text:
Early History of Swimming
Swimming is the largest participant sport in the UK because it crosses all age and gender boundaries.
It is a sport for life that saves lives.
This Early History of Swimming web page was created in 2004 and was conceived as an academic exercise when there were few available online articles on swimming history. The information was paraphrased from a compilation of evidence from the references shown below with the early historical source being, Orme (1983), as Orme could be considered the foremost authorative scholar on the Early History of British Swimming. If in doubt, please read his book and the original sources. The article was written to show the early history of swimming and the subsequent development of modern competitive swimming. This is a vibrant sport that continually changes. Competions are controlled by governing bodies, currently FINA, in order to create fair international competition. However, individuals and coaches use new methods and find ways to challenge the existing rules and to improve training methods to seek an advantage. The bending of those rules has led to new rules and eventually new strokes. This ongoing process is further demonstrated in the new (2010) FINA requirement on costumes, hats and goggles.
Earliest History
The earliest physical evidence of swimming relates to prehistoric drawings from the Stone Age at "the cave of swimmers" near Wadi Sura in the south western part of Egypt. Documentary evidence provides references from circa 2000 B.C. with several examples from the Greek fables and from the Bible (Ezekiel 47:5, Acts 27:42) and Isaiah 25:11, who asserts that "he that swimmeth spreadeth forth his hands to swim"
Ancient Swimmers depicted
Source : Sunday Times , 2000 in www.swimming.about.com/history
An Egyptian clay seal dated between 4000 B.C. and 9000 B.C. shows a group of swimmers that appear to be swimming an early form of front crawl. Some of the most famous drawings have been found in the Kebir desert and are estimated to be from around 4000 B.C. Depictions of swimmers have also been found dating from the early Minoan, Babylonian, Indian and Inca empires.
Early civilizations including the Egyptians, Persians and Greeks extolled the virtues of cleanliness and Plato declared that "anyone who could not swim lacked a proper education". The Romans were heavily influenced by Greek culture and bathing played a major part in the Roman social life and the most famous Roman of them all, Julius Caesar, was an accomplished swimmer.
Like many sports e.g. lacrosse, horse riding, polo, archery, throwing, javelin, and marathon running, competitive swimming can be traced back to a miliiatistic culture. The early Greeks built swimming pools, and swimming was not a competitive sport in the ancient Olympic Games, though it was encouraged as a martial art. Read, "The story of Scyllias and Hydna", at ISHOF.(http://www.ishof.org/exhibits/scyllias_hydna.htm)
"Competitive swimming is at least as old as 36 B.C., when the Japanese held the first known swimming races." (Direct communication, Donahue, M., 2009; Red Cross Swimming and Diving (1992, pg 4)), "organised by Emperor Suigui (spelling unclear)", source, [http://en.allexperts.com/e/h/hi/history_of_swimming.htm] [Author note: exact name is disputed]
Later, "as the result of the encouragement given to the study of swimming by the various feudal clans during the Tokugawa Shogunate (1603-1867), swimming as a military art developed", ISHOF (2009). The first national organisation was formed in Japan in 1603 by Emperor Go-Yozei, who also stated that all children should be able swim.
In 1587 Everard Digby, in an early latin paper "De arte Natandi", translated into English in 1595 as "A Shorte Introduction for to learne to swimme" by Christopher Middleton, claimed that humans can swim better than fish. Initially sounding foolish, if taken out of context, it is not untrue, as Digby's analysis correctly notes that humans can swim vertically, horizontally, forward, backward, on their side and upside down, on the top of the water and beneath the waves. Whales and dolphins may have many of these skills but they are not fish. Orme (1983) includes quotes on swimming from great writers including Marlow and William Shakespeare.
"Like an untrained swimmer plunging still, with too much labour drowns for want of skill" ,"Rape of Lucrece"
Many books have been written on teaching swimming, however they are often based on the principles of a three step approach, originally expounded by Guts Muts, in "Kleines Lehrbuch der Schwimmkunst zum Selbstunterricht", (Small study book of the art of swimming for self study) in 1798
These principles are:
1. Get the student comfortable with water,
2. Practice the movements out of the water
3. Practice the swimming movements in the water.
Muts also felt that swimming should be an essential ingredient of a students' education.
Gender Bias in Sporting History
Swimming for women has been influenced significantly by gender, stereotyping, bias and "decency" laws. Annette Kellerman was arrested in the USA for indecent exposure in 1907 because her swimsuit depicted her arms legs and neck when performing an "Underwater Ballerina", in a glass menagerie, in an early demonstration of synchronized swimming. It wasn't until the Olympics in 1912 that freestyle for women was first allowed in the Olympic Games. Prior to this date, the founder, Baron Pierre de Coubertin had accepted the wrongly held Victorian belief that women were too frail to engage in competitive sports. This fallacy was entirely destroyed when in 1926 "Gertrude Ederle "did what was thought impossible for a woman" when she swam the English Channel and " beat the best time by a man by over two hours (14hrs 39mins) " proving " to the world that women "had the stamina to participate in physically demanding activities" at "a level equal to men" [http://www.ishof.org/pdf/history_swimwear.pdf] The record however, only lasted a short time and was broken by Arnst Vierkotter only 24 days later. Current, August 2011, channel swim records are held by Chad Hundeby at 7 hrs 17 minutes (male) and Penny Lee Dean at 7 hrs 40 minutes (female).
Early Development of a Sporting Society and Swimming
The earliest recorded evidence in the UK suggest that the Romans first introduced swimming to Britain in 78 A.D and swimming was generally a sport of the lower classes,. The University of Cambridge have evidence of swimming as a sport being banned due to a drowning accident, that date back to 1567. After the agricultural revolution, the population of major towns and cities increased significantly and diseases caused by lack of hygiene also increased. This ultimately led to changes in public health and the building of public baths. A swimming pool was built close to Cambridge University in 1705 and by 1855 Cambridge University formed one of the earliest UK swimming clubs. [http://www.cuswpc.org]
The earliest confirmed (and still existing) swimming club "Upsala Simsällskap, the Uppsala Swimming Society"... "was founded in Sweden in 1796 by the mathematician Jons Svanberg" where, in a mock graduation ceremony, students who completed its swimming training were "awarded degrees of master magister and bachelor kandidat"; an award that exists for swimmers to this day. (http://www.museumstuff.com/learn/topics/University_of_Uppsala)
The first civic corporation to open an indoor municipal pool was Liverpool. The St George's Baths was opened in 1828, with water provided from River Mersey, (International Journal of the History of Sport, 2007). It was not until the Baths and Washhouses Act, 1846, came into effect that the development of the late 19th century modern industrial society would eventually turn swimming into a multi-participant competitive event. In Victorian times, increased leisure time and socialisation led to the formation of swimming clubs and by 1880 there were over 300 swimming clubs in England. As clubs became prolific, competitions naturally began between individuals, clubs and later nations.
"Nothing Great is Easy"
There has been a massive contribution to swimming history by swimmers of long distance open water events , in Greek myth, Hero and Lysander and in 1810 Lord Byron, who swam the Hellespont , a mile stretch of water between Europe and Asia, that is now an annual multi paticipant event (http://www.swimhellespont.com/the-hellespont/). Though the exploits of modern swimmers like Lynne Cox, Susie Maroney and Martin Strel are remarkable, it could be considered that , for many, the ultimate challenge and test of endurance is the swimming of the Channel. All channel swims are now celebrated and commemorated by the Channel Swimmers Association and these remarkable achievements and records are listed at (http://www.channelswimmingassociation.com/swim_records_5.html) with the most notable being Michael Read 33 crossings, Alison Streeter 39 crossings. (Youngest Man - Thomas Gregory Years 11 years 330 days, Youngest Lady - Samantha Druce 12 years 118 days. which due to rule changes, the youth records will stand for all time)
River Severn, downstream of Ironbridge, Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, a warm day in Sept, 2010.
When great English sporting heroes are mentioned, Matthew Webb, the first person to swim the channel must surely be at the forefront. In Greek mythology it is said that there are three fates, the Morderae, that decree all our lives ". . . for the immortals have appointed a proper time for each thing upon the earth . . ." (Homer, Odyssey 19.590) (http://homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/MOERAE.html) and Mathew Webb's life story lays testament to these fates. Born in Shropshire in the town of Dawlish, on 19th January, 1848, (Capricorn/Aquarius), one of 14(13) children "one died in infancy", (Watson,2000:14), he learned to swim at seven years of age in the strong currents of the River Severn near Iron bridge, Coalbrookdale and where as a young man he and his brother Thomas once saved their brother Charles, Watson(2000) from the dangerous currents near the Iron bridge, (http://www.ironbridge.org.uk/our_attractions/museum_of_the_gorge/did_you_know/index.asp). He joined the Merchant Navy at 12 and worked for the Cunard line and saved the life of a fellow seaman whilst aboard the training ship "Conway". When older he became a second mate aboard the "Russia" and made a valiant attempt to save the life of another shipmate who had fallen from the rigging and for his courage was awarded £100 and "the first Stanhope Medal" by the Royal Humane Society as " Webb swam in the open ocean for more than half-an-hour but found only the young man's cap."(http://www.royalhumanesociety.org.uk/html/stanhope_medal.html)
Photo Image show collection of Captain Webb's heirlooms donated by V.E.Marsh-Webb and displayed at
Ironbridge Gorge Museum, Coalbrookdale, Shropshire
By 1873 he had become the captain of the steamship "Emerald" and was inspired by J.B.Johnston's failed channel swim attempt, to train at the Lambeth Baths in London and in the cold waters of the Thames, with a view to be the first man to complete the task. Fully grown and at his physical peak, 5 feet 8 inches tall, weighing 14.5 stones, on the 12th August 1875, he made his first attempt, which was aborted due to dreadful weather conditions. On 24th August 1875, 12 days later, he set off from Admiralty Pier, covered in Porpoise oil, wearing a red bathing costume and 21 hours and 45 minutes later, after a 39 mile breaststroke swim, buffeted by tides and stung by jellyfish, he finally waded from the sea at Cap Griz Nez near Calais. From these achievements came great press and public adulation and he became a professional swimmer, swimming exhibitioner and entrepreneur, writing a book "The Art of Swimming". The welcoming crowds at Dawley gave rise to a legend. A pig startled by the tumultous crowds was reputed to have put its front trotters on a wall , paying homage as the great man passed and gave rise to the phrase "Pig on the Wall". If this commentary were fiction, it would have been a good time to stop here but the fates and the necessities of life in the Victorian age decreed otherwise. Falling crowds pushed the captain to attempt to achieve even greater glories and a £12,000 prize in order to provide for his wife (Madelaine Kate Chaddock) who he had married in 1880 and his two children Matthew and Helen. He decided to swim across the Niagara River.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Whirlpool_Rapids_Bridge_2.jpg )
Imagine trying to swim across this: Youtube video
Swimming the Niagara Falls Whirlpool Rapids
On the morning of the swim, a shadow of the man who had swum the channel, dressed in the red costume he wore for his successful channel swim and without telling his wife, asking his friend Robert Watson to look after her (http://www.shropshiremining.org.uk/captwebb.shtml), at 4.32pm on 24th July 1883, "he jumped into the river from a small boat and began his swim. Within 10 minutes he had become caught in the current and was dragged under by the whirlpool." The pressures of the water are so immense around the Whirlpool Rapids and the undertows, currents and sharp rocks would make any attempt immensely dangerous, even for modern trained swimmers and at the time, many claimed that any attempt would be suicidal but that challenge was how Captain Webb had lived his whole life - in the water and on the brink. His bloated and partially decomposed body, covered in cuts, with his head gashed was found four days later by R.W. Turner and interred at Oakwood Cemetery, Niagara Falls. " (http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/features/2003/12/captain_webb.shtml) So ended the life of a great early English sporting hero, and son of Shropshire. Many doctors examined the body and they could not agree on the cause of death. some said he was crushed by the weight of the water, others drowned or the gash to the head The coroner eventually decided that the cause was unknown, although officially, drowning is recorded on the death certificate, Watson (2000).
"Nothing great is easy" are the words on the memorial at Dawley and though his body lies in a paupers grave in Oakwood Cemetery, USA, his spirit still inhabits Dawley, immortalised by John Betjeman's poem in "A Shropshire Lad" (1940) that commemorates his ghostly apparition, more than half a century after his death.
"William J. Kendall, a policeman from Boston Mass. swam the Whirlpool Rapids on August 22, 1886. He wore only his swimming trunks and a cork life preserver. He suffered minor cuts and bruises." (http://www.nflibrary.ca/ForAdults/LocalHistoryMaterials/StuntersDaredevils/tabid/135/Default.aspx). Such is fate.
Memorial to Captain Matthew Webb at Dawley, Shropshire:
Image: adapted from (http://www.shropshiretourism.co.uk/captain-webb) pasted on web video page copy from (http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/panoramic/dawley/dawley.shtml)
Please Note: Every drowning is a tragedy. Don't become a statistic yourself. 95% of the "Swimming" drownings are male. Beware of alcohol, bravado, carelessness, & recklessness. (http://www.river-swimming.co.uk/sta)
Ironbridge is also famous for the building of an early floating swimming pool in 1879 which was created to help prevent drownings and provide recreational facilities for the town's many visitors. Supported by pontoon barrels and measuring 50 feet by 16 feet, the pool used folding doors to allow the through passage of river water. Averaging over 300 customers a week, it was likely washed away by the winter storms of 1881. (http://www.ironbridge.org.uk/collections/objects_that_changed_our_world/)
Modern Coaching
The very best coaches examine each element of starts, turns and stroke in order to train their protégés to make faster times. Competitive swimming is an ongoing process of far seeing coaches attempting to find new and better training ways rather than using established methods, starting from the first technical coaching book "The Manual of Swimming" written by Charles Steedman, an Englishman, in 1845. The establishment often seeks to retain the style, consistency and visual look of the four conventional strokes and any changes that may compromise safety or stroke often result in changes to the rules. The history of modern competitive swimming is part of a continuing story of this development of swimmers seeking an advantage.
The battle of the freestylers
In 1844 Americans native swimmers to the shock of local spectators, easily outperformed a group of English gentlemen who chose to swim with their heads above water using breaststroke, by using a crude splashy windmill action. Due to social niceties (and fear of water born disease) this style was not accepted and so did not take off immediately. A form of front crawl only became socially acceptable in 1873 when re-introduced as the Trudge(o)n by Sir Arthur Trudgeon. He had learned it from South American Indians as a young man of 11 and returned to England and used it in winning a championship race in 1875. The Trudgen is an over arm stroke that is characterised by a breast or scissor kick rather than a flutter kick.
In 1898, Alick Wickham, a Solomon Islander introduced the recognisable beginnings of the correct crawl stroke to the western world.
Source: http://www.surfresearch.com.au/1900 beforeduke.html
George Farmer, an Australian coach, is attributed with the phrase "look at that kid crawling" and from that phrase a new word describing a stroke that would eventually dominate all subsequent speed racing was born. A British-born Australian swimming teacher, Richard Frederic Cavill, used this front crawl technique with a flutter kick in 1902, at an International Championships in England, set a new world record and easily outpaced all the Trudgen exponents, swimming 58 seconds over the distance of 100 yards and the Trudgen was lost, to all but its dedicated followers forever, as a competitive stroke. In 1906 H. Jamison "Jam" Handy, a keen, physically limited (according to his own words), but technically gifted, before his time, American Olympic athlete, is credited with the invention of modern freestyle breathing. He experimented by putting his face in the water in secret training sessions and became the first swimmer to use a bilateral stroke action to dominate a race.
According to the International Swimming Hall of Fame
"Handy is responsible for modern freestyle breathing, and the body position made possible by modern breathing. He invented the legless crawl for distance swimmers, the 2 or 4 beat "pause that refreshes" for middle distance, and lines on the bottom of the pool for sprinters to keep their heads down and see where they are going. He was the first swimmer to use the alternating arm stroke in backstroke and the first swimmer to narrow the kick and change the timing in breaststroke. This stroke of alternating legs and arms performed on the front is technically now known as front crawl and is currently the dominant stroke in freestyle events. "
Backstroke - Austin Rawlinson - MBE
Austin Rawlinson was awarded an MBE in 1961 for services to British swimming. In 1915 Rawlinson had pioneered the use of the alternating arm backstroke in Britain based on Hebner's 1912 Olympic gold medal performance. After finishing an active swimming career Rawlinson continued serving swimming in an administrative capacity and was commemorated in his lifetime by the building of the Austin Rawlinson Sports Centre in Speke, Liverpool. It has been suggested, that it may be possible for some backstrokers to swim faster times by using considerably more flutter kicks, but as yet this style has never been proven or fully developed.
David "Blastoff" Berkoff: the backstroke start and turn.
In 1988 at the Olympics David "Blastoff" Berkoff swam the first 33 metres of the 100m backstroke entirely underwater. Because drag is a major factor in swimming fast, it is technically faster to swim underwater using a butterfly kick. In the final Berkoff was out "blast-offed" by Daichi Suzuki who won the gold in 55.05 as he had also perfected the method in secret. FINA, concerned with safety quickly limited the underwater start to ten meters, which was later expanded to the current underwater distance start limit of 15m in 1991.
The development of butterfly and breaststroke
In 1928, David Armbruster the coach to the University of Iowa in the USA, introduced new scientific rigour to the study of swimming through the use of underwater photography. When analysing breaststroke he realised that by bringing the arms out of the water this would increase velocity by eliminating the dead spot. Jack Sieg, a student of Armbruster was coached in this method and swam close to 1 minute for the 100 yards swim and by 1938 nearly all competitive breaststrokers were using this style. In 1952 the butterfly stroke finally became a style in its own right. In 1956 a Japanese swimmer Masaru Furukawa found another way of swimming faster breaststroke. By swimming the stroke largely underwater he won the Olympic gold medal. Unfortunately this led to swimmers copying Furukawa and some competitors passed out during races due to oxygen starvation. A new rule was introduced by FINA, limiting the distance that can be swum underwater after the start and every turn, by demanding that the head break the surface after each complete stroke cycle.
One element of common cheating at breaststroke, with changes to FINA rules, has theoretically been removed, by allowing a single underwater downward kick (fly kick) at the start and following each turn, however, in a major competition, video footage of the underwater start, in the year after this rule was first applied, clearly shows a male finalist medal winner gaining an unfair advantage by using a very quick, almost imperceptible double fly kick, in the dive wake, followed by a legal downward kick.
see article at http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/7862.asp
There is still clearly a need for video evidence at major competitions.
Misty Hyman and Coach Bob Gillett
Bob Gillett, the coach to Misty Hyman used food dye to examine forces in butterfly. Discovering that energy was lost using the vertical dolphin action he coached Hyman to swim on her side using fishlike movements. Gillett said it became clear to him "that there was a great amount of energy swirling beneath the surface", energy that was not only being lost but also causing retardation through turbulence. At the Canadian Open Championships in Saint Foy, Quebec, Hyman taking only 16 strokes rather than the usual 40 reduced the world butterfly record by .39 seconds and perfected the art of swimming like a fish. The technical committee of FINA, the sport's governing body, restricted all underwater starts for Fly, Back and Freestyle to a maximum of 15m. Hyman, disappointed said, "We'll set ourselves short if we limit it on butterfly". She also said. "Don't break the rules, but push it to the limit." It was noticeable that, at the recent World Championships in 2005, 3 out of 4 of the USA Gold Medal winning mens freestyle team, used this butterfly action kick, on the side, in the turn.
"Doc" James Counsilman (1920-2004)
A history of swimming would be incomplete without reference to an assistant coach to Armbruster who would eventually become universally accepted as the world's greatest ever swimming coach. James "Doc" Counsilman author of "The Science of Swimming" and producer of the "Competitive Swimming Manual", he used a 2D model to examine lift and the Bernoulli effect. Although this work was further re-evaluated by Rushall et al using a 3D model, it prompted the continuing debate whether lift or drag dominated swimming propulsive forces. Counsilman was the coach to many of the all time greats of swimming and his swimmers won more than 48 Olympic medals. Counsilman developed interval training, the pace clock and constantly searched for new and better ways. "He believed that we keep progressing by evaluating change objectively. He warned: "Don't paint yourself into a corner; people write something and they are scared to walk away from it." Doc had an anti-doctrinaire nature which precluded him from swallowing systems whole. He believed that putting methods into neat pigeon holes, to synthesize them, led to "stagnation and not progress." [http://www.usms.org]
Alongside Counsilman, two further coaches, both Australian, were important innovators in swim research, training and racing. Forbes Carlisle, introduced even-pace (negative split) swimming and "speed through endurance" and Frank Cotton, was the "Australian Father of Sport Science". Both of these coaches brought revolutionary thinking and research into swimming. In 1932, Cotton proposed using the heart rates of swimmers to measure the energy costs of training effort and insisted that his swimmers keep log books and he also instituted the revolutionary idea of shaving the body to swim faster times.
It could be argued that some councils since the 1960's have consistently run down swim training facilities in favour of leisure fun pools. There is a lack of 50 metre swimming pools compared to many developed countries and sport and swimming in particular in Britain is not entirely equal opportunity as access to facilities are often both culturally and demographically biased. For example, one problem that cannot easily be solved relates to cultural identities that are concerned with female modesty in some aspects of British society that protect or deny opportunity depending on the accepted norm but this in itself does not entirely explain why there are so few black individuals competing in swimming in the UK. While it has been imperative for clubs to register for Swim21 it is also necessary to examine statements that challenge the status quo "Coaches understand this more than anyone " ... "that Training developments won't come from what authorities tell you. They are like the military, always fighting the last war. It's the individual coaches out there, the ones experimenting and developing great swimmers, who will move the ball down the field." [http://www.usaswimming.org,2005]. This is especially true given statements from Winett (2003) who challenges "the lunacy of current training for many champion athletes" claiming that "many champion athletes are so genetically gifted that they are champions despite their ridiculous training programs. They are so genetically gifted that they survive seemingly any and all physical assaults." "Not surprisingly given the very large volume of their training, many swimmers have shoulder injuries primarily attributable to over training. For example: The cause of the inflammation or tenderness around the rotator cuff is typically the large volume of training." ... "with that much endurance training in the pool, adding muscle mass is next to impossible ."
A divide exists in the UK in some sports and swimming in particular. On no account could swimming be considered a racist sport but at any open competition there have been very few black competitive swimmers over the previous two decades. This is largely due to socio/economic and cultural factors and it is a tribute to the Liverpool Council and the ASA that there is a plaque at the new Liverpool 50M pool, honouring a great black swimmer, coach and life saver (James Clarke). Since 2007, the ISHOF (USA) has celebrated Black Swimming history, demonstrating the contribution of black athletes to swimming over the ages at http://www.ishof.org/black_history/trailblazers.htm.
Picture with permissiion: http://www.scottiepress.org/projects/jc1.htm 21 Dec 2009
It is traditionally parents from upper socio-economic groups, that are most easily able to provide enough economic support, for weekly club fees, transport to quality training and gala fees and their academic and managerial skills are essential for officials and the administration of small swimming clubs. Twenty, to sixty pounds, a month may seem a small amount to some to pay for training facilities but lack of financial acumen can become an almost insurmountable problem for poorer families and children from financially better off social groups are often ensured greater sporting success due to the early development of superior competitive skills. One notable exception is Sharon Davis whose biography "Against the Tide" portrays how difficult it is for financially deprived families. This cost is particularly relevant in a sport that requires a long-term investment in training. It is only recently that swimming has become part of the mainstream UK education but the school level is largely only to learn to swim and there is a massive divide between a club trained swimmer and a traditional school swimmer. It is impossible to gauge a beginner's potential and some individuals never receive enough training to reach the required status that would provide support through lottery funding and this means elite athletes may be missing from the sport.
Although overall standards of swimming continue to rise, this comes at a price. The requirements for success sometimes mean that well intentioned parents and coaches apply a very high volume training regime that sacrifices love for the sport and enjoyment for short term achievement. Across the world, a high percentage of teenagers leave sport, especially swimming, some completely disillusioned believing they have lost a significant proportion of their childhood and they may never return as masters; and as parents, are less likely to provide the next generation of athletes. An analysis and criticism of some of the modern methods used is in "Understanding dropout and prolonged engagement in adolescent competitive sport" , Fraser-Thomas (2006), Fraser-Thomas and Cote (2007), who suggest a DMSP (Development Model for Sports Participation), that is, not starting formal specialised ie not fun based, training in any sport until early teen or later, leads to long term athletic development and the retaining of young athletes in sport. Evidence shows that talent cannot be identified until after puberty, Blanksby(1994) and it is interesting to note, that at a time when so much is demanded of very young British swimmer athletes, that South African, Penny Heyns, Olympic Gold Medalist and Triple World Record holder, only swam a sprint based program of 3000 metres a day until she was 18. http://www.swimmingcoach.org/wsca/w9805_1.htm]
In the Liverpool and District Championships in 2005 and 2006 there were very few senior female swimmers over 16 years of age and these are not unusual figures.
A far more in depth study of the early history of swimming can be obtained from an excellent literary resource "Breakthrough Swimming", Colwin (2002), pgs 5-32, Human Kinetics
References: Other resources well worth reading. Facts stories and links on swimming and swimming history
Blankby, B et al (1994) Athletics Growth and Development in Children, Taylor and Francis
Fraser-Thomas, J. (2006) "Understanding dropout and prolonged engagement in adolescent competitive sport", Psychology of Sport and Exercise
International Journal of the History of Sport (2007) 'An overview of the development of swimming in England, c.1750-1918', International Journal of the History of Sport, 24:5, 568 - 585
Orme, N. (1983) Early British Swimming 55BC - AD 1719, University of Exeter.
Colwin, C (2002) Breakthrough Swimming, Human Kinetics (One of the better swimming history books)
Red Cross Swimming and Diving (1992), GV837.6.S96, pg 4
Watson, K. (2000) The Crossing: The curious story of the first man to swim the English Channel, London, Headline books
Channelswimmingassociation [WWW], http://www.channswim_records_5.html: Accessed Sept 2010
[WWW], http://en.allexperts.com/e/h/hi/history_of_swimming.htm: Accessed 2005
[WWW], Cambridge University, http://www.cuswpc.org: Accessed 2005
Donahue, M. [WWW], http://faculty.deanza.edu/donahuemary/stories/storyReader$700, 2005 (Reference updated 2010)
[WWW], http://explanation-guide.info/meaning/History-of-swimming.html: Accessed 2005.
International Swimming Hall of Fame, [WWW], http://www.ishof.org: Accessed 2005
International Swimming Hall of Fame, [WWW],http://www.ishof.org/exhibits/pdf/japan1.pdf: Accessed Dec 18 2009
[WWW], http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/History-of-swimming: Accessed 2005
[WWW], http://www.ironbridge.org.uk/our_attractions/museum_of_the_gorge/did_you_know/index.asp: Accessed Sept 2010
[WWW], http://www.ironbridge.org.uk/collections/objects_that_changed_our_world/: Accessed Sept 2011
[WWW], Parada,C. (2010) http://homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/MOERAE.html: Accessed Sept 2010
[WWW], http://www.royalhumanesociety.org.uk/html/stanhope_medal.html: Accessed Sept 2010
[WWW], http://www.scribd.com/doc/31589937/Swimming-History: Accessed Oct 2010
[WWW], http://www.shropshiretourism.co.uk/captain-webb: Accessed Sept 2010
University of Upsalla, [WWW], http:www.museumstuff.com/learn/topics/University_of_Uppsala::sub::Athletics: Accessed Sept 2010
[WWW], http://www.surfresearch.com.au: Accessed 2005
[WWW], http://www.swimming.about.com: Accessed 2005
[WWW], http://www.swimmingcoach.org/wsca/w9805_1.htm: Accessed 2005
[WWW], http://www.usaswimming.org/USASWeb: Accessed 2005
[WWW], http://www.usms.org/swimgold/sto/cum20ct.htm: Accessed 2005
[WWW], http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File: Whirlpool_Rapids_Bridge_2.jpg: Accessed Sept 2010
Author: R.J.Jude (2004), Revised (2005,2010)


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Goals: Mariner 10 was the first spacecraft sent to study Mercury. Mariner 10 also studied Venus while using the planet's gravity to modify its speed and trajectory, enabling it to reach Mercury.
Accomplishments: On its way to Mercury, Mariner 10 became the first spacecraft to use the gravity of one planet (in this case, Venus) to reach another. This has become an extremely important technique. While flying by Venus, the spacecraft took ultraviolet pictures that revealed great bands of clouds, providing data on atmospheric circulation which included upper-atmosphere wind speeds of 300 km/hr.

subset: commoncrawl


text: CAMDEN MAINE - Our office in Camden, ME is located in the heart of the Camden Business Disctrict on Bay View Street. We share this beautiful Oceanfront Property with the WATERFRONT Restaurant. The Waterfront Restaurant is a favorite for many Camden visitors. Within a short walk, you will find the many fabulous Camden Maine restaurants, the Camden Chamber of Commerce, Camden Town Hall, The Opera House, many fine Inn's and B&B 's, galleries and shops. We provide free wireless internet for our guests. In addition to our strength Camden Real Estate, our experienced agents provide real estate expertise in many of the Maine mid-coast communities. Our agents can provide real estate services for most properties in Knox County, Waldo County, Lincoln County and Sagadahoc County. With the benefit of the Sotheby's International Realty global real estate marketing reach, we are confident in our ability represent either a Buyer or Seller of Maine Real Estate. We specialize in Distictive Properties! Rockport Maine - Rockport, ME 04856 - Rockport Real Estate is among the finest in the State. Rockport Harbor is a picturesque protected site providing anchorage, moorings and dockage for yachts visiting the Maine mid-coast region. This quiet Maine Coast community is a haven for artists and photograpy buffs. The Rockport Center for the Arts provides an index of local artists. A visit to Rockport is not complete with out a round of Golf at the reknowned Samoset Resort and a visit to the COFFEE SHOP. Maine Island Property - Islesboro Maine 04848 - The island community of Islesboro is arguably setting for the finest tradidional Maine Summer Cottage experience. Only a few miles by ferry from the mainland Port of Lincolnville, the Islesboro ferry service takes you to a world of quiet country roads, beautiful harbors for sailing. Soft sandy beaches and unmatched views to the mainland and surrounding islands makes Islesboro a very special to find your dream Home. Camden, Rockport and Islesboro are just a couple of the Maine Waterfront Towns along Maine's Mid Coast Region. We also service Lincolnville Maine Real Estate, Owls Head Real Estate, Rockland Maine Real Estate, Saint George Real Estate, South Thomaston and Thomaston Real Estate, Vinalhaven Real Estate, Union Real Estate and Belfast Real Estate. There are many other great Maine locations (too many) for which we can help you buy and sell homes in Maine. Please call / e-mail us to inquire.


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Recipe by Chef Laura Frankel
A Mediterranean entrée with a melange of tart and sweet flavors.
2 tablespoons extra virgin olive oil1 medium Spanish onion, peeled and thinly sliced1 pound skinless, boneless chicken2 large carrots, sliced into julienne1/2 pound shelled walnuts, toasted1 teaspoon salt1/2 cup pomegranate paste diluted in 2 1/2 cups water or 4 cups fresh pomegranate juice2 tablespoons sugar1/2 teaspoon cinnamon1/4 teaspoon ground saffron threads, dissolved in 1 tablespoon hot water
Heat the oil in a large sauté pan over medium heat. Add the onions and sauté until translucent (about 5 minutes). Add the chicken and continue sautéing, stirring occasionally, until golden brown (about 15 minutes). Add the carrot strips and stir-fry 2 minutes longer.Finely grind the toasted walnuts in a food processor and transfer to a small bowl. Add the salt, diluted pomegranate paste, sugar, cinnamon, and saffron water and mix well to create a smooth paste. Transfer the walnut mixture to the pan with the chicken, cover and simmer for 40 minutes over very low heat, stirring occasionally.Taste the sauce and adjust for seasoning and thickness. This khoresh should be sweet and sour, and very thick (like chili). Add additional pomegranate paste for sourness or sugar for sweetness.Cover and keep warm until ready to serve. Serve with Jeweled Rice Pilaf LINK HERE
Recipe: kosher, poultry
Laura Frankel is the Executive Chef at Wolfgang Puck Kosher Catering at the Spertus Institute for Jewish studies in Chicago. She is the author of Jewish Cooking for All Seasons (Wiley) and Jewish Slow Cooker Recipes (Wiley).
Visit www.ChefLauraskosher.com. On Twitter: cheflaura1On Facebook: cheflauraskosher.Buy Chef Laura's books on Amazon: Jewish Cookbooks by Chef Laura Frankel


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The curriculum and instruction degree is a 33-credit-hour program that consists of the curriculum and instruction core, an education specialization, and a capstone thesis seminar.
Classes are offered at Loyola's graduate centers in Columbia or Timonium in the fall, spring, and summers, making the program highly flexible and accessible. Curriculum and instruction also offers a personalized and strong advising system, providing students with consistent faculty access and consultation. The core program is offered in a cohort format; that is, the entire sequence of courses is offered to a group of participants that begins and remains together until the completion of the core. Students will be part of a group for the duration of the core and will be able to share similar educational goals, network with colleagues from other school systems, and study together.
The curriculum and instruction program may be taken full-time (to be completed in 18 months) or part-time (to be completed in 2-5 years).
The Master of Arts in Curriculum and Instruction consists of eight core classes, an Education Specialization, and a Capstone Thesis Seminar. The Capstone Seminar is the final course in the program. In this course, students will analyze data from the targeted study designed in a course titled, Teacher Inquiry and Research. Concepts applied from other coursework will be incorporated into their interpretation of findings. As a final product, students will complete a capstone paper.
Learn more about the program requirements.


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Revenge S02E04: "Intuition" If the Graysons come for you, move to a one-story ranch. Or crash in a friend's wine cellar (sleepin' bags and grigio, yo). Stay low to the ground, is my point, beca More »
Don't you just hate it when you haven't seen a family member for over 10 years and then find their number one hobby is trying to kill you? If you do, then you have an idea what a bummer Emily's sort o More »
Any Revenge fan likely sensed that Victoria welcoming Amanda into the fold, followed by Emily attempting to manipulate this unexpected connection to her advantage, would spell big trouble - even bef More »
Welcome to the world, Baby Boy Porter. In a dramatic entrance fitting of the high-stakes universe of which he's about to become a part, Jack and Amanda's baby arrived in this week's episode of Reve More »
Revenge season 2 episode 4 "Intuition" airs Sunday Oct 21, 2012 at 9pm on ABC. Synopsis: Playing with the Graysons is definitely playing with fire , and Amanda learns that the hard way. Meanwhile E More »
Revenge Season 2, Episode 4, "Intuition" Spoiler Clip: Emily Confronts a Sweaty Aiden on the Beach (VIDEO)
Though things may be getting chilly outside, they're heating up in the Hamptons as sexy newcomer Aiden Mathis goes for a casual morning jog on the beach in Revenge Season 2, Episode 4, "Intuition. More »
Revenge Season 2, Episode 4, "Intuition" Spoiler Clip: Declan Confronts Trey About the Stolen Goods (VIDEO)
We're not sure if you remember, Revenge rs, but Declan Porter is in all kinds of trouble for his latest five-finger discount. Along with his new buddy, Trey Chandler , the Decster looted the house More »
Revenge Season 2, Episode 4, "Intuition" Spoiler Clip: Ashley Catches Daniel Investigating Grayson Global (VIDEO)
We're still trying to figure out whose side Ashley Davenport's on. Although she's dating Daniel, she regularly reports to his father. So when she caught Daniel snooping on Conrad's computer in this ne More »


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He is not Slide Rule that is another of his lies in assuming others names.Just like he took the name of Hondo from one of Hollywood's greatest actors.When you read Slide Rules posts you will read intelligent posts.Hondu has no intelligent posts.He has been trying to convince people that he is a retired school teacher and now a sunday school teacher.LOL.
Hondu has a well tracked history on here and the other forum of lying.It's been two years now that the local VFW Commander has been waiting on an answer from the fraud.Also he propositioned a person here in a pm for sex.He even posted here about picking up boys hitch hiking.All the posts and threads are there to read.
A drama queen for sure.
This is why everyday in prayer hour we pray for his demented soul.


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I have a Syncrowave 250 (ser no. JK596435) water cooled w/ foot pedal and have owned it since mid 80's w/o any problems until a year or so ago, the coolant hose sprung a leak while I was welding. I since then replaced the Power cable/coolant hoses that go to the torch. It seems to have worked for a few weeks but then it started having no arc whether remote "on" or "panel".
I didn't have much of a time to trouble shoot this problem since I had been diagnosed w/ prostate cancer and had to deal with it...
I since then moved to Arizona and am now finding time to trouble shoot the problem. I switched to stick the other day just to see if the stick side even works. The stick worked beautifully for about 15min then I turned it off.
I switched to tig but still no arc. I went back to stick and all of a sudden, as soon as I touch the rod to the metal, it shoots a strong arc that it pokes holes on a 1/8 thk square tubing like it was on a 300 amp setting. I tried adjusting the amperage to 4 and even dropping the arc control to "0" but that didn't change. It still shoots flames/arcs...and still no arc w/ the tig.
Any help trouble shooting this problem would be greatly appreciated.
Thank you in advance.
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Syncrowave 250 problem...


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Mission Type: Flyby, Lander
Launch Vehicle: 8K82K + Blok DM (Proton-K no. 311-02 / Blok DM no. 6L)
Launch Site: NIIP-5 / launch site 200L, Tyuratam (Baikonur Cosmodrome), USSR
Spacecraft Mass: 4,363.5 kg
Spacecraft Instruments: Flyby bus: 1) magnetometer; 2) cosmic-ray detector; 3) solar wind detectors; 4) Signe-2MS3 gamma-ray burst detector
Lander: 1) x-ray fluorescence spectrometer and drill; 2) x-ray fluorescence spectrometer for aerosols; 3) imaging system; 4) pressure and temperature sensors; 5) mass spectrometer; 6) Groza-2 lightning detector; 7) gas chromatograph; 8) nephelometer; 9) spectrophotometer; 10) accelerometer; 11) humidity sensor; 12) prop soil mechanical/electrical probe; and 13) seismometer
Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958-2000, Monographs in Aerospace History No. 24, by Asif A. Siddiqi
National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/
Solar System Log by Andrew Wilson, published 1987 by Jane's Publishing Co. Ltd.
Venera 14 was identical to its twin, Venera 13. The spacecraft carried out three midcourse corrections on the way to Venus: on 14 November 1981, 23 November 1981, and 25 February 1982. Russian sources indicate that one of the corrections was incorrect (probably the first) and could have jeopardized the mission.
The lander probe separated from its flyby parent on 3 March 1982 before the entry cycle began. The probe's main parachute opened at an altitude of 62 to 63 kilometers, thus activating the atmospheric instruments. The parachute was released at an altitude of 47 kilometers, and the 760-kilogram lander fell to the surface using only the atmosphere as a retarding medium.
The probe made safe contact with the Venusian surface at 07:00:10 UT on 5 March 1982 and continued with 57 minutes of transmissions. Landing coordinates were 13.25° south latitude and 310° longitude, about 1,000 kilometers from the Venera 13 landing site. As with its twin, Venera 14 returned color photographs of its surroundings and examined a soil sample (about 1 cubic centimeter taken from a 30-millimeter-deep sample). Soil was deposited in a chamber sealed off from the outside environment and was then progressively transferred through a series of chambers by blowing air until the sample was deposited in its final chamber with a temperature of only 30°C. Here it was examined by the x-ray fluorescence spectrometer.
Temperature and pressure outside were considerably higher than at the Venera 13 site: 470°C and 93.5 atmospheres, respectively. The flyby probe, meanwhile, passed Venus at a range of 36,000 kilometers and entered heliocentric orbit, continuing to provide data on solar x-ray flares. It performed one trajectory change on 14 November 1982.


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Customer Reviews for Living Room Free Cordless Upgrade Cordless
"Great product"
By customer from Gilbert, Az
We live in Phoenix and bought this for our bedroom which gets the hot afternoon sun. It made a huge difference on the temperature of our room immediately. Very pleased with it.View this product
"Great Shades"
By bgalorefan from Georgia
I bought two of these after a small remodel. I had the two installed within 10 minutes - by myself. They look great. I will be buying more as the remodel progresses.View this product


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This is a "machine-selection optional" part.Please choose a vehicle to see the options specific to your machine,choose from all of the options below and add to cart.
User Tip: If you're unsure of your vehicle type, you may skip the machine type selection box.
"Customer service is priority #1 at Rocky Mountain ATV/MC. We value our customers and strive to be the best shopping experience- when you buy from us, you are buying lifetime service."
-Dan Thomas, CEO and Founder
We take pride in offering no hassle returns. In the event of a return, please call, email or chat with us to receive a solution to the problem. For apparel that doesn't fit quite right, Click here to see our Fit Guaranteed Program.
We will stand behind all products we sell with regards to manufacturing defects in workmanship and material. Most products are limited to the manufacturer's warranty. However, we will do everything in our power to take care of the problem.
Live chat: Click here
(Leave email if after hours)
Call us: 1 800 336-5437
7am-7pm Mon-Fri 8am-4pm Sat (Mountain Standard Time)
Each review submitted enters you into a $100 gift card monthly drawing, and a $500 gift card quarterly drawing!
Comments On May 09, 2011:I love this tire for the BMW R1150GS. I always look at the other alternatives when it's time to replace another set, and I always go back to the Tourance. They get me where I want to go within reason, and I'm getting 12-15K out of a rear tire and 20k+ out of a front.
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Comments On Sep 13, 2010:Can't beat the price and quality of the Metzeler Tourance for the large Beemers. Air pressure is the key as well to make the tire life last longer. Mounting is quite simple compared to other no-name tires.
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With Brains and Brawn, Arkansas High's Cole Harris is Our Athlete of the Week!
This week's athlete of the week is Arkansas High senior Cole Harris! Involved in several sports including football, Cole is a wide receiver and strong safety.
Cole also plays baseball in a utility position, playing all positions or 'wherever the coach needs him,' he says


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Idaho Transportation Department
DMV HomeOn-Line ServicesNew to Idaho?Driver ServicesVehicle ServicesMotor Carrier Services / Ports of EntryDriver Licensing OfficesVehicle Licensing OfficesCounty WebsitesOther State DMV LinksInformation for Idaho Military PersonnelManualsLinksRecent LegislationIdaho Motor Vehicle LawsAdmin. RulesVoter RegistrationDMV Historytrucking.idaho.govContact Us
Transitional Ownership Documents
This fact sheet provides basic information regarding Transitional Ownership Documents (TODs), per Sections 49-121(7) and 49-527 through 49-530, Idaho Code. Liens on vehicles and vessels are normally perfected by filing a title application recording the lien, together with the title, manufacturer's certificate of origin (MCO), or manufacturer's statement of origin (MSO) within 30 days of the transaction. When this lien perfection method cannot be used, due to the fact that the title, MCO, or MSO is not going to be available within 30 days, the lien can be perfected by filing a TOD within 30 days of the sale, or if there was no sale, within 30 days of the contract signature date. The title application, together with the title, MCO, or MSO must then be filed within 90 days of the sale, or if there was no sale, within 90 days of the contract signature date to perfect the lien.
Filing or failing to file a TOD will have no effect on ownership (whether or not a subsequent title is issued). Regardless of the timing, a title will be issued if an application accompanied by the appropriate ownership documents is properly filed. The sole function of the TOD is to positively affect the recorded date of the lien on the title, which could determine whether or not the lien has a preferred status if the owner files for bankruptcy.
July 1, 2007.
Transitional Ownership Document (form number ITD-3901): a document used by a selling dealer, a new security interest holder, or an agent working on their behalf to perfect a lien in a timely manner against creditors or subsequent purchasers when:
If it becomes evident that a vehicle or vessel's primary ownership document will not be available to file within thirty (30) days of the sale, or if there was no sale within thirty (30) days of the contract signature date:
A TOD will be rejected or invalidated if:
To request the withdrawal of a TOD, the dealer, lienholder, or authorized agent must submit a withdrawal request to ITD headquarters at the address below. The request should include the vehicle year and make, vehicle or hull identification number, owner name(s), lienholder name(s), and the business name and a signature of the party requesting the withdrawal.
All ITD forms required in the TOD process may be obtained from any county assessor motor vehicle office, from the Idaho Transportation Department headquarters office, or they can be downloaded from the links below:
This fact sheet has been provided by:
Idaho Transportation Department, Division of Motor Vehicles
PO Box 7129, Boise, ID 83707-1129


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A Maryland General Assembly committee has recommended that Maryland's budget be allowed to grow by no more than 4 percent in fiscal 2015 — which could mean more money for Montgomery County.
Revenue from existing taxes is expected to grow for the coming year by about 4.6 percent, giving the state room to increase spending that is backed by state revenues, said Sen. Richard S. Madaleno Jr., who sits on the legislature's Spending Affordablity Committee.
Assuming higher revenue, the committee recommended the governor — who must propose a fiscal 2015 budget by January — be allowed to increase state spending, as well as borrowing for capital projects.
Among the revenue categories, just about every tax, except the state's corporate income tax, is expected to take in more money, Madaleno said.
Madaleno (D-Dist. 18) of Kensington also sits on the Senate's Budget and Taxation Committee, which will review the governor's budget plan.
Committee member Sen. David R. Brinkley (R-Dist. 4) of New Market, however, voted against the 4 percent increase, which he said is disproportionate to the increase in families' incomes.
"Since it's being paid by (the families), the goal is to try to keep some kind of restraint," he said. "I don't think they kept any kind of restraint on this."
Brinkley said that, as a form of compromise, he proposed a roughly 2 percent budget increase to mirror the rate of inflation.
Gov. Martin O'Malley (D) is expected to spend the money on K-12 education, programs to keep tuition at state colleges and universities affordable, and health care. If he does, Madaleno said, Montgomery could be the beneficiary of some of the additional spending.
"Clearly, we are the largest school system," he said. "Money that continues to fund the formulas will flow back to the county."
Because Montgomery has the most college students in the state, money to keep tuition affordable is a huge benefit to local students and families, he said.
Among Montgomery County's priorities for the upcoming legislative session, the county is seeking additional money for school construction.
Along with the increase in spending, the committee recommended higher borrowing.
O'Malley's administration requested $75 million annually for the next five years of the capital budget. The committee agreed only to $75 million for fiscal 2015, which begins July 1, 2014.
With O'Malley entering his final year as governor, the committee wanted to leave future borrowing to the discretion of the next governor.
Only Democrats on the Spending Afforability Committee supported giving O'Malley $75 million in borrowing for fiscal 2015, Madaleno noted.
Staff Writer Lindsay A. Powers contributed to this story.


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High Level Pyrenees Snowshoe Holiday
France & Spain, Snowshoeing, 8 days - from £845 (land only) - from €1,185 (land only) - from $1,380 (land only)
Country Profile
France is the second largest country in Europe, extending to more than half a million square kilometers. Divided into 96 administrative regions or departments, the country has land borders to the southeast with Italy and to the east, with Switzerland, Germany and Belgium. To the southwest, France has a long border with Spain. The English Channel lies to the north and the warmer waters of the Mediterranean lie to the south. Two thirds of France is mountains and hills. The most important mountain range is the French Alps, a part of the European Alps, which extend for some 1000 kilometres (620 miles), through parts of southeastern France, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, Austria and Slovenia. Amongst the hundreds of peaks comprising this range, there are some 75 which top the 4000 metre (13000ft.) mark. Above 3000 metres (10000ft.), the mountains are permanently snow-capped and the region is heavily glaciated. In many alpine valleys, forests of pine reach above 2500 metres (8000ft.)and there are flower-filled alpine pastures above this height. At 4808 metres (15,767ft.) Mont Blanc is the highest and most complicated mountain massif in the Alps. Thirty glaciers flow down from its upper snow slopes and these have contributed to the creation of the jagged rock spires (aiguilles) which are such a distinctive feature, when viewed from the French town of Chamonix. The second biggest range of mountains in France is the Pyrenees, which forms a natural border with Spain. From the Bay of Biscay and the Atlantic Ocean in the west, the Pyrenees extend for more than 400 kilometres (250 miles) to the Mediterranean in the east, whilst the maximum width of the chain (north to south) is about 130 kilometres (80 miles). Amongst France's other mountainous areas are the Massif Central, which does not have any really big peaks, but does cover almost one-sixth of the country.
Time Zone
The time in France is GMT +1 hour and GMT + 2 hours in summer time.
Whilst English is widely understood in France, we do recommend you try to learn some simple phrases and greetings, as attempting to speak the local language is all part of the fun of travelling and will be appreciated by the people you meet.
The climate is very variable across France. In the north, there is a temperate pattern of climate, influenced by the Atlantic Ocean. Temperatures are generally mild, quite hot in summer, with rainfall spread throughout the year and modest snowfall in winter. Further south, the climate is Mediterranean, with hot summers and mild winters. The mountainous areas of the Alps and Pyrenees have variable climates influenced by their elevations. Although the high valleys of the Alps and the Pyrenees can experience near arctic conditions during the winter, it pays to remember that each of these areas is less than 300 kilometres (185 miles) from the Mediterranean. In summer, the climate is hot and sunny in the valleys and pleasantly cool at the high cols. June, July and August usually provide the most reliable weather conditions for mountain activities in this area. The temperatures that we can expect to encounter during the day will be reasonably warm, ranging from 10 to 25 degrees centigrade (50º - 77º F). It can be cool in the evenings at our highest overnight stopping places, falling below freezing point at night. We can also expect clear, frosty conditions on our early "Alpine" starts. Of course, mountainous area do produce their own weather systems and short-lived storms cannot be ruled out at any time of the year.
The unit of currency in France is the Euro. For up to date exchange rates visit: www.xe.com
You should take some euros with you on your holiday to France. These are readily available at most banks. If you run out of euros, dollars and sterling (cash or travellers cheques) can easily be exchanged once you are in France, although not every bank will provide this service. French post offices will often change money, however. Credit and debit cards can be used widely and you will also be able to obtain currency at cash machines (ATM's) at larger French banks in the usual way.
Visa Requirements
You will need a valid passport. Nationals of the EU, the USA, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia do not require visas to visit France, Italy or Switzerland as tourists for up to three months. Nationals of other countries should check the visa requirement with the relevant embassy in their own countries.
You should attend your own doctor and dentist for a check-up. No special vaccinations are required for France. UK residents should obtain a European Health Insurance Card (EHIC) before travelling. The EHIC is normally valid for three to five years and covers any medical treatment that becomes necessary during your trip, because of either illness or an accident. The card gives access to state-provided medical treatment only, and you'll be treated on the same basis as an 'insured' person living in the country you're visiting. Remember, this might not cover all the things you'd expect to get free of charge from the NHS in the UK. You may have to make a contribution to the cost of your care. You can obtain an EHIC from the Department of Health by phone, online, or at the post office.
Additional Sources of Information
Tour Of Mont Blanc. Andrew Harper.
The Haute Route - Chamonix to Zermatt. Cliffe.
Walking In The Alps. Kev Reynolds.
Chamonix-Mont Blanc. A Walking Guide. Martin Collins.
The Mountains of Europe. Kev Reynolds.
Savage Snows. Walt Unsworth.
In Monte Viso's Horizon. Will McLewin.
Trekking in the Pyrenees. Trailblazer Publications.
Walks and Climbs in the Pyrenees. Cicerone Press.
The Rough Guide to the Pyrenees.
Landscapes of the Pyrenees. Sunflower Books.
The French IGN (Institut Geographique National) 1:25,000 Series has a full and excellent coverage of The French Alps and the Pyrenees.
Lonely Planet - www.lonelyplanet.com
Rough Guides - www.roughguides.com


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My Library FAQ
You can create a personalized library on Google Books which allows you to organize, review, rate, and search a customized selection of books. These collections are live online, and are accessible anywhere you can log in to your Google account. Bookshelves that are set to 'public' (with this icon showing a globe: ) are publicly visible to friends who know the URL of your collection, so once you've built a collection, you can share it with them by sending them a link to your library in Google Books.
Getting started...
Step 1: Log in to your Google account
You must sign in to Google Books using your Google Account in order to add titles to your library or write reviews. Don't have an account? Register for one at http://www.google.com/accounts.
Step 2: Add books to your library
Add a single book: You can add any book in the Google Books index to your library. Just click the Add to bookshelves link, which you'll find on search results pages, the right-hand column of book pages and the 'Overview' page of all titles on Google Books.
The bookshelves that are marked 'public' (with the icon showing two people) will be published online. You can easily change a bookshelf from public to private by clicking on the name of the bookshelf in the left column, then clicking on Options then Edit Properties. When the Edit Properties screen comes up, click the Make private link next to Visibility.
Add a list of books: You can also easily import a list of books to your library. When viewing any bookshelves within 'My library' on Google Books, click Options, then select Add by ISBN or ISSN. Enter one ISBN or ISSN per line, and click the Add books button when you are done.
Step 3: Customize your library by including reviews and ratings
Click the Write a review for this book link to write your own review for a book, which will appear on the corresponding 'About this book' page. Add a numerical rating by selecting one of the star icons at the top of the page. Finally, organize your library by adding books to virtual bookshelves. You can create as many custom bookshelves as you'd like and have the option to set each as either private or publicly viewable. As you create these bookshelves, you'll find them displaying on the left side of your library.
For My Library users, the notes and annotations you have created for books can be viewed alongside each title within your 'Favorites' bookshelf.
Step 4: Share your library with others:
The bookshelves that are marked 'public' will be published online, so you can share them with others by passing along a direct link. Simply copy your library's URL (it will begin with http://books.google.com/...) and send the link to friends or post it on your blog. Your reviews, ratings and public bookshelves are automatically public, which means they are easy to share and discover. Click here to find out more about how your ratings, reviews, and collections are public and how they can be deleted. You can also export the list of books in your library.
My Library and Privacy
The reviews, book selections and other information you store using My Library will be stored online with your Google Account. You can access this information and change it or delete it at any time by visiting your My Library page.
We don't share information about your book selections or anything else in your Account except in limited circumstances discussed in Google's Privacy Policy.


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Pazhou Hotel in Guangzhou by Aedas
As bombastic as any building conceived in the past decade, the Pazhou Hotel, designed by the international firm Aedas, stacks guest-room floors in two staggered piles atop a nearly 200-foot-high atrium that links exhibition and retail spaces. Located in Guangzhou's rapidly expanding Pazhou district, the new building strives to be unique among the bold designs that already occupy the area, including Zaha Hadid's Opera House just across the Pearl River.
Rendering courtesy of Aedas


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7 Jun 2014
"Clean and well equiped, lots of space and well looked after."
The owner was very helpful both times we stayed. The house was clean and well equipped. All the rooms had everything you needed. The beds were clean and the bathrooms were spotless. Lots of extras i… More
Thank you for your review and thank you for being such a great guest. We are so happy you chose to stay with us twice and look forward to having you stay again we hope :-)
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We were a very large group that was playing in a Paintball tournament in Polk City. We reserved this home due to its central location between the field and Orlando. The community is very quiet, safe… More
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"Great location for Disney"
Lovely house, within easy driving distances for all the parks, generous bedrooms and bathrooms, well laid out for family living.… More
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what is the exact # anyone know????
what is the exact # anyone know????
I think the last I heard we had something like $6 to $8 million left, but that was before DMac got a new contract.
Now that Free agency is slowing down Clump will prolly get an update to us in time. These things are not very easy to do...They involve going through every player on the roster to find their salary...and then going through reports to find the bonus and then more work to try and find any incentives or roster bonus's....
Formerly HDjetta6316
Originally Posted by OneHondo
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And Grizzly Adams had a beard! I guess thats how most honeys look out in cali, as long as their not the ones on COPS.Originally Posted by OG54
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i also would like to know where we at....clump help us out
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NASHVILLE- The Tennessee Department of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (DIDD) will began in August 2012 the process of becoming the first accredited state system focused on intellectual and developmental disabilities in the United States.
The department signed a contract beginning August 1 with CQL | The Council on Quality and Leadership which offers consultation, accreditation, training and certification services to organizations and systems focused on person-centered excellence. Since 1969, CQL has been a leader in the definition, measurement, and improvement of quality of life for persons receiving services and supports.
Department staff and providers will participate in a three-year process of capacity-building, data gathering, and network evaluation before the accreditation is completed in 2015. Through this initiative, DIDD will become an international model for service delivery.
"Accreditation has been a top priority for DIDD since its inception as a stand-alone department in 2011. This process will allow DIDD to remain accountable in its service delivery system. In collaboration with CQL, we are committed to excellence and leading the nation in providing exemplary services to persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities," DIDD Commissioner Jim Henry said.
The department's initiative, Network Accreditation: Person-Centered Excellence, will provide quality improvement by network members, establish community partnerships and strategic planning, and create a framework of sustainability by training state and regional office staff in data collection and analysis, as well as leadership development for self-advocates.
To initiate network accreditation activities, CQL and DIDD will hosted a series of kickoff events in each grand region during the month of August targeted at providers, families, advocates, and persons- supported. Department officials and executive management from CQL presented on topics such as "Accreditation: Why Now?" and "The Importance of Network Accreditation."
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Tethering problem - C1 Pro 7.02 and Nikon D3x
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Topic: Tethering problem - C1 Pro 7.02 and Nikon D3x (Read 1596 times)
Malcolm Payne
Jr. Member
Posts: 98
Tethering problem - C1 Pro 7.02 and Nikon D3x
January 24, 2013, 10:06:21 AM »
I am having a problem on my Windows 8 laptop whereby C1 will randomly not release the camera when the camera is switched off with the software still running; when this occurs, C1 locks up completely, showing the camera as still attached even after it has been completely unplugged, and cannot be closed normally, requiring a force quit. The software can be restarted apparently normally, but the camera will then not reconnect until the computer has been rebooted.
This issue appears to be completely random; sometimes it is possible to switch the camera on and off 5 or 6 times in succession and it reconnects faultlessly every time, others it will fail after the first or second attempt.
There appears to be a workaround whereby closing C1 before switching off the camera allows it to reconnect successfully next time around.
Both Nikon's Camera Control Pro 2.13 and ControlMyNikon 4.0 exhibit identical behaviour in respect of the disconnect/reconnect problem and the workaround. C1's technical support department suggests the problem is caused by an issue with Nikon's SDK protocol or .dll.
C1 also exhibits almost exactly similar behaviour on my Windows 7 (Pro, SP1, 64-bit) desktop system; here, the disconnect/reconnect problem is identical, however on this system C1 does not lock up when the problem occurs and can be closed normally, but will then not reopen at all until after a reboot.
I do not recall any such problems occurring previously on the XP Pro SP3 system that mainly drives my LF printers, but am unfortunately not in a position to confirm that by further testing at this moment.
Has anyone experienced any similar problems or can offer any further advice?
Many thanks.
Jr. Member
Posts: 87
Re: Tethering problem - C1 Pro 7.02 and Nikon D3x
Reply #1 on:
January 24, 2013, 07:28:49 PM »
A similar problem exists with the canon SDK file system (work around on this forum). Although not completely fixed at this stage is stems from the camera manufacturers being a step ahead of the OS platforms (window/Mac) with the protocols and dll files, to recognise the individual cameras.
I shoot tethered P25+ (non of the described problems) but the Canon 1DsMK3 even with the work around still compares with your current problems.
It may be a backward step but staying two steps or more back from the current upgrades in software/cameras seem to yield less headaches in the long run than having the best and latest, My 2 cents worth,
Cheers...... Rodd
Malcolm Payne
Jr. Member
Posts: 98
Re: Tethering problem - C1 Pro 7.02 and Nikon D3x
Reply #2 on:
January 25, 2013, 06:30:27 AM »
Thanks for your thoughts, Rodd. Interesting to know that there are similar problems with the 1DsMkIII.
I accept there might be teething troubles with new versions of the (C1) software but, if even Nikon can't get it right with their CCP software, which has now been around for years, and the D3x (4 years?), what hope is there? And it's the random nature of the problem that makes it so difficult to diagnose; I tried again yesterday on my Win 7 desktop with both C1 v6 and C1 v7, and both disconnected and reconnected successfully ten times in succession, whereas it had failed previously in v7 in as few as two attempts. So it doesn't appear to be specifically a Win 8 problem either.
It's also not the cable, which was an obvious potential candidate; I'm using a single 1.5m cable and have tried four different ones, including an unused Nikon one supplied with the camera. I wondered too if it might perhaps be a loose camera socket, as a cable with an 'L' plug at the camera end and a possibly firmer seating appeared to work successfully and repeatedly at first on the Win 8 laptop, then that too failed as previously.
It's less of an issue now I know the workaround and how to re-establish connection if it fails, but the first occurrence was on site with a client watching - it lost connection when the laptop went to sleep, and it took me 10-15min of fiddling before I persuaded it to reconnect, which was somewhat embarrassing. And it really shouldn't happen.
Full Member
Posts: 178
Re: Tethering problem - C1 Pro 7.02 and Nikon D3x
Reply #3 on:
January 25, 2013, 08:50:39 AM »
I had exactly the same problem with D800E, but with v 7.0.2 it's completely gone. There is a work around, so you can reopen C1 without rebooting the computer(but, it still won't recognize the camera) - start Task Manager and find Capture One under Processes and then click End Process. After that you should be able to reopen C1.
Quote from: Malcolm Payne on January 24, 2013, 10:06:21 AM
C1 also exhibits almost exactly similar behaviour on my Windows 7 (Pro, SP1, 64-bit) desktop system; here, the disconnect/reconnect problem is identical, however on this system C1 does not lock up when the problem occurs and can be closed normally, but will then not reopen at all until after a reboot.
Malcolm Payne
Jr. Member
Posts: 98
Re: Tethering problem - C1 Pro 7.02 and Nikon D3x
Reply #4 on:
January 25, 2013, 09:37:41 AM »
Pics2 - thanks, that's very interesting. Are you certain the problem is completely gone for you in v7.0.2 (I'm using the same version), and not just hiding? When I was trying the last cable with the 'L' connector on the laptop, it disconnected and reconnected 12 times in succession without issue and I really thought I'd found the cause - until it failed on the 13th attempt. After which (and a reboot) it failed on the second attempt in ControlMyNikon.
Curiously, after the reboot it will not connect on the first attempt but needs to be switched off and then on again and then (usually) connects the second time around.
As I said, somewhat less of a concern now I know what's going on and how to work around it, but it would be convenient simply to be able to switch the camera off in the middle of a long session without worrying about losing the connection completely.
Full Member
Posts: 178
Re: Tethering problem - C1 Pro 7.02 and Nikon D3x
Reply #5 on:
January 25, 2013, 09:42:56 AM »
Yes, it's completely gone ( few days testing with numerous switching on and off). I turn off the camera between sessions because, for some reason, tethered camera drains battery down very fast, even when not shooting. So, I use this feature a lot. But, I have Windows 7, desktop PC, if that matters.
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Recipe by jhopkins
"These are a delightful and quick meal for the grill. I usually serve with a baked potato, but my daughter loves them with wild rice."
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1 (8 ounce) can
pineapple rings, juice drained and reserved
1/4 cup
brown sugar
1/4 cup
soy sauce
1/4 teaspoon
garlic powder
pork chops
1 pinch
ground black pepper
Due to bad planning on my part, these stayed in my fridge for 48 hours before being grilled tonight. YUMMY!!! Hubby says it's the best pork chop he's had in a long time. Tender, juicy, tasty, extremely easy to put together, this is no brainer for my regular summer rotation. Thanks for posting this keeper. Don't change a thing, it's perfect as is.
This sounds fabulous. about how thick of a chop do you use?
358 Ratings
Easy, quick, and delicious. The pork came out very juicy and flavorful. The only change I made was to add a little ginger. A repeat recipe, for sure!
I was looking for a different way to fix pork chops on the grill and tried this recipe. This is a definite 5 star!
These were very very good. I have been making a variation of these for 3 decades using a marinade I got from the old Steak and Ale restaurants when I was a bartender there while in college. That marinade consisted of the pineapple juice, sherry and soy sauce in a 3:2 ratio in the order listed. I always added some ginger also, either 1 inch of grated fresh or 2 tsp. dried. I also marinate the pineapple slices separately in another ziplock and grill the entire can of slices. My family always wanted several slices of pineapple served on top of their grilled chicken breasts. The real key is the time you marinate and I do that for at least 8 hours or overnight. Makes the meat so juicy that way because the acid in the juice helps tenderize the meat. This also works well on a nice cut of steak, the old 'Kensington Club' on S&A's menu. Same marinade. Your brown sugar addition makes a nicer glaze as it carmelizes while grilling so you get 5 + stars!! Wild rice and steamed broccoli or asparagus goes great along with a mixed greens salad. Thank you for a great recipe with the addition of your spices and brown sugar. I did decrease the amount of brown sugar the second time I made this recipe because the sherry I have always added made it too sweet with the amount of brown sugar called for. I do like your recipe very much and I use it when I don't happen to have sherry on hand. Try it my way once and decrease the brown sugar by half along with adding the ginger. Thanks again.!
I made these as directed and wow, are they ever good!! They were made even better by the addition of a nice slice of sharp cheddar cheese on top after grilling; these were even more amazing that way and I will continue to make that addition when I make this recipe in the future.
I found this recipe when looking for something new to try on the grill. It looked interesting so I gave it a try. I was unsure of how much I would like it- the marinade doesn't smell very appealing. But the finished product is soooooo good! Definately adding this to my favorite meals for the grill!!!
These were so tasty. My husband doesn't typically like pork chops like these. I had a whole pork loin that I cut into slices that I used, so I could make them as thin or thick as I wanted. I also only marinated for about 8 hours and the flavor was yummy! Thanks for sharing.
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Pineapple Grilled Pork Chops
Serving Size: 1/4 of a recipe
Servings Per Recipe: 4
Amount Per Serving
Calories: 392
Calories from Fat: 116
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