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5 Mar 2007
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|Mad River Rocket Sled: Well Named
I ran into a friend and fellow innkeeper yesterday who very enthusiastically told me he had just purchased a Mad River Rocket sled. As he said, the product is well named and the emphasis should be on the word "Rocket."
I should explain that this guy is over 50 years old and not what anyone would call a wild man! But he had attended a demo put on by Waitsfield VT outfitter Clearwater Sports and had such a great time, he bought one of the sleds. I've heard of other people doing the same thing. The sled may look like a young person's toy but its appeal is much broader. Its reputation is growing too. I think the product is only a few years old but its popularity in this part of Vermont is strong. Everyone I know who has tried it has had a great time. They are fun to ride and easy to control.
Mad River Rockets sleds come in five models, range in price from $50 to $275, and are made in the USA just down the road a few minutes from me in Warren VT. You can buy on the web site or click a link to one of the retailers listed there.
When you are at the web site, be sure to see The Stash photo gallery for great photos of the sleds at Ranier, Utah, Italy, Germany.
Here is the best way to give this a try. Rent a Mad River Rocket sled at Clearwater Sports in Waitsfield VT for just $12 and have them give you directions to Lincoln Gap Road about 15 minutes drive from the store. This road is closed to car traffic in winter and provides a long, thrilling ride. Take a look at some YouTube video here and here to see how the sleds operate and how much fun they are.
(c) 2007 Jeff Connor Grunberg Haus
|Unusual , VT Products
|posted by grunhaus at 22:16


text: Jonathan Stack Jonathan Stack is a documentary filmmaker and a founder of World Vasectomy Day. Follow him on Twitter. Medical ExaminerOct. 17 2013 5:12 PMHappy World Vasectomy Day!Close to 200 doctors in 25 countries are ready to perform the simple procedure.Jonathan Stack News & Politics The Slate Quiz Aug. 28 2015 2:15 AM Play the Slate News Quiz With Jeopardy! superchampion Ken Jennings. Ken Jennings Why the Hillary Doubters Are Wrong Donald Trump Can't Win. But He Can Build a Lasting Political Movement. Here's How. Now that Lawmakers Have Read the Iran Deal, It Will Likely Pass Democrats Should Steal This Brilliant Method of Wooing Working-Class Whites from Trump Women Vote Differently Than Men. Do They Do So on the Supreme Court as Well? From Abortion to Immigration, Scott Walker's Presidential Campaign Is Tanking Life Is Short. Sue Ashley Madison. Business Moneybox Aug. 27 2015 11:56 AM A 2011 Paper Totally Predicted What's Happening With China's Economy Now Alison Griswold Forget About the Stock Market. We Just Got Some Great News About the U.S. Economy. Why Does This University Want Merriam-Webster to Tweak Its Definition of Success? Walmart Will Stop Selling Assault Rifles New Uber Service Sounds Suspiciously Like a Bus If the U.S. Economy Nosedived, Which Tech Companies Would Suffer? The Federal Government Is Cracking Down on Eggless "Mayonnaise" Don't Judge Anyone Who Panicked Over the Market Tumble. It's Society That's Made Us So Skittish. Life Schooled Aug. 27 2015 1:19 PM Chicago Activists Are on Day 11 of a Hunger Strike Over the Closure of This School Laura Moser An 1863 Recruitment Letter Urging the Formation of Anti-Lincoln Sleeper Cells I Covered New Orleans Public Schools After Katrina. Two Events Helped Me Truly Understand Them. Corpse Brides and Ghost Grooms: A Guide to Marrying the Dead I Believe Marriage Is Between a Man and a Woman. Am I a Homophobe? (Video.) Charting an Architect's Obsession With White—and Other Fun, Irreverent Infographics How Did Early Explorers Find Small Islands? Home Schooling Is Shockingly Underregulated. This Small but Fierce Lobbying Group Is Why. Double X The XX Factor Aug. 27 2015 2:46 PM Donald Trump Is a Joke. But His Popularity Among Women Is No Laughing Matter. Dahlia Lithwick "Porn Addiction" Is Often Just an Attempt to Medicalize Religious Dogma Teens Don't Know Who Alanis Morissette Is. This Is a Good Thing. 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subset: commoncrawl


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Speciation and Macroevolution
A common challenge to evolutionary theory is that while life does indeed change over time (what is known as microevolution), no one has ever seen one species evolve into another species (macroevolution).
The Resource Finder has powerful filtering features — check out the tutorial to learn more.
A common challenge to evolutionary theory is that while life does indeed change over time (what is known as microevolution), no one has ever seen one species evolve into another species (macroevolution).
Is Genesis 1 describing material creation or functional creation? Pastor Richard Dahlstrom of Bethany Community Church beautifully articulates the insights he has received through John Walton's book The Lost World of Genesis One and probes deep into the Biblical text with us.
In his sermon, Dave Swaim discusses the early chapters of Genesis that seemingly contradict scientific evidence, and he suggests that Christians have simply asked the "wrong questions" about this ancient text, which has led to warfare between the two. In light of this, Swaim wraps up his sermon with the three concluding points that he feels sums up the Biblical truth of creation: there is an all-powerful God, he has a perfect plan, and he has given us his love through Jesus Christ.
If the tape was rewound and evolution started over from scratch, Conway Morris says, the evolutionary details would be different, but the end result would be similar: a species characterized by intelligence and complex civilization.
On July 27, 2011, renowned evangelical John Stott passed away at the age of 90. His work was an influential voice in conservative evangelicalism. In honor of Stott's work in promoting "balanced and thinking biblical faith", we feature an audio excerpt from Stott's address "Genesis 1: Called to Full Humanity".
Throughout the last 150 years or so, the interpretation of the creation account in Genesis 1 has been a point of contention within the Christian as well as the scientific community.
Dr. Timothy Keller beautifully unravels the first three verses of Genesis 1 in his sermon titled, "Before the Beginning." From these first verses, three fundamental truths are established.


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Thread: XML data representation
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XML data representation
If I take data (1,2,3,a,b,c,..) and I put it in XML form (, , <c>,..), does that mean that data becomes information because of XML? Does XML turn data into information by representing it in tags?
I am also reading here in a slideshow: "In JDOM, every XML tree is approached as a document even though the content has nothing to do with documents". I looked up the definition of 'document' on dictionary.com and it states that a document is meant as being informative. 'informative' means 'to convey information'. Then, if the purpose of XML is to represent data into information, why does the content of an XML tree supposedly not have anything to do with a document and therefore nothing to do with information? This is confusing. Perhaps the author of that slideshow was using different semantics than I have in my mind right now.
Any thoughts on this?
Thank you.
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XML stands for extensible Markup Language.
XML is designed to transport and store data.
If a line of xml code looks like this:
You can extract "Thomas" when you go to find out the name.
Does that help?
Evolution - The non-random survival of random variants.
Because I love FLEXBOX and tired of waiting: http://davidwalsh.name/goodbye-vendor-prefixes
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Not really, I was looking for an ontological and metaphysical explanation, i.e. what are we looking at when we see <name>Thomas</name> as opposed to the raw data Thomas? What happens biologically in our brain when our eyes see that pattern? 'Thomas' gets associated with 'name', which gets associated with 'person'. For someone not knowing the name 'Thomas', then it would simply be a collection of singularities: T h o m a s.
Is <name>Thomas</name> information? I would think so, because our brain translates that pattern into an entity. Thus, is XML on its own information? Because data comes raw from a database.
So if XML is just another representation of data, it does not necessarily mean that data becomes information when poured into the XML format? After all, information is meaningful by itself (and therefore having semantics), as is said here:
XML translates data into a structure and our brain translates that structure into entities that make sense to us.. ultimately conveying to our brain that what is being seen is actually information. I have my doubts on that last part.
When we introduce 1 and 2 into the element <child>, then our brain (like the gestalt theory postulates: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestalt_psychology) translates that <child> as having the 'child' relationship with its 'parent'. We therefore see it as a whole, an entity and not as a 'sum of parts'. Another relationship would be that values 1 and 2 are now associated with the word 'child'. I could say as well 1, 2. Now our brain knows that 1 is an 'a'. And so forth.
In practical terms however, XML (as is stated in the slides I am reading) represents data like this:
(input)XML file -> (search its structure and represent it)XPath -> (output) XAML, XHTML, XML, CSV. As we can see, another XML itself can be the result of an input XML file. Therefore it confuses me a little bit what the purpose of the language itself actually is. I agree that it is just another representation of data. In my example, one could say that one takes data, represents it into XML, uses XPath to search in its tree to use its values, to finally represent it into another format. So yes, it transports it.
So according to this article:
XML does not have presentation semantics. However, when we look at XML our brain creates semantics for us, because of the gestalt.
If XML is extensible, how do you extend it then?
How does XML store data?
I will do some more thinking on this.
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"extensible" means you don't have finite mumber of markups there like for example in html.
like in this example:
if you have a basket containing 3 veggies say potato, selery, and tomato, in XML it would be:
or if you would like to represent quantities of those veggies in you r basket, you could do it this way:Code:<basket> <veggie>potato</veggie> <veggie>selery</veggie> <veggie>tomato</veggie> </basket>
sorry i can't explain it betterCode:<basket> <veggie> <name>potato</name> <quantity>1</quantity> </veggie> <veggie> <name>selery</name> <quantity>1</quantity> </veggie> <veggie> <name>tomato</name> <quantity>1</quantity> </veggie> </basket>
"Real Programmers can write assembly code in any language" - Larry Wall
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XML is simply a self describing language. That means that when I create a document that contains:
It would mean that I have a collection of animals which are type Cat and Dog. That is a human readable aspect of it, the self-describing mechanism. The tags are structural elements and are how we logically divide the sections. It carries all meaning, and absolutely no meaning at the same time. I could just as easily have a text document:Code:<animals> <animal> <type>Cat</type> </animal> <animal> <type>Dog</type> </animal> </animals>
What gives the XML the meaning is the doctype or schema in use, and how the language reading it interprets it. So that would indicate that the element name's chosen don't represent information, rather they represent a logical division of said information. Does that mean it doesn't represent information? No it doesn't. I could just as easily write the same document as:Code:Cat Dog
And it may be just as valid as the previous (although IMHO I wouldn't consider this to be information as its structural, but that doesn't mean it cannot be treated as such). This is the point of XML; aside from syntax, there are no rules only how I interpret said rules.Code:<animals> <Cat/> <Dog/> </animals>
The choice of names is for human readability, simply the associations we make as people. That would fall in line with why would I name a method
getPerson()instead of
_53askk66k477kj4j()? Both are completely valid, and ultimately either can be chosen. Obviously I'll use the one that I can read though.
So the purpose of XML? To describe itself to another language based on the ruleset governed by the language itself. Take a soap service for example. The WSDL is a type of schema document that dictates what information is provided, and how its presented. This is then used by a soap client to know what and how it can ask for information from the soap server. It is loose, so you can provide a plethora of information to it regarding arguments and types, but its tight in the sense that it must come in a particularly described structure. This is the difference between well formed XML and correct XML. Correct XML is simply XML that is governed by a DTD or Schema ruleset and has adhered to it. Well formed is simply XML that has no particular meaning.
Been gone for a few months, and haven't programmed in that long of a time. Meh, I'll wing it ;)PHP Code:
header('HTTP/1.1 420 Enhance Your Calm');
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That was very quick to the point. It was exactly what I was thinking. Thanks, I understand it now.


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- 2
- people in the U.S. have this name View Agnes Kimura on Whitepages
Meaning & Origins
Latinized version of the Greek name Hagnē, from the feminine form of the adjective hagnos 'pure, holy'. This was the name of a young Roman virgin martyred in the persecutions instigated by the Roman emperor Diocletian in ad 303. She became a very popular saint in the Middle Ages. Her name was early associated with Latin agnus 'lamb', leading to the consistent dropping of the initial H- and to her representation in art accompanied by a lamb. The colloquial form Annes led to some confusion with Ann(e) in earlier centuries. Frequent in the medieval period, the name was revived in the 19th century, and has been especially popular in Scotland. See also Annis.
|650th in the U.S.
Japanese: very common place name and surname, especially in western and northeastern Japan. Variously written, the original meaning is 'tree village'. Some bearers are descended from the Fujiwara, Mononobe, and other noble families.
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Nicknames & variations
Agness, Agnese, Agnessa, Agnesa, Agneda, Agneszka, Agneiszka, Agnez, Agnesia, Agneza
Kumura, Kamura, Konur, Komure, Kanuru, Konuru, Komura, Kanuri, Kamuiru, Kimutis


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Jen Rymaruk
Yellow fever is a disease carried by female mosquitoes. The species of mosquito that carry yellow fever are native to sub-Saharan Africa and South America, but can also be found in other areas.
Although it may be rare in developed countries, yellow fever is endemic in impoverished areas where people cannot afford to get vaccinated.
There is no specific treatment for yellow fever, but vaccination can prevent it.
Yellow fever is caused by specific viruses transmitted by bites from infected mosquitoes.
Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
Factors that may increase your chances of getting yellow fever include:
Yellow fever symptoms appear within a week after a person is bitten by an infected mosquito. Typically, acute phase symptoms will persist for 3-4 days, and then disappear. A small percentage of people progress into the toxic phase. The toxic phase symptoms begin within 24 hours of the end of the acute phase. Recovery from yellow fever provides lifetime immunity from the disease.
Acute phase symptoms may include:
Toxic phase symptoms may include:
Your doctor will ask you about your symptoms and medical and travel history. A physical exam will be done. Blood tests will be needed for diagnosis. Antibodies or the virus may be detected in the blood.
Currently, medications or treatments specifically for yellow fever are not available. However, there are treatments that that can be given at a hospital to ease some symptoms of yellow fever.
It is important to keep the body hydrated. Fluids containing electrolytes may be given orally, or may be injected through a vein to prevent dehydration.
Cool water or anti-fever medications may be given to reduce fever.
In toxic phases, dialysis may be needed to help the kidneys filter waste.
In toxic phase cases, a transfusion may be needed to replace blood cells and clotting agents lost through bleeding.
Fighting yellow fever may cause the immune system to become temporarily weak. A weak immune system cannot guard against bacterial infections as it normally would, so infections occur more easily. Antibiotics may be given to fight bacterial infections if they occur. Antibiotics cannot be given to treat yellow fever because yellow fever is a virus, and viruses do not respond to antibiotics.
Vaccination is the best way to prevent yellow fever. The
yellow fever vaccine
is recommended for those who are traveling to or living in areas where the disease is present. Your doctor will help decide if the vaccine is right for you.
Other ways to reduce your chances of getting yellow fever include:
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
World Health Organization
Health Canada
Public Health Agency of Canada
Arboviruses & encephalitis. PEMSoft at EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed. Accessed June 19, 2014.
García-Rejón JE, Loroño-Pino MA, et al. Mosquito infestation
and dengue virus infection in Aedes aegypti females in schools in Merida, Mexico.
Am J Trop Med Hyg.
Global map. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Available at:
http://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/maps/index.html. Updated December 31, 2011. Accessed June 19, 2014.
Walker KR, Joy TK, et al. Human and environmental factors
affecting Aedes aegypti distribution in an arid urban environment.
J Am Mosq Control Assoc.
Yellow fever. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Available at:
http://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/index.html. Updated December 13, 2011. Accessed June 19, 2014.
Yellow fever. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at:
http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed. Updated April 25, 2014. Accessed June 19, 2014.
Yellow fever VIS. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Available at:
http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/yf.html. Updated June 18, 2013. Accessed June 19, 2014.
Last reviewed May 2014 by David L. Horn, MD, FACP
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
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Due to a change in the Harley-Davidson Motor Company policy and regulations, effective August 1, 2011, Las Vegas Harley-Davidson will
no longer be allowed to ship any Harley-Davidson Genuine Motor Parts, Genuine Motor Accessories (including Screamin' Eagle) and MotorClothes
products, internationally. We encourage you to contact your local Harley-Davidson dealer to purchase any of the above items mentioned.
Las Vegas Harley-Davidson will continue to ship orders internationally for official licensed Harley-Davidson® merchandise, including but
not limited to Las Vegas Harley-Davidson dealer t-shirts, souvenirs and collectibles.
We apologize for this inconvenience and we
appreciate your interest in Las Vegas Harley-Davidson.
Customer Service Department
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Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Phone: 1-877-571-7174, extension 1107


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Home > Shop by Brand > American Heritage > American Heritage Game Tables > Drop Shot Professional Ping Pong Table with Accessory Kit
Drop Shot Professional Ping Pong Table with Accessory Kit
Play like the pros with this Ping Pong table!
The Drop Shot Professional Ping Pong Table brings the pro game experience home.
The table features 2" square heavy duty legs for unparalleled support, with adjustable leg levelers to ensure a flat playing surface. Heavy-duty commercial 3" locking casters allow for easy portability; child-safety lock engages when in storage mode. Virtually no assembly is required. The playing area measures a 60" x 108", with a 3/4" thick reinforced playing surface with a 2.25" apron.
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Weight: 168 lbs.
Drop Shot Professional Ping Pong Table with Accessory Kit
Drop Shot Professional Ping Pong Table with Accessory Kit
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12 CFR 603.315 - Times, places, and requirements for identification of individuals making requests.
The individual making written requests for information or records ordinarily will not be required to verify that person's identity. The signature upon such requests shall be deemed to be a certification by the requester that he or she is the individual to whom the record pertains, or the parent of a minor, or the duly appointed legal guardian of the individual to whom the record pertains. The Privacy Act Officer, however, may require such additional verification of identity in any instance in which the Privacy Act Officer deems it advisable.
[51 FR 41941, Nov. 20, 1986]
Title 12 published on 2015-01-01.
No entries appear in the Federal Register after this date, for 12 CFR Part 603.


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Deep in the heart of Southeast Asia lies one of the most prized superfruits in the world. Mangosteens (Garcinia mangostana) are rich in naturally occurring xanthones (phytonutrients), which are the key ingredients responsible for a multitude of health-supporting benefits for which Mangosteen has been revered for over 1,000 years. Genesis Today's Organic Mangosteen 100TM is a 100% pure, certified organic liquid dietary supplement that is made entirely from USDA organic certified, wild-harvested mangosteen utilizing the whole fruit, including the skin, seeds, fruit, and inner rind. The deep, rich color is a result of our enhanced process that contains even more xanthones than before, including alpha-mangostin, beta-mangostin, gamma-mangostin, garcinone E, 8-deoxygartanin, and gartanin from the outer rind. It helps support a healthy inflammatory response, immune system and cardiovascular function. The premium nutrition from Organic Mangosteen 100TM is certified kosher, vegan, gluten-free, wheat-free, dairy-free, corn-free, GMO-free and soy-free.*
What does it taste like?
Organic Mangosteen 100TM has a mild, pleasant flavor similar to pears. It is cooling and wet on the palate with a smooth taste.
Healthy Inflammatory Response
Inflammation is the body's natural response to injury, but it often has undesirable side effects. The polyphenolic compounds in mangosteen support a healthy inflammatory response that aids in maintaining joint and whole-body health.*
The xanthones in mangosteens are a natural source of support for a healthy immune system.*
Xanthones have an extremely high ORAC (oxygen radical absorption capacity) rating and are among the world's most powerful antioxidants, supporting healthy cellular processes.*
* Daily value not establishedThese statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Other IngredientsNone.
Pharmaca Integrative Pharmacy is your source for natural health products. Browse our online selection of products from all of the best natural brands, or visit one of our pharmacy locations and talk with one of our licensed practitioners. From natural beauty products and cosmetics to vitamins, herbs and supplements, we offer high-quality natural wellness products for the whole family! Start exploring—shop by brand or by condition to find the perfect natural health products for your body, skin, home and more.
The products and claims made about specific products on this site have not been evaluated by Pharmaca.com or the United States Food and Drug Administration and are not approved to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent disease. The information on this site is for educational purposes only and is not intended as a substitute for advice from your physician or other health care professional or any information contained on or in any product label or packaging. You should not use the information on this site for diagnosis or treatment of any health problem or for prescription of any medication or other treatment. You should consult with a healthcare professional before starting any diet, exercise or supplementation program, before taking any medication, or if you have or suspect you might have a health problem. Pharmaca Integrative Pharmacy will not assume liability for any cross-contamination of ingredients, misprints, or adverse reactions to any ingredients in the products we carry. The products sold here may contain lead and other substances that are known to the state of California to cause cancer and birth defects and other reproductive harm. Prices and promotions are subject to change without notice. All content on this web site is copyrighted by Pharmaca Integrative Pharmacy unless otherwise stated. All online offers and prices are valid for online purchases only, and may be different from those in our retail stores. Free shipping offer may not apply to all orders and all states; see shipping policy for full details. Copyright © 2009 – 2015 by Pharmaca Integrative Pharmacy. All rights reserved.


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Hang tight!
Recipe by pnutmommy
"These flavorful gizzards are always requested at football and holiday parties. I don't know if anyone would show up if I didn't make them. The extra time boiling before frying makes a huge difference in making them tender. Definitely save the broth in the freezer!"
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1 pound
chicken gizzards, rinsed
2 stalks
celery, cut into chunks
onion, cut into chunks
bay leaves
1 1/2 teaspoons
celery salt, divided
1 teaspoon
seasoned salt
1/2 teaspoon
ground black pepper
1/2 teaspoon
dried Italian herb seasoning
1 teaspoon
garlic powder
1/4 teaspoon
ground cumin
1/2 teaspoon
Louisiana-style hot sauce
3 cups
oil for deep frying
1 cup
all-purpose flour
It was good, but due to my families high blood pressure I cooked the gizzards in fresh celery, carrots, garlic and shallots or onion. The flavor was magnificent. I discarded the cooked veggies. I then added 1/4 tsp. Kosher salt to flour along with fresh ground black pepper. I left out the Italian herb seasoning because of the salt content. My family raved about the gizzards. Even the family without high blood pressure were happy without the extra salt! Thanks for the base recipe.
The process of tenderizing them is excellent, but I will definitely change the seasonings and breading next time. The italian seasoning was way over powering and definitely not like any other gizzards i have had in the past. Just dropping them in plain flour really didn't do them justice either. I think more of a sage flavor would be much better.
54 Ratings
Lots of flavor. They are better cold. I followed the recipe except for the hot sauce because I thought that would be to spicy for my taste.
Crispy, Tender and Tasty! Perfect!
Way better than the usual deep fried and tough/ chewy gizzards that you get at most places. I kept it pretty simple - just added minced onion, minced garlic and celery seed to water and simmered for 1 1/2 hours. Rinsed and cooled and sprinkled with a litte garlic salt and tossed in flour and pan fried (my preference over deep frying) in a mixture of oil and butter, stirring until as crispy as you like it. I like to mix some Heinz 57 and sour cream together to dip them in. They were so tender, juicy, crispy and tasty. Thanks for the recipie.
Great idea! I grew up on a farm and have had lots of fried gizzards BUT nothing that tastes as good as these. I placed mine in a crockpot in the morning on low and by dinner time they were nice and tender. My husband likes his tossed in Garlic Buffalo Sauce! Much healthier than fatty Buffalo Wings! Thank you for the post!
These were tender and delicious. Someone previously said they were going to try "beef gizzards"?? Huh...?!? Hmmm...
Yee-Haw! These are perfect! Since you only fry the gizzard for a minute or so, it's imperative to boil first to get the flavor and tenderness. I cut gizzards in half before cooking, and use House of Autry Chicken Breader (Publix) to coat. Batter sticks best if you bread them right after the boil, then wait a minute and shake on a second coat. I also sprinkle hot sauce after fried.
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Southern Fried Chicken Gizzards
Serving Size: 1/6 of a recipe
Servings Per Recipe: 6
Amount Per Serving
Calories: 305
Calories from Fat: 154
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The 2014 Quadrennial Defense Review isn't like previous reviews, a senior Defense Department official said March 10.
Christine E. Wormuth, deputy undersecretary of defense for strategy, plans and force development spoke at the Center for Strategic and International Studies.
The QDR is a congressionally mandated review of DOD strategy and priorities. It is intended to set the course for the department to address current and future conflicts and threats. The review this year was completed in about half the usual time, Wormuth said, and in an environment marked by tremendous uncertainty.
The past 18 months of fiscal uncertainty have pushed the department into a near-continuous cycle of evaluation and planning, she said. A break usually follows the department's annual program review cycle, the deputy undersecretary said, but last year, the department went straight into planning for sequestration.
"We then undertook the Strategic Choices in Management Review, and then … segued straight into the QDR 2014 process, as well as the next program review cycle," Wormuth said. "So, it's been a very challenging time."
Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel thought it was important to take this QDR – the first since he took office – as an opportunity to look at the security environment and re-examine the strategy to lay out his vision for the department, she said.
"He gave us a lot of upfront guidance – the day-to-day process was co-chaired by then-Deputy Secretary Ash Carter, and our vice chairman, Adm. Sandy Winnefeld, [and] they were very, very involved," Wormuth said.
Carter and Winnefeld also were co-chairs of the budget review, she noted, which allowed for ideas to cross over between the two processes. And although it was a shorter, more compressed QDR than usual, she said, the department made every effort to continue the tradition of having the QDR be inclusive, transparent and collegial.
"We had representation from all of the services, all of the [Office of the Secretary of Defense] organization, all of the combatant commands, etc.," Wormuth said. "So, we really tried to sort of involve everyone. That, of course, doesn't mean that every organization was happy with where we wound up, but I think it's fair to say that all parts of the building had a voice in the process, and that's very important to having a coherent … result at the end that has integrity."
The final QDR report outlines three broad themes: an updated defense strategy, the rebalance of the joint force and the department's commitment to protecting the all-volunteer force, she said.
The updated strategy is one that the department believes "is appropriate for the United States as a global leader," Wormuth said. "It's a strategy that we believe helps us protect our interests and advance those interests in the world and helps us sustain our global leadership role."
The second objective addresses managing the joint force given the current strategic and fiscal environments, Wormuth said.
And the third piece of the QDR report outlines how the department will continue to recruit and retain service members while becoming more efficient and effective, she said. In particular, the deputy undersecretary said, this section looks at reining in the growth of compensation packages to maintain a balanced force going into the future.
The underlying theme in the report is the kinds of risks that the department believes the return of sequestration in fiscal year 2016 poses to the defense strategy going forward, she said.
The 2014 QDR is an evolution of strategy as opposed to a revolution in strategy, Wormuth said.
"The administration had our strategic priorities pretty much right in the 2012 defense strategic guidance," she said. "So we really went from the 2010 QDR, which was very focused on the two current wars at the time [in] Iraq and Afghanistan to the 2012 defense strategic guidance, where we tried to lay out some of the important defense priorities for the 21st century.
"And now, with the QDR 2014," she continued, "[we are] building on that set of priorities to try to put the strategy in a slightly broader framework and really look forward to the kinds of challenges and opportunities we face in the future."
The review process started with a discussion of the security environment, Wormuth said. "And I think it's fair to say we see the security environment as … continuing to be quite challenging," she added. "It's volatile. There are a lot of threats out there."
But, she said, there is also opportunity.
"So, in that context, we've tried to lay out an updated strategy that has three basic pillars," the deputy undersecretary said.
The first pillar is protecting the homeland, she said. This is a shift from the 2012 defense strategic guidance, Wormuth said, which didn't cover the department's role in managing the consequences of natural disasters, for example.
Building global security is the second pillar in the strategy, she said. This includes things such as building partnership capacity, joint exercises, military-to-military engagement and port visits, she explained.
"And really, the goal of that part of our strategy is to try to deter conflict at the earliest point possible," Wormuth said, "to try to prevent coercive behavior, for example, and to sort of proactively and positively shape the environment, so that we're trying to prevent conflict rather than having to deal with it after it's already manifested."
The third pillar of the strategy is projecting power and winning decisively, she said.
"Whether that's to be able to respond to conflict, or whether it's to come to the aid of a country like the Philippines when they were dealing with their typhoon," she said, "we want to be able to do both of those, and, if necessary, to deal with aggression when and if it happens."
The QDR report emphasizes innovation and adaptability, Wormuth said.
"I think in the past," she told the audience, "the department has often talked about innovation or efficiency in the context of sort of better business practices. … Here, we're trying to think about that, certainly, but to go beyond that and thinking about how can we build in innovation into the strategy itself – into how we try to execute that strategy."
To that end, the department conducted an extensive review of the operational concepts for some of its war plans to try to push innovation in those areas, Wormuth said. "We've also done things like looking carefully at the way we deploy forces to conduct forward presence activities," she added.
And, Wormuth said, the department is pursuing innovation with some of its closest allies and partners. "We've had extensive dialogue with the Brits, in particular, looking at how we can do more in terms of joint training, how we can leverage the fact that they will be buying joint strike fighters, and how we can do more to train for, say, carrier operations, but also to work with them on strategic planning activities," she said.
The big-picture view, she said, is that at the president's budget level, which is $115 billion more than the cap imposed by the Budget Control Act of 2013, DOD can execute the strategy outlined in the QDR, "although we will experience increased risk in some areas."
For example, Wormuth said, the department will have some challenges in terms of readiness that will cause it to be more selective in the kinds of engagement activities that it can do.
The report also talks at length about rebalancing the force to align it to the new strategic pillars, she said.
"What we're trying to do, given the fiscal environment, is to reshape the force in such a way that it remains in balance between capacity – the size of our forces – capability, which is sort of shorthand for the level of modernization of our forces, and also the readiness level of our forces."
To do that, Wormuth said, the department will have to undertake some of the steps outlined in the department's budget proposal, including reducing the size of the active Army and Marine Corps and cutting platforms such as the Air Force's A-10 Thunderbolt II ground-support fighter.
The department will continue to make investments in capabilities important to executing the strategy, she said, such as counterterrorism and cyber.
And, Wormuth said, DOD remains focused on continuing to fight sexual assault and suicides and is making sure that programs that support families, transition assistance and wounded warriors are protected.
The current rate of growth for compensation programs is not sustainable over time, Wormuth said, and so the department has proposed a series of "relatively modest reforms" in the 2015 budget proposal to try to slow the growth.
"So, things like slowing the size of the pay raise, for example, or making some reductions to our base housing allowance program or reducing, to some extent, the subsidy for our commissaries," Wormuth said. "Those are all things that we think we have to do in order to keep our force healthy overall."
If sequestration spending cuts return in fiscal year 2016 and beyond, she said, "we believe that the risk to our strategy will rise significantly." The department would have to reduce the size of the force further, Wormuth said, adding that the active Army would be reduced to about 420,000 personnel. The Marine Corps would come down to 175,000 personnel, the Navy would lose a minimum of one carrier, and the Air Force would lose the KC-10 Extender tanker.
"We would also have to go into the modernization accounts and cut those much more deeply," she said, "which we think would put at risk our ability to keep pace with [anti-access/area-denial] developments, for example."
In combination, all of those things would have a very damaging impact on the defense strategy and place the nation's security at risk, both home and abroad, the deputy undersecretary said.
"Because of capacity challenges under permanent sequestration, it would be harder to build security globally," Wormuth said. "We would have a harder time generating sufficient forward presence to do all of the partnership activities that we think are necessary around the world."
It's because of these kinds of risks that the president and the secretary decided to put forward a defense budget that is significantly higher than the Budget Control Act-level caps, Wormuth said.
"We think that the strategy we've put forward is the right strategy for the country," she added, "and we think the additional resources are needed and warranted to be able to execute that strategy."


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Area de Conservación Guanacaste
Area de Conservación Guanacaste
The Area de Conservación Guanacaste (inscribed in 1999), was extended with the addition of a 15,000 ha private property, St Elena. It contains important natural habitats for the conservation of biological diversity, including the best dry forest habitats from Central America to northern Mexico and key habitats for endangered or rare plant and animal species. The site demonstrates significant ecological processes in both its terrestrial and marine-coastal environments.
Zone de conservation de Guanacaste
La Zone de conservation de Guanacaste, inscrite en 1999, a été étendue pour inclure une aire de 15 000 ha, Sta Elena qui appartenait à un particulier. La zone comprend des habitats naturels importants pour la conservation de la diversité biologique, notamment les meilleurs habitats de forêt sèche de la zone allant de l'Amérique centrale au nord du Mexique, ainsi que des habitats clés pour des espèces animales et végétales rares ou menacées. Sur ce site se déroulent des processus écologiques importants tant dans les milieux terrestres que côtiers ou marins.
منطقة غواناكاست المحميّة
أُدرجت منطقة غواناكاست المحميّة عام 1999 على قائمة التراث العالمي وتوسّع نطاقها ليشمل سنتا إيلينا، وهي مساحة تمتد على 15000 هكتار وكانت ملكاً خاصاً. وتتضمّن المنطقة الموائل الطبيعيّة المهمّة لحماية التنوّع البيولوجي، خصوصاً أفضل موائل الغابة القاحلة في المنطقة الممتدة من أمريكا الوسطى إلى شمال المكسيك والموائل الأساسيّة لأصناف حيوانيّة ونباتيّة نادرة أو مهدّدة. وهذا الموقع هو موئل العمليّات البيئية المهمّة في الأوساط البريّة والساحليّة أو البحريّة.
source: UNESCO/ERI
此保护区于1999年被列入世界遗产,现新增一块面积达15 000公顷的私人土地——圣艾雷那(St Elena)。这里有着保护生物多样性的重要自然栖息地,包括从中美洲蔓延到墨西哥北部的最佳旱地森林栖息地,以及一些濒危或珍稀动植物的主要栖息地。这个地方的陆地和海岸环境展示了重要的生态过程。
source: UNESCO/ERI
Охраняемая область Гуанакасте
Территория, характеризующаяся высоким биоразнобразием, включает участки сухих тропических лесов – ярких образцов экосистем данного типа на пространстве от Центральной Америки и до севера Мексики. Здесь сохраняются ключевые местообитания редких и исчезающих видов растений и животных. В наземных экосистемах, равно как и в прибрежной зоне, можно наблюдать протекание важных экологических процессов. Впервые занесенный в Список всемирного наследия в 1999 г., этот объект в 2004 г. был расширен за счет включения небольшого участка площадью 15 тыс. га в районе залива Санта-Елена.
source: UNESCO/ERI
Zona de conservación de Guanacaste
Inscrito en la Lista del Patrimonio Mundial en 1999, este sitio se amplió posteriormente, para abarcar la zona de Santa Elena, una zona suplementaria de 15.000 hectáreas perteneciente a un particular. El área de conservación posee hábitats naturales importantes para la preservación de la diversidad biológica. Entre ellos figuran los mejores hábitats de bosque seco de toda la región que se extiende desde Centroamérica al norte de México, así como otros que son esenciales para la conservación de especies animales y vegetales, raras o en peligro de extinción. En este sitio tienen lugar procesos ecológicos de gran importancia, tanto en el medio ambiente terrestre como en el costero y marino.
source: UNESCO/ERI
source: NFUAJ
Beschermd gebied Guanacaste
Guanacaste ligt in het noordwesten van Costa Rica en strekt zich uit over 105 kilometer van de Stille Oceaan, langs laaggelegen kustgebieden en drie grote vulkanen. De meest opvallende vulkaan is Rincon de la Vieja, die drie kraters en een lagune heeft. In de omgeving van de vulkaan ontspringen minstens 32 rivieren en 16 onderbroken stromen die uitvloeien in de Tempisque. Deze rivier is van enorm belang voor de irrigatie van landbouwgrond in de provincie Guanacaste. Het mariene gebied omvat verschillende kusteilanden, open oceaan mariene zones, stranden, rotskusten, 37 wetlands en ongeveer 20 kilometer strand waar zeeschildpadden nesten.
Source: unesco.nl
Outstanding Universal Value
Brief synthesis
The Area de Conservación Guanacaste comprises 147,000 hectares of land and sea in the Northwest of Costa Rica. Encompassing several contiguous protected areas of various categories, the property is a mosaic of diverse ecosystems. The 104,000 hectares of land encompass a continuum of roughly 100 kilometres from the shore of the Pacific to the lowland rainforests in the Caribbean basin. Along the way, the gradient passes a varied coastline, the Pacific coastal lowlands and much of the western side of the Guanacaste Range peaking at Rincón de la Vieja at 1,916 m.a.s.l. The many forest types comprise a large tract of tropical dry forest, an often overlooked, highly vulnerable global conservation priority. Furthermore, there are extensive wetlands, numerous water courses, as well as oak forests and savannahs. The largely intact coastal-marine interface features estuaries, rocks, sandy and cobble beaches rimming the 43,000 hectares of marine area with its various, mostly uninhabited near-shore islands and islets. Major nutrient-rich cold upwelling currents offshore result in an exceptionally high productivity of this part of the Pacific.
The visually dramatic landscape mosaic is home to an extraordinary variety of life forms. Next to the approximately 7,000 plant species, more than 900 vertebrate species have been confirmed. Some notable mammals include the endangered Central American Tapir, at least 40 species of bat, numerous primate species and several felids, namely Jaguar, Margay, Jaguarundi and Ocelot. Among some 500 bird species are the endangered Mangrove Hummingbird and Great Green Macaw, as well as the vulnerable Military Macaw and Great Curassow. Diversity of reptiles and amphibians is likewise high with charismatic representatives like the vulnerable American Crocodile and Spectacled Caiman. Several species of sea turtles occur in the property, with a nesting population of the critically endangered Leatherback and a massive breeding population of the vulnerable Olive Ridley. Invertebrate diversity is extraordinary with an estimated 20,000 species of beetles, 13,000 species of ants, bees and wasps and 8,000 species of butterflies and moths.
Criterion (ix): A striking feature of Area de Conservación Guanacaste is the wealth of ecosystem and habitat diversity, all connected through an uninterrupted gradient from the Pacific Ocean across the highest peaks to the lowlands on the Caribbean side. Beyond the distinction into land and sea, the many landscape and forest types comprise mangroves, lowland rainforest, premontane and montane humid forest, cloud forest, as well as oak forests and savannahs with evergreen gallery forests along the many water courses. Along the extraordinary transect the property allows migration, genetic exchange and complex ecological processes and interactions at all levels of biodiversity, including between land and sea. The vast dry forest is a rare feature of enormous conservation value, as most dry forests elsewhere in the region are fragmented remnants only. Conservation has permitted the natural restoration of the previously degraded forest ecosystem, today serving again as a safe haven for the many species depending on this acutely threatened ecosystem. Major nutrient-rich cold upwelling currents offshore result in a high marine productivity and are the foundation of a diverse coastal-marine ecosystem containing important coral reefs, algal beds, estuaries, mangroves, sandy and cobble beaches, shore dunes and wetlands.
Criterion (x): The property is globally important for the conservation of tropical biological diversity as one of the finest examples of a continuous and well-protected altitudinal transect in the Neotropics along a series of marine and terrestrial ecosystems. The enormous variation in environmental conditions favours a high diversity, with two thirds of all species described for Costa Rica occurring within the relatively compact area. Coexisting in the property, there are more than 7,000 species of plants, as diverse as Mahogany in the lush forests and several species of agaves and cacti in drier areas. Over 900 vertebrates have been confirmed. Some notable mammals include the endangered Central American Tapir, at least 40 species of bat, Jaguar, Margay, Jaguarundi and Ocelot, as well as numerous primate species. Among some 500 bird species are the endangered Mangrove Hummingbird and Great Green Macaw, and the vulnerable Military Macaw. Charismatic representatives of reptiles include the vulnerable American Crocodile and the Spectacled Caiman. Several species of sea turtles occur in the property, with the critically endangered Leatherback nesting and a massive breeding population of the vulnerable Olive Ridley. Invertebrate diversity is extraordinary with an estimated 20,000 species of beetles, 13,000 species of ants, bees and wasps and 8,000 species of butterflies and moths.
The transect from the waters of the Pacific across more than 100 kilometres inland constitutes an impressive altitudinal and climatic range, making the Area de Conservacion Guanacaste an ideal place for the conservation of dynamic ecological and biological processes at the scale of a landscape. This is critical for the range, migration and life cycles of many animal species but also for plants and entire communities expected to respond to changing environmental conditions. The largely intact coastal-marine interface is remarkable, particularly in a region where coasts have disproportionally suffered from human pressure. The Pacific and the connected coastal ecosystems like mangroves, wetlands and estuaries mutually protect each other and the associated biological and ecological processes. The remoteness and the rocky, swampy terrain provide a high degree of natural protection of this interface. The ongoing natural regeneration of the large, previously exploited tropical dry forest ecosystem within the property is an indicator of intact processes, favoured by the size, conservation efforts and functioning interaction with neighbouring ecosystems. Adding to the integrity are several connected protected areas in the vicinity of the property, which help avoid genetic isolation, buffer disturbance and facilitate conservation and natural regeneration. Small peripheral areas are regularly bought and added to the protected area and lend themselves for future incorporation into the property.
Protection and Management Requirements
Area de Conservacion Guanacaste is a conservation complex comprised of contiguous protected areas which has expanded over time. The property continues to have potential for further extension, which is an explicit management objective. The formal conservation history goes back to 1971 when Santa Rosa National Park was created to conserve a stretch of land and sea of high conservation valuable. Over the years new national parks, a wildlife refuge and an Experimental Forest Station were established and added. Most of the property is state-owned, except for a corridor owned by the parastatal foundation Fundacion de Parques Nacionales. The administrative unit is headed by a Director and under the overall authority of the Ministry of Environment and Energy. Oversight and participation is foreseen through technical, local, as well as regional councils. The integrated management has the dual long-term objective of conservation and restoration. More specifically, management objectives include incorporation of adjacent areas of conservation interest, payment for environmental services schemes; ecological research and outreach programs. The property enjoys a diverse funding structure with both governmental and non-governmental sources. Entrance fees likewise contribute in addition to a heritage fund established through a debt-for-nature swap. Despite the diverse funding structure, additional and sustainable funding schemes are needed to enhance the operational management capacity in the face of mounting challenges.
After historic use by local indigenous groups, the remote and economically marginalised region was exploited for around four centuries in opportunistic form. Past human impacts include clearing of forests for pasture, logging and indiscriminate hunting. However, the poor soils, erratic climate and geographic isolation set natural limits to resource use and land conversion which is why no transformation beyond the natural restoration capacity appears to have occurred. On land, current threats stem from agriculture outside the property, namely pollution by pesticides, deviation of water for irrigation and introduced exotic grasses. Other possible developments outside the property requiring careful balancing between negative impacts and benefits include increasing tourism, road construction and hydropower. Fishing by local fishermen have shown a decrease in the size of fish and an increase in the effort required per catch, which constitutes a clear indication of declining populations. Stronger efforts in marine conservation are needed to respond to uncontrolled commercial and sport fishing but also to regulate tourism along the coast.
Long Description
Guanacaste is located in north-western Costa Rica. It stretches 105 km from the Pacific, across the Pacific coastal lowlands, over three tall volcanoes and down into the Atlantic coastal lowlands. It includes the Guanacaste Cordillera and surrounding flatlands and coastal areas. The most notable volcano is Rincon de la Vieja, which has three craters and one lagoon. Its last eruption was observed in the 1970s, but some fumarole activity still occurs in one of the craters. At the base of the volcano are several minor craters.
At least 32 rivers and 16 intermittent streams originate in the vicinity of the volcano, and flow into the Tempisque, a river of enormous importance for irrigation of agricultural land in the Guanacaste Province. The marine area includes various near shore islands and islets (mostly uninhabited), open ocean marine zones, beaches, rocky coasts, and approximately 20 km of sea turtle nesting beaches and a high diversity of wetland ecosystems (37 wetlands). The wetland forests are considered to be among the most pristine in Central America and worldwide.
On the Naranjo and Nancite beaches during the breeding and mating season (August to December), over 250,000 turtles nest. The majority of them are olive ridley turtles. The green, leatherback and hawksbill turtles also use the beaches quite extensively.
Guanacaste's beaches are of global importance for the protection of Olive ridley sea turtles and leatherback sea turtles, both endangered.
The main vegetation types include mixed deciduous forest with fig trees and rosewood; evergreen gallery forests along streams and behind the occasionally flooded zone; savannahs with exotic jaragua grass; oak forests and savannahs; and mangroves. There is also beach vegetation, and areas of calabash forest. The intact altitudinal transect contained within the site protects an entire elevational and east-west seasonal migratory route from the Pacific coast to 2,000 m above sea level, from dry forest to cloud forest and down to Atlantic rainforest, which is critical for the range and life histories of many species of animal.
In the area of Volcan Rincon de la Vieja, four different forest types are present: tropical wet; premontane moist; premontane rain; and lower montane rain; this forest is covered by clouds all year and the trees are dwarfed because of prevailing strong winds and sandy soils.
The area contains a very diverse fauna with several species of conservation concern. Some notable mammals are white-tailed deer, white-lipped peccary, collared peccary, Central American tapir, white-face monkey and spider monkey, howler monkey, collared anteater, jaguar, margay, jaguarundi and ocelot.
The avifauna is well represented in the area with more 500 species. Among the bird species the following are the most common: military macaw, rufescent tinamu, spot-bellied bobwhite, great curassow, crested guan, blue-winged teal, roseate spoonbill, thick knee, jabiru, ibis and laughing falconSource: UNESCO/CLT/WHC
Activities (2)
News (3)
- Climate change threatens UNESCO World Heritage sites Tuesday, April 10, 2007
- First wave of new properties added to World Heritage List for 2004 Thursday, July 1, 2004
- World Heritage Committee Inscribes 48 New Sites on Heritage List Thursday, December 2, 1999


text: Pine Green Shown with All Weather Cover Shown with camera (not included) Shown with straps out View larger Lowepro Pro Runner 200 AW Backpack-style camera case (Pine Green) Item #: 766LP36123 5 Reviews This item is no longer available. Original Price: $94.99 Shop all Camera Bags Need help? 1.888.955.6000 Email Chat Ask an expert advisor No pressure, no commission — just lots of good advice from our highly trained staff. Overview Reviews Details Articles & Videos by Kristen Schaub The Pro Runner 200 AW backpack delivers the perfect, one-bag carrying solution for a photographer on the move. This durable bag fits a camera, two to three lenses, and a flash in the fully-padded main compartment. A memory card system and extra pockets inside the flap let you organize your camera's accessories, while a discrete front zippered pocket gives you room for your personal items. Add more accessories to you bag The Pro Runner 200 AW also features Lowepro's Hideaway Tripod Mount system — foldout hooks, buckles, and straps that let you carry a tripod or monopod on the front of the backpack (see more photos). And with the SlipLock attachment tab, you can add compatible Lowepro pouches and get more room for accessories. Comfortable to wear in any weather The padded mesh backpad and padded shoulder straps make this bag very comfortable to tote around your gear. And should you get stuck in bad weather, use Lowepro's All Weather Cover. It's like a little raincoat that fits snugly over the bag for 360° protection in rain, wind, and snow. And you can tuck it away in its own special compartment when it's sunny outside. Our 60-day money-back guaranteeProduct Highlights:designed to fit most digital SLRs with attached zoom lens and two or three extra lenses or a flashdurable polyester and nylon constructionLowepro's built-in All Weather Cover for added protectionzippered rainflap lid protects the padded interior with adjustable dividersbuilt-in memory card organizer and accessory pocketsdiscrete front pocket accommodates personal itemspadded mesh backpad and mesh side pocketsHideaway Tripod Mount system lets you carry a tripod on the front of the bagincludes a Lowepro SlipLock attachment tab for additional accessoriesadjustable padded shoulder straps and webbing grab handleinternal dimensions: 9-13/16"W x 11-13/16"H x 4-1/2"Dlimited lifetime warranty Lowepro Pro Runner 200 AW Reviews Average Customer Review: 5 reviews Review this product Submit a review and then enter to win a $350 rewards card Filter by rating: 5 Star: (0) 4 Star: (0) 3 Star: (0) 2 Star: (0) 1 Star: (0) Review this product: Thanks for taking the time to share your experiences about this product. Please be sure to focus your comments on the product itself. Read our Review Guidelines for more information. Review title * Email Your email won't be visible. Please use the email address that is associated with your order. Display name (e.g., JohnD) Your review will be signed using the display name and location * Your location (e.g., Charlottesville, VA) * Your rating Click on a star to rate the overall product on a scale of 1-5 1500 characters left * Your review Attach a YouTube Review Crutchfield Video Review Guidelines Only submit videos that you made or are authorized to use. Do not submit videos that contain music, video or visuals that are copyrighted and belong to someone else. Please see our Review Guidelines for more information. Enter the URL of your YouTube™ video review or product demonstration. e.g., "http://www.youtube.com/v/o79TWHh598U" 500 characters left Pros 500 characters left Cons * Agree to Terms By checking this box you agree your review becomes the property of Crutchfield, that you are over 18 years of age, that you own or have owned this product, and that you are located within the United States or its territories. Please see our Review Guidelines for more information. We reserve the right (but are not obligated to) review all submissions and edit or remove any review in any manner which we deem necessary. Your review should be posted within seven days. Great Bag Written By BK, Western MA on Sunday, June 22, 2014 Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?) Good design, well constructed and perfect for my Nikon D5100 with stock lens and battery grip attached. Easily accommodates an extra lens plus other sundries like a flash, filters, sd cards, etc. From the photo, I thought it looked smaller than it is and actually considered the larger version. Glad I went with this one. 1 out of 1 people found this helpful Was this review helpful? Yes No Love it Written By cj, charlottesville on Monday, December 30, 2013 The backpack style is great, it's lightweight but sturdy, and the rain cover is a plus. Pros: great value, lots of room for camera gear and extra travel/hiking essentials Was this review helpful? Yes No I Love This Camera Bag! Written By NMDesertFlower, New Mexico on Monday, May 27, 2013 Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?) The Lowepro Pro Runner 200 AW is the most comfortable camera backpack I've ever owned. I can wear this all day while hiking and it won't hurt my shoulders or back. I added my tripod and it's still easy. The weight seems well distributed and the shoulder straps are very comfortable (and adjustable). I can carry my Nikon D5200 with the kit 18-55 lens attached, my 55-300mm lens, a 35mm lens, flash, three hoods, two extra batteries, wired remote, two flashlights, and several filters along with some sunscreen, carmex, hand sanitizer, and baby wipes. Add the water bottle in the side pocket and the tripod on the front and it's still not too heavy. I am especially grateful for the rain fly since we're prone to random, isolated T-storms during the summer. Thanks Lowepro, you have a winner here! Pros: Carries a lot of gear, comfortable shoulder straps, great weight distribution, carries tripod with ease, and includes a rain fly! Cons: Nothing at all 3 out of 3 people found this helpful Was this review helpful? Yes No best ever Written By Carlos, Bronx, NY on Friday, August 10, 2012 This is the most comfortable bag ever. I have two other Lowepro bages, and this has the most use of the space. i have Nikon D5100 with a 18-55mm a 55-300mm, an extra battery, and a few other things and still have some room left. Best part of all, i was cought in a rain storm and the rain cover on the bag keeped everything dry. Except me... Pros: comfort, protection and spacious. Cons: not one problem at all. 4 out of 4 people found this helpful Was this review helpful? Yes No Lowepro Pro Runner 200 AW Written By HL, SF, CA on Thursday, July 21, 2011 Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?) Great bag if you don't need to carry a lot around. By all mean, it's not a slouch either. I have my Canon 60D with 15-85mm attached, a Canon EF 70-300 mm lens plus Canon 320EX flash in the bag and I still have room for one small lens. I had a tripod attached to the outside bag and carried on one trip recently and my shoulders were fine all day long. This is unusual because most backpacks that I carried in the past would hurt my shoulders and back after a few hours. I would highly recommended this bag. Well done Lowepro. 12 out of 12 people found this helpful Was this review helpful? Yes No Hands-on research What's in the box? | In-depth notes What's in the box? Black/Pine Green camera backpack Warranty card Product Research Features Design: The Lowepro Pro Runner 200AW is a backpack-style camera bag designed to carry a DSLR camera with an attached lens (up to 70-200mm), 2-3 additional lenses, flash, tripod or monopod, and personal items. It has a durable all-weather polyester exterior to protect your gear from the elements. The fully-padded Nylon interior has adjustable dividers, so you can customize the size of the compartments to fit your needs. There are numerous accessory pockets on the inside and outside for storing your memory cards, cell phone, MP3 player, and other personal items. Tripod/Monopod Mount: The bag has dual straps on the front and a hideaway "cup" at the bottom of the bag specifically designed to accommodate your tripod or monopod. The top strap is adjustable with a quick release clasp. Dimensions: Exterior Dimensions: 11.8"W, 14"H, 6.7"D Interior Dimensions: 9.8"W, 11.8"H, 4.5"D Weight: 2.5 pounds Our Product Research Team At Crutchfield, you'll get detailed, accurate information that's hard to find elsewhere. That's because we have our own in-house Product Research team. They verify what's in the box, check the owner's manual, and record dimensions, features and specs. We stay on top of new products and technologies to help people make informed choices. Sorry, the Lowepro Pro Runner 200 AW is no longer available. Looking for a similar item? Shop all Camera Bags Or, you can still... Write a review Search the website Go


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Jefferson leads the way in healthcare education with the use of innovative teaching strategies, including simulated patients, consumer instructors and targeted interprofessional education opportunities allowing students to learn beside peers in other health and medical professions. All classes are taught by an innovative, highly experienced faculty, many of whom are involved in funded training and research projects. Faculty and students have an opportunity to collaborate in projects based in Jefferson Elder Care, Child and Family Studies and Sensory Integration Laboratory.
Students have many unique opportunities including community service, fieldwork in unique settings and international experiences.


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micoach is all you need to get the results you want.
(32 Products)
Your SelectionClear All
Im a speed based wide receiver and these cleats aren't ideal for the position. I used to have the 5-star 3.0 and they were more ideal for the position, these cleats are a lot heavier compared to them (obviously) although they offer a lot of traction, stability, comfort and ankle support. Off the start of my routes I felt slower and my beginning cuts were slow and acceleration was decreased but that was expected. Although once I reached top speed the traction kicks in and i could make my top speed cuts and changes in direction A LOT easier. Unless you need to reach a high speed really fast, these cleats are ideal for lineman, and other power positions based on your style. But the traction is great I didn't slip at all compared to the star 3.0s, although i haven't tried the 4.0s yet. Definitely one of the most comfortable cleats ive ever worn before during and after playing. They felt very blocky and slowing me down but like i said, unless you are used to light cleat i cant imagine much of a difference. The ankle support is majestic. I don't see any problems in durability except for creasing, but that's okay. Pros: Traction ankle support comfort Top speed cuts Cons: weight minor size issues (but i have small feet) acceleration from start blockiness Ideal position: 1- Lineman 2-maybe linebacker ... read more
There is only one problem with this clear. Adidas needs to make it in solid colors. A solid black, a solid grey, a solid white, etc just like the original Adidas 5 star 4.0's. Just make them in every color they make of the 4.0's I not just make them in those basic colors please. I need these cleats to match my uniform. ... read more
they are the best cleats iv'e ever had but I wish they would have more simple, solid, colorways. An all navy and white pair or an all red pair without the weird secondary colors. I need my cleats to match my Highschool uniform, so i can look "LOUD", BUT presentable on the field. Please do something about it ! ... read more
I'm a wide receiver and DB and I love these shoe. They are great at changing directions. Very light but also strongly built. they do however take alittle time to break in and adjust to your foot but that's expected. I also ran my fastest 40 time ever in these shoes. Lastly they look amazing, even better in person. ... read more
I was a little nervous about first getting these because they looked like they had no support at all. This was totally not a problem at all. These really Hugged your feet and gave you all the support you could ever want from a low cleat. The traction was as well amazing. Same w the lockdown and barefoot like shoes shoe weight. The only and I mean only problem w these is the insole. The insole gave me foot pain and didn't perform the way it should. That's the only reason these got 4 stars instead of 5. But it's an easy fix, just slip a new insole in and your good to go. I put in an under armour micro g insole and that did the job. Just about any other insole would work. Other than that, this has been one of my favorite cleats to do anything in. Weather it's offense or defense, these get the job done and more. These turn heads and perform great. Recommend them to any skill player, exspeicaly DB's and receivers. ... read more
The fit and feel are great - but the cleats are starting to pull away from the shoe upper after just a few wearings. I'm hoping this is just a defective pair and that Adidas will replace them - if not, they're obviously not worth the money. I purchased them online, so sending them back is a bit of a hassle and it takes about three weeks for a response - so having a back up pair of cleats is necessary. ... read more
I've been in love with adidas ever since the 3.0 breakout amongst athletes. These cleats are visually great and the new sole pattern seems like a great improvement, especially for me because I am a shifty east/west runner. However, I didn't get to test these cleats much because the cleats ended up being way too big. I brought my backup cleats (3.0) and put one of each cleat on. I wear 11.5. My toe was at the end of the 3.0's, but with these, I had more than a thumb's distance to the toe. I double checked the size and everything to make sure I didn't order the wrong size. I don't know why they were so big. I also have a pair of adidas soccer cleats that are 11.5 and fit very similarly to the 3.0's. For whatever reason these 4.0's seem to be huge. I had my buddies around me compare where my toe was in each cleat and they all agreed the 4.0 was way bigger than they should've been.. So, if you want these cleats, try taking a half size or maybe even a full size down from what you may have had for the 3.0's. Visually they are amazing and all my buddies were a bit jealous. It was a shame I had to send them back. Hopefully I can put in a better review when I get the right sized cleat back on my feet. ... read more
Feel as light as the Adizero but with more toe protection, and the mid-top design with the neoprene sock allows a player to play without being spat, eliminating any extra tape weight. Great traction on grass and turf. Better than the RG3's played in last year. ... read more
After reading these reviews I have felt weary of getting these cleats but I still decided to buy them because of how light they are. They have preformed very well into the season but the only reason they get 4 star is because they are very narrow. If yo have wide feet do not get these, instead get the high tops. ... read more
I am a wide receiver and I had been looking for a good cleat to suit my needs and I found these. I played with them for a season and they were GREAT! The only thing I didn't like about them was that they were narrow a bit making them a little tight but that didn't take away from how great this cleat is. I would recommend this to anyone look for a good cleat that's easy to cut in and easy to run in. ... read more
These Cleats Are Great. I Play DB & These Are The Best Cleats For Changing Direction. But The Only Thing That Adidas Has To Add, Is More Colorways. I Know You Guys Have All Black Already, But Get An All Black , All White But With The Kevlar Plate. ... read more
I brought these cleats for my 14 year old son...who used them at a football camp. He likes them, but the stripes started peeling off after the first use. I could'nt return them because he got them signed by Devin and Jason McCourty on the last day of the camp. The stripes are cosmetic but I expected better quality considering the price of the shoe. ... read more
the shoes all around are amazing they provide good support just wish they offered a lil more ankle support but other then that there golden man , i cut like a god now ,had to buy two pairs home away . it takes a week or so to break them in . ... read more
I'm a junior in high school and I've played football since I was 5 years old. My dad has always strived to buy me the best equipment, so I would perform at my highest level. I have worn adizeros' for three years now and have never had one problem out of them. My first pair, I've had since freshman year just now blew out but I taped them up and it was back to grind. Since my first pair, I have bought three more pairs of adizeros, and will wear adidas until I no longer play the game. ... read more
Aeroknit does everything Adidas says it will: keeps you cool, dry and comfortable during intense workouts. The cotton blend also gives it an amazingly soft feel. This is one of the best Ts I've every worked out in! I'm 6'2" 193 and large fit great. I highly recommend and will definitely load up on more colors, which they offer plenty of!! ... read more


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Barry Kosofsky, M.D., Ph.D.
Dr. Barry Kosofsky is the Horace W. Goldsmith Foundation Professor of Pediatrics and Chief, Division of Pediatric Neurology at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center and the Director of the Horace W. Goldsmith Foundation Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Neuroscience. He is also a Professor of Pediatrics and Professor of Neurology and Neuroscience at Weill Cornell Medical College as well as an Attending Pediatrician at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital. He is Board Certified in Neurology with Special Competence in Child Neurology.
After receiving a B.A., M.A. in Biophysics at Johns Hopkins University, Dr. Kosofsky entered Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, where he was awarded his medical degree (M.D.) and a Ph.D. in Neuroscience. He completed his pediatric residency training at Children's Hospital in Boston. Following residency, Dr. Kosofsky served as Assistant Resident/Chief Resident at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, where he also completed a Post-Doctoral Fellowship in the MGH-East Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory. In 1992, he was appointed Instructor of Neurology at Harvard Medical School and joined the staff of Massachusetts General Hospital.
He joined Weill Cornell following 19 years at Harvard Medical School, where he was an Associate Professor of Neurology, and Massachusetts General Hospital, where he was an Associate Neurologist and Director of the Child Neurology Residency Training Program. Dr. Kosofsky currently serves as the Co-Chair of the Long Range Planning Committee for the Child Neurology Society.
Research Summary
In addition to his clinical and administrative roles, Dr. Kosofsky is a clinician scientist who has developed and studied animal models of diseases, which affect human brain development. The goal of his studies is to gain mechanistic insights into such diseases, as a starting point for improved diagnosis and potentially therapy for affected infants and children.
An important component of his research program is focused on understanding the consequences of intrauterine exposure to drugs of abuse. He has pursued an animal model (in mice) to study neuropathologic, behavioral, electrophysiologic and neurochemical alterations induced by gestational exposure to cocaine, and pursues molecular analyses to better understand their molecular underpinnings.
In addition, he utilizes high-resolution structural (MR microscopy) and functional (fMRI) magnetic resonance brain imaging methods in rodents to identify structural and functional consequences of recurrent exposure to cocaine, including studies in adult animals. He has also applied computer-based methods for morphometric analyses of the MR scans of infants and children following intrauterine exposure to drugs of abuse. His approach is to use such sophisticated imaging methods as a foil for bi-directional translational research, which he is applying to study the impact of prenatal exposure to drugs of abuse on the developing brain.
Insurance Plans Accepted
The following represents most of the managed care plans accepted by this physician. If your insurance carrier does not appear here please contact the physician's office as they may have individual contracts not included on this site.
* indicates this physician is no longer accepting new patients with this insurance plan.
- AETNA [Medicare]
- Aetna - Weill Cornell [POS]
- Affinity Essential
- Affinity Health Plan
- Blue Priority Network
- Emblem Select Care
- Empire Blue Cross/Blue Shield [EPO]
- Empire Blue Cross/Blue Shield [Pathway X Enhanced]
- Empire Blue Cross/Blue Shield [PPO]
- Empire Blue Cross/Blue Shield [Pathway X]
- Empire Blue Cross/Blue Shield [HMO]
- Empire Blue Cross/Blue Shield [Mediblue (Senior)]
- Fidelis Care
- Health First
- Health Insurance Plan of NY (HIP) [Medicare]
- Health Insurance Plan of NY (HIP) [Medicaid]
- Health Insurance Plan of NY (HIP)
- Health Plus - Amerigroup [CHP]
- Health Plus - Amerigroup
- Health Republic
- Medicaid
- Medicare
- Oscar
- Oxford Health Plans [Medicare Advantage]
- Oxford Health Plans [Liberty]
- Oxford Health Plans [Freedom]
- Rockefeller University - CoreSource
- UHC Compass
- United Empire
- United Health Care [Medicare]
- United Health Care [Community Plan]
- United Health Care
- VNSNY CHOICE Medicare [HMO]
LINK: Dr. Kosofsky's articles on PubMed
Selected Peer-reviewed Publications
Redwine JM, Kosofsky BE, Jacobs RE, Games G, Reilly JF, Morrison JH, Young WG, Bloom FE. The dentate gyrus volume is reduced before onset of plaque formation in PDAPP mice: A magnetic resonance microscopy and stereologic analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100:1381-1386.
Crandall JE, Hackett HE, Tobet SA, Kosofsky BE, Bhide PG Cocaine exposure decreases GABA neuron migration from the ganglionic eminence of the cerebral cortex in mice. Cereb Cort. 2004;14;665-75.
Rajadhyaksha A, Husson I, Satpute SS, Kuppenbender KD, Ren JQ, Guerriero RM, Standaert DG, Kosofsky BE. L-type Ca2 channels mediate adaptation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation in the ventral tegmental area after chronic amphetamine treatment. J Neurosci. 2004;24;7464-76.
Mandeville JB, Jenkins BG, Chen YC, Choi JK, Kim YR, Belen D, Liu C, Kosofsky BE, Marota JJ. Exogenous contrast agent improves sensitivity of gradient-echo functional magnetic resonance imaging at 9.4 T. Magn Reson Med. 2004;52:1272-81.
Husson I, Rangon CM, Lelievre V, Bemelmans AP, Sachs P, Mallet J, Kosofsky BE, Gressens P. BDNF-induced white matter neuroprotection and stage-dependent neuronal survival following a neonatal excitotoxic challenge. Cereb Cort. 2005;15:250-61.
Guerriero RM, Hayes MM, Dhaliwal SK, Ren JQ, Kosofsky BE. Preadolescent methylphenidate versus cocaine treatment differ in the expression of cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization during adolescence and adulthood. Biol Psych. 2006;60(11):1171-80.
Walhovd KB, Moe V, Slinning K, Due-Tonnessen P, Bjornerud A, Dale AM, van der Kouwe A, Quinn BT, Kosofsky BE, Greve D, Fischl B. Volumetric cerebral characteristics of children exposed to opiates and other substances in utero. Neuroimage. 2007;36(4):1331-44.
Malanga CJ, Riday TT, Carlezon WA Jr., Kosofsky BE. Prenatal exposure to cocaine increases the rewarding potency of cocaine and selective dopaminergic agonists in adult mice. Biol Psych. 2008;63(2):214-21.
Worgall S, Sondhi D, Hackett NR, Kosofsky BE, Kekatpure MV, Neyzi N, Dyke JP, Ballon D, Heier L, Greenwald BM, Christos P, Mazumdar M, Souweidane MM, Kaplitt MG, Crystal RG. Treatment of late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis by CNS administration of a serotype 2 adeno-associated virus expressing CLN2 cDNA. Hum Gene Ther. 2008;19(5):463-74.
Tropea TF, Guerriero RM, Willuhn I, Unterwald EM, Ehrlich ME, Steiner H, Kosofsky BE. Augmented D1 dopamine receptor signaling and immediate-early gene induction in adult striatum after prenatal cocaine. Biol Psych. 2008;63(11):1066-74.
Honors and Awards
- Medical Scientist Training Program Award (1978)
- Paul Erlich Award in Clinical Investigation (1985)
- William Randolph Hearst Award (1990)
- NIDA Scientist Development Award for Clinicians (1992)
- NIDA: The Next Generation Award (1996)
- NIDA Independent Scientist Development Award (1998)
- INSERM 'Poste Orange' Visiting Scientist Award (2000)
- Partners (Child) Neurology "Teacher of the Year" (2001)
- Chair, Scientific Selection Committee, Child Neurology Society (2003-5)
- NIDA Independent Scientist Development Award-II (2004)
- Goldsmith Foundation Professorship (Endowed Chair; 2006)
- Member NIDA CTN 0028 DSMB (2007-2009)
- Awarded Tenure (2007)
- Standing Member- DBD Study Section (2007-2010)
- Secondary Appointment in the Department of Radiology (2008)
- Chair, Long Range Planning Committee, Child Neurology Society (2008-)
- Pediatric Neurology
- Child Neurology
Clinical Expertise
- Developmental Disorder
- Prenatal Diagnosis
- Traumatic Brain Injury
Contact Info
Board Certifications
- Neurology With Special Qualifications In Child Neurology
- M.D., Ph.D., The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1985