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Federal Times Blogs
Wanted: DC homes
November 13th, 2008 | Transition White House | Posted by Tim Kauffman
Turns out the historic inauguration celebration planned for President-elect Barack Obama on Jan. 20 has brought out the capitalist in many DC-area residents.
With most hotel rooms already booked, many homeowners and renters in the nation's capital are advertising their homes for rent for the festivities. As this story from the real estate website Urban Turf points out, going rates are steep. A 2,600-square-foot, three-bedroom condo about two miles from the White House is asking $10,000 for the week — double the monthly rent for a comparable property in the neighborhood.
FedLine wonders if any federal employees are looking to get into the action.
Tags: Barack Obama, inauguration
Comments are closed.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Pro Football Hall of Fame should enshrine its first punter in 2014, as the seniors committee selected former Oakland Raiders legend Ray Guy as one of the two nominees for consideration.
In September, the NFL Hall Of Fame will celebrate its 50th anniversary. It is, simply put, an insult to the position that a punter has never been enshrined in the 50 years of the Hall's existence. My argument for Ray Guy's inclusion in the Hall of Fame is not centered around the fact that a punter has to go in for the sake of it, but rather his contribution to the game.
Before there was Ray Guy, a punter was simply overlooked as an outcast, his impact negligible. In 1972, Guy belted a 93-yard punt in a college game. In 1973, Guy was drafted in the first round (23rd overall) by the Raiders. Many around the league thought Al Davis had lost his mind, but the abilities of Guy vindicated the pick.
Ray Guy's impact invented the term "Hang Time," his booming kicks pinning the opponents in their own half, due to the coverage ability created by the extra duration of the punt. An amazing statistic that many Hall of Fame voters have conveniently ignored is that Guy had 210 punts land inside the 20 while he had 128 touchbacks. That is an amazing accomplishment considering how modern day punters get more touchbacks. Those statistics don't include the first three years of his career when records weren't kept.
Guy was the first punter to be drafted in the first round, he played in 207 consecutive games, he averaged 42.4 yards, and get this: he never had a punt blocked in his career.
By comparison, Shane Lechler has a career average of 47.4 yards per punt. Lechler himself is considered Hall of Fame material, but it'll take a pioneer like Guy to open the gates for the position.
One of the few knocks on Guy's resume is that his career punt average ranks him 78th all-time. The reason for his low average is not a lack of leg strength, but the fact that his teams had a shorter field, and he was always trying to pin the opponents close to the goal line. The 70's and 80's Raider teams were dynamic and being a punter on such teams meant having short fields. Guy was perfect for the situation due to his precise ball placement on his kicks.
Another one of the stumbling blocks for special teamers has been the argument that they only take the field, an average of 4-5 plays a game, so their impact can't be all that significant.
One of the finer plays in Guy's career came in Super Bowl XVIII against the Washington Redskins, when he one handed a bad snap and belted a 42 yard punt. Instead of a disastrous play, Guy used his athleticism to flip the field during a clutch moment of a supremely significant game. Guy was also the scout team quarterback and the third string quarterback as well. In college he played as a defensive back so his versatility was widely realized.
Opposing teams had to game plan Guy's perfect sideline punts if they wanted better field position, against the vaunted Raiders defense. Many of Guy's contemporaries realized that he could affect the outcome of games, and that was a first for a punter. Ray Guy revolutionized the position.
Many of the Hall voters are loath to let in a kick returner or a punter, but they need to realize it is the "Pro Football Hall Of Fame" not the "Offense and Defense Hall Of Fame." Ray Guy is one of only two players from the NFL 75th Anniversary team who has not been inducted into the Hall Of Fame. The other exclusion has been kick returner Billy "White Shoes" Johnson.
The Pro Football Hall Of Fame has received a lot of criticism, and the fact that no pure punter is in it has to be a glaring oversight. There are legions of Raider fans who believe there is a certain bias against the franchise when it comes to the Hall, but I disagree–it should be difficult to get into the Hall Of Fame. The long list of former Raider greats not yet enshrined include Tim Brown, Lester Hayes, Jack Tatum, George Atkinson, Cliff Branch, Tom Flores, Jim Plunkett, Ken Stabler, and Daryle Lamonica.
The Hall of Fame has had many contradictions like Dan Fouts, Bob Griese, and Joe Namath get in–but guys with similar or better statistics like Ken Stabler, Rich Gannon, and Jim Plunkett can't get in.
The journey that remains for Guy is to garner 80 percent of the 46 votes to enter football immortality. My hope is that the writers entrusted with the honor of deciding the fates of these gridiron greats come to their senses and induct the very special Ray Guy into the Pro Football Hall Of Fame.
Tags: Al Davis Oakland Raiders Pro Football Hall Of Fame Ray Guy


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45 hours, 3 credits
Advanced theories and methods of teaching art at grade levels appropriate for New York State certification requirements; focus on developing reflective practitioners and research based instruction; analysis of New York State Learning Standards in art; teaching art to all students, including students with special needs and English language learners; integrating technology into the classroom; developing, implementing, and evaluating the art curriculum in urban classrooms. Students enroll in workshops in identifying, reporting, and responding to child abuse and in substance abuse, fire and arson prevention and safety education.
Prerequisite: ECAE 7506X, 7533T, 7530T, 7538T and 7542T.
Corequisite: ECAE 7543T.
Return to the courses list
Apply now to one of more than 250 undergraduate and graduate degree and advance certificate programs.
If you can't be here in person, take our virtual tour and discover the beauty and vitality of our campus.
Our faculty not only share their discoveries and knowledge with you, they invite you to be active members of their research teams.
Make Brooklyn College your home away from home when you move into an apartment in our new residence hall.
© 2012 All Rights Reserved Brooklyn College
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Pop Levi - 'Starlight & Wonder' Out Now
Pop Levi's new single Starlight & Wonder is out today.Read More
Pop Levi's new single Starlight & Wonder is out now and available to download at the Ninjashop and iTunes.
Pop Levi's Starlight & Wonder EP follows up from his most recent album Medicine which was released on Counter Records earlier this year.
Medicine is out now on LP, CD and download - buy at the Ninjashop, iTunes and Amazon.
Pop Levi's new single Starlight & Wonder is out today.Read More
Pop Levi's new album Medicine is out now on Counter Records.Read More
Head over to Pop Levi's SoundCloud to download three FREE Starlight & Wonder re-workings of tracks from his upcoming Medicine album!Read More
DELS premieres new track Burning Beaches alongside an interview with Impose.Read More
Kevin Martin aka The Bug drops another visual delivery from his Angels & Devils opus, the new video for eerie dub rattle Mi Lost featuring Miss Red, shot through a muddy focus of her hometown's Haifa City.
Read More
Marking 20 years this year, Jaga Jazzist present a special '94-'14 Boxset featuring reworks package on 8 December and a full European tour. Listen to Bananfluer Overalt (Clark Remix); pre-order the LP Boxset at the Ninjashop.Read More
Catch Young Fathers on a 4-date German tour next month alongside LAW and DJ Your Dad, performing tracks from their Mercury Prize nominated album, DEAD.Read More
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The Padres are pretty popular around the internet these days after the 7-player deal that landed Alex Torres in San Diego. Here's a look around the web at what people are saying about the Friars.
Tom Krasovic has an article up at U-T San Diego asking scouts around baseball what they think about the recent trade. The consensus seems to be that Alex Torres is going to be great for the Padres. Jesse Hahn, the other pitcher acquired from the Rays seems to have been traded due to lingering injury concerns. A lot of the scouts interviewed think that Logan Forsythe was traded for the same reason. Apparently there are some durability concerns and a lack of secondary pitches when it comes to Matt Andriese. The scouts think this is a reason that the Padres were willing to part with him. I'm very happy to see that the consensus from people in the know is that the Padres won this one. But, like one of the scouts said, the Rays don't usually mess these things up so a winner can't be declared for a few years.
Bill Center speculates on what Nick Hundley's role will be this season. Assuming Grandal comes back healthy and ready to go, could Hundley become expendable with Rivera being the back-up? Hundley is in the last year of his contract and there is absolutely 0% chance that the Padres pick up his $5 mil option. Maybe Grandal is healthy and the Padres could get a decent return on Hundley.
Matt Snyder at CBS Sports has an article up about the All-Time Single Season Padres team. He backs up all of his selections with numbers and I'm not one to argue. Take a look at the list. I kind of like the Garry Templeton pick at Shortstop. His numbers at the plate were much better than Ozzie's. Too bad Winfield and Gwynn couldn't both make it into the outfield.
What do you think about the All-Time Single Season team? Do you agree with my agreeing with not putting Ozzie in the lineup? What do you think about the Padres-Rays trade? Do you think we came out on top like I do?


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Dewey suffers another eight partner losses as NY team quits for Hunton
Readers' comments (17)
I predict that Huntons is the new Dewey ...can't believe their international offices are sustainable
Its hard to see any way forward for Dewey ...its a real pity that quality lawyers have to find themselves moving to a very odd mid-tier firm
People are being horribly unfair on Huntons. Yes it has had a lot of problems in London where it is office is a basket case but its offices in the States are solid.
Unfair... its a fair characterisation of Huntons which is a firm that is going no where... and is just there to make up the numbers... its is the ultimate quality free zone
It would have been better if Hunton hired in London. They don't have enough lawyers to field a football team in their london office... obviously London isn't a priority...
Its quality not quantity that is important and though we are small we have that in spades
Keep telling yourself that... Huntons is an irrelevance and is a firm going no where .... Anybody smart could work that out
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DAKINE Over Under Bag - Women's - 3000cu in
love this luggage
i didnt think id like the how the 2 sides have their own zippered compartments but its actually super handy. i think its the biggest size u can get for carry on luggage for most airlines plus it expands! the zippers are awesome too
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Mumbai: Jet Airways group on Thursday said it has revised, with effective from May 15, the free baggage allowance to 15 kg in the economy class on all domestic routes, but has retained the cabin baggage limit at the previous level of 7 kg.
The airline, in a statement, said it will charge a passenger flat Rs 250 for every additional baggage. However, the JetPrivilege members will continue to enjoy the additional free baggage allowance as per their JP membership status, while Premiere guests will continue to avail 30 kg of free baggage allowance on Jet Airways and JetKonnect flights, it said.
The move follows the recent move of the government to unbundle on-board and on-ground services like preferred seating and baggage allowances. Globally airlines have already unbundled their services which helps shore up revenue. Last week, Air India had allowed revised downward its free baggage limit to 15 kg.


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- Critic & User
- Videos &
- Codes
& FAQs
- Gameplay
- Similar
Game Details
- Release Date 8/18/2014
- Publisher Blizzard Entertainment
- Platform Xbox One
- Genre Action Adventure
- Number of Players 4
- Online Players 4
- Online Enabled Yes
Game Description
This truly is the ultimate edition of the dungeon-crawling action title Diablo III. Along with a full copy of the original game, it contains the Reaper of Souls expansion. This full adventure lets gamers explore the legendary city of Westmarch and slay countless minions, leading up to a climactic confrontation with Malthael, the Angel of Death. Diablo III: Reaper of Souls - Ultimate Evil Edition features four-player same-screen multiplayer and online multiplayer, plus a higher level cap. The new Apprentice Mode boosts a low-level player's power while adventuring with high-level friends, and you can share treasures with other players on your friends list via an in-game mail system.
User Reviews
Average Member Rating: 8.5 out of 10
I wish Gamefly had an 11 rating.. (10 out of 10)
posted by KevinHalleran (LITHIA, FL) on Sep 9, 2014
Member since Aug 2011
2 out of 2 gamers (100%) found this review helpful
Member since Aug 2011
2 out of 2 gamers (100%) found this review helpful
Or maybe a paragon score for those titles which are just a little better than awesome. If you are a fan of the previous titles, this one is just...wow!more
Specs & Requirements
Memory 22 GB
Modes MultiPlayer Co-Op, Story, Multiplayer
Controllers Microphone
Kinect Features Voice Enabled, Kinect Sensor Optional
Online Features Online Multiplayer, Voice, Friends, Achievements, Online Co-op
Similar Games
- The Walking Dead: Season 2Release 10/22/2014
- Sleeping Dogs: Definitive EditionRelease 10/11/2014
- DoomRelease TBD


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Lauren Lamping picked a great way to wrap up her varsity career.
The senior took medalist honors after shooting a 41 during McNicholas' 198-214-224 Queen of the Hill victory over Turpin and Anderson at Coldstream Country Club Sept. 26.
For Lamping, the victory had significant meaning because two days earlier, the Lady Rockets just missed qualifying for districts by placing fifth. The top four teams from the sectional advanced.
"(The win) is pretty big," Lamping said. "I don't think we played our best game at sectionals, and we played pretty good today. It's a good feeling."
Lamping shot a 42 to lead McNick, while teammates Ellie Tierney and Maggie Danker each shot 51.
Danker's total was six strokes off her average, according to GGCLsports.com
McNick head coach Willy Corbett said the first-year golfer has been one of the squad's most improved players.
"She's got a great stroke and hits the ball hard and she's learning to overcome the tough holes and she's getting better and better," he said.
The victory cast a vindicating feeling around the McNick squad once the scores were calculated.
Corbett believes the long days of the golf season had started to mount on his squad, who had school work to balance off the course.
"…The whole team kind of played bad at the sectional and it got to be a little bit of a rush," said Rockets' head coach Willy Corbett. "This was kind of like, OK, let's go out and have fun. It was a nice relief for them."
Lamping, who averaged 52.33 strokes per nine holes to lead the team, according to GGCLsports.com, appreciates the bragging rights the Rockets have over their neighborhood rivals.
"It's fun to play and beat them," she said.
For Corbett, the Queen of the Hill provides a great forum for competition between neighborhood rivals.
He also credited the role Coldstream Head Golf Professional Geoff Hensley plays in hosting the event.
"This is always such a great friendly neighborhood competition," Corbett said. "It really shows Mount Washington and Anderson (are tight-knit) communities."
Miranda Buck, who shot a 50, led Turpin, while Shannon Sheridan led Anderson by shooting 46.
Posted in: General
Tags: Anderson Township, Coldstream Country Club, Mount Washington, Newtown


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Photos from last year's March!
Photos from the bus ride and the Mass at Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception.
*I actually wrote this on Saturday, January 26, 2013, on the bus ride home but couldn't upload the post due to technical difficulties.*
Yesterday was an incredible experience. Thank you for following my live blog chronicle, I hope it gave you a sense of how the day goes! I really intended to keep blogging after the March ended, but after passing the Supreme Court we made our way to the Rayburn building and visited Representatives Chabot and Wenstrup, and exhaustion set in during that visit and I needed a break.
They had Chick-fil-a sandwiches for us to eat and we stayed a while to warm up and chat with different folks from the Cincinnati area who had also marched. It was neat to see so many high school groups! The day was cold, and the feet and hand warmers I brought helped a great deal. I did take lots of digital photos and will download them tomorrow.
This morning I rode the Metro to the National Mall to visit a Smithsonian museum and the National Gallery of Art. The bus picked us up near the Washington Monument and then we were headed back home to Cincinnati!
The bus ride home has been much like the ride to Washington; everyone is cheerfully chatting and we have watched the movie "For Greater Glory" and prayed a patriotic rosary. A few people have given their testimony about their Pro-Life volunteer work, which is great. I definitely want to get involved with something like this when I get home.
I had intended to post my digital photos, but ended up not bringing my computer as our hotel charged for internet access and I realized our tight schedule wouldn't allow the time to do so. I will upload some of those photos in the next few days.
Anne B. Polak (@annebpolak) tweeted at 3:26 PM on Fri, Jan 25, 2013: On our way to see representative Chabot! (https://twitter.com/annebpolak/status/294903986484547584) Get the official Twitter app at https://twitter.com/download
Anne B. Polak (@annebpolak) tweeted at 3:13 PM on Fri, Jan 25, 2013: At Supreme Court! (https://twitter.com/annebpolak/status/294900896675004417) Get the official Twitter app at https://twitter.com/download
Supreme Court
Anne B. Polak (@annebpolak) tweeted at 3:04 PM on Fri, Jan 25, 2013: Slow going others have said theyve never seen such a crowd! (https://twitter.com/annebpolak/status/294898619637714944) Get the official Twitter app at https://twitter.com/download
Anne B. Polak (@annebpolak) tweeted at 2:25 PM on Fri, Jan 25, 2013: Flurries! And someone keeps blowing a Jewish ram's horn, very cool! (https://twitter.com/annebpolak/status/294888754466930689) Get the official Twitter app at https://twitter.com/download


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Tag Archives: amas
Justin Bieber "Violated" by Jenny McCarthy on Stage #AMAs
JUSTIN Bieber feels "violated" by Jenny McCarthy as he picked up a prize at the American Music Awards last night. The …45
Video: Justin Bieber #AMAs Performance (American Music Awards 2012)
Justin Bieber & Nicki Minaj perform onstage during the 40th American Music Awards held at Nokia Theatre L.A. Live on …76
Complete List Of the 2012 American Music Awards Winners #AMAs
Winners for the 40th annniversary edition of the American Music Awards were decided by online voting and revealed during ABC's …18
Watch Video: American Music Awards LIVE #AMAs 2012!
The 40th Anniversary American Music Awards is on tonight, but before Justin Bieber, Taylor Swift, One Direction, Katy Perry, Nicky …33
VOTE Justin Bieber For the 2012 American Music Awards + See Full Nominees!
Vote Justin Bieber for the 2012 American Music Awards. Justin is nominated in 3 categories: Artist of the Year, Male …66
Video: Justin Bieber Performance AMAs 2011
Justin Bieber performing "Mistletoe" at the 2011 American Music Awards. For more pics of JB at the AMAs go to …30


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Definition of death's head in English:
death's headLine breaks: death's head
A human skull as a symbol of mortality.
More example sentences
- Interestingly, there are also tombs, skeletons and death's heads, along with some shocking acts of violence.
- Even more horrible was a big earthen jar in the middle of the courtyard, in which hung a white death's head along with some leg bones.
- The figure of the death's head has been a prominent symbol of human mortality and the vanity of life in Western culture.
Definition of death's head in:
- The US English dictionary
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Word of the day noisome
Pronunciation: ˈnɔɪs(ə)m
having an extremely offensive smell


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Rory McIlroy2014 Champion Golfer of the Year
Take a look through The Open Championship Magazine 2014
Like The Open Championship on Facebook
Joburg Open
6 February - 9 February
The Joburg Open, South Africa
6 – 9 February
Royal Johannesburg & Kensington Golf Club
1 Fairway Avenue, Linksfield North, Gauteng, 2192, South Africa
Robert Grimsdell
East Course: 7656 Yards
West Course: 7183 Yards
East Course: 72
West Course: 71
Web : www.joburgopen.com
Twitter : @CityofJoburgZA
Twitter : @JoburgOpen #JoburgOpen
Over a century of South African golfing history, few clubs, if any, are able to claim a heritage like that of the Royal Johannesburg & Kensington Golf Club.
The Club is the product of a merger of the former Royal Johannesburg Golf Club and the former Kensington Golf Club in 1998. Possibly the first merger of its kind in South Africa, it has produced a financially sound club with modernised facilities and a strong and supportive membership base.
Essentially, the improvements to the Clubhouse and the two courses at Royal Johannesburg were funded from the sale of the Kensington property. The result is a superb facility, with two outstanding parkland golf courses ideally suited to preserve the value of both clubs, and meet the challenges of the 21st Century. The Johannesburg Golf Club was founded in 1891 and was located on the current premises as far back as 1909. It received its Royal Charter in 1931.
The Club was instrumental in forming the Transvaal Golf Union in 1908 and from its membership provided the first President of the South African Golf Union in 1910. The PGA of South Africa also relocated to the Club in 2005.
There are three qualifying places available into the 2014 Open from this event. Places go to the leading three players (not otherwise exempt) who finish in the top 10 and ties.
Status: Completed
Updated: Asterisk indicates player started at hole 10
The R&A extends its gratitude to its Patrons for their support of The Open Championship.


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A Dublin lawyer died in poverty, and many people donated to a fund for his funeral. The Lord Chief Justice of Orbury was asked to donate a shilling. "Only a shilling?" said the Justice, "Only a shilling to bury an attorney? Here's a guinea; go and bury twenty more of them."
Error performing query: Got error 28 from storage engine


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For the past 12 years I have traveled from one end of this country to the other with my service dog. The most difficult task for us was finding places for Maddie to relieve herself.
One trip I will never forget had us flying from Washington, D.C., to Kansas City, Mo., for 12 hours. Yes, I am serious. We arrived at the airport at 4 a.m. for a 6 a.m. flight, with a connecting flight in Detroit. But we were diverted to Ohio due to severe storms. There was nowhere for Maddie to "go." No grass or even soil was available. When we made it to Michigan, there was still no place for Maddie's relief. We finally landed in Kansas City at 10:30 p.m., but had to wait another 15+ minutes before getting to a grassy area. That experience was one reason why I decided to drive instead of fly.
I just saw on the news that Detroit Metro Airport installed a grassy area for the service and police dogs on duty at the airport. Nicknamed "Central Bark" by airport employees, it features two "porch potties" complete with grass and fake fire hydrants.
Editor's note: In 2008 the U.S. DOT began requiring that air carriers provide relief areas for service animals. However, travelers in "sterile" or secure sections of airport terminals typically find those areas in inconvenient locations that could cause them to miss flights. In 2011 DOT proposed new rulemaking to alleviate those issues. The FAA also held a free conference last month (April 2014) on providing service animal relief areas in airports. Read more about 49 CFR Part 27.
Downtown districts
When attending meetings, especially while serving on the U.S. Access Board Public Rights of Way Board committee, Maddie and I often had to travel as much as half a mile to find grass. This is not good during bad weather. Also, the distance makes it virtually impossible to take care of both the service dog and owner's needs during timed breaks.
It amazes me how many hotels and motels are in "concrete land," without a location for service dogs or even pets to relieve themselves. Finding a facility that includes such amenities is so rare that it's refreshing.
I've heard that some, if not all, service-dog-training services train the dogs to relieve themselves twice a day. I feel that this is unkind for the dogs that give us so much. When we are sick or out of sorts, we don't wait to take care of our needs. How can we possibly ask the service dog to wait?
Time for cities to take action
There are more service dogs now than ever before. ADA standards have been updated to clarify that service animals are also used for mental problems such as post-traumatic stress disorder, and medical disabilities such as epilepsy and diabetes. It is imperative that public agencies include regulations that require such a simple consideration for our service dogs.
If your jurisdiction does not have anything in place, 2010 ADA Part 35 (Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Disability in State and Local Government Services) includes an excellent guide to follow: Section 35.136 Service Animals. (Please note that this is NOT part of 2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design.)
It's time for cities to review and update policies, and for municipal planning and codes departments to include relief areas before approving new plans. It is the least we can do for the dogs that not only save our lives, but also allow us to live fuller lives that include employment, daily chores, entertainment, and travel.
Wishing you success in all you are doing to improve the world we live in, Michele with Maddie in my heart forever.
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How To Apply Relative Strength Index With MetaTrader 4: Relative Strength Index - RSI
The Relative Strength Index (RSI), shown in Figure 1, is a momentum oscillator that compares the magnitude of recent raises in price to recent drops in order to help traders identify overbought and oversold conditions in the market. The RSI, developed by technical analyst J. Welles Wilder, first appeared in his self-published 1978 book, "New Concepts In Technical Trading Systems" and in the June 1978 issue of what was then called Commodities magazine (now Futures magazine).
Figure 1: The RSI indicator applied to a daily chart of the EUR/USD currency pair.
The RSI typically appears below the price chart (in a sub chart) and is displayed as a curving line. The RSI oscillates between values of zero and 100; a security is generally considered overbought when the RSI is above 70 and oversold when the RSI values fall below 30. Often, horizontal threshold lines are added to the indicator to help traders identify these overbought and oversold levels.
The simplified calculation for RSI is as follows:
RS = Average Gain/Average Loss
Using RSI in MetaTrader 4
Traders can apply the RSI indicator to any price chart in the MT4 platform. To add the RSI, choose one of the three methods available to add indicators:
- Click on the Add Indicators icon in the top toolbar to view a list of available indicators. The indicators are categorized under the type of indicator, such as Trend, Oscillators and Volumes. Click "Oscillators" to reveal the sub-menu, and then select "Relative Strength Index," as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Click the Add Indicators icon, select "Oscillators" and then "Relative Strength Index."
- Click "Insert" on the top toolbar and select "Indicators." Next, select "Oscillators" and then "Relative Strength Index," as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3: In the Main Menu > Insert > Indicators > Oscillators > Relative Strength Index.
- In the Navigator window, click to open the Indicator list, and find "Relative Strength Index," as shown in Figure 4. Double-click "Relative Strength Index," right-click and select "Attach to a chart," or drag-and-drop to add the indicator to a price chart.
Figure 4: MT4\'s Navigator window lists all of the available technical indicators.
SEE: Find Forex Profit With The RSI Rollercoaster How To Apply Relative Strength Index With MetaTrader 4: Customizing RSI
Mass IndexA form of technical analysis that looks at the range between ...
Money Flow Index - MFIA momentum indicator that uses a stock's price and volume to ...
On-Balance Volume (OBV)A momentum indicator that uses volume flow to predict changes ...
Negative Volume Index - NVIA technical indicator that relies on changes in a security's ...
Accumulation/DistributionAn indicator that tracks the relationship between volume and ...
Force IndexThe Force Index is an oscillator that fluctuates above and below ...
What are the best indicators for evaluating technology stocks?Technology stocks are often some of the most discussed stocks on the news. How can investors spot the company that will roll ...
What technical indicators can I use to find undervalued stock?Investors seeking new ideas may want to look to technical analysis to see whether the market has undervalued a particular ...
How do I start using technical analysis?Technical analysis is a method of analyzing securities by evaluating current and historical price and/or volume activity. ...
What does it mean when there is "price action"?Price action refers to the day-to-day fluctuation in the price of an asset. Traders gauge a stock's price action by monitoring ...


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A Galaxy-Sized Observatory For Gravitational Waves
This is /. (190 comments)
We are virgin males who are into Computer Science. We are not into astronomy.
Welcome to the Slashdot Beta site -- learn more here. Use the link in the footer or click here to return to the Classic version of Slashdot.
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Beta is different and we value you taking the time to try it out. Please take a look at the changes we've made in Beta and learn more about it. Thanks for reading, and for making the site better!
This is /. (190 comments)
We are virgin males who are into Computer Science. We are not into astronomy.
This is /. (950 comments)
We are all male virgins, who therefore have no children.
Pedophiles? (256 comments)
Asian women look like little girls--with the flat nose bridge.
Somewhat just said that (Locke2005). (598 comments)
Why did you post this?
FACETS PhD program (598 comments)
I applied for this--looks pretty interesting.
Typical redditor (137 comments)
This is the land of computer science people--they are the majority.
Lonely male teenagers (149 comments)
Never seen a female developer.
We are CS here (185 comments)
Most people here are computer science--you may want to try a different board.
Ray Kurzweil (799 comments)
Might as well show them what they'll become.
Great news. (368 comments)
I don't have testicles. How long will I have to wait to get sperm cells?
/. is (568 comments)
Meme overload? (324 comments)
Bot? Is that you?
Hey genius (865 comments)
You just re-re-re-discovered transhumanism!
What's up with pseudonyms? (205 comments)
Why can't people use a real name in Slashdot or Reddit?
Let me guess. (230 comments)
You are a computer science person.
Disappointing comments (199 comments)
Why post if you have nothing to say?
This is Slashdot! (487 comments)
We never get married.
Are you a lonely male geek? (1354 comments)
Just wondering. Tried going gay?
What happened to 64-bit addresses? (281 comments)
Seems like they skipped a step.
100 years? (173 comments)
That hits into Singularity timelines.
Yes, please.


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Face Time | Natalie Coughlin
The very pretty, 12-time Olympic medalist shares her beauty, fitness and diet tips.
The very pretty, 12-time Olympic medalist shares her beauty, fitness and diet tips.
Cosmetic palettes make for perfect holiday gifts, but only if you're able to part with them.
Laura Osnes of Broadway's "Bonnie and Clyde" discusses her beauty regimen.
Where better to test waterproof makeup than Cannes?
Since the wedding season is upon us, I thought it would be a good time to chat wedding day beauty.
Everyone knows jojoba, avocado and sweet almond oils do wonders inside and out, but the latest crop of facial miracles have struck oil farther afield.
How to sport a healthy-looking glow worthy of a Park Avenue princess.
In these parlous times, it's prudent to shop your closet. It's also self-serving — in the best possible way — to shop your colors, too.


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PH films in Germany, KoreaPhilippine Daily Inquirer
Filipino filmmaker Raya Martin's "How to Disappear Completely" will be shown at the Hamburg Film Festival in Germany from Sept. 26 to Oct. 5. The fest's website describes Martin's film as a "fragmentary horror (movie that) … weaves (together) elements of Southeast Asian mythology with references to classic Hollywood films. A confusing cinematic event, full of foreboding and allusion."
British filmmaker Sean Ellis' "Metro Manila" will also be screened in Hamburg. Called a "thriller about the hopelessness of people in need," "Metro Manila" stars Filipinos John Arcilla, Althea Vega and Jake Macapagal.
Meanwhile, Filipino reporter Julianito "Boy" Villasanta's "Ang Tagapagligtas" was shown at the recent 13th Gwangju International Film Festival in South Korea.
The documentary follows 74-year-old Lauro Gonzales, also known as "Kristong Hari," a megalomaniac impersonator of Christ the King. According to the docu, "Gonzales left his comfort zone after being possessed by the Black Nazarene of Quiapo who instructed him to save the world from damnation and destruction." Bayani San Diego Jr.
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Quick Take: It was only a week ago I told you about five different plans to reinvent the utility industry. This week we have thoughtful contributions from two other industry observers. I hope you and your colleagues are reviewing these ideas and deciding which future you want for yourselves. – Jesse Berst
Writing in Public Utilities Fortnightly, editor-in-chief Michael Burr has given us a lengthy but helpful review of various options now on the table. "Different people see different things when they gaze into the metaphorical crystal ball," writes Burr. "Some see catastrophe, the so-called 'death spiral.' Others see a renaissance, a new age of innovation in energy services. Most everyone sees big changes ahead."
Burr delves into both possibilities. He explains the "death spiral" scenario that has many people worried. What would that catastrophe mean for the smart grid? Burr says that "even this view includes some important changes coming as new technologies mature - most notably grid modernization, distributed intelligence, fast communications, and real-time analytics." As he explains, smart grid technologies offer new ways to operate the system at lower cost – something that will be essential if the death spiral propagates.
An alternative to the death spiral
But it's equally possible our industry will evolve towards a "Utility 2.0" scenario. In that future, utilities integrate power from both central and distributed generation while offering all sorts of innovative energy services.
To gain more insight into these possible futures, Burr and his colleagues interviewed 11 industry leaders. I hope you can find time to read their insights.
Is sustainability a distraction?
Meanwhile, Dr. Mahesh Bhave of the Indian Institute of Management writes in Renewable Energy World that most of our collective talk about sustainability distracts us from the real issue. He believes we should spend less effort on small, individual actions (like turning out the lights as you leave). Instead, to make progress toward sustainability we should focus on the biggest polluters -- fossil-fuel transportation and fossil-fuel power generation.
He calls it "nipping emissions in the bud." He believes the core of sustainability is energy in general and electricity in particular. And he wonders if there is a "tacit understanding among certain stakeholders to focus on green buildings, appliances, and people's habits in order to divert attention from the emissions sources."
Bhave argues that the current regulated monopoly structure is obsolete. "What is needed is full-blown competition for electricity, with numerous service providers to choose from and a variety of solutions. Technologies allow this; a new generation of entrepreneurs has to define new business models." His hope: That we will see a deregulation of electric power that mirrors the one telecommunications saw in the 1980s.
Jesse Berst is the founder and Chief Analyst of SGN and Chairman of the Smart Cities Council, an industry coalition.
You might also be interested in ...
Utilities: Survival course for dinosaurs (advice from one of our own)


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Lag is the number one issue with satellite internet. It is not recommended that you use this type of for VOIP or online gaming. The signal has to go 22000~ miles to the sat and then 22000~ miles back.Sorry to hear of the dissatisfaction, but a little research would have told you these issues.Michael.
All Hughesnet plans have data caps. Even the business plans. The business plans start with a plan equal to the top residential plan which I am assuming is the one you are talking about which is 400 MB and go up from there. there is one that has a bit over 1GB I think but it is like $600 a month I believe. As things stand right now you will not find a satellite connection without a limit that I am aware of. As for lag, that is not any satellite providers fault. They are sending a radio signal thousands of miles up and back and those radio waves only travel so fast so you have inherant latency with satellite that cannot be overcome.--HughesNet elite plan/.74 dish w/1watt trans. / 9000 modem / 3 computers on a linksy's wired network


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3 bed, 2 full bath, 1 half bath. CHARM, LOCATION & CONVENIENCE-THIS HOME HAS IT ALL! THIS IMMACULANT 3 BDRM 2. 5 BATH INCLUDES OPENMore info
3 bed, 3 full bath, 1 half bath. Private wooded 1. 12 lot minutes from Cary city limits! This 1. 5 story home is ALMOST ALL BRICK VEMore info
4 bed, 3 full bath. This home has phenominal bones and is ready for you! Original owners have taken meticulous care, anMore info
3 bed, 2 full bath, 1 half bath. Picture perfect home in prestigious Enchanted Oaks neighborhood at incredible price w/ no HOA or ciMore info
3 bed, 2 full bath, 1 half bath. A corner lot with a large family room with fireplace. Formal Dining room could also be used as an oMore info
3 bed, 2 full bath, 1 half bath. Why rent when you can own for so much less? Extra low down payment! Excellent location! Bright andMore info
2 bed, 1 full bath. Great Investment opportunity! 2 bedroom ranch home on . 23 acre. Country feel yet convenient to ClaMore info
4 bed, 3 full bath, 1 half bath. 5 BR House For Sale. Listor has no sewage permit on file.More info
3 bed, 2 full bath, 1 half bath. Rocking chair front porch and an open floorplan great for entertaining; Large kitchen with white caMore info
. This property is Real Estate Owned, or REO. The property was foreclosed and repossessed by a lenderMore info


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My name's Meghan, and I'm an aspiring historian (aka college student) exploring my love of all things Medieval.
Sunday, February 5th, 2012
A small English statue from ca. 1350-1450. Some people have guessed that, because of the cross on the shield, the man depicted may be Saint George. The armor on the statue is an accurate representation of armor at the time, although only men from the nobility or knightly classes would have been able to afford such high-quality armor. The British Museum website has a fantastic and detailed description of each piece of armor the statue is wearing if you'd like to find out more: http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe/s/statue_of_a_knight.aspx
#medieval #art #sculpture #statue #knight #St. George #Saint George #armor #armour
Tuesday, January 31st, 2012
The Fuller Brooch, from 9th century England. The brooch is the earliest known personification of the 5 senses. Sight, which was thought to be the most important of the senses, is in the center, surrounded by the other 4. Each sense can be identified by their actions. Taste has his hand in his mouth, Hearing´s hand is by his ear, Touch is rubbing his hands together, and Smell has his hands behind his back and is standing between two plants. The brooch is in such good condition that it was once though to be a fake.
#medieval #history #jewelry #brooch #Fuller Brooch #senses #sight #sound #hearing #taste #touch
Sunday, January 15th, 2012
Planispheric astrolabe
Spanish (Barcelona), Medieval (Gothic), 1375
Gilded brass
high-res front
high-res back
high-res front
high-res back
#medieval #science #atrolabe
An Ostrogothic belt buckle from the 6th century. This would have been worn by a woman of high status who was probably dressing in more of a Mediterranean fashion. The large central garnet is surrounded by cloisonné garnets and green glass in a mosaic pattern. I think we should bring cloisonné back in style.
#medieval #art #jewelry #belt buckle #buckle #garnets #Cloisonne #history
Thursday, January 12th, 2012
Bust of the Virgin, made in Bohemia, c.1390-95 (source).
Bust of the Virgin, made in Bohemia, c.1390-95 (source).
(Source: aleyma, via medievallove)
#medieval #art #sculpture #bust #Virgin #Mary #virgin mary
Tuesday, January 10th, 2012
A gemellion, or hand basin, from ca. 1250-1275. It's made of copper and enamel and is decorated with a knight on horseback in the center.
#medieval #art #hand basin #gemellion #copper #enamel #knight
A stained glass panel from c. 1325, from the abbey church of Saint Ouen in Rouen, France.
#medieval #art #stained glass #glass #flower #France #abbey
An alabaster statue of a kneeling angel, from c. 1430-40. The statue was made in Burgundy and stands at only 14.5 inches high. The angel was originally part of a collection made by a group of anonymous sculptors that depicted either the Annunciation or Christ as the Man of Sorrows.
#medieval #art #history #sculpture #statue #angel #Christ #Annunciation #Burgundy #alabaster #figurine
Thursday, December 29th, 2011
Pretty medieval manuscript of the day is the Black Hours, one of a very few manuscripts on vellum that is dyed black. This image is of folios 18v and 19r shows Whitsun (also known as Pentecost).
For a digital exhibition, take a look at the Pierpont Morgan library website.
Image source: Free Christ Images website, and licensed for re-use with attribution.
Pretty medieval manuscript of the day is the Black Hours, one of a very few manuscripts on vellum that is dyed black. This image is of folios 18v and 19r shows Whitsun (also known as Pentecost).
For a digital exhibition, take a look at the Pierpont Morgan library website.
Image source: Free Christ Images website, and licensed for re-use with attribution.
#medieval #manuscript #black #vellum
Wednesday, December 21st, 2011
A Spanish capital from 1175-2000. It shows Samson, complete with his long hair, fighting a lion with one of his attendants next to him. This capital and another accompanying it likely supported a principal arch at the entrance to the choir of a church.
On a related note (related because the capital is from Spain!) I'm heading to Spain for a semester starting in January. I'd love any suggestions for cool Medieval things to see, whether it's a museum, an old cathedral somewhere, or some ruins. I'm planning on doing some traveling too, so let me know if there are any great places in Europe I should add to my ever-growing list of places to see. Thanks a bunch!
#Samson #Spain #architecture #capital #medieval #sculpture #stonework
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"Olde Songs That You Love" theme designed by Mike Gertrudes


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|Our Puppies
|Please email Tina Howell at
or call 931-729-9715
or call 931-623-4864
|Some of our previous beautiful puppies
|Watch for upcoming litter.
|Howlhill's Recipe for Happiness
1 Front porch rocker
1 of granny's old tattered quilts
1 c hot coffee (southern sweet tea may be
1 or more good books
eye glasses (optional )
1 wet nosed, tail waggin best friend (never
|For the health and well being of our puppies,
we DO NOT ship.
|Howlhill Collies


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(via popatemyheartt)
(via popatemyheartt)
(from devilwouldntrecognizeyou)
Gif from madonnaciconne
Yes, I "stole" gifs, but I don't want this gifs to be reblogged. I just tag them so I (and whoever wants) can use it as gif replies, reactions, etc.
I don't want followers. Or reblogs.
Sorry. Maybe I will delete this blog.


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Recipe: Balsamic-Glazed Pearl Onions
Recipes from The Kitchn
It's funny how precisely the weather seems to adhere to the calendar year; the first day of fall immediately brought vibrant leaves and cooler breezes to Georgia. My appetite also succumbs to these changes and my urge for comfort food grows strong—out with vine-ripe tomatoes and grilled summer corn, bring on the hearty braises and savory stews.
So many recipes in fall and winter, though, seem to be for one-pot dishes and all-inclusive casseroles, which seem to keep me at a loss for easy yet appealing vegetables to serve on the side. There's always the modest baked sweet potato or a simple tossed salad: quite good, if not a little boring. And while I love the autumn holidays' many celebratory vegetable options, most are far too rich to offer on a regular basis.
Last year I became quite addicted to glazing, using the technique on everything from carrots to Brussels sprouts to chicken sausage. This week I decided to add onions to that list. I followed the very reliable method I developed last fall for maple-glazed turnips, and happily they turned out like a dream.
These balsamic-glazed pearl onions are sweet, tart, and savory all at the same time. They are quick enough for a weeknight (even quicker if you use pre-frozen and peeled), special enough for company, and perfect for the holidays. It's guaranteed to pair well with others, and is a definite keeper recipe for my cold weather rotation. That's more a triple threat if you ask me!
Balsamic Glazed Pearl Onions
2 (10-ounce) bags pearl onions, red and/or white
2 tablespoons unsalted butter
1/2 cup chicken stock
1/4 cup balsamic vinegar
Kosher salt and freshly ground black pepper
Bring a pot of water to a boil. Add onions and cook for 3 minutes. Drain and rinse with cold water. Cut off the root end and gently squeeze from the tip to remove the outer peel. (I place the cut end against my knife while squeezing to prevent the onion layers from separating.)
In a large skillet or braising pan, melt the butter over medium heat until foamy. Add the onions and sauté for one minute. Add the chicken stock and balsamic vinegar to the onions and cover. Increase heat to high and bring the mixture to a boil; cook for 10 minutes. Remove the cover and continue to cook until the sauce is very thick and glossy, approximately 3-5 minutes. Remove from heat and season with salt and pepper to taste. (You can garnish with freshly chopped herbs, if desired.)
Related: Your Autumn Vegetable Inspiration File: 40 Recipes for Fall
(Images: Nealey Dozier)
Per serving, based on 4 servings. (% daily value)
7 Comments
I make something very similar but with 1/2 pearl onions & 1/2 brussels sprouts. Delicious. Just don't overcook the brussels sprouts. I blanch them, cut them in half, & then toss them with the onions once the balsamic and chicken stock are mostly reduced.
I'm adding pearl onions to this week's grocery list!
Wow, looks like I have a new side for Thanksgiving next weekend!!
What kind of herbs would you recommend using? Thyme or Rosemary?
So, if you use frozen onions, do you just skip the first paragraph and put the frozen onions into the pan with butter?
I'll have to start looking for frozen pearl onions. I simply refuse to pay the FRIGHTFUL prices for fresh that I'm faced with down here. I've learned how to make creamed onions (a Thanksgiving staple when I was growing up) with larger onions, but if I can find frozen pearl onions at a reasonable price I'll be all over them like white on rice... (Yes, I sometimes speak Southern!)
I'm glad y'all like the look of these. I've got to admit, as *delicious* as they are, they definitely aren't the easiest to photograph!
@revolution9 - I'd probably garnish with chopped Italian parsley or thyme, which are my two favorite herbs
@ek76 - if using frozen onions, make sure they are completely thawed and pat very dry. Skip first step about blanching/peeling onions and continue with on with second paragraph.
I think onions are my favorite vegetable. LOVE them in everything, cooked, raw, whatever. Am bookmarking this for the future. Thanks for a great idea!


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It's December so that can only mean one thing, Christmas recipes. This is the first year that I have shared my own recip
It's December so that can only mean one thing, Christmas recipes. This is the first year that I have shared my own recip
Last week it was the BBC Good Food Show Winter 2013 at the NEC in Birmingham. As part of the Offiicial Blogger Community
This is a post 4 years in the making. Back in 2009, when I was still a student living in Manchester, a couple of good Am
right, before I start this is not one of those collection of Christmas recipes. If you want them go tune in to any TV ch
Just over two years ago, Ros from The More Than Occasional Baker and I came up with the idea of Alphabakes. We enjoyed e
Happy New Year to you all. I hope everyone had a very merry Christmas and that you all ate tonnes of delicious indulgent
I decided to make biscotti as a gift for a work colleague when I went to visit her and her new baby. I'd never made bisc
I strongly support Nigella's attitude to cooking. In that, if all else fails, add extra chocolate/cream/booze. Last we
Mincemeat is something very traditional during Christmas in England and mainly comes in the form of mince pies - shortcr
Christmas is my favourite time of year! This year I have been so busy, so that I start with my gift search first now.
Well it's Biscuit Week on the Great British Bake Off, so it's time to start baking in anticipation of Mel and Sue's doub
Well, here is the first of my occassional recipes from my Grandmother's notebook. My Grandmother, Elizabeth, was born in
I have been baking recipes for years from this book. I love and trust it. It never lets me down.I can remember my dad
Last week I offered up my Christmas Gift Guide for Children. Today I'm sharing some gifts for food lovers. Everything I'
Pan de Calatrava, or Calatrava Bread pudding, as an English speaker may call it, is the kind of dessert that everybody w
I recently came to this profound realisation. Are you ready? You can't enjoy a day 'off' unless you have a job to go to
Ahhh Nutella Biscotti - this is a warming and skinny version of a yummy and popular Italian Biscuit. I always feel very
With less than 75 days until Christmas I'm feeling rather prepared as I've completed the majority of my Christmas shoppi
This is a little festive taster of what is to come in the not too distant future world of Christmas. I have compiled my
2. Sift the flour, ground ginger and bicarbonate of soda into a large bowl. Add the butter chunks. 3. Rub the butter in
Makes approx 25 Cooking time: 15 -20 minutes
Knead to a dough and chill for an hour in the fridge. Roll out to fit a 200mm wide shallow tart tin. Bake in preheated


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OBJECTIVE: The authors sought to identify neural correlates of eating disorders in order to contribute to the debate on the genesis and classification of eating disorders and provide endophenotypes for genetic research. METHOD: Twenty-six female patients with eating disorders (10 with bulimia nervosa, 16 with anorexia nervosa) and 19 healthy female comparison subjects matched for age and education were presented with food and aversive emotional images while brain activity was recorded with functional magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: Women with eating disorders identified the food stimuli as threatening and disgusting. In response to these stimuli, the women with eating disorders had greater activation in the left medial orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortices and less activation in the lateral prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal lobule, and cerebellum, relative to the comparison group. In addition, women with bulimia nervosa had less activation in the lateral and apical prefrontal cortex, relative to the comparison group. Between-group differences in response to nonspecific emotional stimuli were found in the occipital cortex, parietal cortex, and cerebellum. CONCLUSIONS: A medial prefrontal response to symptom-provoking stimuli was identified as a common feature of anorexia and bulimia nervosa. This finding supports a conceptualization of eating disorders as being transdiagnostic at the neural level. The abnormal prefrontal reaction is associated with symptom-related material, whereas the occipital and cerebellar differences are nonspecific. An abnormal propensity to activate medial prefrontal circuits in response to inappropriate stimuli is common to eating, obsessive-compulsive, and addictive disorders and may account for the compulsive features of behavior in these conditions.
Eating disorders comprise a spectrum of conditions, of which bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa are the major categories. Somatic symptoms (underweight, amenorrhea) are regarded as secondary to a core psychopathology, which is presumed to be encoded as long-standing alterations of cerebral neural circuits (1–3).
Evidence for a neural disturbance in eating disorders is compelling. The clinical syndrome can be reproduced by lesions in the right inferior prefrontal cortex (4, 5). Association with perinatal complications is also suggestive of a cerebral cause (6). Indirect evidence that eating disorders are neural diseases is inferred from neuropsychological, electrophysiological, neuropharmacological, structural neuroimaging, and functional neuroimaging investigations (3).
Functional neuroimaging studies in eating disorders have either investigated brain function at rest or under controlled disorder-specific conditions. Resting-state experiments have found global cerebral hypofunction (7), which is most pronounced in the anterior cingulate and frontal region (8, 9) and in the parietal lobe (7). In bulimia nervosa, parietal hypometabolism (7) and a loss of the normal right > left asymmetry of brain glucose metabolism (10) have been reported.
Controlled-condition experiments have used body shapes, eating, or food presentation to elicit symptom-related brain processes. In anorexia nervosa, perfusion of the frontal lobes (measured by single photon emission tomography [SPECT]) increased while subjects ate cake (11), and, in a functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) experiment, viewing high-caloric drinks elicited responses in the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, insular cortex, and amygdala (12). A positron emission tomography (PET) study did not replicate these findings and reported food-related activity only in visual-associative cortices in seven anorexia nervosa patients who viewed high- versus low-caloric foods (13). Amygdala response to morphed images of subjects' bodies has been reported in three patients with anorexia nervosa (14). Data on bulimia nervosa are limited. One SPECT study that included five patients with bulimia nervosa showed that high basal frontal perfusion decreased with eating, a response pattern opposite to that seen in anorexia nervosa (15).
A summary of resting- and controlled-condition studies suggests that the same regions (prefrontal cortices, anterior cingulate) show diminished activity at rest but abnormally increased activity in response to food challenge. Some abnormalities (parietal hypometabolism at rest) are common to anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa (7), while other (frontal reaction to eating) may differ between these diagnoses (15). These similarities and differences add to the debate on whether eating disorders constitute one entity with a spectrum of manifestations or are several separate syndromes (1, 2).
The propensity to specific attitudes (drive for thinness, fear of fatness) and behaviors (bingeing, restricting) is conceptualized as preferential activation of certain neural pathways and circuits. The functional relevance of neural circuits is inferred from activation patterns recorded in situations with a high probability of symptom manifestation. We used fMRI to investigate brain responses to food images in women with eating disorders and healthy female comparison subjects. Two general hypotheses were tested: 1) there will be activation patterns common to the whole eating disorders group, implying shared neural mechanisms, and 2) there will be responses specific to bulimia nervosa or anorexia nervosa, reflecting variations within the eating disorders spectrum. These differences should be specifically manifest in response to disease-specific material (food images), when symptom-related neural schemata are likely to be activated. To establish stimulus specificity, nonspecific emotionally salient stimuli were used in addition to food images.
Patients with eating disorders were recruited from the inpatient (N=12) and outpatient (N=16) services of the South London and Maudsley Hospitals. Exclusion criteria were metallic implants, psychotropic medication other than antidepressants, claustrophobia, neurological disease, and axis I mental disease other than eating disorders. Affective and obsessive-compulsive symptoms are integral parts of eating disorders (1, 17), and their presence was not an exclusion criterion. Healthy women were recruited by local advertisement and were screened for abnormal eating habits and for neurological and psychiatric disease. Current and minimum past body mass index values were calculated. The Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (18) and the Beck Depression Inventory (19) were used to measure severity of obsessive-compulsive and depressive symptoms.
After complete description of the study to the subjects, written informed consent was obtained, as approved by the South London and Maudsley Ethical Committee. Nine healthy participants and eight participants with anorexia nervosa were selected as comparison groups for recovered subjects in a parallel study, which is reported elsewhere (20).
Custom-created color photographs depicted savory (e.g., pizza, rice, bread) and sweet (e.g., cake, chocolate) foods presented on plates. Photographs of nonfood items (stationery, household objects, flowers) were individually matched for color and visual complexity based on the ratings by five volunteers.
Emotional aversive photographs were selected from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) (21) (IAPS numbers 2720, 2730, 3000, 3010, 3030, 3051, 3053, 3071, 3100, 3170, 3261, 9140, 9253, 9300, 9340, 9373, 9405) and contrasted with neutral stimuli matched for color and visual complexity (IAPS numbers 1600, 1670, 5201, 2250, 5390, 5780, 5982, 5990, 5991, 7010, 7020, 7090, 7100, 7150, 7235, 7550, 7950). A complete list of stimuli is available on request from the first author.
Participants were asked to eat a meal 3 hours before the experiment and to avoid smoking, eating, and drinking alcoholic or caffeine-containing beverages after the meal. Due to differential compliance, the time since the last meal was longer in the eating disorders group ("fasting time") (t1). After completing questionnaires and rating their feeling of hunger (t1), participants were scanned between 5:00 and 7:00 p.m. Food and nonfood images were presented on a rear-projecting screen and viewed by means of a double-mirror periscope fitted to the head coil. Each image was shown for 2.5 seconds and was followed by a blank screen shown for 0.5 seconds. Ten food pictures in a 30-second block ("on" condition) were followed by 10 nonfood pictures ("off" condition). This sequence was repeated five times (with different stimuli) during the 5-minute experiment. Participants received the instruction: "You will be shown pictures of food and other objects. Look at each picture and think how hungry it makes you feel." An identical procedure was followed with aversive and neutral IAPS images with the following instruction: "You will be presented with a number of color pictures. Look at each of them and think what it makes you feel like." The order of the two experiments was counterbalanced between subjects. After the scanning, participants rated individual images from 1 (not at all) to 7 (very much) on numeric analogue scales for pleasantness, disgust, and fear. Food pictures were also rated for "desire to eat."
Gradient echo echoplanar images were acquired on a 1.5-T neuro-optimized magnetic resonance system (GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee). One hundred T2*-weighted whole brain volumes were acquired in each experiment (repetition time=3 seconds, echo time=40 msec) in 16 near-axial 7-mm thick slices (0.7-mm interslice gap) depicting blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) contrast with an in-plane resolution of 3 mm.
After motion correction (22), the estimated BOLD effect was modeled by two Poisson functions with hemodynamic delays of 4 and 8 seconds. This model has been extensively tested and shown to provide a fit equivalent to the physiological model of the BOLD effect. The least-squares model of the weighted sum of these two functions was compared with the signal in each voxel to obtain a goodness of fit statistic. The distribution of this statistic under the null hypothesis was calculated by wavelet-based resampling of the time series. Generic group activation maps, which depicted regions where the BOLD signal was significantly stronger in response to the active images (of food or aversive items) than to the control images (of nonfood or neutral items), were constructed by mapping the observed and randomized test statistics into standard space and computing and testing median activation maps. Between-group differences were established by cluster-level analysis with data randomization between groups to determine the sampling distribution of group differences under the null hypothesis. The probability of occurrence of any cluster in the observed data was computed by reference to the null distribution (23). In each experiment (food, aversive stimuli), four group comparisons were performed: eating disorders group and comparison subjects, anorexia nervosa subjects and comparison subjects, bulimia nervosa subjects and comparison subjects, and anorexia nervosa subjects and bulimia nervosa subjects. To correct for repeated comparisons, a cluster-wise significance threshold was set at p≤0.001. At this level, the cumulative number of expected false positive clusters in all eight comparisons was less than one. Behavioral data were analyzed by using analysis of variance and post hoc two-tailed t tests (uncorrected).
Of 43 patients with eating disorders who were assessed, nine declined to participate and eight were excluded because of past substance abuse (N=4), claustrophobia (N=1), and dental plates or metal implants (N=3). The final study group consisted of 26 women with an eating disorder and 19 healthy comparison subjects. Ten participants fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for bulimia nervosa and 16 for anorexia nervosa (nine with the restricting type and seven with the binge-eating/purging type). Ten participants (five with bulimia nervosa and five with anorexia nervosa) were taking antidepressant medication (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs]). Although efforts were made to minimize delays between recruitment and the experiment, four of the 16 anorexia nervosa patients gained enough weight to be outside the diagnostic weight range at the time of scanning. Inclusion of patients who were taking medication and who had body weight outside the diagnostic range was addressed in the analysis.
The groups did not differ in age, gender (all female), or handedness (one comparison and one anorexia nervosa patient were left-handed). The anorexia nervosa group reported significantly fewer years of education than the comparison group, whereas the bulimia nervosa group did not differ in education from the comparison subjects. Both patient groups scored significantly higher on self-report measures of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and depression (t1).
The participants with eating disorders rated food stimuli as significantly less desirable, less pleasant, more disgusting, and more fearful than did the comparison subjects; there were no differences in ratings of the nonfood stimuli (t2). Aversive stimuli were rated as more strongly negative by eating disorders subjects than by comparison subjects; there were no differences in ratings of the neutral stimuli (t2).
For the comparison group, activity in the left lateral prefrontal (Brodmann's area 10, 9), left parietal (Brodmann's area 7, 40), and bilateral visual (Brodmann's area 17, 18) cortices and bilaterally in the cerebellum correlated with presentation of food stimuli at p≤0.01 (F1).
For the eating disorders group, food-related activity occurred in the anterior cingulate gyrus (Brodmann's area 24, 32) (p<0.001), posterior cingulate gyrus (Brodmann's area 23, 29, 30) (p<0.001), left orbitofrontal cortex (Brodmann's area 11) (p<0.02), left lateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann's area 10), and right cerebellum (posterior lobe, declive). Activations in the anterior cingulate cortex and in the right cerebellum were similar in the bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa subgroups. Medial prefrontal activity was more extensive in the bulimia nervosa subgroup, whereas lateral prefrontal activation was detected only in the anorexia nervosa subgroup (F1).
In the eating disorders group, a left-sided cluster subsuming the medial orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortices was more active in response to food. This activation was significantly greater not only in the whole eating disorders group, relative to the comparison subjects, but also in the subgroups with bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa. Examination of time series revealed a strong reaction (0.5% change in BOLD signal) in this region in the eating disorders group, especially during the first three blocks of the paradigm (F2). In addition, relative to the comparison group, the anorexia nervosa subgroup showed more activity in the lingual gyrus and the bulimia nervosa showed more occipital and cerebellar activity (t3, F2).
The left lateral prefrontal cortex, left inferior parietal lobule, left occipital cortex, and posterior cerebellum were significantly less activated in the eating disorders subjects than in the comparison subjects. Responses in these regions in the comparison subjects averaged around 0.25% change in BOLD signal (the time series for the inferior parietal lobule is presented in F2). Inferior parietal lobule and cerebellar activity were more diminished in the anorexia nervosa subjects, whereas lateral prefrontal activity was decreased specifically in the bulimia nervosa subjects, relative to the comparison subjects and to the anorexia nervosa subjects (t3, F2).
To address potential confounding factors that were related to inclusion of patients who were taking medication and patients who had gained weight, the group comparisons were repeated after exclusion of these participants. The diagnostically "pure" and medication-free group of 12 patients (five with bulimia nervosa, seven with anorexia nervosa) had significantly higher medial orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate activity and significantly lower lateral prefrontal, inferior parietal lobule, and left cerebellar activity than the comparison subjects. The group of 10 patients who were taking SSRI medication also showed higher orbitofrontal and lower lateral prefrontal activity, relative to the comparison subjects.
To investigate whether differences were related to depressive symptoms, a group of five eating disorders patients with Beck Depression Inventory scores below 14 (the cutoff value for mild depressive symptoms [19]) was selected. Relative to the comparison group, this nondepressed group had greater left orbitofrontal, bilateral medial prefrontal, and anterior cingulate responses and lower left parietal response.
Finally, three eating disorders patients (two with anorexia nervosa, one with bulimia nervosa) reported longer times (fasting times between 7 and 9 hours) than the other subjects since their last meal before the experiment. After exclusion of these three patients, there was no between-group difference in fasting time (p=0.36), but the significance of the between-group differences in the medial and lateral prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, and cerebellum was not diminished.
Exploratory comparisons of the restricting and binge-eating/purging types of anorexia nervosa were conducted, although the numbers of subjects in the subgroups were small (nine with the restricting type, seven with the binge-eating/purging type). In reaction to food stimuli, left medial prefrontal activation was significantly higher in subjects with the restricting type than in the comparison subjects. In the binge-eating/purging subgroup, significantly different activation, relative to the comparison group, was right-sided and was located in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex (Brodmann's area 47) and anterior orbitofrontal cortex (Brodmann's area 10).
When reactions to food were compared between the subgroups, the right anterior prefrontal (Brodmann's area 10; stereotaxic coordinates 11, 67, –7 [24]) and lateral orbitofrontal (Brodmann's area 47; coordinates 41, 26, –18) responses were stronger in patients with the binge-eating/purging type; there were no clusters significantly more activated in the patients with the restricting type.
In response to aversive compared to neutral stimuli, there were two main symmetrical foci of activation: dorsolateral prefrontal activations (Brodmann's area 44, 45, 46) and occipital activations extending into the temporal and parietal cortices (Brodmann's area 18, 19, 7). This pattern was similar in all groups (F1).
Group differences in response to aversive emotional stimuli were located in the posterior cortices and in the cerebellum. Response in the right cerebellum was lower in both clinical groups than in the comparison group, whereas the left cerebellar reaction was significantly greater in patients with anorexia nervosa than in the comparison subjects. Greater activity in the visual occipital cortex and in the left inferior parietal lobule was characteristic of the bulimia nervosa patients. There were no between-group differences in the frontal reaction to aversive emotional stimuli (t4).
Exploration of cerebral activity during presentation of food images has identified activations common to the whole eating disorders group and specific to subgroups with particular eating disorder diagnoses. An abnormal prefrontal reaction was specifically manifested in response to food stimuli, whereas differences in cerebellar, occipital, and parietal activity were present in reaction to both emotional and food images.
In response to food stimuli, patients with eating disorders recruited the medial orbitofrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate instead of the inferior parietal lobule and the left cerebellum, which were activated in the healthy comparison group. The finding of an increased medial prefrontal reaction to food was independently significant for both the anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa subgroups and therefore can be considered as a functional neural substrate common to these eating pathologies. The ventromedial prefrontal location of differential activity corresponds to locations where lesions are known to cause eating disorders–like syndromes (4, 5) and to neuroimaging data (8, 9, 11, 12, 15). The orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortices are a convergence zone for processing of emotional information and are consistently implicated in the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive and affective disorders (25, 26). Because there is phenomenological overlap (1, 17), comorbidity, and familial co-occurrence (27) of these disorders with eating disorders, common neural mechanisms are suspected. Since addiction-like cue reactivity has been described in bulimia nervosa (28), another parallel comes from studies in drug addiction, which show anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal activations related to craving and compulsive drug-taking behaviors (16, 29). From these data, evidence converges on the anterior cingulate and the orbitofrontal cortex as major constituents in a dysfunctional network associated with compulsive and affective phenomena in a group of related disorders.
In our study, the patients with bulimia nervosa differed both from the patients with anorexia nervosa and from the comparison subjects by having decreased activation in the anterior and lateral prefrontal cortex in response to food. As the lateral prefrontal cortex is involved in suppressing undesirable behaviors (30), diminished activity in this region may account for the loss of control in the eating behavior of bulimic patients. Lateral and apical prefrontal activity has been retrospectively associated with good outcome in anorexia nervosa (20). In the future, frontal involvement in response to food may be evaluated as an outcome-modifying factor in bulimia nervosa.
Differences between groups in posterior cortical and cerebellar activation were present in reaction to both food and emotional stimuli. There are few data for comparison. Many neuroimaging studies have omitted the cerebellum or have used it as a baseline reference (11, 15). In this study, diagnosis-specific changes in cerebellar activations have been highlighted. As these activations were present in both the food and aversive emotional stimuli conditions, they are likely to be associated with nonspecific processes, such as attention and arousal.
The present findings are largely compatible with previous reports. In detailed comparisons, however, there are two notable differences. First, activation in the amygdala differentiated anorexia nervosa subjects from comparison subjects in a previous study from our laboratory (12), but in the present investigation there was no significant amygdala activation either in group maps or in between-group comparisons. Methodological differences, which might explain this difference in findings, include the type of stimuli (images of drinks labeled as high- or low-caloric were used previously) and the analytical procedures (more conservative in the current study). A more conclusive answer on the role of amygdala in eating disorders can be expected from studies with regionally optimized acquisition. Second, comparing anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, we have found both common and differential components in frontal response to food stimuli, whereas an opposite pattern of frontal reaction to eating in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa was reported by Nozoe et al. (15). In comparing the two studies' findings, different provocation paradigms (eating food versus seeing food) and neuroimaging methods (SPECT and fMRI) have to be taken into account. Most notably, Nozoe et al. chose to analyze regions of interest in only three of 35 axial slices; their findings may thus correspond to differential lateral prefrontal changes, while any common aspects of response in the ventromedial cortex may have been missed.
To our knowledge, the current study is the largest functional neuroimaging study in eating disorders to date and the first fMRI study in bulimia nervosa. A direct comparison of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa patients allowed us to evaluate the similarities and differences of these groups. In addition to presentation of food images, a comparison paradigm was used to control for saliency and thus to differentiate between specific and nonspecific processes. Inclusion of subjects who were taking medication and of partially weight-recovered subjects was addressed in a confirmatory analysis by exclusion of the individuals with those characteristics.
Although the number of subjects in the current study is larger than in previous neuroimaging studies, it may not be large enough to explore the full eating disorders spectrum (e.g., subtypes of anorexia nervosa). The capacity of fMRI to detect signal changes is subject to regional differences in signal-to-noise ratio, and therefore the study procedures may be sensitive enough to detect differences in some brain regions but may lack power to do so in other regions (unpublished 2003 data of M. Brammer). Furthermore, fMRI explores paradigm-related changes in brain function but does not identify baseline differences, such as those reported in PET studies (13). The paradigm-related changes of activity reported here will therefore be best appreciated as deviations from a baseline, which itself is altered in eating disorders (7, 15).
The food paradigm was conceived as a symptom-provocation challenge, and the accompanying instruction was biased toward food as opposed to control stimuli. Therefore, the resulting activations cannot be interpreted as pure reactions to food. Because the same procedure was applied for all participants, the group comparisons were not affected by this instruction bias.
In conclusion, an abnormal focus of food-related activity in the medial prefrontal region has been identified in a large number of eating disorders patients. This activity was specifically manifested in response to symptom-related material and was independent of the type of eating disorders, use of medication, presence of depressive symptoms, fasting time, and body-weight status. Distinct aspects of anorexia and bulimia nervosa were reflected in the activity of circuits comprising the lateral and anterior prefrontal cortices. The similarity of findings in eating, obsessive-compulsive, and affective disorders and in addiction raises the possibility of a common compulsion- and affect-related circuit that is based in the medial prefrontal cortex and activated by disease-specific stimuli in these various conditions.
Preliminary results from 18 participants were reported at the 7th Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping, Brighton, U.K., June 10–14, 2001 (abstract in NeuroImage 2001; 13:S1022). Received May 19, 2003; revision received July 30, 2003; accepted Nov. 7, 2003. From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; and the Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, U.K. Address reprint requests to Dr. Uher, Eating Disorders Unit, Institute of Psychiatry PO59, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK; firstname.lastname@example.com (e-mail). Supported by grant QLK1-1999-916 from the European Commission Framework V program and the Nina Jackson Eating Disorders Research Charity. Dr. Uher is supported by a Travelling Research Fellowship (grant 065862) from the Wellcome Trust.
Examples of Stimuli and Generic Maps of Brain Activation in Response to Food and Aversive Images in Patients With Eating Disorders and Healthy Comparison Subjectsa
aThree representative axial slices are presented in radiological convention (right hemisphere is on the left-hand side of the image). The vertical position of each slice is determined by the z coordinate, which is given at the bottom of the figure. The depicted activations were associated with the active stimuli at the cluster-wise level of significance of p≤0.01.
Comparison of Brain Activation in Response to Food Stimuli and Time Series of Activation in Patients With Eating Disorders and Healthy Comparison Subjectsa
aDifferences in activation at a cluster-wise significance level of p≤0.001 are shown in red in three representative axial slices. The vertical position of the slices is determined by the z coordinate, which is given at the bottom of the figure. Time series have been extracted from the medial prefrontal and inferior parietal clusters of activity in the composite patient group (N=26) and the healthy comparison group (N=19). After smoothing by a running average of five time points (15 seconds), time series have been plotted against the stimuli presentation paradigm (blue line).
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