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Sunday, October 01, 2006
On language proper to our situation
Sandy Levinson
I have been taken for gentle reproach by someone I like and admire enormously, Ken Anderson, for some of my use of recent language, particularly "banana republic" and "fuhrer-prinzip." I have no apology for the former, because I really do believe that the decadent legislative process in Washington, by both parties, is far more akin to the politics of a banana republic with one of the parties in thrall to a populist caudillo (lawfully elected) and the other without discernible spine even if one gives them credit for commitment to certain principles re the issues raised by the recent detainee bill. I do believe that it is unhelpful to offer the "fuhrer-prinzip" as particularly relevant to our current situation, for two quite different reasons: As someone who spent much of the 1960s arguing against the relevance of the "Munich analogy," one should be very careful about presenting historical analogies. Also, and obviously, it is spectacularly unlikely that anyone I'm trying to enter into genuine conversation with--including conservative readers whom I've asked repeatedly to assess the current quality of our legislative process--will be induced into that conversation by such language. PRESIDENT BUSH: Mr. President, thank you for coming. It's been my honor to welcome the President of Kazakhstan back to the Oval Office. He informed me that the first time he was here was when my dad was the President. And I welcome you back. We've just had a very important and interesting discussion. We discussed our desire to defeat extremism and our mutual desire to support the forces of moderation throughout the world. I thanked the President for his contribution to helping a new democracy in Iraq survive and thrive and grow. I thank very much the President for his concerns about Afghanistan's democracy, and his willingness to help in Afghanistan. We talked about our mutual -- our bilateral relations, and our mutual desire to -- for Kazakhstan to join the WTO. We talked about our commitment to institutions that will enable liberty to flourish.
PRESIDENT BUSH: Mr. President, thank you for coming. It's been my honor to welcome the President of Kazakhstan back to the Oval Office. He informed me that the first time he was here was when my dad was the President. And I welcome you back.
We've just had a very important and interesting discussion. We discussed our desire to defeat extremism and our mutual desire to support the forces of moderation throughout the world. I thanked the President for his contribution to helping a new democracy in Iraq survive and thrive and grow.
I thank very much the President for his concerns about Afghanistan's democracy, and his willingness to help in Afghanistan. We talked about our mutual -- our bilateral relations, and our mutual desire to -- for Kazakhstan to join the WTO. We talked about our commitment to institutions that will enable liberty to flourish.I have watched very carefully the development of this important country from one that was in the Soviet sphere to one that now is a free nation. And I appreciate your leadership, Mr. President.
Gee, I don't think you were out of bounds at all Sandy -- that particular historical analog is exact:
"In both the War Powers Resolution and the Joint Resolution, Congress has recognized the President's authority to use force in circumstances such as those created by the September 11 incidents. Neither statute, however, can place any limits on the President's determinations as to any terrorist threat, the amount of military force to be used in response, or the method, timing, and nature of the response. These decisions, under our Constitution, are for the President alone to make."
John Yoo, The President's Constitutional Authority to Conduct Military Operations Against Terrorists and Nations Supporting Them, OLC memorandum (2001.09.25), Conclusion.
I'd be very interested to see Ken Anderson or anyone else show where there's any real difference between that claim and the fuhrer-prinzip.
In the May 1933 letter of Leo Strauss to Loewith rejecting Hitler, he affirmed "the principles of the Right - fascist, authoritarian and imperial." While his followers, including in a broad sense Yoo (who clerked from Clarence Thomas, a Straussian) in speaking of "commander in chief power" do not mean "Fuhrer power", they do mean something like " Duce power", something like Mussolini style fascism. Hence, the contempt for the rule of law and habeas corpus that the 40 or so, in and around the administration, so routinely display.
Strauss was an admirer of Heidegger and Schmitt. For them, it was "Fuhrer power" and Heidegger took the opportunity to name himself as the head of the University of Freiburg "Rektor-Fuhrer." During the war and having left the rectorship (actually in 1934), he saw himself as the philosopher-king of a true "national socialism" in contrast to Hitler, just as, by way of farce, William Kristol sees himself as the guardian of a true "neoconservatism" in contrast to Bush's efforts in Iraq. In any case, the notion that the stench of a "Fuhrer prinzip" emanates from "Commander in Chief" power and the little crowd of fascists around Bush and Cheney is not a misidentification but sadly accurate. Many former neoconservatives and admirers of Strauss like Andrew Sullivan see clearly enough the distinction between being a conservative (Strauss wasn't even though Sullivan still hopes he was) and being a tyrant or a "tyrant's assistant." Yes, some people will undoubtedly be turned off by naming a position which they themselves have encouraged to some extent, but others may feel that naming such politics actually enables all of us - with great effort - to reject them and fight for the rule of law and a democracy that upholds individual rights (including the right to physical security from terrorist attack).
Alan Gilbert
sorry sandy, but this jewish liberal thinks the fuhrer references are out of bounds under any circumstance.
your gut reaction is correct. the president and his henchmen don't give a damn about the truth. they don't give a damn about the rule of law. they don't give a damn about the real principles this country was founded upon. they do give a damn about their power. i'm not too sure they really give a damn about much of anything else.
that being said, there are certain roads we just don't travel down. most of us have family a generation or two before us that were lost in the second world war. those of us of jewish, catholic, gypsy, etc., background have a special axe to grind with hitler and his pals. this doen't extend, however, to calling anyone hitler or a nazi, no matter how evil we might think they are. it simply lowers ourselves, and does not contribute anything to the discussion.
as mark said in the prior post, the level of discourse has grown too shrill. it's reached the point where conservatives will not listen to liberals and vice versa simply because of the tone of the discussion. sinking to that level contributes to the mutual deafness, no matter how intellectual the terms of the argument may be couched.
Mark didn't say its too shrill - at least in your sense. He says the shrillness IS justified because of what Bush and company are doing. Or, at least that's how I took it.
Yes, Bush in some ways is a liability to the Republican party in general, and to conservatism specifically. That said, I don't think I can answer one way or another if I'd prefer the British system of no confidence votes against the party leader.
Their system introduces a whole host of problems that may or may not outweigh the benefits. Of course, if for the purposes of your hypo, we can just ignore all that - then sure, I'd love to have a no confidence vote against Bush and someone else, preferably someone more competent put in his place.
p.s. You wrote, "I do not believe that all political conservatives have contempt for the English language." Whew! Lol, there is some hope for us yet! :)
In one of his essays on history, Michael Oakeshott tells us that historical analogies are difficult things and in the end we must be cautious about them. What matters, he says, is whether the analogy advances our understanding of the matter presented. Consequently, he advises, we should always consider pointing to the differences that may arise between an historical analogy and the case under discussion. This is sound and very conservative advice, useful for bloggers and academic writers alike. It's difficult to implement in a blog posting written at a stream of conscience pace, however.
But I am puzzled by the case here. Surely there is nothing objectionable about Sandy's "banana republic" analogy. The more serious criticism seems directed at the term "Führerprinzip." I assume that Ken's concern is that the use of a word like this is a crude aspersion, because your typical English-language speaker in America would link it to "the Nazis," and the phrase would carry the sophistication of a cartoon. I don't buy that. The readers of blogs like Balkinization are, judging by the comments posted, a pretty sophisticated lot, and increasingly they are people with some real depth in political science, constitutional and international law topics. "Führerprinzip" has a long history in Middle European political thinking – from Hegel, to Nietzsche, to Graf Keyserling, who popularized it through the Weimar period. It describes the last phase of Caesarist thinking, one which reflected, more than its predecessors, a criticism of liberal democracy. The "Führerprinzip" was heralded as an answer to liberal democracy; a means for retooling it to make it better able to address the threats that faced it.
And the concept "Führerprinzip" has particular importance to international humanitarian law – a field with which Ken supposedly has some familiarity – because it was a focus of liability arguments by both the defense and prosecution at Nuremberg. One of the best definitions is certainly the one that Reichministerialdirektor Schlegelberger offered in the Justice Ministry trial – he said that under this principle, the leader was simultaneously supreme executive, legislature and judge. It was in effect used to sweep away the dissonance associated with bourgeois liberalism. (I am trying to recall whether this was included in "Judgment at Nuremberg," the film version of this trial, in which Burt Lancaster portrays a lightly fictionalized Schlegelberger – perhaps it was.) Schlegelberger's definition is perilously close to arguments which have been raised by the Administration in defense of its highly expanded notion of commander-in-chief powers, and those claims, it seems to me, easily invite the comparison. Is the opprobrium of association with the Nazis so great that this comparison is illegitimate? The "Führerprinzip" is not, strictly speaking, a Nazi concept – even if those who lack depth in this corner of intellectual history don't know any better. I don't think the comparison is illegitimate, at least not before an academic and professional audience. Or is Ken telling us that we should disregard the precedent of Weimar Germany altogether – the only major Western democracy to have self-destructed within the last two generations? That would be not only foolish, but dangerous.
If Sandy's reaction to this rebuke is to post less frequently, I would reckon that a great loss. I don't see much in the criticism, frankly. But I sure wish Sandy would spell "Führerprinzip" correctly in the future.
Regarding Kazakstan, at about the same time its leader was meeting with George W, it had a four page ad in the front section of the NYTimes, trying to convince the American public and investors what a great democratic county it was. Kazakstan has placed similar ads in the NYTimes in the past several years. But has Kazakstan demonstrated that it is a democracy, or heading towards becoming one? George W and Cheney are convinced that Kazakstan is an ally, not because of democracy, but because of its oil and other energy reserves. They are extending the Monroe Doctrine to Central Asia. Why rob banks? Because that's where the money is. Why support the dictatorships of Central Asia? Because that's where the major sources of energy exist. There is no longer a Cold War competition between the US and the now defunct Soviets. But there is an Economic War involving not only Russia and its energy resouces that support its economy but also the needs of the growing economy of China and its needs for energy from nearby sources such as Central Asia's dictatorships. No more Cold War, but a growing Economic War, that may lead to a Hot War (assuming that our involvement in Iraq and Afghanistan and our eyes on Iran and North Korea is not already a start of the Hot War). The US national interest under Bush and Cheney seems to be oil, oil and more oil, not democracy, democracy, democracy.
Perhaps there are not convenient terms to summarize the faults of Bush and Cheney. So let's use a lot of words to explain what they are doing to us.
At one time it seemed that voters looked for a president who was smarter than them, inspired them, would lead them to a better future. Can we say that about Goerge W? Kazakstan may look like an ally now, but what will Bush et al do when Russia and China flex their muscles, economic and otherwise? No, we don't need a single word to depict George W, especially when we have the description a Texan came up with several years ago: "A Texas fence post turtle."
People can kvetch all they want to about using the term Füherprinzip to describe the Yoonies in the Bush Administration.
If it quacks like a duck, waddles like a duck, etc. Frankly, I have little sympathy for those who, for whatever reason, lift their skirts and raise themselves up on their toes whenever they hear the term. If there's any fundamental philosophical difference between the Unitary Presidency and its Nazi equivalent, I'm afraid I fail to see it.
What concerns me more than semantic delicacy at this point is the extent to which the Bush Administration will follow the same logic as the German Führer himself did. Given even the admittedly much abused traditions of our jurisprudence, they'll have a difficult time of it if they actually do intend to go the full nine yards. Like many here, I myself doubt they have the stomach for such extremes, but I don't think any of us should be so confident of that as to turn our eyes elsewhere, not for the time being, at least.
A COMMENT ON SANDY'S POST From Kenneth Anderson:
Sandy and I have a mutual admiration society, please understand - I regard him as one of the finest and morally most acute intellectuals writing in the US today; his book on torture and his new book on the constitution are simply required reading for anyone seeking to understand our political system today. Why he thinks so well of me - heck, why look a gift horse in the mouth?
So I want to be clear. I have no question whatever about the use of 'banana republic'. Re fuhrer prinzip - well, I don't think it is used inappropriately in a blog post; one of the good things about blogs is that they allow us to speak more strongly, and more emotionally, than we necessarily do in other contexts, and I dislike the idea of squelching that.
What I was concerned to point out is that, outside of the context of a blog - a blog post quoted in the Washington Post - a term like furher prinzip (which was not actually quoted in the article) to describe the US Senate sounds, well, really different. It is a different genre and it sounds very different from how it sounds in a blog post. (But I don't think that's true at all of 'banana republic'.)
The problem I was attempting to describe over at my blog post, using as an example Friday's quotation of Sandy's 'banana republic' blog post in a news article otherwise quoting actual interviews with other famous intellectuals and law professors, is what happens when language that seems okay in one genre, a blog, migrates over to another, such as a regular news story. I queried whether Sandy would feel comfortable had the reporter quoted the "fuhrer prinzip" part of the post instead - I doubted it, and as Sandy says, he shares the same feeling. So it left me wondering what happens in a world in which blog posts migrate over into regular journalism, and whether a journalist ought to check - as apparently the WP reporter did with Sandy - to see if the wording is okay.
I did add a comment, as an aside, and as a conservative reader of Balkinization generally, that it has grown more shrill of late, quite understandably, considering how momentous these issues are, if one sees one's positions losing and essentially given up by one's friends. I hope it was helpful simply to let the contributors know anecdotally that I know of administration officials who used to read Balkinization regularly, not just for its technical analysis but to understand its normative arguments, who find it simply too shrill to follow. I don't mean to suggest that the emotion that I think merits expression should be squelched - but that it does cost readers among some of the people who might, at least on some matters, be open to persuasion. I, of course, will faithfully read Balkinization every day; I'm not sure everyone else will, and I'm not sure that this form of loss will be evident from the feedback given by reader comments.
I am, I should add, coming more and more to share Sunstein's concerns about the echo chamber effect of the blogosphere and the internet generally. An editor friend from abroad came over to our house and saw the NYT, WaPo, WSJ, Wash Times, the Economist, New Republic, Weekly Standard, National Review, and the Nation - apart from suddenly understanding why I constantly miss his deadlines, and the expense, he was genuinely surprised that I would read across, so to speak, confessional lines. Despite what it appears, I'm not patting myself on the back for broad reading or spending lots of money on subscriptions; I don't think there was anything in the least unusual about that for an academic or intellectual even just a few years ago. But I do think it is becoming much more uncommon now, and that is not a good thing.
Sandy, please don't censor your impulse to give some passion to your expression in all this. If we did not have passions about this, there would be something wrong with us. But I don't know exactly what one does about passions taken from one genre and converted, not precisely homologously, into another. The expressions do not necessarily translate, and I don't know what one does about that.
(A ps to the above, Monday, October 2, 2006. It is very frustrating not to be able to post a comment to Balkinization - bad, Beta Blogger, bad, bad! If someone wanted to be kind enough to post the comment below in red to Sandy's post at Balkinization, as a comment from Kenneth Anderson, I'd be very grateful.)
A COMMENT ON SCOTT HORTON'S COMMENT From Kenneth Anderson:
I read with particular interest Scott Horton's comment in which he defended Sandy's passing reference to the US Senate as fuhrerprinzip on the grounds that Balkinization readers, being erudite, learned, well read, etc., would not merely associate the term with the Nazis, but would see it as an appropriate term because it reaches back much further and beyond the Nazi regime broadly to signify a certain kind of authoritarianism which is perfectly appropriate to describe the Bush administration. Well. Supposing that is true - what I was noting in my post was not what the erudite and learned readers of Balkinization might think, but instead what happens if that bit were quoted in a mainstream newspaper story, in the NYT or WaPo. Does Scott still think the term's popular connotations irrelevant to that setting - and, recall, the point of the post was to ask, using the quotation of Sandy's post as an example, whether academic bloggers are prepared to have their words migrate from one genre to another.
In any case, while I don't doubt for a moment - I am not being ironic - that Balkinization's readers are among the most highly educated, learned, and intellectually sophisticated in the blogosphere or anywhere else, suppose we take a poll of Balkinization's readers and ask what they think of when they think of fuhrerprinzip - a long intellectual history of Middle European political authoritarianism, or ... Hitler? For that matter, Sandy is a thoroughly honest person - Sandy, were you thinking of all the various things Scott was talking about, or were you, too, thinking about Nazis? When it comes to international humanitarian law, "a field," Scott reports, "with which Ken supposedly has some familiarity," I think Fuhrerprinzip and I think Nazis. But then, given that my knowledge of the field is "supposed," perhaps that doesn't count. Maybe Scott doesn't merely think Nazis, although his discussion of it turns out to be not so much Weimar, but mostly Nuremberg and, well, Nazis. Maybe you, gentle Balkineers, think about Middle European political theories. But I bet you think Nazis. And I bet Sandy does, too - which was surely why he used it in his post.
And, again to be perfectly clear, to return to the point in my original post - I do not object to that kind of reference in a blog post. I don't mind it. It's okay by me. I might very well use it and even stronger language and references myself - I like provocation. So thanks, Scott, but in order to defend Sandy you really don't have to offer a whole intellectual history about why fuhrerprinzip is not just about Nazis and is all about alternatives to liberalism. It's okay with me even if it is a reference to Nazis. Others do object - including some in the comments to Sandy's post - but not me. I myself think it is perfectly okay for Sandy to invoke indirectly these kinds of images, and 1984, and Stalin and the Gulag, and all the rest. I may agree, I may disagree - but I don't think they are somehow beyond the pale in a blog post, a genre which accepts a certain level of passion that academic writing usually does not. It is a genre with its own internal sense of style, including a certain amount of passion, which is one reason I like it - and beyond a certain level, a reason I don't like or read the wilder parts of the blogosphere.
My question in the post - which Scott doesn't actually address - is whether Sandy, comfortable with using that kind of referrence in a blog post, would still be comfortable with seeing it quoted as a description of his view of the Bush administration in a newspaper story, surrounded with quotations from other experts who were actually interviewed and not simply blog-mined. "Banana republic" - sure. But "fuhrerprinzip"? I wouldn't be, if it were me, and my guess, and question to Sandy, was that he wouldn't be, either. And I was curious about whether the journalist contacted him directly to ask him about the quote - he did - and whether those of us who blog think there should be some kind of known, understood journalistic convention here, about quoting, about contacting for quotes, etc. I don't have a view on this - I don't often get interviewed, and anyway tend to turn them down. My question is about the migration of language from one genre, blog posts, to another, newspaper stories, and what the conventions should be for writers of blog posts and journalists mining them for material.
Ken Anderson writes:
"My question in the post - which Scott doesn't actually address - is whether Sandy, comfortable with using that kind of referrence in a blog post, would still be comfortable with seeing it quoted as a description of his view of the Bush administration in a newspaper story, surrounded with quotations from other experts who were actually interviewed and not simply blog-mined."
Blogging is certainly a far less formal medium than traditional publishing, and Ken is surely correct that academic writers like Sandy might well approach it less carefully than an interview with a reporter from an illustrious journal like the New York Times or Washington Post. These periodicals have a different readership, and we do tend to edit our remarks to suit our readers, right? This would argue against using a phrase like "Fuehrerprinzip," or if you use it, to explain how the present facts are different from the historical model. Just as political leaders today who invoke the idea of "Munich," "appeasement" and "1938" should explain why they think this historical image is relevant to a discussion about post-occupation Iraq, when the Iraqi Government and a two-thirds majority of the Iraqi people want to see a US commitment to leave.
I'm curious whether Mr. Anderson is as critical of the ubiquitous practice on the right of invoking Neville Chamberlain when it suits their apologia.
Just for the record, the Washington Post did not get in touch with me re its quotation from the blog post (which I still have not yet tracked down). I suppose I see anything "published" in Balkinization as sufficiently on the "public record" to warrant someone quoting it without asking my permission, as would be the case with anything else I published. That doesn't overcome the point that Ken is raising, which is whether blogging invites a kind of rhetoric that I would be more hesitant to use were the Post actually to offer me the same 500-1000 words that I often post here. And the answer is yes.
Also for the record, when I used the term fuhrerprinzip, I was indeed thinking of its most world-historical instantiation. I am often awed by Scott's erudition, but it is most definitely his erudition and not mine. I think it we are all walking a kind of tightrope when we evoke the lessons of Weimar, including what can be learned from Carl Schmitt. I continue to find these debates during the 1920s very illuminating. But that would be the case even if Weimar had not morphed into Hitler.
Let not propositions and "ideas" be the rules of your Being. The Fuhrer alone is the present and future German reality and its law. Learn to know ever more deeply: from now on every single thing demands decision, and every action responsibility. Heil Hitler!
~ Martin Heidegger, 1933
The aide said that guys like me were "in what we call the reality-based community," which he defined as people who "believe that solutions emerge from your judicious study of discernible reality." ... "That's not the way the world really works anymore," he continued. "We're an empire now, and when we act, we create our own reality. And while you're studying that reality—judiciously, as you will—we'll act again, creating other new realities, which you can study too, and that's how things will sort out. We're history's actors . . . and you, all of you, will be left to just study what we do."
~ Ron Suskind quoting an "unamed aide" to President Bush
It seems the question raised by Mr. Anderson in this instance, boiled down, is whether or not you are guilty of vulgarization, and a consequent "thought stopping" end to dialogue. Clearly, as elucidated in the wonderfully thoughful comments seen here, I'd say this assertion is wrong on both points.
Another dissent, by "phg," parallels this critique, recalling and honoring the catayclysmic loss of 50,000,000 lives -- somewhere in the neighborhood of 5,000,000 of these shot, starved, or gassed to death in extermination camps -- forever linked to Nazi-related (or even Nazi-sounding) jargon. Up to this point, the crimes against humanity committed by Bush & Co. are, in substance, far from matching those of the last "freely elected" leader (and his cliche) of a militarily-strong, liberal democracy to assume similar powers.
Still, your analogies hold. (So too, similar parallels between some of the neo-cons now whispering in the ears of Rove and Cheney and the Jacobins of the French "Great Terror.")
To abuse your solid analogy: Does Iraq look anything like Poland / Kazakhstan like Romania?
Reconstituted Nazis? Maybe not. Ideologues? Some of them. Oil men fighting oil wars by any means? For sure.
"Yoonies." Cultic, constitutional hysterics. That's a good one!
This is the Post article:
Washington Post --
September 29, 2006; Page A13
By R. Jeffrey Smith
As for the discussion, Adolf Hitler was not a product of black magic or bad luck, he was a product of fallacious reasoning. The similarity of the Bush administration's thinking is hardly the fault of their critics.
Long before Hitler or Bush, Madison (following Montesquieu) decribed the political pathology precisely:
"The accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the same hands, whether of one, a few, or many, and whether hereditary, selfappointed, or elective, may justly be pronounced the very definition of tyranny."
James Madison, The Federalist, No. 47
I think American political culture presents a problem for terms like "fascist" and "F?hrer," but that it does not speak well for the culture that it does. Partly the problem is our lucky history, partly our national myth. We've been spared the curse; and we think of ourselves – as does much of the world, if decreasingly – as the very definition of a stalwart democracy. These create heady ideas that sum up in the maxim "It can't happen here." Now, amid growing signs that it is, we hear insistences it is not and declarations that any suggestions to the contrary are out of bounds.
This is all predictable. If one accepts Robert Paxton's analysis, fascism capitalizes on the dysfunctionalities of a democracy, using situational opportunities. That means both that it will always appear to work within the system as it finds it, and that it will always do so differently, since each system presents it with different openings. In Mecklenberg, Germany, neo-Nazis are building a political base working around the legal prohibitions against swastikas and Hitler references. No one seems to know how to declare them illegal. In Israel, talk of "transfer" is officially banned, which kept Meir Kahane's party out of the Knesset, but others have since learned to avoid the term.
What makes our political culture particularly troubling is that fascism counts on rock-ribbed democrats thinking it's bound to fail. The worst of the rhetorical signals are laughed at, and the real tendencies are read as ambiguous and thus taken less seriously than is warranted. They begin with perhaps an eye-twitch that soon shows itself as a longish wink, then comes a limited power grab for apparent reasons, then an outright grab for none at all. There's no general metric for this pattern, and I do not know where to put the Military Commissions Act (MCA) on this spectrum. But it seems more than an eye-twitch.
Still, I recognize the cultural problem, and so even in my postings I adhere to Godwin's law – not using the "f" word – because "fascism" is thrown out without no grasp of disanalogies or parallels to our case. But I do so with regrets. Take the MCA debate. Hitler's Enabling Act began with a four-year sunset; Obama could not get five. Reid looked to McCain and the JAG; Hitler's last roadblock was Alfred Hugenberg, a Krupp magnate who like McCain thought he had a deal; thereafter Hitler's worst nemesis was the military. Stepping back, how many Americans know that to its last days the Third Reich operated under the Weimar constitution?
And in other ways there are lessons to draw from Nazi Germany. There are others to take from Italy, from Japan, and even from ancient Rome. But they need to be titrated into our discourse, cut down to size and woven into what we say, think and do as we face the problem that confronts us. This seems possible and worthwhile.
It seems there are just two ways to raise public consciousness to the threat that looms: either look back to the Constitution and what it stands for, or look ahead to a dystopian denouement. In the wake of the Dred Scott decision Lincoln returned to politics to do both, looking back to the Framers' intent to put slavery on an ultimate course of extinction and asking what would limit slavery anywhere if the opinion were given credence (as Douglas was doing). I think we can and ought to do the same.
As for treating Hitler as sui generis, I think "Never again!" means it must never happen again, not that it can't.
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Books by Balkinization Bloggers
Stephen M. Griffin, Broken Trust: Dysfunctional Government and Constitutional Reform (University Press of Kansas, 2015)
Frank Pasquale, The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information (Harvard University Press, 2015)
Bruce Ackerman, We the People, Volume 3: The Civil Rights Revolution (Harvard University Press, 2014)
Balkinization Symposium on We the People, Volume 3: The Civil Rights Revolution
Joseph Fishkin, Bottlenecks: A New Theory of Equal Opportunity (Oxford University Press, 2014)
Mark A. Graber, A New Introduction to American Constitutionalism (Oxford University Press, 2013)
John Mikhail, Elements of Moral Cognition: Rawls' Linguistic Analogy and the Cognitive Science of Moral and Legal Judgment (Cambridge University Press, 2013)
Gerard N. Magliocca, American Founding Son: John Bingham and the Invention of the Fourteenth Amendment (New York University Press, 2013)
Stephen M. Griffin, Long Wars and the Constitution (Harvard University Press, 2013)
Andrew Koppelman, The Tough Luck Constitution and the Assault on Health Care Reform (Oxford University Press, 2013)
James E. Fleming and Linda C. McClain, Ordered Liberty: Rights, Responsibilities, and Virtues (Harvard University Press, 2013)
Balkinization Symposium on Ordered Liberty: Rights, Responsibilities, and Virtues
Andrew Koppelman, Defending American Religious Neutrality (Harvard University Press, 2013)
Brian Z. Tamanaha, Failing Law Schools (University of Chicago Press, 2012)
Sanford Levinson, Framed: America's 51 Constitutions and the Crisis of Governance (Oxford University Press, 2012)
Linda C. McClain and Joanna L. Grossman, Gender Equality: Dimensions of Women's Equal Citizenship (Cambridge University Press, 2012)
Mary Dudziak, War Time: An Idea, Its History, Its Consequences (Oxford University Press, 2012)
Jack M. Balkin, Living Originalism (Harvard University Press, 2011)
Jason Mazzone, Copyfraud and Other Abuses of Intellectual Property Law (Stanford University Press, 2011)
Richard W. Garnett and Andrew Koppelman, First Amendment Stories, (Foundation Press 2011)
Jack M. Balkin, Constitutional Redemption: Political Faith in an Unjust World (Harvard University Press, 2011)
Gerard Magliocca, The Tragedy of William Jennings Bryan: Constitutional Law and the Politics of Backlash (Yale University Press, 2011)
Bernard Harcourt, The Illusion of Free Markets: Punishment and the Myth of Natural Order (Harvard University Press, 2010)
Bruce Ackerman, The Decline and Fall of the American Republic (Harvard University Press, 2010)
Balkinization Symposium on The Decline and Fall of the American Republic
Ian Ayres. Carrots and Sticks: Unlock the Power of Incentives to Get Things Done (Bantam Books, 2010)
Mark Tushnet, Why the Constitution Matters (Yale University Press 2010)
Ian Ayres and Barry Nalebuff: Lifecycle Investing: A New, Safe, and Audacious Way to Improve the Performance of Your Retirement Portfolio (Basic Books, 2010)
Jack M. Balkin, The Laws of Change: I Ching and the Philosophy of Life (2d Edition, Sybil Creek Press 2009)
Brian Z. Tamanaha, Beyond the Formalist-Realist Divide: The Role of Politics in Judging (Princeton University Press 2009)
Andrew Koppelman and Tobias Barrington Wolff, A Right to Discriminate?: How the Case of Boy Scouts of America v. James Dale Warped the Law of Free Association (Yale University Press 2009)
Jack M. Balkin and Reva B. Siegel, The Constitution in 2020 (Oxford University Press 2009)
Heather K. Gerken, The Democracy Index: Why Our Election System Is Failing and How to Fix It (Princeton University Press 2009)
Mary Dudziak, Exporting American Dreams: Thurgood Marshall's African Journey (Oxford University Press 2008)
David Luban, Legal Ethics and Human Dignity (Cambridge Univ. Press 2007)
Ian Ayres, Super Crunchers: Why Thinking-By-Numbers is the New Way to be Smart (Bantam 2007)
Jack M. Balkin, James Grimmelmann, Eddan Katz, Nimrod Kozlovski, Shlomit Wagman and Tal Zarsky, eds., Cybercrime: Digital Cops in a Networked Environment (N.Y.U. Press 2007)
Jack M. Balkin and Beth Simone Noveck, The State of Play: Law, Games, and Virtual Worlds (N.Y.U. Press 2006)
Andrew Koppelman, Same Sex, Different States: When Same-Sex Marriages Cross State Lines (Yale University Press 2006)
Brian Tamanaha, Law as a Means to an End (Cambridge University Press 2006)
Sanford Levinson, Our Undemocratic Constitution (Oxford University Press 2006)
Mark Graber, Dred Scott and the Problem of Constitutional Evil (Cambridge University Press 2006)
Jack M. Balkin, ed., What Roe v. Wade Should Have Said (N.Y.U. Press 2005)
Sanford Levinson, ed., Torture: A Collection (Oxford University Press 2004)
Balkin.com homepage
Cultural Software
The Information Society Project
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text:
Test ID: COM
Complement, Total, Serum
Useful For Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful
Detection of individuals with an ongoing immune process
First-order screening test for congenital complement deficiencies
Clinical Information Discusses physiology, pathophysiology, and general clinical aspects, as they relate to a laboratory test
Complement proteins are components of the innate immune system. There are 3 pathways to complement activation: (1) the classic pathway, (2) the alternative (or properdin) pathway, and (3) the lectin activation (or mannan-binding protein) pathway. The classic pathway of the complement system is composed of a series of proteins that are activated in response to the presence of immune complexes. The activation process results in the generation of peptides that are chemotactic for neutrophils and that bind to immune complexes and complement receptors. The end result of the complement activation cascade is the formation of the lytic membrane attack complex (MAC).
The absence of early components (C1, C2, C3, C4) of the complement cascade results in the inability of immune complexes to activate the cascade. Patients with deficiencies of the early complement proteins are unable to generate the peptides that are necessary to clear immune complexes and to attract neutrophils or to generate lytic activity. These patients have increased susceptibility to infections with encapsulated microorganisms. They may also have symptoms that suggest autoimmune disease, and complement deficiency may be an etiologic factor in the development of autoimmune disease.
Patients with deficiencies of the late complement proteins (C5, C6, C7, C8, and C9) are unable to form the MAC, and may have increased susceptibility to neisserial infections.
Undetectable complement levels are found in patients with specific component deficiencies. Decreased complement levels are found in infectious and autoimmune diseases due to fixation and consumption of complement.
Reference Values Describes reference intervals and additional information for interpretation of test results. May include intervals based on age and sex when appropriate. Intervals are Mayo-derived, unless otherwise designated. If an interpretive report is provided, the reference value field will state this.
> or =16 years: 30-75 U/mL
Reference values have not been established for patients that are <16 years of age.
Interpretation Provides information to assist in interpretation of the test results
Low levels of total complement (total hemolytic complement CH50) may occur during infections, disease exacerbation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, and in patients with immune complex diseases such as glomerulonephritis.
Undetectable levels suggest the possibility of a complement component deficiency. Individual complement component assays are useful to identify the specific deficiency.
Cautions Discusses conditions that may cause diagnostic confusion, including improper specimen collection and handling, inappropriate test selection, and interfering substances
Because this is a functional assay, the results are dependent on appropriate specimen transport and storage.
Clinical Reference Provides recommendations for further in-depth reading of a clinical nature
1. Ross SC, Densen P: Complement deficiency states and infection: epidemiology, pathogenesis and consequences of neisserial and other infections in an immune deficiency. Medicine 1984;63:243-273
2. Frank MM: Complement in the pathophysiology of human disease. N Engl J Med 1987;316:1525-1530
3. Yamamoto S, Kubotsu K, Kida M, et al: Automated homogeneous liposome-based assay system for total complement activity. Clin Chem 1995;41:586-590

subset: commoncrawl


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Alien Trespass
Drama, Comedy
Set in 1957, "Alien Trespass" chronicles a fiery object from outer space that crashes into a mountaintop in the California desert, bringing the threat of disaster to Earth. Out of the flying saucer escapes a murderous creature--the Ghota--which is bent on destroying all life forms on the planet. A benevolent alien from the spaceship, Urp, inhabits the body of Ted Lewis--a local astronomer--and with the help of Tammy, a waitress from the local diner, sets out to save mankind.
Cast: Robert Patrick, Dan Lauria, Jenni Baird, Jody Thompson, Eric McCormack
Produced by: R.W. Goodwin
Directed by: R.W. Goodwin
Written by: James Swift, Steven P. Fisher
Running time: 1hr 30min
Opens: Apr 03, 2009 Limited
|Theaters for Today
Pick a day


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Westlake, Ohio - December 10, 2008 - Nordson Corporation (Nasdaq:NDSN) today announced that its board of directors has declared a first quarter 2009 cash dividend in the amount of $0.1825 per common share, payable on January 5, 2009 to shareholders of record on December 22, 2008. This amount equals the $0.1825 per common share cash dividend paid in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2008. In addition, the board of directors announced February 17, 2009 as the date for Nordson's Annual Meeting of Shareholders. Nordson Corporation is one of the world's leading producers of precision dispensing equipment that applies adhesives, sealants and coatings to a broad range of consumer and industrial products during manufacturing operations. The company also manufactures equipment used in the testing and inspection of electronic components as well as technology-based systems for curing and surface treatment processes. Headquartered in Westlake, Ohio, Nordson has more than 4,100 employees worldwide, and direct operations and sales support offices in 34 countries. # # # Media & Investor Contact: Jim Jaye, Director, Corporate Communications & Investor Relations(440) 414-5639 or firstname.lastname@example.com
© 2015 Nordson Corporation


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statelinetack.com > Western Saddles & Tack > Ropes & Roping Equipment > Item # E008280
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Weaver Leather Cinch Connector
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UNDER ARMOUR Men's Highlight Lacrosse Cleats
|Free Returns on Shoes! (see promotion details)
|Eligible for Free Shipping on Orders $49 or More! (see promotion details)
|Members of The League get 5% back when you spend $100! (see promotion details)
Product Details
Change direction on a dime in the UNDER ARMOUR® Highlight men's lacrosse cleats. A CompFit® ankle sleeve promises snug support without adding weight, while the UA Corespeed chassis enhances the foot's natural motion for a fast, flexible ride. Bladed cleats deliver dynamic traction on the field.
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Key Specs:
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- Classification: Lacrosse
- Breathability: Yes
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Additional Info
- UA Corespeed chassis enhances the foot's natural motion for a fast, flexible ride
Product Recommendations
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Reviewed by 1 customer
- cheap
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Comments about UNDER ARMOUR Men's Highlight Lacrosse Cleats:
i <3 these
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Monday, April 22, 2013
Wesley Fofana scores outstanding try vs Toulouse after just 39 seconds
Clermont maintained their fine form with a convincing 39-17 victory over Toulouse at fortress Stade Marcel Michelin at the weekend. They started the game in sensational fashion as Wesley Fofana scored one of the tries of the weekend after just 39 seconds.
With their all important Heineken Cup Semi Final against Munster a week away, Clermont sent a clear message with yet another powerful performance, this time over third place Toulouse.
Last weekend they drew with Toulon but on this occasion they added to their incredible home record as they marched into the Top 14 semi final playoffs. They are now unbeaten at the regular home stadium for 59 matches, or three-and-a-half years.
Tries were scored by Fofana, Benson Stanley, and Sitiveni Sivivatu, the latter having scored a brace, including one that came from a superb pick-up at the base of the ruck.
Fofana's was the best of the match though, not only because it was within the first minute, but due to the quality he showed as he stepped, fended, and sprinted his way to the line.
In other news, star France winger Vincent Clerc has been ruled out of the three-Test New Zealand tour with a knee injury. You can view the injury 4:33 mins into the highlights clip on page two.
View more replays of this try, all the others, and Clerc's injury in the Highlights wrap of the match
Time: 1:34
Credit: momentsovales
Posted by Rugbydump at 10:06 am | View Comments (27)
Posted in Great Tries
Viewing 27 comments
Canadian content April 22, 2013 3:00 pm
Best centre in the world right now?
Possibly best back?
DrG April 22, 2013 7:04 pm
Put it this way, would want him in my team :)
DW April 22, 2013 3:16 pm
Some very well taken tries there!
Dobby April 22, 2013 3:17 pm
bnations April 22, 2013 3:56 pm
matt the mauler April 22, 2013 4:11 pm
GMac April 22, 2013 4:11 pm
This guy is an out and out centre. Very very few guys in world rugby with the line breaking ability that he has.
You dont put that on the wing!!
Rowan April 22, 2013 4:43 pm
Jokes aside, beautiful try.
DollsLiving April 22, 2013 11:45 pm
Reality April 22, 2013 6:51 pm
Also, Wesley Fofana is making a complete fool of Philippe Satin-André. There is no inside centre in world rugby doing what Fofana is doing, so playing him on the wing just proves how foolish Saint-André was during the Six Nations.
Vanadyel April 22, 2013 7:44 pm
But honestly, most french male sport journalists/reporters/presenters are okay to bad. In my opinion, beginning with Eric Bayle who's been there for too long.
UBBpower April 23, 2013 11:03 am
I am totaly in love with her, as almost all the french people who love rugby. So i cannot say something mean about her..
Loving you Isabelle..
From french guy supporting UBB
marty April 22, 2013 6:54 pm
DrG April 22, 2013 7:00 pm
Honestly though, he's a brilliant player, I think he'd be a strong contender for any team.
Run Fatboy Run April 23, 2013 10:10 pm
Mat April 22, 2013 7:02 pm
Flying Tacklemonkey April 22, 2013 7:21 pm
kadova April 22, 2013 11:12 pm
themull April 22, 2013 7:47 pm
stroudos April 22, 2013 9:04 pm
Nice pass from the base of the scrum by Hines too. I suppose there's no reason why a lock shouldn't be able to pass the ball but many don't seem to be able to, and I've seen a great number of England scrumhalves unable to provide quick ball delivered softly in front of the runner like that.
stroudos April 22, 2013 9:06 pm
Frenchie April 22, 2013 9:21 pm
kadova April 22, 2013 11:08 pm
Hope Clermont is wining the H Cup, they deserve it.
Colombes April 22, 2013 11:14 pm
Munster will have to build a real wall against Sivivatu, Rougerie, Parra & co if they want to snatch a victory in Auvergne. 59th match of invicibility at home...
On a side note, playing Fofana on the wing during the first 6N matchs was a bad St-André inspiration, but was imposed by many wingers injuries Medard, Malzieu, Dullin and Clerc (sadly again knee injured...)
And Iturburu despite her gorgeous "ovales"... has a great ovalie knowledge
Canadian content April 23, 2013 1:55 am
Canadian content April 23, 2013 2:00 am
Good on him!
TotesMcGoates April 23, 2013 3:22 am
Great try, Clermont are without a doubt the team to beat in Europe.


text:
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Home / About TEA / News and Multimedia / Press Releases
TEA News Releases Online
July 13, 2012
AUSTIN – A newly designed, automated application system that facilitates the flow of information between school districts, the Texas Education Agency (TEA) and the Municipal Advisory Council won the Best of Texas award this week from the Center for Digital Government, a national research and advisory institute on information technology policies and best practices in state and local government. The Foundation School Program's Bond Program application system was recognized as the "best IT collaboration among organizations" at the Government Technology Conference (GTC).
The new Bond Program web application automates two critical components of Texas' public education funding system that finances almost $1 billion annually for school district construction projects. The improved system now provides prompt, accurate payments, improved reporting to school districts, on-demand ledger access and a detailed audit trail.
Launched last December, the new system not only streamlined the process for both agencies, but it also benefits school districts. The new system can swiftly and reliably calculate and send payment allotments so school districts have funds for their crucial and time-sensitive bond payments. It is also vital for audit purposes, ensuring that the payments are made from the appropriate pool of funds. In addition, the new system reduces data entry requirements by about 40 percent, significantly minimizing the reporting burden on school districts.
Prior to the creation of the automated system, the School Finance Division performed its many Bond Program transactions and calculations with paper applications and extensive manual manipulation of large data sets in spreadsheets. In addition, school districts were required to report the same information to both TEA and to the Municipal Advisory Council. This redundancy sometimes resulted in data entry and reporting errors, which in turn produced inaccurate payments to school districts. This new project replaced these cumbersome processes and improved the flow of critical bond data between the two agencies and the flow of funds to districts.
The Texas Education Agency's Bond Program system was one of only 12 projects in the state honored for its excellence.
This project was developed under the leadership of TEA staff Lisa Dawn-Fisher, Connie Fannon, Charlie Richter and Jack Roman.


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If I've created an application that is not a website, can I still register it and get a key?
Take the 2-minute tour ×
Stack Apps is a question and answer site for apps, scripts, and development with the Stack Exchange API. It's 100% free, no registration required.
Sure! There are plenty of apps that are not websites.


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Rubio on the other hand is what he is. Why did Rubio lie that he was the child of exiles from the Castro regime? Got an explanation? Maybe the half of your family can explain that. Just give me an explanation why.
I can explain to you why my Cuban-American friends are turning against him: They supported him because he was one of them. Either his parents had similar stories as some of my friends of the older generation or Rubio himself had similar stories as my friends of the younger generation. He symbolized the Cuban-Americans who are either descendents of Cubans who left because of Castro and he symbolized through his parents the generation who left Cuba because of Castro. That symbolism fell apart when it became known (after his election) that his parents left Cuba BEFORE Castro took over. Not just a few days or a few weeks or a few months before but a solid 3 (!!!) years. Therefore they have every right to change their minds. Here is what one of them said about Rubio: He is the cheap Cuban version of Mitt Romney.
"....if there is activity in the ball prior to the rubbing action....
Bill Belichick, Sat Jan 24, 2015
"You may think that you are some kind of god to these people. But we both know what you really are."
"What's that? A criminal?"
"Worse. A politician."
Source: Under The Dome
I am also not worrying about what my friends say or don't say. They are all old enough. If you have nothing of substance to add why don't you just stay away from this subject.
1. Over the age of consent
2. Live in a free country
3.You are not my daddy.
So you see, you reply to me because you do worry. It's kind of sweet in a creepy stalkerish way. I would suggest since i add so little to debates in your opinion, you use the ignore feature, so that you need not be subjected to my nothingness.
I'll be looking for that ignore anytime now LOL
And by the by......Rubio will get pushed because the GOP has been told they lost the hispanic vote because of their draconian immigration stance. If they really want to go out on a limb, run a ticket of Jindahl and Rubio in any combination and see where it goes. Nowhere. None of them are substantive on the issues or compelled to make any change to Washingtons way of doing business. The good news is the Dems don't really have any charismatic leaders to put out there either. Hillary will be so old, theres no way to put her on top of the ticket and anyone suggesting Biden should be submitted for mandatory psychological evaluation.
So someone who response to your posts in kind is sweet in a creepy stalkerish way? What does that make someone who just response out of the blue without being addressed and with no substance in the post?
What does that make you in this thread?.
Don't start this Game-Set-Match stuff again. You were schooled the last time.
I don't put anybody on ignore. It is too much fun. Plus the ignore feature is the tool for the weak.
And since you actually posted on topic:
I am not worried about any Republican candidate for 2016. Too far away. And if the last Republican primaries are any indication they will push a nutcase anyways and the Democrats can nominate anybody.
And i worry about pols all the time......where are the pols that represent the people? Not a one to be found.....
This type of mild pandering is normal. Every politician does it. Rubio admitted he got the dates wrong but records show his parents went back to Cuba for a short time after Castro took power but left and stayed away because, you know, Castro was being all Castro. Rubio's approval ratings in Florida and among Hispanics has not suffered as the result of this and won't.
I didn't vote for Rubio when he ran for Senator and won't be voting for him in the primary or the general election, if he gets that far. But neither my mother, my aunt nor the descendants of her 18 aunts and uncles (which covers about 200 eligible voters by now, of which only three are liberals, including me) have a problem with this. The early move to discredit him by making this an issue frankly disgusts me in it's hypocrisy.
Im somewhat disappointed that more African Americans dont think for themselves and just go with whatever theyre supposed to say and think."
- Dr. Benjamin Carson
I had to read back on your 'stories' because I never heard that about Obama or Hillary Clinton.
On Hillary Clinton: what I gathered is that her mother named her after Edmund Hillary because she read about him and liked the name. I didn't find anything that Hillary was named Hillary because he climbed Mt Everest which indeed happened 6 years after Hillary Clinton was born.
Snopes had this explanation from 2006:
And if you refer to the Hollrah editorial who began the claim that Obama connected his birth to the march on Selma Snopes has done a nice thing and sorted it out:
I don't want to be picky but in both cases the claim you lay has been partially contradicted. According to Hillary's mother she has been named after Ed Hillary because she read about him and liked the name not because he climbed the largest mountain on earth. We certainly will never know if that is true or a fib story by a mother.
Obama's story is iffy at best, just like Hillary's, but not a clear cut lie. But we may have to differ on these issues.
My head is fine. It doesn't matter if it is up my ass or not. Just because I oppose him for that lie and have an opinion formed and some of my friends agree with me does not mean that my head is up my ass. If your 200 plus family members love him more power to them but I would never tell anybody to get their heads out of their asses just because they have a different opinion. But hey, whatever floats your or their boat (no pun intended).
Rubio did not admit that he got the dates wrong. This story was not just some random incidental pandering. The story is listed in his official biography (at least was) and was mentioned several times in speeches throughout his career. The story changed after the Washington Post discovered that his parents came over in 1956. But like I said if your family likes him....


text:
Polyken 225FR Flame Retardant Duct (Cargo Pit) Tape is an excellent flame retardant polyethylene-coated waterproof cloth duct tape with an exceptionally aggressive adhesive which bonds to a variety of substrates including steel and plastic. Application uses include areas where flame retardancy is required: for sealing duct work, fiberglass insulation, and wire harness insulation and building applications; and for cargo pit applications for freight-carrying aircraft like seaming and repairing cargo compartment liners and covering pins & rivets. Features of Polyken 225FR include: flame retardancy; aggressive adhesive to a variety of substrates; outstanding handling characteristics and conforms well to duct systems; conforms to FAR 25.853(a), McDonnell-Douglas DMS1968E, Lockheed LCP-86-1226-A, Boeing D 6-8099, and Fokker Fk05-113 and Fk05-005A .
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If your pet has trouble with pills, you might want to ask your veterinarian about compounds. Many prescriptions can be compounded into customized medications for your pet, and can even be flavored like a treat.
Pharmaca's certified compounding pharmacists have the training and ability to modify prescribed medications to a specific strength, dosage form or allergen-free formula. Whether a bird, ferret, horse, cat or dog, your pet can be properly cared for with a customized prescription that fits their unique needs.
Animals are treated much like people in our pharmacy system. Once your veterinarian calls in a prescription, we set up the pet like a patient. Some pets even take medications that were originally formulated for people, but also work for conditions like obsessive licking.
If your vet recommends a compounded prescription, our compounding pharmacists will be able to formulate it according to your specifications. We often create medications in animal friendly flavors like tuna, beef and chicken. We can also turn certain prescriptions into creams so delivery is as easy as rubbing your pet's ears.
Pharmaca Integrative Pharmacy is your source for natural health products. Browse our online selection of products from all of the best natural brands, or visit one of our pharmacy locations and talk with one of our licensed practitioners. From natural beauty products and cosmetics to vitamins, herbs and supplements, we offer high-quality natural wellness products for the whole family! Start exploring—shop by brand or by condition to find the perfect natural health products for your body, skin, home and more.
The products and claims made about specific products on this site have not been evaluated by Pharmaca.com or the United States Food and Drug Administration and are not approved to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent disease. The information on this site is for educational purposes only and is not intended as a substitute for advice from your physician or other health care professional or any information contained on or in any product label or packaging. You should not use the information on this site for diagnosis or treatment of any health problem or for prescription of any medication or other treatment. You should consult with a healthcare professional before starting any diet, exercise or supplementation program, before taking any medication, or if you have or suspect you might have a health problem. Pharmaca Integrative Pharmacy will not assume liability for any cross-contamination of ingredients, misprints, or adverse reactions to any ingredients in the products we carry. The products sold here may contain lead and other substances that are known to the state of California to cause cancer and birth defects and other reproductive harm. Prices and promotions are subject to change without notice. All content on this web site is copyrighted by Pharmaca Integrative Pharmacy unless otherwise stated. All online offers and prices are valid for online purchases only, and may be different from those in our retail stores. Free shipping offer may not apply to all orders and all states; see shipping policy for full details. Copyright © 2009 – 2015 by Pharmaca Integrative Pharmacy. All rights reserved.


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BP receives FTC clearance to sell Carson refinery and marketing assets to Tesoro
8:22 AM MDT | May 20, 2013 | Natasha Alperowicz
BP says it has received clearance from the FTC to sell its Carson, CA, refinery and southwest US retail assets to Tesoro and expects to complete the sale in the second quarter of this year. Under the terms of the deal, announced in August 2012, the assets include BP's Carson refinery and related logistics and marketing assets in the region. Since that time, BP and Tesoro have been providing information to regulatory authorities to enable the parties to gain approval to complete the transaction for approximately $2.5 billion. "With FTC clearance...
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Sample Role Statements
A role statement is a document that broadly describes the multiple responsibilities of a faculty member at Utah State University and outlines the performance expectations that the University has of faculty members. The role statement establishes general parameters and principles for the employment of faculty at Utah State University.
Recent updates to the master role statement template for assistant professors have resulted in the following draft document: Master Assistant Professor Role Statement Template. The Provost's Office is currently working with each academic unit to include these revisions in their unique role statements.
For use across departments and academic units, the Provost's Office has also created the following document: Master Department Head Role Statement Template.
Below are sample role statements from each academic unit at Utah State University. These are provided as examples. Each faculty member should work with his or her Department Head and Dean to construct their individual role statement.


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Step 1: Obtain cardboard for the pieces.
I had intended just to do a simple cutout, but then I decided to do retractable wings.
Lay out the pieces and cut them into the following pattern. Make sure the wings are going to fit inside the folded piece.
i was just wondering how did you make the rucksack type straps?
some thoughts:
I made mine flip out using a rubber band assembly underneath the wings. It worked surprisingly well for a while but eventually the cardboard and rubber band lost strength so I taped them up/down depending on the situation.
Walking through doors/crowds of people is a huge pain, so making sure you can put the wings down is a must.
The wings will bend and take quite a bit of abuse, so I cut and attached wire from some old coathangers to the wings using duct tape in a "batwing" type of design. this was probably one of the best augmentations for aesthetics, durability and functionality.
I put glowsticks on the wingtips and jetpack to achieve a better effect at night.
When it is all said and done, these wings weigh about 3 pounds. That doesn't sound like much but to a little kid it might get tiring. Also, your back cant breathe at all through the duct tape so you sweat profusely.
Use duct tape to color them, since paint will chip off the cardboard easily. You can find most colors at target for 3 bucks a roll.
Also I got a cheap laser from a pet store in the bargain bin for about 2 dollars. It was the perfect size to attach to my arm.


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Goals: The goal of NASA's Apollo program was designed to land humans on the Moon and bring them safely back to Earth. Six of the missions achieved this goal:
Accomplishments: The Apollo program remains one of humanity's greatest achievements. The missions returned a wealth of scientific data, established humanity's ability to live and work in space and collected 382 kilograms (842 pounds) of lunar rocks. The program also produced countless technological spinoffs, ranging from cordless tools to firefighter breathing systems.


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Singam 2
Action/Adventure, Drama
Duraisingam has gone undercover and is working as an NCC officer in a school in Thuthukoodi. He feels something fishy is happening in the seas around the coastal town. There are two bad guys Bhai and Thangaraj who control the coastal belt with their nefarious activities. Meanwhile Sathya a student in the school falls for Duraisingam due to his daring acts. However, he still loves Kavya and is waiting to marry her. Meanwhile the bad guys join hands with an international drug dealer Danny to flood the market with brown sugar. How our one-man army defeats the evil forces is what the rest of the film is about.
Cast: Hansika Motwani, Nassar, Vivek, Anushka Shetty, Surya Sivakumar
Produced by:
Directed by: Hari
Written by: Hari
Running time: 2hr 20min
Opens: Jul 04, 2013 Limited
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