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Commercial Driver License Handbook
Section 2: Driving Safely
This section is for all commercial drivers
This section contains general knowledge and safe driving practices which all commercial drivers should know. You must take a test on this information to get a CDL.
This section does not contain information on air brakes, combination vehicles (tractor semitrailer, doubles/triples, or towing trailers), or buses. You must read other sections to get this information if it applies to the type of vehicle(s) you wish to drive.
We have included some basic information on hazardous materials and wastes. Section 9 has more detailed information on hazardous materials/wastes.
Vehicle Inspections
Safety. Safety is the most important and obvious reason to inspect your vehicle. A vehicle defect found during an inspection could save you problems later. You could have a breakdown on the road that will cost time and dollars, or even worse, a crash. Federal and state laws require inspection by the driver. Federal and state inspectors also inspect commercial vehicles. An unsafe vehicle can be put "out of service" until the driver or owner has it repaired. Do not risk your life or the life of another in an unsafe vehicle.
Pre-Trip Inspections
Pre-trip Inspection. Do a pre-trip inspection before each trip to find problems that could cause a crash or a breakdown. A pre-trip inspection should be done routinely before operating the vehicle. Drivers must complete a vehicle inspection report in writing each day. Review the last vehicle inspection report. Make sure the vehicle has been released for service by the maintenance mechanics, if applicable. The motor carrier must repair any items in the report that affects safety and certify on the report that repairs were made or were unnecessary. Remember, when you get behind the wheel, you (not the mechanic) are responsible for the safe operation of the vehicle. If the defects have been repaired, sign the previous drivers report. There is detailed information on pre-trips in Section 10 of this handbook.
En Route Inspection
During a trip you should:
- Watch gauges for signs of trouble.
- Use your senses to check for problems (look, listen, smell, and feel).
- Check critical items when you stop.
tires, wheels, and rims
lights and reflectors
brake and electrical connections to the trailer
trailer coupling devices
cargo securement devices
After Trip Inspections
After-Trip Inspection and Report. Inspect the vehicle at the end of the trip, day, or tour of duty for each vehicle you operated. It may include filling out a vehicle condition report listing any problems you find. The inspection report helps the motor carrier know when the vehicle needs repairs.
InspectionsWhat To Look For
As you approach the vehicle, notice its general condition. Look for damage. Is the vehicle leaning to one side? Look under the vehicle for fresh oil, coolant, grease, or fuel leaks. Check the area around the vehicle for hazards to vehicle movement such as people, other vehicles, objects, low hanging wires, or tree limbs, etc.
Check that the parking brakes are on and/or the wheels are chocked. You may have to raise the hood, tilt the cab (secure loose objects first), or open the engine compartment door. Check the following:
- Tire Problems.
It is dangerous to drive with bad tires.
Remember: After a tire has been changed, stop a short while later and recheck the tightness of the wheel fasteners.
- Wheel and Rim Problems. A damaged rim can cause a tire to lose pressure or come off.
- Bad Brake Drum or Shoe Lining Problems. It is dangerous to drive with brake problems.
System Defects(Figure 2-1) A poorly
maintained steering system can cause steering problems.
System Defects(Figures 2-2 through
2-4) The suspension system supports the vehicle
and its load and keeps the axles in place. Broken
suspension parts can be extremely dangerous.
- Exhaust System Defects. A broken exhaust system can let poisonous fumes into the cab or sleeper berth.
- Emergency Equipment.
Vehicles should be equipped with:
fire extinguisher(s) (when required)
spare electrical fuses (unless equipped with circuit breakers)
warning devices for parked vehicles (i.e., three reflective warning triangles)
- Cargo (trucks).
Before each trip, inspect cargo for:
correct balance
proper papers and placarding (if the cargo contains hazardous materials or wastes which require placarding)
- Lights and Reflectors.
Reflectors should be clean and the proper color (red
at rear). Verify that the following lights are clean,
operating, and the proper color:
headlights (high and low beams)
turn signals
brake lights
running lights
emergency flashers
NOTE: All corresponding dash display lights should be checked also.
Get In Vehicle
- Turn off lights not needed for driving.
- Check for all required papers, trip manifests, permits, etc.
- Secure all loose articles in cab that might interfere with operation of the controls or hit you in a crash.
- Start the engine.
Check The Brake System
Test Hydraulic Brakes.If the vehicle has hydraulic brakes, pump the brake pedal three times. Then apply firm pressure to the pedal and hold for five seconds. The pedal should not move. If it does, there may be a leak or other problem which must be repaired before driving.
If the vehicle has air brakes, follow the checklist marked with an asterisk (*) described in Section 5 of this handbook.
Test Parking Brake. First fasten your seat belt. Then allow the vehicle to move forward slowly and apply the parking brake. If the vehicle does not stop, get the brake repaired before you drive the vehicle.
Test Service Brake. First fasten your seat belt. Then allow the vehicle to move forward about five miles per hour and push the brake pedal firmly. If the vehicle pulls to one side or the other, or if there is any unusual brake pedal feel or delayed stopping action, the service brake may need repair before you drive the vehicle.
Buses must also be inspected for:
- Fire extinguisher.
- Passenger entry doors and emergency exits.
- Seats and bus interior.
- Baggage compartment.
If you see, hear, smell, or feel anything that might mean troublecheck it out. Do not drive an unsafe vehicle.
Safety Inspection. Truck and truck tractor drivers should inspect their vehicle within the first 25 miles of a trip and every 150 miles or every 3 hours (whichever comes first) after that.
In order to obtain a CDL, you will be required to pass a pre-trip vehicle inspection test. You will be tested to see if you know whether your vehicle is safe to drive. You will be asked to do a pre-trip inspection of your vehicle and explain to the examiner what you would inspect and why.
A pre-trip inspection should be done the same way each time so you will learn all the steps and be less likely to forget something. Section 10 of this handbook tells you what to inspect and how to inspect it.
After-Trip Inspection And Report
You must make a written report each day on the condition of the vehicle(s) you drive. Report anything affecting safety which could lead to a mechanical breakdown.
The vehicle inspection report tells the vehicle owner about problems that may need repair. Keep a copy of your report in the vehicle for one day. That way, the next driver can learn about any problems you have found.
Basic Vehicle Control
To drive a vehicle safely, you must be able to control its speed and direction. Safely operating a commercial vehicle requires skill in:
- Accelerating
- Steering
- Backing safely
- Shifting gears
- Braking/controlling speed
Fasten your seat belt when on the road. Apply the parking brake when you leave your vehicle.
Don't roll back when you start. You may hit someone behind you. Partly engage the clutch before you take your right foot off the brake. Set the parking brake whenever necessary to keep from rolling backward. Release it only when you have applied enough engine power to keep from rolling backward. On a tractor-trailer equipped with a trailer brake hand valve, the hand valve can be applied to keep from rolling backward.
Speed up smoothly and gradually so the vehicle does not jerk. Rough acceleration can cause damage to the coupling when pulling a trailer. It is also a common cause of passenger injuries on buses.
Speed up very gradually when traction is poor, as in rain or snow. If you give the vehicle too much power, the drive wheels may spin and you could lose control. If the drive wheels begin to spin, take your foot off the accelerator
Hold the wheel firmly with both hands. Your hands should be on opposite sides of the wheel. If you hit a curb or a pothole, the wheel could pull away from your hands unless you have a firm hold.
Backing Safely
Because you cannot see everything behind your vehicle, backing is always dangerous. Avoid backing whenever you can. When you park, try to park so you will be able to pull forward when you leave. When you have to back, here are a few simple safety rules:
- Look at your path.
- Back slowly, using your mirrors.
- Back and turn toward the driver's side whenever possible.
- Use a helper whenever possible.
Look at Your Path. Look at your line of travel before you begin. Get out and walk around the vehicle. Check your clearance to the sides and overhead in and near the path your vehicle will take.
Back Slowly. Always back as slowly as possible. Use the lowest reverse gear so that you can easily correct any steering errors before you get too far off course. You can also stop quickly if necessary.
Back and Turn Toward the Driver's Side. Back to the drivers side so you can see better. Backing toward the right side is very dangerous because you cannot see as well.
Remember to always back in the direction that gives you the best vision.
Backing With A Trailer
Backing with a Trailer. When backing a car, straight truck, or bus, turn the steering wheel toward the direction you want to go. When backing a trailer, turn the steering wheel in the opposite direction. Once the trailer starts to turn, you must turn the wheel the other way to follow the trailer.
Whenever you back with a trailer, try to position your vehicle so you can back in a straight line. If you must back on a curved path, back to the drivers side so you can see. Back slowly so you can make corrections before you get too far off course.
Use the Mirrors. The mirrors will help you see whether the trailer is drifting to one side or the other.
Correct Drift Immediately. As soon as you see the trailer getting off the proper path, correct it by turning the steering wheel in the direction of the drift.
Pull Forward. When backing, make pull-ups to reposition your vehicle when needed.
Use a Helper. Use a helper when you can. He or she can see blind spots that you cant. The helper should stand near the back of the vehicle where you can see him or her. Before you begin backing, work out a set of hand signals that you both understand. Agree on a signal for STOP.
Shifting Gears
Shifting gears correctly is important. If you cant get your vehicle into the correct gear while driving, you will have less control.
Manual Transmissions
Basic Method for Shifting Up. Most heavy vehicles with manual transmissions require double clutching to change gears. This is the basic method:
- Release accelerator, push in clutch, and shift to neutral at the same time.
- Release clutch.
- Let engine and gears slow down to the revolutions per minute (rpm) required for the next gear (this takes practice).
- Push in clutch and shift to the higher gear at the same time.
- Release clutch and press accelerator at the same time.
There are two ways of knowing when to shift:
- Engine speed or rpm. Study the owners manual for your vehicle and learn the operating rpm range. Watch your tachometer, and shift up when your engine reaches the top of the range. (Some newer vehicles use progressive shifting: the rpm at which you shift becomes higher as you move up in the gears. Find out what is right for your vehicle.)
- Road speed or miles per hour (mph). Learn the correct speed for each gear. Then, by using the speedometer, you will know when to shift up.
With either method, you may learn to use engine sounds to know when to shift.
Basic Procedures for Shifting Down
- Release accelerator, push in clutch, and shift to neutral at the same time.
- Release clutch.
- Press accelerator. Increase engine and gear speed to the rpm required in the lower gear.
- Push in clutch and shift to lower gear at the same time.
- Release clutch and press accelerator at the same time.
Downshifting, like upshifting, requires knowing when to shift. Use either the tachometer or the speedometer and downshift at the right rpm or road speed. Some special conditions where you should downshift are:
- Before starting down a hill. Slow down and shift down to a speed that you can control without using the brakes hard. Otherwise the brakes can overheat and lose their braking power. Downshift before starting down the hill. Make sure you are in a low enough gear, usually lower than the gear required to climb the same hill. The braking effect of the engine is greatest when it is near the governed rpms and the transmission is in the lower gears. Save your brakes so you will be able to stop or slow as required by road and traffic conditions.
- Before entering a curve. Slow down to a safe speed, and downshift before entering the curve. This lets you use some power through the curve to help the vehicle be more stable while turning. It also lets you speed up as soon as you are out of the curve.
Multispeed Rear Axles And Auxiliary Transmissions
Multispeed rear axles and auxiliary transmissions are used on many vehicles to provide extra gears. You usually control them by a selector knob or switch on the gearshift lever of the main transmission. There are many different shift patterns. Learn the right way to shift gears in the vehicle(s) you drive.
Automatic Transmissions
Some vehicles have automatic transmissions which let you select a low range for greater engine braking when going down grades. The lower ranges prevent the transmission from shifting up beyond the selected gear (unless the governor rpm is exceeded). It is very important to use this braking effect when going down grades.
Automated Transmissions
Automated transmissions combine the convenience of an automatic transmission with the control of a manual transmission. An automated transmission has a clutch and gear selection lever. However, the only time the clutch is used is to start and stop the vehicle. Once the vehicle is started, sensors constantly monitor the vehicles speed and rpms. Gear shifting is automatic. DMV imposes a restriction when a vehicle equipped with an automated transmission is used for a driving test (because the clutch is only used to start or stop the vehicle).
Some vehicles have retarders. Retarders help slow a vehicle, reducing the need for using your brakes. They reduce brake wear and give you another way to slow down. There are many types of retarders (exhaust, engine, hydraulic, electric). All retarders can be turned on or off by the driver. On some vehicles the retarding power can be adjusted. When turned on, retarders apply braking power to the drive wheels only whenever you let up on the accelerator pedal all the way.
Caution. When the drive wheels have poor traction, the retarder may cause them to skid. You should turn the retarder off whenever the road is wet, icy, or snowy.
To be a safe driver and to help avoid accidents, you need to know what is going on all around your vehicle. Not looking properly is a major cause of accidents. All drivers look ahead; but many do not look far enough ahead.
Seeing Ahead
Importance of Looking Far Enough Ahead. Because stopping or changing lanes can take a lot of distance, knowing what traffic is doing on all sides of you is very important. You need to look well ahead to make sure you have room to make these moves safely.
How Far Ahead to Look. Most good drivers look 12 to 15 seconds ahead. That means looking ahead the distance you will travel in 12 to 15 seconds. At lower speeds, that is about one block. At highway speeds, it is about a quarter of a mile. If you are not looking that far ahead, you may have to stop too quickly or make quick lane changes. Looking 12 to 15 seconds ahead does not mean that you should not pay attention to things that are closer. Good drivers shift their attention back and forth, near and far.
What to Look For in Traffic. Be especially alert when nearing freeway on ramps. Look for vehicles entering the highway or moving into your lane or turning. Watch for brake lights of vehicles ahead. By looking far enough ahead you can change your speed or change lanes if necessary to avoid a problem.
Road Conditions. Look for hills and curves anything for which you will have to slow or change lanes. Pay attention to traffic signals and signs. If a light has been green for a long time, it will probably change before you get there. Start slowing down and be ready to stop. Traffic signs may alert you to road conditions where you may have to change speed.
Seeing Behind And To The Sides
It is important to know what is going on behind and to the sides. Check your mirrors regularly. Check more often in special situations.
Every California registered motor vehicle must have at least two mirrors, including one attached to the left-hand side, and located to give a clear view of the roadway to the rear for a distance of at least 200 feet. Both left- and right-hand rear view mirrors are required on a motor vehicle which is constructed or loaded to obscure the drivers view to the rear, or which is towing a vehicle or load which blocks the view. (VC §26709)
Mirror Adjustment. Mirror adjustment should be checked prior to the start of any trip and can only be checked accurately when the trailer(s) are straight. You should check and adjust each mirror as needed.
How to Use Mirrors. Use mirrors correctly by quickly checking them often and understanding what you see. When you use your mirrors while driving on the road, check quickly. Look back and forth between the mirrors and the road ahead. Do not focus on the mirrors for too long. Otherwise, you will travel quite a distance without knowing what is happening ahead.
Many large vehicles have curved (convex, fisheye, spot, bugeye) mirrors that show a wider area than flat mirrors. This is often helpful. But remember, everything appears smaller in a convex mirror than it would if you were looking at it directly. Also, things seem farther away than they really are. It is important to realize this and to allow for it.
Regular Checks. You need to make regular checks of your mirrors to be aware of traffic and to check your vehicle.
Traffic. Check the mirrors for vehicles on either side and in back of you. In an emergency, you will need to know whether you can make a quick lane change or stop. Use your mirrors to spot overtaking vehicles. Remember, there are blind spots that your mirrors cannot show you. Check your mirrors regularly to know where other vehicles are around you and to see if they move into your blind spots.
Check your vehicle. Use the mirrors to keep an eye on your tires, it is one way to spot a tire fire. Use the mirrors to check open cargo. Look for loose straps, ropes, or chains. Watch for a flapping or ballooning tarp.
Special Situations. Special situations require more than regular mirror checks. These are lane changes, turns, merges, and tight maneuvers.
Lane changes. Check your mirror to make sure no vehicle is alongside you or about to pass you. Check your mirrors:
- Before you change lanes to make sure there is enough room and signal at least 100 feet before turning. On the freeway, it is best to signal at least five seconds before changing lanes.
- After you have signaled, check to see that the lane is clear and no one has moved into your blind spot.
- Right after you start the lane change to double check that your path is clear.
- After you complete the lane change to be sure you turned off your signal lights.
Turns. When turning, check your mirrors to make sure the rear of your vehicle will not hit anything.
Merges. When merging, use your mirrors to make sure the gap in traffic is large enough for you to enter safely.
Tight Maneuvers. Any time you are driving in close quarters, check your mirrors often. Make sure you have enough clearance for any maneuver you wish to make.
Other drivers will not know what you are going to do until you tell them.
Signal Your Intentions
Signaling what you intend to do is important for everyones safety. Here are some general rules for signaling.
Turns. There are three good rules for using turn signals:
- Signal early. Signal several seconds before you turn. It is the best way to keep others from trying to pass you.
- Signal continuously. You need both hands on the wheel to turn safely. Do not cancel the signal until you have completed the turn.
- Cancel your signal. Turn the signal off after you have turned.
For information on vehicles which must be equipped with lamp turn signal systems and two stop lamps see VC §§24951 and 24600.
Lane Changes. Use your turn signal before changing lanes. Change lanes slowly and smoothly. That way a driver you did not see may have a chance to avoid your vehicle.
Slowing Down. Warn drivers behind you when you need to slow down. A few light taps on the brake pedalenough to flash the brake lights should warn following drivers. Use the 4-way flashers when you are stopped. Warn other drivers in any of the following situations:
- Trouble ahead. The size of your vehicle may make it hard for drivers behind you to see hazards ahead of you. If you see a hazard that will require slowing down, warn the drivers behind by flashing your brake lights.
- Tight turns. Most passenger vehicle drivers do not know how slow you must go to make a tight turn in a large vehicle. Give drivers behind you warning by braking early and slowing gradually.
- Stopping on the road. Truck and bus drivers sometimes stop in the road to unload cargo or passengers or to stop at a railroad crossing. Warn other drivers by flashing your brake lights. Do not stop suddenly.
Don't Direct Traffic. Some drivers try to help out others by signaling when it is safe to pass. You should not do this. You could cause an accident and be held liable for the costs.
Communicating Your Presence
Other drivers may not notice your vehicle even when it is in plain sight. Let them know you are there to help prevent accidents.
When Passing. Whenever you are about to pass a vehicle, pedestrian, motorcyclist, or bicyclist, assume they do not see you. They could suddenly move in front of you. When it is legal, tap the horn lightly or, at night, quickly flash your lights from low to high beam and back. Drive carefully enough to avoid an accident even if they dont see or hear you.
When it is Hard to See. At dawn or dusk or in rain or snow, you need to make your vehicle easier to see. If you are having trouble seeing other vehicles, other drivers will have trouble seeing you. Turn on your lights. Use the headlights, not just the identification or clearance lights. Use the low beams; high beams can bother people at dawn or dusk as well as at night.
When Parked at the Side of the Road. When you pull off the road and stop, be sure to turn on the 4-way flashers. This is very important at night. Do not trust the taillights to give warning. Drivers have crashed into the rear of a parked truck because they thought it was moving.
If you must stop on the road or the shoulder of a road, put out your reflective triangles within ten minutes. Place your warning devices at the following locations:
- On a two-lane road with traffic in both directions or on an undivided highway, place warning devices within ten feet of the front or rear corners to mark the location of the vehicle and 100 feet behind and ahead of the vehicle, on the shoulder or in the lane in which you stopped. (Figure 2-5)
- On the traffic side of the vehicle, within ten feet of the front or rear corners, to mark the location of the vehicle. (Figure 2-5)
- About 100 feet behind and ahead of the vehicle, on the shoulder or in the lane where you are in. (Figure 2-6)
- Back beyond any hill, curve, or other obstruction that prevents other drivers from seeing the vehicle within 500 feet. (Figure 2-6)
- If you must stop on or by a one-way or divided highway, place warning devices 10 feet, 100 feet, and 200 feet toward the approaching traffic. (Figure 2-7)
Carry the triangles with the reflective side toward the oncoming traffic when placing them, for your own safety. The other drivers will be able to see you.
Use Your Horn Only When Needed. Your horn can let others know you are there and can help avoid an accident. However, it can also startle others and could be dangerous if used unnecessarily.
Controlling Speed
Driving too fast is a major cause of fatal crashes. You must adjust your speed depending on several conditions which include: traction, curves, visibility, traffic, and hills.
Speed And Stopping Distances
There are three things that add up to total stopping distance: Perception Distance + Reaction Distance + Braking Distance = Total Stopping Distance.
- Perception distance. This is the distance your vehicle moves from the time your eyes see a hazard until your brain knows it. The perception time for an alert driver is about 3/4 second. At 55 mph you travel 60 feet in 3/4 second.
- Reaction distance. The distance traveled from the time your brain tells your foot to move from the accelerator until your foot is actually pushing the brake pedal. The average driver has a reaction time of 3/4 second. This accounts for an additional 60 feet traveled at 55 mph..
- Braking distance. The distance it takes to stop once the brakes are put on. At 55 mph on dry pavement with good brakes, it can take a heavy vehicle about 170 feet to stop. (About 4 3/4 seconds.)
- Total stopping distance. At 55 mph it will take about 6 seconds to stop and your vehicle will travel about the distance of a football field (60 + 60 + 170 = 290 feet). Refer to Section 5 for more information about stopping distances with air brakes.
Control and Stopping Requirements. (VC §26454) The service brake must hold the vehicle or combination of vehicles stationary on any grade on which it is operated under all conditions of loading or unloading.
The service brakes of every motor vehicle or combination of vehicles must be capable of stopping from an initial speed of 20 miles per hour as follows MSD (Maximum Stopping Distance in feet):
- Passenger vehicle25 MSD
- Single motor vehicle with manufacturer's GVWR of less than 10,000 pounds30 MSD
- Single motor vehicle with manufacturer's GVWR of 10,000 pounds or more, or any bus40 MSD
- Combination of vehicles consisting of a passenger vehicle or any motor vehicle with a manufacturer's GVWR of less than 10,000 pounds in combination with any trailer, semitrailer, or trailer coach40 MSD
- All other combinations of vehicles50 MSD
The effect of speed on stopping distance. When you double your speed, it will take about four times the distance to stop and the vehicle will have four times the destructive power if it crashes. High speeds increase stopping distances greatly. By slowing down a little, you can gain a lot in reduced braking distance.
The effect of vehicle weight on stopping distance. If a vehicle is heavier, brakes have to work harder (and absorb more heat) to stop. The brakes, tires, springs, and shock absorbers on heavy vehicles are designed to work best when the vehicle is fully loaded. Generally, empty trucks require greater stopping distances because an empty vehicle has less traction. It can bounce and lock up its wheels, giving much poorer braking. (This is not usually the case with buses.)
Matching Speed To The Road Surface
You cannot steer or brake a vehicle unless you have traction. Traction is friction between the tires and the road. These are some of the road conditions which reduce traction and call for lower speeds:
Slippery Surfaces. It will take longer to stop and it will be harder to turn without skidding when the road is slippery. You must drive slower to be able to stop in the same distance as on a dry road. Wet roads can double the stopping distance. Reduce speed by about one third (i.e., slow from 55 mph to about 35 mph) on a wet road. On packed snow, reduce speed by half, or more. If the surface is icy, reduce speed to a crawl and stop driving as soon as you can safely do so to install chains, if necessary.
Sometimes it is difficult to know if the road is slippery. Here are some examples of slippery roads:
- Shaded areas. Shady parts of the road will remain icy and slippery long after open areas have melted.
- Bridges. When the temperature drops, bridges will freeze before the road will. Be especially careful when the temperature is close to 32° F.
- Melting ice. Slight melting will make ice wet. Wet ice is much more slippery than ice that is not wet.
- Black ice. Black ice is a thin layer that is so clear you can see the road underneath it. It makes the road look wet. Any time the temperature is below freezing and the road looks wet, watch out for black ice.
- Vehicle icing. An easy way to check for ice is to open the window and feel the front of the mirror, mirror support, or antenna. If there is ice on the mirror, the road surface is probably starting to ice up.
- Just after rain begins. Right after it starts to rain, the water mixes with oil left on the road by vehicles. This makes the road very slippery. If it continues, it will wash the oil away.
Hydroplaning. In some weather, water or slush collects on the road. When this happens, your vehicle can hydroplane. It is like water skiing; the tires lose their contact with the road and have little or no traction. You may not be able to steer or brake. You can regain control by releasing the accelerator and pushing in the clutch. This will slow your vehicle and let the wheels turn freely. If the vehicle is hydroplaning, do not use the brakes to slow down. If the drive wheels start to skid, push in the clutch to let them turn freely.
It does not take a lot of water to cause hydroplaning. Hydroplaning can occur at speeds as low as 30 mph if there is a lot of water. It is more likely to occur if tire pressure is low or the tread is worn. (The grooves in a tire carry away the water; if they arent deep, they dont work well.) Be especially careful driving through puddles. Puddles are often deep enough to cause hydroplaning.
Speed And Curves
Drivers must adjust their speed for curves in the road. If you take a curve too fast, two things can happen. The tires can lose their traction and continue straight ahead, so you skid off the road. Or, the tires may keep their traction and the vehicle will roll over. Tests have shown that trucks with a high center of gravity can roll over traveling at the posted speed limit for the curve.
Slow to a safe speed before you enter a curve. Braking in a curve is dangerous because it is easier to lock the wheels and cause a skid. Slow down as needednever exceed the posted speed limit for the curve. (The speed zone signs posted at curves are for smaller vehicles.) Drive in a gear that will let you accelerate slightly in the curve. This will help you keep control.
Speed And Distance Ahead
You should always be able to stop within the distance you can see ahead. At night, low beams let you see about 250 feet ahead. During the day, fog, rain, or other conditions may require that you slow down to be able to stop in the distance you can see.
Speed And Traffic Flow
When you are driving in heavy traffic, the safest speed is that of other vehicles. Vehicles going the same direction at the same speed are not likely to run into one another. Drive at the speed of the traffic, if you can do so without traveling at an illegal or unsafe speed. Keep a safe following distance.
The main reason drivers exceed speed limits is to save time. But anyone trying to drive faster than the speed of traffic will not be able to save much time. The risks involved are not worth it. Go with the flow of trafficit is safer and easier. If you go faster than the speed of other traffic:
- You will have to keep passing other vehicles. This increases the chance of an accident.
- It is more tiring. Fatigue increases the chance of an accident.
Overtaking or Following Another Vehicle. You may not overtake and pass another vehicle which is moving at less than 20 mph on a grade (outside a business or residential district) unless you can pass that vehicle at least 10 mph faster than it is traveling and the pass can be completed within one quarter mile. (VC §21758)
You must not follow the vehicles listed below any closer than 300 feet. The rule does not apply during overtaking and passing, when there are two or more lanes for traffic in each direction, or in a business or residential district. (VC §21704)
- A motor truck or truck tractor having three or more axles or any motor truck or truck tractor towing any other vehicle.
- A passenger vehicle or bus towing any other vehicle.
- A school bus transporting any school pupil.
- A farm labor vehicle when transporting passengers.
- A vehicle transporting explosives.
- A trailer bus.
When large vehicles are being driven in caravan on the open highway, at least 100 feet must be left between them to allow other vehicles to overtake and pass them. (VC §21705)
Speed On Downgrades
Your vehicles speed will increase on down grades because of gravity. Your most important objective is to select and maintain a speed that is not too fast for the:
- Total weight of the vehicle and cargo.
- Length and steepness of the grade.
- Road conditions and weather.
If a speed limit is posted, or there is a sign indicating a maximum safe speed, never exceed the posted speed. Also look for and heed warning signs indicating the length and steepness of the grade. You must use the braking effect of the engine as the principal way of controlling your speed on downgrades. The braking effect of the engine is greatest when it is near the governed rpms and the transmission is in the lower gears. Save your brakes so you will be able to slow or stop as required by road and traffic conditions.
Slow the vehicle and shift your transmission to a low gear before starting down the grade and use the proper braking techniques.
More information on going down steep hills safely can be found here in the section on "Mountain Driving."
Managing Space
A safe driver keeps space all around the vehicle. When things go wrong, space gives you time to think and to take action.
To have space available when something goes wrong, you need to manage space. While this is true for all drivers, it is very important for large vehicles. They take up more space and they require more space for stopping and turning.
Space Ahead
Of all the space around your vehicle, it is the area ahead of the vehiclethe space you are driving intothat is the most important.
The Need for Space Ahead. You need space ahead in case you must suddenly stop. According to accident reports, the vehicle that trucks and buses most often run into is the one in front of them. The most frequent cause of accidents is following too closely. Remember, if the vehicle ahead of you is smaller than yours, it can probably stop faster than you can. You may crash into it if you are following too closely.
How Much Space? How much space should you keep in front of you? One good rule says you need at least one second for each 10 feet of vehicle length at speeds below 40 mph. At higher speeds, you must add one second for safety. For example, if you are driving a 40foot vehicle, you should leave 4 seconds between you and the vehicle ahead. In a 60foot rig, you will need 6 seconds. Over 40 mph, you would need 5 seconds for a 40-foot vehicle and 7 seconds for a 60-foot vehicle.
To know how much space you have, wait until the vehicle ahead passes a shadow on the road, a pavement marking, or some other obvious landmark. Then count off the seconds like this: one thousand-and-one, one thousand-and-two and so on, until you reach the same spot. Compare your count with the rule of one second for every 10 feet of length. If you are driving a 40-foot truck and only counted up to 2 seconds, you are too close. Drop back a little and count again until you have 4 seconds of following distance (or 5 seconds, if you are going over 40 mph). After a little practice, you will know how far back you should be. Remember to add one second for speeds above 40 mph. Also remember that when the road is slippery, you need much more space to stop.
Space Behind
You cannot stop others from following you too closely. But there are things you can do to make it safer.
Stay to the Right. Heavy vehicles are often tailgated when they cannot keep up with the speed of traffic such as when you are going uphill. If a heavy load is slowing you down, stay in the right lane if you can. Going uphill, you should not pass another slow vehicle unless you can get around it quickly and safely.
Handle Tailgaters Safely. In a large vehicle, it is often hard to see whether a vehicle is close behind you. You may be tailgated:
- When you are traveling slowly. Drivers trapped behind slow vehicles often follow too closely.
- In bad weather many passenger vehicle drivers follow large vehicles closely, especially when it is hard to see the road ahead.
If you find yourself being tailgated, here are some things you can do to reduce the chances of an accident:
- Avoid quick changes. If you have to slow down or turn, signal early and reduce speed very gradually.
- Increase your following distance. Opening up room in front of you will help you to avoid having to make sudden speed or direction changes. It also makes it easier for the tailgater to get around you.
- Do not speed up. It is safer to be tailgated at a low speed than a high speed.
- Avoid tricks. Do not turn on your taillights or flash your brake lights. Follow the suggestions above to avoid accidents.
When you follow too closely and another driver "cuts" in front of you, the normal reaction is to slam on your brakes and swerve out of the way. Swerving out of the way can often result in cutting someone else off, possibly driving off the roadway, or driving into another lane of traffic. It might also result in the vehicle behind you crashing into you or other vehicles around you.
If another driver cuts in front of you, it is better to take your foot off the gas. This creates space between your vehicle and the other driver without swerving into another lane. Do not overreact if you are cut off. Plan your emergency escape route before the emergency happens.
Space To The Sides
Commercial vehicles are often wide and take up most of a lane. Safe drivers will manage what little space they have. You can do this by keeping your vehicle centered in your lane, and avoid driving alongside other vehicles.
Staying Centered in a Lane. Keep your vehicle centered in the lane to keep safe clearance on either side. If your vehicle is wide, you have little room to spare.
Traveling Next to Others. There are two dangers in traveling alongside other vehicles:
- Another driver may change lanes suddenly and turn into you.
- You may be trapped when you need to change lanes.
Find an open spot where you are not near other traffic. When traffic is heavy, it may be hard to find an open spot. If you must travel near other vehicles, try to keep as much space as possible between you and them. Also, drop back or pull forward so that you are sure the other driver can see you.
Strong Winds. Strong winds make it difficult to stay in your lane. The problem is usually worse for lighter vehicles. This problem can be especially bad coming out of tunnels. Do not drive alongside others if you can avoid it.
Space Overhead
Hitting overhead objects is a danger. Know the overhead clearance of the vehicle you are driving.
- Do not assume that the heights posted at bridges and overpasses are correct. Repaving or packed snow may have reduced the clearances since the heights were posted.
- The weight of a cargo van changes its height. An empty van is higher than a loaded one. Because you cleared a bridge when you were loaded does not mean that you can do it when you are empty.
- If you doubt you have safe space to pass under an object, go slowly. If you are not sure you can make it, do not try it. Take another route. Warnings are often posted on low bridges or underpasses, but sometimes they are not.
- Some roads can cause a vehicle to tilt. There can be a problem clearing objects along the edge of the road, such as signs or trees. Where this is a problem, drive a little closer to the center of the road.
- Before you back into an area, get out and check for overhanging objects such as trees, branches, or electric wires. It is easy to miss seeing them while you are backing. (Also check for other hazards at the same time.)
Space Below
Many drivers forget about the space under their vehicles. That space can be very small when a vehicle is heavily loaded. Railroad tracks can stick up several inches. This is often a problem on dirt roads and in unpaved yards where the surface around the tracks can wear away. Do not take a chance on getting hung up. Drainage channels across roads can cause some vehicles to drag. Cross such depressions carefully.
Space For Turns
The space around a truck or bus is important when turning. Because of wide turning and offtracking, large vehicles can hit other vehicles or objects during turns.
Right turns. Here are some rules to help prevent right turn accidents:
- Turn slowly to give yourself and others more time to avoid problems.
- If you are driving a truck or bus that cannot make a right turn without swinging into another lane, turn wide as you complete the turn as shown in Figure 2-8. Keep the rear of your vehicle close to the curb. This will stop other drivers from passing you on the right.
- Do not turn wide to the left as you start the turn. A following driver may think you are turning left and try to pass you on the right. You may hit the other vehicle as you complete your turn.
- If you must cross into the oncoming lane to make a turn, look for vehicles coming toward you. Give them room to go by or to stop. However, do not back up for them, because you might hit someone behind you.
Left turns. Make sure you have reached the center of the intersection before you start a left turn. If you turn too soon, the left side of your vehicle may hit another vehicle because of offtracking. If you are turning into a multilane street, enter any lane that is safe and available to you.
If there are two turning lanes, you should use the right-hand turn lane as shown in Figure 2-9, because you may have to swing right to make the turn. Drivers on your right may be hard for you to see.
Space To Cross Or Enter Traffic
Be aware of the size and weight of your vehicle when you cross or enter traffic. Here are some important things to keep in mind:
- Because of slow acceleration and the space large vehicles require, you need a much larger gap to enter traffic than you would in a smaller vehicle.
- Acceleration varies with the load. Allow more room if your vehicle is heavily loaded.
- Before you start across a road, make sure you can get all the way across before cross traffic reaches you. It is against the law to enter an intersection if you cannot get completely across before the light changes.
Driving At Night
More than half of all traffic accidents happen at night. Drivers cannot see hazards as soon as in daylight, so they have less time to respond. Drivers caught by surprise are less able to avoid a crash. The problems of night driving involve the driver, the roadway, and the vehicle.
Human Factors
Vision. People cannot see as well at night or in dim light. Also, the eyes need time to adjust to seeing in dim light.
Glare. Drivers can be blinded for a short time by bright light. It can take several seconds to recover from glare. Even two seconds of glare blindness can be dangerous. A vehicle going 55 mph will travel more than half the distance of a football field during that time. Do not look directly at bright lights when driving. Look at the right-hand edge of the road or your traffic lane.
Fatigue and Lack of Alertness. Fatigue and lack of alertness are bigger problems at night. The body naturally wants to sleep. Most drivers are less alert at night, especially after midnight. This is particularly true if you have been driving for a long time. Drivers may not see hazards as soon or react as quickly, so the chance of an accident is greater. If you are sleepy, the only safe cure is to get off the road and get some sleep. If you dont, you risk your life and the lives of others.
Roadway Factors
Poor Lighting. In the daytime there is usually enough light to see well. This is not true at night. Some areas may have bright street lights, but many areas will have poor lighting. On most roads you will probably have to depend entirely on your headlights.
Less light means you will not be able to see hazards as well as in daytime. Road users who do not have lights are hard to see. There are many accidents at night involving pedestrians, joggers, bicyclists, or animals that are hard to see.
Even when there are lights, the road scene can be confusing. Traffic signals and hazards can be hard to see against a background of signs, shop windows, and other lights.
When lighting is poor or confusing, drive slowly. Be sure you can stop within your sight distance.
Drivers under the influence. Drivers under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs are a hazard to themselves and to you. Be especially alert around the closing time of bars and taverns. Watch for drivers who have trouble staying in their lane or maintaining speed, stop without reason, or show other signs of driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs.
Vehicle Factors
Headlights. At night your headlights will usually be the main source of light for you and for others to see you. You cannot see as much with your headlights as you can see in the daytime. With low beams you can see ahead about 250 feet and with high beams about 350500 feet. You must adjust your speed to keep your stopping distance within your sight distance. This means going slowly enough to be able to stop within the range of your headlights. Otherwise, by the time you see a hazard, you will not have time to stop.
Night driving can be more dangerous if you have problems with your headlights. Dirty headlights may give only half the light they should. This reduces your ability to see, and makes it harder for others to see you. Make sure your lights are clean and working and in adjustment. If out of adjustment, they do not give you a good view and they can blind other drivers.
You must turn on your headlights:
- from a half hour after sunset to a half hour before sunrise, or
- if snow, rain, fog, or other hazardous weather condition requires the use of windshield wipers, or
- when visibility is not sufficient to clearly see
a person or a vehicle for a distance of 1,000 feet.
and 24400)
No vehicle may be driven with only parking lights on. However, they may be used as signals or when the headlamps are also lighted. (VC §24800)
Other Lights. (VC §25100) In order for you to be seen easily, the following must be clean and working properly:
- Reflectors.
- Marker and clearance lights.
- Taillights.
- Identification lights.
Turn Signals and Brake Lights. At night your turn signals and brake lights are even more important for telling other drivers what you intend to do. Make sure you have clean, working turn signals and stop lights.
Windshields and Mirrors. It is more important at night than in the daytime to have clean windshields and mirrors. Dirt on your windshield or mirrors can cause bright lights at night to create a glare of its own, blocking your view. Clean your windshield on the inside and outside for safe driving.
Night Driving Procedures
Make sure you are rested and alert. If you are drowsy, sleep before you drive. Even a nap can save your life or the lives of others. If you wear eye glasses, make sure they are clean and unscratched. Dont wear sun glasses at night. Do a complete pre-trip inspection of your vehicle. Pay attention to checking all lights and reflectors and cleaning those you can reach.
Avoid Blinding Others. Glare from your headlights can cause problems for drivers coming toward you as well as drivers going in your direction. Dim your lights within 500 feet of an oncoming vehicle and when following another vehicle within 300 feet.
Avoid Glare from Oncoming Vehicles. Do not look directly at lights of oncoming vehicles. Look slightly to the right at a right lane or edge marking, if available. If other drivers dont put their low beans on, dont try to get back at them by putting your own high beams on. This increases glare for oncoming drivers and increases the chance of an accident.
Use High Beams When You Can. Many drivers make the mistake of always using low beams. This cuts down on your ability to see ahead. Use high beams when it is safe and legal to do so. Use them unless you are within 500 feet of an approaching vehicle or are following another vehicle within 300 feet. Also, dont let the inside of your cab get too bright. This makes it harder to see outside. Keep the interior light off and adjust your instrument lights as low as you can and still be able to read the gauges.
If You Get Sleepy, Stop Driving. People often do not realize how close they are to falling asleep. If you look or feel sleepy, stop driving! You are in a very dangerous condition. The only safe cure is to sleep.
Driving In Fog
The best advice for driving in fog is Dont. It is better to pull off the road into a rest area or truck stop, if available, until visibility is better. If you must drive, be sure to consider the following:
- Obey all fog-related warning signs.
- Slow before you enter fog.
- Turn on all your lights. (Headlights should be on low beams.)
- Be prepared for emergency stops.
Driving In Winter
Make sure your vehicle is ready for driving in winter weather. During the pre-trip inspection, pay extra attention to the following items.
Vehicle Checks
Coolant Level and Antifreeze. Make sure the cooling system is full and there is enough antifreeze in the system to protect against freezing. This can be checked with a special coolant tester.
Defrosting and Heating Equipment. Check to see if the defrosters and heaters work. They are needed for safe driving. Make sure you know how to operate them. If you use other heaters and expect to need them (mirror heaters, battery box heaters, fuel tank heaters), check their operation.
Wipers and Washers. The windshield wiper blades must be in good condition. Make sure the wiper blades press against the window hard enough to wipe the windshield clean of snow.
Make sure the windshield washer works and the washer reservoir is full. Use windshield washer antifreeze to prevent freezing of the washer liquid. If you cant see well enough while driving (i.e., your wipers fail), stop safely and fix the problem.
Tires. Check the tread on your tires. The drive tires must provide traction to push the rig over wet pavement and through snow. The steering tires must have traction to steer the vehicle. Enough tread is especially important in winter conditions. You must have at least 4/32 inch tread depth in every major groove on the front tires and at least 2/32 inch on other tires. More would be better. Use a gauge to determine if you have enough tread for safe driving.
Tire Chains. You may find yourself in conditions where you cant drive without chains even to get to a place of safety. Carry the correct number of chains and extra cross links. Make sure they will fit your drive tires. Check the chains for broken hooks, worn or broken cross links, and bent or broken side chains. Learn how to put the chains on before you need to do it in snow or ice.
Lights and Reflectors. Make sure the lights and reflectors are clean. Lights and reflectors are especially important during bad weather. Check from time to time during bad weather to make sure they are clean and working.
Windows and Mirrors. Remove any ice, snow, etc. from the windshield, windows, and mirrors before starting. Use a windshield scraper, snow brush, and windshield defroster as necessary.
Handholds, Steps, and Deck Plates. Remove all ice and snow from hand holds, steps, and deck plates which you must use to enter the cab or to move about the vehicle. This will reduce the danger of slipping.
Radiator Shutters and Winterfront. Remove ice from the radiator shutters. Make sure the winterfront is not closed too tightly. If the shutters freeze shut or the winterfront is closed too much, the engine may overheat and stop.
Exhaust System. Exhaust system leaks are especially dangerous when cab ventilation is poor (windows rolled up, etc.). Loose connections can permit poisonous carbon monoxide to leak into your cab which will make you sleepy. In large amounts, it can kill you. Check the exhaust system for loose parts and for sounds and signs of leaks.
Driving On Slippery Surfaces
Slippery Surfaces. Drive slowly and smoothly on slippery roads. If it is very slippery, you shouldnt drive at all. Stop at the first safe place. The following are some safety guidelines:
- Start gently and slowly. When first starting, get the feel of the road. Do not hurry.
- Adjust turning and braking to conditions. Make turns as carefully as possible. Do not brake any harder than necessary and do not use the engine brake or speed retarder. (They can cause the driving wheels to skid on slippery surfaces.)
- Adjust speed to conditions. Do not pass slower vehicles unless necessary. Go slowly and watch far enough ahead to keep a steady speed. Avoid having to slow down and speed up. Take curves at slower speeds and do not brake while in curves. Be aware that as the temperature rises to the point where ice begins to melt, the road becomes even more slippery and you must slow down even more.
- Adjust space to conditions. Do not drive alongside other vehicles. Keep a greater following distance. When you see a traffic jam ahead, slow down or stop and wait for it to clear. Try to anticipate stops early and slow down gradually.
Wet Brakes. When driving in heavy rain or deep standing water, your brakes will get wet. Water on the brakes can cause the brakes to be weak, to apply unevenly, or to grab. This can cause lack of braking power, wheel lockups, pulling to one side or the other, and a jackknife if you pull a trailer.
Avoid driving through deep puddles or flowing water if possible. If you cannot, you should:
- Slow down.
- Place transmission in a low gear.
- Gently put on the brakes. This presses linings against brake drums or discs and keeps mud, silt, and water from getting in.
- Increase engine rpm and cross the water while keeping light pressure on the brakes.
- When out of the water, maintain light pressure on the brakes for a short distance to heat them up and dry them out. CAUTION: Brake drums and linings can overheat if you do this for too long.
- Make a test stop when safe to do so. Check your mirrors to be sure no one is following, then apply the brakes to be sure they are working. If not, dry out further as described above.
Driving In Very Hot Weather
During the pre-trip inspection, pay special attention to the following items:
Vehicle Checks
Tires. Check the tire mounting and air pressure. Inspect the tires for overheating and tread separation every two hours or 100 miles when driving in very hot weather. Air pressure increases with temperature. Do not let air out or the pressure will be too low when the tires cool off. If a tire is too hot to touch, remain stopped until the tire cools off. Otherwise, the tire may blow out or catch fire. Pay special attention to recapped or retreaded tires. Under high temperatures, the tread may separate from the body of the tire.
Engine Oil. The engine oil helps keep the engine cool, as well as lubricating it. Make sure there is enough engine oil. If you have an oil temperature gauge, make sure the temperature is within the proper range while you are driving.
Engine Coolant. Before starting out, be sure the engine cooling system has enough water and antifreeze according to the engine manufacturer's directions. (Antifreeze helps the engine under hot conditions as well as cold conditions.) When driving in hot weather, check the water temperature or coolant temperature gauge more frequently. Make sure it remains in the normal range. If the gauge goes above the highest safe temperature, there may be something wrong that could lead to engine failure and possibly fire. Stop driving as soon as safely possible.
Some vehicles have sight glasses, see-through coolant overflow containers, or coolant recovery containers which permit checking coolant level while the engine is hot. If the container is not part of the pressurized system, the cap can be safely removed and coolant added even when the engine is at operating temperature. Never remove the radiator cap or any part of the pressurized system until the system has cooled. Steam and boiling water can spray under pressure and cause severe burns.
If coolant has to be added to a system without a recovery tank or overflow tank, follow these steps:
- Shut engine off.
- Wait until engine has cooled.
- Protect hands (use gloves or a thick cloth).
- Turn radiator cap slowly to the first stop, which releases the pressure seal.
- Step back while pressure is released from cooling system.
- When all pressure has been released, press down on the cap and turn it further to remove it.
- Visually check level of coolant.
- Replace cap and turn all the way to the closed position.
Engine Belts. Learn how to check V-belt tightness on your vehicle by pressing on the belts. Loose belts will not turn the water pump and/or fan properly. This will result in overheating. Also check belts for cracking or other signs of wear.
Hoses. Be sure the coolant hoses are in good condition because a broken hose can lead to engine failure and even fire.
Watch for Bleeding Tar. Tar in road surfacing frequently rises to the surface in very hot weather. Spots where tar bleeds to the surface are very slippery.
Go Slow to Prevent Overheating. High speeds create more heat for tires and the engine. In desert conditions, the heat may build up to the point where it is dangerous. The heat will increase chances of tire failure, tire fire, and engine failure.
Mountain Driving
In mountain driving, the force of gravity plays a major role. The steeper the grade, the longer the grade and/or the heavier the load–the more you will have to use lower gears to climb hills or mountains. In going down steep hills, gravity will tend to speed you up. You must select an appropriate safe speed, then use a low gear, and use proper braking techniques. You should plan ahead and obtain information about any long steep grades along your planned route of travel. If possible, talk to other drivers who are familiar with the grades to find out what speeds are safe.
You must go slowly enough so your brakes can hold you back without getting too hot. If the brakes become too hot, they may start to "fade." This means you have to apply them harder and harder to get the same stopping power. If you continue to use the brakes hard, they can keep fading (have less stopping power) until you cannot slow down or stop at all.
Select A "Safe" Speed
Your most important consideration is to select a speed that is not too fast for the:
- Total weight of the vehicle and cargo
- Length and steepness of the grade
- Road conditions and weather
If a speed limit is posted, or there is a sign indicating maximum safe speed, never exceed the speed shown. Also, look for and heed warning signs indicating the length and steepness of the grade.
Going Downhill In The Correct Gear
Use the braking effect of the engine as the principal way of controlling your speed. The braking effect of the engine is greatest when it is near the governed rpms and the transmission is in the lower gears. Save your brakes so you will be able to slow or stop as required by road and traffic conditions.
Slow the vehicle and shift the transmission to a low gear before starting down the grade. Do not try to downshift after your speed has already built up. You will not be able to shift into a lower gear. You may not even be able to get back into any gear and all engine braking effect will be lost. Forcing an automatic transmission into a lower gear at high speed could damage the transmission also and lead to loss of all engine braking effect.
With older trucks, a rule for choosing gears is to use the same gear going down a hill that you would need to climb the hill. However, new trucks have low friction parts and streamlined shapes for fuel economy. They may also have more powerful engines. This means they can go up hills in higher gears and have less friction and air drag to hold them back going down hills. For that reason, drivers of newer trucks may have to use lower gears going down a hill than needed to go up the hill. Find out what is right for your vehicle.
Brake Fade Or Failure
When going downhill, brakes will always heat up. They are designed so brake shoes or pads rub against the brake drum or discs to slow the vehicle, which creates heat. Brakes are designed to take a lot of heat. However, brakes can fail from excessive heat if you try to slow down from a high speed too many times or too quickly. Brakes will fade when they get very hot and may not slow the vehicle.
Brakes also can fade because they are out of adjustment. To safely control a vehicle, every brake must do its share of the work. If some brakes are out of adjustment, they will not be doing their share. The other brakes can overheat and fade and there will not be enough braking available to control the vehicle(s). Brakes can get out of adjustment quickly, especially when they are used a lot; also, brake linings wear faster when they are hot. Check brake adjustment frequently.
Proper Braking Technique
Remember: The use of brakes on a long and/ or steep downgrade is only a supplement to the braking effect of the engine. Once the vehicle is in the proper low gear, the following is a proper braking technique:
- Apply the brakes just hard enough to feel a definite slowdown.
- When your speed has been reduced to approximately 5 mph below your safe speed, release the brakes. (This brake application should last for about three seconds.)
- When your speed has increased to your safe speed, repeat steps 1 and 2.
For example, if your safe speed is 40 mph, you would not apply the brakes until your speed reaches 40 mph. You now apply the brakes hard enough to gradually reduce your speed to 35 mph and then release the brakes. Repeat this as often as necessary until you have reached the end of the downgrade.
Escape Ramps
Escape ramps have been built on many steep mountain grades, and are used to stop runaway vehicles safely without injuring drivers and passengers. Escape ramps use a long bed of loose, soft material (pea gravel or sand) to slow a runaway vehicle, sometimes in combination with an upgrade.
Know escape ramp locations on your route. Signs show drivers where ramps are located. Escape ramps save lives, equipment, and cargo. (Also go here for more information.)
Railroad Crossings
Railroad crossings are always dangerous. You must approach every railroad crossing expecting to see a train coming.
Never attempt to race a train to a crossing. It is extremely difficult to judge the speed of an approaching train.
Your speed should be based on your ability to see whether a train is approaching from any direction. You should be driving slowly enough so you can stop short of the tracks in case of an emergency.
Because of noise in the cab, you cannot expect to hear the train horn until the train is dangerously close to the crossing.
Do not rely solely upon the presence of warning signals, gates, or flagmen to warn of approaching trains.
Double tracks require a double check. Remember that a train on one track may hide a train on the other track. Look both ways before crossing. After one train has cleared a crossing, be sure no other trains are near before starting across the tracks.
Train yard areas and grade crossings in cities and towns are just as dangerous as rural grade crossings. Approach them with care.
A full stop is required at grade crossings whenever:
- The nature of the cargo makes a stop mandatory under state or federal regulations.
- Such a stop is otherwise required by law.
Railroad crossings with steep approaches can cause your unit to hang up on the tracks. Never permit traffic conditions to trap you in a position where you have to stop on the tracks. Be sure you can get all the way across the tracks before you start across.
Do not shift gears while crossing railroad tracks.
Seeing Hazards
What is a Hazard? A hazard is any road condition, road obstacle, or other road user (driver, motorcyclist, bicyclist, or pedestrian) that is a possible danger. For example, a vehicle in front of you is headed toward the freeway exit, but the brake lights come on and the driver begins braking hard. This could mean that the driver is uncertain about taking the offramp and might suddenly return to the highway. This vehicle is a hazard. If the driver of the vehicle cuts in front of you, it is no longer just a hazard, it is an emergency.
Seeing Hazards Lets You Be Prepared. You will have more time to react if you see hazards before they become emergencies. In the example above, you might make a lane change or slow down if the vehicle suddenly cuts in front of you. Seeing this hazard gives you time to check your mirrors and signal for a lane change. Being prepared reduces the danger. Sudden braking or a quick lane change is much more likely to lead to an accident.
Learning to See Hazards. There are often clues that will help you see hazards. The more you drive, the better you can get at seeing hazards.
Slow down and be very careful if you see any of the following road hazards:
- Work Zones. Road work can create hazardous conditions with narrower lanes, sharp turns, or uneven surfaces. Other drivers are often distracted and drive unsafely. Workers and construction vehicles may get in the way. Drive slowly and carefully near work zones. Use your 4-way flashers or brake lights to warn drivers behind you.
- Drop-Offs. Sometimes the pavement drops off sharply near the edge of the road. Driving too near the edge can tilt your vehicle toward the side of the road. This can cause the top of your vehicle to hit roadside objects (signs, tree limbs). Also, it can be hard to steer as you cross the drop-off, either going off the road or coming back on.
- Foreign Objects. Things that have fallen on the road can be a danger to your tires and wheel rims and can damage electrical and brake lines. They can be caught between dual tires and cause severe damage. Some obstacles such as boxes and sacks, may appear harmless but can cause major damage if hit by the vehicle. It is important to remain alert so you can avoid these objects without any sudden moves or stops.
- Offramps/Onramps. Freeway and turnpike exits can be particularly dangerous for commercial vehicles. Offramps and onramps often have speed limit signs posted. Remember, these speeds may be safe for smaller vehicles, but may not be safe for larger vehicles or heavily loaded vehicles. Exits which go downhill and turn at the same time can be especially dangerous. The downgrade makes it difficult to reduce speed. Braking and turning at the same time can be a dangerous practice. Be sure to slow down before you enter the curved part of an offramp or onramp.
Hazardous Situations
In order to protect yourself and others, you must recognize other drivers who may do something hazardous. Here are some clues:
Blocked Vision. People who cannot see others are dangerous. Be alert for drivers whose vision is blocked. Vans, loaded station wagons, and cars with the rear windows blocked are examples. Rental trucks should be watched carefully. Their drivers are often not used to the limited vision they have to the sides and rear of the truck. In winter, vehicles with frosted, ice-covered, or snow-covered windows are hazards.
Vehicles may be partly hidden by blind intersections or alleys. If you can see only the rear or front end of a vehicle but not the driver, then he or she cannot see you. Be alert because the driver may back out or enter into your lane. Always be prepared to stop.
Delivery truck drivers' vision is often blocked by packages or vehicle doors. Drivers of step vans, postal vehicles, and local delivery vehicles often are in a hurry and may suddenly step out of, or drive their vehicle into, the traffic lane.
Watch for movement inside parked vehicles or movement of the vehicle itself that shows people are inside. They may get out, or the vehicle may pull out into the traffic. Watch for brake lights, backup lights, exhaust, and other clues that a vehicle is about to move.
Be careful when approaching a stopped bus. Passengers may cross in front of or behind the bus and they often cannot see you.
Walkers, joggers, and bicyclists may be on the road with their back to the traffic, so they cannot see or hear you. This can be dangerous. On rainy days, pedestrians may not see you because of hats or umbrellas.
Distractions. Watch where drivers are looking. If they are looking elsewhere, they cant see you. Be alert even when they are looking at you since they may believe they have the right-of-way.
Children. Children tend to move quickly without checking traffic. When playing with one another, they may not look for traffic.
Talkers. Drivers or pedestrians talking to one another may not be paying close attention to the traffic.
Workers. People working on or near the roadway are a hazard clue. The work creates a distraction for other drivers and the workers themselves may not see you.
Ice cream truck. Someone selling ice cream is a hazard clue. Children may be nearby and may not see you.
Disabled Vehicle. Drivers changing a tire or fixing an engine often do not pay attention to the dangers of roadway traffic. Jacked up wheels or raised hoods are hazard clues.
Accidents. People involved in the accident may not look for traffic. Passing drivers tend to look at the accident. People often run across the road without looking. Vehicles may slow or stop suddenly.
Shoppers. People in and around shopping areas are often not watching traffic because they are looking for stores or window shopping.
Confused Drivers. Confused drivers may change direction suddenly or stop without warning, often near freeway or turnpike interchanges and major intersections. Unexpected actions (stopping in the middle of a block, changing lanes for no apparent reason, backup lights suddenly go on) are clues to confusion. Hesitation is another clue, including driving very slowly, using brakes often, or stopping in the middle of an intersection. You may also see drivers who are looking at street signs, maps, and house numbers. These drivers may not be paying attention to you.
Slow Drivers. Motorists who fail to maintain normal speed are hazards. Seeing slow moving vehicles early can prevent an accident. Some vehicles by their nature are slow and seeing them is a hazard clue (mopeds, farm machinery, construction machinery, tractors, etc.). Some of these will have the slow moving vehicle symbol to warn you. This is a red triangle with an orange center. A vehicle displaying this sign may not be operated faster than 25 mph.
Drivers signaling a turn may slow more than expected or even stop. If making a tight turn into an alley or driveway, the driver may go very slowly. If blocked by pedestrians or other vehicles, the driver may have to stop on the roadway. Vehicles turning left may have to stop for oncoming vehicles.
Drivers in a Hurry. Drivers may feel your commercial vehicle is preventing them from getting where they want to go on time. Such drivers may pass you without a safe gap in the oncoming traffic, cutting too close in front of you. Drivers entering the road may pull in front of you in order to avoid being stuck behind you, causing you to brake.
Impaired Drivers. Drivers who are sleepy, have had too much to drink, are on drugs, or who are ill are hazards. Some clues to these drivers are:
- Weaving across the road or drifting from one side to another.
- Leaving the road (dropping right wheels onto the shoulder or bumping across a curb in a turn).
- Stopping at the wrong time (stopping at a green light or waiting too long at a stop).
- An open window in cold weather.
- Speeding up or slowing down suddenly.
Be alert for impaired drivers late at night.
Driver Body Movement as a Clue. Drivers look in the direction they are going to turn. You may sometimes get a clue from a drivers head and body movements that a driver may be going to make a turn even though the turn signals are not on. Drivers making over-the-shoulder checks may be going to change lanes. These clues are most easily seen in motorcyclists and bicyclists.
Conflicts. You are in conflict when you have to change speed and/or direction to avoid hitting someone. Conflicts occur at intersections where vehicles meet, at merges (such as freeway onramps), and where lane changes are needed. Other situations include slow moving or stalled traffic and accident scenes. Watch for other drivers who are in conflict because they are a hazard to you. When they react to this conflict, they may do something that will put them in conflict with you.
Be Prepared For Hazards
You should always be looking for hazardsthey may turn into emergencies. Look for hazards and plan a way out of any emergency. When you see a hazard, think about the emergencies that could develop and figure out what you would do. Always be prepared to take action based on your plans. In this way, you will be a prepared, defensive driver who will improve not only your own safety but the safety of all road users.
Traffic emergencies occur when two vehicles are about to crash. Vehicle emergencies occur when tires, brakes, or other critical parts fail. Following the safety practices in this handbook can help prevent emergencies. But if an emergency does happen, your chances of avoiding a crash depend upon what action you take. Actions you can take are discussed below.
Steering To Avoid A Crash
Stopping is not always the safest thing to do in an emergency. When you do not have enough room to stop, you may have to steer away from what is ahead. Remember, you can almost always turn to miss an obstacle more quickly than you can stop. However, top-heavy vehicles and tractors with multiple trailers may flip over.
Keep Both Hands on the Steering Wheel. In order to turn quickly, you must grip the steering wheel firmly with both hands. Make a habit of having both hands on the wheel at all times. Then if there is an emergency, you will be prepared.
How to Turn Quickly and Safely. A quick turn can be made safely, if it is done the right way. Here are some points that safe drivers use:
- Do not apply the brakes while you are turning. It is very easy to lock your wheels while turning. If that happens, you will be skidding out of control before you know it.
- Do not turn any more than needed to clear whatever is in your way. The more sharply you turn, the greater the chances of a skid or rollover.
- Be prepared to "countersteer" (turn the wheel back in the other direction), once you have passed whatever was in your path. Unless you are prepared to countersteer, you will not be able to do it quickly enough. You should think of emergency steering and countersteering as two parts of one driving action.
Where to Steer. If an oncoming driver has drifted into your lane, a move to your right is best. If that driver realizes what has happened, the natural response will be to return to his or her own lane.
If something is blocking your path, the best thing to do will depend on the situation:
- If you have been using your mirrors, you will know which lane is empty and can be safely used.
- If the shoulder is clear, steering to the right may be best. No one is likely to be driving on the shoulder but someone may be passing you on the left. You will know if you have been using your mirrors
- If you are blocked on both sides, a move to the right may be best. At least you will not force anyone into an opposing traffic lane and a possible head-on accident. If a stopped vehicle is in front of you, a lane change may be better than running directly into it.
Leaving the Road. In some emergencies, you may have to drive off the road. It may be less risky than facing an accident with another vehicle.
Most shoulders are strong enough to support the weight of a large vehicle and, therefore, offer an available escape route. Here are some guidelines if you do leave the road:
- Avoid braking. If possible, avoid using the brakes until your speed has dropped to about 20 mph. Then brake very gently to avoid skidding on a loose surface.
- Keep one set of wheels on the pavement if possible. This helps to maintain control.
- Stay on the shoulder. If the shoulder is clear, stay on it until your vehicle has come to a stop. Signal and check your mirrors before pulling back onto the road.
Returning to the Road. If you are forced to return to the road before you can stop, use the following procedure:
- Hold the wheel tightly and turn sharply enough to get right back on the road safely. Dont try to edge gradually back onto the road. If you do, your tires might grab unexpectedly and you could lose control.
- When both front tires are on the paved surface, countersteer immediately. The two turns should be made as a single steer countersteer move.
Stopping Quickly And Safely
If somebody suddenly pulls out in front of you, your natural response is to hit the brakes. This is a good response if you have enough distance to stop and you use the brakes correctly.
You should brake in a way that will keep your vehicle in a straight line and allow you to turn if it becomes necessary. You can use the controlled braking method or the stab braking method.
Controlled braking. With this method, apply the brakes as hard as you can without locking the wheels and keep steering wheel movements very small. If you need to make a larger steering adjustment or if the wheels lock, release the brakes. Reapply the brakes as soon as you can.
Stab braking. (Only on vehicles without antilock brake systems.) With this method, you should apply your brakes all the way and release the brakes when the wheels lock up. Then, as soon as the wheels start rolling, apply the brakes fully again. (It can take up to one second for the wheels to start rolling after you release the brakes. If you reapply the brakes before the wheels start rolling, the vehicle will not straighten out.)
Do Not Slam on the Brakes. Emergency braking does not mean pushing down on the brake pedal as hard as you can. That will only keep the wheels locked up and cause a skid. If the wheels are skidding, you cannot control the vehicle.
NOTE: If you drive a vehicle with antilock brakes, you should read and follow the directions found in the owner's manual for stopping quickly.
Brake Failure
Brakes kept in good condition rarely fail. Most hydraulic brake failures occur for one of two reasons: (Air brakes are discussed in Section 5.)
- Loss of hydraulic pressure.
- Brake fade on long hills.
Loss of Hydraulic Pressure. When the system will not build up pressure, the brake pedal will feel spongy or go to the floor. Here are some things you can do:
- Downshift. Put the vehicle into a lower gear to help to slow the vehicle.
- Pump the brakes. Sometimes pumping brakes will generate enough hydraulic pressure to stop the vehicle.
- Use the parking brake. The parking or emergency brake is separate from the hydraulic brake system and can be used to slow the vehicle. However, be sure to press the release button or pull the release lever at the same time you use the emergency brake so you can adjust the brake pressure and keep the wheels from locking up.
- Find an escape route. While slowing the vehicle, look for an escape route such as an open field, side street, or escape ramp. Turning uphill is a good way to slow and stop the vehicle. Keep the vehicle from rolling backward after you stop. Put it in low gear, apply the parking brake, and if necessary roll back into some obstacle that will stop the vehicle.
Brake Failure on Downgrades. Slow down and brake properly to prevent brake failure on long downgrades. Once the brakes have failed, however, you are going to have to look outside your vehicle for something to stop it.
Your best hope is an escape ramp. If there is one, there will be signs telling you about it. Use it. Ramps are usually located a few miles from the top of the downgrade. Some escape ramps use soft gravel that resists the motion of the vehicle and brings it to a stop. Others turn uphill, using the hill to stop the vehicle and soft gravel to hold it in place.
Any driver who loses brakes going downhill should use an escape ramp if it's available. If you don't use it, your chances of having a serious accident may be much greater.
If no escape ramp is available, take the least hazardous escape route you can such as an open field, or a side road that flattens out or turns uphill. Make the move as soon as you know your brakes do not work. The longer you wait, the faster the vehicle will be going and the harder it will be to stop.
Tire Failure
There are four important things that safe drivers do to safely handle a tire failure:
- Know that a tire has failed.
- Hold the steering wheel firmly.
- Stay off the brake.
- After stopping, check all the tires.
Recognize Tire Failure. Knowing quickly that you have a tire failure gives you more time to react. The major signs of tire failure are:
- Sound. The loud "bang" of a blowout is an easily recognized sign. Because it can take a few seconds for the vehicle to react, you might think it was some other vehicle. Any time you hear a tire blow, to be safe, assume it is yours.
- Vibration. If the vehicle thumps or vibrates heavily, it may be a sign that one of the tires has gone flat. With a rear tire, that may be the only sign you get.
- Feel. If the steering feels heavy, it is probably a sign that one of the front tires has failed. Sometimes, failure of a rear tire will cause the vehicle to slide back and forth or fishtail. However, dual rear tires usually prevent this feeling.
Any of these signs is a warning of possible tire failure. You should do the following things.
- Hold the steering wheel firmly. If a front tire fails, it can twist the steering wheel out of your hands. The only way to prevent this is to have a firm grip on the steering wheel with both hands at all times.
- Stay off the brakes. It is natural to want to brake in an emergency. However, do not slam on the brakes. Hard braking when a tire has failed could cause loss of control. Once you have control of the vehicle, slow down and brake very gently. Then pull off the road and stop.
- Check all the tires. After you have come to a stop, check all the other tires. Do this even if the vehicle seems to be handling all right. If one of your dual tires goes, the only way you may know it is by looking at it.
Skid Control And Recovery
A skid happens whenever the tires lose their grip on the road. This can be caused by:
- Overbraking. Braking too hard and locking up the wheels. Skids also can occur if you use the speed retarder when the road is slippery.
- Oversteering. Turning the wheels more sharply than the vehicle can turn.
- Overacceleration. Supplying too much power to the drive wheels, causing them to spin.
- Driving too fast. Most serious skids result from driving too fast for road conditions.
Drivers who adjust their driving to road conditions do not overaccelerate and do not have to overbrake or oversteer.
Rear Or Drive Wheel Skids
By far the most common skid is one in which the rear wheels lose traction through excessive braking or acceleration. Skids caused by acceleration usually happen on ice or snow. They can be easily stopped by taking your foot off the accelerator. (If it is very slippery, push the clutch in. Otherwise, the engine can keep the wheels from rolling freely and regaining traction.)
Rear wheel braking skids occur when the rear drive wheels lock. Locked wheels have less traction than rolling wheels, so the rear wheels usually slide sideways in an attempt to catch up with the front wheels. In a bus or straight truck, the vehicle will slide sideways in a spin out. With vehicles towing trailers, a drive wheel skid can let the trailer push the towing vehicle sideways, causing a sudden jackknife. (Figure 2-10)
Drive Wheel Skids
Stop Braking. This will let the rear wheels roll again and keep them from sliding any further. If on ice, push in the clutch to let the wheels turn freely.
Turn Quickly. When a vehicle begins to slide sideways, quickly turn the wheel in the direction you want the vehicle to go.
Countersteer. As a vehicle turns back on course, it has a tendency to keep right on turning. Unless you turn the steering wheel quickly the other way, you may find yourself skidding in the opposite direction.
Learning to stay off the brake, turning the Figure 2-10 steering wheel quickly, pushing in the clutch, and countersteering in a skid takes a lot of practice. The only place to get this practice is on a large driving range or skid pad.
Front Wheel Skids
Most front-wheel skids are caused by driving too fast for conditions. Other causes are: lack of tread on the front tires, and cargo loaded so that not enough weight is on the front axle. In a front-wheel skid, the front end tends to go in a straight line regardless of how much you turn the steering wheel. On a very slippery surface, you may not be able to steer around a curve or turn.
When a front-wheel skid occurs, the only way to stop the skid is to let the vehicle slow down. Stop turning and/or braking so hard. Stop the vehicle as quickly as possible.
Accident Procedures
When you are in an accident and not seriously hurt, you need to act to prevent further damage or injury. The basic steps to be taken at any accident are:
- Protect the area.
- Notify the authorities.
- Care for the injured.
- Collect required information.
- Report the accident.
Protect The Area
The first thing to do at an accident scene is to keep another one from happening at the same spot. To protect the accident area:
- Try to get your vehicle to the side of the road, if it is involved in the accident. This will help prevent another accident and allow traffic to move.
- Park away from the accident, if you are stopping to help. The area immediately around the accident scene will be needed for emergency vehicles.
- Turn on your 4-way flashers.
- Set out reflective triangles to warn other traffic. Make sure they can be seen by other drivers in time for them to avoid the accident.
Notify Authorities
If you have a CB radio, put out a call over the emergency channel before you leave your vehicle or if you have a cellular phone, call 9-1-1. If you do not have a CB or a cellular phone, wait until after the accident scene has been properly protected, then phone or send someone to phone for the police or CHP. Try to determine where you are so you can give the exact location.
Care For The Injured
If a qualified person is at the scene and helping the injured, stay out of the way unless you are asked to assist. Otherwise, do the best you can to help any injured parties. Here are some simple steps to follow in giving assistance:
- Do not move a severely injured person unless the danger of fire or passing traffic makes it necessary.
- Stop heavy bleeding by applying direct pressure to the wound..
- Keep the injured person warm.
Gather Information
If you were involved in the accident, you will have to file an accident report. Collect the following information for the report.
- Names, addresses, and driver license numbers of other drivers involved in the accident.
- License plate numbers and types of vehicles involved in the accident.
- Names and addresses of the owners of other vehicles (if different from the drivers).
- A description of the damage to other vehicles or to property.
- Name and address of anyone who was injured or involved in the accident.
- Name, badge number, and agency of any peace officer investigating the accident.
- Names and addresses of witnesses.
- Exact location of the accident.
- Direction of travel of the vehicles involved.
Vehicle fires can cause damage and injury. Learn the causes of fires and how to prevent them. Know what to do to extinguish fires.
Fire Causes
The following are some causes of vehicle fires:
- After accidents. Spilled fuel, improper use of flares.
- Tires. Underinflated tires or duals that touch.
- Electrical system. Short circuits due to damaged insulation, loose connections.
- Fuel. Driver smoking, improper fueling, loose fuel connections.
- Cargo. Flammable cargo which is improperly sealed or loaded; poor ventilation.
Fire Prevention
Pay attention to the following:
- Pre-trip inspection. Make a complete inspection of the electrical, fuel and exhaust systems, tires, and cargo. Be sure to check that the fire extinguisher is charged.
- En route inspection. Check the tires, wheels, and truck body for signs of heat whenever you stop during a trip.
- Follow safe procedures. Follow correct safety procedures for fueling the vehicle, using brakes, handling flares, and other activities that can cause a fire.
- Monitoring. Check the instruments and gauges often for signs of overheating and use the mirrors to look for signs of smoke from tires or the vehicle.
- Caution. Use care in handling anything flammable.
Fire Fighting
Knowing how to fight fires is important. Fires have been made worse by drivers who did not know what to do. Know how the fire extinguisher works. Study the instructions printed on the extinguisher before you need it. Here are some procedures to follow in case of fire:
- Pull off the road.
park in an open area away from buildings, trees, brush, other vehicles, or anything that might catch fire.
do not pull into a service station!
notify emergency services of the problem and your location.
- Keep the fire from
spreading. Before you try to put out the fire,
make sure it doesnt spread any further.
with an engine fire, turn off the engine as soon as you can. Do not open the hood if you can avoid it. Aim extinguishers through louvers, radiator, or from the underside of the vehicle.
for a cargo fire in a van or box trailer, keep the doors shut, especially if your cargo contains hazardous materials. Opening the van door supplies the fire with oxygen and can cause it to burn very fast.
- Use the correct
fire extinguisher.
the B:C type fire extinguisher is designed to work on electrical fires and burning liquids. The A:B:C type is designed to work on burning wood, paper, and cloth.
water can be used on wood, paper, or cloth, but do not use water on an electrical fire (you could get shocked) or a gasoline fire (it will just spread the flames).
a burning tire must be cooled. Lots of water may be required.
if you are not sure what to use, especially on a hazardous materials fire, wait for qualified fire fighters.
- Extinguish the
fire. Here are some rules to follow in putting
out a fire. (Refer to 13 CCR §1242 for additional
when using the extinguisher, stay as far away from the fire as possible.
aim at the source or base of the fire, not in the flames.
position yourself upwind. Let the wind carry the spray to the fire rather than carrying the flames to you.
continue until whatever was burning has been cooled. Absence of smoke or flame does not mean the fire is completely out or cannot restart.
only try to extinguish the fire if you know what you are doing and it is safe to do so.
Staying Alert And Fit To Drive
Driving a vehicle for long hours is tiring. However, there are things that good drivers do to help stay alert and safe.
Get enough sleep. Leaving on a long trip when you are already tired is dangerous. If you have a long trip scheduled, make sure that you get enough sleep before you go.
Schedule trips safely. Your body gets used to sleeping during certain hours. If you are driving during those hours, you will be less alert. Try to schedule trips for the hours you are normally awake. Many heavy motor vehicle accidents occur between midnight and 6: 00 AM. Tired drivers can easily fall asleep at these times, especially if they dont regularly drive during those hours. Trying to push on and finish a long trip at these times can be very dangerous.
Avoid medication. Many medicines can make you sleepy. Those that do have a label warning against operating vehicles or machinery. The most common medicine of this type is an ordinary cold pill. If you have to drive with a cold, you are better off suffering from the cold than from the effects of the medicine.
Keep cool. A hot, poorly ventilated cab can make you sleepy. Keep the window or vent cracked or use the air conditioner if you have one.
Take breaks. Short breaks can keep you alert. But the time to take them is before you feel really drowsy or tired. Stop often. Walk around and inspect your vehicle. It can help to do some physical exercises.
When you are sleepy, trying to push on is far more dangerous than most drivers think. It is a major cause of fatal crashes. Here are some important rules to follow:
- Stop to sleep. When your body needs sleep, sleep is the only thing that will work. If you have to make a stop anyway, make it whenever you feel the first signs of sleepiness, even if it is earlier than you planned. By getting up a little earlier the next day, you can keep on schedule without the danger of driving while you are not alert.
- Take a nap. If you cant stop for the night, at least pull off the road at a safe place, such as a rest area or truck stop, and take a nap. A nap as short as a half hour will do more to overcome fatigue than a half hour coffee stop.
- Avoid drugs. There are no drugs that can overcome being tired. While they may keep you awake for a while, they will not make you alert. And eventually, you will be even more tired than if you had not taken them at all. Sleep is the only thing that can safely overcome fatigue.
Alcohol And Driving
Drinking alcohol and then driving is a very serious problem. People who drink alcohol are involved in traffic crashes resulting in thousands of deaths every year. You should know:
- How alcohol works in the human body.
- How alcohol affects driving.
- Laws regarding drinking, drugs, and driving.
- Legal, financial, and safety risks of drinking and driving.
You may NEVER drink while on duty nor consume any intoxicating beverage, regardless of its alcoholic content, within 4 hours before going on duty.
Rememberit is illegal to drive a commercial motor vehicle with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) that is 0.04% or greater. (VC §23152[d]) However, a BAC below 0.04% does not mean that it is safe or legal to drive.
The Truth About Alcohol
There are many dangerous ideas about the use of alcohol. The driver who believes in these wrong ideas will be more likely to get into trouble. Look at the table below for some examples.
|False Notion
|True Statement
|Alcohol increases your ability to drive.
|Alcohol is a drug that will make you less alert and reduce your ability to drive safely.
|Some people can drink a lot and not be affected by it.
|Everyone who drinks is affected by alcohol.
|If you eat a lot first, you will not get drunk.
|Food will slow down the effects of alcohol but will not prevent them.
|Coffee and a little fresh air will help a drinker sober up.
|Only time will help a drinker sober up other methods just do not work.
|Stick with beer it is not as strong as wine or whiskey.
|A few beers are the same as a few glasses of wine or a few shots of whiskey.
What Is Considered A Drink?
It is the alcohol in drinks that affects our performance. It does not make any difference whether that alcohol comes from a couple of beers or from two glasses of wine or two shots of hard liquor.
All of the following drinks contain the same amount of alcohol:
- A 12-ounce glass of 5% beer.
- A 5-ounce glass of 12% wine.
- A 1-1/2 ounce shot of 80 proof liquor.
How alcohol works. Alcohol goes directly from the stomach into the blood stream. A drinker can control the amount of alcohol which he or she takes in, by having fewer drinks or none. However, the drinker cannot control how fast the body gets rid of alcohol. If you have drinks faster than your body can get rid of them, you will have more alcohol in your body and your driving will be more affected. The amount of alcohol in your body is commonly measured by the Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC).
What Determines BAC. BAC is determined by the amount of alcohol you drink (more alcohol means higher BAC), how fast you drink (faster drinking means higher BAC), and your weight (a small person does not have to drink as much to reach the same BAC as a larger person).
Alcohol and the Brain. Alcohol affects more and more of the brain as BAC builds up. The first part of the brain affected controls judgment and self-control. One of the bad things about this is it can keep drinkers from knowing they are getting drunk. And, of course, good judgment and self-control are absolutely necessary for safe driving.
As BAC continues to build, muscle control, vision, and coordination are affected more and more. Eventually, a person will pass out.
How Alcohol Affects Driving
All drivers are affected by drinking alcohol. Alcohol affects judgment, vision, coordination, and reaction time. It causes serious driving errors, such as:
- Driving too quickly or too slowly.
- Driving in the wrong lane.
- Running over the curb.
- Weaving.
- Driving between lanes.
- Quick, jerky starts.
- Not signaling, failing to use lights.
- Running stop signs and red lights.
- Improper passing.
- Being overly cautious.
These effects increase the chances of an accident. You also could lose your driving privilege. Accident statistics show that the chance of an accident is much greater for drivers who have been drinking than for drivers who have not.
Other Drugs
Besides alcohol, other legal and illegal drugs are being used more often. Laws prohibit possession or use of many drugs while on duty. They prohibit driving while under the influence of any controlled substance such as amphetamines (including pep pills and bennies), narcotics, or any other substance which can make the driver unsafe. This could include a variety of prescription and over-the-counter drugs (cold or allergy medicines) which may make the driver drowsy or otherwise affect safe driving ability. However, possession and use of any medication given to a driver by a physician is permitted if the physician advises the driver that the medicine will not affect safe driving ability.
Pay attention to warning labels of legitimate drugs and medicines and to your physicians orders regarding possible side effects. Stay away from illegal drugs. Do not use any substance that hides fatiguethe only cure for fatigue is rest. Alcohol can make the effects of the drugs much worse. The safest rule is do not mix drugs with driving.
Use of drugs can lead to traffic crashes resulting in death, injury, and property damage. Furthermore, it can lead to arrest, fines, and jail sentences. It may also mean the end of a persons driving career.
Once in awhile, you may become so ill or fatigued that you cannot operate a motor vehicle safely. If this happens, you must not drive. In case of an emergency, drive only to the nearest place where you can safely stop.
HazMat Rules For All Commercial Drivers
All drivers should know something about hazardous materials (HazMat) and wastes. You must be able to recognize hazardous cargo and you must know whether you can transport it without having a HazMat endorsement on your CDL.
To get the HazMat endorsement, you must pass a written test based on the information in Section 9 of this handbook. You also will need a tank vehicle endorsement if you transport hazardous products in a cargo tank.
If you apply for an original or renewal HazMat endorsement, you must undergo a Transportation Security Administration (TSA) federal security threat assessment (background records check). You start the TSA background records check after you apply for your CDL at DMV, successfully complete all appropriate law tests, and submit a valid medical form. You must submit fingerprints, a $94 fee, and any additional required information to one of TSA's designated agents. You must also provide the TSA agent with a copy of your CDL permit and one of the following identification documents:
- A California DL/ID card
- An out-of-state DL
- Your CDL permit accompanied by a DMV photo receipt
For a list of TSA agent sites, go online at www.hazprints.com or call 1-877-429-7746.
What Are The Rules?
The Federal Hazardous Materials Table lists materials that are hazardous. They can be a risk to health, safety, and property during transportation. You must follow the many rules about transporting them. The intent of hazardous materials rules and regulations is to:
- Contain the product.
- Communicate the risk.
- Ensure safe drivers and equipment.
To contain the product. Many hazardous products can injure or kill on contact. In order to protect drivers and others from contact, the rules tell shippers how to package safely. Similar rules tell drivers how to load, transport, and unload. These are containment rules.
To communicate the risk. The shipper uses a shipping paper and package labels to warn dockworkers and drivers of the risk and special handling needs. Shipping orders, bills of lading, and manifests are all examples of shipping papers.
There are 9 different hazard classes. A materials hazard class reflects the risks associated with it. The hazard classes are shown here.
Shippers write the proper shipping name and hazard class or division code in the item description of the shipping paper. Hazard class information will also be shown on four-inch diamond shaped labels on the containers of hazardous materials. If the diamond label will not fit on the container, shippers will put the label on a tag or in some instances, reduce the size. For example, compressed gas cylinders that will not hold a label will have tags or decals. Package markings may convey proper shipping names, United Nations identification numbers, and special handling information (e.g., loading orientation arrows for liquids).
After an accident or hazardous materials leak, the driver may be unable to speak when help arrives. Fire fighters and police must know the hazards involved in order to prevent more damage or injury. The drivers life, and the lives of others, may depend on quickly finding the shipping papers for hazardous cargo. For that reason, you must tab shipping papers related to hazardous materials or wastes, or keep them on top of other shipping papers. You must also keep shipping papers in a pouch on the drivers door or in clear view within reach or on the drivers seat when out of the cab.
Drivers must use placards to warn others of their hazardous cargo. Placards are signs placed on the outside of a vehicle to show the hazard class(es) of products on board. Each is turned upright on a point, in a diamond shape. The person who does the loading must place the placards on the front, rear, and both sides of the vehicle. (More information)
Not all vehicles transporting hazardous materials or wastes need to have placards. The rules about placards are given in Section 9 of this handbook.
To ensure safe drivers and equipment. The rules require all drivers of placarded or marked vehicles (VC §27903) to have a commercial driver license with the HazMat endorsement. You must learn how to safely load and transport hazardous materials or wastes.
Drivers who need the HazMat endorsement must learn the placarding rules. If you do not know if your load requires placards, ask your employer or shipper. Never drive a vehicle needing placards unless you have the HazMat endorsement on your CDL. To do so is a crime. If stopped, you will be cited and you will not be allowed to drive your vehicle further. It will cost you time and money. A failure to placard when needed will risk your life and others if you have an accident. Emergency help will not know of your hazardous cargo.
Hazardous materials/wastes drivers must also know which products can be loaded together, and which cannot. These rules are also in Section 9. Before loading a vehicle with more than one type of product, you must know if it is safe to load them together.
Section 1 Introduction | Table of Contents | Section 3 Transporting Cargo Safely