response: 150-50,000Hz Center and Surround Speaker Frequency Response: 150-20,000Hz Subwoofer Frequency Response: 35-150 Hz Be the first to review this product Submit a review and then enter to win a $500 rewards card Review this product: Thanks for taking the time to share your experiences about this product. Please be sure to focus your comments on the product itself. Read our Review Guidelines for more information. Review title * Email Your email won't be visible. Please use the email address that is associated with your order. Display name (e.g., JohnD) Your review will be signed using the display name and location * Your location (e.g., Charlottesville, VA) * Your rating Click on a star to rate the overall product on a scale of 1-5 1500 characters left * Your review Attach a YouTube Review Crutchfield Video Review Guidelines Only submit videos that you made or are authorized to use. Do not submit videos that contain music, video or visuals that are copyrighted and belong to someone else. Please see our Review Guidelines for more information. Submit the URL of your YouTube™ video review or product demonstration. e.g., "http://www.youtube.com/v/o79TWHh598U" 500 characters left Pros 500 characters left Cons * Agree to Terms By checking this box you agree your review becomes the property of Crutchfield, that you are over 18 years of age, that you own or have owned this product, and that you are located within the United States or its territories. Please see our Review Guidelines for more information. We reserve the right (but are not obligated to) review all submissions and edit or remove any review in any manner which we deem necessary. Your review should be posted within seven days. Add accessories for the Sony DAV-C700 Add Accessories And just like that, it was gone. Don't let your components go up in smoke. Use reliable power protection to keep them safe and improve their performance. See all categories & accessories And just like that, it was gone. Don't let your components go up in smoke. Use reliable power protection to keep them safe and improve their performance. Power Protection Are you sure you have enough cables? You need at least one audio cable going to and from your receiver (two if you want to run both analog and digital for recording purposes). RCA Audio Patch Cables How long do you plan to keep your DVD player? Keeping clean discs and routinely using a lens cleaning disc will prolong the life of your player. CD & DVD Care Why do you think they are free? Getting better cables will make a significant difference compared to the cables that come with your components. Composite (RCA) Video Cables Using the optical digital output? If you're connecting the audio signal from your DVD player to your receiver using the optical digital output, you'll need a cable. Optical Digital Cables Monster Core Power® 1200 AVU Surge protector with built-in USB charging Your Price: $59.99 Add to Cart Monster Core Power® 600 AVU Surge protector with built-in USB charging Your Price: $39.99 Add to Cart Monster Core Power® 800 AVU Surge protector with built-in USB charging Your Price: $49.99 Add to Cart Monster PowerCenter™ AV 625 Surge suppressor 1 person says Your Price: $29.99 Add to Cart Monster Cable Stereo Audio 200i Stereo interconnect cables with RCA plugs (2 meters/6.6 ft.) 15 people say Your Price: $29.95 Add to Cart Maxell CD-335 CD scratch repair kit Your Price: $9.99 Add to Cart Monster HDTV Calibration Wizard Easy-to-use TV setup DVD 29 people say Your Price: $19.95 Add to Cart Monster Video® 2 Composite video cable (2 meters, 6.6 ft.) 1 person says Your Price: $29.95 Add to Cart AudioQuest Forest OptiLink Optical digital audio cable (1.5 meters/5 feet) Options 1.5 meters/5 feet-$34.99 3 meters/10 feet-$48.99 5 meters/16.4 feet-$74.99 Optical digital audio cable (1.5 meters/5 feet) Optical digital audio cable (3 meters/10 feet) Optical digital audio cable (5 meters/16.4 feet) 22 people say Your Price: $34.99 Add to Cart AudioQuest Cinnamon OptiLink Optical digital audio cable (3 meters/10 feet) Options 1.5 meters/5 feet-$78.99 3 meters/10 feet-$108.99 5 meters/16.4 feet-$158.99 Optical digital audio cable (1.5 meters/5 feet) Optical digital audio cable (3 meters/10 feet) Optical digital audio cable (5 meters/16.4 feet) 3 people say Your Price: $108.99 Add to Cart CableTruth 303T Optical digital audio cable 4 people say Your Price: $19.99 Add to Cart AudioQuest Vodka OptiLink Optical digital audio cable (1.5 meters/5 feet) 1 person says Your Price: $228.99 Add to Cart Why choose SquareTrade? The #1-Rated Protection Plan Thousands of people have reviewed SquareTrade Protection Plans — and made us #1. 5-Day Service Guarantee & Free Shipping We'll repair or replace your item in five business days or less after we've received it, or your plan is free. And, as always, we pay for all shipping. Protection from Normal, Everyday Use Repairing your average mechanical or electrical failure can cost as much as buying a new device. With SquareTrade, you're covered — including parts and labor. For a more in-depth review and enhanced detailed information on the Sony DAV-C700, please visit the Crutchfield website product page (/ISEO-rccbcspd/p_158DAVC700/Sony-DAV-C700.html ). x Sorry, the Sony DAV-C700 is no longer available for purchase. Looking for a similar item? Shop TV Sound Solutions Or, you can still... Write a review Purchase product accessories Download product manual Go × Front Back Front Remote


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Tidying up Iraq legacy
Posted: March 06, 2013|
THE noble Lord Prescott has belatedly admitted that our involvement in the Iraq war could not be justified.
His conversion to this opinion has taken ten years but must be welcomed.
His former leader Tony Blair and the Labour Party's spin doctor Alistair Campbell will not, and cannot, admit any guilt over a war that cost more than 100,000 lives because that would raise questions over their integrity and motives.
Tony Blair's reasons for the war started with WMDs apparently minutes away from landing on our shores.
While Lord Prescott has tidied up his own Iraq legacy, it beggars belief that the No 2 in Tony Blair's government was so out of the information loop that he mistakenly thought the US had a plan for the Israel/Palestine problem.
A convenient story but unconvincing.
Laurie Escreet, Hessle.


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New respiratory enterovirus and recombinant rhinoviruses among circulating picornaviruses.enteroviruses Enteroviruses
Viruses which live in the gastrointestinal tract. Coxsackie viruses, viruses that cause hand-foot-mouth disease, are an enterovirus.
Mentioned in: Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease are leading causes of respiratory infections. To evaluate genotypic diversity and identify forces shaping picornavirus picornavirus
Any of a group of the smallest known animal viruses. (Pico refers to their small size, rna to their core of RNA.) This group of spheroidal viruses includes viruses that attack the vertebrate intestinal tract and often invade the central nervous system as well evolution, we screened persons with respiratory illnesses by using rhinovirus-specific or generic real-time PCR PCR polymerase chain reaction.
polymerase chain reaction
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. We then sequenced the 5' untranslated region, capsid capsid /cap·sid/ (kap´sid) the shell of protein that protects the nucleic acid of a virus; it is composed of structural units, or capsomers.
n. protein VP1, and protease protease /pro·te·ase/ (pro´te-as) endopeptidase.
Any of various enzymes, including the proteinases and peptidases, that catalyze the hydrolytic breakdown of proteins. precursor 3CD regions of virus-positive samples. Subsequent phylogenetic phy·lo·ge·net·ic
1. Of or relating to phylogeny or phylogenetics.
2. Relating to or based on evolutionary development or history. analysis identified the large genotypic diversity of rhinoviruses circulating in humans. We identified and completed the genome sequence of a new enterovirus enterovirus /en·tero·vi·rus/ (en´ter-o-vi?rus) any virus of the genus Enterovirus. enterovi´ral
Enterovirus /En·tero·vi·rus/ (en´ter-o-vi?rus genotype associated with respiratory symptoms and acute otitis media Acute otitis media
Inflammation of the middle ear with signs of infection lasting less than three months.
Mentioned in: Myringotomy and Ear Tubes
acute otitis media , confirming the close relationship between rhinoviruses and enteroviruses and the need to detect both viruses in respiratory specimens. Finally, we identified recombinants among circulating rhinoviruses and mapped their recombination recombination, process of "shuffling" of genes by which new combinations can be generated. In recombination through sexual reproduction, the offspring's complete set of genes differs from that of either parent, being rather a combination of genes from both parents. sites, thereby demonstrating that rhinoviruses can recombine re·com·bine
To undergo or cause genetic recombination; form new combinations. in their natural host. This study clarifies the diversity and explains the reasons for evolution of these viruses.
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) and enteroviruses (HEVs) are leading causes of infection in humans. These 2 picornaviruses share an identical genomic organization Organisms have a vast array of ways in which their respective genomes are organized. A comparison of the genomic organization of six major model organisms shows size expansion with the increase of complexity of the organism. , have similar functional RNA RNA: see nucleic acid.
in full ribonucleic acid
One of the two main types of nucleic acid (the other being DNA), which functions in cellular protein synthesis in all living cells and replaces DNA as the carrier of genetic secondary structures, and are classified within the same genus (www.ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp) because of their high sequence homology homology (hōmŏl`əjē), in biology, the correspondence between structures of different species that is attributable to their evolutionary descent from a common ancestor. (1). However, despite their common genomic features, these 2 groups of viruses have different phenotypic characteristics. In vivo in vivo /in vi·vo/ (ve´vo) [L.] within the living body.
in vi·vo
Within a living organism.
in vivo adv. , rhinoviruses are restricted to the respiratory tract respiratory tract
The air passages from the nose to the pulmonary alveoli, including the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi.
Respiratory tract , whereas enteroviruses infect primarily the gastrointestinal tract gastrointestinal tract
The part of the digestive system consisting of the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
Gastrointestinal tract and can spread to other sites such as the central nervous system. However, some enteroviruses exhibit specific respiratory tropism tropism (trōp`ĭzəm), involuntary response of an organism, or part of an organism, involving orientation toward (positive tropism) or away from (negative tropism) one or more external stimuli. and thus have properties similar to rhinoviruses (2-5). In vitro in vitro /in vi·tro/ (in ve´tro) [L.] within a glass; observable in a test tube; in an artificial environment.
in vi·tro
In an artificial environment outside a living organism. , most HRVs and HEVs differ by their optimal growth temperature, acid tolerance, receptor usage, and cell tropism. The genomic basis for these phenotypic differences between similar viruses is not yet fully understood.
HRVs and HEVs are characterized by [approximately equal to]100 serotypes. Recently, molecular diagnostic tools have shown that this diversity expands beyond those predefined serotypes and encompasses also previously unrecognized rhinovirus rhinovirus
Any of a group of picornaviruses capable of causing common colds in humans. The virus is thought to be transmitted to the upper respiratory tract by airborne droplets. and enterovirus genotypes. As an example, a new HRV HRV Croatia (ISO Country code)
HRV Heart Rate Variability
HRV Human Rhinovirus
HRV Heat Recovery Ventilator
HRV High Resolution Visible
HRV Haute Resolution Visible
HRV Hypersonic Research Vehicle
HRV Hercules Recovery Vehicle lineage named HRV-C was recently identified and now complements the 2 previously known A and B lineages (6-8) (N.J. Knowles, pers. comm.). The C lineage has not only a distinct phylogeny (9-16) but is also characterized by specific cis-acting RNA structures (17).
In this study, we screened a large number of persons with acute respiratory diseases by using assays designed to overcome the diversity of both rhinoviruses and enteroviruses circulating in humans. Whenever possible, we systematically sequenced 5. untranslated region (UTR UTR Untranslated Region (genetics)
UTR Unicode Technical Report
UTR Unique Taxpayer Reference (UK Inland Revenue)
UTR Unable to Reach
UTR Unable to Reproduce
UTR University Technical Representative ), capsid protein VP1, and protease precursor 3CD regions of strains. Our goals were 1) to characterize the diversity of circulating rhinoviruses and, to a lesser extent, enteroviruses, to identify putative new picornavirus variants, and 2) to assess whether recombination may drive HRV evolution, which has not been shown in natural human infections (18).
Materials and Methods
RNA Extraction, Reverse Transcription-PCR, and Real-Time PCR
Reverse transcription-PCR (Superscript Any letter, digit or symbol that appears above the line. For example, 10 to the 9th power is written with the 9 in superscript (109). Contrast with subscript. II; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) was performed on RNA extracted by using the HCV HCV
hepatitis C virus
HCV 1 Hepatitis C virus, see there 2. Human coronavirus. See Coronavirus. Amplicor Specimen Preparation kit (Roche, Indianapolis, IN, USA), TRIzol (Invitrogen), or the QIAamp Viral RNA Mini kit (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA, USA). Real-time PCR specific for HRV-A, HRV-B, and HEV HEV
hepatitis E virus
hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus of pigs. (19), and a generic panenterhino real-time PCR (forward primer 5.-AGCCTGCGTGGCKGCC-3., reverse primer 5.-GAAACACGGACACCCAAAGTAGT-3., and probe 5-FAM-CTCCGGCCCCTGAATGYGGCTAA-TAMRA3.), were performed in several cohort studies (Table).
Clinical Specimens
Picornavirus-positive samples were detected from patients enrolled in cohort studies in different regions of Switzerland during 1999-2008. The main characteristics of these populations, type of respiratory specimens, and screening methods are shown in the Table. The rhinovirus serotypes used for 3CD sequencing were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) is a private, not-for-profit biological resource center whose mission focuses on the acquisition, authentication, production, preservation, development and distribution of standard reference microorganisms, cell lines and other materials for (Manassas, VA, USA).
PCR and Sequencing
Sequencing was performed directly from the clinical specimen except for samples selected by routine isolation methods on human embryonic (HE) primary fibroblast fibroblast /fi·bro·blast/ (fi´bro-blast)
1. an immature fiber-producing cell of connective tissue capable of differentiating into chondroblast, collagenoblast, or osteoblast.
2. cell lines (Table) or for HRV reference serotypes. Primers used to amplify the 5.-UTR and the VP1 and 3CD regions are listed in online Technical Appendix 1 Table 1A (available from www.cdc.gov/EID/content/15/5/719-Techapp1.pdf).
Full-length genome sequences of CL-1231094, a related clinical strain of enterovirus, and partial sequences of CL-Fnp5 and CL-QJ274218 were obtained as follows. RNA extracted by using the QIAamp Viral RNA Mini kit (QIAGEN) plus DNase treatment or with Trizol was reverse transcribed with random-tagged primer FR26RV-N and amplified with the SMART RACE cDNA Amplification kit (Clontech, Mountain View, CA, USA) with a specific forward primer and FR20RV reverse primer (online Technical Appendix 1 Table 1B) (23). Amplification products were separated by electrophoresis on agarose agarose
more highly purified form of agar with similar uses to agar and widely used in the separation of nucleic acid fragments. gels and fragments (0.6-2.5 kb) were extracted by using the QIAquick Gel Extraction In molecular biology, gel extraction or gel isolation is a technique used to isolate a desired fragment of intact DNA from an agarose gel following agarose gel electrophoresis. kit (QIAGEN). Purified products were cloned by using the TOPO TOPO Tri-N-Octylphosphine Oxide
TOPO Topographic/Topography
TOPO Trioctyl-Phosphine Oxide
ToPo Torposten (German Military Gate Post)
TOPO Tunable Optical Parametric Oscillator TA cloning kit (Invitrogen).
Minipreps were prepared from individual colonies and clones with the largest inserts were chosen for sequencing. Sequences obtained were used to design a new forward primer (online Technical Appendix 1 Table 1) to advance toward the 3. end of the genome. PCR products of 3. genomic ends were obtained by using the BD Smart Race cDNA amplification kit (Becton Dickinson BD (NYSE: BDX), is a medical technology company that manufactures and sells medical devices, instrument systems and reagents. Founded in 1897 and headquartered in Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, BD employs 27,000 people in nearly 50 countries. , Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) according to according to
1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians.
2. In keeping with: according to instructions.
3. manufacturer's instructions. All PCR products were purified by using microcon columns (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) and sequenced by using the ABI Abi (ā`bī) [short for Abijah], in the Bible, King Hezekiah's mother.
(Application Binary Interface) A specification for a specific hardware platform combined with the operating system. Prism 3130XL DNA Sequencer A DNA sequencer is an instrument used to automate the DNA sequencing process.
DNA sequencers have become more important due to large genomics projects and the need to increase productivity. (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). Chromatograms were imported for proofreading Proofreading traditionally means reading a proof copy of a text in order to detect and correct any errors. Modern proofreading often requires reading copy at earlier stages as well. with the vector NTI NTI NewTech Infosystems (software company, Irvine, California)
NTI Nuclear Threat Initiative
NTI National Transit Institute (New Brunswick, New Jersey)
NTI Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated Advance 10 program (Invitrogen). Overlapping fragments were assembled with the contigExpress module of the vector NTI Advance 10.
Sequence Analysis, Phylogeny, and Bootscanning of Recombinants
Alignments were constructed by using MUSCLE (24) with a maximum of 64 iterations. (For detailed analyses, see http://cegg.unige.ch/picornavirus.) Multiple FastA was converted into PHYLIP PHYLIP Phylogeny Inference Package (genetics software) format (for tree building) with the EMBOSS em·boss
tr.v. em·bossed, em·boss·ing, em·boss·es
1. To mold or carve in relief: emboss a design on a coin.
2. program Seqret (25). Trees were built with PhyML (26) by using the general time reversible model, BIONJ for the initial tree, and optimized tree topology and branch lengths. Trees with <50 species and larger trees used 16 and 8 rate categories, respectively. Transition/transversion ratios, proportions of invariant (programming) invariant - A rule, such as the ordering of an ordered list or heap, that applies throughout the life of a data structure or procedure. Each change to the data structure must maintain the correctness of the invariant. sites, and shape parameters of the [gamma] distribution were estimated.
To investigate the hypothesis of recombination and map the breakpoints, we adapted the bootscanning method (27) as follows. The alignment was sliced into windows of constant size and fixed overlap and a 100replicate maximum-likelihood (using HRV-93 as an outgroup) was computed for each window. From each tree, the distance between the candidate recombinant and all other sequences was extracted. This extraction yielded a matrix of distances for each window and for each alignment position. A threshold was defined as the lowest distance plus a fraction (15%) of the difference between the highest and lowest distances. The nearest neighbors of the candidate recombinant were defined as sequences at a distance smaller than this threshold. This distance ensured that the nearest neighbor, as well as any close relative, was always included. Possible recombination breakpoints thus corresponded to changes of nearest neighbors. Serotypes included in this analysis represented serotypes close to CL-013775 and CL-073908 on the basis of 5.-UTR and VP1 phlyogenetic trees (online Technical Appendix 2 Figure 1, panels A, B, available from www.cdc.gov/EID/content/15/5/719-Techapp2.pdf), as well as serotypes close to CL-135587 on the basis of VP1 and 3CD phlyogenetic trees (online Technical Appendix 2 Figure 1, panels B, C) and whose full-length sequence was available.
Distance matrices were computed from alignments with the distmat program in EMBOSS (http://bioweb2.pasteur.fr/docs/EMBOSS/embossdata.html) by using the Tamura distance correction. This method uses transition and transversion trans·ver·sion
Eruption of a tooth in a position normally occupied by another.
n eruption of a tooth in the wrong position rates and takes into account the deviation of GC content from the expected value Expected value
The weighted average of a probability distribution. Also known as the mean value. of 50%. Gap and ambiguous positions were ignored. Final values were then converted to similarity matrices by subtracting each value from 100.
Screening of Persons with Respiratory Tract Infections Persons enrolled in several cohorts of children and adults with respiratory infections (Table) were screened for picornavirus by culture isolation on HE cell lines, real-time PCR specific for HRV-A and HRV-B (19), or by a panenterhino real-time PCR designed to theoretically detect all rhinoviruses and enteroviruses with publicly available sequences. Of 1,592 respiratory samples tested by real-time PCR, 248 were virus positive (Table). The 5.-UTR sequences were obtained for 77 real-time PCR or culture-positive samples and VP1 and 3CD sequences for 48 of these (Table; online Technical Appendix 1 Table 2). In parallel, the 3CD sequences were identified for all reference serotypes. The results of this screening are summarized in online Technical Appendix 1 Table 2, and all sequences are available from GenBank (accession nos. EU840726-EU840988).
On the basis of these results, respiratory infections caused by HRV-B might be less frequent than those caused by HRV-A, and HRV-A infections are distributed among the whole library of reference serotypes. A specific real-time PCR used to detect enteroviruses in respiratory specimens from some of the cohorts studied indicated that these viruses are rare in children (2.5% vs. 6.3% for HRV) and even rarer or absent in adults (0% vs. 24% for HRV) (28).
Phylogeny and Molecular Epidemiology molecular epidemiology Molecular medicine An evolving field that combines the tools of standard epidemiology–case studies, questionnaires and monitoring of exposure to external factors with the tools of molecular biology–eg, restriction endonucleases, of 5'-UTR
To include all 99 HRV reference strains and new divergent rhinoviruses described recently by Lee et al. (13), we reconstructed a phylogenetic tree (online Technical Appendix 2 Figure 1, panel A) on the basis of a sequence of 280 nt in the 5.-UTR. This sequence provided a correct clustering of HRV-A, HRV-B, and HEV strains according to the accepted whole-genome phylogeny (online Technical Appendix 2 Figure 1, panel D) (15) but did not resolve appropriately the phylogeny of the 4 HEV species and the HRV-A and HRV-C viruses. The condensed con·dense
v. con·densed, con·dens·ing, con·dens·es
1. To reduce the volume or compass of.
2. To make more concise; abridge or shorten.
3. Physics
a. tree version (Figure 1, panel A) enabled us to identify 2 groups phylogenetically phy·lo·ge·net·ic
1. Of or relating to phylogeny or phylogenetics.
2. Relating to or based on evolutionary development or history: a phylogenetic classification of species. distant from all previously known HRVs and HEVs. The first group, referred to as HRV-C., contained some of our clinical samples and rhinoviruses sequenced by Lee et al. (13). The second group was a new clade clade Cladus, subtype Genetics A branch of biological taxa or species that share features inherited from a common ancestor; a single phylogenetic group or line. See Inheritance, Species. and was named EV-104. This clade included 8 clinical samples collected in different regions of Switzerland without direct epidemiologic links (online Technical Appendix 1 Table 2).
Identification of HRV-C Viruses by Sequencing of HRV Viruses with Divergent 5'-UTRs
Characterization of HRVs newly identified during 2006-2008 showed that they all belong to the same HRV-C species (9-16). Recently, Lee et al. (13) identified another cluster of viruses (HRV-C.; Figure 1, panel A) and suggested that this group was phylogenetically distinct from all other HRVs on the basis of analysis of their 5.-UTR sequences. To define the phylogeny, we adapted a previously described method (23) to complete the genome sequence directly from our clinical strains (CL-Fnp5 and CLQJ274218) that showed a similar divergent 5.-UTR (online Technical Appendix 2 Figure 1, panel A). A condensed version (Figure 1, panel B) of the phylogenetic tree based on VP1 sequences (online Technical Appendix 2 Figure 1, panel B) indicated that CL-Fnp5 clustered with the new HRV-C clade, a finding further confirmed by CL-QJ 274218 partial sequences. This finding supports the view that new HRVs variants described since 2006 (9-16) all belong to the same lineage.
New Divergent Lineage of HEV Species C
As shown in Figure 1, panel A, the panenterhino realtime PCR enabled detection of a new HEV strain phylogenetically distinct from all previously known HEV species and associated with respiratory diseases. Enterovirus-specifi c real-time PCRs or reference VP1 primer sets routinely used to type enteroviruses (primers 222 and 224 and nested primers AN88 and 89) (29,30) did not amplify this new genotype. We could not grow this virus on HeLa and HE cell lines. Consequently, we applied the method described above to complete the genome sequence directly from the CL-1231094 (EU840733) clinical specimen. VP1 and fulllength genome sequences showed that, albeit divergent at the 5.-UTR level, this new variant belonged to the HEV-C species (Figure 1, panels B, C). Full-length genome phylogenetic tree (Figure 2) and VP1 protein identity plots (online Technical Appendix 2 Figure 2) with all members of the HEV-C species indicated that this virus represents a new HEV-C genotype that shares 68%, 66%, and 63% nucleotide and 77%, 75%, and 68% amino acid amino acid (əmē`nō), any one of a class of simple organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and in certain cases sulfur. These compounds are the building blocks of proteins. sequence identity, respectively, with coxsackieviruses A19 (CVA CVA
cerebrovascular accident
n See accident, cerebrovascular.
cerebrovascular accident.
CVA Cerebrovascular accident, see there 19), A22, and A1, the closest serotypes. This new virus was named EV-104 (www.picornastudygroup.com/types/enterovirus_genus.htm).
Specific primers (Ent_P1.29/P2.13 and Ent_P3.30/ P3.32; online Technical Appendix 1 Table 1C) were then designed to amplify the VP1 and 3D regions of the 7 other samples of this cluster collected from children with acute respiratory tract infections and otitis media Otitis Media Definition
Otitis media is an infection of the middle ear space, behind the eardrum (tympanic membrane). It is characterized by pain, dizziness, and partial loss of hearing. . VP1 nucleotide homology among these strains was 94%-98%, except for 1 distantly related sample (74%-76%), which may represent an additional genotype. Additional sequencing is ongoing to verify this assumption.
At the 5.-UTR level, the strain described by Lee et al. (13) and EV-104 diverged from other members of HRV-C and HEV-C species, respectively. Thus, the 5.-UTR-based phylogeny was inconsistent with that based on VP1 sequences and suggested possible recombination events (Figure 1, panels A, B). Because the 5.-UTR is the target of most molecular diagnostic assays, this sequence divergence needs to be taken into account in future studies.
Recombination Events between 5'-UTR, VP1, and 3CD Genome Regions
Other studies have provided sequences of clinical strains, but genetic characterization was often limited to 1 genomic region. Our goal was to sequence 3 genomic regions for each analyzed strain to determine definitively whether recombination events could represent a driving force for the evolution of rhinoviruses in their natural environment. Although recombination events have been suggested for reference serotypes, they have never been shown for circulating clinical strains (18,31,32). In contrast, recombination is well established as a driving force of enterovirus evolution. Thus, we completed the 5.-UTR, VP1, and 3CD sequences of 43 clinical strains by using a pool of adapted and degenerated primers (online Technical Appendix 1 Table 1A).
Independent phylogenetic trees (online Technical Appendix 2) and similarity matrices were constructed for the 3 genomic regions. Since the last common ancestor and as depicted on the distance matrices and highlighted by boxplots of maximum-likelihood branch length distributions (online Technical Appendix 2 Figure 3), there are more mutations fixed in the VP1 region than in the 3CD region, and more in the 3CD region than in 5.-UTR, which is indicative of a variable rate of evolution in these regions. Accordingly, VP1 sequences enabled genotyping of all but 3 clinical strains analyzed (online Technical Appendix 2, Figure 1, panel B). These strains may represent rhinovirus genotypes only distantly related to predefined reference serotypes. In contrast, genotyping based on 3CD and 5.-UTR was less accurate, as expected. These results confirmed that molecular typing of rhinoviruses, similarly to other picornaviruses, must use capsid sequences.
Phylogeny of the 5.-UTR, VP1, and 3CD of reference serotypes showed many incongruities caused by insufficient tree resolution or recombinant viruses as previously proposed (18,31). As an example, 2 VP1 clusters including HRV-85/HRV-40 and HRV-18/HRV-50/HRV-34 (online Technical Appendix 2 Figure 1, panel B) were reorganized as HRV-85/HRV-18/HRV-40 and HRV-50/HRV-34, respectively, on 3CD (online Technical Appendix 2 Figure 1, panel C). The differential cosegregations between these virus strains suggested recombination events. When available, full-length genome sequence bootscanning applied to all serotypes will give an estimate of the number of reference strains with mosaic genomes.
Similarly, the noncoding region, VP1, and 3CD trees showed major phylogenetic incongruities for 3 clinical isolates (online Technical Appendix 2 Figure 1). Two of these isolates (CL-013775 and CL-073908) were typed as HRV67 on the basis of VP1 sequence and were closest to this serotype serotype /se·ro·type/ (ser´o-tip) the type of a microorganism determined by its constituent antigens; a taxonomic subdivision based thereon.
See serovar.
v. in 3CD, whereas the 5.-UTR cosegregated with HRV-36 (see 5.-UTR recombinant; online Technical Appendix 2 Figure 1, panels A-C A-C Air Conditioning ). These viruses were isolated by cell culture from 2 epidemiologically linked cases and thus represented transmission of the same virus. To confirm the recombination, we completed the sequencing by obtaining the 5.-UTR, VP4, and VP2 sequences (EU840918 and EU840930) and compared them with HRV-36, HRV-67, and other closely related serotypes. Bootscanning analysis (Figure 3, panel A) enabled mapping of the recombination site within the 5.-UTR, just before the polyprotein start codon. Sequence alignment mapped recombination breakpoints more precisely between positions 524 and 553 with reference to HRV-2 (X02316).
The other incongruent in·con·gru·ent
1. Not congruent.
2. Incongruous.
in·congru·ence n. isolate (CL-135587) was typed as HRV-76 on the basis of VP1 sequence and was closest to this serotype in the 5.-UTR, but 3CD cosegregates with HRV-56 (3C recombinant; online Technical Appendix 2 Figure 1, panels B, C). Similarly, we completed the full-length sequence of this isolate (EU840726) and HRV-56 (EU840727). The same approach enabled mapping of the recombination site at the N terminus of protein 3C between positions 1511 and 1523 with reference to HRV-2 (Figure 3, panel B). These results demonstrate that recombination occurs among clinical rhinoviruses. In our analysis of 40 rhinovirus-positive samples collected over 9 years (3 additional samples were duplicates of 2 different viruses; online Technical Appendix 1 Table 2) for 3 genomic regions, 2 of the analyzed viruses appeared to be recombinants. The 2 documented recombinations occurred in members of the HRV-A species. The design of this study and technical issues (e.g., inability to sequence low viral loads) limited the ability to calculate a recombination rate, particularly for HRV-B and HRV-C.
Our genomic analysis of picornaviruses associated with upper or lower respiratory diseases in adults and children indicates that rhinoviruses circulating in the community are widely diverse. The large number of circulating genotypes supports the view that rhinoviruses do not circulate by waves or outbreaks of a given dominant genotype, which might explain the high frequency of reinfection reinfection /re·in·fec·tion/ (-in-fek´shun) a second infection by the same agent or a second infection of an organ with a different agent.
n. during short periods. As expected, the observed variability is higher for surface capsid proteins, the targets of most immune pressure, and this region remains the only accurate one for genotyping and defining phylogeny. Technical constraints such as the limited amount of clinical specimens, the use of different screening methods, and the need to sequence an unknown target of extreme variability might have limited the representativeness of our sequence collection. Therefore, our study should not be considered as an exhaustive epidemiologic analysis of rhinoviruses and enteroviruses associated with respiratory diseases.
By using a systematic approach, we have identified a new enterovirus genotype (EV-104) that has a divergent 5.-UTR. Undetectable by conventional methods, EV-104 could be detected by using a more generic real-time PCR assay designed to match all known available rhinovirus and enterovirus sequences. Such diagnostic tools have and will lead to constant discovery of new picornavirus genotypes (9-14,16,33-36). These genotypes may represent viruses, in most instances, that have remained undetected because of insensitive cell cultures or overly restrictive molecular tools. In addition, enterovirus genotypes causing respiratory infections, such as EV-68 and CV-A21, might be underrepresented un·der·rep·re·sent·ed
Insufficiently or inadequately represented: the underrepresented minority groups, ignored by the government. because enteroviruses are usually searched for in fecal specimens (37).
EV-104 belongs to the HEV-C species: CV-A19, CVA22, and CV-A1 are its closest serotypes. These HEV-C subgroup viruses are genetically distinct from all other serotypes of the species. These viruses show no evidence of recombination with other HEV-C strains and, similar to EV-104, do not grow in cell culture (29). On the basis of our epidemiologic data, we conclude that EV-104 was found in 8 children from different regions of Switzerland who had respiratory illnesses such as acute otitis media or pneumonia. Future studies using adapted detection tools will provide more information on the range of this virus. On the basis of its genomic features and similarities with coxsackieviruses and poliovirus poliovirus /po·lio·vi·rus/ (pol´-e-o-vi?rus) the causative agent of poliomyelitis, separable, on the basis of specificity of neutralizing antibody, into three serotypes designated types 1, 2, and 3. , EV-104 could theoretically infect the central nervous system (2,38). Detection of new subtypes of picornaviruses indicates that viruses with new phenotypic traits could emerge, and conclusions on tropism of new strains should be substantiated by extensive experimental or clinical investigations (39).
By completing the sequence of a seemingly divergent rhinovirus (13), we assigned this virus to the new HRV-C species, thus limiting currently to 3 the number of HRV species. For the sake of simplicity, we propose to consider this virus as a member of the HRV-C clade.
Finally, we demonstrated that rhinovirus evolves by recombination in its natural host. Known to be a driving force of enterovirus evolution, rhinovirus recombination among clinical strains has never been observed. Two clinical isolates of 40 viruses analyzed resulted from recombination events and their breakpoints were identified within the 5.-UTR sequence and the N terminus of protein 3C, respectively. These findings are consistent with the fact that recombination breakpoints in picornaviruses are restricted to nonstructural regions of the genome or between the 5'-UTR and the capsid-encoding region (40). Our observations provide new insight on the diversity and ability of rhinovirus to evolve in its natural host. The fact that only 2 of 40 analyzed viruses over a 9-year period were recombinants is suggestive of suggestive of Decision making adjective Referring to a pattern by LM or imaging, that the interpreter associates with a particular–usually malignant lesion. See Aunt Millie approach, Defensive medicine. a lower recombination frequency in rhinoviruses than in other picornaviruses (32,40) and might be related, but not exclusively, to the short duration of rhinovirus infection (18,31,32). Recombination events occurred between HRV-A genotypes, but whether they can occur in species B and C remains unknown. Interspecies recombination is rare in picornaviruses and is mainly the result of in vitro experiments. For rhinoviruses, the different location of cre elements in each species might be an additional limiting constraint (17).
In summary, we have highlighted the large genomic diversity of the most frequent human respiratory viral infection viral infection,
n an infection by a pathogenic virus. A virus acts on the cell nucleus, taking over the genetic material within the nucleus and replicating itself. . Our phylogenetic analysis has characterized circulating strains relative to reference strains and has identified a previously unknown enterovirus genotype. We have shown that recombination also contributes to rhinovirus evolution in its natural environment.
DOI (Digital Object Identifier) A method of applying a persistent name to documents, publications and other resources on the Internet rather than using a URL, which can change over time. : 10.3201/eid1505.081286
We thank Rosemary Sudan for editorial assistance and the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics' Vital-IT facility for boot-scanning and computing infrastructure.
This study was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation The Swiss National Science Foundation is a science research support organization mandated by the Swiss Federal Government. The SNSF was established in 1952 as a foundation under private law. Its secretariat is based in Berne. (grants 3200B0-101670 to L.K. and 3100A0112588/I to E.Z.), the Department of Medicine of the University Hospitals of Geneva Geneva, canton and city, Switzerland
Geneva (jənē`və), Fr. Genève, canton (1990 pop. 373,019), 109 sq mi (282 sq km), SW Switzerland, surrounding the southwest tip of the Lake of Geneva. , the University of Geneva The University of Geneva (Université de Genève) is a university in Geneva, Switzerland. It was founded by John Calvin in 1559. Initially a theological seminary, it also taught law. Dean's Program for the Promotion of Women in Science (C.T.), and the Infectigen Foundation.
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(4.) Dufresne AT, Gromeier M. A nonpolio enterovirus with respiratory tropism causes poliomyelitis poliomyelitis (pō'lēōmī'əlī`tĭs), polio, or infantile paralysis, acute viral infection, mainly of children but also affecting older persons. in intercellular adhesion molecule Intercellular adhesion molecules are members a family of cell adhesion molecules. They include the following:
- ICAM1 (see also CD54)
- ICAM4 (see also ICAM4)
(5.) Oberste MS, Maher K, Schnurr D, Flemister MR, Lovchik JC, Peters H, et al. Enterovirus 68 is associated with respiratory illness and shares biological features with both the enteroviruses and the rhinoviruses. J Gen Virol. 2004;85:2577-84. DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.79925-0
(6.) Ledford RM, Patel NR, Demenczuk TM, Watanyar A, Herbertz T, Collett MS, et al. VP1 sequencing of all human rhinovirus serotypes: insights into genus phylogeny and susceptibility to antiviral antiviral /an·ti·vi·ral/ (-vi´ral) destroying viruses or suppressing their replication, or an agent that so acts.
adj. capsid-binding compounds. J Virol. 2004;78:3663-74. DOI: 10.1128/ JVI JVI Journal of Virology
JVI Joint Vienna Institute (IMF)
JVI Jesuit Volunteers International (formerly JIV)
JVI Joint Visual Inspection
JVI Jet Vac, Inc. .78.7.3663-3674.2004
(7.) Laine P, Blomqvist S, Savolainen C, Andries K, Hovi T. Alignment of capsid protein VP1 sequences of all human rhinovirus prototype strains: conserved motifs and functional domains. J Gen Virol. 2006;87:129-38. DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81137-0
(8.) Savolainen C, Blomqvist S, Mulders MN, Hovi T. Genetic clustering of all 102 human rhinovirus prototype strains: serotype 87 is close to human enterovirus 70. J Gen Virol. 2002;83:333-40.
(9.) Arden KE, McErlean P, Nissen MD, Sloots TP, Mackay IM. Frequent detection of human rhinoviruses, paramyxoviruses, coronaviruses, and bocavirus during acute respiratory tract infections. J Med Virol. 2006;78:1232-40. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20689
(10.) Kistler A, Avila PC, Rouskin S, Wang D, Ward T, Yagi S, et al. Pan-viral screening of respiratory tract infections in adults with and without asthma reveals unexpected human coronavirus coronavirus /co·ro·na·vi·rus/ (ko-ro´nah-vi?rus) any virus belonging to the family Coronaviridae.
Coronavirus /Co·ro·na·vi·rus/ (ko-ro´nah-vi?rus and human rhinovirus diversity. J Infect Dis. 2007;196:817-25. DOI: 10.1086/520816
(11.) Lamson D, Renwick N, Kapoor V, Liu Z, Palacios G, Ju J, et al. MassTag polymerase-chain-reaction detection of respiratory pathogens, including a new rhinovirus genotype, that caused influenza-like illness in New York New York, state, United States
New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of State during 2004-2005. J Infect Dis. 2006;194:1398-402. DOI: 10.1086/508551
(12.) Lau SK, Yip CC, Tsoi HW, Lee RA, So LY, Lau YL, et al. Clinical features and complete genome characterization of a distinct human rhinovirus (HRV) genetic cluster, probably representing a previously undetected HRV species, HRV-C, associated with acute respiratory illness in children. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45:3655-64. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01254-07
(13.) Lee WM, Kiesner C, Pappas T, Lee I, Grindle K, Jartti T, et al. A diverse group of previously unrecognized human rhinoviruses are common causes of respiratory illnesses in infants. PLoS One. 2007;2:e966. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone See pwn. .0000966
(14.) McErlean P, Shackelton LA, Lambert SB, Nissen MD, Sloots TP, Mackay IM. Characterisation of a newly identified human rhinovirus, HRV-QPM, discovered in infants with bronchiolitis Bronchiolitis Definition
Bronchiolitis is an acute viral infection of the small air passages of the lungs called the bronchioles.
Bronchiolitis is extremely common. . J Clin Virol. 2007;39:67-75. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2007.03.012
(15.) McErlean P, Shackelton LA, Andrews E, Webster DR, Lambert SB, Nissen MD, et al. Distinguishing molecular features and clinical characteristics of a putative new rhinovirus species, human rhinovirus C (HRV C). PLoS One. 2008;3:e1847.
(16.) Renwick N, Schweiger B, Kapoor V, Liu Z, Villari J, Bullmann R, et al. A recently identified rhinovirus genotype is associated with severe respiratory-tract infection in children in Germany. J Infect Dis. 2007;196:1754-60. DOI: 10.1086/524312
(17.) Cordey S, Gerlach D, Junier T, Zdobnov EM, Kaiser L, Tapparel C. The cis-acting replication elements define human enterovirus and rhinovirus species. RNA. 2008;14:1568-78. DOI: 10.1261/rna.1031408
(18.) Savolainen C, Laine P, Mulders MN, Hovi T. Sequence analysis of human rhinoviruses in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase RNA polymerase
A polymerase that catalyzes the synthesis of RNA from a DNA or RNA template. coding region reveals large within-species variation. J Gen Virol. 2004;85:2271-7. DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.79897-0
(19.) Deffernez C, Wunderli W, Thomas Y, Yerly S, Perrin L, Kaiser L. Amplicon sequencing and improved detection of human rhinovirus in respiratory samples. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:3212-8. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.42.7.3212-3218.2004
(20.) Regamey N, Kaiser L, Roiha HL, Deffernez C, Kuehni CE, Latzin P, et al. Viral etiology of acute respiratory infections with cough in infancy: a community-based birth cohort study. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27:100-5.
(21.) Garbino J, Gerbase MW, Wunderli W, Deffernez C, Thomas Y, Rochat T, et al. Lower respiratory viral illnesses: improved diagnosis by molecular methods and clinical impact. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170:1197-203. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200406-781OC
(22.) Kronenberg A, Zucs P, Droz S, Muhlemann K. Distribution and invasiveness of Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus pneu·mo·ni·ae
Streptococcus pneumoniae Microbiology A pathogenic streptococcus with 90 serotypes associated with pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis Transmission Person to person Incidence serotypes in Switzerland, a country with low antibiotic selection pressure, from 2001 to 2004. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:2032-8. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00275-06
(23.) Allander T, Tammi MT, Eriksson M, Bjerkner A, Tiveljung-Lindell A, Andersson B. Cloning of a human parvovirus parvovirus (pär'vōvī`rəs), any of several small DNA viruses that cause several diseases in animals, including humans. In humans, parvoviruses cause fifth disease, or erythema infectiosum, an acute disease usually affecting young by molecular screening of respiratory tract samples. Pr[degrees]C Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102:12891-6. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0504666102
(24.) Edgar RC. MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment A multiple sequence alignment (MSA) is a sequence alignment of three or more biological sequences, generally protein, DNA, or RNA. In general, the input set of query sequences are assumed to have an evolutionary relationship by which they share a lineage and are descended from a with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids
The cellular molecules DNA and RNA that act as coded instructions for the production of proteins and are copied for transmission of inherited traits. Res. 2004;32:1792-7. DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkh340
(25.) Rice P, Longden I, Bleasby A. EMBOSS: the European Molecular Biology molecular biology, scientific study of the molecular basis of life processes, including cellular respiration, excretion, and reproduction. The term molecular biology was coined in 1938 by Warren Weaver, then director of the natural sciences program at the Rockefeller Open Software Suite. Trends Genet genet: see civet. . 2000;16:276-7. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02024-2
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(27.) Salminen MO, Carr JK, Burke DS, McCutchan FE. Identification of breakpoints in intergenotypic recombinants of HIV HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), either of two closely related retroviruses that invade T-helper lymphocytes and are responsible for AIDS. There are two types of HIV: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is responsible for the vast majority of AIDS in the United States. type 1 by bootscanning. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1995;11:1423-5.
(28.) Garbino J, Soccal PM, Aubert JD, Rochat T, Meylan P, Thomas Y, et al. Respiratory viruses in bronchoalveolar lavage Bronchoalveolar lavage
A way of obtaining a sample of fluid from the airways by inserting a flexible tube through the windpipe. Used to diagnose the type of lung disease. : a hospital-based cohort study in adults. Thorax thorax, body division found in certain animals. In humans and other mammals it lies between the neck and abdomen and is also called the chest. The skeletal frame of the thorax is formed by the sternum (breastbone) and ribs in front and the dorsal vertebrae in back. . 2009; [Epub ahead of print].
(29.) Brown B, Oberste MS, Maher K, Pallansch MA. Complete genomic sequencing shows that polioviruses and members of human enterovirus species C are closely related in the noncapsid coding region. J Virol. 2003;77:8973-84. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.16.8973-8984.2003
(30.) Nix WA, Oberste MS, Pallansch MA. Sensitive, seminested PCR amplification of VP1 sequences for direct identification of all enterovirus serotypes from original clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:2698-704. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00542-06
(31.) Kistler AL, Webster DR, Rouskin S, Magrini V, Credle JJ, Schnurr DP, et al. Genome-wide diversity and selective pressure in the human rhinovirus. Virol J. 2007;4:40. DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-4-40
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(33.) Smura T, Blomqvist S, Paananen A, Vuorinen T, Sobotova Z, Bubovica V, et al. Enterovirus surveillance reveals proposed new serotypes and provides new insight into enterovirus 5'-untranslated region evolution. J Gen Virol. 2007;88:2520-6. DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82866-0
(34.) Oberste MS, Maher K, Michele SM, Belliot G, Uddin M, Pallansch MA. Enteroviruses 76, 89, 90 and 91 represent a novel group within the species Human enterovirus A. J Gen Virol. 2005;86:445-51. DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80475-0
(35.) Junttila N, Leveque N, Kabue JP, Cartet G, Mushiya F, MuyembeTamfum JJ, et al. New enteroviruses, EV-93 and EV-94, associated with acute flaccid paralysis Flaccid paralysis
Paralysis characterized by limp, unresponsive muscles.
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Caroline Tapparel, [1] Thomas Junier, [1] Daniel Gerlach, Sandra Van Belle, Lara Turin, Samuel Cordey, Kathrin Muhlemann, Nicolas Regamey, John-David Aubert, Paola M. Soccal, Philippe Eigenmann, Evgeny Zdobnov, [1] and Laurent Kaiser [1]
Author affiliations: University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland (C. Tapparel, S. Van Belle, L. Turin, S. Cordey, P. M. Soccal, P. Eigenmann, L. Kaiser); University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva (C. Tapparel, T. Junier, D. Gerlach, S. Van Belle, L. Turin, S. Cordey, E. Zdobnov, L. Kaiser); Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva (T. Junier, D. Gerlach, E. Zdobnov); University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K. Muhlemann, N. Regamey); University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (J.-D. Aubert); and Imperial College London History
Imperial College was founded in 1907, with the merger of the City and Guilds College, the Royal School of Mines and the Royal College of Science (all of which had been founded between 1845 and 1878) with these entities continuing to exist as "constituent colleges". , London, UK (E. Zdobnov)
Dr Tapparel is a molecular virologist virologist
microbiologist specializing in virology. at the University Hospitals of Geneva. Her research interests are the molecular epidemiology of picornaviruses (rhinoviruses and enteroviruses), development of new diagnostic methods, and determination of fundamental aspects of these viruses.
[1] These authors contributed equally to this article.
Address for correspondence: Caroline Tapparel, Laboratory of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Geneva Hospitals, 24 Rue Micheli-du-Crest, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland; email: email@example.com
Table. Characteristics of screened study populations and respiratory samples, Switzerland * Type of study (no. Age enrolled) group Patient characteristics Respiratory infection <1 y Nonhospitalized children in newborns (243) with initial respiratory episode with cough Lower respiratory Adults Mainly tract infection in immunocompromised hospitalized patients patients with lower (147) respiratory tract complications and comorbidities Acute respiratory <17 y Nonhospitalized children tract infection in with AOM or pneumonia children (653) Lower respiratory Adults Mainly tract infection in immunocompromised hospitalized patients patients with lower (485) respiratory tract complications and concurrent illnesses Acute respiratory <12 y Children at an emergency tract infection in department with fever and children (64) acute respiratory symptoms treated with antimicrobial drugs Isolation in routine Children Hospitalized patients procedures (NA) and adults Type of study (no. Years of Type of enrolled) study specimens Respiratory infection 1999-2005 NPS in newborns (243) Lower respiratory 2001-2003 BAL, NPS tract infection in hospitalized patients (147) Acute respiratory 2004-2007 NPS tract infection in children (653) Lower respiratory 2003-2006 BAL, NPS tract infection in hospitalized patients (485) Acute respiratory 2006-2007 NPS tract infection in children (64) Isolation in routine 1999-2008 BAL, NPS procedures (NA) Type of study (no. No. (%) enrolled) PCR positive Respiratory infection HRV-A and 36 (15) in newborns (243) HRV-B specific real time for the first 203 and panenterhino for 40 Lower respiratory HRV-A and 16 (11) tract infection in HRV-B specific hospitalized patients real time (147) Acute respiratory Panenterhino 121 (18) tract infection in children (653) Lower respiratory Panenterhino 52 (11) tract infection in hospitalized patients (485) Acute respiratory Panenterhino 23 (36) tract infection in children (64) Isolation in routine HE culture NA procedures (NA) isolation Type of study (no. enrolled) Reference Respiratory infection (20) in newborns (243) Lower respiratory (21) tract infection in hospitalized patients (147) Acute respiratory (22) and tract infection in ongoing children (653) study Lower respiratory (21) and tract infection in ongoing hospitalized patients study (485) Acute respiratory NP tract infection in children (64) Isolation in routine NP procedures (NA) * NPS, nasopharyngeal samples; HRV, human rhinovirus; BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; AOM, acute otitis media; NP, not published; NA, not available; HE, human embryonic primary fibroblast cell line.
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The Mises Circle in Houston
Sponsored by Jeremy S. Davis
March 4-13 2006
Maggiano's Little Italy Restaurant
Houston, Texas

Join the Mises Circle for its inaugural meeting, a "working lunch" on Saturday, March 4, 2006, from 10:00 a.m. until 2:00 p.m. at Maggiano's Little Italy Restaurant ( see map) in Houston, Texas. This special event is being sponsored by Jeremy S. Davis.
Ron Paul and Lew Rockwell will be here for a luncheon and a mini-seminar on Austrian economics and libertarianism. James Fogal of the Mises Institute will also be there to talk about tax strategies.
Cost for the event is $30. Attendance is limited, so please RSVP as soon as possible. Register online now.
10:00 - 10:30 a.m. Coffee, welcome
10:30 - 11:30 a.m. Lew Rockwell: "The State and Its Five Rationales"
11:30 - 1:00 Lunch. Ron Paul: "My Years With Alan Greenspan"
1:00 - 1:15 break
1:15- 1:45 James Fogal: "How to Outrun the Tax Gatherers, and Help the Mises Institute"
1:45 - 2:00 wrap-up discussion
For more information, contact email@example.com.


text:
Anke's Brushes Bag – now with Video
Do you remember that awesome tutorial and pattern that Anke shared for how to add a brushes bag section to the Easy Cosmetics Bag? I couldn't make up mine right away because I had to wait for my closures to arrive from overseas but I was so keen to give this bag a try. I just love it when people send in photos of things they've made with my patterns, and especially this one where it was such a big change from the original. This is my version – what do you think? Knowing how long her tutorial was, I had set aside a whole afternoon, but in fact, it went together very quickly. The tutorial was just long because she had been so very thorough and included great photos and instructions for every step. None of it is difficult or … Continue reading


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Chairman Mao, you so silly!
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Pilots Faulted in Houston Gulfstream Crash
The NTSB released its final report on the Nov. 22, 2004 crash of a Gulfstream III in Houston that killed three crewmembers. The jet, operated by Business Jet Services, was on its way to pick up former President George H.W. Bush. The jet struck a light pole and crashed about three miles southwest of Hobby Airport while on the ILS approach to Runway 4. The Safety Board determined that the probable cause of the accident was the "flight crew's failure to adequately monitor and cross check the flight instruments during the approach. Contributing to the accident was the flight crew's failure to select the ILS frequency in a timely manner." Cockpit voice recorder transcripts indicate that the pilots tuned the VOR frequency instead of the ILS "until about one minute before impact." The NTSB believes that "the pilots most likely mistook the fast/slow indicator for the glideslope indicator throughout the approach sequence." The fast/slow indicator on the accident airplane's EADI is on the left and the glideslope on the right, the opposite of five other Business Jet Services airplanes flown by the accident pilots but similar to three other company airplanes. The CVR transcript indicated no recognition by the pilots of the likely full-scale deviation of the glideslope indicator when the first officer selected the ILS frequency.
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Friday's here, so it's time for beer. Every Friday, so long as the creek don't rise, this beer enthusiast will take a look at a Florida beer that, hopefully, should be readily available in a local shop or on tap at your favorite bar. The swamp ape. Florida's bigfoot. This mythical creature, also k ... More >>
When a Brooksville library suddenly went up in flames back on July 6, firefighters were quickly on the scene. Once there, the found a pile of wicker chairs stacked on top of one another on fire and put up against the back door. They also found 18-year-old Joseph M. Brannen standing in his firefight ... More >>
If you've got somethin' to say about the fragrant prickly-apple or the pygmy fringe-tree, now is your time. The Fish and Wildlife Service is doing a five-year status review of these endangered species, as well as the Brooksville bellflower, snakeroot, Cooley's water-willow, scrub blazingstar, ... More >>
A mercenary knocks, almost everybody talks, and a new light shines on two mysterious deaths
A huge, hairy beast that walks upright and craves lima beans is stalking South Florida's marshland.


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Maps can direct us from here to there, show where one thing is in relation to another, or add layers information to our surroundings. Whatever its form, a map's main purpose is to make the complex world we live in more comprehensible.
But there are also maps that describe the world as it never came to be.
Those are the maps that interest Andrew Lynch, who runs a Tumblr called Hyperreal Cartography & The Unrealized City that's full of city maps collected from libraries, municipal archives, and dark corners of the internet.
In postmodernist philosophy, "hyperreality" is the point where fiction and reality become indistinguishable. In Lynch's collection we see familiar cities like New York and Los Angeles, but it's as if we are viewing them along a different timeline. What if a web of highways criss-crossed downtown San Francisco? What if the orderly grid of Manhattan were organized like the wheel spokes of Washington D.C.? The maps in this gallery illustrate these alternate realities.
(Source: Wired)
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I would totally follow this tumblr and check out them much more but their theme is horrible and giving me a headache.
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Contact: Howard Phillips- 252-796-3004 ext 226
News ReleaseJune 15, 2008
Fire Update, Map, and Photos
Click here for attached update from Incident Command Post.
Click here (pdf 2.02mb) for attached fire progression map.
Photo credits: USFWS, Vince Carver (photos taken June 13)
Pumping station on north end of Evans Road is using water from Lake Phelps to suppress groundfire.
North side of Evans Road Fire, where agricultural fields stopped the forward spread of the fire. Groundfire remains as the main source of smoke. These groundfires will likely burn until there is a tropical storm-type rain in eastern North Carolina.


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Aiming to attract business travelers who are working for companies in the $5 million to $90 million sales-per-year range, Mooney Airplane, now a subsidiary of Mooney Aerospace Group (MAG) of Long Beach, Calif., has reduced the price of its piston singles by an average of $90,000, or about 20 percent. The first new production airplane will be delivered at Oshkosh later this month, according to MAG Chairman and CEO Roy Norris.
Aviation International News » July 2002
The number of pilots hired from January through May by the six major fractional operators (559 pilots) is outpacing hiring by the major airlines (302) and regional jet operators (402), according to statistics compiled by AIR Inc. of Atlanta. Only hiring by national airlines (649) surpassed fractionals (total hired in all categories was 2,509). AIR also reported that 7,257 of 94,571 active airline pilots are on furlough in the U.S.
The General Accounting Office warned the FAA that unless it makes better plans to replace the 5,000 air traffic controllers expected to retire over the next five years, there might be a shortfall that could affect the safety of the ATC system and increase air traffic delays.
Air traffic controller work stoppages last month in France, Italy, Spain, Portugal and Hungary will likely continue from time to time in these and other European countries, although they are not expected to thwart European Union plans to create a standardized "single sky" ATC system.
Nearly 88 percent of fractional aircraft owners rated their satisfaction of their respective programs at the two highest score levels and 22 percent said they intended to increase the number of their shares, according to a survey by Cincinnati-based Aviation Research Group/US (ARG/US). The company surveyed customers of NetJets, Bombardier Flexjet, Flight Options and the former Raytheon Travel Air (now rolled into Flight Options).
After a ballot initiative stripped the former El Toro Marine Corps air station in Orange County, Calif., of airport zoning, backers are seeking a heart transplant for the airport through a lawsuit to have the initiative ruled unconstitutional. Meanwhile, proponents of a modified El Toro Airport plan are collecting signatures in hopes of putting an authorizing initiative on the November general election ballot.
New York radio personality and NetJets customer Don Imus has become the first fractional aircraft owner to become a participant in the Corporate Angel Network, the White Plains, N.Y.-based organization that arranges free transportation for cancer patients to treatment centers using empty seats on corporate aircraft flying on routine business.
A union organizing campaign is under way at fractional-aircraft provider Flight Options, according to Don Treichler of the International Brother of Teamsters (IBT) airline division, with an initial distribution of "representation" cards sent to pilots on along with an explanatory newsletter dated May 23. IBT followed up with a second newsletter dated June 12.
FlightSafety International and Bombardier Aerospace have received JAA approval for certain training programs. The Joint Aviation Authorities approved FSI's pilot training for the Falcon 50, 900 and 2000 series, as well as the Challenger 600, 601 and 604. Meanwhile, Bombardier said it became the first North American company to receive JAA approval of maintenance training for the Challenger 604 and Global Express.
Toyota confirmed that the fuselage of its experimental four-seat piston aircraft is a one-piece co-cured (single-molded) unit of a carbon fiber and resin composite material. The aircraft flew for the first time at Mojave (Calif.) Airport on May 31.