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This information is produced and provided by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The information in this topic may have changed since it was written. For the most current information, contact the National Cancer Institute via the Internet web site at http://cancer.gov or call 1-800-4-CANCER.
Incidence and Mortality
Estimated new cases and deaths from liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer in the United States in 2014:[1]
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is relatively uncommon in the United States, although its incidence is rising, principally in relation to the spread of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.[2] HCC is the most common solid tumor worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths.[3,4]
Both local extension of tumor and extent of liver function impairment affect prognosis and guide selection of treatment. Liver transplantation, surgical resection, and ablation techniques offer high rates of complete responses, and a potential for cure in early HCC.[5] There are no large, robust, randomized studies that compare treatments considered effective for early stage disease, nor are there studies comparing these treatments with best supportive care. Best survivals are achieved when the HCC can be surgically excised (either by a transplantation or resection).
For patients with decompensated cirrhosis and a solitary lesion (<5 cm) or early multifocal disease (?3 lesions, ?3 cm), the best option is liver transplantation,[5] but the limited availability of deceased liver donors restricts the use of this approach.
Surgical resection is usually performed in patients with localized HCC and sufficient functional hepatic reserve.
Among noncurative treatment for HCC, transarterial chemoembolization and sorafenib have been shown to improve survival.[6,7,8]
Risk Factors
The etiology of HCC is likely multifactorial. Any chronic liver injury probably increases the risk of HCC. This risk seems elevated especially in patients who develop cirrhosis. The 5-year cumulative risk of developing HCC for patients with cirrhosis ranges between 5% and 30% and depends on etiology (highest in individuals with HCV infection), region or ethnicity (highest in Asians), and stage of cirrhosis.[9,10][Level of evidence: 3iii]
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and HCV infection appear to be the most significant causes of HCC worldwide. Chronic HBV infection is the leading cause of HCC in Asia and Africa, and HCV infection is the leading cause of HCC in Europe, Japan, and North America.[5,11]
The annual incidence of HCC in HBV carriers is 0.5% to 1% per year in noncirrhotic patients and 2.5% per year in cirrhotic patients. The relative risk of HCC is 100 (i.e., HBV carriers are 100 times more likely to develop HCC than uninfected persons).[12,13]
In a single, prospective, population-based study that included 12,008 patients, the presence of anti-HCV positivity conferred a twentyfold increased risk of HCC compared with anti-HCV negative persons.[14] HCC may occur in HCV-infected patients with bridging fibrosis even in the absence of overt cirrhosis.[15] However, the risk is highest among those patients with HCV-related established cirrhosis, which has an incidence rate of HCC of 2% to 8% per year.[5]
Several reports suggest that alcoholic cirrhosis is a risk factor for HCC. However, the true incidence of HCC in alcoholic cirrhosis is unknown because most epidemiology reports on this subject were published before the identification of hepatitis C virus.
Recently, the risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome, including insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity have been recognized as potential causes of nonalcoholic hepatosteatosis, cirrhosis, and HCC. However, no study to date has followed a sufficiently large group of these patients for long enough to describe an incidence rate for HCC.
Hemochromatosis is also a significant risk factor for HCC and has an increased relative risk twenty times that of the normal population.[16]
The incidence of HCC in stage IV primary biliary cirrhosis is approximately the same as in cirrhosis resulting from hepatitis C.[17]
Aflatoxin B1 is produced by fungi of the Aspergillus species and is a common contaminant of grain, nuts, and vegetables in some parts of Asia and Africa. Aflatoxin B1 has also been implicated as a cofactor in the etiology of primary liver cancer in HBV carriers because it enhances the neoplastic risk threefold.[18]
(Refer to the PDQ summary on Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Screening for more information.)
For lesions that are smaller than 1 cm and are detected during screening in patients at high risk for HCC, no detailed investigation is required because most of these lesions will be cirrhotic nodules rather than HCC.[19][Level of evidence: 3iii] Close follow-up at 3-month intervals is recommended using the same technique that first documented the presence of the nodules.
For patients with liver nodules larger than 1 cm who are at risk for HCC, diagnosis should be established. The tests required to diagnose HCC may include radiology, biopsy, or both.
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels
AFP is insufficiently sensitive or specific for use as a diagnostic assay. AFP can be elevated in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and in some metastases from colon cancer. The finding of a mass in a liver with an elevated AFP does not automatically indicate HCC. If the AFP level is high, it can be used to monitor for recurrence.
Diagnostic imaging
In patients with cirrhosis, liver disease, or other risk factors for HCC, triple-phase, contrast-enhanced studies (dynamic computed tomography [CT]-scan or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) can be used to establish diagnosis of HCC for nodules larger than 1 cm.
During the arterial phase of the study, HCC enhances more intensely than the surrounding liver because the arterial blood in the liver is diluted by venous blood that does not contain contrast, whereas the HCC contains only arterial blood. In the venous phase, the HCC enhances less than the surrounding liver, which is referred to as the venous washout of HCC, because the arterial blood flowing through the lesion no longer contains contrast; however, the portal blood in the liver now contains contrast.
The presence of arterial uptake followed by washout in a single dynamic study is highly specific (95%–100%) for an HCC of 1 to 3 cm in diameter and virtually diagnostic of HCC.[20,21,22][Level of evidence: 3ii] In these cases, the diagnosis of HCC may be considered established without the need for a second imaging modality, even in the absence of a biopsy confirmation.[5,22,23][Level of evidence: 3ii]
If, on the other hand, a first imaging modality, such as either a contrast-enhanced CT or MRI, is not conclusive, sequential imaging with a different modality can improve sensitivity for HCC detection (from 33% to 41% for either CT or MRI to 76% for both studies when performed sequentially) without a decrease in specificity.[21]
If, despite the use of two imaging modalities, a nodule larger than 1 cm remains uncharacterized in a patient at high risk for HCC (i.e., with only one or no classic enhancement pattern), a liver biopsy can be considered.[5,22]
Liver biopsy
A liver biopsy may be performed when a diagnosis of HCC is not established by a dynamic imaging modality (three-phase CT or MRI) for liver nodules 1 cm or larger in high-risk patients.
Natural History and Prognostic Factors
The natural history of early tumors is poorly known because the majority of patients are treated. However, older reports have described 3-year survival rates of 13% to 21% without any specific treatment.[24,25] At present, only 10% to 23% of HCC patients may be surgical candidates for curative-intent treatment.[26,27] The 5-year overall survival rates for patients with early HCC who are undergoing liver transplant or liver resection are 44% to 78% and 27% to 70%, respectively.[28]
The natural course of advanced-stage HCC is better known. Untreated patients with advanced disease usually survive less than 6 months.[29] The 1-year and 2-year survival rates of untreated patients in 25 randomized clinical trials were 10% to 72% and 8% to 50%, respectively.[7]
Unlike most patients with solid tumors, prognosis of HCC patients is affected not only by the tumor stage at presentation but also by the underlying liver function. The following are main prognostic factors for HCC patients:
Related Summaries
Other PDQ summaries containing information related to adult primary liver cancer include the following:
Malignant primary tumors of the liver consist of two major cell types: hepatocellular, which accounts for 90% of cases,[1] and cholangiocarcinoma.
Histologic classification is as follows:
Hepatoblastoma rarely occurs in adults.
Prognostic modeling in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is complex because variables of two diseases--cirrhosis and cancer--are involved in as many as 80% of the cases. Tumor features and the factors related to functional hepatic reserve must be taken into account. The key prognostic factors are only partially known and vary at different stages of the disease. More than ten classifications are used throughout the world, but no system is accepted worldwide.
American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Staging System
Definitions of TNM
The TNM classification for staging, proposed by the AJCC, is not widely utilized. Clinical use of TNM staging is limited because liver function is not considered. It is also difficult to use this system to select treatment options because TNM staging relies on detailed histopathological examination available only after excision. TNM may be useful in prognostic prediction after liver resection.
The AJCC has designated staging by TNM to define liver cancer.[1]
Okuda Staging System
The Okuda staging system includes variables related to tumor burden and liver function, such as bilirubin, albumin, and ascites and has been extensively used in the past. However, many significant prognostic tumor factors confirmed in both surgical and nonsurgical series (e.g., unifocal or multifocal, vascular invasion, portal venous thrombosis, or locoregional lymph node involvement) are not included.[2,3] As a result, Okuda staging is unable to stratify prognosis for early-stage cancers and mostly serves to recognize end-stage cancer patients.
Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Staging System
New classifications have been proposed in an effort to overcome the difficulties of having several staging systems. The BCLC staging classification retains its usefulness in early tumors and is currently the most accepted staging system for HCC. Recent evidence from an American cohort has shown that BCLC staging offers better prognostic stratification power than other staging systems.[4]
The BCLC staging system attempts to overcome the limitations of previous staging systems by including variables related to the following:[5]
Five stages (0 and A through D) are identified based on the variables mentioned above. Of note, the BCLC staging system links each HCC stage to appropriate treatment modalities. According to the BCLC, patients with early-stage HCC may benefit from curative therapies (i.e., liver transplantation, surgical resection, and radiofrequency ablation techniques); those at intermediate- or advanced-disease stage may benefit from palliative treatments(i.e., transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and sorafenib); however, those at end-stage disease who have a very poor life expectancy are offered supportive care and palliation.
There is no worldwide agreement on a common treatment strategy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Several treatments for HCC are available that are associated with long-term survival, including liver transplantation, surgical resection, and ablation techniques.
Selection of treatment is complex because several factors related to the underlying liver function, the extent and location of the tumor, and the general condition of the patient must be considered. Often, patients with HCC are evaluated by a multidisciplinary team including hepatologists, radiologists, interventional radiologists, radiation oncologists, transplant surgeons, surgical oncologists, pathologists, and medical oncologists.
From a treatment perspective, HCC can be divided into the following two broad categories:
Localized hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) that present either as a solitary mass in a portion of the liver or as a limited number of tumors (three nodules, each <3 cm in diameter) without major vascular invasion constitute approximately 30% of the HCC cases. The three potentially curative therapies (i.e., liver transplantation, surgical resection, and ablation techniques) are acceptable treatment options for small, single-nodule HCC in patients with well-preserved liver function. Surgery is the mainstay of HCC treatment. Resection and transplantation achieve the best outcomes in well-selected candidates and are usually considered to be the first option for curative intent.
Liver Transplantation
Liver transplantation is a potentially curative therapy for HCC and has the benefit of treating the underlying cirrhosis, but the scarcity of organ donors limits the availability of this treatment modality.[1]
Liver transplantation is determined by the Milan criteria, which is defined as a single HCC lesion smaller than 5 cm, or 2 to 3 nodules smaller than 3 cm. Expansion of the accepted transplantation for HCC is not supported by consistent data. Liver transplantation is considered if resection is precluded as a result of multiple, small, tumor nodules (?3 nodules, each <3 cm), or if the liver function is impaired (Child-Pugh B and C class). In those patients, transplantation is associated with a 5-year overall survival (OS) rate of approximately 70%.[2][Level of evidence: 3iii]
Surgical Resection
Surgical resection can be considered for patients who present with the following:
The principles of surgical resection involve obtaining a clear margin around a tumor, which may require any of the following:
Hepatic resection is controversial in patients with limited multifocal disease.
Preoperative assessment includes three-phase helical computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or both to determine the presence of an extension of a tumor across interlobar planes and potential involvement of the hepatic hilus, hepatic veins, and inferior vena cava. Tumors can be resected only if a sufficient amount of liver parenchyma can be spared with adequate vascular and biliary inflow and outflow. Patients with well-compensated cirrhosis can generally tolerate resection of up to 50% of their liver parenchyma. After considering the location and number of tumors, and the patient's hepatic function, only 5% to 10% of liver cancer patients will prove to have localized disease amenable to resection. The 5-year OS rates following curative resection range between 27% and 70% and depend on tumor stage and underlying liver function.[1,3,4,5,6]
Ablation Techniques
When tumor excision, either by transplant or resection, is not feasible or advisable, ablation techniques may be used if the tumor can be accessed percutaneously or, if necessary, through minimally invasive or open surgery. Ablation can be achieved in the following ways:
Ablation may be particularly useful for patients with early HCC that is centrally located in the liver and cannot be surgically removed without excessive sacrifice of functional parenchyma.
Ablation should include a margin of normal liver around the tumor. Ablation is relatively contraindicated for lesions in close proximity to bile ducts, the diaphragm, or other intra-abdominal organs that might be injured during the ablation. Furthermore, when tumors are located adjacent to major vessels, the blood flow in the vessels may decrease the temperature reached when thermal ablation techniques such as RFA are used. This is known as the heat sink effect, which may preclude a complete tumor necrosis.
Percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) obtains good results in patients with Child-Pugh class A cirrhosis and a single tumor less than 3 cm in diameter. In those cases, the 5-year OS rate is expected to be as high as 40% to 59%.[7,8][Level of evidence: 3iiiD]
RFA also achieves best results in patients with tumors smaller than 3 cm. In this subpopulation of patients, 5-year OS rates may be as high as 59%, and the recurrence-free survival rates may not differ significantly from treatment with hepatic resection.[9,10] Local control success progressively diminishes as the tumor size increases beyond 3 cm.
In the few randomized, controlled trials that included patients with Child-Pugh A cirrhosis, RFA proved superior to PEI in terms of rates of complete response and local recurrences; some of those studies have also shown improved OS with RFA. Furthermore, RFA requires fewer treatment sessions than PEI to achieve comparable effects.[11,12,13,14]
Of note, RFA may have higher complication rates than PEI,[12] but both techniques are associated with lower complication rates than excision procedures.
Current Clinical Trials
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with adult primary liver cancer. The list of clinical trials can be further narrowed by location, drug, intervention, and other criteria.
General information about clinical trials is also available from the NCI Web site.
Transarterial Embolization (TAE) and Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization (TACE)
TAE is the most widely used primary treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) when HCC is not amenable to curative treatment by excision or ablation. The majority of the blood supply to the normal liver parenchyma comes from the portal vein, while blood flow to the HCC comes mainly from the hepatic artery. Furthermore, HCC tumors are generally hypervascular compared with the surrounding normal parenchyma. The obstruction of the arterial branch(es) feeding the tumor may reduce the blood flow to the tumor and result in tumor ischemia and necrosis.
Embolization agents, such as microspheres and particles, may also be administered along with concentrated doses of chemotherapeutic agents (generally doxorubicin or cisplatin) mixed with lipiodol or other emulsifying agents during chemoembolization, arterial chemoembolization, usually via percutaneous access; and TACE. TAE-TACE is considered for patients with nonsurgical HCC, who are also not amenable to percutaneous ablation in the absence of extrahepatic disease. In patients with cirrhosis, any interference with arterial blood supply may be associated with significant morbidity and is relatively contraindicated in the presence of portal hypertension, portal vein thrombosis, or clinical jaundice. In patients with liver decompensation, TAE-TACE could increase the risk of liver failure.
A number of randomized, controlled trials have compared TAE and TACE with supportive care. Those trials have been heterogeneous in terms of patient baseline demographics and treatment. The survival advantage of TAE-TACE over supportive care has been demonstrated by two trials.[1,2,3] No standardized treatment for a TAE approach has been determined (e.g., embolizing agent, chemotherapy agent and dose, treatment schedule). However, a meta-analysis has shown that TAE-TACE improves survival more than supportive treatment.[1]
The use of drug-eluting beads (DEB) for TACE has the potential of reducing systemic side effects of chemotherapy and may increase objective tumor response.[4,5,6,7] Only one study has suggested that DEB-TACE may offer an advantage in overall survival (OS).[8]
Systemic Chemotherapy
At this time, there is no evidence supporting a survival benefit for patients with advanced HCC receiving systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy when compared with no treatment or best supportive care.
Targeted Therapy
Sorafenib is an oral multikinase inhibitor that prolongs survival in patients with advanced HCC and well-compensated liver function.
The SHARP [NCT00105443] trial randomly assigned 602 patients with advanced HCC to receive either sorafenib 400 mg twice daily or a placebo. All but 20 of the patients had a Childs-Pugh A liver disease score; 13% were women. After 321 deaths, the median survival was significantly longer in the sorafenib group (10.7 months vs. 7.9 months on placebo; hazard ratio [HR] favoring sorafenib, 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55–0.87; P < .001).[9]
A subsequent, similar trial conducted in 23 centers in China, South Korea, and Taiwan included 226 patients (97% with Child-Pugh A liver function) with a 2:1 randomized assignment to sorafenib versus placebo. The median OS rate was 6.5 months for the sorafenib group versus 4.2 months for the placebo group (HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.50–0.93; P = .014).[10] Adverse events attributed to sorafenib in both of these trials included hand-foot skin reactions and diarrhea.
These studies established a role for sorafenib in locally advanced and advanced hepatocellular cancers extending beyond the liver, which are not amenable to regional modalities.
Little is known about the efficacy of sorafenib for the patient with Child B or C liver function. At this time, further studies are needed before sorafenib can be recommended for a patient with Child B or C cirrhosis.[11]
Studies are also ongoing to evaluate the role of sorafenib after TACE, with chemotherapy, or in the presence of more-advanced liver disease.
The efficacy of other targeted therapy agents (e.g., sunitinib and brivanib) is currently being investigated.
Radiation Therapy
The role of radiation therapy for HCC has traditionally been limited by the low dose tolerance of the liver to radiation. However, recent technological developments in radiation therapy, including breathing motion management and image-guided radiation therapy, have allowed for more precise and targeted radiation therapy delivery to the liver. As a result of these advances, conformal liver irradiation has become feasible in the treatment of focal HCC. Several phase II studies have suggested a benefit in local control and OS compared with historical controls for patients with locally advanced HCC unsuitable for standard locoregional therapies.[12,13][Level of evidence: 3iiDiii] An ongoing, multi-institutional, randomized, phase III study (RTOG 1112 [NCT01730937]) evaluating sorafenib versus stereotactic body radiation therapy followed by sorafenib in HCC is currently open for patient accrual. This study aims to definitively evaluate the role of radiation therapy for locally advanced HCC.
The PDQ cancer information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as new information becomes available. This section describes the latest changes made to this summary as of the date above.
General Information About Adult Primary Liver Cancer
Updated statistics with estimated new cases and deaths for 2014 (cited American Cancer Society as reference 1).
This summary is written and maintained by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board, which is editorially independent of NCI. The summary reflects an independent review of the literature and does not represent a policy statement of NCI or NIH. More information about summary policies and the role of the PDQ Editorial Boards in maintaining the PDQ summaries can be found on the About This PDQ Summary and PDQ NCI's Comprehensive Cancer Database pages.
Purpose of This Summary
This PDQ cancer information summary for health professionals provides comprehensive, peer-reviewed, evidence-based information about the treatment of adult primary liver cancer. It is intended as a resource to inform and assist clinicians who care for cancer patients. It does not provide formal guidelines or recommendations for making health care decisions.
Reviewers and Updates
This summary is reviewed regularly and updated as necessary by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board, which is editorially independent of the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The summary reflects an independent review of the literature and does not represent a policy statement of NCI or the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Board members review recently published articles each month to determine whether an article should:
Changes to the summaries are made through a consensus process in which Board members evaluate the strength of the evidence in the published articles and determine how the article should be included in the summary.
The lead reviewers for Adult Primary Liver Cancer Treatment are:
Any comments or questions about the summary content should be submitted to Cancer.gov through the Web site's Contact Form. Do not contact the individual Board Members with questions or comments about the summaries. Board members will not respond to individual inquiries.
Levels of Evidence
Some of the reference citations in this summary are accompanied by a level-of-evidence designation. These designations are intended to help readers assess the strength of the evidence supporting the use of specific interventions or approaches. The PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board uses a formal evidence ranking system in developing its level-of-evidence designations.
Permission to Use This Summary
PDQ is a registered trademark. Although the content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text, it cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless it is presented in its entirety and is regularly updated. However, an author would be permitted to write a sentence such as "NCI's PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks succinctly: [include excerpt from the summary]."
The preferred citation for this PDQ summary is:
National Cancer Institute: PDQ® Adult Primary Liver Cancer Treatment. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Date last modified <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/adult-primary-liver/HealthProfessional. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>.
Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use within the PDQ summaries only. Permission to use images outside the context of PDQ information must be obtained from the owner(s) and cannot be granted by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the illustrations in this summary, along with many other cancer-related images, is available in Visuals Online, a collection of over 2,000 scientific images.
Based on the strength of the available evidence, treatment options may be described as either "standard" or "under clinical evaluation." These classifications should not be used as a basis for insurance reimbursement determinations. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the Coping with Cancer: Financial, Insurance, and Legal Information page.
Contact Us
More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov Web site can be found on our Contact Us for Help page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the Web site's Contact Form.
Call 1-800-4-CANCER
For more information, U.S. residents may call the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) Cancer Information Service toll-free at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237) Monday through Friday from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m., Eastern Time. A trained Cancer Information Specialist is available to answer your questions.
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The NCI's LiveHelp® online chat service provides Internet users with the ability to chat online with an Information Specialist. The service is available from 8:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. Eastern time, Monday through Friday. Information Specialists can help Internet users find information on NCI Web sites and answer questions about cancer.
Write to us
For more information from the NCI, please write to this address:
Search the NCI Web site
The NCI Web site provides online access to information on cancer, clinical trials, and other Web sites and organizations that offer support and resources for cancer patients and their families. For a quick search, use the search box in the upper right corner of each Web page. The results for a wide range of search terms will include a list of "Best Bets," editorially chosen Web pages that are most closely related to the search term entered.
There are also many other places to get materials and information about cancer treatment and services. Hospitals in your area may have information about local and regional agencies that have information on finances, getting to and from treatment, receiving care at home, and dealing with problems related to cancer treatment.
Find Publications
The NCI has booklets and other materials for patients, health professionals, and the public. These publications discuss types of cancer, methods of cancer treatment, coping with cancer, and clinical trials. Some publications provide information on tests for cancer, cancer causes and prevention, cancer statistics, and NCI research activities. NCI materials on these and other topics may be ordered online or printed directly from the NCI Publications Locator. These materials can also be ordered by telephone from the Cancer Information Service toll-free at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
Last Revised: 2014-02-28
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Just as Broward County's beaches attract tourists, the ocean environment draws diving and fishing enthusiasts from all over the world and Broward is home to part of the only coral reef in the continental United States. The reefs extend the entire length of the County and are separated into three distinct north-south tracts (inner, middle, and outer). These reef tracts range in depth from 15 feet on the inner reef tract to 90 feet on the outer tract.
Dive Location Videos
View some of the popular dive locations off Broward County at Greater Ft. Lauderdale Hello Sunny.
Reef Monitoring Program
There are 25 permanent research sites located offshore of Broward's 23 miles of coastline and these sites have been monitored periodically since the 1980s, and continuously since 1997. At each monitoring site, the numbers and types of corals and sponges are recorded to compare differences in between sites and over time. Numerous one square-meter areas of reef are photographed and studied to monitor changes in the reef environment, and fish counts are carried out to determine the number and types of fishes found at each of the study sites.
In addition, sediment collections are sampled at each of the sites to determine the amount and grain size sediments that settle onto the reef. The results of this biological monitoring not only provide a time series record of Broward County's reef system, but also assist in the identification of factors which may damage organisms or reduce the populations of corals and sponges on the reef.
Artificial Reef Program
Since 1982, the Broward County has created over 112 artificial reefs off our shores. The reefs, which are designed to create a new stable substrate, are made from a variety of materials including ships, barges, oil rigs, limestone rock, concrete culverts, engineered concrete artificial reef modules, and other environmentally suitable artificial reef materials. These materials are placed at various depths where they quickly become habitat for a large number of marine organisms. Through the artificial reef program, we are not only creating additional habitat for various marine organisms and fish, but are also protecting the reefs as boat anchors and scuba divers can cause physical damage to natural reefs by breaking coral or "uprooting" other attached marine animals. This will benefit both our environment and our economy for years to come. Tax deductible donations of material, services, and transportation costs have been the keys to the success of the Artificial Reef Program and donations are always welcome.
Tire Reef Removal Project
When creating an artificial reef, it is important to understand how the materials will act over time in the ocean. Ships, concrete, and limestone boulders are materials that have been used locally and worldwide and have been very successful in creating reefs while tires are an example of material that may not be suitable for use as an artificial reef. Broward County is working with State and Federal agencies to remove a failed artificial reef constructed wholly of tires.
Learn more about the Tire Removal Project
Diving on an Artificial Reef
Many scuba divers have found artificial reefs to be beautiful and exciting dives. The artificial reefs in Broward County are diverse in type, depth, and level of diving difficulty. You can follow these guidelines to help make your diving on Broward's artificial reefs a safe and enjoyable experience:
· Never dive alone; always have a dive buddy with you.
· At a minimum, you should be Wreck Diver SCUBA Certified. This certification is available through most dive facilities in Broward County.
· Always assess the weather conditions before leaving the dock and again at the wreck site. Once on the site, you and your dive buddy can determine if the wave height, current, and/or visibility will allow for a safe dive.
· When diving on an artificial reef, you should always leave someone on board the boat that can operate the boat in an emergency. This person should maintain a watch for divers surfacing downstream of the artificial reef.
· Be aware of the hazards of fishing line and other debris that may snag a diver while on an artificial reef. Each diver should carry a knife and/or wire cutters to avoid entanglement.
· It is not recommended that you go inside any wreck. The most colorful and beautiful corals, sponges, and fish are on the outside of the wreck.
· Pre-plan your dive and stay with that plan to avoid trouble.
· Finally, only dive within your capability.
Fishing on an Artificial Reef
Many different types of fish can be caught over or near artificial reefs. Reefs deeper than 200 feet are especially productive for large open-water predators. Amberjack, strong fighting fish that can weigh over 100 pounds, are one of the most common reef residents. These fish school over the artificial reefs from January to July, with May being the peak month.
Other species of wreck dwellers are black, gag, warsaw, and snowy groupers. Giant goliath grouper also make many of the wrecks their home. Additionally, many species, including sailfish, kingfish, Spanish mackerel, barracuda, mutton snapper, and cobia appear to use the artificial reefs as feeding areas and can be caught in abundance many hundreds of yards from the artificial reef.
Anglers should be aware that many fish are protected by state law. For current regulations, visit the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission.
For more information on Broward County's reefs, email Dr. Kenneth Banks or call 954-519-1207.
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Skywalker Trampolines 15' Square Trampoline and Enclosure - Blue
by Skywalker Trampolines | Item #: 851963 | Model #: SWTCS015 | (20) |
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Skywalker Trampolines 15' Square Trampoline and Enclosure Combo is designed with an extra heavy duty galvanized steel frame for years of jumping and bouncing fun.
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Skywalker Trampolines 15' Square Trampoline and Enclosure is designed with a heavy gauged galvanized steel frame for years of family outdoor entertainment. This fun square shaped trampoline with enclosure gives more jumping area than a traditional round Along with more jumping surface this trampoline includes 84 large coil springs over 7" in length plus 12 gold color springs 1" in diameter which are placed in the center of the frame on each side to provide a superior bounce.
- aFrame assembly uses unique T-Bracket technology to secure the enclosure frame to the trampoline for added stability
- Extra-wide, UV-protected, vinyl-coated safety pad covers the frame and springs
- 64 rust resistant springs for added bounce
- Stay-put enclosure design attaches to the jumping mat at the base of the enclosure netting using a button hole feature eliminating gaps without threading ropes.
- Steel frame is padded with soft foam for increased safety and durability
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Maureen McLaughlin and Brenda J. Overturf
Here's an essential resource for everyone interested in effectively implementing the Common Core State Standards for the English Language Arts in grades K–5. First, Maureen McLaughlin and Brenda Overturf explain the key points of the CCSS and describe how to use the Standards effectively in instruction. The authors delve into important topics such as assessment, implementation, and curriculum—as well as the implications of Common Core for beginning readers and special populations such as English learners, students with disabilities, and gifted and talented students.
The second part of this book is even more exciting: a detailed look at each of the College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Reading, combined with practical guidance on how to use those Standards to teach your students. Each Standard is aligned with accessible, appropriate, research-based strategies to help you integrate the ELA Standards into a series of rich, connected, instructional tasks.
Classroom applications, student examples, and valuable resources make this a book you'll turn to again and again as you implement the CCSS in your classroom, school, and district.
© 2013 | 216 pp.
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The pictures at the bottom of the description also show beige and gray models. Is gray available?
If I could give this chair 6 stairs, I would. People of all ages who have sat in this rocking chair find it extremely comfortable. Only one thing to take into consideration, it is very low to the ground. Assembly was super easy....
Vinnie Small White Cradle Chair
ITEM#: 11442722Rock, relax and reflect in this wonderful cradle chair from Baxton Studio. This contemporary furnishing features a form-fitting seat for comfort and a sturdy combination of wood, steel and plastic materials for lasting durability. The white seat and chrome-finished legs add a modern touch to your home or office decor. With quality features like the crisscrossed chromed-steel wire legs and sculpted cradle seat, this chair is luxurious, handsome and comfortable. The solid ash-wood base accentuates the clean and simple lines of this accent chair. Add a touch of modern style and class to your living space with the Vinnie cradle chair by Baxton Studio.
- Update your home or office decor with the simple yet elegant design of the Vinnie white cradle chair
- Chair features clean, simple form sculpted to fit the body
- Furniture boasts wire legs made from chromed steel
- Solid ash wood base
- Each chair measures 24 inches wide x 23 inches deep x 27 inches high
- Seat measures 15 inches high x 17 inches deep
|Chrome Steel Wood
|Chrome Steel White Wood
|Chair Type
|Accent Chairs
|Assembly Required
|Chair Back Height
|Beige Grey White
|Furniture Frame Material
|Furniture Pattern
|See description
|Polypropylene, ash wood, chromed steel
|Model Number
Customer Reviews
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Happily Surprised
If I could give this chair 6 stairs, I would. People of all ages who have sat in this rocking chair find it extremely comfortable. Only one thing to take into consideration, it is very low to the ground. Assembly was super easy.Read More
Lovely chair, a little small
I love this chair and still use it a year later, but it is smaller than I originally thought - would make a great addition to a child's bedroom.Read More
Awesome Chair
Great little chair. I find it very comfortable and enjoy rocking on it. We have two on the sun porch and they look great. High quality construction for a great replica chair! Pleased with my purchase.Read More
gorgeous but flawed
its really a good looking chair and I love it, but the screws keep getting loose and I already lost one so every time I rock my baby on it it makes a very bad squeak.Read More
Love it but wish it were a tad bigger
I don't know if it's just the way it's meant to be, but the chair feels almost child-sized so it doesn't feel comfortable or secure to actually rock in the chair. Sitting in the chair is fine, but rocking is probably best left for smaller people, like children.Read More
Nursery rocker for newborn
We got this for my newborn son's nursery. It's so much more cool looking than a clunky grandma-style glider. I wanted a piece of furniture that I would love to have around after our need to rock is finished -- this chair is perfect! We've rocked our way through his first six months -- the rocker rails give a very nice rock and it's even comfortable for my 6 foot 2" husband who weighs, er, over 250... In fact, it's my husband's favorite place to soothe baby. Diminsions are small on this chair -- but that is due to the Eames original design (you can find a certified replica on Design within Reach for over $400 and it's the same specs.) The seat itself is average sized -- the small part is the height of the chair. As long as you know it's not going to be a tall seat, you should be fine. Gorgeous white design -- we get lots of compliments; plus the small size doesn't take up too much room in the nursery, and is even easy to move to other rooms if we occasionally need to. I've even nursed in this chair comfortably!Read More
Awesome Eames Chair
I don't understand all the reviews of people stating the chair is small. If you're looking for a knock off of the Herman Miller Eames chair, this is EXACTLY it. So, if that's what you're looking for it's not small. I loved the Eames chair so I think it's perfect.Read More
very cool reproduction
I love this chair-we have a mid-century house but short on cash to decorate it. The chair is very cool and only took like 10 minutes-if- to put it together. We put it in our living room and everyone comments on how cool it is. I would highlly recommend this product to anyone else-if your house or condo is modern and you are into classic modern statement pieces but short on cash-which everyone is these days- go for this chair.Read More
Small on purpose. NOT for children!
I used to sell the real, designer-made version of this at a furniture store in California. So many people came in and said it was too expensive for them to spend on children's furniture but the thing is this is not child-sized! It's not sized for large adults, but average to small adults (remember the real thing was made in the mid-1900s when there weren't a lot of overweight and obese individuals!). That being said, I've always wanted one but didn't have the budget so I scooped this up in a flash. It's strikingly similar to the one I sold years ago.Read More
Lovely Reproduction of a classic
This is a lovely reproduction of the classic Eames rocker - white plastic as per the chairs for years now. Nice wood rocker base, and great seat. It is a small chair, as others observed, BUT it is the right size - the original size. If you want a bigger chair, one higher off the ground, or that supports your back, get one of those. This is a design classic, 1:1 scale with the original. very good price, nice finish quality. one of the four screw holes on the chair was out of line to connect with the base, but worked sufficiently for me. We will use ours as a nursing chair, but we are not very tall people. we love it.Read More
Questions & Answers
Hello susan, we are sorry, the Vinnie Small White Cradle Chair in gray, is unavailable. Have a great day.
What is the width of the actual seat (sitting area)?
Hello Cindy, the seat is approximately 16"w. Please let us know if you have any further questions.
Do you carry any of the Baxton Vinnie rockers which are large instead of small in size?
Hello ottawaks1, unfortunately, we do not carry any in the large size. Thanks for shopping with us!
I have two questions for you guys 1. is the plastic material ABS or Polypropylene? 2. I would like to know the height of the actual back of the chair- looking for how tall it is from a back support standpoint? so would like the measurements from where the butt of the chair is to the top on the middle.
Hello krvall2783, seat measures approximately 15 inches high x 17 inches deep. Material is polypropylene. Thank you for shopping with us!
Can someone explain the measurements to me? When it says "seat" is 15" high and 17" deep, does that refer to the seat's height off the ground, or the height of the back of the actual plastic seat? I'm trying to determine how high this sits off the ground. I've sat in a real Eames rocker before, and I can't determine if this is actually smaller or spot on.
Hello pinkmoon, you are correct, the 15 inch seat height, is the approximate measurement from the floor to top of the seat. Thank you for shopping with us.
Would this be comfortable to rock and/or nurse a newborn?
Hello nightbird65, this could be comfortable to rock or nurse a newborn, the seat is made out of plastic so it is going to get uncomfortable after sitting long periods of time. Have a great day!
Does this rock well on carpet?
Hello nightbird65, this should rock just fine on carpet. Have a great day!
Why did you choose this product?
It's a nice contemporary chair for my bedroom. It does not take too much space and can easily been placed in another room. It's good price and references from other buyers are good. It's free shipping.
wife wants it
Needed a small rocking chair for our nursery.
It's awesome
good price for knockoff
for a toddler boy's room
great reviews
My son is hyperactive he needs to move while seated. This is perfect for him.
Loved it.
Price and positive reviews!
I bought the same chair about six months ago and realized how much I would enjoy having a matching set with a little table in between them! So excited!
great style for price!
cuz it's hot
i was looking for a modern look
I think it will be perfect for our first baby's nursery.
My friend has this chair, and my mom said her mom had this chair without the rockers, so it is sentimental in style.
prefer the all plastic (i saw another version with padding -- seemed like it would get dirty).
I liked the classic, mid-century styling.
I love any furniture that resembles Eames design
Thought it would go well in a hotel lobby. Guests sit for a short period of time so didnt need anything too big or cumbersome, but also wanted something with a soft home style feel to it
Hi. Do you know what shipping would be to Timmins, Ontario, Canada? Thanks!
Hello Garlandy, I am sorry but I am not able to calculate the shipping for you. It will let you know the shipping fee once you add your address information in the check out area and before you submit your order. Thank you for shopping with us! Terri D.
Is this white chair a snow white color of white?
Hello adele0216, I would say it is a bright white. Thank you for your question and Happy Shopping!
Yes - very bright white. Not off at all.
Bright white is a good color description
Yes, very bright white.
I'd like to use this chair on my covered patio. How is the material for outside usage? Thanks!
Hello staceyvargas, We do not recommend for use outside. Thank you for shopping with us.
How do I clean the dirt marks off this chair?
Hello anastasia1212, We found good information on the following website for cleaning your chairs. We hope this helps, and thank you for shopping with us. http://voices.yahoo.com/how-clean-stains-white-plastic-chairs-6083236.html?cat=6
Magic Eraser!
dow bathroom foamer
What is the actual wood colour on this chair? the two pictures on white background show a dark walnut type colour, but the third picture is a lighter natural/yellowish finish...?
Hello apokras, It will be the darker wood finish as shown in other colors of this chair. Thank you for shopping with us.
Honey Blonde maple.
It's not as dark as it looks in the picture. More oak colored.
It's lighter in person than what the pictures show.
we have managed to loose one screw at atime since purchasing it, the last screw fell off last week and our housekeeper tossed the screw along with the washers, how can i find out where or how to replace all screws, we really love this chair and it is in great condition!
Hello maddiemonk, please call Overstock Customer Service. They will provide excellent assistance! Good luck.
What's the texture of the chair seat (white)? Is it very smooth, shiny or rather textured and matt?
Thank you for contacting us claudiaws. It is like matt. Please let us know if you have any further questions.
matte. not textured. quite smooth. great chair!
Very smooth and yes matte
I just received this chair in the mail and it did not come with any instructions, could you please send me some?
Thank you for your inquiry; you will be contacted by Customer Care.
Just look at the picture on the box or online and attach the legs so they will match the angle shown in the picture.
We just looked at the pictures, too. The shorter side of the rocker is on the front. Assembly only took a few minutes. First put the screw in one side and then the diagonal side, then all others, before tightening the screws.
Rocker only fits on the chair one way -- if you try to put it on upside down, the screw holes don't line up. No idea which washers are meant to go where, though!
how much does this product weigh? (with it's package)
This item will have a ship weight of approximately 25 pounds. Happy shopping with our everyday low prices.
25 lbs; I'm returning it and the return label Overstock assigns says "25 lbs."
I ordered and received the chair. How do I assemble? There are not instructions.
Hello, I have contacted the customer service deportment and asked that they contact you regarding the instructions.
I did have to ask my husband about the correct order of all the hardware. It goes legs, flat circle, tiny circle, screw; the legs of the chair only fit one way into the chair base.
Can this rocker be used outside? Will it rust if exposed to the elements?
I would not recommend this be used out side. This will rust.
I bought and received this. How I assemble the chair? There are no instructions
I apologize for the inconvenience. You'll be contacted by Customer Care shortly.
Screw the legs on using the hardware provided. It's pretty simple and took all of 2 minutes to do.
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Love Your Living Room
The living room is a space to welcome guests and make memories. Turn this room into the focal point of your house with spectacular furniture and decor updates. Your home will feel the love.
Southern Exposure
The desert landscapes and intricate textiles of the Southwestern United States are legendary. Capture the iconic western style in your home with Navajo patterns, animal head decor, and desert plants.
Modern Geometry
Shapes are here and they're making a scene in the modern home. Draw in wandering eyes with geometric rugs, lamps, and furniture. You'll make the decor grade, even if math wasn't your favorite subject.
Connect The Dots
Seeing spots? That's okay, because you're not the only one. Polka dots are a charming way to bring energy to your decor as well as your wardrobe. Go ahead and embrace those little spots.
Labor Day
Our Labor Day sale is the perfect time to look for furniture deals and to update your home décor for fall. And is your wardrobe ready for fall weather? This is the time to shop for sweaters and boots for everyone in your family.
Wedding Bells At Pride Parade
"It's not just gay marriage, to us it is marriage. Whether it's gay, straight, lesbian, or anything in between, every person should have the right to marry whomever they want and to be happy."
Shipping & Returns
Usually leaves our warehouse in 1-2 business days. *
Standard Return Policy:
Items must be returned in new or unused condition and contain all original materials included with the shipment. More Details
FINAL SALE EXCLUSION: Items marked as FINAL SALE are not returnable unless the problem you experience is the result of our error.
This item cannot be shipped to Alaska or Hawaii. More details
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Our standard shipping method is ground shipping. We also offer expedited shipping for most items. Your final
shipping cost and estimated delivery timeframe will be available at checkout.
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** Most Oversize orders are delivered within 1-4 weeks. Some orders may take 6 weeks to be delivered.


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[WARNING: The following story contains spoilers about Friday's season finale of The Amazing Race. Read at your own risk.] After logging in more than 26,000 miles in eight countries, wrestlers Brooke and
Granlund cartoon: Drug-free homes
When O.J. Simpson was on trial for the murder of his wife, he could really have used a best friend. And in Ryan Murphy's true-crime drama�
SpaceX and Tesla CEO Elon Musk's grand idea for an 800-mph above-ground transit system is taking it's first steps to become a reality.
Area bakers entered a variety of tasty treats to the annual Lake Sun Cookie Contest, but it was chocolate that came out on top.
At least these Sony hacks were good for business for someone.�On Monday, USA Network ordered to series�Mr.
When NBC's gruesome psychological horror�Hannibal�returns for Season 3, it'll bring with it a new...
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|Supplement Facts
|Serving Size: 1 Capsule
Servings per Container: 90
|Organic Cranberry Extract (30% extract; VitaCran™)
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|Astragalus (70% / 4:1 extract)
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|Birch Leaves (herb powder)
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|Buchu Leaves (herb powder)
|50 mg
|Goldenrod (herb powder)
|50 mg
|Horsetail (herb powder)
|50 mg
|Juniper Berry (herb powder)
|50 mg
|Gravel Root (herb powder)
|50 mg
|Uva Ursi (herb powder)
|50 mg
|Nettle Leaf (herb powder)
|25 mg
|Java Tea (herb powder)
|5 mg
|Proprietary Blend
|High Orac Complex of Cinnamon Powder, Ginger Root Powder, Turmeric Powder, Green Tea Leaf Powder, Rosemary Powder, Grap Seed Extract, Wild Bludberry Powder, Red Raspberry Powder, Cranberry Powder and Strawberry Fruit Powder.
|* Percentage of Daily Value based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
† Daily Value not established.
|Other Ingredients:Vegetable cellutose, rice flour, magnesium stearate (vegetable sourced) and silicon dioxide.
|Suggested Use: As a dietary supplement, take one (1) to 3 (three) capsules daily, or as directed by a healthcare professional. Individuals with a known medical condition should consult a healthcare professional before taking this or any dietary supplement
|Keep out of reach of children. Security sealed for your protection. Do not use if seal is missing or damaged.
|These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
|Vita Logic Vitamins
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|Discount Vitamins ; Vitamins and Supplements; Herbal Supplements; Allergy and Immune Health; Kidney and Bladder Support; Under $20; All Products
*The products and the claims made about specific products on or through this site have not been evaluated by A2Z Discount Vitamins or the United States Food and Drug Administration and are not approved to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent disease. The information provided on this site is for informational purposes only and is not intended as a substitute for advice from your physician or other health care professional or any information contained on or in any product label or packaging. You should not use the information on this site for diagnosis or treatment of any health problem or for prescription of any medication or other treatment. You should consult with a health care professional before starting any diet, exercise or supplementation program, before taking any medication, or if you have or suspect you might have a health problem.
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The Pour Fool: What to Drink from the World and NW
You'll usually taste as many as fourteen different bottles to find one that fits your tastes and budget. The Pour Fool can help you beat those odds!
Posts filtered on Tag
The NW Gold Rush: Suds, Juice, and Booze Go Boom in The Soggy Corner
A tremendous score sheet like this shows what a (literal) Gold Rush of top-quality brewed, fermented, and distilled beverages we in WA, OR, and ID have to enjoy. [Read More]


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Filtered by tags:
- Family Living Focus
Frequent power outages surge with the coming of summer, and high usage of refrigerators and freezers increases the likelihood of someone leaving the door incompletely closed – we all know the dripping mess that awaits the finder of an appliance too long without electricity!
"I never knew what A1C was until my doctor said mine was high and I had diabetes." This is a comment I hear frequently in Penn State Extension's Dining with Diabetes program when participants discuss the emotions experienced when they learned they had diabetes.
It's the perpetual question in nutrition workshops. Which is better – butter or margarine? Many go away with the set jaw of the devoted. To complicate matters, margarines have largely disappeared from market shelves – replaced by "spreads".
I had the opportunity to attend the Food Safety Summit which was held in Baltimore just last week and my first session featured Norovirus– you know, the virus we hear about associated with Cruise ships?
Reusable bags are everywhere and they are not just for carrying groceries anymore! They can be found from the gym to the laundromat. Promoted by businesses, grocery chains and municipalities, they are an excellent environmental choice, but they can pick up bacteria from the foods and other objects they carry.
Leftovers are a great way to save food, money, time and reduce your carbon footprint. However, leftovers are only as good as the care that goes into their preparation, storage and organization. Here are some tips that may help you make the most of your leftovers.
Busy parents . . . do you wish your kitchen was more organized? easy to navigate? conducive to preparing healthy and delicious meals? Are the chores of putting away the groceries and locating meal ingredients the ones you most dread? If so, perhaps it's time for a kitchen makeover to make your kitchen a "control central" for pulling together healthy meals in a snap!
Did you know that January is National Soup Month? What's better on a cold winter day than a steaming bowl of your favorite soup? Soup can be a welcome change of pace after the rich high calorie foods we have during the holidays. Not only a nutritious boost, soups can help ease the budget as many soup recipes use little meat, and/or inexpensive dried beans as a protein source.
The following fun, easy and time-saving tips are excerpted from the kidnetic.com Real-Life Guide for Parents.
Taking your vitamins? What about non-vitamins? Non-vitamins can be just as important to our health as traditionally recognized vitamins and minerals.
Shorter days, cooler nights, clothes shopping, new back-packs; it must be back-to-school time. As the days become filled with hectic mornings, baseball and soccer practice after school in addition to the normal daily routine, finding time to pack a healthy lunch for your children may seem like an impossible feat. How can we rethink the standard bologna on white bread with mayo?
Here are some tips to make sure your grilled goodies don't make your guests sick with a foodborne illness.
Were you ever enticed by a new diet fad? Ever heard a new trendy nutrition term and wondered what it meant? Every year, new food and nutrition trends sweep our nation from fad diets to super foods. What are some current trends, what's their terminology, and what's driving their popularity?
It's a fast paced world, and eating healthy is sometimes at the back of the pack! For those with less time for food preparation, try pairing foods from at least two food groups for a healthy snack.
Remember when your parents advised you to eat carrots for healthy eyesight? New advances in eye health are singling out a color other than orange. Green is the new hue for optimal eye health – and, for many of us, "It's not easy being green!" in the words of Kermit the Frog.
Going greener… does that mean more green for me to spend or that I am saving the planet? I think you will find that the suggestions in this article will help put more green back into your wallet, and help our wonderful planet at the same time.
Have you noticed the growing numbers of people who are faced with allergies to food? I don't seem to recall many friends with food allergies growing up – perhaps we just weren't very good about detecting them back then. If you suffer from a food allergy you may be apprehensive about whether you should eat out or not. Good news -eating out today is a lot easier - and safer – for those who suffer with a mild, moderate, or even a severe food allergy. One reason: Restaurants are more aware and more prepared.
Reaching for the corn syrup for a holiday dish prompted questions about corn syrup and high fructose corn syrup – corn cousins so to speak! Corn syrup is produced by treating corn starch with enzymes to break it down to glucose, which is easily absorbed and utilized by the body for energy. High fructose corn syrup (HFCS), on the other hand, is produced by more specific processing of corn starch with enzymes to yield syrup with a mixture of glucose and fructose. Fructose is a naturally occurring sugar that is present in small amounts in fruits (fruit sugar).
There is nothing like opening the front door on a cold winter evening and being greeted by the inviting smells of beef stew or chicken noodle soup wafting from a slow cooker. Besides the good aromas there is the satisfaction of knowing that your meal is ready to serve. Winter is not the only time a slow cooker is useful. In the summer, using this small appliance can avoid introducing heat from a hot oven. At any time of year, a slow cooker can make life a little more convenient and it takes less electricity to use a slow cooker rather than an oven.
It has been quite a few years now, but I remember pulling a chair up to the kitchen counter when my children were small so they could stand beside me while I was cooking. They wanted to see what I was doing and be part of the action! Allowing the kids to help was usually messy and took a lot longer, but we had fun and made some great memories. I am happy to say that both my children are pretty good cooks today and my son even uses his culinary skills to impress the young ladies!!
Blueberries were on my mind as we bicycled through coastal Maine in October. Today I found a new study that shows the continuing promise of better health offered by eating a diet rich in vegetables, fruits, and (coincidentally) berries! The study showed that the risk of heart attack was reduced by one half in people who ate this way over a four year period. The study participants were people with a higher risk of heart disease due to a specific gene.1
The kitchen is considered by many to be one of the most important rooms in the house because of its role in independent living. The ability to cook is a daily activity that helps a person remain independent. Kitchen designs and modifications that foster home safety are essential. There are many products and practices that can help increase accessibility while maintaining a safe working environment.
Since I acquired a "super blender" with a dynamite motor, I have begun drinking summer fruits and vegetables on occasion! When time is short, I can down several servings while working on a project or traveling in the car. For the fruity version, a little known dairy product called kefir is a wonderful base for my fruit smoothie.
Can't stand Broccoli? Research into the evolution of taste yields interesting food for thought. Our five taste senses– sweet, salty, umami (savory), bitter and sour – equip us for consuming the essentials for survival – energy, salt, and protein – as well as avoidance of poisonous or rotten food.
The term "Amish", when attached to food products, enhances sales, as the obsession for hand-crafted, artisan foods converges with the natural and local food movements.
Learn more about the coconut and the latest craze.
A recent study looked at how much consumers know about food energy. How much do you really know?


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Bravos XL® HE Top Load Washer with PowerWash® System
Take on that end-of-week laundry pile with confidence. You can power through more dirty clothes in fewer loads with this high-efficiency Bravos XL® HE top load that boasts a 4.6 cu. ft. capacity. And you get the Best Cleaning in the Industry enabled by PowerWash® System, plus the sanitary cycle with oxi helps eliminate 99.999 percent of common household bacteria. The allergen cycle reduces 95% of common household allergens like pet dander and dust mites. The built-in heater lets you reduce pretreating, and you can launder delicates quickly and gently. You get all that and still use 76 percent less water and 78 percent less energy in this ENERGY STAR® qualified model. Now go enjoy the rest of your weekend.
Dimension Guide
Detailed dimensions of your new appliance with space requirements for the area surrounding it.
Warranty Information
A complete description of your warranty coverage, and contact information for service and support.
Use & Care Guide
Comprehensive information about your new appliance - from getting started to cleaning and maintenance.
Installation Guide
Instructions for unpacking and installing your appliance, including electrical requirements and necessary tools.
Energy Guide
Information about the efficiency of your appliance, including energy consumption and annual costs to operate.
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To buy replacement parts for your appliance, click here to visit our partner.
Top Features
Best Cleaning In The Industry Enabled By The PowerWash® System2
This washer delivers the Best Cleaning in the Industry, enabled by the PowerWash® system. The PowerWash® system uses our unique PowerSpray technology, optimal dispensers and the PowerWash® cycle to help power out even the toughest stains.
PowerWash® Cycle
Using a combination of extra cleaning action and a thorough rinse, this cycle powers out tough stains and delivers the best cleaning in the industry. This model includes a built-in water heater, increasing wash temperatures to ensure better soil and stain removal.
PowerSpray enhances cleaning by recirculating water and detergent from the bottom of the load back on top, so clothes get a highly concentrated treatment for difficult stains.
Additional Features
Optimal Dispensers
Optimal dispensers inject detergent and other additives at the correct time. This provides significantly better cleaning performance.
Cold Wash Cycle
This washer helps power out tough stains using cold water and extra cleaning action. This means you get energy savings with the gentleness of cold water.
10-Year Limited Parts Warranty1 On Washer Motor And Basket
Built strong to last long—All new Maxima Series washers include a 10-year limited warranty on the washer motor and the stainless steel wash basket.
Maytag® Commercial Technology on Bravos XL®
Bravos XL® washers bring long-lasting, commercial-grade components into your home. Corrosion resistant springs and a newly designed wash impeller increase durability for less wear and tear from small items like coins, buckles or buttons.
Allergen Cycle
A washer cycle that has been proven to eliminate 95 percent of common allergens, such as dust mites and pet dander, from fabrics.
NSF Certified Sanitary with Oxi Cycle
Forgo bleach for a safer method of sanitization. When used with oxygenated additives, this cycle raises water temperatures to remove at least 99.9% of household bacteria.
Enhanced IntelliClean Impeller
Oxi Treat Stains Option
The Oxi Treat Stains option automatically dispenses stain-fighting additives into the wash cycle at the right time for maximum stain removal.
CEE Tier III Qualified
Based on the Consortium for Energy Efficiency qualified product listings--with Tier III being the most efficient. This model features advanced water & energy savings and may qualify for rebates from local utility companies.
SmoothClose™ Lid
Maytag brand's premium SmoothClose™ lid hinge design closes the washer lid slowly.
4.6 Cu. Ft. Capacity
Configuration and Overview
Cycle and Options
Product Dimensions
- 27 1/2
- 45 1/8
- 27 1/2
Dimensions are for planning purposes only.
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University of Alabama - Bryant-Denny StadiumThis panorama, photographed by James Blakeway, features the recently remodeled Bryant-Denny Stadium - home to the Alabama Crimson Tide football team. When the stadium was originally built in 1929, it seated 12,000 fans. Today, after eighty-one years and seven expansions, the stadium now seats 101,821 fans. Located on the southwestern edge of the University of Alabama campus, the history-laden stadium ranks among the nation's top five on-campus football stadiums and is a fitting backdrop to the extraordinary football history of the Crimson Tide. The University, founded in 1831 in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, has a strong academic reputation with over 28,800 students.
Welcome to another spectacular Saturday Night at the bigger, better Bryant-Denny! This spectacular print features the scene on October 2, 2010, as the Tide rolled over the Florida Gators for another big SEC triumph. From the action on the field below, to the ecstatic crimson-clad crowd celebrating a touchdown, to the scoreboards, the video screens, and the new stadium architecture, it's all here, looking absolutely fantastic for your wall. Printed in brilliant color and perfect focus on high-quality paper stock, and complete with a sharp white border that includes the official team logo and a brief descriptive paragraph, this is both a beauty for the wall of home or office, and a great collector's item for years to come. Perfect for the wall of any fan of Alabama football!
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Learn how to determine if your system is able to hold additional memory using the following steps:
Memory comes in the following standard sizes: 64MB, 128MB, 256MB, 512MB, 1024MB (1GB) or 2048MB (2GB).
By using this website you allow us to place cookies on your computer. They are harmless and never personally identify you.


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Customer Reviews for On Sale Kitchen 3/8" Pleat Single Cell Opaque / Blackout Cellular / Honeycomb Window Shades
"Very Happy"
By Gina from IL
I purchased these cordless blinds for our bedroom. They look great, the blackout feature is excellent, the directions for measuring were informative, and the installation was easy. In addition these were a great value and shipping was fast.View this product
"Blindsgalore® Cordless Blackout Cellular"
By usa from New York
This blackout shade is exactly what was needed for this first time mom adapting to the early weeks of adjustment to a newborn's cognizance of day and night. Despite the midday Sept. sunshine, both mother and child slept soundly in a room as dark as night.View this product


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07 May 2014
Pioneer Women's Trail
Santos is a proud sponsor of the National Trust of South Australia. On Sunday 18 May 2014, come and be a part of the 175th anniversary of the first walk by German women from Hahndorf to Adelaide selling produce in the early years of the colony. Read more
05 Sep 2013
Students with their new desks donated to Papa Primary School.
Having accomplished a major milestone with the delivery of first commissioning gas, the PNG LNG project is well on its way to completion and delivering the long-term energy requirements of its Asian customers. Yet it's about more than just project milestones and delivery − the project is also committed to building sustainable futures for the people living in the project region. Read more
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31 Jul 2013
Santos is delighted to announce a new three-year partnership with the Kings Park Festival, taking in the 50th birthday of both the Festival and the Western Australian Botanic Garden. Read more
12 Aug 2012
An annual celebration of science in Australia, National Science Week is an opportunity to join together to enjoy and explore the wonders and benefits of science. The 2012 program commenced 11 August and runs until 19 August. Read more
27 Jul 2012
Santos is delighted to announce it has renewed its partnership with the Santos Great Bike Ride for Charity, which will see the company remain as naming rights sponsor for another three years. Read more
29 Apr 2012
On April 19 over 100 Santos employees and family members enjoyed an exclusive after-hours viewing of the spectacular Banks' Florilegium exhibition currently on display in the Santos Museum of Economic Botany in the Adelaide Botanic Gardens. Read more
13 Apr 2012
Northern gas team members relax after a hard day weeding the Holdfast shores sand dunes.
Following their recent off-site, the team from Northern Gas headed to Holdfast Shores to work as environmental volunteers as part of the Holdfast Bay Council's environmental program. Read more
13 Sep 2011
Kings Park Festival performer.
The 2011 Kings Park festival has been launched, with 'Santos Live Sundays' again a key feature of the month long event. Read more
22 Jul 2011
Progress has been strong over the past 12 months at Witchelina Station in central South Australia – which was turned into the state's largest private nature reserve with support from Santos – and has included academic research and an upgrade of facilities. Read more
15 Apr 2011
Enterprising employees at Santos' Ballera operations have played a crucial role in the discovery of a rare species of katydid, which has become the first of its kind to go on display at the Australian Museum in Sydney. Read more
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28 Mar 2011
Santos again joined the renowned Earth Hour initiative, switching off rooftop signs and non-essential lighting in its Adelaide and Brisbane offices last Saturday night. Read more
23 Mar 2011
A souvenir publication on the Santos Museum of Economic Botany at the Botanic Gardens of Adelaide has been internationally recognised. Read more
25 Jan 2011
Mark Baker, Daniel O'Brien, John Balkwill, Michelle Lim, Peter McGrath, Jillian O'Pray and Colin Baumgartner helped clean up the underground storage unit belonging to Mark and Michelle and their neighbours.
The massive clean-up in Brisbane and surrounding areas is now in full swing, with many Santos employees stepping forward to demonstrate their care for workmates and others in the community who have been severely affected by the devastating floods. Read more
14 Jan 2011
Lord Mayor, Lisa Scaffidi, and Santos' WA & NT HR Business Partner, Karen Thielemann.
Santos has today pledged to donate $50,000 to help the families who have suffered hardship or severe property damage as a result of the devastating floods in Carnarvon and the Gascoyne region. Read more
06 Jan 2011
Australian energy company Santos today confirmed it would donate $500,000 to help Queensland communities recover from the current extensive flooding across the state.
Read more
13 Dec 2010
Local landholders in Queensland are seeing first-hand the benefits of treated coal seam gas (CSG) water with cattle thriving on forage crops planted as part of Santos' Fairview Irrigation Project. Read more
16 Nov 2010
The Hermitage Dam adjacent to the managed aquifer recharge trial site.
A GLNG project study is investigating the possibility of introducing treated pure water into Roma's existing underground aquifer which supplies the town's water needs, including drinking water. Read more
04 Nov 2010
The Garden of Ideas exhibition in the Santos Museum of Economic Botany.
The Botanic Gardens of Adelaide has officially launched its new exhibition, the Garden of Ideas, and recognised its partnership with Santos with a new installation. Read more
06 Oct 2010
Santos has donated televisions from its One Tree camp in the Cooper Basin to the Australian Refugee Association. Read more
05 Oct 2010
Happy hunting ground: a number of rare and threatened species were found.
Santos last month hosted two botanists from the Botanic Gardens of Adelaide on a successful four-day research and collection trip through the Cooper Basin. Read more
27 Sep 2010
The Kings Park Festival celebrates people and plants in Perth's botanic gardens.
Santos has become the major partner of the iconic Kings Park Festival, an annual celebration of people and plants in Perth's botanic gardens. Read more
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20 Aug 2010
Santos is helping authorities to protect unique outback fisheries, which have been boosted by the major floodwaters flowing through the region. Read more
07 Jul 2010
Santos has contributed to the purchase of Witchelina Station, near Lyndhurst in central South Australia, which has been turned into the state's largest private nature reserve. Read more
07 Jun 2010
Santos hosted a tent at Ecofest 2010 in Gladstone.
Santos' GLNG project hosted a tent at Ecofest 2010 in Gladstone on 6 June, with the local community out in droves at the event in the city's Tondoon Botanic Gardens. Read more
12 May 2010
Peter Cundall and author Bruce Morphett at the launch of Kitchen Garden: a Beginner's Guide.
Have you ever wondered how to grow that perfect tomato or longed to make pumpkin soup with ingredients straight from your garden, but your thumb is black instead of green?
Read more
05 May 2010
Santos' Sam Klaas and Jamie Miller with Louise Goodall, Chiara Parker Price, Matika Laycock and Brandt Harland from Injune State High School.
Students from Injune State High School have joined forces with Santos to celebrate the planting of one million trees at Santos' Fairview plantation north-west of Roma in Queensland.
Read more
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30 Apr 2010
Bat-wing coral tree, red bean tree © 2006. Etching by Judy Watson, Courtesy of Nomad Art Productions. Size: 33 x 24.5 cm.
Replant is an excursion through the eyes of six different artists into the remarkable world of plants in the tropical north of Australia. Read more
22 Mar 2010
Santos is sponsoring Earth Ride Adelaide 2010 – a free community event that gives bike riders the chance to cycle through car-free streets in the Adelaide CBD. Read more
12 Feb 2010
Santos is supporting the opening of the new South Australian Biodiversity Gallery at the SA Museum, which opened today, 12 February. Read more
30 Jul 2009
Santos CEO David Knox, Botanic Gardens of Adelaide Director Stephen Forbes and SA Premier Mike Rann at the reopening of the museum
The Botanic Gardens of Adelaide will receive $2 million from Santos to fund three important new initiatives. Read more
14 Jul 2009
Funi, one of the giant pandas due to arrive later this year. Photo courtesy Zoos SA.
The Santos Conservation Centre will be established as part of the new entrance to the Adelaide Zoo, backed by a $2 million contribution from Santos. Read more
15 May 2009
CEO GLNG Operations Roger Kennett, Roma Mayor Robert Loughnan, President GLNG and Queensland Rick Wilkinson, and PETRONAS Australia CEO Majid Khalil at the plantation launch.
Santos is planting two million native trees in what will be one of Australia's largest Chinchilla White Gum plantations, near Fairview in eastern Queensland. Read more
Page last updated 09 Sep 2014
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19 February 2010
Posted in Press and Media
123 Area Students Create Kinetic Sculptures From Discarded Junk During the Orlando Science Center Kinetic Challenge
February 20, 2010 - Competition runs from 10:00 a.m. - 12:00 p.m. / Award Ceremony at 1:00 p.m.
Orlando, FL - Motivating students to stretch the capacity of their unlimited imaginations, the Orlando Science Center challenged students to transform ordinary and found objects into artistic kinetic sculptures. More than 120 students in 30 teams from six schools in Orange, Seminole, Lake, and Polk counties will display their movable works of art on Saturday, February 20 during the Orlando Science Center Kinetic Challenge.
Students in grades 5th to 9th were asked to create unusual sculptures and wacky inventions using combinations of movable parts, everyday objects, and independent sources of energy. The competition requirements incorporate the Florida Sunshine State Standards for Science. The Orlando Science Center Kinetic Challenge is presented by The Stephen H. Goldman Foundation, Inc.
Teams used objects found, donated, or purchased for less than $100 dollars in the engineering and construction of their sculptures. The competition begins with set-up in the Science Center's clubhouse area on level 1 with safety inspections from 9:30 a.m. to 10 a.m.. Project judging begins at 10 a.m. and ends by 12 p.m. An awards ceremony follows in the Science Center's Darden Theater on level 2. Awards will be given based on the complexity of motion, best use of found materials, mechanical innovation, and artistic expression. "Best in Fair" Winners take home a $500 grand prize for their science class and winners in other categories take home $100.
Competitors this year include a team from Hillcrest Elementary that built a solar model car powered by an electric lamp. The car runs down a road made out of poster board and construction paper. When the car rolls over some "logs" in its path, the impact triggers a spring that propels a needle into a balloon full of confetti. Chaos, and an explosion of multi-colored paper, ensues. An entry from Good Shepherd Catholic School uses a golf ball, a marble, a series of dominos, a small electrical fan and a toy car to simulate the time-traveling DeLorean from the movie Back to the Future.


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I run this league every year with the same group and its very successful and fun. We have a few spots open however cause some people didnt return. If you would to join us feel free, but please be active if u join and take care of your team. We like competition. No innappropriate teams names though. Careful what you name your team.
if anyone need a good active league, check us out on yahoo.com, we draft monday. nfl football elites 2012
League id : 363411
password : football


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Why the Affordable Care Act Is Important for HIV-Positive Women
July 2013
Table of Contents
The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was signed into law by President Obama in 2010. Many of the health care and health insurance changes the ACA calls for are particularly important for women living with HIV (HIV+). Some of the changes have already gone into effect, while others are scheduled to begin later in 2013 and in 2014.
Why Is the ACA Important for HIV+ Women?
In the past, people living with HIV have had a difficult time getting access to the care and treatment they needed. Fewer than one in five HIV+ people in the US have private health insurance coverage, and more than a quarter have no insurance at all. Medicaid is the government program that provides health coverage to low-income people, yet many HIV+ people with low incomes have not qualified.
Before the ACA, people needed to be both low-income AND fit into one of several qualifying groups (e.g., pregnant women, children, parents with dependent children, and people with disabilities). Because of these requirements, many HIV+ low-income women without children unfortunately have had to get a diagnosis of AIDS in order to be considered disabled and qualify for Medicaid. For more information about Medicaid, please click here.
Women often feel the burden of health care costs more than men. Generally, women earn less than men. In addition, most HIV+ women have children or others living in their household who need care. It doesn't help matters that insurance companies have often charged women more than men for the same health insurance and were able to list pregnancy as a pre-existing condition (also a cause for charging more or refusing coverage altogether). In combination, these factors have made it especially difficult for HIV+ women to get the care and treatment they need to stay healthy.
The ACA provides for several changes that can dramatically improve the health of women living with HIV. These include:
Increasing Access to Care
The ACA will:
- Enable states to provide access to Medicaid for people living below 138
percent of the federal poverty level. In addition, Medicaid eligibility will
now be determined based on income alone; disability status will no longer be
required. It is important to note that only some states have chosen to expand
their Medicaid coverage and change their eligibility requirements through the
ACA; others are still deciding.
- Provide people without employer-sponsored insurance or Medicaid access to affordable health insurance marketplaces or exchanges in their state where they can buy health insurance. For those who have trouble paying, there are federal tax credits and subsidies (money the government gives you) for people with low and middle income to help make the insurance premium more affordable.
- Stop insurers from denying coverage to those with pre-existing conditions (e.g., HIV, pregnancy, history of domestic violence)
- Prevent insurers from charging more because you are a woman
- Stop insurers from putting lifetime or annual spending limits on insurance benefits, which often affect those living with long-term illnesses like HIV
- Help to close the "doughnut hole:" the ACA will gradually close the gap in Medicare's prescription drug benefit (Part D) known as the "doughnut hole." The doughnut hole refers to the amount between total drug costs (what you and your plan spend in drugs) and a person's total out-of-pocket spending maximum for the year (this includes any co-pays, co-insurance, and deductibles). In addition, AIDS Drug Assistance Program (ADAP) payments for prescription drugs are now considered contributions toward the True Out of Pocket Spending Limit (TrOOP) for Part D, which means that people can move through the doughnut hole more quickly.
Preventive Care
Preventive care refers to tests and screenings that help us find problems early and prevent more serious diseases from happening down the road. Many of the tests and types of care that fall under 'preventive' care are types of care that only affect women -- things like birth control, pap smears, and services for pregnant women.
The ACA will make all new insurance plans (those beginning on or after August 1, 2012) cover the following services with no cost-sharing (no co-pay and no deductible):
- All methods of birth control approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), including the pill and the IUD. It is important to note that group health plans sponsored by religious employers do not have to cover birth control.
- Annual 'well-woman' visits. This means a once-a-year visit that includes a Pap smear. This is especially important for HIV+ women, since women living with HIV have an increased risk for cervical cancer and studies have shown that almost one in four HIV+ women in the US do not get their recommended yearly Pap tests.
- Provide testing for the human papilloma virus (HPV), the virus that can cause cervical cancer.
- Provide screening for gestational (during pregnancy) diabetes for pregnant women, as well as breastfeeding counseling.
- Provide screening and counseling for domestic violence. This is also especially important for HIV+ women. We now know that HIV+ women are twice as likely to have experienced domestic violence compared to US women as a whole. In addition, HIV+ women who have experienced recent trauma are much more likely to be unable to negotiate safer sex and to fail their HIV treatment. Being able to identify and help women experiencing gender-based violence will be a huge step toward greater health for HIV+ women.
- Provide screening and counseling for HIV and counseling for other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
- Provide mammography screening every one to two years for women over 40 years of age.
- Provide depression screening and alcohol abuse screening and counseling. These are important for HIV+ women because any type of substance abuse reduces a woman's adherence to her HIV drugs and increases the chances that she will engage in unsafe sex. HIV+ women are also more likely than women in the general population to experience depression. Depression can cause women to seek care less often, not adhere to their HIV drugs, and have faster progression of their HIV.
You can learn more about how the ACA will affect women living with HIV by looking at our list of additional resources. In addition, you can go to www.healthcare.gov to find insurance options, prepare for the insurance marketplace (opening October 2013), learn about prevention and wellness benefits, and find out what is changing and when.
The Well Project would like to thank Jen Kates of the Kaiser Family Foundation for her assistance with this article.
No comments have been made.
Internet search results. Be careful when providing personal information! Before
adding your comment, please read TheBody.com's Comment Policy.)
Copyright © 2007-2014 Remedy Health Media, LLC. All rights reserved.


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Can it turn down enough to cut real thin stuff? I'm talking 1/8" or 22 ga. I'm sure the cut quality is great on 3/8" and 1/2" plate, it is blue after all... I want to upgrade my smaller plasma and this seems like a nice machine. Plus I can eventually incorporate it into a cnc setup in the future. Also consumables seem to be decently priced. Overall it is cheaper than the hypertherm units, but still made in america.
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Thread: Spectrum 875
12-18-2012, 12:44 AM #1Senior Member
- Join Date
- Nov 2012
- Location
- Northern Arizona
- Posts
- 571
Spectrum 875
I bought mine 3 or 4 years ago & I like it. I have nothing to compare it to so I can't say if one is better or not but I'm happy with it. The only complaint I have is the torch lead is very stiff & doesn't get any better with age. My LWS does not stock consumables for it (they stock for the smaller machines) but I order from Miller4less. Cuts all gauge material fine as well as plate.MM250
Trailblazer 250g
22a feeder
Lincoln ac/dc 225
Victor O/A
MM200 black face
Whitney 30 ton hydraulic punch
Lown 1/8x 36" power roller
Arco roto-phase model M
Vectrax 7x12 band saw
Miller spectrum 875
30a spoolgun w/wc-24
Syncrowave 250
There is a 40 amp tip available for the ICE-60T torch on the Spectrum 875 the part number for the 40 amp standard tip is 212725 and the part number for the extended or non-shielded 40 amp tip is 212729.