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Paleolithic 35000–14000 BC
Jōmon period 14000–400 BC
Yayoi period 400 BC – AD 250
Kofun period 250–538
Asuka period 538–710
Nara period 710–794
Heian period 794–1185
Kamakura period 1185–1333
Kemmu restoration 1333–1336
Muromachi period 1336–1573
Nanboku-chō period 1336–1392
Azuchi-Momoyama period 1568–1603
Edo period 1603–1868
Meiji period 1868–1912
Taishō period 1912–1926
Shōwa period 1926–1989
Heisei period 1989–present
The Jōmon period (縄文時代, Jōmon-jidai - lit. "period of patterns of plaited cord"?) lasted from about 14,000 BC to 300 BC. The first signs of civilization and stable living patterns appeared around 14,000 BC with the Jōmon culture, characterized by a mesolithic to neolithic semi-sedentary hunter-gatherer lifestyle of wood stilt house and pit dwelling and a rudimentary form of agriculture. Weaving was still unknown and clothes were often made of fur. The Jōmon people started to make clay vessels, decorated with patterns made by impressing the wet clay with braided or unbraided cord and sticks. Some of the oldest surviving examples of pottery in the world may be found in Japan, based on radio-carbon dating, along with daggers, jade, combs made of shells, and other household items dated to the 11th millennium BC,[4] although the specific dating is disputed. Clay figures (dogu) were also excavated. The household items suggest trade routes existed with places as far away as Okinawa[citation needed]. DNA analysis suggests that the Ainu, an indigenous people that lived in Hokkaidō and the northern part of Honshū are descended from the Jōmon and thus represent descendants of the first inhabitants of Japan.
The Yayoi period (弥生時代, Yayoi-jidai?) lasted from about 400 or 300 BC to 250 AD. It is named after Yayoi town, the subsection of Bunkyō, Tokyo where archaeological investigations uncovered its first recognized traces.
The start of the Yayoi period marked the influx of new practices such as weaving, rice farming, shamanism and iron and bronze-making brought from Korea or China.[5] For example, some paleoethnobotany studies show that wet-rice cultivation began about 8000 BC in the Yangtze River Delta and spread to Japan about 1000 BC.[6]
Japan first appeared in written records in AD 57 with the following mention in China's Book of Later Han:[7] Across the ocean from Luoyang are the people of Wa. Formed from more than one hundred tribes, they come and pay tribute frequently. The Book of Wei written in the 3rd century noted the country was the unification of some 30 small tribes or states and ruled by a shaman queen named Himiko of Yamataikoku.
During the Han Dynasty and Wei Dynasty, Chinese travelers to Kyūshū recorded its inhabitants and claimed that they were the descendants of the Grand Count (Tàibó) of the Wu. The inhabitants also show traits of the pre-sinicized Wu people with tattooing, teeth-pulling and baby-carrying. The Book of Wei records the physical descriptions which are similar to ones on Haniwa statues, such men with braided hair, tattooing and women wearing large, single-piece clothing.
The Yoshinogari site is the most famous archaeological site in the Yayoi period and reveals a large, continuously inhabited settlement in Kyūshū for several hundreds of years. Excavation has shown the most ancient parts to be around 400 BC. Among the artifacts are iron and bronze objects, including those from China. It appears the inhabitants had frequent communication with the mainland and trade relations. Today some reconstructed buildings stand in the park on the archaeological site.
The Yamato polity was the main ruling power in Japan from the middle of the 3rd century until 710. The Kofun period (mid 3rd century – mid 6th century), is defined by the construction of many keyhole-shaped tumuli. At the beginning of the Asuka period (mid 6th century – 710), the capital was moved to Asuka, the southernmost part of Nara Basin. The main difference between the Yayoi period and the Kofun-Asuka periods is the development from a sedentary and agricultural culture to a more advanced and militaristic culture due to influences from China via the Korean peninsula. This was replaced by Tang Dynasty Chinese influences during the Nara period which introduced centralized imperial government, new aesthetics and new religious ideas instead of the military advances of the Yamato era.[8][9]
The Ryukyuan languages and Japanese most likely diverged during this period [10].
Most scholars believe that there were massive transmissions of technology and culture from China via Korea to Japan which is evidenced by material artifacts in tombs of both states in the Proto-Three Kingdoms of Korea and Kofun eras, and the later wave of Baekje immigrants to Yamato.
Close relationships between the Three Kingdoms of Korea and Japan began during the middle of this period, around the end of the 4th century. According to a controversial part on the Gwanggaeto Stele, Japan actively participated with large armies on the Korean Peninsula during the late 4th and early 5th centuries. According to the Book of Song, of the Liu Song Dynasty, the Liu-Song emperor formally awarded the king of Yamato, which he considered to be his vassal, the title of military sovereignty over Silla and the Gaya confederacy.[11] The Samguk Sagi (Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms) recorded Baekje and Silla sent their princes as hostages to the Wa to ensure military support; King Asin of Baekje sent his son Jeonji in 397[12] and King Silseong of Silla sent his son in 402.[13]
Buddhism was introduced to Japan in 538 by Baekje, to which Japan provided military support, [15] and it was promoted by the ruling class. Prince Shotoku devoted his efforts to the spread of Buddhism and Chinese culture in Japan. He is credited with bringing relative peace to Japan through the proclamation of the Jūshichijō kenpō (十七条憲法), often referred to in Japan as the Seventeen-article constitution, a Confucian style document that focused on the kinds of morals and virtues that were to be expected of government officials and the emperor's subjects.
In a letter brought to the Emperor of China by an emissary from Japan in 607 stated that the Emperor of the Land where the Sun rises (Japan) sends a letter to the Emperor of the land where Sun sets (China),[16] thereby implying an equal footing with China which angered the Chinese emperor.[17]
Starting with the Taika Reform Edicts of 645, Japanese intensified the adoption of Chinese cultural practices and reorganized the government and the penal code in accordance with the Chinese administrative structure (Ritsuryo) of the time. This paved the way for the influential Confucian philosophy in Japan until the 19th century.[citation needed] This period also saw the first uses of the word Nihon (日本) as a name for the emerging state.
During the Nara Period, political developments were quite limited, since members of the imperial family struggled for power with the Buddhist clergy as well as the regents, the Fujiwara clan. Japan did enjoy friendly relations with Silla as well as formal relationships with Tang China. In 784, the capital was moved again to Nagaoka to escape the Buddhist priests and then in 794 to Heian-kyo, present-day Kyoto.
Historical writing in Japan culminated in the early 8th century with the massive chronicles, the Kojiki (The Record of Ancient Matters, 712) and the Nihon Shoki (Chronicles of Japan, 720). These chronicles give a legendary account of Japan's beginnings, today known as the Japanese mythology. According to the myths contained in these 2 chronicles, Japan was founded in 660 BC by the ancestral Emperor Jimmu, a direct descendant of the Shinto deity Amaterasu, or the Sun Goddess. The myths recorded that Jimmu started a line of emperors that remains to this day. Historians assume the myths partly describe historical facts but the first emperor who actually existed was Emperor Ōjin, though the date of his reign is uncertain. After the Nara period, actual political power has not been in the hands of the emperor, but in the hands of the court nobility, the shoguns, the military and, more recently, the prime minister.
The Heian period (平安時代; "平安" - lit. "peace, tranquility", Heian period?), lasting from 794 to 1185, is the final period of classical Japanese history. It is considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art, especially in poetry and literature. In the early 11th century, Lady Murasaki wrote the world's oldest surviving novel called The Tale of Genji. The Man'yōshū and Kokin Wakashū, the oldest existing collections of Japanese poetry, were compiled in the period.
Strong differences from mainland Asian cultures emerged (such as an indigenous writing system, the kana). Chinese influence had reached its peak, and then effectively ended with the last Imperial-sanctioned mission to Tang China in 838, due to the decline of the Tang Dynasty, although trade expeditions and Buddhist pilgrimages to China continued.[18]
Political power in the Imperial court was in the hands of powerful aristocratic families, especially the Fujiwara clan, who ruled under the titles Sessho and Kampaku (regents).
The end of the period saw the rise of various military clans. The four most powerful clans were the Minamoto clan, the Taira clan, the Fujiwara clan, and the Tachibana clan. Towards the end of the 12th century, conflicts between these clans turned into civil war, such as the Hōgen and Heiji Rebellions, followed by the Genpei war, from which emerged a society led by samurai clans, under the political rule of the shogun.
The "feudal" period of Japanese history, dominated by the powerful regional families (daimyo) and the military rule of warlords (shogun), stretched from the 12th through the 19th centuries. The Emperor remained but was mostly kept to a de jure figurehead ruling position. This time is usually divided into periods following the reigning family of the shogun.
The Kamakura period (鎌倉時代, Kamakura period?), 1185 to 1333, is a period that marks the governance of the Kamakura Shogunate and the transition to the Japanese "medieval" era, a nearly 700-year period in which the Emperor (天皇 tennō), the court, and the traditional central government were left intact but were largely relegated to ceremonial functions. Civil, military, and judicial matters were controlled by the bushi (samurai) class, the most powerful of whom was the de facto national ruler, the shogun. This period in Japan differed from the old shōen system in its pervasive military emphasis.
In 1185, Minamoto no Yoritomo defeated the rival Taira clan, and in 1192, Yoritomo was appointed Seii Tai-Shogun by the emperor; he established a base of power in Kamakura. Yoritomo ruled as the first in a line of Kamakura shoguns. However, after Yoritomo's death, another warrior clan, the Hōjō, came to rule as regents for the shoguns.
A traumatic event of the period was the Mongol invasions of Japan between 1272 and 1281, in which massive Mongol forces with superior naval technology and weaponry attempted a full-scale invasion of the Japanese islands. A famous typhoon referred to as kamikaze, translating as divine wind in Japanese, is credited with devastating both Mongol invasion forces, although some scholars assert that the defensive measures the Japanese built on the island of Kyūshū may have been adequate to repel the invaders. Although the Japanese were successful in stopping the Mongols, the invasion attempt had devastating domestic repercussions, leading to the extinction of the Kamakura shogunate.
The Kamakura period ended in 1333 with the destruction of the shogunate and the short reestablishment of imperial rule (the Kemmu restoration) under the Emperor Go-Daigo by Ashikaga Takauji, Nitta Yoshisada, and Kusunoki Masashige.
Thus, the "Japanese Middle Ages", which also include the Muromachi period and lasted until the Meiji Restoration, started with the Kamakura period.
The Muromachi period (室町時代, Muromachi-jidai?) is a division of Japanese history running from approximately 1336 to 1573. The period marks the governance of the Ashikaga shogunate, also called Muromachi shogunate, which was officially established in 1336 by the first Muromachi shogun Ashikaga Takauji, who seized political power from Emperor Go-Daigo, ending the Kemmu restoration. The period ended in 1573 when the 15th and last shogun Ashikaga Yoshiaki was driven out of the capital in Kyoto by Oda Nobunaga.
The early years of 1336 to 1392 of the Muromachi period is also known as the Nanboku-chō or Northern and Southern Court period, as the Imperial court was split in two.
The later years of 1467 to the end of the Muromachi period is also known as the Sengoku period, the "Warring States period", a time of intense internal warfare, and corresponds with the period of the first contacts with the West, with the arrival of Portuguese "Nanban" traders.
In 1543, a Portuguese ship, blown off its course to China, landed on Tanegashima Island Japan. Firearms introduced by Portuguese would bring the major innovation to Sengoku period culminating in the Battle of Nagashino where reportedly 3,000 arquebuses (the actual number is believed to be around 2,000) cut down charging ranks of samurai. During the following years, traders from Portugal, the Netherlands, England, and Spain arrived, as did Jesuit, Dominican, and Franciscan missionaries.
The Azuchi-Momoyama period (安土桃山時代, Azuchi-Momoyama-jidai?) runs from approximately 1568 to 1600. The period marks the military reunification and stabilization of the country under a single political ruler, first by the campaigns of Oda Nobunaga who almost united Japan, achieved later by one of his generals, Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The name Azuchi-Momoyama comes from the names of their respective castles, Azuchi castle and Momoyama castle.
After having united Japan, Hideyoshi invaded Korea in an attempt to conquer Korea, China, and even India. However, after two unsuccessful campaigns toward the allied forces of Korea and China and his death, his forces retreated from the Korean peninsula in 1598.
The short period of succession conflict to Hideyoshi was ended when Tokugawa Ieyasu, one of the regents for Hideyoshi's young heir, emerged victorious at the Battle of Sekigahara and seized political power.
During the Edo Period (江戸時代, Edo Period?), the administration of the country was shared by over two hundred daimyo. The Tokugawa clan, leader of the victorious eastern army in the Battle of Sekigahara, was the most powerful of them, and for fifteen generations monopolized the title of Sei-i Taishōgun (often shortened to shōgun). With their headquarters at Edo (present-day Tokyo), the Tokugawa commanded the allegiance of the other daimyo, who in turn ruled their domains with a rather high degree of autonomy.
The shogunate carried out a number of significant policies. They placed the samurai class above the commoners: the agriculturists, artisans, and merchants. They enacted sumptuary laws limiting hair style, dress, and accessories. They organized commoners into groups of five, and held all responsible for the acts of each individual. To prevent daimyo from rebelling, the shoguns required them to maintain lavish residences in Edo and live at these residences on a rotating schedule; carry out expensive processions to and from their domains; contribute to the upkeep of shrines, temples, and roads; and seek permission before repairing their castles.
Many artistic developments took place during the Edo Period. Most significant among them were the ukiyo-e form of wood-block print, and the kabuki and bunraku theaters. Also, many of the most famous works for the koto and shakuhachi date from this time period.
Throughout the Edo Period, the development of commerce, the rise of the cities, and the pressure from foreign countries changed the environment in which the shoguns and daimyo ruled. In 1868, following the Boshin War, the shogunate collapsed, and a new government coalesced around the Emperor.
During the early part of the 17th century, the shogunate suspected that the traders and missionaries were actually forerunners of a military conquest by European powers. Christianity spread in Japan, especially among peasants. The shogunate suspected the loyalty of Christian peasants towards their daimyos and severely persecuted them. This led to a revolt by persecuted peasants and Christians in 1637 known as the Shimabara Rebellion which saw 30,000 Christians, samurai, and peasants facing a massive samurai army of more than 100,000 sent from Edo. The rebellion was crushed at a high cost to the shogun's army. After the eradication of the rebels at Shimabara, the shogunate placed foreigners under progressively tighter restrictions. It monopolized foreign policy, and expelled traders, missionaries, and foreigners, with the exception of the Dutch and the Chinese merchants restricted to the man-made island of Dejima in Nagasaki Bay and several small trading outposts outside the country. However, during this period of isolation (Sakoku) that began in 1635, Japan was much less cut off from the rest of the world than is commonly assumed, and some acquisition of western knowledge occurred under the Rangaku system.
Russian encroachments from the north led the shogunate to extend direct rule to Hokkaidō, Sakhalin and the Kuriles in 1807, but the policy of exclusion continued.
The policy of isolation lasted for more than 200 years. In 1844, William II of the Netherlands sent a message urging Japan to open her doors, which resulted in Tokugawa shogunate's rejection.[19] On July 8, 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. Navy with four warships — the Mississippi, Plymouth, Saratoga, and Susquehanna — steamed into the bay at Edo, old Tokyo, and displayed the threatening power of his ships' cannons. He requested that Japan open to trade with the West. These ships became known as the kurofune, the Black Ships.
The following year, at the Convention of Kanagawa on March 31, 1854, Perry returned with seven ships and requested that the Shogun sign the "Treaty of Peace and Amity," establishing formal diplomatic relations between Japan and the United States. Within five years Japan had signed similar treaties with other western countries. The Harris Treaty was signed with the United States on July 29, 1858. These treaties were widely regarded by Japanese intellectuals as unequal, having been forced on Japan through gunboat diplomacy, and as a sign of the West's desire to incorporate Japan into the imperialism that had been taking hold of the rest of the Asian continent. Among other measures, they gave the Western nations unequivocal control of tariffs on imports and the right of extraterritoriality to all their visiting nationals. They would remain a sticking point in Japan's relations with the West up to the turn of the century.
Renewed contact with the West precipitated profound alteration of Japanese society. The shogun resigned and soon after the Boshin War of 1868, the emperor was restored to power. The subsequent "Meiji Restoration" initiated many reforms. The feudal system was abolished, the military was modernized, and numerous Western institutions were adopted, including a Western legal system and a quasi-parliamentary constitutional government, outlined in the Meiji Constitution, modelled on the constitutions of Germany, France, and the United States. While many aspects of the Meiji Restoration were adopted directly from Western institutions, others, such as the dissolution of the feudal system and removal of the shogunate, were processes that had begun long before the arrival of Perry.
Russian pressure from the north appeared again after Muraviev had gained Outer Manchuria at Aigun (1858) and Peking (1860). This led to heavy Russian pressure on Sakhalin which the Japanese eventually yielded in exchange for the Kuril islands (1875). The Ryukyu Islands were similarly secured in 1879, establishing the borders within which Japan would "enter the World". In 1898, the last of the "unequal treaties" with Western powers was removed, signalling Japan's new status among the nations of the world. In a few decades, by reforming and modernizing social, educational, economic, military, political and industrial systems, the Emperor Meiji's "controlled revolution" had transformed a feudal and isolated state into a world power.
Japanese intellectuals of the late-Meiji period espoused the concept of a "line of advantage," an idea that would help to justify Japanese foreign policy at the turn of the century. According to this principle, embodied in the slogan fukoku kyōhei (富国強兵, fukoku kyōhei?), Japan would be vulnerable to aggressive Western imperialism unless it extended a line of advantage beyond its borders which would help to repel foreign incursions and strengthen the Japanese economy. Emphasis was especially placed on Japan's "preeminent interests" in the Korean Peninsula, once famously described as a "dagger pointed at the heart of Japan." It was tensions over Korea and Manchuria, respectively, that led Japan to become involved in the first Sino-Japanese War with China in 1894-1895 and the Russo-Japanese War with Russia in 1904-1905.
The war with China made Japan the world's first Eastern, modern imperial power, and the war with Russia proved that a Western power could be defeated by an Eastern state. The aftermath of these two wars left Japan the dominant power in the Far East, with a sphere of influence extending over southern Manchuria and Korea, which was formally annexed as part of the Japanese Empire in 1910 (see below). Japan had also gained half of Sakhalin Island from Russia.
For Japan and for the moment, it established the country's dominant interest in Korea, while giving it the Pescadores Islands, Formosa (now Taiwan), and the Liaodong Peninsula in Manchuria, which was eventually retroceded in the "humiliating" Triple Intervention. Over the next decade, Japan would flaunt its growing prowess, including a very significant contribution to the Eight-Nation Alliance, formed to quell China's Boxer Rebellion. Many Japanese, however, believed their new empire was still regarded as inferior by the Western powers, and they sought a means of cementing their international standing. This set the climate for growing tensions with Russia, who would continually intrude into Japan's "line of advantage" during this time.
The Anglo Japanese Alliance treaty, was signed between the United Kingdom and Japan, on 30 January 1902, and announced on 12 February 1902. It was renewed in 1905, and 1911, before its demise in 1921, and its termination in 1923. It was a military alliance, between the two countries, that threatened Russia, and Germany. Due to this alliance, Japan, entered World War I, on the side of Great Britain. Japan attacked German bases in China, and sent troops to the Mediterranean in 1917. Through this treaty, there was also great cultural exchange between the two countries.
In a manner perhaps reminiscent of its participation in quelling the Boxer Rebellion at the turn of the century, Japan entered World War I and declared war on the Central Powers. Though Japan's role in World War I was limited largely to attacking German colonial outposts in East Asia, it took advantage of the opportunity to expand its influence in Asia and its territorial holdings in the Pacific. Acting virtually independently of the civil government, the Japanese navy seized Germany's Micronesian colonies. It also attacked and occupied the German coaling port of Qingdao in the Chinese Shandong peninsula.
The post-war era brought Japan unprecedented prosperity.
Japan went to the peace conference at Versailles in 1919 as one of the great military and industrial powers of the world and received official recognition as one of the "Big Five" of the new international order. It joined the League of Nations and received a mandate over Pacific islands north of the Equator formerly held by Germany. Japan was also involved in the post-war Allied intervention in Russia, occupying Russian (Outer) Manchuria and also north Sakhalin (with its rich oil reserves). It was the last Allied power to withdraw from the interventions against Soviet Russia (doing so in 1925).
During the 1920s, Japan progressed toward a democratic system of government in a movement known as 'Taishō Democracy'. However, parliamentary government was not rooted deeply enough to withstand the economic and political pressures of the late 1920s and 1930s during the Depression era, and its state became increasingly militarized. This was due to the increasing powers of military leaders and was similar to the actions some European nations were taking leading up to World War II. These shifts in power were made possible by the ambiguity and imprecision of the Meiji Constitution, particularly its measure that the legislative body was answerable to the Emperor and not the people. The Kodoha, a militarist faction, even attempted a coup d'état known as the February 26 Incident, which was crushed after three days by Emperor Shōwa.
Party politics came under increasing fire because it was believed they were divisive to the nation and promoted self-interest where unity was needed. As a result, the major parties voted to dissolve themselves and were absorbed into a single party, the Imperial Rule Assistance Association (IRAA), which also absorbed many prefectural organizations such as women's clubs and neighborhood associations. However, this umbrella organization did not have a cohesive political agenda and factional in-fighting persisted throughout its existence, meaning Japan did not devolve into a totalitarian state. The IRAA has been likened to a sponge, in that it can soak everything up, but there is little one could do with it afterwards. Its creation was precipitated by a series of domestic crises, including the advent of the Great Depression in the 1930s and the actions of extremists such as the members of the Cherry Blossom Society, who enacted the May 15 incident.
Under the pretext of the Manchurian Incident, Lieutenant Colonel Kanji Ishiwara invaded Inner (Chinese) Manchuria in 1931, an action the Japanese government ratified with the creation of the puppet state of Manchukuo under the last Chinese emperor, Pu Yi. As a result of international condemnation of the incident, Japan resigned from the League of Nations in 1933. After several more similar incidents fueled by an expansionist military, the second Sino-Japanese War began in 1937 after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident.
During the first part of the Showa era, according to the Meiji Constitution, the Emperor had the "supreme command of the Army and the Navy" (Article 11). From 1937, Emperor Shōwa became supreme commander of the Imperial General Headquarters, by which the military decisions were made. This ad-hoc body consisted of the chief and vice chief of the Army, the minister of the Army, the chief and vice chief of the Navy, the minister of the Navy, the inspector general of military aviation, and the inspector general of military training.
Having joined the Anti-Comintern Pact in 1936, Japan formed the Axis Pact with Germany and Italy on September 27, 1940. Many Japanese politicians, believed war with the Occident to be inevitable due to inherent cultural differences and Western imperialism. Japanese imperialism, was then justified by the revival of the traditional concept of hakko ichiu, the divine right of the emperor to unite and rule the world.
Japan fought the Soviet Union in 1938 in the Battle of Lake Khasan and in 1939 in the Battle of Khalkhin Gol. Comprehensive defeat of the Japanese by the Soviets led by Zhukov in the latter battle led to the signing of the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact.
Tensions were mounting with the U.S. as a result of public outcry over Japanese aggression and reports of atrocities in China, such as the infamous Nanjing Massacre. In retaliation to the invasion of French Indochina the U.S. began an embargo on such goods as petroleum products and scrap iron. On July 25, 1941, all Japanese assets in the US were frozen. Because Japan's military might, especially the Navy, was dependent on their dwindling oil reserves, this action had the contrary effect of increasing Japan's dependence on and hunger for new acquisitions.
Many civil leaders of Japan, including Prime Minister Konoe Fumimaro, believed a war with America would end in defeat, but felt the concessions demanded by the U.S. would almost certainly relegate Japan from the ranks of the World Powers, leaving it prey to Western collusion. Civil leaders offered political compromises in the form of the Amau Doctrine, dubbed the "Japanese Monroe Doctrine" that would have given the Japanese free rein with regards to war with China. These offers were flatly rejected by U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull; the military leaders instead vied for quick military action.
Most military leaders such as Osami Nagano, Kotohito Kan'in, Hajime Sugiyama and Hideki Tojo believed that war with Occident was inevitable. They finally convinced Emperor Shōwa to sanction on November 1941 an attack plan against U.S., Great Britain and the Netherlands. However, there were dissenters in the ranks about the wisdom of that option, most notably Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku and Prince Takamatsu. They pointedly warned that at the beginning of hostilities with the US, the Empire would have the advantage for six months, after which Japan's defeat in a prolonged war would be almost certain.
The Americans were expecting an attack in the Philippines (and stationed troops appropriate to this conjecture), but on Yamamoto Isoroku's advice, Japan made the decision to attack Pearl Harbor where it would make the most damage in the least amount of time. The United States believed that Japan would never be so bold as to attack so close to its home base (Hawaii had not yet gained statehood) and was taken completely by surprise.
The attack on Pearl Harbor, sanctioned by Emperor Shōwa on December 1 1941, occurred on December 7 (December 8 in Japan) and the Japanese were successful in their surprise attack. Although the Japanese won the battle, the attack proved a long-term strategic disaster that actually did relatively little lasting damage to the U.S. military and provoked the United States to retaliate with full commitment against Japan and its allies. At the same time as the Pearl Harbor attack, the Japanese army attacked colonial Hong Kong and occupied it for nearly four years.
While Nazi Germany was in the middle of its Blitzkrieg through Europe, Japan was following suit in Asia. In addition to already having colonized Taiwan and Manchuria, the Japanese Army invaded and captured most of the coastal Chinese cities such as Shanghai, and had conquered French Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia), British Malaya (Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore) as well as the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) while Thailand entered into a loose alliance with Japan. They had also conquered Burma (Myanmar) and reached the borders of India and Australia, conducting air raids on the port of Darwin, Australia. Japan had soon established an empire stretching over much of the Pacific.
However the Japanese Navy's offensive ability was crippled on its defeat in the Battle of Midway at the hands of the American Navy which turned the tide against them. After almost four years of war resulting in the loss of three million Japanese lives, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the daily air raids on Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Yokohama, the destruction of all other major cities (except Kyoto, Nara, and Kamakura, for their historical importance), and finally the Soviet Union's declaration of war on Japan the day before the second atomic bomb was dropped, Japan signed an instrument of surrender on the USS Missouri in Tokyo Harbor on September 2, 1945. Symbolically, the deck of the Missouri was furnished bare except for two American flags. One had flown on the mast of Commodore Perry's ship when he had sailed into that same bay nearly a century earlier to urge the opening of Japan's ports to foreign trade. The other U.S. flag came off the battleship while anchored in Tokyo Bay, it had not flown over the White House or the Capitol Building on 7 December 1941, it was "... just a plain ordinary GI flag."[20]
As a result of its defeat at the end of World War II, Japan lost all of its overseas possessions and retained only the home islands. Manchukuo was dissolved, and Inner Manchuria was returned to the Republic of China; Japan renounced all claims to Formosa; Korea was taken under the control of the UN; southern Sakhalin and the Kuriles were occupied by the U.S.S.R.; and the United States became the sole administering authority of the Ryukyu, Bonin, and Volcano Islands. The International Military Tribunal for the Far East, an international war crimes tribunal, sentenced seven Japanese military and government officials to death on November 12, 1948, including General Hideki Tōjō, for their roles in the war.
The 1972 reversion of Okinawa completed the United States' return of control of these islands to Japan. Japan continues to protest for the corresponding return of the Kuril Islands (Northern territory or 'Hoppou Ryoudo') from Russia.
Defeat came for a number of reasons. The most important is probably Japan's underestimation of the industro-military capabilities of the U.S. The U.S. recovered from its initial setback at Pearl Harbor much quicker than the Japanese expected, and their sudden counterattack came as a blow to Japanese morale. U.S. output of military products also skyrocketed past Japanese counterparts over the course of the war. Another reason was factional in-fighting between the Army and Navy, which led to poor intelligence and cooperation. This was compounded as the Japanese forces found they had overextended themselves, leaving Japan itself vulnerable to attack. Another important factor is Japan's underestimation of resistance in China, which Japan claimed would be conquered in three months. The prolonged war was both militarily and economically disastrous for Japan.
After the war, Japan was placed under international control of the American-led Allied powers in the Asia-Pacific region through General Douglas MacArthur as Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers. This was the first time since the unification of Japan that the island nation was successfully occupied by a foreign power. Some high officers of the Shōwa regime were prosecuted and convicted by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. However, Emperor Shōwa, all members of the imperial family implicated in the war such as prince Asaka, prince Chichibu, prince Takeda, prince Higashikuni, prince Hiroyasu Fushimi, as well as Shiro Ishii and all members of unit 731 were exonerated from criminal prosecutions by MacArthur.[21]
Entering the Cold War with the Korean War, Japan came to be seen as an important ally of the US government. Political, economic, and social reforms were introduced, such as an elected Japanese Diet (legislature) and expanded suffrage. The country's constitution took effect on May 3, 1947. The United States and 45 other Allied nations signed the Treaty of Peace with Japan in September 1951. The U.S. Senate ratified the treaty in March 20, 1952, and under the terms of the treaty, Japan regained full sovereignty on April 28, 1952.
Under the terms of the peace treaty and later agreements, the United States maintains naval bases at Sasebo, Okinawa and at Yokosuka. A portion of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, including one aircraft carrier (currently USS George Washington (CVN-73)), is based at Yokosuka. This arrangement is partially intended to provide for the defense of Japan, as the treaty and the new Japanese constitution imposed during the occupation severely restrict the size and purposes of Japanese military forces in the modern period.
After a series of realignment of political parties, the conservative Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and the leftist Social Democratic Party (SDP) were formed in 1955. The political map in Japan had been largely unaltered until early 1990s and LDP had been the largest political party in the national politics.[22] LDP politicians and government bureaucrats focused on economic policy. From the 1950s to the 1980s, Japan experienced its rapid development into a major economic power, through a process often referred to as the Japanese post-war economic miracle.
Japan's biggest postwar political crisis took place in 1960 over the revision of the Japan-United States Mutual Security Assistance Pact. As the new Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security was concluded, which renewed the United States role as military protector of Japan, massive street protests and political upheaval occurred, and the cabinet resigned a month after the Diet's ratification of the treaty. Thereafter, political turmoil subsided. Japanese views of the United States, after years of mass protests over nuclear armaments and the mutual defense pact, improved by 1972, with the reversion of United States-occupied Okinawa to Japanese sovereignty and the winding down of the Vietnam War.
Japan had reestablished relations with the Republic of China after World War II, and cordial relations were maintained with the nationalist government when it was exiled to Taiwan, a policy that won Japan the enmity of the People's Republic of China, which was established in 1949. After the general warming of relations between China and Western countries, especially the United States, which shocked Japan with its sudden rapprochement with Beijing in 1971, Tokyo established relations with Beijing in 1972. Close cooperation in the economic sphere followed. Japan's relations with the Soviet Union continued to be problematic long after the war. The main object of dispute was the Soviet occupation of what Japan calls its Northern Territories, the two most southerly islands in the Kurils (Etorofu and Kunashiri) and Shikotan and the Habomai Islands, which were seized by the Soviet Union in the closing days of World War II.
Throughout the postwar period, Japan's economy continued to boom, with results far outstripping expectations. Given a massive boost by the Korean War, in which it acted as a major supplier to the UN force, Japan's economy embarked on a prolonged period of extremely rapid growth, led by the manufacturing sectors. Japan emerged as a significant power in many economic spheres, including steel working, car manufacture and the manufacture of electronic goods. Japan rapidly caught up with the West in foreign trade, GNP, and general quality of life. These achievements were underscored by the 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games and the Osaka International Exposition in 1970. The high economic growth and political tranquility of the midto late 1960s were tempered by the quadrupling of oil prices by the OPEC in 1973. Almost completely dependent on imports for petroleum, Japan experienced its first recession since World War II. Another serious problem was Japan's growing trade surplus, which reached record heights during Nakasone's first term. The United States pressured Japan to remedy the imbalance, demanding that Tokyo raise the value of the yen and open its markets further to facilitate more imports from the United States.
1989 marked one of the most rapid economic growth spurts in Japanese history. With a strong yen and a favorable exchange rate with the dollar, the Bank of Japan kept interest rates low, sparking an investment boom that drove Tokyo property values up sixty percent within the year. Shortly before New Year's Day, the Nikkei 225 reached its record high of 39,000. By 1991, it had fallen to 15,000, signifying the end of Japan's famed bubble economy.[23] Unemployment ran reasonably high, but not at crisis levels. Rather than suffer large scale unemployment and layoffs, Japan's labor market suffered in more subtle, yet no less profound effects that were none-the-less difficult to gauge statistically. During the prosperous times, jobs were seen as long term even to the point of being life long. In contrast, Japan during the lost decade saw a marked increase in temporary and part time work which only promised employment for short periods and marginal benefits. This also created a generational gap, as those who had entered the labor market prior to the lost decade usually retained their employment and benefits, and were effectively insulated from the economic slowdown, whereas younger workers who entered the market a few years later suffered the brunt of its effects.
In a series of financial scandals of the LDP, a coalition of led by Morihiro Hosokawa took a power in 1993. Hosokawa succeeded to legislate new plurality voting election law instead of the stalemated multi-member constituency election system.[24] However, the coalition collapsed the next year as parties had gathered to simply overthrow LDP and lacked a unified position on almost every social issue. The LDP returned to the government in 1996, when it helped to elect Social Democrat Tomiichi Murayama as prime minister.
The Great Hanshin earthquake hit Kobe on January 17, 1995. 6,000 people were killed and 44,000 were injured. 250,000 houses were destroyed or burned in a fire. The amount of damage totaled more than ten trillion yen.[25] In March of the same year the doomsday cult Aum Shinrikyo attacked on the Tokyo subway system with sarin gas and killed 12 and hundreds were injured. Later the investigation revealed that the cult was responsible for dozens of murders that occurred prior to the gas attacks.[26]
Junichiro Koizumi was elected president of the LDP and Prime Minister of Japan in April 2001. Koizumi Enjoyed high approval ratings and won some general elections. He pushed ahead with economic reforms and consolidation of the inefficient governmental organizations such as the national postal system. Koizumi also had an active involvement in the War on Terrorism, sending 1,000 soldiers of the Japan Self-Defense Forces to help in Iraq's reconstruction after the Iraq War, the biggest overseas troop deployment since World War II.
The current government was led by Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda, there are to be new election for Prime Minister since Fukuda suddenly resigned. The ruling coalition was formed by the conservative LDP and the New Komeito Party, a pacifist, theocratic Buddhist political party based on the Buddhist sect Soka Gakkai. The opposition was formed by the liberal Democratic Party of Japan, the largest party in the upper house. Other parties are the communist Japanese Communist Party, the leftist Social Democratic Party and the conservative People's New Party.
|Major Government
|Japanese Paleolithic
|Ancient Japan
|local clans
|900 BC – 250 AD (overlaps)
|local clans
|c. 250 – 538 AD
|Yamato clans
|Classical Japan
|710 – 794
|Imperial Court in Nara
|794 – 1185
|Imperial court in Heian
|1185 – 1333
|Feudal Japan
|Kamakura shogunate
|1333 – 1336
|Kemmu restoration
|Emperor of Japan
|1336 – 1392
|Ashikaga shogunate,Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi,
|1392 – 1573
|Sengoku period
|1573 – 1603
|1600 – 1867
|Early Modern Japan
|Tokugawa shogunate
|1868 – 1912
|Modern Japan
|limited monarchy (Emperor Meiji)
|1912 – 1926
|Taisho democracy
|limited monarchy (Emperor Taishō)
|1926 – 1945
|limited monarchy (Emperor Shōwa)
|1945 – 1952
|Occupied Japan
|Supreme Commander Allied Powers
|1952 – 1989
|parliamentary democracy; Emperor is symbol of state
|1989 – present
The primary religions in Japan are Buddhism and Shintō (神道, "the way of the gods"). Most Japanese people do not identify as exclusively belonging to just one religion, but incorporate features of both religions into their daily lives in a process known as syncretism.
Shinto and Buddhist teachings are deeply entangled in Japanese everyday life, though the Japanese people themselves may not be aware of it. Generally speaking, it can be difficult for outsiders to disentangle "real" Japanese religion from everyday superstition and rituals; most Japanese people do not often give the distinction much thought.
One of the main characteristics of Japanese religion is its tendency towards syncretism. The same person may have a wedding at a Christian church and have a funeral at a Buddhist temple. Japanese streets are decorated on Tanabata, Obon and Christmas.
Shintoism is one of Japan's largest religions and is the native religion. It originated in and is almost exclusive to Japan. Shintō originated in prehistoric times, as a religion with respect for nature and in particular certain sacred sites. These sites may have originally been used to worship the sun, rock formations, trees, and even sounds. Since each of these things was associated with a deity this resulted in a complex polytheistic religion. The deities in Shintō are known as kami, and Shinto, itself, means the way of the gods. Worship of Shinto is done at shrines. Especially important is the act of purification before visiting these shrines.
Shinto as an indigenous religion has no holy book, no founder, and no canon. The Nihongi and Kojiki, however, contain a record of Japanese mythology.
Shinto began to fall out of fashion after the arrival of Buddhism, but soon, Shinto and Buddhism began to be practiced as one religion. On sites of Shintō shrines, Buddhist temples were built, and people began to adhere to both.
Before 1868 there were three main forms of Shinto: Shrine Shinto, the most popular type; Folk (or Popular) Shinto, practiced by the peasants; and Imperial Household Shinto, practiced by the imperial family.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, people began to form independent Shinto sects, which were very radical and some even monotheistic, such as Tenrikyo. These were soon known as the Shinto Sects, or the New Religions.
After the Meiji Revolution in 1868, Shinto and Buddhism were forcefully separated. The Emperor Meiji made Shintō the official religion, creating a form of Shinto known as State Shinto, which merged Shrine, Folk, and Imperial Household Shinto together. Sect Shinto was seen as radical and separated from State Shintō. Under Meiji, Japan became a moderate theocracy, with shrines being controlled by the government. Shinto soon became a reason for Japanese nationalism. After Japan took over Korea and Taiwan, State Shinto became the official religion of those countries as well.
During World War II, the government forced every subject, regardless of his or her adherence or belief, to practice State Shinto and admit that the Emperor was divine. Religions were strongly controlled by the government and those against Imperial cult, notably Oomoto and Soka Gakkai, were persecuted.
When the Americans occupied Japan in 1945 the shrines were taken away from the government, and State Shinto was abolished. Shrine, Folk, and Imperial Shinto became separated. Sect Shinto distanced itself from mainstream Shinto.
Buddhism first arrived to Japan in the sixth century, from the Southern part of Korean peninsula kingdom of Baekje, where the Baekje king sent the Japanese emperor a picture of the Buddha and some sutras.[citation needed] Japanese aristocrats built many Buddhist statues and temples in the capital at Nara, and then at the later capital of Heian (now Kyoto).[citation needed]
Buddhism is divided into three forms, the more orthodox and impersonal Theravada Buddhism, which is prevalent in India and Southeast Asia, and the more personal Mahayana Buddhism, which spread to North India, China, Tibet, and from there went to Korea, where it came to Japan. The third is Vajrayana Buddhism. From the beginning, the largest form of Buddhism in Japan was the Mahayana school. According to the Agency of Cultural Affairs, 91 million persons identify themselves as Buddhist. [1]
In the capital of Nara, six Buddhist sects were created. These six are today quite small and called together "Nara Buddhism". Some were Theravada influenced. When the capital moved to Heian, more forms of Buddhism arrived from China. The two survivors of that day are Shingon, an esoteric form of Buddhism similar to Tibet's Vajrayana (or Tantric) Buddhism, and Tendai, a monastic conservative form known better by its Chinese name of Tiantai. These Buddhist forms converted many Japanese, and temples were built all over Heian.
When the shogunate took power in the 1100s, and the administrative capital moved to Kamakura, new forms of Buddhism arrived. The most popular was Zen, known in China as Chan. Zen Buddhism was completely different, and it was the most popular type of Mahayana Buddhism of the time period. Zen split up into two different forms, Rinzai and Soto.
Another form of Buddhism arrived in the Kamakura period, known as Jodo-kyo or Pure Land Buddhism. Pure Land Buddhism emphasizes the role of Amida Buddha or the Buddha of the Western Paradise. This school promises that reciting the phrase "Namo Amida Butsu" upon death will result in a person being removed by Amida to the "Western Paradise" or "Pure Land" and from then on to Nirvana. Jodo-kyo attracted the merchant and farmer classes. But after Honen, Jodo-kyo's head missionary in Japan, died, the form split up. Jodo-shu were followers of Honen who said that saying the Nembutsu (an abbreviation for Namo Amida Butsu) many many times would save someone. The more liberal form started by Shinran known as Jodo Shinshu says that saying the phrase once with a pure heart will save you. It has also dropped monasticism.
A more radical form of Buddhism was Nichiren Buddhism, created by the monk Nichiren, which praised the Lotus Sutra. Nichiren's teaching was often revolutionary, and the shogun distrusted him, especially when he said that the Mongols were to invade Japan. When the shogun heard this, he exiled Nichiren, but it soon became true. Nichiren Buddhism is the second largest form, and split off into Nichiren-shu, Nichiren Sho-shu, a more radical form, and Soka Gakkai, a controversial Nichiren denomination, whose political wing forms the conservative New Komeito Party, Japan's third largest political party.
Today, many Japanese adhere to Nishi Honganji-ha Buddhism, a conservative form of Jodo Shin-shu. It was formed in 1580, after Honganji, a form of Jodo Shin-shu, split up into two forms - Nishi and Higashi.
Beyond the two traditional religions, many Japanese today are turning to a great variety of popular religious movements normally lumped together under the name "New Religions". These religions draw on the concept of Shinto, Buddhism, and folk superstition and have developed in part to meet the social needs of elements of the population. The officially recognized new religions number in the hundreds, and total membership is reportedly in the tens of millions.
The largest new religion is Soka Gakkai, a Buddhist sect, founded in 1930. The New Komeito Party is of this faith. It is both in national and local assemblies and has a huge influence on politics as it is a part of the coalition government at the Diet. Because the Constitution requires separation of church and state the party's connections with the religion is often criticized.
Many of these new religions actually arose as part of Shintō, and some still have Shinto in their teachings. Some, not all, of the new religions are also known as Sect Shinto, such as Tenrikyo.
Other new religions include:
Although Christianity arrived with St Francis Xavier, it was soon persecuted and banned until the Meiji era. Today, there are around 1 million [2] to 3 million Christians.[3]
Hinduism is a small minority religion in Japan. Hinduism and other Indian related beliefs (including Buddhism) spread to Japan from China and Korea during the 6th century. In the 19th century Hindu numbers increased with immigrants seeking to participate in the textile importing and exporting industry.
There is no reliable estimate of the Muslim population in Japan as the government does not inquire about people's religion on census forms or other official documents. The majority of estimates of the Muslim population have been put at around 115,000 to 125,000[4] of which about 90% are foreign residents, and 10% are ethnic Japanese. At the present time, Indonesians, Bangladeshis, Pakistanis, and Iranians make up the largest communities of foreign Muslims in Japan.
Judaism is practiced by approximately 600 Americans and Europeans residing in Japan, [5], at synagogues located in Tokyo and Kobe. In addition, it is practiced on several US military bases in Japan. There is also a Makuya community of Japanese who claim to be descendants of two of the Lost Tribes of Israel (Dan and Zebulun).
Ryukyuan are the beliefs of Ryukyuans, the people of Okinawa and the other Ryukyu Islands.
Sikhism is also a very small minority religion in Japan. Sikhs came to Japan from China, Korea, and Hong Kong. Sikhs live mainly in Kobe and Tokyo.
Most Japanese participate in rituals and customs derived from several religious traditions. Life cycle events are often marked by visits to a Shintō shrine. The birth of a new baby is celebrated with a formal shrine visit at the age of about one month, as are the third, fifth, and seventh birthdays and the official beginning of adulthood at age twenty. Wedding ceremonies are often performed by Shinto priests, but Christian weddings (or rather secular American-style chapel weddings, called howaito uedingu ("white wedding") in Japanese) are also popular. In the early 1980s, more than 8% of weddings were held in a shrine or temple, and nearly 4% were held in a church. The most popular place for a wedding ceremony—chosen by 41%—was a wedding hall. These days most Japanese weddings are Christian style, using liturgy but not always with an authorized priest.
Japanese Funerals are usually performed by Buddhist priests, and Buddhist rites are also common on death day anniversaries of deceased family members. Some Japanese do not perform ancestral ceremonies at all, and some do so rather mechanically and awkwardly. But there have also been changes in these practices, such as more personal and private ceremonies and women honoring their own as well as their husbands' ancestors, that make them more meaningful to contemporary participants.
There are two categories of holidays in Japan: matsuri (festivals), which are largely of Shinto origin and relate to the cultivation of rice and the spiritual well-being of the local community, and nenjyuu gyouji (annual events), mainly of Chinese or Buddhist origin. The matsuri were supplemented during the Heian period with more festivals added and were organized into a formal calendar. In addition to the complementary nature of the different holidays, there were later accretions during the feudal period. Very few matsuri or nencho gyo are national holidays, but they are included in the national calendar of annual events. Most matsuri are local events that follow local traditions, and vary from place to place.
Most holidays are secular in nature, but the two most significant for the majority of Japanese--New Year's Day for Shinto believers and Obon (also called Bon Festival) for Buddhists, which marks the end of the ancestors' annual visit to their earthly home-- involve visits to Shintō shrines or Buddhist temples. The New Year's holiday (January 1-3) is marked by the practice of numerous customs and the consumption of special foods. These customs include time for getting together with family and friends, for special television programming, and for visiting Shintō shrines to pray for family blessings in the coming year. Dressing in a kimono, hanging out special decorations, eating noodles on New Year's Eve to show continuity into the new year, and playing a poetry card game are among the more "traditional" practices. During Obon season, in mid-August (or mid-July depending on the locale), bon (spirit altars) are set up in front of Buddhist family altars, which, along with ancestral graves, are cleaned in anticipation of the return of the spirits. As with the New Year's holiday, people living away from their family homes return for visits with relatives. Celebrations include folk dancing and prayers at the Buddhist temple as well as family rituals in the home.
Many Japanese also participate, at least as spectators, in one of the many local matsuri celebrated throughout the country. Matsuri may be sponsored by schools, towns, or other groups but are most often associated with Shintō shrines.
Article 20 of the 1947 Constitution states, "Freedom of religion is guaranteed to all. No religious organization shall receive any privileges from the State, nor exercise any political authority". Separation of religion and the state, however, is a more difficult issue.
Historically, there was no distinction between a scientific and a religious worldview. In early Japanese history, the ruling class was responsible for performing propitiatory rituals, which later came to be identified as Shinto, and for the introduction and support of Buddhism. Later, religious organization was used by regimes for political purposes, as when the Tokugawa government required each family to be registered as a member of a Buddhist temple for purposes of social control. In the late nineteenth century, rightists created State Shinto, requiring that each family belong to a shrine parish and that the concepts of emperor worship and a national Japanese "family" be taught in the schools.
Mon (紋, Mon?)(plural mon), also monshō (紋章, monshō?), mondokoro (紋所, mondokoro?), and kamon (家紋, kamon?), are Japanese heraldic symbols. Mon may refer to any symbol, while kamon and mondokoro refer specifically to family symbols. Mon serve roughly similar functions to badges, crests, and coats of arms in European heraldry.
It is thought that mon originated as fabric patterns to be used on clothes in order to distinguish individuals or signify membership in a specific clan or organisation. By the twelfth century, sources give a clear indication that heraldry had been implemented as a distinguishing feature, especially for use in battle. It is seen on flags, tents and equipment.
Like Western heraldry, mon were initially held only by aristocratic families, and were gradually adapted by commoners. On the battlefield, mon served as army standards, even though this usage was not universal and uniquely designed army standards were just as common as mon-based standards. (cf. sashimono, uma-jirushi) Mon were also adapted by various organizations, such as merchant and artisan guilds, temples and shrines, theatre troupes and even criminal gangs. In an illiterate society, they served as useful symbols for recognition.
Japanese traditional formal attire generally displays the mon of the wearer. Commoners without mon often used the mon of their patron or the organization they belonged to. In cases when none of those were available, they sometimes used one of the few mon which were seen as "vulgar", or invented or adapted whatever mon they wished, passing it on to their descendants. It was not uncommon for shops, and therefore shopowners, to develop mon to identify themselves.
Rules regulating the choice and use of mon were somewhat limited, though the selection of mon was generally determined by social customs. It was considered improper to use a mon that was known to be held by someone else, and offensive to use a mon that was held by someone of a high rank. When mon came into conflict, the lower-ranked person sometimes changed their mon to avoid offending their superior. The mon held by the ruling clans of Japan, such as Tokugawa's hollyhock mon and the Emperor's chrysanthemum mon, were legally protected from unauthorized usage.
Occasionally, patron clans granted the use of their mon to their retainers as a reward. Similar to the granting of the patron's surnames, this was considered a very high honour. Alternatively, the patron clan may have added elements of its mon to that of its retainer, or choose a completely different mon for them.
There are no set rules in the design of a mon. It most commonly consists of a roundel encircling a figure of plant, animal, man-made, natural or celestial objects, all abstracted to various degrees. Religious symbols, geometric shapes and kanji were commonly used as well.
Similar to the blazon in European heraldry, mon are also named by the content of the design, even though there is no set rule for such names. Unlike in European heraldry, however, this "blazon" is not prescriptive - the depiction of a mon does not follow the name - instead the names only serve to describe the mon. The pictorial depictions of the mon are not formalized and small variations of what is supposed to be the same mon can sometimes be seen, but the designs are for the most part standardized through time and tradition.
Japanese heraldry does not have a cadency or quartering system, but it is not uncommon for cadet branches of a family to choose a slightly different mon from the senior branch. Mon holders may also combine their mon with that of their patron, benefactor or spouse, sometimes creating increasingly complicated designs.
Mon are essentially black-and-white; the colour does not constitute part of the design and they may be drawn in any colour.
Virtually all modern Japanese families have a mon, though modern usage is rare. Many Japanese may no longer recognize their own family's mon. On occasions when the use of mon is required, one can try to look it up in the temple registries of their ancestral hometown or consult one of the many genealogical publications available. Professional wedding planners, undertakers and other ritual masters may also offer guidance on finding the proper mon.
Mon can still be seen widely on stores and shops engaged in traditional crafts and specialities. They are favoured by sushi restaurants which often incorporate a mon into their logos, while mon designs can be seen on the ceramic roof tiles of older houses. Mon designs also frequently appear on senbei, sake, tofu, and other packaging for foodstuffs to lend them an air of elegance and refinement. The paulownia mon appears on the obverse side of the 500 yen coin.
Items symbolising family crafts, arts or professions were often chosen as a mon. A fan design might be chosen by a geisha. A woman may still wear her maiden mon if she wishes and pass them on to her daughters and does not have to adopt her husband's or father's mon.
Mon add formality to a kimono. A kimono may have one or three or five mon. The mon themselves can be more or less formal; more formal kimono display more numerous mon, and frequently in a manner so as to make them stand out more. This may help dress up or dress down the formality of a kimono at the wearer's discretion. In the dress of the ruling class, the mon could be found on the kimono on both sides of the chest, on both sleeves, and in the middle of the back. On the armour, it could be found on the kabuto (helmet), on the do (cuirass), flags, and various other places. Mon could also be found on coffers, tents, fans, and many other items of importance.
As in the past, modern mon are not regulated by any law, with the exception of the imperial chrysanthemum, which doubles as the national emblem, and the paulownia, which is the mon of the office of prime minister and also serves as the emblem of the cabinet and the government. Some local governments, associations and businesses may use mon as their logo or trademark, and thus enjoy all the protection as such, but otherwise mon are not recognized by law. One of the best known examples of a corporate logo in the form of a mon is the logo for Mitsubishi, a name meaning "three water chestnuts", which are represented as rhombuses.[1]
Information came from wikipedia


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House, Disco and Bass from East London club night, hosted by Debonair, KMG, Slothboogie and TImmy.
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Special Request - Deflowered (Kassem Mosse & Mix Mup remix)
Taylor Marie Hill by Christopher Ferguson
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Emma And LouiseFollow Me Home
*studies for 2 minutes*
*studies for 2 minutes*
Yeah, sure. Papa John's is doing a two-for-one special.
Yeah, sure. Papa John's is doing a two-for-one special.
32 posts tagged disco
Drop Out Orchestra - No Scrubs
Who couldn't get down to this on a sunny friday morning.
Paper Disco - Trash the Wax Vol1 __ Paper Records
Paper's output has often lurked on the fringes of disco and now seemed as good a time as any to jump in with both feet, goggles and snorkel.
"Trash The Wax Vol. 1" hits the digital racks on April 3 featuring 16 original low slung, wigged out and floor heavy cuts from the great, the good, the tapped and the untapped.
Released on Paper Disco (a sub label of Paper Recordings) it follows hot on the heels of the 80s sugar rush that was Proviant Audio's "Drift Days & Disco Nights" which found its way in to the boxes of Tensnake, Soul Clap, Horsemeat Disco and Danny Krivit as well as garnering a Norwegian Emmy nomination for the best album of 2013.
Artists on Volume 1 range from young 80s bucks like 2 Billion Beats who are pretenders to Crazy P's crown, Manchester's City Life DJ of the 2013 and Wet Play resident Ste Spandex, Paper's ginger underground house assassin Richard Seaborne and Italian duo Gran Turismo.
More seasoned support comes from veterans like bootleg king Keep Schtum, Brighton's builder of heavy grooves Fingerman, Australia's disco vigilante Late Nite Tuff Guy and Manchester's best kept secret Daco. And that's just the ones we mentioned!
Running from sleazy late night jams to 80s synth and NRG to classic cut-ups, if this album didn't make you want to go out and jump off a podium it's time to get your hearing checked!
Trash The Wax Vol. 11. Neil Diablo – Give It Up2. 2 Billion Beats feat, Mariette Smith – See Us Through3. Late Nite Tuff Guy – I've Been Thinkin' Bout You4. Richard Seaborne – Is This Acid?5. Keep Schtum – Holding On6. Chris Massey – Howard's Hardware7. Pablo & Shoey – Raw Human Emotion8. Rubberlips feat. Jess Smethhurst – Inspiration9. Gran Turismo – The Peach10. Fingerman – Feel The Groove11. Ste Spandex – Into Myself12. Mezman – Dead Line13. Check The Guns – Slave To Me14. Daco – Something For The Weekend15. Research – Shape The System (Bassjam Mix)16. Leon Sweet – So Hot
Released : April 3, 2014
A mix of the snippets can be found below
Edit Service
The awesome people over at I'm a Cliche launched Edit Service a wile ago & we've been using it as a secret weapon stash for ages. I think I've kept the secret long enough now and thought share this awesome little back catalogue of edits with you lovely people. A new one goes up every 2 weeks and is always free. Pretty good as the season of good will rapidly approaches.
Derrick Carter's Disco Set - Live @ Sub Club
Old Degsy's travelling disco circus rolled in to Glasgow recently, and was propagated through the best sound system north of the border… at Sub Club of course.
It's available for download for 7 days only. Don't sleep on it.
For those of you who have enjoyed the Magik Circles and Magik Sunrise compilations this is likely to tickle your fancy…
From the chaps facebook page, we've learnt the following…
"Coming soon!! 2CD tripped out mix of super psyched out cosmic disco, space funk, holy grails and bugged out club monsters! One mixed and one dj friendly unmixed cd for your listening and dancefloor pleasure!"
More details when we get them…
Debonair - Is This For Real __ Benny & Gain
Is this for real? yes… Yes it is. A free download from Tapped resident, Debonair. Arranged with the silky smooth signature edit style the man is now renowned for…. whilst grasping the coat tails of setting sun.
Have at it people.
Rooftop Closing Party - 21st September
You'll find us on the rooftop of the Queen of Hoxton toasting the end of another fantastic summer on the 21st of September.
Following the success of the 'Silent Disco' series of rooftop parties we'll be looking to blow the roof off one last time before the return of the WIGWAMBAM.
KMG, TImmy and Debonair will all be on hand to provide the last sun kissed jamz of the summer between 4-6pm.
Tickets and further info here
B-Jam - Float
Friend of the blog, Mr Barry Fell aka B-Jam, has strung together a fine selection of stripped back, low slung sex appeal into 30min that will change your day for the better.
Gonzo - Timepiece Mix Chopin - Lush Vanilla - Snowblind Vanilla - Fancy Clown Re-flip Claws For? - Make It Hotter Vanilla - Midnight Breakbot - Easy Fraction Osamu Ansai - Change Your Mind Knight One - Kiss Pomrad - Pomslap Mt Troy - Fever Winters - Answers Letherette - Boosted Onra - To The Beat (feat. Walter Mecca) Letherette - After Dawn (Bibio remix)
Fresh batch of arrivals…. #vinyl
Micheal Cook (Low life) - Diz yer Mammy Ken?
The little mix that couldn't decide what it wanted to be when it grew up. Low life resident Micheal Cook meanders on a journey through dub, italo, cosmic, ambient, proto-house, disco, deep house and a touch of electro…. this is the second mix in as many months that he's put up on his Soundcloud page and for track selection they're two of the best we've heard all year. Fingers crossed the output continues….
Daniele Baldini - Bank Holiday Sunday @ The Nest
Dalston will be feeling a little more like 1980's Italy this coming Sunday when Big in Japan welcome Daniele Baldini with open arms. Expect cosmic disco and italo of the highest order all played out on The Nest's top class sound system. Look out your Hawaiian shirts folks….
Facebook event / tickets
"Music is the celestial sound, and it is sound that controls the whole universe, not atomic vibrations."
Ahead of their Sancho Panza Notting Hill Carnival "Flyover Fanfare" after party this Sunday Psychemagik have gifted Ransom Note an exclusive mix.
The UK duo, known for their sensational disco and psychedelic edits, obscenely vast record collections, beautiful production work and transcendent mixtape journeys, are being heralded as a truly unique and positive presence in today's music landscape.
Sancho Panza, the house music legends, return to The Notting Hill Carnival this weekend, for their 20th year.
Beginning in 1992 in humble basement surroundings the London party crew have since taken the world by storm, hosted and rocked some of the finest parties from warehouses and studios, to cinemas, gyms and their legendary boat parties on the Thames. The boys have toured and played the festival circuit including Glastonbury, Sonar, Glade, Big Chill and Bestival as well as our very own homegrown Carnival street party.
Notting Hill Carnival, Junction of Middle Row & Conlan Street, Kensal Rise, W10 5DB from 12 – 7 pm on Sunday 25th August and Monday 26th August.
DJ T - 25 years of DJing Part 1__Get Physical
DJ, label owner, producer, club operator, publisher and journalist… over the space of 25 years Thomas Koch has seen it all.
From rifling through his parents Disco records as a 10 year old in Frankfurt, to witnessing the birth of Acid House in the late eighties, and then emerging from it all as DJ T, with a thirst to preach his findings to a captivated dance floor in Music Hall during the 90's.This mix represents the journey of DJ T's musical past.
The fact he's released a mix, with a track to represent each of the 25 years, is noteworthy in its self. Then you see the tracklist, and that Thomas has edited most of the tracks to enable a continuous flowing workout of a mix, and you can't help but admire the time and effort that has gone into celebrating such a remarkable milestone.
1. 1988 Fast Eddie - Acid Thunder (Fast Thunder) (DJ T. Edit)2. 1989 Bang The Party - Bang Bang Your Mine (DJ T. Edit)3. 1990 Major Problems - Overdose (The Final Trip) (DJ T. Edit)4. 1991 M1 - Feel The Drums (DJ T. Edit)5. 1992 Todd Terry Presents Sound Design - Searchin' (DJ T. Edit)6. 1993 Pacha - One Kiss (Fathers of Sound One Mix) (DJ T. Edit)7. 1994 Raze - Break 4 Love (Hard For The Floor Mix) (DJ T. Edit)8. 1995 C-Rock - Funky Dope Trakk (DJ T. Edit)9. 1996 Mr. Barth - Music Is The Key (DJ T. Edit)10. 1997 DJ Hell vs. Richard Bartz - Take A Shot (DJ T. Edit)11. 1998 Johnny Fiasco - Conduction (DJ T. Edit)12. 1999 Romanthony - The Wanderer (Temple Vox Mix)*13. 2000 Technasia - Force (DJ T. Edit)14. 2001 Kotai - Sucker DJ (Highfish Remix) (DJ T. Edit)15. 2002 John Tejada - Timebomb (vip mix) (DJ T. Edit)16. 2003 Ultramarine - Hooter (Carl Craig Remix)17. 2004 Vince vs. DJ T. - Superworld (DJ T. Dub Mix) (2013 Edit)18. 2005 Gary Martin - Turkish Tavern (DJ T. Edit)19. 2006 Shit Robot - Wrong Galaxy*20. 2007 jOHNNYDANGEROUs - Beat That Bitch (Johnny'sProblem #13)21. 2008 SIS – Nesrib*22. 2009 Paul Kalkbrenner - Bengang (DJ T. Edit)23. 2010 Kiki - Good Voodoo (Subb-an Edit)*24. 2011 Stuffa featuring David A Tobin - Proof (FCL Remix) (DJ T. Edit)
25. 2012 Catz 'N Dogz - They Frontin' feat. Monty Luke
Part II is below
Casino Times - Casino Edits 1
Super-special disco cuts aimed directly at the dance floor, Casino edits is a series of disco-inspired Dj tools, released as white-labels and produced by Wolf Music's Casino Times and friends. The first in the series (Casino Edits #1) comes courtesy of the London based duo themselves and is testament to what the series intends to achieve; Stripped-back, club ready loops sure to fizz the pants off every bird in the building. On sale exclusively at Phonica Records…
Happy Mondays - We Love Mondays
Team Tapped are in the Timmy mobile headed north on the M6 to Manchester… tonight you will find them at A Place Called Common dropping all sorts of Disco, House & Bass.
If you're in the area… stop by and get down.
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01_사랑 어떡하나요_양파_신사의 품격 (sbs 주말드라마) ost...
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Tony Hawk's Underground Cheats for Playstation 2Home / Playstation 2 /
This page contains Cheats for Tony Hawk's Underground organized by sections for Playstation 2. Tony Hawk's Underground is a Sports Alternative Skateboarding game, made by Neversoft Entertainment, released on Oct 27, 2003 and published by Activision. If you can't find a hint or secret in our list, then please check this page periodically for the latest updates.
- Developer:
Tony Hawk's Underground Playstation 2 CheatsNeversoft Entertainment
- Publisher: Activision
- Genre: Sports Alternative Skateboarding
- Release Date: Oct 27, 2003
- ESRB: Teen
Options Screen, then Cheat Codes...From: martymar007
This code you can get if you play the motorcross demo and you have to win first place, but you can get it if you enter at the cheat screen HOLESHOT....From: Karen1234play
Go to create a skater and change the name to one of the following entries. The character will transform into the corresponding skater....From: vollystar289
Enter their code name into the Skater Information Screen in ''Create-a-Skater.''...From: basicfrog
Beat the game under any difficulty setting. Then, go back and complete all the goals to unlock all of the cheat options....From: abctroupz
Unlockable cars, secret characters and more:...From: soujaboy69
When you get to Shred Eric's best line, save the game before you defeat him. Then, create a new skater and set it to any difficulty except for "Too Easy". Defeat Eric and you will unlock one or two skaters depending on the difficulty setting. When you want to change, just restart the game and do it again under a different difficulty setti...From: maganicsterry
Go to the hotel that you start at. Drain the pool then go to the vending machine next to the security guard near the two pools (one of which you have drained.) Go through that door and up to the roof. You can now Acid Drop into the pool by ollieing and pressing R2 just off the jump. If you want to practice for when you make your own skate team, go ...From: wanHellboys
First Get the K-I-S-S letter in the Hotter than Hell level. After the band starts playing their song, Pause the game, Go to Options, Go to Sound Options, Then Playlist. Now highlight a song then press Circle. Unpause the game and viola! Kiss is now playing your favorite song in THUG....From: soup121994
Find the Go-Kart. Drive the Go-Kart around until you find a huge ramp that goes over the center of the level. Drive off it as fast as possible and you will clear a gap that gives you 10,000 points....From: magicmouse
When you start, go down the street to the left of the worker with the jackhammer . At the end of the street is a lit up billboard with a ladder. Climb the ladder, then jump and grab the ledge. The tape is there for the taking....From: dhenzz02
Enable the "Moon gravity" cheat in Manhattan in story mode. Jump onto the bridge that is above the waterfront. Go to the end of bridge that is opposite from the side with a quarterpipe. You should see a tunnel. Get off your board (L1 + R1) and jump into the building on the left side of the tunnel. When you hit the wall, hold Analog-stick ...From: UFNicholas
When you press L1, you will switch into pressure, or switch pressure (depending on if you are skating switch or regular). Once in this stance, when you jump a trick will pop up called "Pressure", and when you do a flip trick that is just Up, Down, Left, or Right, you will do a different trick from the usual pop shove-it, kickflip, heelfli...From: marlavishu89
While off your skateboard (walking), when you jump the first time (press X), you can also jump a second time while still in the air (if you keep tapping X). This is very helpful for out of reach places. Note: You can only jump twice....From: cutiepiep24
Enable the "Moon gravity" cheat and go to create-a-trick. For your first line, put in Front (or Back) flip. Then, switch it to 180 degrees. This will make your skater flip halfway. Set the duration between .4 and .7 seconds. On the next line, put an Other>Handstand. Have him hold it. This will make your skater flip halfway, get off his...From: Zinko
If you come to a complete stop in a manual combo and need to get more speed to get somewhere, do the spacewalk. At a slow speed or at a complete stop, the spacewalk (Left, Right, Square) will propel you forward....From: pokeking
If you come to a complete stop in a manual combo and need to get more speed to get somewhere, do the spacewalk. At a slow speed or at a complete stop, the spacewalk (Left, Right, Square) will propel you forward....From: Maryan
Go to any quarterpipe with a rail/ledge above it (for example, at Headstone Harry's in New Jersey). Go up the quarterpipe. As you are on it, turn at an angle as if you are going to hip transfer. Hold a direction and Triangle + Circle (for example, Down + Triangle + Circle and your skater will try to do a tailgrab then a 5-0 grind), making your char...From: haipchera
Enable the "Perfect rail balance" cheat, then go on a quarter pipe and do a lip trick. If done correctlym your skater should stay in place until you press X. Note: For first place, hold Trick until the point counter reads over 120,000 (about three minutes)....From: caguisanog
By holding R1 or L1 to 90 degrees while ollieing onto a rail, you can do a board/lip slide. To differentiate between the two, a lipslide is when your back wheels go over the object before you start the grind. In other words, if you are on the left side of the rail and want to do a FS lipslide, hold L1 to 90 degrees then grind (your back wheels will...From: DSDSDADKL
Riding switch is the opposite of what your rider is used to. If you have a regular stance rider, then switch would be the goofy stance for them, and vice versa. When you do switch tricks, you get more points than what you would normally get for doing it in regular/goofy form. For example, doing a Kickflip (regular) results in 100 points, but a Swit...From: chrismanutd
Play the game to the point where your character must McTwist over the roof gap. Complete the goal in one attempt without failing or restarting the goal. If done correctly, after the part where you film your skate team video your character will knock Eric out and steal the tape, thus completing the game without having to do the last goal....From: calcarter456
Enable the "Moon gravity" code. Go to the place where the car that shakes is found. Face the sausage melt place. Skitch a car from there, past the parking garage. When you turn around the corner past the parking garage, count to three slowly. jump off, and Boneless the little yellow slope in the middle of the road. When you do this, press...From: malachi11
To always win competitions on the analog stick quickly press down, up. This will start a manual. Next, you press any combination of square, circle, or triangle.(DON'T PRESS X) Keep pressing combinations of 2 until your balance gets out of control. Then press X. Repeat this process until time runs out. WARNING:this may take a couple of trys....From: Dafirripfer
Here's how to create The Hulk in create-a-skater: I can't remember what I used for the face, but find one that looks slightly angry to add realism. Obviously make his skin medium green as after all, he is the Hulk! Give him the "medium 1" hairstyle. Make it black but not totally black. Give him the "shirtless" option for his tor...From: Monique
This is how to make Eminem in create-a-skater: For his face, give him "light skin 1" For the hair, give him "buzzed" but if you want to, you can also give him the "do-rag" hat For the shirt, give him the "basketball jersey" For pants, give him "baggy cargo" For the shoes, give him the "Rowley V...From: pimpske
I've found three Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 2 levels wraveled into THUG. Plus, a little hidden place: 1) Go to New Jersey. Go to the train station. Stand on top of the train station lip. Look to the left. You will see a flashing icon. Go out and get onto the ledge that its on. This will unlock the Old Skool level. To enter it, go to Change Levels and s...From: gamer243
In the hotter than hell level you should see the letters spelling kiss around the park if u collect them u get 2 see a trailer from "god of thunder" one of their songs but if u collect them again music will start and if u go up 2 the stage u can see the crazy rocksatrs blaring out some tunes....From: doily kid
To get easy points from lips enter 1 and start combining the the square circle and triangle button keep ur balance in the middle but if it is getting 2 hard let it point 2 the side the ramp is on....From: doily kid
Stuck on this game? Set a specific, clearly defined question and let others answer your question or view answers to previously asked questions. If you think you are an Tony Hawk's Underground expert then please try to help others with their questions.
How do you beat this!? I do all the gaps and they show up on the screen but it doesnt complete the mission. PLEASE HELP!...
Posted on: 10-20-2014
How do i combo in new jersey and how can i go to the next mission?...
Posted on: 06-17-2013
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Balonazo en toda la cara… ¡toma fútbol!
The Holy Mountain (1973), dir. Alejandro Jodorowsky
Mosh - Porcelain Skin
Filmed by Holly Randall for Playboy.com (GIF by Bo)
José Gaudalupe Posada
Kimsooja (b. Taegu, Korea, 1957, South Korean) - A Reflective Palace Of Rainbows, 2006 The Palacio de Cristal was originally built in the late 1880s in Madrid, Spain. In 2006 artist Kimsooja transformed it into this rainbow reflecting palace. Installations
the assassination of Julius Caesar


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Honeystick Project? Zero Day? BYOD?
Tuesday - 12/18/2012, 9:56pm EST
December 18, 2012 -- This week on "Federal Tech Talk", Gigi Schumm, vice president and general manager Public Sector of Symantec, joins host John Gilroy to talk about how to protect your agency or company from cyber attacks.
Nobody can keep up the radical changes in computer security.
During the interview, Schumm discusses the changing concept of a virus being "in the wild."
Years ago, organizations would be able to list the number of malicious exploits; today, the number changes so fast it is impossible to list them.
Symantec has several centers for monitoring cyber-attacks, one is located in Herndon, Virginia.
Schumm talks about how Symantec merged with a company called RipTide to get an overview of how attacks were developing.
This overview enables security professionals at Symantec to develop heuristic methods of warning about activities.
Most federal IT professionals have heard of the old exploit where a few thumb drives were "lost" in a parking lot and employees would take them inside and plug them into a computer.
Schumm talks about a similar exploit called "honeystick."
Instead of "losing" thumb drives, Symantec "lost" smart phones that were loaded with apps and geographic tracking software.
Nobody has all the answers when it comes to security these days, it is always good to listen to a fresh perspective from a trusted vendor.


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04. TOOFAN BA DIL HAI HAR KOI.mp3
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(Source: juliayusupov)
(Source: showslow, via sayladidadida)
Get well soon, Jongsuk!
A whole bunch of news have come out, so to conclude:
On the 18th, he went to get treatment at a hospital in Gangnam, and his representative has informed the public that he will rest and recuperate for a week. "He started feeling ill in the afternoon of the 18th and went…
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text: System Shock 2 and Thief 2 are regularly hailed as classics for a reason. They're meticulously designed, tough but not unfair, and, well, they've been around for a gazillion years – at least, in gaming technology time. Unfortunately, our light-speed-traveling future machines take about as well to them as modern automobiles to giant stone Flintstones wheels. In other (pseudo) words, clunkity clunk clunk crash. But now – finally, wonderfully, mercifully – some kind soul's seen fit to release unofficial patches that bring both games up to speed. And, according to early reports, they make some positively massive improvements.


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Billy B Makeup Brushes
From one of the most sought-after names in the beauty industry, Billy B's Paint Brushes are designed by a makeup artist, for makeup artists. Every detail, from the short, easy-to-control handles to the lightweight, portable design, was born of Billy's years of experience and through trial and error. The line earned rave reviews and sold out completely during its first run, so we brought them back for round two. After trying them yourself, you'll instantly see why Billy—and his brush collection—has such a diehard following.
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Fried Sunchoke Chips with Rosemary Salt
Published: January 2010 Servings: 8
- 2 pounds unpeeled sunchokes (also called Jerusalem artichokes),* scrubbed
- Vegetable oil (for frying)
- 1 tablespoon salt
- 1 1/2 teaspoons minced fresh rosemary
Nutritional Information
One serving contains the following:
- Calories (kcal) 93.6
- %Calories from Fat 77.9
- Fat (g) 8.2
- Saturated Fat (g) 0.6
- Cholesterol (mg) 0
- Carbohydrates (g) 4.8
- Dietary Fiber (g) 2.5
- Total Sugars (g) 0.4
- Net Carbs (g) 2.3
- Protein (g) 1.5
PREPARATIONView Step-by-Step Directions
Fill large bowl with cold water. Slice sunchokes into thin rounds (about 1/16 inch thick), immediately dropping into bowl of water to prevent browning. Rinse and drain 3 times. Pat very dry with paper towels.
Pour enough oil into large deep skillet to reach depth of 1/2 inch. Submerge bulb of deep-fry thermometer into oil; lean top of thermometer against skillet rim. Heat oil to 375°F. Mix 1 tablespoon salt and rosemary in small bowl. Using fingertips, blend well, rubbing salt and rosemary together.
Working in batches, fry sunchoke slices until golden brown, stirring occasionally, 3 to 4 minutes. Using skimmer, transfer chips to paper towels to drain. Sprinkle chips with some rosemary salt. DO AHEAD Chips can be made 2 hours ahead. Let stand at room temperature.
Mound chips in bowl and serve.
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Advice from the Bon Appétit Test Kitchen
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Camping and picnic food don't need to consist of dried-out potatoes and store-bought macaroni salad. Make dining al fresco fresh again
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Welcome to our ongoing exploration of America's coolest food artisans.We'll be bringing their knowledge and expertise back to our home kitchens—and to yours.
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Green 'dirt' on my vinyl siding...
I have a detached garage, with pale yellow vinyl siding. The north side doesn't get much sun and it almost looks like algae growing on it. Any suggestions to the best way to clean it off?
Mild soap and water. Powerwasher on low setting. You can also visit your local big box store, they will have some chemicals designed to remove algae.
You don't want to use too harsh of a chemical or you may stain/bleach the siding.
I've used a product call "Mildew Check" and seems to work well and leave a protective coating behind to prevent reoccurring algae growth.
Thanks-I'll have a look for that product.
When cleaning vinyl start at the bottom and work up, you get less streeking.
In the good old days they would have lead mixed in to prevent the mildew.
Powering washing is what I would recommend.
You can power wash it with detergent which is made specifically for vinyl siding. Use a low pressure and try to wash the siding head on as this will decrease the amount of water which goes behind the siding
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3426 South 27th Street has a Walk Score of 42 out of 100. This location is a Car-Dependent neighborhood so most errands require a car.
This location is in Abilene. Nearby parks include Red Bud Park and C W Gill Park.
Nearby schools include Austin Elementary School, Premier High School of Abilene and Madison Middle School.
The closest grocery stores are Vitamin's Plus, Natural Grocers and Eskimo Hut.
Nearby coffee shops include Hastings Entertainment, El Chico Cafe and Starbucks. Nearby restaurants include Swanzy's Homestyle Meals, Whataburger and Olive Garden.
3426 South 27th Street is near Red Bud Park, C W Gill Park and McMurry University.


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ArtsQuest looking for Oktoberfest performers
If you like lederhosen, beer and performing, the folks at ArtsQuest has a gig for you!
ArtsQuest, based in Bethlehem, is looking for actors and actresses to perform during its third annual Oktoberfest.
The festivities are set for October 4-6 and 11-13 at the SteelStacks campus.
Actors will portray characters typically seen at a German Oktoberfest celebration, complete with authentic German attire, and interact with festival guests while in costume.
Auditions will be held July 28 from noon -5 p.m. in the Banko Family Gallery of the Banana Factory, at 25 W. Third St. in Bethlehem.
No preparation is necessary, as auditions will be primarily improv-based.
The ability to perform with a German accent is encouraged, but not required.
All actors will be paid for their Oktoberfest performances.
To set up an audition time, email ArtsQuest programming manager Ryan Hill at email@example.com. The email should include an attached resume and headshot, as well as the preferred audition time.
No phone calls will be accepted.
For more information, go to ArtsQuest's Oktoberfest website page.
Copyright 2013 WFMZ. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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Building in Coopersburg demolished for upscale housing


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Tracking a day that will end up about 10-20? cooler than it was over the weekend. Clouds will be on the increase, and snow will develop across the high country before moving eastward overnight and early Tuesday morning.
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