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Cro-Magnon superiority
May 26 2003 at 9:24 AM
Forum Member
Itzkoff, Seymour W.
The Intelligence Divide: A Contemplative Survey of Human History
Mankind Quarterly, Fall2002, Vol. 43 Issue 1
A Revolutionary Intelligence
Several millions of visitors have visited the ancient Paleolithic caves of France and Spain, where they have gazed in awe at the artistic achievements of the ancient Cro-Magnon hunters some 25,000 years ago. They have observed Lascaux and Altamira artistic renderings which in terms of skill ad esthetic realization are equal to anything that has since been created, albeit in a rough and ready world where hunter, artist, and citizen were probably encompassed by the same persons. At Cap Blanc they experienced a sculptured frieze of animals that could have been placed on the Parthenon wthout apologies. Indeed, within the Vatican, the dark confines of the Sistine Chapel realized the same conditions of mysterious sanctity that were evoked in the ancient caves, the flickering eixks that charred the undulating stone canvas. Without doubt that same mentation that characterized the artistic work of a Phidias in Athens or a MIchelangelo in Rome inspired these Cro-Magnon artists so many thousands of years earlier.
The abstract brain which created these evocations so many thousands of years apart was well in place in Eurasia at a remote period. But it was then unique on our planet, for there were many other people living on our earth, and in the same time frame, who lived much simpler and basic subsistence lives.
This brain was a unique reation of evolutionary time. Perhaps it was a fluke that the explosion in size and structure occurred
in the north
. Their art and technology of a uniquely advanced form was characteristic of these people from the Urals to the Atlantic, from the southern boundaries of the glaciers to southern Europe and into the mid-East and western Asia. These high cognitive
Homo sapiens sapiens
genes gradually made their way into other goegraphies and other humans over timee, perhaps from c. 250,000 years ago when the brain revolution that revealed itself in the physical morphology and the ulture Cro-Magnons first appeared. In this way the human genus became one species as it was gradually lifeed over the brain Rubicon from
H. erectus
to sapiencey.
We ought not scoff at this presumptive intelligence, given the simple if beautiful tools, borers, scrapers, hand axes, spear and arrow heads, needles, combs, now made of bone, ivory, flint, precious stones, fabricated with excruciatingly careful and diligent care and perception. Primitive stuff, perhaps, compared to computers and atomic bombs. But remember, we do not judge the achievements of a people by what they have inherited. Rather, the test of any progress in civilization is made by the advances a people make over the previous generation. And these Cro-Magnons even compared to their indigenous competitors in Eur-Asia, the Neanderthals, they too having Caucasoid racial characteristics, but primitive in brow and bone, were way beyond the existing norms of human achievements, both material and cultural.
[. . .]
High Intelligence Creates Civilization
The great reversal in the movement of humans, north and south, began at the beginning of a period of continental climate changes, some 12,000 years ago. For the approximately 35,000 years before this change, the flourishing of the Cro-Magnon peoples in their Eur-Asian homeland, the climate was largely benign, if affected by the ever-presence of the glaciers. Students of the climate of this period believe that winters were largely autumnal in character, rarely venture far below 32 degrees Fahrenheit, but also staying cool in mid-day. The summers were spring-like, never rising beyond the fifties to low sixties, Fahrenheit. Eurasia then had a rich ecology that attracted myriad species of large mammals, including humans. The good times ended when a continental climate suddenly set in about 12,000 years ago. Now the summers were hot, the glaciers in retreat north, the winters cold and snowy, difficult for the huge foragers to browse beneath snow and frozen ground. The forests came back, the mammoths, saber-toothed tigers, giant sloths, all disapeared.
Image the cultural shock. Some hung on, the ancestors of the Europeans. Others wandered beyond the next mountain to see what they could find. The only comparison one can make with the impact that these events probably had on these people is the more recent fate of the Amero-Indians. They had thousands of additional years to genetically groove their migratory way of life. And they did engage in terrible burtal tribal wars. The America were also the setting for a happy, excitng, and fulfilling existence. There was little of the agricutlureal grindstone and its organizational specializations of urban life. When the EUropeans came to North America, this Amero-Indian happy-go-lucky hunting life came to an abrupt end. Several hundred years later, the excitements of subsistence hunting have been replaced by the urban glitter of the gambling casino.
The descendants of the Cro-Magnons on their way south
were given several thousands of years of breathering room, to learn to adapt to the new way of life along the rivers, Tigris/Euphrates, Nile, Danube, Indus, and along the Mediterranean littoral. The same minds that quickly adjusted to the relatively mild and rich hunting ecology on the Eur-Asian plains, soon fabricated sickles to harvest the wild grains, cisterns to store the variable rains. In the north, hardly had their fossil bones appeared in the geological record, 45,000 B.P. then the art, the supple new technological devices, the rich decorative culture made itself known. It teaches us a lesson, that was should remember, smart people learn quickly. Far back in time, in the north, 45,000-25,000 years ago, they had figured out the technology of fire hardened pottery, even making chronometric markings, as modern hunters do, to record the number of nights between full moons. Civilization is complexity amidst the alomost constant change produced by talented igdividuals. These talents can show themselves as metallurgist, military and weaposn innovators, irrigation engineers, town planners and wall builders. Shamans and poets, musicians and jewelers, beauticians and cloths designers,were hardly in the rear. In the lands to the south of the frigid winters, along the rushing river banks, the sparkling shores of the Mediterranean, it all began. This was a world that attracted people, for the prosperity that beckoned. Riverine agriculture and herding, as well as some hunting, elephants still ran wild in Syria in Biblical times, Eighth century BCE, marked the change in their economic way of life.
At no time in this now pulsating urban setting was power so concentrated that any one group of military, political, or religious rulers, could stifle the natural, rhythmic flow of innovation. Highly intelligent civilizationally competent individuals in a now dynamic and complex urban social setting were stimulated to see ever new possibilities in the cultural web of meanings that surrounded him/her. Up north in the world of caves and hunting economy, the simplicity and seeming permanance of this tough yet idyllic life, art and technology were infused with timeless rhythms. Changes and progress, yes, but slower. In the south with so many different professions, occupations, crafts, the inputs from all directions, up and down the streets and alleys of the new towns, the humming stimulus was messaging the ready mind.
[. . .]
The power of the north lies in the same aggressive intelligence that produce the Sumerian writing system, the Old Testament, Euripides. Simply, it was
the intelligence of the north that successfully expanded its reach, militarily, politically, and always genetically
. In the book of unexpected outcomes, the losers were usually benefited by the fact that the victors loaned them a goodly amount of their victorious genes. In this way the peoples of the world gradually came closer to the norms of brain size and cultural competency that the revolutionary Cro-Magnons had first established for humankind.
[. . .]
The Mysterious Far East
[. . .]
Towards the end of the Ice Ages, c.50,000 years ago, there seems to have started a push south, of Mongoloids, who gradually interbred with the Australid ethnicities and created the various Malaysian, Indonesian, Philippine, ethnicities. Indeed, there was at the same time a probable move eastward of Caucasoid types, Cro-Magnon and Cro-Magnon/Neanderthaloid hybrid people. Possibly, even the continebtal Australian and Papuan New Gunea aboriginal people could have absorbed small doses of foreign Eur-Asian genes.
[. . .]
The Amero-Indians crossed Central Asia to migrate over Beringia, the land bridge to the America, before the end of the Ice Ages, c. 15,000 B.P. They probably started their wanderings as Caucasoids utilizing a Cro-Magnon-like technology - bow and arrows, spears. They encountered resident Mongoloid and northern Australid peoples, absorbing their genes as they moved ease. The very diversity of the Amero-Indian peoples argues that these many groups at first were small in numbers, bands or small tribes.
[. . .]
In this way the resident Mongoloid/Australid populations were well enfiladed with foreign genetic elements. It is fair today to say that most contemporary Mongoloid peoples are tri-racial hybrids. We have evidence of Germanic/Celtic like peoples advancing to the eastern borders, Tarim Basin, of Xinjian Province in China, at a date of about 2000 BCE. The Indo-European dialect Tokharian was spoken in this province until about 900 CE, when Turkic people moved into this area, then later, Han Chinese.
The Chinese mythic histories have always recognized that their formation as a people involved the intermixing of light haired blue/green eyed people from the West
, with the resident black haired people of the south, e.g. the Yangtze and beyond, as in the Pazyryk graves.
If one travels to the Yellow River valley capital of ancient imperial China, Xian, one will find the museum of the terra-cotta soldiers. This was the then-resident ermperor's humanitarian means to insure his safety and comfort in death, attended by his horse-riding soldiers. The date is 300-200 BCE. Long before, c. 2000-1500 BCE the first Chinese Dynasty, the Shang set itself up in this Yellow River area. These invaders from the west arrived with Indo-European style chariots. They brought literacy to China. Some scholars see the evolution of Chinese orthography, the written form of the language, as having and odd similarity to certain early West Eurasian forms of writing, including possibly even the 'later' Nordic runes. The above-noted fair Caucasoid wanderers were in the east central Eurasian area at roughly the same early period.
The terra-cotta soldiers of Xian, 300-200 BCE were defenders of a dynast which could then trace its history back 1500 years, to the literate Shang. Today, the contemporary Han Chinese rulters of Xian flatly agree that these soldiers were not Han. They were taller, 5'10", in height with a definitely hybrid physiognomy, very similar to contemporary Kazaks, a mixture of Mongoloid/Caucasoid genetics. SOme of these genes subsequently, post-"Chu," 200 BCE, made their way south in China.
Consider the Japanese and Koreans. Both ethnicities arrived at about the same time in their respective lands interestingly also, c.300-200 BCE. They probably traveled a more northern route across Siberia and Mongolia, and thus could have avoided the warriors of Xian. The Koreans might be described as the "Japanese who stayed home." They both speak a language related to the Uralic/Altaic group, to Finnish, Hungarian, and the Turkic languages of Central Asia. To my mind they undoubtedly begain their overland journey to the East as Caucasoids, picking up Mongoloid genetic elements as they traveled, fought, and ultimately triumphed. As with the Xian Chinese, the Koreans/Japanese found a Malayo-Polynesian type peoples in the lands of ultimate destiny. They subdued these indigenous peole, interbred with them to form their contemporary ethnic profile. The Japanese and Koreans, was with the Chinese, are also a tri-racial hybrid people.
High human intelligence was a hard-earned gift, after much death and suffering. It was created as a product of a struggle with Mother Nature. First it was
concentrated in the survivors of the northern glaciers, people of bleached skin, light-colored hair, and often blue-green eyes
. High cortical, abstract intelligence is focused in our genetics. This biochemistry was/is not fundamentally incompatible with humans of other colorations then living in softer southern climes.
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Is this a new wave? 'UP Supremacy'? - nt
May 26 2003, 9:28 AM
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Paleo-Caucasoid Component in the Gene Pools of AltaiSayan Ethnic Groups
May 26 2003, 11:02 AM
Polymorphism of the Y-Chromosome Diallelic Loci in Ethnic Groups of the AltaiSayan Region. Russian Journal of Genetics, Vol. 38, No. 3, 2002, pp. 309314. Translated from Genetika, Vol. 38, No. 3, 2002, pp. 393399.
Paleo-Caucasoid Component in the Gene Pools of AltaiSayan Ethnic Groups
The 92R7-T allele is the marker defining a group of male lineages widely distributed among the population of Eurasia and indigenous populations of America. Recent studies on Y-chromosome lineage diversity in different populations of the world showed that the 92R7-T-derived haplotypes represent the
ancient paleo-Caucasoid component
, which by its origin is associated with the population of Central Eurasia [10]. High frequencies of the most ancient haplotype, defined by the 92R7-T/SRY1532-G allele combination (haplotype 4 in the present study, haplotype 1C in [11],
haplotype HG1
in [12], and haplotype 10 in [10]), were observed in the populations from different geographic areas, namely,
India (21.7%), Europe (37%), Ireland (98.5%, nearly fixation level), Western Siberia, including Kets (83.3%) and Selkups (76.2%), and also in the indigenous populations of America (35.2%)
[1012]. One of the derivatives of this central haplotype is defined by an additional mutation in the DYS199 locus (variant DYS199-T), which was found only among the indigenous populations of America [11, 18, 22]. Another haplotype was defined by the 92R7-T/SRY1532-A allele combination (haplotype 5 in the present study, haplotype 1D in [11],
haplotype HG3
in [12], and haplotype 32 in [10]). It was practically absent from the populations of Africa, Eastern Asia, and America. At the same time,
high frequencies of this haplotype were observed in the populations of Central and Eastern Europe (up to 50% in Russians, Poles, and Slovaks), Southeastern Asia (up to 32% in the populations of India, Pakistan, and Iran), and Altai (55%)
[1012, 23]. This wide distribution of Y-specific 92R7-T haplotypes can be explained by
ancient migrations from Central Eurasia to Europe and America
, and also by relatively recent (about 7.5 thousand years ago) migrations of the representatives of the mound culture from the Central Asia to the Indian subcontinent, Europe, and Siberia [10, 12, 23].
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More genetic evidence
May 26 2003, 11:11 AM
"Chinese scientists have measured these various gene frequencies across
the modern populations of their country and these measurements provide
the basis for estimating the contribution of various Caucasoid-related
genes to the four minority groups in which we find them. Among the
'Caucasian genes' have been estimated at as much as 54 per cent
while the Kazakhs, who also occupy parts of Xinjiang, reveal about 34
per cent. To the east in Gansu we find the Dongxiangs with 25 percent
and still farther east in Ningxia are the Hui whose Caucasian admixture
is set at about 11-14 per cent
. From these figures, the trajectory of
Caucasian genetic influence in East Central Asia and East Asia seems
quite clear: it originates in the west and diminishes toward the east."
p. 250, THE TARIM MUMMIES, ANCIENT CHINA AND THE
MYSTERY OF THE EARLIEST PEOPLES FROM THE WEST, by J.P. Mallory and
Victor H. Mair. New York, Thames and Hudson, 2000
As quoted
From: bagopian@w...
Date: Sun May 25, 2003 3:59 pm
Subject: Re: [north-euro-anthro] Re: Ainu
The Ainu
Someone made a statement that the Ainu have been found "by modern
genetic studies" to be Mongoloid and not Caucasoid. This is the liberal
dogma which is in vogue in the academic community today. It is expressed
in Luca Cavalli-Sforza's HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF HUMAN GENES. However,
in the same book he also says that the northern Chinese are more closely
related to Europeans than they are to the southern Chinese! His methods
are faulty.
Actually, studies of nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA, Y-chromosomes,
HLA proteins, blood proteins, blood types, finger whorls, and physical
anthropology have all shown a connection between the Ainu and Europeans.
These can be found in the archives of the forums below.
The archaeological record shows that Caucasoids or semi-Caucasoids
spread Upper Paleolithic from Russia to Siberia. Then, they migrated to
northern China, Japan, and North America. This is the origin of the
light hair, fair skin, light eyes and Caucasoid features that were once
found among the Ainu, some Siberian peoples, and among the mummies of
North America such as the red-haired Spirit Cave Man or the Caucasoid
Kennewick Man.
Linguistic evidence also confirms this. Ainu is a member of the
Eurasiatic or Nostratic Macrofamily, which includes languages spoken by
Caucasoids such as the Indo-European Family and the Uralic Family.
Caucasoid Genes in Modern China
It has long been known among scholars that Caucasoids played a role in
the founding of Chinese civilization, and in a number of later periods,
including the Manchu Dynasty (1644-1911). Skeletons, art works, and
written descriptions all indicate that white people with red hair and
blue eyes lived at various times to the west and north of Chinese
civilization and often interacted with it. A comprehensive book on this
subject is EARLY EMPIRES OF CENTRAL ASIA, by McGovern. Much information
can also be found in the archives of the Ancient Nordics forum.
Many people have heard of the discovery of blond mummies in Xinjiang,
the northwestern part of China. Genetic studies of modern peoples have
also found Caucasoid genes a thousand miles further east, in the
vicinity of where Chinese Civilization first arose, between the Wei and
the Huang rivers. (Or, if you like, between the Wei Ho and the Huang
This is a quotation from 250 of THE TARIM MUMMIES, ANCIENT CHINA AND THE
MYSTERY OF THE EARLIEST PEOPLES FROM THE WEST, by J.P. Mallory and
Victor H. Mair. New York, Thames and Hudson, 2000:
"Chinese scientists have measured these various gene frequencies across
the modern populations of their country and these measurements provide
the basis for estimating the contribution of various Caucasoid-related
genes to the four minority groups in which we find them. Among the
Uyghurs, 'Caucasian genes' have been estimated at as much as 54 per cent
while the Kazakhs, who also occupy parts of Xinjiang, reveal about 34
per cent. To the east in Gansu we find the Dongxiangs with 25 percent
and still farther east in Ningxia are the Hui whose Caucasian admixture
is set at about 11-14 per cent. From these figures, the trajectory of
Caucasian genetic influence in East Central Asia and East Asia seems
quite clear: it originates in the west and diminishes toward the east."
Gansu was the area where a type of painted pottery appeared around 3000
BC which was similar to pottery found in Tripolye in the western Ukraine
and Anau in Turkmenistan. Gansu was also the area of origin of the
second dynasty, the Jou.
The authors of this book are evidently unaware of the
evidence of redheads and Caucasoids in ancient Mongolia and from the
last several centuries among native peoples of Manchuria and in Russia's
Maritime Province. Red hair, Caucasoid features and light eyes were also
found among the inhabitants Sakhalin Island ,the Kurilie Islands and
among the Ainu of northern Japan. Some of the Manchu, who conquered all
of East Asia in the 17th century, could have passed for Europeans. A
sculpture of a head, dating to around 3500 BC and found NORTHEAST of
Beijing, had Caucasoid features and blue stones for eyes. The sources
for these facts can be found in the archives of the Ancient Nordics
Cavalli-Sforza's Book - Caucasoid Genes in Siberia and Alaska
Précédent | Suivant
De: LARRY9198 12/05/2001 16:56 À: TOUS 1 de 1
310.1 Gothic is classified as East Germanic. Today, all living
Germanic languages are either West Germanic (like English, Dutch, and
German) or North Germanic (like Scandinavian). The Eastern branch is
Curiously, early Indo-Europeans all used the dual form as well as the
singular and plural forms.
Dual forms were common among many ancient and prehistoric languages,
including Semitic and early Egyptian. For some reason, the dual form has
died out almost everywhere.
However, some modern languages still use the dual, including some
Aborigine languages and Eskimo.
Eskimo is a Nostratic language and is said to be related to
Carleton Coon believed that Eskimo, Ainu, Yukaghirs, and Nivkhs were
once Caucasoids who still retain some Caucasoid traits. These Caucasoids
came east across Siberia from the Urals.
Let's look at the book LET'S LEARN ESKIMO.
house iglu
two houses igluk
houses iglut
Now, let's look at GRAMMAR OF THE GOTHIC LANGUAGE
I ik
we two wit
we (pl) weis
I uvanga
we two uvaguk
we (pl) uvagut
He ilaa
Those two ilingik
They ilingich
Joseph Greenberg discusses this in his INDO-EUROPEAN AND ITS CLOSEST
Page 101: "The coincidence of the pattern "k - dual", "t - plural"
between Samoyed (Uralic) and Eskimo was already noticed by Rasmus Rask
in the early nineteenth century."
Page 102: "But there are also Uralic languages in which a dual "k"
contrasts with a plural "t".
Page 103: "Even Ravila (1941:7), who argues against a -k plural in
Hungarian and elsewhere, does not deny the existence of a Uralic dual -k
based on the evidence from Ob-Ugric and Samoyed."
"In the Amur dialect of Gilyak the first-person dual pronoun is me-gi,
which contrasts with the first person plural inclusive me-r."
Page 105: "A number of duals in -ki are attested in Sakhalin Ainu in
Dobrotvorskij (1875)."
"That 'sik' is dual is also confirmed by Voznesenskij's hitherto
unpublished vocabulary of Kurile Ainu in Vovin (1993). Here we find
ar-sik 'a single eye,' in which ar=ara 'one of a pair' (cf.
Proto-Indo-European *al-i 'other,' Greek allos, Latin alius). thus
ar-sik means 'one of a pair of eyes.'"
"This suggests that the -k dual, which, as we have seen, takes the form
-ki in a number of languages, is to be identified with Turkish iki 'two'
and Yukaghir ki 'two'....Perhaps Hungarian ket 'two' and other related
forms in Uralic also belong here."
In THE LIVING RACES OF MAN, Carelton Coon has this to say about Ainus,
Gilyaks, and Eskimos:
Page 151: "Today the indications are that they were originally
Caucasoid, for the following reasons. The Ainu fingerprints show more
loops than whorls. This is a Caucasoid characteristic. Both among
Mongoloids and among Australoids whorls exceed loops. The Ainu have an
incidence of 63 percent of sticky earwax. Sticky earwax is
characteristic of Caucasoids; crumbly earwax of Mongoloids. The upper
incisor teeth of the Ainu, although they are shoveled in one third of
the individuals studied, do not show the extreme forms of shoveling seem
among most Mongoloids, but are rather like the moderately shoveled teeth
found occasionally in Northern Europe. Among the Ainu, upper molar teeth
have pearl-like excrescences of enamel along the outer gingival border
in 30 percent of the individuals studied. Three percent of Japanese
skulls also show this. Enamel pearls are also found among the Eskimo and
among Northern Europeans, particularly the medieval Icelanders....The
dental pearls of the Ainu, however, cannot be so easily accounted for,
and imply a genetic continuity. It would seem as if after the
Pleistocene had ended this genetic trait was carried eastward along the
ridge of the Siberian forest from the Urals to the Amur River, rather
than having moved in the opposite direction. In this trait as in others,
it would appear that the Eskimo may have started out Caucasoid and ended
up Mongoloid, the opposite of the Ottoman Turks.
"Whatever one may say of the Eskimo, it now seems most likely that the
Ainu are of Caucasoid origin. The same must be true in part of the
Gilyaks, another heavily bearded people of Sakhalin and the Lower Amur
River valley. Old photographs of other Paleo-Asiatic-speaking tribesmen,
like the Yukaghirs, also show European-like features, including beards."
Page 154: "The Ainu and Gilyaks probably owe their Caucasoid appearance
to an ancient migration from eastern Siberia."
Cavalli-Sforza in his HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF HUMAN GENES, also takes
the view that Europeans, northeast Asians and Eskimos are related. He
believes that northern Mongoloids like the Japanese and northern Chinese
are more closely related to Europeans than they are to southern Chinese,
whom he groups with southeast Asians.
He obviously is confused. What the genetic data does show is evidence of
a prehistoric Caucasoid invasion that swept across northern Asia into
North America. Modern Arctic peoples are part Caucasoid, whereas
southeast Asians are part Australoid.
Ancient human
Changed:3:50 AM on Wednesday, February 7,
Iberia, not Siberia?
Most people believe that Native Americans were Mongoloids who came over
a land bridge from Siberia. This is indeed a large part of their origin.
However, in recent years, there has been growing evidence of people from
other races and continents coming to the Americas in prehistoric times.
This is in addition to evidence of possible ancient migrations such as
from Phoenicia, Ireland, Scandinavia, and China.
Remains of racially Australoid people have been found in SOUTH America.
How on earth could they have gotten there? The most likely hypothesis
seems to be that they followed the Pacific coastline north to Beringia
and then came down the west coast to South America. A journey by boat
across the Pacific seems highly unlikely, but it is believed that
ancestors of Aborigines crossed 60 miles of open ocean 50,000 years ago
to come to Australia, so perhaps it's not impossible.
Next, there is evidence of prehistoric Caucasoid invasions coming from
two directions, Siberia and Europe! Most Native Americans speak
languages of the Amerindian Family, but some speak languages of the
Na-Dené Family, which is part of the Dené-Caucasian Macrofamily,
which includes Basque, Chechen, and Chinese. This would be the origin of
Caucasoid mummies, some with red hair, which have been found in western
Canada and the American northwest, in association with the Cascade
Culture of about 7,000 BC.
But, believe it or not, there is also evidence of yet another invasion,
from Europe. The earliest hunters of the North American plains are known
as Clovis. There is no evidence of them coming from Siberia, but they do
resemble the Solutrean of France! In addition, the oldest Clovis
artifacts are not from the northwest. They are from the Atlantic coast!
In fact, they are found on the continental shelf underwater in the
Atlantic Ocean. Underwater archaeologist Michael Faught hypothesized
they would be there. He went diving off the coast of Florida and found
Below are two articles on this. The first one is very long. It includes
a detailed genetic analysis of Native Americans. Some eastern Indians,
such as the Ojibway, have both mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomes which
indicate a European origin which could not be due to recent mixing with
whites. Their closest genetic relatives, with respect to these genes are
the Finns!
During the Ice Age, the Atlantic Ocean shrunk somewhat. The ice moved
south. It would have been possible for Stone Age hunters to travel along
the southern edges of the ice across Britain, Iceland, and Greenland to
eastern Canada. This would explain why the Clovis artifacts of North
America are so similar to the Solutrian artifacts of France. It would
also explain the European appearance of some Native Americans, which was
already apparent to the first modern European explorers.
Team Atlantis - Research Papers
Changed:12:39 AM on Friday, January 12, 2001
Office of Research: Research In Review: Cover Story: Florida's First
Changed:8:12 PM on Friday, May 16, 2003
The Sino-Caucasian Language Family
What is the Sino-Caucasian language family? It is a family of related
languages that includes Chinese, Chechen, Basque, and Navaho. How could
languages from such places that are so far apart be related?
Sino-Caucasian formed during the end of the Ice Age in northern Eurasia.
Similar culture, technology, racial type and language extended from
France to central Siberia. These Ice Age hunters expanded east into
North America, where they gave rise to the Caucasoid or Ainu-like
Kennewick Man in Washington and Spirit Cave Man in Nevada.
The Sino-Caucasian family is also known as the Dene-Caucasian Family.
Dené comes from the Navaho word for Navaho. I did a google search and
found 3 entries under Dené-Caucasian, 205 entries under
Dene-Caucasian, and 137 entries under Sino-Caucasian. Sino- stands for
One branch of Sino-Caucasian, called either Nostratic or Eurasiatic,
overran much of the original Sino-Caucasian territory, leaving only
pockets of non-Nostratic languages. These non-Nostratic languages are
called Sino-Caucasian.
What are the modern Sino-Caucasian languages? Chinese is by far the best
known. It belongs to the Sino-Tibetan family (a subgroup of
Sino-Caucasian). Sino-Tibetan also includes Tibetan and Burmese. Basque
is a member of this family. In the Caucasus Mountains there are Chechen,
Ingush and the 50 languages of Daghestan. There is a language spoken by
a few thousand people in Siberia called Ket. There is a language spoken
in or near Kashmir called Burushashki. Then, there are the Na-Dené
languages which are spoken in western Canada. About a thousand years
ago, some of these Na-Dené migrated south to Arizona. this is the
origin of the Navajo language, the most widely spoken native language in
the United States.
Some scholars believe that Sumerian, the language of the world's first
civilization, was Sino-Caucasian, but others classify it as Nostatic.
I found a map of the world's languages which shows this family, under
the name Dene-Caucasian. It shows red for Basque, a tiny patch of red in
Siberia for Ket, a big patch of red for Chinese, Tibetan, and Burmese, a
big patch of red in western Canada for Na-Dené, and a misplaced patch
of red in Texas, which should be in Arizona. Australia is a different
shade of red, but Australian languages have nothing to do with
World Map of Language Families
This map is slightly inaccurate and ambiguous, but still gives a general
idea of the world's major language families.
Figure 5
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May 26 2003, 11:38 AM
"including Kets (83.3%) and Selkups (76.2%), "
Do you remember last year when I made the "calculator", it placed British near the Selkups? May be the old component was the cause.
"Southeastern Asia (up to 32% in the populations of India, Pakistan, and Iran)"
Actually, the level of HG3 is around 39-42 in Indo-Aryan speaking Indian population.
Bengalis 39%, Bombay Brahmins 42%, Punjabi Lobana 44%, and so on.
Source: Am J Hum Genet 72:313-332
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May 26 2003, 11:42 AM
how your calculator calculates the distance?
your own formula?
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Simple algebraic formula. Nothing complicated... no discriminants.
May 26 2003, 11:45 AM
Just based on numbers.
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This is how I use it
May 26 2003, 12:00 PM
Most of them use this:
Say, PopXXX has HG1=10%, HG=20%, HG3=30%, HG4=40%, and PopYYY has HG1=40%, HG2=30%, HG3-20%, HG4=10%.
I(actually, the computer does all the calculation using the server-side programming script) calculated the distance by:
$value= |(HG1
$distance = $value/4
So, distance = {|(10-40)| + |(20-30)| + |(30-20)| + |(40-10)|}/4
= {30+10+10+30}/4 = 20
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Because of the the shared haplotype: 1C
May 26 2003, 11:43 AM
Frequency of haplotype 1C:
British - 69%
Selkups - 76%
<< Has frequencies for the haplotype 1C... entered a year earlier.
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Paleo-Caucasoid Y-chromosomes in Africa
May 26 2003, 1:11 PM
A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 70:1197-1214, 2002
With the exception of a single Y chromosome from Morocco with the M269 mutation (haplotype 117b), all group IX African chromosomes are characterized by the presence of the
and M207 derived alleles and the absence of the downstream mutations (haplotype 117). Haplotype 117 was found only in Cameroon, where it accounts for 26% of the chromosomes (
40% in northern Cameroon
). Chromosomes from Cameroon with this haplotype are the same as those reported in a previous article as belonging to
haplotype 1C
(Scozzari et al. 1999).
[. . .]
Group IX Chromosomes in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Asian Origin?
[. . .]
How can the presence of Group IX chromosomes at considerable frequency in Cameroon be explained? A priori, we can envision three possibilities. First, group IX chromosomes in Cameroon are due to rather recent male gene flow from Europe or the Near East. Second, the entire M9 superclade (haplogroups VIIX) has an African origin. Third, group IX chromosomes in Cameroon represent a footprint of a male back migration from Asia to Africa. The first scenario seems to be very unlikely, because only derived haplotypes, carrying the M269 or M17/SRY10831 mutations, have been detected in western Eurasia. The second hypothesis, an African origin of the M9 superclade that includes haplotype 117, would imply a subsequent impressive extinction of derivative lineages in sub-Saharan Africa, since no other haplotypes carrying the M9 mutation (haplogroups VIIX) have been observed in this region (the only exception being represented by a few haplotype 109 chromosomes found in the Fulbe from Cameroon).
The last scenario, that of a back migration from Asia to Africa, currently appears to be by far the most plausible
. This is because most of the M9 haplotypes (the majority of group VII and VIII lineages, as well as some group IX and X lineages reported by Underhill et al. [2000]) have been observed only in Asia. Moreover, this possibility appears to be further supported by the recent finding of the UTY2+/M173- intermediate haplotype (Karafet et al. 2001) in central and northeastern Asia (the UTY2 marker in the study by Karafet et al. [2001] corresponds to M207 in the present study).
On the basis of phylogeographic Y-haplotype analyses, Asia has been regarded as the source of several old migrations leading to the peopling of America, Oceania, and Europe (Karafet et al. 1999; Santos et al. 1999; Hammer et al. 2001; Underhill et al. 2001b; Wells et al. 2001; Lell et al. 2002). In particular, M173-bearing chromosomes in Europe are considered to delineate an ancient expansion from Asia during the Upper Paleolithic, 30,000 years ago (Semino et al. 2000; Underhill et al. 2001b; Wells et al. 2001). It is quite reasonable to hypothesize that an ancient Asian gene pool was the source of both the European (haplotype 117b) and Cameroonian (haplotype 117) M173 chromosomes. The fact that haplotype 117 is rare or absent in Asia (P.A.U., unpublished data) or the Middle East (present study), suggests that a large portion of its microsatellite diversity in Cameroon accumulated within the African continent after the proposed back-migration event, probably as a consequence of a population expansion. The coalescence age of the African haplotype 117, which we estimated as 4,100 years (95% CI 2,4008,060 years), could thus represent a date for such an expansion and a lower limit for the time of entry into Africa. The occurrence of the latter event may not necessarily be recent. Although anthropological evidence indicates recent movements between western Asia and Africa by pastoralists (Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994), the phylogeography and diversity patterns of M173-associated lineages suggest an earlier demographic history. The absence in northern Cameroon of Y haplotypes affiliated with the recolonization of Europe following the Last Glacial Maximum, as well as the subsequent Neolithic transition (Semino et al. 2000), is consistent with this interpretation. Interestingly, phylogenetic analysis of primate T-cell lymphotropic viruses type 1 indicate a putative Asian origin (Vandamme et al. 1998) followed by a simian- or human-mediated introduction to Africa 20,000 years ago (Van Dooren et al. 2001).
An ancient human back migration from Asia to Africa had already been proposed by Altheide and Hammer (1997) and Hammer et al. (1998, 2001), on the basis of nested cladistic analysis of Y-chromosome data. They suggested that the presence of YAP+ chromosomes in Africa was due to such an event, but this has recently been questioned by Underhill et al. (2001b) and Underhill and Roseman (2001), primarily on the basis of the Asian-specific YAP+ subclade that neutralizes the previous phylogenetic inferences. Thus, the only evidence of a migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa that is fully supported by Y-chromosome data relies, at least for the moment, on the finding of haplogroup IX chromosomes in Cameroon.
Interestingly, a frequency of 13% has been previously reported in an Egyptian sample for a group of chromosomes defined as haplotype 1C (Scozzari et al. 1999) and closely related to the M173 chromosomes
. Unfortunately, this sample was not available for the present study. Although we cannot define more precisely the haplotype of the Egyptian 1C Y chromosomes, it is worth noting that four of six of these chromosomes showed dinucleotide microsatellite haplotypes that matched or were one-step neighbors of the M173 chromosomes found in Cameroon.
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Eurocentric Myths
Utter nonsense!
May 26 2003, 7:57 PM
Whats intereasting is that none of the northern Cameroonian people show the slightest trace of paleo-Caucasoid mixture let alone Cro-Magnoid traits. And who's to say that tis haplotype is Cro-Magnoid? Cro-magnoids did not descend from Northern Europeans even if all of this were true they're NOT your people.
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Actually, its not.
June 3 2003, 12:06 PM
Remember, the N. Cameroonians referred to are Fulani, Hausa, or similar such groups. This "admixture" (which is also found in Nigeria, if I remember correctly) is most probably the result of past admixture with Berbers from a time when these groups were situated much closer together.
In the alternative, it is believed by the locals that a band of Egyptians migrated there long ago.
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Paleo-Caucasoid ancestry in the Middle East
May 26 2003, 1:36 PM
M17 (HG3) -- marking a post-glacial expansion of Proto-Europid types, probably from north of the Black Sea
Iraqis .... 6.5%
Lebanese .. 9.7%
Turks ..... 6.6%
Syrians ... 10.0%
total M173 (including M17) (HG1 + HG3) -- total Central Eurasian Paleo-Caucasoid ancestry
Iraqis .... 17.3%
Lebanese .. 16.1%
Turks ..... 16.5%
Syrians ... 25.0%
The Eurasian haplogroups, R-M269 and R-M17, represent the second most frequent component of the Iraqi Y-chromosome gene pool. The R-M17 cluster distribution and its 49a,f associations suggest that the
population movements from Central Asia/Eastern Europe into the modern Iran
postulated by Quintana-Murci et al. (2001) also influenced Iraq. Indeed, the R-M17 shows a frequency of 6.5% in Iraq which falls in the lower edge (39%) of the range observed in the Iranian populations living at the border of Iraq.
[. . .]
Although the level of resolution of our analyses does not allow an evaluation of the back migrations of widely distributed haplogroups, it is possible to identify some European, African, and Asian signature markers in both male and female gene pools of modern Iraqis. Overall, these external long-range input appear to represent about 9% of mtDNAs and 30% of Y-chromosomes. MtDNA gene flow is revealed by the presence of the European haplogroups V and U5 (1.4%), the North African haplogroup U6 (0.9%), the sub-Saharan African haplogroups L1 and L2 (4.2%), and the East-Asian haplogroups M and B (2.3%). As for the Y chromosome, the African input is represented by the haplogroup E (12.2%), the
input from Eastern Europe/Central Asia is revealed by R-M269/49a,f haplotypes 35 with its derivative 47 and R-M17 (15.9%)
, while haplogroup I and R-M269/49a,f haplotype 15 Y chromosomes indicate a limited gene flow from Europe (1.4%). The different extent of male and female external contribution observed in the Iraqi gene pool is a frequent observation in this kind of studies and often finds an explanation in the different male and female social behavior (Excoffier et al., 1996; Huoponen et al., 1997; Passarino et al., 1998; Perez-Lezaun et al., 1999; Salem et al., 1996; Scozzari et al., 1997; Seielstad et al., 1998; Torroni et al., 1994). However, it has also to be taken into account that the level of resolution of the mtDNA markers used in this study could be lower than that reached by the Y-chromosome counterparts.
N. Al-Zahery et al. Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. In Press.
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Re: Paleo-Caucasoid ancestry in the Middle East
May 26 2003, 2:31 PM
It seems that at least most of HG3 distribution is due to the BA expansion: Norway and Germany (proto-Germanics), Poland, Hungary, Russia (Slavs), SE Russia, Kazakhstan, Western Siberia - Iranians. That's all backed by skeletal evidence. Most likely that HG3 presence in India is also due to the BA expansion.
BAs were presented in ancient Iraq, and actually Slavs penetrated as far as Asia Minor and Syria, and settled there in significant numbers.
Probably Dnepr-Donetz UP types were proto-HG3/HG1 and HG12/16... surely they weren't HG3, as it's not recorded in significant numbers in several Siberian groups based on the Dnepr-Donetz type... which in turn is similar to one of 2 basic Europid Mesolithic types...
Anyway, Anon, how do you feel about posting anthropological evidence that HG12/16 appeared in the Caucasoid population of EE and WS? I'll supply you of necessary citations from Alexeev and Gokhman.
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Physical anthropology detects East Baltics in Leb. and Syria, not just Nordics - nt
May 26 2003, 2:32 PM
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Slavs were BA. EB = North-Europid + a bit of Mongolid = blonde Europid with minor Mogoloid
May 26 2003, 2:35 PM
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Yes. My point is, these Slavic migrations - which I believe did happen - were not pure BAs
May 26 2003, 2:35 PM
they already had some East Baltics mixed in with them. I have personally seen some of these types, btw.
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It's possible
May 26 2003, 2:41 PM
but rather they became intermixed on the place... anyway, Dienekes won't like your idea LOL
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The Slavs that came to Greece were dolichocephalic
May 26 2003, 3:46 PM
they are unrelated to the Finno-Ugric/Slavic/Turkic mix also known as "Russians".
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Corded to the Core
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Wrong Turk. Lundman detected East Baltic types in Greece...
June 2 2003, 1:59 PM
Likewise there are in Greece blond individuals, both of the Nordid and also the
East Baltid race.
Of course, its quite possible that EBs in Greece are actually blonde UPs who've acquired their Mongoloidism from Turkic, rather than Finno-Ugric sources.
Edit: Did I say Sweden? I meant Greece. There is probably more EBs in Greece than Sweden, anyways.
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Aris Poulianos at the University of MOSCOW thought otherwise
June 2 2003, 5:41 PM
So did Coon, Angel, Buxton, Von Luschan, Xirotiris, in short every physical anthropologist that actually examined living Greeks.
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Re: Re: Paleo-Caucasoid ancestry in the Middle East
May 26 2003, 3:24 PM
It seems that at least most of HG3 distribution is due to the BA expansion: Norway and Germany (proto-Germanics), Poland, Hungary, Russia (Slavs), SE Russia, Kazakhstan, Western Siberia - Iranians.
Incorrect. Cordeds (in western Europe, anyway) are most likely associated with HG2 (I in the new nomenclature) and HG1. The expansion of HG3 into Norway probably happened far before the expansion of Indo-Europeans. HG3 in Norway is probably primarily associated with Brunn types who were among the first settlers of Scandinavia.
Different genetic components in the Norwegian population revealed by the analysis of mtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms.
European Journal of Human Genetics
(2002) 10, 521 529.
Archaeological evidences have suggested that the core of
the oldest populations colonising Scandinavia 11 000
12 000 thousand years ago
came from the present Germany.
They probably went through the Jutland and the now
submerged Doggerland, and then headed northward via
the ice-free coastal area of Norway. Their lithic tools suggest
they belonged to the Ahrensburgian culture,41,42 that
thrived in central and eastern Europe (artifacts have been
found in Poland, Lithuania and Russia) in the so called Late
Glacial, that is at the end of the LGM, when the increase of
temperature and precipitation triggered the recession of the
ice sheets. The analysis of many Ahrensburg sites and the
related lithic tools has suggested that this culture started
from the Dniepr valley in Ukraine,20 one of the sites were
humans found refuge during the LGM. The analysis of Y
chromosome polymorphisms in present European populations
has indicated that Eu 19 (that is also characterised by
other Y chromosome markers: 49a,fht11, SRY 1532G35)
expanded between 13 000 and 7600 years ago from the
Dniepr-Don Valley area, probably when groups that initially
sought refuge in that area during the LGM were allowed to
migrate by the improved climatic conditions to those
regions of Europe previously covered by ice.7,37 In fact this
Y chromosome lineage, is by far more frequent is eastern
Europe with a decreasing westward gradient. In addition it
is much more diversified in eastern European populations.
The highest degree of diversification was observed in Ukranians.
It is then possible that
Ahrensburgian men, as well
as most of the men descending from the Ukranian LGM
refuge bore Eu19 Y chromosomes
. The microsatellite haplotypes
linked to M17 in Norwegian individuals represents
indeed a subset of the repertoire observed in eastern Europe.
In particular it was observed the prevalence of the 15.3/1
(21/19 repeats) and of the 16.5/1 (23/19 repeats) haplotypes
with their relative derivatives. The Eu19 16.5/1 haplotype is
also very common in eastern Europe, while Eu 19 15.3/1
haplotype is common in Norway but very rare elsewhere.35
This peculiar pattern of microsatellites affiliated with EU19
may be explained by a founder effect, subsequent isolation
in Norwegians (and possibly the Scandinavians) and eventual
in loco expansion, as also observed elsewhere.37 If it
seems reasonable to assume that most of the Ahrensburgian
men bore the Eu19 Y chromosomes, it cannot be excluded
that they mixed with other groups before moving northward
to Norwegian coasts. In particular, late glacial central Europe
was characterised by the expansion of northern Balkan
groups, where the frequency of M170 Y chromosomes (EU
7) was probably very high.7 In addition, based on the differentiation
of haplogroup V in Scandinavia, it also seems that
groups coming from the northern Spain refuge entered
Norway.22,43 Should this be true, it is likely that M173 Y
chromosomes (EU18) also entered Norway during the late
[. . .]
The present German gene pool shows a high frequency
Eu7 [HG2] and Eu18 [HG1] haplotypes. These haplotypes, which
account for about 75% of the Norwegian Y chromosome
pool, are then likely to have been
brought to Norway by
those groups who also brought the Indo-European
languages and the agriculture
. However, at present, it is
not possible to evaluate how much this migration impacted
the Norwegian gene pool. First, because it is not possible to
distinguish between lineages brought in the late glacial
time and those brought 5 6000 years ago. In addition,
non-random mating phenomena may also play a role. It
is possible that these cultures were composed of a subset
of elite males,21 who reduced the reproductive success of
other males and then the Y chromosome may emphasise
the real genetic contributions of the central European
migration to Norway. It has to be noticed that also part
of the Eu19 lineage could have entered Norway with the
migrations that brought the transition to agriculture. In
fact, although very low in Germany, this lineage is very
high in Poland, Hungary and in the former Czeckslovakia.
However the network of microsatellite haplotypes attached
to this lineage seems to suggest a long time in loco differentiation
(see above). Either because of late glacial or of more
recent migrations the Norway Y chromosome gene pool
appears to be very close to present day Germans. In fact
the Fst and the Fst data indicate Germans and a few other
Central European populations as being the closest to the
Norwegians. When we compare our results with those
based on different polymorphic systems,9,17 we can infer
that these conclusions are also valid for Swedish, while
Finns and Saami had a quite different genetic history with
a great impact of Uralic Finno-Ugric speaking population.
"Probably Dnepr-Donetz UP types were proto-HG3/HG1 and HG12/16"
Nope. Again, the area from which HG3 is believed to have originated is associated with UP types. More gracile (Corded and Danubian) types are associated with Central Europe and (most likely) HG2 and HG1.
"Anyway, Anon, how do you feel about posting anthropological evidence that HG12/16 appeared in the Caucasoid population of EE and WS?"
I will add some more information next time I update my site. And I may write up something about that "DNAprint" garbage, in which I'll probably touch on Tat-C.
"I'll supply you of necessary citations from Alexeev and Gokhman."
I welcome any information.
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May 26 2003, 4:01 PM
I'd strongly disagree.
First, it's impossible to associate ONE RACE with 2 haplogroups. I think you agree.
Second,the area of the BA settlement is confined by Oder in the West, and Altai Mts in the East. Ancient Slavs and Iranians all were of the BA type, and this territory is esp. high in HG3, and in no way in HG2.
Third, the Ukrainian refuge might be limited to HG3, but not to a single racial type. (as with HG1 and HG2)
The BA element in Norwegians, not very strong in the beginning and I guess already diluted via mixing with Germanic peoples could well penetrate Norway later, as suggested by the study: "It has to be noticed that also part of the Eu19 lineage could have entered Norway with the migrations that brought the transition to agriculture. In fact, although very low in Germany, this lineage is very high in Poland, Hungary and in the former Czeckslovakia." [and it means that the IE language was brought by them as well]
So your argumentation is feeble and do not take into consideration BA spread in EE and Central Asia, Western Siberia, which simply lack HG2
>>"Probably Dnepr-Donetz UP types were proto-HG3/HG1 >>and HG12/16"
>Nope. Again, the area from which HG3 is believed to >have originated is associated with UP types.
Same can be said about HG1 and HG2, after all :D
> More gracile (Corded and Danubian) types are >associated with Central Europe and (most likely) HG2 >and HG1.
And how they are associated? Everywhere where we see HG3 we see Cords: Poles, Russians, Iranians... Let's see HG1 - where do you see Cords in Ireland? HG2 - where are they in Sweden, in particularly low-skulled country?
Once again, gracile Corded types of Asia surely weren't high in HG2.
>>"Anyway, Anon, how do you feel about posting >>anthropological evidence that HG12/16 appeared in >>the Caucasoid population of EE and WS?"
>I will add some more information next time I update >my site. And I may write up something about >that "DNAprint" garbage, in which I'll probably touch >on Tat-C.
>"I'll supply you of necessary citations from Alexeev >and Gokhman."
>I welcome any information.
Well, you're going to post my info that Western Siberia was Caucasoid in the time of HG12 formation, let me know and I'll send you tthe necessary citations.
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Re: ANON
May 26 2003, 5:23 PM
First, it's impossible to associate ONE RACE with 2 haplogroups.
Of course. However, it is possible to say that the Cordeds of the western European Corded Ware culture were in all probablity associated with high levles of HG2.
The Corded Ware complex s.l. is biologically heterogeneous. The local groups of the core area (Central Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland) form a very homogeneous block,
issued from the local "Old Europe" substratum
and persisting until Aunjetitz at least This block shows
no biological affinities to the Ukrainian Kurgan populations
. There is no evidnence for the physical presendce of Kurgan tribes in this area.
Roland Menk. A synopsis of the physical anthropology of the corded ware complex on the background of the expansion of the Kurgan cultures. JIES 8.
"the area of the BA settlement is confined by Oder in the West"
The homogeneous core of the Corded ware complex = Central Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland.
"Ancient Slavs and Iranians all were of the BA type"
Citation? Also, I think any resemblance between "Corded" types in Kazakhstan and "Corded" types in Germany probably had more to do with convergent evolution than common descent. Just as, today, a German "Alpine" is not particularly closely related to a Central Asian "Alpine".
Third, the Ukrainian refuge might be limited to HG3, but not to a single racial type.
True, there were probably a variety of UP, Baltic, and "Med" types. But the major element was UP.
The bottom line is that the Kurgan people (perhaps the "purest" descendants of the Ukraine refuge) were biologically distinct from the Corded people of Central Europe.
The BA element in Norwegians, not very strong in the beginning and I guess already diluted via mixing with Germanic peoples could well penetrate Norway later, as suggested by the study: "It has to be noticed that also part of the Eu19 lineage could have entered Norway with the migrations that brought the transition to agriculture. In fact, although very low in Germany, this lineage is very high in Poland, Hungary and in the former Czeckslovakia." [and it means that the IE language was brought by them as well]
Some HG3 "could" have been brought to Norway by Indo-European speakers. You left out the next sentence.
"However the network of microsatellite haplotypes attached
to this lineage seems to suggest a long time in loco differentiation
(see above)."
Most HG3 in Norway probably arrived before the IE speakers. And all evidence points to the fact that the people who brought IE speech to Norway had high levels of HG2 and low levels of HG3.
Same can be said about HG1 and HG2, after all :D
Not in Central Europe in the time period in question.
And how they are associated? Everywhere where we see HG3 we see Cords: Poles, Russians, Iranians
In none of those (modern) populations do Cords form anything like a majority.
Let's see HG1 - where do you see Cords in Ireland?
Obviously, there are multiple racial types associated with HG1 in western Europe (including UP, "Med", and probably Alpine, Dinaric, etc.)
HG2 - where are they in Sweden, in particularly low-skulled country?
Sweden is generally accepted as the most heavily Nordic country in existence, a "refuge of the classical Nordic type". I'm not concerned with head height -- that's a single metrical trait which could be easily altered by drift or selection. Incidentally, do you have a citation showing that head heights are significantly lower in Sweden than in Norway?
Well, you're going to post my info that Western Siberia was Caucasoid in the time of HG12 formation, let me know and I'll send you tthe necessary citations.
Would you mind posting them now?
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Re: Paleo-Caucasoid ancestry in the Middle East
May 26 2003, 2:44 PM
>> M17 (HG3) -- marking a post-glacial expansion of Proto-Europid types, probably from north of the Black Sea
Iraqis .... 6.5%
Lebanese .. 9.7%
Turks ..... 6.6%
Syrians ... 10.0%
M17 occurs at such low frequencies, that it can probably be to a great extent be explained by miscegenation with Slavic slaves (either via the Arabs, or via the practice of Ottomans to convert Slavic children to Islam)/Varangians/Crusaders and of course the Turkic invaders themselves (in Central Asia HG3 is high)
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Re: Re: Paleo-Caucasoid ancestry in the Middle East
May 26 2003, 2:59 PM
M17 occurs at such low frequencies, that it can probably be to a great extent be explained by miscegenation with Slavic slaves (either via the Arabs, or via the practice of Ottomans to convert Slavic children to Islam)/Varangians/Crusaders and of course the Turkic invaders themselves (in Central Asia HG3 is high)
Uh, sure. That's why HG3 is higher in Syria and Lebanon than in Turkey (I believe it is higher still in parts of Arabia). Try again.
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Remember the Turks were Byzantine Greeks until relatively recently.
May 26 2003, 3:02 PM
though I'm not sure how significant that is.
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Re: Re: Re: Paleo-Caucasoid ancestry in the Middle East
May 26 2003, 3:30 PM
>> Uh, sure. That's why HG3 is higher in Syria and Lebanon than in Turkey (I believe it is higher still in parts of Arabia). Try again.
Syria and Lebanon were one of the main targets of the Crusades, in addition to being part of both the Arab and Ottoman Empires (with the Turkic/slave/captive associations that I've explained). Also, Anatolia has traditionally had a much larger population base.
R1a may have probably been present in antiquity in the Middle East and Anatolia, but these processes doubtlessly boosted it.
Additionally, HG3 was found by Spencer Wells only in 4% of Iranians (from Tehran) and not in any from Shiraz or Isfahan. It's found in Eastern Iran though.
Hg3 has not been found to my knowledge among Arabians. Perhaps in low frequencies.
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Yes, in Eastern Iran HG3 is high. Western Iranians have HG9.
May 26 2003, 3:31 PM
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Cro-Magnon superiority
June 2 2003, 1:12 PM
The flip flop weather conditions of the fourth ice age was a major factor in evolution. During these rapidly changing weather conditions it was not possible to rely on niche skills that were passed down from the older generation. These rapid temperature changes would have had an effect throughout the globe,
however these rapid changes combined with severe temperatures posed severe selection pressures in northerly latitudes.
In tropical climates the variable weather changes would mean a switch from one plant source or plentiful animal source to another. However in Northern climates there was less choice in the available food sources and a sharp temperature change more likely would have required a change to a completely different source. On top of learning a new way of living whatever methods were used had to be perfected again due to the scarcity. Excellent hunting skills would have been required to bring down large game which required improved planning, better communication, better technology. Also the severe temperatures demanded improved technology in order to build shelter rapidly without which survival was impossible as they followed large game.
The constant changes in weather required skills that had to be developed very rapidly requiring a brain with great versatility which could survive in a wide range of situations, an intelligent brain that could deal with many new situations rather than a specialist.
The development of this practical intelligence had payoffs in more abstract thinking- reasoning, planning and ingenuity.
The below article discusses the evolution of homo sapiens in Western Eurasia and how the ingenuity which evolved spread to the other continents.
See Full article
The Origin of Races
(Part II)
All world civilizations can probably be
traced back to Cro-Magnon man.
by Michael W. Masters
"Everywhere one looks the Upper Paleolithic
arrives in the form of an invasion . . . ."
David de Laubenfels
Thirty-five thousand years ago a new human race appeared somewhere in western Eurasia. Scientists do not know the precise point of origin or exactly how this new Homo sapiens sapiens became differentiated from his immediate predecessors, but differences there were, and in abundance. Though anatomically modern humans appeared more than 100,000 years ago, this new race possessed a remarkable constellation of new talents: creativity, ingenuity and a restless wanderlust that forever altered the course of life on earth.
Known as people of the Upper Paleolithic Period (the end of the Paleolithic from approximately 60,000 to 10,000 B.C.), they were identified in 1868 by the discovery of fossils in a cave in southern France called Cro-Magnon. Soon exquisite cave paintings, clay figurines, ivory and calcite carvings, jewelry and musical instruments were found in other caves in France, Spain and Germany. Vivid images of mammoth, bison, horses and Cro-Magnon females indicated awareness not only of the physical world but also of sexual reproduction.
Formed in the crucible of a European ice age, Cro-Magnon had a cranial capacity of well over 1500 cubic centimeters. This is larger than modern Northern Europeans and East Asians, who have an average, including both males and females, of about 1350 cubic centimeters. Modern Africans have an average cranial capacity of about 1250 cubic centimeters. Since the correlation between brain size and intelligence is now well established, the intellectual capabilities of Cro-Magnon must have been impressive.
Cro-Magnon people looked very similar to modern Europeans. David de Laubenfels, a Syracuse University anthropologist, said of them: "All have certain physical characteristics in common; all have well formed chins, high straight foreheads, smaller modern teeth, and brains as big as Neanderthal but without the heavy brow ridges. . . . The original Upper Paleolithic people would, if they appeared among us today, be called Caucasoid . . . ."
Technologically advanced Cro-Magnon people expanded outward from Northwest Europe during the Mesolithic era, 20,000 years ago or more, moving into West Asia and North Africa, as well as into Northeast Asia, where mixing with indigenous proto-Mongoloids appears to have been substantial.
The mountains of Central Asia formed a barrier to their penetration into Southeast Asia. As a result, Southeast Asia today is largely a mix of early Mongoloids, Australoids and Negritos (possibly descended from earlier migrations of Africans).
The impact of the dispersal of these early Caucasians on the creation of civilization is incalculable. As the map on this page shows, every place on earth where history records the rise of great civilizations lies on a Cro-Magnon migration path.
Prof. De Laubenfels adds: "There is reason to believe that the significant changes associated with the cultural advance known as the Upper Paleolithic had fully as great an impact on the human condition as any one of the familiar more recent great economic 'revolutions' [agricultural, industrial, etc.] . . . . The Upper Paleolithic techniques . . . overwhelmed all regional bounds and spread inexorably in all directions ultimately to transform the economy in all parts of the inhabited world . . . . The resulting population realignment produced for the most part the familiar modern racial groups and for the first time placed humans in the dominant ecological role in the world."
What Prof. de Laubenfels attributes to "cultural advance" and "techniques" may be ascribed to intellect and temperament. Culture follows these traits and not the other way around. And, as numerous researchers have suggested for example, Philippe Rushton of the University of Western Ontario and Edward Miller of the University of New Orleans these traits have genetic origins.
Even so timid a source as The History and Geography of Human Genes, by Professors Cavalli-Sforza, Menozzi and Piazza, affirms that "the prototype of modern humans comes from Cro-Magnon."
Civilization, throughout time and place, is therefore the virtually exclusive creation of the new race that was shaped in the forests and caves of Europe 35,000 years ago.
This creation is not merely cultural. It is organic and genetic, and followed the restless migrations of Upper Paleolithic peoples into nearly every corner of the earth.
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Interesting article. Thanks (nt)
June 2 2003, 1:25 PM
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The above series of posts establishes without a doubt
June 2 2003, 5:47 PM
That Cro-Magnon ancestry is highest in the places that were first to be civilized. The high occurrence of Cro-Magnon ancestry in Cameroon is also proof that it makes people superior. The same is true for the Altai-Sayan region, that has contributed so much to the civilization of the world. In Europe too we see a gradient of "Cro-Magnon" ancestry reaching its highest point in Ireland; it is well-known that the flow of culture has been from Ireland to the Balkans always, and not the other way around. And, let's not forget that it is also present in the Near East where civilization was born. Never mind that this so-called Cro-Magnon ancestry is about ten times less than the indigenous Neolithic ancestry. Surely, it must have been the Cro-Magnon ancestry that's the cause for all greatness.
:: dienekes.com/BLOG ::
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RE:The above series of posts establishes without a doubt
June 3 2003, 10:56 AM
If the final stages of evolution occurred in Europe during the last ice age then it is reasonable to assume that these newly evolved abilities spread to other regions of the world.
The greatest achievements are found in the areas with most Cro-magnon ancestry. The earliest examples of abstract and creative thinking was found in Europe. Europe was comparatively unpopulated in Palaeolithic and Neolithic times for environmental reasons. However when the population in Europe did recover civilization evolved at an unprecedented pace, despite relative geographic isolation.
Also, while impressive, the developments in the Middle east were largely unconscious gradual incremental developments unlike the individual creativity and ingenuity displayed in Europe.
Please post any information you have about the presence of Cro-magnon ancestry in European populations.
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DIENEKES -Natufian man in the near east had UP morphology correct?
June 3 2003, 11:39 AM
Natufian man appears to be a descendant from an Upper Paleolithic Cro Magnon ancestor. They were of rugged Eurafrican (Robust Mediterranean - Linear Basic White) stock with a doliochocephalic skull and of rather short stature ..... The term used to decribe this type is Robust Mediteranean BASIC WHITE .
Would this mean that of the NEOLITHIC elements spreading to Europe are partially decendent from Cromagmum types in the Near East
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Yes, that is true
June 3 2003, 3:43 PM
Natufians were Basic White (Robust Mediterranean). Actually they were not Cro-Magnoids like the people of Europe, but Combe-Capelloids, another UP type.
:: dienekes.com/BLOG ::
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So that means neolithic farmer who spread to
June 3 2003, 4:21 PM
Europe were partially Cromagnum.
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Eurocentric Myths
Cro-Magnons had nothing to do with Cameeronians
June 3 2003, 12:41 PM
can you name one civilization that arose in cameroon? Stay the fuck out of Africa with your foolish games.
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When was Cameroon first populated by humans, anyway?
June 3 2003, 1:18 PM
The "Cro-magnon" dna is due to Berber admixture, as stated in my post above.
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June 3 2003, 12:18 PM
"We ought not scoff at this presumptive intelligence, given the simple if beautiful tools, borers, scrapers, hand axes, spear and arrow heads, needles, combs, now made of bone, ivory, flint, precious stones, fabricated with excruciatingly careful and diligent care and perception."
There is not a race on earth that didnt create these same things and with the same "excruciatingly careful and diligent care and perception".
"But remember, we do not judge the achievements of a people by what they have inherited. Rather, the test of any progress in civilization is made by the advances a people make over the previous generation."
Not so. Unless theyre Nordic, nothing any race ever does (independent of Nordic influence) is considered an "achievement", let alone a "progress in civlization".
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text:
When a fat person has so much fat on their bodies that it has actually started folding over itself and looks discusting unless you like to recieve fat wanks.
"Oh my god! That bitch has some serious fat folds going on!"
di darkhawk91 02 agosto 2009
moda del momento
ordine alfabetico

subset: commoncrawl


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Search thousands of recipes reviewed by home cooks like you.
Prep30 m
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Made it for my friends little brother, hes 6 and loved it. Thanks for the recipe :3
This "100% Fruit Cake" was a BIG HIT! I made mine 3 hours in advance and placed it in a pie plate by chance because I was taking it to a picnic. A lot of fruit juice seeped from the fruit, but fortunately the edges of the pie plate caught the excess fruit juice so I didn't have a big mess. I just "drank away" the excess juice with a straw. From now on when I make this recipe I will place the cake in my flan pan both to catch the juices and so I can stack up lots of fruit for garnish. Thank you InTheKitchen for sharing your recipe.


text: City of Droids Edit History Comments0 3,127pages on this wiki "City of Droids" is a currently unpublished book written by Tomas, a reporter at the Elwood City Times. It is about a cyborg detective named Kilgore who fights crime in the 22nd century. Retrieved from "http://arthur.wikia.com/wiki/City_of_Droids?oldid=116047" Categories: Objects Fictional Books


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(Source: onedocumentedobsession, via the-glorious-dead)
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Varsity on another level.
Varsity on another level.
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A Men's Clothing and Style Blog
Also take a look at vivisecionofstyle.tumblr.com


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Special Investigation in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis (All Patients Investigation)
This study is currently recruiting participants. (see Contacts and Locations)
Verified July 2014 by AbbVie
AbbVie (prior sponsor, Abbott)
Information provided by (Responsible Party):
AbbVie ( AbbVie (prior sponsor, Abbott) )
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: March 17, 2011
Last updated: July 31, 2014
Last verified: July 2014
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No Study Results Posted on ClinicalTrials.gov for this Study
|Study Status:
|This study is currently recruiting participants.
|Estimated Study Completion Date:
|March 2015
|Estimated Primary Completion Date:
|March 2015 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)


text:
Another day tour boat stopped near ours to allow their guests to swim near the caves and I saw some splashing around at the front of the boat as they pulled somone onto the steps in a life ring. He was so white. They were still doing chest compressions as we left.
What was most alarming was the lack of alarm that I felt. My interest was clinical more than anything.
Probably a combination of heat, age, alcohol, etc., if you were wondering.
On a boat
The pay isn't amazing
But what can you expect in Greece
Plus it's only about two hour's work
And the rest I get to go swimming and whatnot
Treasurer's House


text:
2014 midterm elections
So Ryan voted against Medicare Cuts (Flip) . . .
. . . but them put Medicare Cuts in his Budget Plan (Flop).
Yes, Ryan apparently is the ideal candidate for Mitt Romney, the Master Flip-Flopper of all time.
is the one who is defunding Medicare, instead of trying to rescue it.
The tea party congressman running for v,p. is learning very fast from Romney about flip flopping and obfuscation.
Doubtful. He has nothing to gain from that.
The long goal of Republicans is to get rid of Medicare completely, and here are trying to do so by de-funding it, and giving people vouchers that will be worthless since private insurance companies will not accept old people into their programs.
The added benefit to Republicans is that the Mitt Romneys of the world will pay less than 1% in taxes under the Ryan plan. Yep, "save Medicare by starving Medicare" — the Republican plan.
And all so that just a few more dollars can be socked away in Switzerland and the Cayman Islands.
Romney Flip = Ryan Flop
Ryan Flip = Romney Flop
No flip flopping on tax returns however. They are definitely on the same page with that.
Let's gut social programs so we can cut my taxes. Brilliant!
What is wrong with all "you people?" Don't you know that medicare cuts are necessary to help the tragic circumstances of the elderly Rafalcas of this world?
Have some compassion for your fellow downtrodden billionaires!
The skeletons in Ryan's closet will begin to tiptoe out as the days pass.
Medicare is part of the Affordable Care Act. Ryan and Romney want to repeal the Affordable Care Act. Therefore, they want to end medicare as we know it.
Would you like me to "crunch the numbers" or draw you a Venn diagram, teabagger?
Or am I getting too "wonky" for you?
Your attribution is superfluous. He voted against the cuts. he doesn't want the cuts. He helped Romney develop his platform, the one they're running on. It reverses the cuts. What don't you get?
Obamacare will be eliminated. Costs will be reduced by competition not by fiat. The $716 billion identified by the CBO as cut by Obamacare will not be cut. What don't Dimocrats get? Oh, they're being political and pretending to see and hear things so they can distract voters… How foolish of me. I forgot about their duplicity, not to mention the old Pelosian "pass it so you can see what's in it"…
I want to thank Paul Ryan for all the votes he gave me when voting for my agenda during the GW Bush years.
He's a great guy.
Vote for Romney-Ryan. They'll take one for the team . . . and maybe more if we cut their taxes.
Plus, under the Ryan plan, seniors will get vouchers for private insurance companies instead of actual benefits.
Of course, after we eliminate Obamacare, the private insurers will not accept the old or unhealthy — they can just go off and die as far as anybody is concerned.
Because the private insurance companies will not take old people into their healthcare programs, the vouchers will be totally worthless and thus unredeemed.
And THAT'S how we save a lot of money so that Mitt Romney can reduce his tax rate to less than 1% under the Ryan plan.
You're right Dan! Not only that, but the Seniors won't have to go off and die when Medicare goes bankrupt because Obama's no plan plan is going to save it. 2012 no plan plans are better than 2008 promises…
is the amount that BO and Zero combined to steal from the senior citizens. Get that weird BO toads? Your boy wants to take $716 billion from American's seniors. The CBO and the actuaries have both stated that Obamacare is disastrous to American seniors. Mom and pop don't worry I am a BO supporter but I am young it only effects you. Oh, BO toads the CBO changed their predictions it is now $742 billion BO will steal from the seniors.
This bit of Romney propoganda has already been debunked for the lie that it is by factcheck.org and other groups. Under the Obama plan, the $716 Billion saved in Medicare Fraud and other cuts is re-applied to other benefits for Seniors.
BUT under the Romney plan, these savings go straight to tax cuts for people like Mitt Romney — reducing his effective tax rate to less than 1%.
But the Romney camp keeps repeating the "stealing $716 Billion from Medicare" lie over and over in a fashion that Joesph Goebbels would be quite proud of. Sig Heil, Romney!
Uh, right, and I've got some oceanfront property near Amarillo to sell you.
A question all seniors should ask themselves.
Everybody is talking about Medicare.
If you prefer a thorough analysis without having to read it here is a very good discussion of the meaning of the " taking out $716 billion out of Medicare" .
Easier than reading it for some people.
The Huffington Post? Are you nuts or just stupid? The rabidly liberal Huffingtion Post. If you want the truth which 10:09 does not want anyone to have then read the CBO report. It is less then a month old. Now 10:09 is too partisan and intellectually challenged to read that but it is simple that $716 Billion was stolen out of Medicare to finance Obamacare. Is there is such a thing as an honest democrat or liberal?
You are a liar.
Romney keeps on repeating the $716 billion lie.
"If you tell the truth, you don't have to remember anything."
― Mark Twain
Classic, 7:51. Good post. Maybe the stress of remembering so much is why Mitt always seems tongue-tied when asked a real question.
Look, I did it before, before I was against, it, and then I decided not to after all.
Is that finally clear? Can we move on?
It is easy to reduce government outlays for medicare: make seniors pay more. I don't know why Romney is being so moderate. He could save all the money by just eliminating medicare entirely. Oh, I forgot: if he were actually honest about how he is goig to save money, he'd lose a lot of votes.
Washington Wire is one of the oldest standing features in American journalism. Since the Wire launched on Sept. 20, 1940, the Journal has offered readers an informal look at the capital. Now online, the Wire provides a succession of glimpses at what's happening behind hot stories and warnings of what to watch for in the days ahead. The Wire is led by Reid J. Epstein, with contributions from the rest of the bureau. Washington Wire now also includes Think Tank, our home for outside analysis from policy and political thinkers.
Sign up for Capital Journal Daybreak


text:
NC State's Caleb Martin has foot surgery
RALEIGH, N.C. (AP) North Carolina State freshman forward Caleb Martin is recovering from surgery to repair a broken right foot.
The school says Martin underwent surgery to repair a fracture in the fifth metatarsal in Martin's right foot over the weekend. The injury occurred prior for the freshman's arrival on campus earlier this month.
Martin is expected to recover in 8-12 weeks, which should have him ready before the start of preseason practice.


text:
A collection of vintage brown glazed stoneware bowls will be brought into the store today. These vintage bowls, 5 in total, are in three sizes: two small bowls measuring roughly 6-inch across, two medium bowls roughly 7 inches across, and one larger bowl about 9 inches across.
Only the two medium-sized bowls are marked "Genuine Dunlap Cream Whip Bowl," but even without that marking what gives them away is the unique "dimple" in the bottom of all the salt- or bristol-glazed bowls. This indentation (inside and out) was for the beater or hand mixer made by the Columbia Metal Products Company of Chicago, IL.
With or without the original beater apparatus, these vintage advertising bowls still can whip-up some great stuff!
Perhaps even more exciting for collectors is the fact that while these bowls are not marked "Red Wing", they were in fact made by Minnesota's own Red Wing Stoneware Company. (Red Wing collectors will note that these bowls are specifically mentioned in collectors' guides.) As such, they are very fine examples of pottery and the rich brown yet imperfect glaze with exposed stoneware on the thick shoulders of the rims makes them quite popular with today's trend in primitive or rustic country home decor looks.
The two smaller bowls, one marked one pint, and the larger bowl may also be made by Red Wing; the glaze and pottery is nearly indistinguishable from the two marked bowls.
Made of quality glazed stoneware, these vintage crockery bowls are not only collectible but can still be used today, going into the oven safely.


text:
AU where all the Avengers are teachers—
- Tony's the smartass physics teacher, the one whose exams are impossibly difficult, but you can't even hate him for that, because he tells the best stories and lets you swear and eat in…
Sherlock is obviously a cool kid.
What am I doing with my life
I put my cherished Potential Hipster Band Names List on the internet.
This will come back to bite me in the ass, I just know it.
you should come suggest things to add here.
I hope you have as much fun with this as I do.
Once more, I'm posting my new blog right here, so go follow me!
Warning:It has more Sherlock/Doctor Who than anything else at the moment..BUT IM SOOOO CHANGIBLE
What did I just spell?
I will be updating Nicotine and Faded Dreams within the next week. Probably.
I may as well give you my URL here… I actually haven't been able to make it pretty yet (My confirmation email is mysteriously absent), but it's still me. I posted an explanation of my actions on there. Scroll down a few posts, its there.
For all of you who care, I'm making a new tumblr.
Well, why does anyone do anything?
I'm bored. And how better to entertain myself than to re-invent?
it won't be as glee-centric, either.
I'll keep this one, and update and stuff, but it won't be as pressing as it has been in the past. And you will stay updated. For anyone who wants to go follow the OTHER one, send me an ask/message/comment and I'll give you the name :)
Thank you for putting up with my crazy.
Oh, and by the by:
THANK YOU to all my new followers. And my old followers, for dealing with me.
I appreciate all that you are :)
Now, if you don't want to hear me ramble about writing, don't look under the cut, and enjoy the rest of your day.
Do any of you know of good blogs to follow?
I'm looking for:
-Doctor Who
and really anything and everything else. I need some variety! GO FORTH AND CONQUER!
Just set up my netflix… any suggestions?
Ugh, sick as a dog, but back on tumblr. Mother dear took pity on me and gave me a netflix account. I NEED SHOWS/MOVIES TO WATCH!
Hey everyone! This month has been super busy…I have a HEUGE choir trip tomorrow and won't be back till Wednesday. So yeah! I'll be updating Nicotine and Faded Dreams on Thursday! Love you all!


text:
Warner Bros. has released the first Batman v Superman image of Henry Cavill back in costume as the Man of Steel.
Warner Bros. has released the first Batman v Superman image of Henry Cavill back in costume as the Man of Steel.
Superman 75th Anniversary Animated Short
From the creative minds of Zack Snyder (Man of Steel) and Bruce Timm (Superman: The Animated Series) and produced by Warner Bros. Animation, this short follows Superman through the years, from his first appearance on the cover of Action Comics #1 to Henry Cavill in this year's Man of Steel…all in two minutes!
Found this Superman comic today for $1 at Keith's Comics Sidekicks summer clearance store … God damn I love old (pre John Byrne revamp) supes comics … They can be so fucking out there and ridiculous sometimes.
This may just be the best dollar I have spent on a comic.
Currently gulping down.
Sooo … I have a new favorite "superhero" the Dogwelder.
Abilities: Dog-welding
A mysterious and disturbing crime fighter who terrifies and maims evildoers by welding dead dogs to them!
and goodnight.
Started Birds of Prey … it's going to be fun to watch again. Bringing back memories of watching this with my Mom. She and I were so disappointed when it was canceled.
Watching the last 2 episodes of this (as Aquaman would say) TRULY OUTRAGEOUS series. Ended way too soon. Damn you Cartoon Network and Warner Bros. for canceling the series!!!
The Official Poster For The CW's 'Arrow'
He's got Oliver Queens origin story, he wears the Green Arrow costume, yet The CW still won't call this show 'Green Arrow'. So weird. At least Deathstroke and Deadshot will be showing up at some point in the first season of villains, which is pretty awesome.
John Barrowman (Captain Jack Harkness) has also been cast as "Well-Dressed Man"!


text:
Model: hexnipple - $2.50
These are similar to other NPT threaded nipples but the hex in the center allows for easy assembly and disassembly. They are made in symmetrical and assymetric thread sizes.
All in stock:
Options (pictured in order):
- 1/2" MNPT x 1/2" MNPT
- 1/2" MNPT x 3/8" MNPT
- 1/2" MNPT x 1/4" MNPT


text:
Definition of evening star in English:
evening starSyllabification: eve·ning star
noun(the evening star)
The planet Venus, seen shining in the western sky after sunset.
More example sentences
- Venus shines brightly as the evening star in the western sky.
- Astronomers now know, of course, that the morning star and the evening star are one and the same heavenly body, namely, the planet Venus.
- The reflected light off the spaceship intensified until it almost outshone Venus, the evening star, which was poised above the western horizon.
Definition of evening star in:
- The British & World English dictionary
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Word of the day vinaceous
Pronunciation: vʌɪˈneɪʃəs
of the colour of red wine


text:
Full Disclosure
mailing list archives
If you have a system that is built well secured in the first place (existence proof: VMS)
then patches are comparatively rare.
However nobody goes to the trouble of designing a patch unless there is a known flaw or
flaws in software. The way I've seen it done is that pieces of the code get rewritten, and
then tested, and then retrofitted to the in-the-field software versions. (Doing it that way
ensures that the next versions don't have the problem.) Once there is a known problem, there
are enough ways to tickle it that it is senseless to leave the known flaws in place.
It is true that sometimes patches don't deal with the underlying causes of trouble, and in those
cases arguably some other method to put a band-aid on the cancer is as good as the patch. He
who does that, however, had better know as well as the software maintainers (if not better)
what the causes are. Unless that's true, again, it is safer to do the patch and maybe try your
Very Own Idea of how to fix more tickling cases.
The more paths of software interaction exist in your system, the more likely it is that some
ways may be found around your generic solutions to problems, so anything where you have a known
bug fixed is far safer dealt with.
This does not mean generic fixes are worthless: it just recalls the old parable of building on
sand that patches have become so common. Anyone who's been to many East Coast beaches will
realize what numerous and redundant measures get taken there too.
Glenn Everhart
Full-Disclosure - We believe in it.
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text:
Coordinator (Blackstone LaunchPad)
Orlando, FL
Coordinator (Blackstone LaunchPad)
Company: University of Central Florida College of Business Administration
Location: Orlando, FL
Position Title: Coordinator (Blackstone LaunchPad)
Position #:70002
Job Close Date: 02/28/2013
All Applicants must apply using this link:
Job Description:
Responsible for working closely with the associate director of the Blackstone LaunchPad to promote and execute advising services and related promotional events in a manner that meets high quality and customer service standards.
Key responsibilities for this position include:
- Promotes student engagement with the Blackstone LaunchPad (BLP) by acting as point of contact, advising students, coordinating consulting staff, accessing supporting resources and methodologies, and executing promotional events.
- Manages the BLP daily consulting and event calendar to insure adequate staffing levels and quality customer service.
- Takes a lead role in organizing and executing BLP events (e.g., workshops, speakers, competitions, etc.).
- Takes a lead role in promoting BLP events and services.
- Provides consulting services to student entrepreneurs as needed.
- Maintains BLP databases including student tracking information.
- Organizes and prepares status reports that track BLP's impact on key performance indicators.
- Collects feedback from BLP stakeholders including students, coaches, event judges, etc. that can guide continued program improvements.
- Assists the director and associate director as needed.
Position Minimum Qualifications:
- Bachelor's degree from an accredited university.
- Strong customer service orientation and skills.
- Excellent writing and oral communication skills.
- Strong data management and reporting skills (i.e., Excel).
- Previous advising or business consulting experience.
- Degree in business administration, hospitality management, public relations, or a similar discipline from an accredited university.
- Prior experience working with students.
- Prior business research experience.
- Experience working in a start-up of small business.
- Nonprofit experience.
Special Conditions:
This position is funded by a three-year grant and employment is subject to availability of funding. However, the intent is to identify resources that will provide sustained funding for this position once the grant expires. This is a non-benefits earning position.
Work Schedule:
Monday – Friday
9:00am – 6:00pm
Occasional evenings and weekends
Annual Salary: $60,000.00
To apply for job:


text: Why don't Americans ride trains? economist.com N.B.: Rail ridership is usually measured in passenger-kilometres—one passenger-kilometre represents one passenger travelling one kilometre. One 1,000-person train travelling 1,000 kilometres would on its own account for a million passenger-kilometres. Yet American railroads accounted for just 17.2 billion passenger-kilometres in 2010, according to Amtrak, America's government-backed passenger rail corporation. In the European Union, railways accounted for nearly 400 billion, according to International Union of Railways data. When you adjust for population, the disparity is even more shocking: per capita, the Japanese, the Swiss, the French, the Danes, the Russians, the Austrians, the Ukrainians, the Belarussians and the Belgians all accounted for more than 1,000 passenger-kilometres by rail in 2011; Americans accounted for 80. Amtrak carries 31m passengers per year. Mozambique's railways carried 108m passengers in 2011. This is especially crazy when you consider that the U.S. has largest rail network in the world, with more than twice as much track as China. Most of it is just used for shipping though, of course. tech trains america transportation


text:
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verde04I'm Verónica, and these are just some stuff I like.
Gnomes vs Snowmen, Anna Hrachovec of Mochimochi Land
(via intoyoursunlight)
(via wirwen)
What ingredients does it take to make you? ›
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Erwin Beekveld - They're Taking The Hobbits To Isengard
(via intoyoursunlight)
completely fake nbc comedy nailpolish collections
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Tough Guys Sing Savage Garden


text:
6006 Ebenezer Road has a Walk Score of 17 out of 100. This location is a Car-Dependent neighborhood so almost all errands require a car.
Nearby schools include Vincent Farm Elementary School and Crossroads Center.
The closest grocery store is Physicians Medical Billing.
The closest coffee shop is White Marsh Country Store & Deli. Nearby restaurants include The Dugout Inc, Charcoal Style and Double T Diner.


text:
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Documentation; Videos; Screenshots; Team; Forum; Switching; Appliances; Download ... Then within GNS3 choose IOS images and hypervisors under the Edit menu. Choose the ...Test this site now
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Videos; Screenshots; Team; Forum; Switching; Appliances; Download; What is GNS3 ? GNS3 is a graphical network simulator ... Dynamips, a Cisco IOS emulator. Dynagen, a text-based ...Test this site now
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Second you will want to download the IOS Unpack utility available here: http://www.gns3.net/content/cisco-image-unpacker. III. Install GNS3! Here is a link to a very good ...Test this site now
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... to successfully run GNS3, (Besides the IOS images). At this time, when this IPexpert guide was authored, the latest version released is 7RC1. The current download ...Test this site now
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