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Jim Lauderdale
Jim Lauderdale is a multi-talented performer and songwriter, with successes in both country and bluegrass music. His roots stem from the Carolinas, yet his career has taken him all over the United States and abroad, making him an international recording artist with an ever-growing fan base. Jim won "Artist of the Year" and "Song of the Year" at the first "Honors and Awards Show" held by the Americana Music Association in 2002. Subsequently, he has hosted this same show for the last seven years.
He is among Nashville's "A" list of songwriters, with songs recorded by artists such as: Patty Loveless, George Jones, The Dixie Chicks, Solomon Burke, Mark Chesnutt, Dave Edmunds, John Mayall, Kathy Mattea, Lee Ann Womack, Gary Allan, Blake Shelton. Vince Gill, and George Strait. He also contributed several songs to the successful soundtrack of the George Strait film, "Pure Country." Not content to just write hits for the stars, he's toured with the likes of Lucinda Williams, Mary Chapin Carpenter, Rhonda Vincent and Elvis Costello, among others.
On June 21, 2011, Jim Lauderdale will release "Reason And Rhyme", his first for Sugar Hill Records. The record is his third collaboration with Grateful Dead lyricist Robert Hunter.


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Camay Soap (Pkg. of 3 Bars)
Moisturizing Camay, the Preferred Soap of Beautiful Women, Leaves Skin Silky
Camay Soap (Pkg. of 3 Bars)
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Palm Acid, Tetrasodium EDTA, Titanium Dioxide, Red 4, Yellow
Shelf Life: 3 Years
Manufactured In: USA
Material - Country Of Origin: USA

subset: commoncrawl


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Portland, Ore.-- Umpqua Bank is now the largest community bank on the west coast, since the merger with Sterling Bank is complete.
The deal was made official Friday and the company nearly doubled the size.
There are now 400 community bank branches stretching across five states.
The company admits that some branches will close and some jobs will be lost for efficiencies.
But that is yet to be determined.


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- Professor, Human Services
- Advisor, Human Services Club
Social & Behavioral Sciences
Contact Information Available
Office Location:
Williams Hall 242
Links Added for Full Biography, Curriculum Vitae or Personal Website
Dr. Handley has been with Cazenovia College since 1999 as an assistant professor in the Human Services program. A very popular professor on campus, she teaches courses on mental health counseling; and disability and rehabilitation services. She also served as an adjunct faculty member at Cazenovia in the 1997-1998 school year, and between stints here worked first as an adjunct faculty then assistant professor at Utica College in the same field. Prior to that she was an adjunct faculty member at Syracuse University.
- B.P.S Human Services, SUNY Utica/Rome
- M.S., Ph.D. Rehabilitation Counseling, Syracuse University
- 2001: 21st Century Fund at Cazenovia College
- 2000: Sophomore Class Awards Dinner Speaker, Cazenovia College
- 2000: 21st Century Fund (with Equine Program), Cazenovia College
- 1995: Syracuse University School of Education Award for Outstanding Research Apprenticeship Project
- 1994: Participant's Choice, first place award for poster presentation, National Head Injury Symposium.
- Building Your Future, a Transition Guide for Students with Disabilities, with M. Held and D. Weller, New York State Education Department
- Sheltered Workship Closure: A Seven-Year Follow Up Study, with S. Murphy, P. Rogan, C Kncaid and J. Royce-Davis, Journal of Mental Retardation
- Counseling People with Traumatic Brain Injury, with M. Nochi, Cultural and Diversity Issues in Counseling
- Breaking Down Disability Stereotypes: A Human Services Approach (with Cazenovia College students), Mid-Atlantic Conference for Human Services
- Using Humor in Higher Education, National Council on Rehabilitation Education Conference
- The Basics of Service Coordination, NYS Department of Health
- Rehabilitation Counseling Services, private practice specializing in people with traumatic brain injuries, 1993-present
- St. Camillus Rehabilitation Center counselor, 1992-1993
- Legal Services of Central New York, advocacy specialist, 1987-1991
- The Neurologic Center, rehabilitation counselor, 1986-1987
- Rome Developmental Center, community residence assistant director, 1985-1986
- United Cerebral Palsy Center, service coordinator, 1981-1985


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En español | The emergency road service guy showed up in record time to recover the keys you left in your locked running car. Your first instinct is to graciously shake his hand, then pull him in for a bear hug, but a tip would be far less embarrassing. But, wait. Do you tip road service folks? If you do, how much?
Tipping is a very old practice, but it remains a source of debate and confusion for many. At a restaurant, you don't think twice about tipping the waitstaff. But you might ignore a tip jar on the counter at a deli. And the idea of giving the cable guy any extra money may seem ludicrous, but the fact is that it isn't unheard of.
"Tipping is important. There are so many services where people aren't even paid minimum wage," says Debby Mayne, etiquette guide for the resource website About.com. "The pizza delivery guy is out there braving the elements. There's a reason why you didn't go get that pizza yourself."
So when you find yourself face to face with one of the following service providers, handle your gratitude with grace by following these "tips."
Food server
For a full-service, sit-down meal, 15 to 20 percent of the pretax bill is customary. At a buffet, leave a 10 percent tip. Just picking up a sandwich or a decaf latte from the counter? Tip at least 10 percent.
Getting rid of pesky critters in your home will cost you. But the peace of mind may be worth slipping a little extra to the bug guy. Mayne says exterminators generally don't expect tips. "But if the person does something extra, such as treat an area more heavily than normal or move furniture, you may want to tip $5 to $10. Holiday tipping of $20 or a restaurant gift card is always appreciated," Mayne says.
Valet parking personnel
When your car is returned to you, it's appropriate to tip the valet $2 to $5.
Stylists and barbers should be tipped a minimum of 15 to 20 percent of the service, and that tip can be split among others who assisted (for example, the shampoo person and colorist). Apply the same value to manicures, pedicures, massages and the like. Think the owner of the salon shouldn't be tipped? Turns out that's an old tradition. Owners today appreciate and will accept 15 to 20 percent.
At a hotel, you're expected to leave a little something for maid service, based on how many days you stayed. But what about at home? Tipping a house cleaner who's employed not by you but by a cleaning service is optional. If you feel so inclined, 10 to 15 percent is acceptable. At holiday time, or if you're particularly impressed by a job (the gunk was cleaned from all your liquid soap dispensers), increase it, but by no more than $20.
Generally you wouldn't tip a cleaner you hired directly, except perhaps for the holidays.


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It's going to be a cold one out there this Monday! The high will be near 43 with sunny skies, with northwest winds at 5 to 15 mph. They will become eastern winds in the afternoon.
Tonight, we'll see a hard freeze with a low around 25. Winds will be from the south-southeast at 5 to 10 mph.
Make sure you're ready for tonight's freeze by protecting plants, pipes, and pets from the cold! Get all the weather details at weather.gov.
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[2] http://sweetwaterreporter.com/sites/default/files/weather forecast_2.jpg


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Ana was yesterday featured in the Calcutta Times, The Times of India:
Interview by Dipannita Ghosh Biswas
Tell us something about yourself, your family and educational background.
My mum, Dragana, was a lawyer but now she travels with me to every tournament. My dad, Miroslav, is an economist. I have a 15-year-old brother, Milos. He is still at school. I am very close to my family. I am still studying! I take books with me to tournaments and try and read them in the players' lounge or at the hotel. I'm quite academic and have always enjoyed learning.
You are from Serbia, a country which doesn't have too many names in the Sony Ericsson WTA Tour list. How do you carry this responsibility?
I feel very proud that there is a lot of support for me in Serbia. They definitely love sports and it feels great that they support their players with a lot of enthusiasm. There are some other good Serbian players like Jankovic and Djokovic (ATP player). So, I do not feel that I am the only player that they are watching.
You have played with the Williams sisters. Did their image and rankings overpower you in any way?
I have only played Venus once. It was a very exciting match in Zurich two years ago. I lost 7-6, 7-6. I had chances to win. It was a great experience for me. I try not to focus on who my opponent is. Of course, I was nervous because it was one of my first professional tournaments. But I was not intimidated by her.
Where do you train? What are your training schedules like?
I train near Zurich in Switzerland. I spend five or six hours a day on my fitness and tennis. I do this six days a week. Usually, Sunday is my day off.
In your spare time what do you generally do?
I am not really a party person. I prefer to stay at home and spend time with my family and friends. I like to read a lot. I like history books and fiction. I also like to relax by watching DVDs. I like watching thrillers and some comedies. I recently watched Failure to Launch with Sarah Jessica Parker and enjoyed it very much. My favourite movie is The Da Vinci Code. It is my favourite book too. Occasionally, I read a book that helps with mental preparation for matches. For example, 'Warrior of the Light' by Paolo Coelho.
You have to travel a lot for the tournaments. Does any family member accompany you?
Yes, my mum comes with me. She is a great travel companion! We are extremely close. She is more like a friend and a mentor. She is also a shoulder to cry on! My dad and my brother come to most of the Grand Slams.
Your braces are much talked about...
They were removed last year! I was very happy about that!
Women in tennis are idolized. Do you think the game is more about glamour nowadays?
I definitely think that tennis is seen more as an entertainment nowadays, and a lot of that has to do with off-court things. It has probably become more glamorous. But I still think that tennis is known for what happens on the court. People remember the great matches and I think that will never change.
What are your biggest drawbacks and advantages?
I am very lucky to be playing tennis for a career. What I love most is competing on the court. It is also great to see the world. The worst thing is being away from my family and friends for so long. The traveling can get a little tiring too.
Which is the biggest win of your career?
When I beat Amelie Mauresmo at the French Open last year. I think I will always remember this match!
Do you think a need has arisen for you to shift base from Serbia to a more sporty zone?
Unfortunately, the facilities in Serbia are not very good at all. We really need better facilities in order to achieve our goals. All the good young players from Belgrade have had to go away in order to train and try to reach their potential.
Where do you see yourself two years from now?
I never like to set a time limit but I have definite goals. One day I hope to be No.1 and win all the Grand Slams. More important is that I am still improving. I am still very young and I'll only be 20 in two years - so that is still young!
To whom or what do you give the credit for your great season till date?
Actually, I wouldn't say it has been a great season. I was disappointed with the start of the year. I played some really good matches on clay, especially against Schynder (Prior to this 6-3, 6-2 win in Warsaw, Ana had never won a set in four matches against her). But then I got injured. I was pleased with my performance at Wimbledon and feel confident about the rest of the season, especially because I have a new coach (David Taylor).
When did you first realize that tennis was to be your choice?
I fell in love with tennis when I was five. Probably, I started to think about it as a career when I was around 13. That is when I first had a manager who helped with the costs. So, I could travel to international junior tournaments. I sat down with my family and we decided that I was really going to try to become a professional.
You have to play under extreme weather conditions. How do you physically attune yourself to it?
Recently, I have been training harder than ever. It is important to be in your best physical condition so that you can handle the tough weather. It is also important that you arrive early at a tournament and become used to the conditions, especially if it is a big change in time zone, for example when we play in Australia.
Do you play your best on a grass court?
I think I have a game that suits all surfaces. I like to be aggressive and I have a good serve, so that suits grass. I have also done well on clay. But if I had to choose one surface to play on, probably it would be hard courts.
How easily do you take your defeat?
I think I deal with defeat quite well. I know that I am still young and the most important thing is that I learn from every match. Of course I am disappointed, but I do not get too upset.
Is there any set ritual you follow once on court?
I bounce the ball only once before I serve and I don't walk on the lines!
Have you played against Sania Mirza or interacted with her?
I have never played against her but we played doubles together in Miami this year. It is always difficult when you start playing doubles with a new player. But I thought we played two great matches (they lost in the third round). We had good communication on the court and she's a very nice girl.
Sarah Leon, head of a model management firm, said this about you: "A slightly exotic look - and quite a strong face. She's also a little bit on the curvier side". An alternate career in modelling won't be tough for you then?
Modelling is fun, but it is definitely not an alternative career for me! Tennis is my life. I have done some modelling but I would never let it distract from my tennis. Thank you for the compliment!
When do you plan to come down to India for any tournament?
Unfortunately, no Indian tournament is on my schedule this year. But maybe, some time in the future.
How tough is it to maintain your rank?
I think it is tougher this year, because now all the players know me. Last year I was new to everyone. They didn't know much about my game, but now they do. So, it's harder. I just have to work harder and I know that if I try my best, good things will come.
Photo: Stephan Schaher


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Festival Danau Toba : Showcasing Batak Culture and Sports midst amazing Lake Toba
Festival Danau Toba : Showcasing Batak Culture and Sports midst amazing Lake Toba
8 Sep 2013 - 14 Sep 2013
Festival Danau Toba (FDT) 2013 - or Lake Toba Festival - that was originally planned for June-July, has now been postponed to 8 - 14 September 2013 to allow districts all over North Sumatra to better prepare themselves to participate and to make the event into an exceptional occasion for the public and tourists alike. The Festival will cover comprehensive activities from music, arts and crafts, to traditional sports competitions to environment conservation activities.
To be held by the Regency of Samosir,at the Batu Hoda Beach by Simanindo on Samosir island and at the Open Stage of Pangururan at Pasir Putih Parbaba,the Lake Toba Festival takes the theme: Arga do Bona ni Pinasa, meaning the Most Meaningful Village. The island of Samosir, which lies in the middle of the expansive Lake Toba, is believed to be the birthplace of all Batak clans who are now spread over a large area in North Sumatra.
In the Arts and crafts, the Festival will feature traditional Tortor dance competitions, Gondang, drama , carving, Ulos weaving competitions, and of course there will be an Ulos Fashion Show. There will also be competitions in story telling, drama, and a whole lot more. The entire gamut will showcase the many and varied Batak cultural expressions.
Of course an important feature will be the choir competitions. The Batak are famous for their beautiful and powerful singing voices and church choirs that can mesmerize entire congregations.
Main feature of the Festival will be the revival of almost forgotten traditional sports that are hoped to be included in national competitions. Among these are Margala. (hide and seek), Umban or catapult competition, reminder how in the Bible, David succeeded to kill Goliath with a simple catapult. There will also be marukkor (diving) ,marlage (long distance swimming) competition, dragon boat races, and more.
At the same time, hotels, homestays and villages will be kept busy cleaning up the environment, planting trees, and there will be competitions to be nominated for the Tourist Village category which requires innovations and creativity. Meanwhile, bands and singers will enliven this one week event.
For more information you can log on to : http://www.festivaldanautoba.com/
10 Comments
Arga do bona ni pinasa, untuk skala lebih besarnya "tanah airku tidak kulupakan". Terimakasih atas info Festival danau tobanya.
hmm ..danau toba memang dahsyat... nunggu festival taun depan..kira-kira temanya apaya..
nunggu festival taun depan.. kira2 temanya apa ya
Berharap bisa ikut :( Pasti menarik dan eksotis. Enjoy Enchanted Toba Lake.
semangat dalam persiapan Festival danau Toba 2013 give the best :)
"Mayoritas wisatawan mancanegara mengenal dan mengidentikkan Indonesia hanya sebatas Bali, mari ubah itu dengan warna baru festival Danau Toba untuk mengangkat dan memperkenalkan keindahan Danau Toba dan Pulau Samosir kemata dunia yang...
Success for FESTIVAL DANAU TOBA 2013, show this event to around the world!!!
semangat untuk seluruh peserta lomba... terutama Solu Bolon.....


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Stelara OK'd For Psoriatic Arthritis
Of the 7.5 million people with psoriasis, about 10 percent to 30 percent get psoriatic arthritis.
Copper Bracelets 'Don't Help Rheumatoid Arthritis'
Copper bracelets and magnetic wrist straps have no real effect on pain and swelling in rheumatoid arthritis, a new study finds.
7 Surprising Things About The Affordable Care Act
The Affordable Care Act already has brought big changes to the U.S. health care system.
New Choices For Seasonal Flu Vaccines
It's fall. The kids are back at school, college football rivalries are in high gear, and — oh, yeah — it's time to get a flu vaccine.
Maryland Delays Small-Business Enrollment
Small businesses in Maryland will be allowed to make purchases through the state insurance marketplace starting January 1, 2014.
California Unveils Health Plans To Mixed Reactions
California's health insurance marketplace has announced the plans and rates it will offer for purchase starting October 1, 2013.
Vermont Releases Final Health Insurance Rates
Vermont's insurance marketplace is set to offer lower premiums than those initially proposed.
Antibiotics May Relieve Back Pain Symptoms
Taking antibiotics could relieve symptoms of chronic lower back pain, according to a new study.
Angelina Jolie's Double Mastectomy: Q&A
Mutations in certain genes raise the risk of breast cancer by as much as 80 percent, experts say.
Confused By Health Care Marketplaces? Help Is Coming
Under the Affordable Care Act, people and small businesses will be able to purchase insurance through a Marketplace.
Boston Bombing Aftermath: Fear, Empathy, Anger
It's normal to feel a range of emotions from the terror bombing attack at the Boston Marathon.
What's Ahead For The Affordable Care Act In 2013?
This month marks the third anniversary of the Affordable Care Act becoming law.


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Browse the print edition page by page, including stories and ads.
Sep 2 edition online now. Browse the archives.


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Jupiter Great Red Spot
Date: 25 Feb 1979
This dramatic view of Jupiter's Great Red Spot and its surroundings was obtained by Voyager 1 on 25 Feb. 1979, when the spacecraft was 9.2 million km (5.7 million miles) from Jupiter. Cloud details as small as 160 km (100 miles) across can be seen here.
Last Update: 10 Dec 2012 (AMB)
Credit: NASA Planetary Photojournal


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Assisi, the Basilica of San Francesco and Other Franciscan Sites
Assisi, the Basilica of San Francesco and Other Franciscan Sites
Assisi, a medieval city built on a hill, is the birthplace of Saint Francis, closely associated with the work of the Franciscan Order. Its medieval art masterpieces, such as the Basilica of San Francesco and paintings by Cimabue, Pietro Lorenzetti, Simone Martini and Giotto, have made Assisi a fundamental reference point for the development of Italian and European art and architecture.
Assise, la Basilique de San Francesco et autres sites franciscains
Assise, ville médiévale édifiée sur une colline, est le lieu de naissance de Saint François et elle est étroitement associée au travail de l'Ordre des franciscains. Ses chefs-d'œuvre de l'art médiéval - basilique Saint-François et peintures de Cimabue, Pietro Lorenzetti, Simone Martini et Giotto - ont fait d'Assise une référence fondamentale du développement artistique et architectural de l'Italie et de l'Europe.
أسيزي، بازيليك القديس فرنسيس ومواقع فرنسيسكانية أخرى
أسيزي مدينة من القرون الوسطى شيِّدت على هضبة وشهدت ولادة القديس فرنسيس وهي متصلة اتصالاً وثيقًا بعمل الرهبنة الفرنسيسكانية. كما أن تحفها الفنية العائدة إلى القرون الوسطى – كبازيليك القديس فرنسيس، ورسوم تشيمابوي، وبييترو لورنزيتّي، وسيموني مارتيني ودجوتو– جعلت من المدينة مرجعًا أساسيًا للتطور الفني والمعماري في إيطاليا وأوروبا.
source: UNESCO/ERI
阿西西古镇是建在山上的中世纪城市,它是方济各会的创始者意大利人圣方济各(Saint Francis)的出生地,与方济各会的建筑密切联系。这里有许多中世纪的艺术杰作,例如圣方济各大教堂,意大利画家契马布埃(Cimabue)、西蒙纳·马蒂尼(Simone Martini)、洛伦泽蒂(Pietro Lorenzetti)、乔托(Giotto)等大师的绘画作品。这些杰作使得阿西西古镇成为研究意大利以及欧洲艺术和建筑发展的一个重要参考。
source: UNESCO/ERI
Базилика Св. Франциска и другие францисканские памятники в городе Ассизи
Построенный на холме средневековый город Ассизи, родина Св. Франциска, находился в тесной связи с деятельностью францисканского ордена. Его шедевры средневекового искусства, такие как базилика Сан-Франциско, росписи Чимабуэ, Пьетро Лоренцетти, Симоне Мартини и Джотто, сделали Ассизи основной отправной точкой в развитии итальянского и европейского искусства и архитектуры.
source: UNESCO/ERI
Asís, la basílica de San Francisco y otros sitios franciscanos
Edificada en lo alto de una colina, la ciudad medieval de Asís, lugar natal de San Francisco, está estrechamente vinculada a la obra de la orden religiosa fundada por éste. Sus obras maestras del arte medieval –la basílica de San Francisco y las pinturas de Cimabue, Pietro Lorenzetti, Simone Martini y Giotto– hicieron de esta ciudad un elemento de referencia fundamental para el desarrollo de las artes y la arquitectura en Italia y Europa.
source: UNESCO/ERI
source: NFUAJ
Assisi, de Basiliek van San Francesco en andere Franciscaanse gebieden
Assisi is een middeleeuwse stad gebouwd op een heuvel en de geboorteplaats van de heilige Franciscus, stichter van van de Franciscaanse kloosterorde. De middeleeuwse meesterwerken in de stad, zoals de basiliek van San Francesco en schilderijen van Cimabue, Pietro Lorenzetti, Simone Martini en Giotto, hebben Assisi tot fundamenteel referentiepunt gemaakt wat betreft de ontwikkeling van Italiaanse en Europese kunst en architectuur. Het is een uniek voorbeeld van de continuïteit van een stadsheiligdom in zijn natuurlijke omgeving, van zijn Umbrisch-Romeinse en middeleeuwse oorsprong tot het heden. Dit komt tot uiting in het culturele landschap, de religieuze ensembles, communicatiesystemen en traditioneel landgebruik.
Source: unesco.nl
Justification for Inscription
Criterion (i): Assisi represents an ensemble of masterpieces of human creative genius, such as the Basilica of San Francesco, which have made it a fundamental reference for art history in Europe and in the world.
Criterion (ii): The interchange of artistic and spiritual message of the Franciscan Order has significantly contributed to developments in art and architecture in the world.
Criterion (iii): Assisi represents a unique example of continuity of a city-sanctuary within its environmental setting from its Umbrian-Roman and medieval origins to the present, represented in the cultural landscape, the religious ensembles, systems of communication, and traditional land-use.
Criterion (iv): The Basilica of San Francesco is an outstanding example of a type of architectural ensemble that has significantly influenced the development of art and architecture.
Criterion (vi): Being the birthplace of the Franciscan Order, Assisi has from the Middle Ages been closely associated with the cult and diffusion of the Franciscan movement in the world, focusing on the universal message of peace and tolerance even to other religions or beliefs.
Long Description
Assisi represents a unique example of continuity of a city-sanctuary within its environmental setting from its Umbrian-Roman and medieval origins to the present, represented in the cultural landscape, the religious ensembles, systems of communication, and traditional land use. The Basilica of San Francesco is an outstanding example of a type of architectural ensemble that has significantly influenced the development of art and architecture. The interchange of artistic and spiritual message of the Franciscan Order has significantly contributed to developments in art and architecture in the world.
The city of Assisi is built on the slopes of the hill of Asio, at the foot of Subasio Mountain. The form of the urban settlement is elongated and extends from the south-east towards the north-west. The Roman plan of the city is based on the set of terraces.
The most important event in the history of medieval Assisi was undoubtedly the life and work of Francis of Assisi (1182-1226), who initiated the Franciscan Order and who was canonized in 1228. His companion, Clare, also later canonized, founded the sister order to the Franciscans. After the canonization of St Francis, it was decided to build a monumental church in his honour. This construction was followed by the Basilica of Santa Chiara to honour St Clare. The construction of the Basilica of San Francesco was started in 1228. The lower basilica is entered through an exquisite Gothic portal; the interior is completely covered with frescoes. The earliest of these date from 1253 and are by an unknown artist, the Maestro di San Francesco. Furthermore, the paintings include allegories attributed to Giotto and his school in the presbytery, the Virgin with a Child on the Throne by Cimabue, and the Crucifixion by Giotto, the paintings by Pietro Lorenzetti and his assistants, and the Chapel of St-Martin by Simone Martini. The upper basilica has a magnificent east front in white limestone, with a large rose window in the centre. In the interior, the walls are decorated with series of paintings relating to the faith and life of the saint.
The Cathedral of San Rufino probably dates from the 8th century; it was rebuilt by Bishop Ugone around 1036 as a cathedral. The west front is a masterpiece of Umbrian Romanesque architecture, connected with the cathedral and the church of San Pietro of Spoleto. The interior of the church was completely restructured by Galeazzo Alessi in 1571 in simple Renaissance forms. The construction of the basilica to honour St Clare started in 1257, under the direction of Fra' Filippo da Campello. In the exterior the structure is characterized by three large flying buttresses, and close to the apse there is a square bell tower. The plan of the church is based on a Latin cross and the whole interior is painted with a cycle of frescoes illustrating the legend of St Clare by several artists. Originally built outside the city walls, the Benedictine abbey of San Pietro is recorded from 1029; in the mid-12th century it adopted the Cluny reform and it passed later to the Cistercians. The interior is austere, divided in three naves by massive pillars. The Roman temple, traditionally dedicated to Minerva, is relatively well preserved. It was first converted into a church and then, in 1212, into a prison. From 1456 the building was again used as a church, dedicated to Santa Maria della Minerva in 1539.
The Carceri are located in a valley of the Mount Subasio and consisted originally of a series of caves for St Francis and his companions. From the 15th to the early 19th centuries a small convent was gradually built on the site of the saint's grotto. San Damiano is a monastic complex, essential for the understanding of the religious awakening of St Francis, as well as being the convent of St Clare, where she also died. Santa Maria degli Angeli is a Renaissance church designed by Galeazzo Alessi in the 16th century to protect the original chapel of Porziuncola, the site from where St Francis sent his order to their mission and the site where he died. The three surviving chapels contain important early paintings, and are carefully preserved as religious relics. The Sanctuary of Rivotorto contains a small medieval complex, preserved as a relic and relating to a site of Franciscan pilgrimage.Source: UNESCO/CLT/WHC
Historical Description
The Roman plan of the city is based on the set of terraces, the construction of which started in the north-eastern part of the town (close to San Rufino), then extending toward the west. Culturally, the region belonged to Umbria but was on the border with Etruria. Abundant archaeological evidence, in fact, shows that the city's foundation relates to the Umbrian phase, being later taken over by the Romans. The Roman monuments include the Temple of Minerva dating from the 1st century BCE to the time of Augustus, as part of an important sanctuary in the forum area, as well as theatres, bath-houses, and other public buildings. The ancient city walls were about 2300m long, enclosing some 55ha with vast green areas. The extent of the settlement and the fact that it was granted the status of municipium in 89 BCE demonstrate not only its role as a religious centre but also its political and economic significance. From the 3rd century CE, the city shows little evidence of construction until the beginning of the new millennium. Even so, the site continues being associated with religion, and the development and diffusion of Christianity are elements that deeply characterize the scenario, also closely associated with the ancient rituals and therapeutic treatments linked with water. The first Christian martyrs were killed in water, according to a legend, Bishop Rufino being one of them.
After the period of the barbarian invasions, which caused a considerable reduction in population, the regional layout of Assisi is characterized with the affirmation of Christianity, involving ancient sites associated with water and martyrdom. Water in fact becomes the symbol of life after death and its control takes on a liturgical nature. The territory is marked by the linkages between monastic and religious centres, settlements (eg San Vittorino, San Benedetto), and hermitages (eg Le Carceri). The region was subject to profound changes from the 11th and 12th centuries with the change of land ownership from important patrons to the classes of artisans and merchants. It also meant new types of cultivation and deforestation in view of new dynamism in development. A series of castles were built on the margins of the valley, and others were developed as centres of pastoral culture in the mountain region. In addition, there were new rural settlements, including the characteristic Umbrian building type of tower house, which remains a feature of all Assisi iconography until the present day.
Through the period from the 11th to the 14th centuries, the ancient town of Assisi was subject to important changes. The development focused on four main points: Piazza del Mercato, Murorupto, Santa Maria Maggiore, and San Rufino. The market becomes the centre of noble families, as well as having various churches (San Nicolo, San Paolo, Sant'Agata). The bishop's citadel was built close to the ancient cathedral of Santa Maria Maggiore, and San Rufino became the new cathedral in the 11th century, rebuilt in the 13th century. The walled area was enlarged in 1260 and 1316, showing an increase in population.
The most important event in the history of medieval Assisi was undoubtedly the life and work of Francis of Assisi (1182-1226), who initiated the Franciscan Order, one of the most influential monastic orders in the Christian world, and who was canonized in 1228. Francis was born in Assisi and, although he travelled a great deal, some of the key references to his faith are in Assisi, including the grottoes of Le Carceri, San Damiano, and the Porziuncola, where he died. His companion, Clare, later canonized, founded the sister order to the Franciscans. After the canonization of Saint Francis, it was decided to build a monumental church in his honour, involving the Church of Rome as well as the City of Assisi. This construction was followed by the Basilica of Santa Chiara to honour Saint Clare.
The construction of the Basilicas of San Francesco and Santa Chiara represented a new input to the urban form of the town, and gave the relatively small medieval settlement a completely new physiognomy. This included the development of the main square over the former forum area with the Temple of Minerva. The construction of the Basilica of San Francesco, in particular, changed the earlier Franciscan symbol of humility into an exaltation of the figure of the saint, and the order thus affirmed its mission in the world. The city walls were once again enlarged in the 14th century, when also the fort, La Rocca, on the top of the hill was rebuilt as part of a series of castles to protect the interests of the papacy in the region.
The social and political events from the 15th to the 18th century left their traces in Assisi, in the form of new construction and improvements in management and draining of arable land. In the 14th and 15th centuries, Assisi was involved in wars with Perugia and in conflicts with Guelphs and Ghibellines, and the city suffered from sacks and fires. Through this period, however, the symbolic importance of Assisi in relation to Saint Francis continued. The first detailed town plan that has survived till today dates from 1599, by Giacomo Lauro, indicates Assisi as the patria of Saint Francis. In the late 15th century the most important urban project was the construction of the public squares in front of the Basilica of San Francesco,. In the 16th century Galeazzo Alessi designed the large basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli down in the valley, and it became a shelter for the Porziuncola of Saint Francis. He also restructured the cathedral of San Rufino and designed the tabernacle for the lower church of the Basilica of San Francesco. In the 17th and 18th centuries the city continued developing and a number of noble families built their palaces in the Baroque style. This period also included the church of San Francesco Converso by Giacomo Giorgetti in the 17th century.
In the 19th century, the discovery of the bodies of Saint Francis and Saint Clare gave new vigour to construction activities, including the restructuring of the convents of S. Damiano and S. Maria di Rivotorto. There were also some changes in the centre of Assisi, including the new postal offices in the Piazza del Comune. After World War II the renewed interest in Assisi provided an incentive for the protection of the historic town and its surroundings. In 1954, Assisi received the first conservation master plan in post-war Italy. At the same time, the entire municipal area became subject to nature protection.Source: Advisory Body Evaluation
News (1)
- World Heritage Committee Inscribes 61 New Sites on World Heritage List Thursday, November 30, 2000


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Virunga National Park
Virunga National Park
Virunga National Park (covering an area of 790,000 ha) comprises an outstanding diversity of habitats, ranging from swamps and steppes to the snowfields of Rwenzori at an altitude of over 5,000 m, and from lava plains to the savannahs on the slopes of volcanoes. Mountain gorillas are found in the park, some 20,000 hippopotamuses live in the rivers and birds from Siberia spend the winter there.
Parc national des Virunga
S'étendant sur 790 000 ha, le parc des Virunga présente une diversité d'habitats incomparable, allant des marécages et des steppes jusqu'aux neiges éternelles du Rwenzori, à plus de 5 000 m d'altitude, en passant par les plaines de lave et les savanes sur les pentes des volcans. Quelque 20 000 hippopotames fréquentent ses rivières, le gorille de montagne y trouve refuge, et des oiseaux en provenance de Sibérie viennent y passer l'hiver.
منتزه فيرونغا الوطني
يشغل منتزه فيرونغا مساحة 790000 هكتار ويحوي طائفة متنوعة من المساكن الفريدة، بدءاً بالمستنقعات والسهوب وانتهاء بثلوج جبال روينزوري الأزلية على ارتفاع يفوق 5000 متر، مروراً بسهول الحمم والسافانا على منحدرات البراكين. ويعمد ما يقارب 20000 فرس نهر الى ارتياد أنهار المنتزه الذي يشكل ايضاً ملاذاً لغوريلا الجبال والطيور المهاجرة من سيبيريا لقضاء فصل الشتاء في ربوعه.
source: UNESCO/ERI
维龙加国家公园占地790 000万公顷,地貌多种多样,从沼泽地、稀树大草原到海拔5000米以上的鲁文佐里雪山(snowfields of Rwenzori),从融岩平原到火山山坡处的大草原,不一而足。山地大猩猩栖息在公园里,河畔地带约有20 000头河马,而自西伯利亚迁徙的鸟儿也在这里过冬。
source: UNESCO/ERI
Национальный парк Вирунга
Этот занимающий площадь 790 тыс. га национальный парк включает самые различные ландшафты – от болот и лугов до заснеженных вершин гор Рувензори, превышающих отметку 5000 м, и от лавовых покровов до саванн на склонах вулканов. Здесь обитают горные гориллы, местные реки населяют бегемоты в количестве примерно 20 тыс. особей, сюда же на зимовку прилетают птицы из Сибири.
source: UNESCO/ERI
Parque Nacional de Virunga
Este sitio de 790.000 hectáreas posee una diversidad de hábitats incomparable: pantanos, estepas, planicies de lava, sabanas en laderas de volcanes y cumbres nevadas del macizo de Rwenzori, que se eleva a más de 5.000 metros de altura. Unos 20.000 hipopótamos viven en los ríos de este parque, que también sirve de refugio al gorila de montaña y ofrece lugar de invernada a numerosas aves procedentes de Siberia.
source: UNESCO/ERI
source: NFUAJ
Nationaal park Virunga
Het nationaal park Virunga omvat een oppervlakte van 790.000 hectare. Het park is uniek vanwege zijn actieve keten van vulkanen, het huisvest de spectaculaire bergmassieven van de Rwenzori en Virunga, de twee meest actieve vulkanen van Afrika. Daarnaast kent het gebied een verscheidenheid van habitats die elk andere Afrikaans park overtreft. Er zijn moerassen, steppen, maar ook de sneeuwvelden van de Rwenzori op meer dan 5.000 meter hoogte. Verder komen er lavavlakten voor, maar ook savannen op de hellingen van vulkanen. In het park zijn berggorilla's te vinden en in de rivieren leven zo'n 20.000 nijlpaarden. Het park is ook de overwinteringsplek voor vogels uit Siberië.
Source: unesco.nl
Outstanding Universal Value
Brief synthesis
Virunga National Park is unique with its active chain of volcanoes and rich diversity of habitats that surpass those of any other African park. Its range contains an amalgamation of steppes, savannas and plains, marshlands, low altitude and afro-montane forest belts to unique afro-alpine vegetation and permanent glaciers and snow on Monts Rwenzori whose peaks culminate in 5000 m height. The property includes the spectacular massifs of Rwenzori and Virunga Mountains containing the two most active volcanoes of Africa. The wide diversity of habitats produces exceptional biodiversity, notably endemic species and rare and globally threatened species such as the mountain gorilla.
Criterion (vii): Virunga National Park offers the most spectacular montane landscapes in Africa. Mt Rwenzori with its jagged reliefs and snowy summits, their cliffs and steep valleys, and the volcanoes of the Virunga massif covered with an afro-alpine vegetation of tree ferns and Lobelia and their slopes covered by dense forests, are the places of exceptional natural beauty. The volcanoes, which erupt at regular intervals every few years, constitute the dominant land features of the outstanding landscape. The Park presents several other spectacular panoramas like the eroded valleys in the Sinda and Ishango regions. The Park also contains important concentrations of wildlife, notably elephants, buffalo and Thomas cobs, and the largest concentration of hippopotamuses in Africa, with 20,000 individuals living on the banks of Lake Edward and along the Rwindi, Rutshuru and Semliki Rivers.
Criterion (viii): Virunga National Park is located in the centre of the Albertine Rift, of the Great Rift Valley. In the southern part of the Park, tectonic activity due to the extension of the earth's crust in this region has caused the emergence of the Virunga massif, comprising eight volcanoes, seven of which are located, totally or partially, in the Park. Among them, are the two most active volcanoes of Africa – Nyamuragira and nearby Nyiragongo - which between them are responsible for two-fifths of the historic volcanic eruptions on the African continent and which are characterized by the extreme fluidity of the alkaline lava. The activity of Nyiragongo is of world importance as a witness to volcanism of a lava lake: the bottom of its crater is in fact filled by a lake of quasi permanent lava that empties periodically with catastrophic consequences for the local communities. The northern sector of the Park includes about 20% of the massif of Monts Rwenzori – the largest glacial region of Africa and the only true alpine mountain chain of the continent. It borders the Rwenzori Mountains National Park of Uganda, inscribed as World Heritage, with which it shares the 'Pic Marguerite', third highest summit of Africa (5,109 m).
Criterion (x): Due to its variations in altitude (from 680 m to 5,109 m), rainfall and nature of the ground, Virunga National Park possesses a very wide diversity of plants and habitats, making it the top African National Park for biological diversity. More than 2,000 premier plant species have been identified, of which 10% are endemic to the Albertine Rift. The afro-montane forests represent about 15% of the vegetation. The Rift Albertine also contains more endemic vertebrate species than any other region of the African continent and the Park possesses numerous examples of them. The Park contains 218 mammal species, 706 bird species, 109 reptile species and 78 amphibian species. It also serves as refuge to 22 primate species of which three are the great ape – mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei), the eastern plain gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) and the eastern chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthi), with a third of the world population of mountain gorillas. The savannah zones of the Park contain a diverse population of ungulates and the density of biomass of wildlife is one of the highest on the earth Planet (27.6 ton/km2). Among the ungulates, there are certain rare animals such as the okapi (Okapi johnstoni), endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the red forest duiker (Cephalophus rubidus), endemic to Monts Rwenzori. The Park also comprises important tropical zones essential for the wintering of Palearctic avifauna.
The Park is characterized by a mosaic of extraordinary habitats that extend over 790,000 ha. The property is clearly delineated by the 1954 Ordinance. The wealth is well protected despite the economic and demographic challenges to its periphery.
The Park contains two highly important ecological corridors as it connects the different respective sectors: the Muaro corridor connects the Mikeno sector to the Nyamulagira sector; the west side connects the north sector to the centre sector of the Virunga massif. The presence of the Queen Elizabeth National Park, a protected area contiguous with Uganda, also constitutes an ecological land corridor connecting the centre and north sectors. Also, Lake Edward forms an important aquatic corridor.
Protection and management requirements
The property has benefited from the status of National Park since 1925. Its management authority is the Congolese Institute for Nature Conservation (ICCN) the body which has lost numerous agents killed on active service. The Park encounters management problems.
To assure the perpetuation in resource values of the property, the Park must be managed on a scientific basis and possess a management plan which will facilitate, among others, a better delineation of the different zones. Strengthened surveillance is required to assure the integrity of the Park boundaries. It would reduce poaching, deforestation, and pressure on the fishery resources (which risk increase), notably activities by isolated armed groups. To this end, the strengthening of staff and availability of equipment as well as the training of Park staff are of primary importance.
Improvement and strengthening of the administrative and surveillance infrastructures would contribute towards reducing the pressure on the rare and threatened species, such as the mountain gorilla, elephants, hippotomuses and chimpanzees. In view of the important increase in the populations, the establishment of buffer zones in all the sectors is indispensible and a matter of urgency. Another priority is to establish a Trust Fund to guarantee sufficient resources for the long-term protection and management of the property.
The promotion of a localised and controlled tourism could increase the income and contribute towards regular financing for the maintenance of the property.
Long Description
The park lies in the north-east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the border with Uganda and Rwanda, and includes part of Lake Edward (Idi Amin), the Semliki River valley, parts of the Rwindi, Ishasha and Rutshuru valleys south of the lake, the Virunga area within the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and part of the Rwenzori range. Lake Edward belongs to the Nile river system and Lake Kivu to the Congo Basin river system.
Features include hot springs in the Rwindi plains and the Virunga Massif volcanoes, such as Nyamulagira (3,068 m) and Nyiragongo (3,470 m), are still active. The areas of lowest and highest rainfall in the Democratic Republic of the Congo are in Virunga National Park.
The considerable altitudinal range results in marked climatic variations which affect the overall biological and geographical diversity of habitats. Habitat types include lakes at various altitudes, marshy deltas and peat bogs, savannahs and lava plains, low altitude equatorial forest, high-altitude glaciers, and snowfields (the Rwenzori peaks have permanent snow cover).
Located at the border between several biogeographic zones, the park protects both tropical rainforest and eastern steppe species, and its range of altitudes adds to the habitat variety. The diversity includes: bamboo and Hagenia forest on the mountains; equatorial forest along the Semiliki; wooded savannah of the Rwindi; steppes; various low savannahs; swamps and transitional habitats; dry thick forest; Neoboutonia macrocalyx forest on the lava plains; wet thick forest; alpine forests; and sparse vegetation above 4,300 m comprising mainly lichens and spermatophyta, although Graminae have been found growing at over 5,000 m.
Some of the largest wild animal concentrations in Africa occur along the rivers of the park. Mammals in the savannah of the Rwindi area include: elephant, hippopotamus, buffalo, numerous antelope including kob, defassa waterbuck and topi, warthog, lion and various monkeys. Large numbers of pelicans occur on the lower Rutshuru. In the Semiliki Valley and on the slopes of the Virunga mountains are gorilla, chimpanzee and okapi. In the extreme north are forest hog and bongo. Birds include Nahan's francolin, forest ground thrush, shoebill and probably papyrus yellow warbler.Source: UNESCO/CLT/WHC
Historical Description
Established in 1925 as Albert National Park (809,000ha); revised by Decree No. 69-041 of 22 August 1969 as Virunga National Park. Designated as a World Heritage site in 1979.Source: Advisory Body Evaluation
- Property inscribed for both geological and ecological values under natural criterion N (ii) before 1994. Criterion N (i) [Operational Guidelines 2002] was added. For more details see Decision 30.COM 8D.1.
Activities (6)
- World Heritage Forest Programme
- Biodiversity Conservation in Regions of Armed Conflict: Protecting World Heritage in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Patrimonito Storyboard Competition 2007
- Rapid Response Facility
- World Heritage in the Congo Basin (Publication)
News (29)
- Great Apes Infographic Highlights World Heritage Importance Friday, April 24, 2015
- Virunga: a challenge for conservation and sustainable development Thursday, April 23, 2015
- Save Virunga's elephants Wednesday, March 18, 2015
- UNESCO commends the decision by SOCO to halt oil exploration activities in Virunga National Park as a step in the right direction Thursday, June 12, 2014
- Director-General condemns attack on Emmanuel de Merode, Director of the Virunga National Park Thursday, April 17, 2014


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Shut the Box Compendium
Great for sharpening math skills and generally having fun!
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Shut the Box is a dice game for one or more players. The object of the game is to cover all the numbers, or "shut the box" according to who throws the dice.
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Size: 11.75" x 8.875" x 1.25"
Shut the Box Compendium
Shut the Box Compendium
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Swiss Wenger XL Swiss Watch
One of the first watches Wenger ever made, the Standard Issue remains a signature series to this day.
Wenger's Men's Standard Issue XL Swiss Watch.
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Check our online calendar for other events happening at Market Creek!
Take a leisurely stroll along the peaceful banks of Chollas Creek. Enjoy cultural performances and music in the beautiful setting of the Market Creek Plaza amphitheater. Experience unique and memorable public art, such as the Community Faces Project, featuring portraits of neighborhood leaders; the multicultural tile walkways that celebrate African, and Laotian roots; and the Sempra Children's Art Wall created by local children and artists, and more.
Just 10 minutes from downtown San Diego, Market Creek Plaza is located near the intersection of Market St. and Euclid Ave.In addition to the beautiful setting and cultural experiences, Market Creek Plaza offers a variety of shopping, dining, and service-related businesses for your convenience. Taste delicious L&L Hawaiian BBQ, Asia Wok Chinese Food and Mongolian Grill, and Papa John's Pizza. Other treats include Starbucks coffee. If you would rather eat at home, pick up everything you need at our 58,000 sq. ft. grocery store, Food 4 Less. Plus, Wells Fargo is at your service for all your banking needs, SDG&E Customer Service Center for bill-paying, T-mobile for cell phones and services, and Business Matters for copying, printing, and mailing.


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Universal Music Group Nashville Chairman and CEO Mike Dungan joked the he couldn't wait for T.J. Martell Foundation's 6th annual Nashville Honors Gala to be over because the idea of being honored with the Frances Preston Lifetime Music Industry Achievement Award made him nervous.
"It feels weird," he said before the Monday-night event at which he was being honored. "I've been coming to these for a long, long time and I still think of myself as a nineteen-year-old kid who is still finding his way through the industry. To be held up like this … is a little intimidating and a little scary."
Dungan — who is the record label executive behind careers including Luke Bryan, Lady Antebellum and Darius Rucker — was one of five people honored at the event that is a fundraiser for The T.J. Martell Foundation. The organization raises funds for the ongoing research of treatments and cures of leukemia, cancer, and AIDS. The other honorees were: entrepreneur, breast cancer survivor and Kenny Loggins fan Beth Dortch Franklin; chairman of Morris Artists Management Dale Morris; associate director for basic research at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Dr. Scott Hiebert; and co-founder of real estate partnership Corner Partnership, LLC, Mark Bloom.


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Hang tight!
Recipe by LOVE2EAT
"A twist on the traditional shepherd's pie. I gathered ideas from family and friends and other recipes and came up with my own different and very tasty version of an old time favorite. Everyone eats this up likes it's a dessert!"
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4 large
potatoes, peeled and cubed
2 tablespoons
butter, divided
salt and ground black pepper to taste
1 pound
ground beef
1 packet
dry French onion soup mix
1 cube
chicken bouillon
1 cube
beef bouillon
2 tablespoons
1 (11 ounce) can
whole kernel corn, drained
1 (10 ounce) can
diced carrots, drained
1 (10 ounce) can
peas, drained
2 tablespoons
1 cup
shredded Cheddar cheese
Very simple recipe, I modified it a bit though. What I did was use 2lbs of lean ground chuck, cooked the beef and drained grease, then I put half stick of butter in the pan along with 1 packet of McCormick Au Jus mix and a packet of Ranch dressing mix plus 1/2 tsp of Cayenne Pepper. Mix everything together until meat is all coated, then of course I put it in a 3 qt casserole dish and put a pkg of french fried onions as the nest layer, then of course the vegetables finally topping off with left over garlic smashed red potatoes(skin on) and of course the cheese. My 5 year old son is very picky about what he eats and he could not get enough of this.
The hamburger on the bottom got way too over cooked in the baking dish. I would probably mix the meat with the veggies if I were going to try it again but I probably won't try it again as the family did not care for it. The potatoes tasted awesome though!
21 Ratings
It was awesome! I did use fresh carrots and blanched them in a steamed basket on top of boiling potatoes and frozen peas! Also added 2cloves of garlic to meat mixture, and some sour cream to the mashed potatoes. Also melted the cheese and then browned it on broil. Can't wait to eat the leftovers tomorrow! Tried to take a pic, even downloaded an app, but couldn't get it to work. So yummy! Highly highly recommended!
Tried this recipe and my family has wiped out the entire casserole each time I've made it. I substituted a package of mixed green beans, corn & peas (cooked it first) and came out fantastic. One of our favorite recipes now. Also used Better than Boullion and it was incredibly good. Thank you so much for sharing this!!
Yummy thats all I can say!!!So easy to make-but I will use chicken and beef bouillon next time tho...
I used ground pork with some fresh garlic and instead of the bouillion cubes which would have put the sodium over the top, I added some salt-free Mrs. Dash. Yummy!
I made this recipe according to the directions and it was amazing. I loved it and, more importantly, my husband and 3 children all loved it. Great job, this is a keeper.
Very good but I put more cheese on mine! I loved it thank you!
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Marie's Shepherd's Pie
Serving Size: 1/6 of a recipe
Servings Per Recipe: 6
Amount Per Serving
Calories: 564
Calories from Fat: 208
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Ever since I saw a slide of England's Royal Botanical Garden at Kew's amorphophallus 'Titan', the biggest and smelliest flower on the planet in 1997, I wanted one.
Sir Geoffrey Lewis of Kew did a presentation at the Houston Art Museum about unusual plants to draw attention to the "Millennium Seed Bank" in which Kew was gathering, cataloging and preserving every know species of plant in the world. The 200-pound Titan tuber is on the Threatened Plant list and is in the collection to preserve it from rapidly disappearing rainforest environments.
I coveted one, despite its size. Covet grew to obsession in the last 15 years, because I found five relatives of the Titan. I can grow and flower Arum (amorphophallus) tubers easily here in USDA Climate Zone 5. See previous blogs about these stinky blooms and my adventures.
When Jeff Epping, director of horticulture at Olbrich Botanical Garden in Madison, WI, mentioned to me that he thought he could get me a bulb from the University of Wisconsin at Madison's botany department, I screamed "Yes!!! …please."
I picked up my 'Titan' Arum from Olbrich Botanical Garden last week and have been watching it grow by the inch daily!
I saw and photographed 'Big Bucky', as UW called their Titan, in June 2001 when it bloomed spectacularly. National television networks filmed the eight-foot-seven-inch flower unfurling. Too bad they didn't have smellavision, because the odor was gut-wrenching, like rotting flesh with a dash of fetid cheese. Turns out that my Titan tuber was grown from a seed from 'Big Bucky'! The UW tuber came from Sumatra, native home of Titan Arums.
This is Big Bucky, the Titan that bloomed at the University of Wisconsin in June 2001. It's the daddy of my Titan.
Arums are related to calla lilies, anthurium, philodendron and dieffenbachia. Many of them have blooms, too, but they don't stink. A few of the larger Arums emit smells of ripe bananas and even vanilla. I have several 'Konjac' Arums that smell almost as bad as the Titan, but their flowers are only five-feet-tall at the most and quite narrow, about 18 inches in diameter.
Many Arum tubers grow to be huge. This 'Konjac' from my collection is 31 pounds. 'Titan' tubers can hit 200 pounds!
Mechanics of the rotting corpse smell
Many refer to Titans as corpse flowers, because of their odor, which is composed of heavy, sulfur-based compounds that do not become airborne easily. The plant heats itself up in order to volatilize its "perfume," enabling the smell to go further, attract more flies, and increase the chance of pollination. To heat up, the plant "burns" stored carbohydrates, short-circuiting its basic respiratory process in order to maximize the production of heat.
Many members of the Arum family perform metabolic burns like this, but on a smaller scale. Unfortunately, the enormous amount of energy the plant expends in attracting flies limits the amount of time it can bloom. That's why these plants typically bloom for only a few days, and why they don't bloom every year.
During bloom, the tip of the spadix (the central spike) is about human body temperature. The rest of the spadix is cooler (though still warmer than the surrounding air), but the surrounding spathe is cool.
My tuber is about ten years old, I've been told, and it should bloom next summer or the summer after. I'm SO excited. And, you faithful readers will get the first pictures and details when it flowers in all its stinky glory!
Doreen Howard has written for The Old Farmer's Almanac All-Seasons Garden Guide for 15 years and is the former garden editor at Woman's Day as well as a photographer. She has grown more than 300 varieties of heirloom edibles and flowers in the last two decades.
In stores now!
Look for Doreen's newest book, Heirloom Flavor: Yesterday's Best-Tasting Vegetables, Fruits and Herbs for Today's Cook. Find in stores everywhere including Walmart and on the Web including Amazon.com.


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New York-based furniture manufacturer Heller has a simple credo: Good design, industrial production, and reasonable prices. It was founded by Alan Heller in 1971 with a line of stacking dinnerware by Lella and Massimo Vignelli, and its award-winning products, designed by the likes of Frank Gehry and Vico Magistretti, are represented in the world's leading museums.
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text: Watch a video Watch a video review from one of our experts Front Photos (4) Videos (2) View larger Alpine CDA-118M Marine CD receiver Item #: 500CDA118M 3 Reviews This item is no longer available. Original Price: $449.99 Shop all Marine Receivers Need help? 1.888.955.6000 Email Chat Ask an expert advisor No pressure, no commission — just lots of good advice from our highly trained staff. Overview Reviews Details Accessories Articles & Videos by Ken Nail Alpine has put its formidable engineering skills to work in creating the CDA-118M marine CD receiver. This stereo not only delivers top-notch sound, but its bullet-proof construction allows it to handle the toughest marine applications. Built to take it Alpine hasn't just beefed up a regular car stereo for marine use with the CDA-118M. The receiver is fully waterproof, measured against rigorous industry standards, and is certified as resistant to salt fog and UV exposure. Strict marine testing, including exposure to jets of water and salt-chamber exposure, ensures it'll hold up to life on the water. The large 3.6" tall face looks great in your boat, while the chassis behind the face is a direct fit or replacement for many standard marine stereos. Make your iPod part of the crew The included KCU-440i iPod® cable provides an audio connection and charging for your player, while the large double-action encoder knob makes it easy to dial up the songs you're looking for. You'll also find a built-in USB input ready for your thumb drives and two auxiliary inputs for other audio sources. Excellent audio performance Its strong internal amp delivers powerful output, and you can shape the sound with the 2-band parametric equalizer. The stereo also features a high-pass filter that'll keep your full-range speakers clear by eliminating the extreme low bass that they can't handle, plus a low-pass filter for your subwoofer. The CDA-118M offers three sets of preamp outputs for connecting an amplified system. Use Alpine's optional IMPRINT sound tuning processor to turn your vessel into the perfect listening space it measures the acoustics in your listening area and adjusts the stereo's settings automatically to create a perfect audio environment. Product Highlights:General features:marine CD receiver with built-in amplifier (18 watts RMS/50 peak x 4 channels)marine-ready IPx5 waterproof rating, plus full UV and salt fog certificationKCU-440i iPod control cable includedplays CDs, CD-Rs, and CD-RW discs, including discs loaded with MP3, WMA, and AAC music files (except Digital Rights-protected files)fold-down face with a 2-line LCD displaywireless marine remote control-readyAudio features:2-band parametric equalizer with bass center frequency control with Q, treble center frequency controlhigh-pass filter (speakers and front/rear preamp outputs)dual-zone outputExpandability:compatible with: Alpine Bluetooth® adapter, HD Radio tuner, CD changer, IMPRINT sound tuning processorinputs: USB input, two auxiliary inputsoutputs: 6-channel preamp outputs (2-volt front, rear, subwoofer)Other features and specs:CEA-2006 compliant amplifierwarranty: 1 yearOur 60-day money-back guarantee Alpine CDA-118M Reviews Average Customer Review: 3 reviews Review this product Submit a review and then enter to win a $350 rewards card Filter by rating: 5 Star: (0) 4 Star: (0) 3 Star: (0) 2 Star: (0) 1 Star: (0) Review this product: Thanks for taking the time to share your experiences about this product. Please be sure to focus your comments on the product itself. Read our Review Guidelines for more information. Review title * Email Your email won't be visible. Please use the email address that is associated with your order. Display name (e.g., JohnD) Your review will be signed using the display name and location * Your location (e.g., Charlottesville, VA) * Your rating Click on a star to rate the overall product on a scale of 1-5 1500 characters left * Your review Attach a YouTube Review Crutchfield Video Review Guidelines Only submit videos that you made or are authorized to use. Do not submit videos that contain music, video or visuals that are copyrighted and belong to someone else. Please see our Review Guidelines for more information. Enter the URL of your YouTube™ video review or product demonstration. e.g., "http://www.youtube.com/v/o79TWHh598U" 500 characters left Pros 500 characters left Cons * Agree to Terms By checking this box you agree your review becomes the property of Crutchfield, that you are over 18 years of age, that you own or have owned this product, and that you are located within the United States or its territories. Please see our Review Guidelines for more information. We reserve the right (but are not obligated to) review all submissions and edit or remove any review in any manner which we deem necessary. Your review should be posted within seven days. Great head unit Written By buckljc2, Nashville, TN on Tuesday, May 07, 2013 Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?) Great head unit. I shouldn't have waited so long to switch. My sony head unit would cut out at higher volumes. Also, the dual zone on this is perfect for tower speakers. Having the ability to keep the speakers in the cabin at a lower level is an awesome feature Was this review helpful? Yes No Tremendous Head Unit - Marine or Otherwise Written By moosehead, Denver, CO on Monday, May 21, 2012 Beautiful head unit with sturdy marine construction, great sound, and phoenomenal control features. Multiple source input options including very well executed Ipod Controller on main wheel with corresponding menu/screen read out. Superb sound, solid function even in rough and wet marine environment, has never faltered. Remote works well. Another superb Alpine unit, I would even put this in a automobile it is so well executed. Pros: Design, functionality, durability, sound, quality, aesthetics. Ipod controller is superb. Cons: Zero, none, zilch, nada, nothing. Was this review helpful? Yes No Awesome stereo Written By Joe, Brighton, MI on Friday, April 30, 2010 Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?) Today I installed the following into my 2008 Glastron GT225 ski boat: 1. Alpine CDA-118M Marine Receiver 2. Alpine KCA-SC100 SiriusConnect to Ai-Net Interface 3. Sirius SC-VDOC1 SiriusConnect Plug and Play Dock 4. Sirius Stratus 6 The system is working perfectly from the very first power up. Made one call to Crutchfield tech support and that was answered instantly (the box for the SiriusConnect Plug and Play Dock and the Crutchfield website do not list the Stratus 6 as compatible, but it certainly is). Also, one major correction is needed to the Crutchfield product overview: the CDA-118M slides into a standard DIN !!! (The product overview states a 3.6 inch tall chassis. That is not true. The entire chassis behind the large faceplate is normal DIN size. A side photo that shows the chassis would be very helpful. Since Crutchfield does not supply adapter harnesses yet for the marine industry, you will have to transfer the connector from your old pigtail and crimp it onto the pigtail on the CDA-118M. Not a big deal. It would be great if Crutchfield offered such a universal connector to marine customers. Therefore I will wait til next year to replace the speaker wire, if ever. [Editor's Note: Thanks for bringing this to our attention. We have updated our database.] 39 out of 40 people found this helpful Was this review helpful? Yes No Hands-on research Features and specs chart | What's in the box? | In-depth notes What's in the box? Download owner's manual Marine CD receiver (rubber gasket installed) Wiring harness (with in-line 10A fuse on power wire) 7' USB extension cable (with a male USB type-A connector on one end and a female USB type-A connector on other end) 7.5" iPod dock cable (with an iPod dock connector on one end and a USB type-A connector on other end) USB clamp Backstrap 6 Mounting screws Rear-support stud Rubber boot Owner's Manual CD-ROM Owner's Manual CD-ROM's System Requirements Quick Reference Guide Template Customer Care Registration Card Marine application note Features and Specs General CEA-2006 Compliant Yes RMS Power Output 18 watts Peak Output 50 watts RMS Power Bandwidth 20-20kHz Preamp Outputs 6-channel Sub Preamp Outputs Yes Switchable Rear Preamp Outputs No Video Screen No Preamp Voltage 2 volts Display Color Black/White Key Button Color Blue EQ Bands 2 Wireless Remote Optional Steering Wheel Control Compatible Adapter required Parts Warranty 1 Year Labor Warranty 1 Year Expandability AUX Input Rear/Opt.Rear Audio/video Input USB Input Rear Memory Card Slot USB memory Bluetooth Compatible Optional Satellite Radio Ready No HD Radio No Navigation --- iPod Compatibility Full size Classic/5Gen Nano Nano6/Nano5/Nano4/Nano3/Nano2/ Touch Touch4/Touch3/Touch2/Touch1 Mini No iPhone Phone4S/Phone4/Phone3GS/Phone3 Tuner FM Sensitivity 9.3 dBf European Tuning No Seek/Scan Seek Radio Data System No Product Research Marine Rated Display Features Audio Section Radio Functions Disc Playback iPod/USB/AUX Connection Bluetooth/Remote Control Marine Rated Marine Receiver: The Alpine CDA-118M marine CD receiver is designed for full operation in your boat. The CDA-118M comes in a 1.8 DIN faceplate size, for an easy upgrade for standard marine head units. This unit features a large 2-line LCD screen which is even viewable in direct sunlight. Its skip-resistant CD mechanism ensures continuous playback while you are out on the water. The CDA-118M is fully IPx5 waterproof and salt fog/UV certified. EEPROM no-loss memory, ensures even when the boat is not in use and the battery is disconnected, all your radio presets, zone controls, sound adjustments will stay intact. Marine Certified: The CDA-118M undergoes strict marine testing, including intrusion protection and salt fog tests to ensure performance on water conditions. Testing includes being subjected to a jetting water stream at 3.3 gallons per minute, and the unit must stay water-tight for 3 minutes at a distance of 10 feet. For salt/fog testing, the unit is placed in a chamber to withstand water with %5 sodium chloride (salt), sprayed at a rate of 12ml/hour for 24 hours. The CDA-118M is IPx5 rated and ASTM-B117 certified Note: This unit is specifically designed for marine applications. However, it is not waterproof and should not be installed in a location where it can get wet. Caution on Connected Devices: Note that optional products such as the compatible CD-changer, SAT receiver, HD Radio, Bluetooth module, Imprint audio processor, or Power Pack have not been designed for marine use. Extra care must be taken during installation to protect these products from the marine environment. Display Features 1.8 DIN Faceplate: The CDA-118M comes in a 1.8 DIN faceplate size, for an easy upgrade for standard marine head units. The CDA-118M requires a rectangular cutout in the bulkhead for inserting the chassis. Six screws (supplied) fasten the faceplate against the mounting surface, and hold the waterproof gasket against the bulkhead. A template is supplied to assist you with the cutout and drilling the screw holes. Note: The receiver does not include a mounting sleeve or ISO-mount screw holes to accommodate standard I-, J-, or E-sized automotive installation. Fold-Down Face: The unit features fold-down face to further protect the CD mechanism. The face must be manually folded down to insert or eject a disc. The fold-down face provides extra-large buttons and an oversized rotary knob for easy control. In addition, the oversized fold-down face provides a large easy-to-read display. 2-Line LCD Display: The CDA-118M features a large, easy-to-ready 2-line LCD display that is even visible in direct sunlight. Rotary Encoder: A large double-action rotary encoder makes searching for your music easy. Audio Section 24-Bit D/A Converter: The CDA-118M uses a 24-bit D/A converter for superb sound quality and playback of your music. CEA-2006 Compliant: The specifications given by Alpine for the built-in amplifier comply with the CEA-2006 mobile amplifier power testing and measurement standards from the CEA (Consumer Electronics Association). All manufacturers who comply with the standard can display the CEA-2006 logo on their product. CEA-2006 Power Rating: 18 watts x 4-channel (at 4 ohms, 20-20kHz, 1% THD) Max Power Output: 50 watts x 4-channel (200 total watts) Head Unit Power Pack (optional): Add the KTP-445A (500KTP445A, sold separately) Head Unit Power Pack to deliver 45 watts x 4-channel RMS of power. The KTP-445A is compact enough to install behind the Alpine CD receiver. It plugs in-line with the head unit's wiring harness, so you don't even need additional wires. 2V/6CH Pre-out: The CDA-118M has 3-sets (Front/Rear/Sub) of 2-Volt RCA pre-outs for connection of external amplifiers. The unit's front and rear preamp output can be faded (front/rear), while the subwoofer preamp output is non-fading. The dedicated subwoofer output offers independent level control (0-15), and adjustable phase (Norm/Rev). You can select either System1 or System2 for the desired subwoofer effect. Subwoofer System 1: Subwoofer level changes according to the main volume setting. Subwoofer System 2: Subwoofer level change is different from the main volume setting; even at low volume settings, the subwoofer is still audible. Power IC Off: When an external amplifier is powering all the speakers in the system, you can turn the internal amp off, which will improve the sound quality. Zone 2 Control: The Alpine CDA-118M marine CD receiver features a Zone 2 stereo RCA output which allows you to output the same source to a second location on your boat with independent volume control. Bass & Treble: The Alpine marine CD receiver provides the following Bass & Treble adjustments. Bass Control: Bass Center Frequency: 60Hz, 80Hz (default), 100Hz, or 200Hz Bass Band Width: 1 (narrow) to 4 (wide) Bass Level: -7 to +7 (+/-14dB in 2dB steps) Treble Control: Treble Center Frequency: 10kHz (default), 12.5kHz, 15kHz, or 17.5kHz Treble Level: -7 to +7 (+/-14dB in 2dB steps) High Pass Filter (HPF): The speaker level and front line level outputs have a selectable crossover (HPF); off (default), 60Hz, 80Hz, or 100Hz . Media Xpander: The MX (Media Xpander) mode makes vocal or instruments sound distinct regardless of the music source. The FM radio, CD, USB memory, and iPhone/iPod will be able to reproduce the music clearly even in cars with a lot of road noise. Auto Save: Audio settings are automatically saved and remain in memory even if the battery is disconnected. Be sure to preset the Reset switch when using the unit for the first time, after changing the boat battery. IMPRINT Sound Upgradeable: The CDA-118M is IMPRINT ready. Simply add the Alpine IMPRINT PXA-H100 audio processor and the Alpine KTX-H100 tuning kit (500KTXH100, sold separately) for automatic sound tuning or powerful manual tuning options. IMPRINT automatically measures the entire listening area, capturing time domain and frequency response information from each listening location to process and improve the sound at every seat in your vehicle. Precise control and corrections yield enhanced sound so you can enjoy an optimal listening experience. The IMPRINT audio processor allows you to customize your crossover adjustments so you can control where you send your high and low frequencies. It also provide detailed equalizer adjustments. Variable Mute: Activating the Audio Mute function will instantly lower the volume level by either 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, or 60 dB. Interrupt Feature: When a device having the interrupt feature (such as a cellular telephone) is connected to the receiver, the audio signal will be automatically muted whenever the interrupt signal is received from the device. The supplied wiring harness contains a pink/black Interrupt lead that needs to be connected to the device's interrupt signal connection. Beep Guide: This function will give audible feedback with varying tones depending upon the button pressed. This feature can be turned On or Off. Radio Functions AM/FM Tuner: The Alpine CDA-118M features a built-in AM/FM tuner with manual, seek and preset tuning. Preset Tuning: The built-in tuner provides 2 FM bands and 1 AM providing allowing you to store 12 FM and 6 AM preset stations. Stations can be preset manually or automatically. Local/Distance Tuning: Local seek tuning lets you tune in only those radio stations with sufficiently strong signals for good reception. Distance seek tuning allows both strong and weak stations to be tuned. Disc Playback MP3/WMA/AAC Playback: This unit can play CD-ROM, CD-R, and CD-RW discs containing MP3, WMA, and AAC files recorded using the ISO 9660 Level 1 or Level 2 formats. MP3 files with bit rates from 8 kbps to 320 kbps, WMA files with bit rates from 48 kbps to 192 kbps, and AAC files with bit rates from 16 kbps to 320 kbps are supported. Variable bit rates are also compatible. Up to a maximum of 255 folders and 510 files per folder can be read from one disc. ID3 tags v1 and v2, and WMA tags are supported; track title, artist name, and album name ID3 tag data can be displayed. Quick Search: When you are playing a disc with CD Text, ID3, WMA or AAC tags, you can easily search for a track or file by its title. Once you have activated the search mode, you can use the rotary encoder to quickly scan through the titles to locate the desired track, and select it by pressing the play button. CD Text Search: On discs utilizing CD Text, songs can be searched and played by using their recorded titles. For discs without CD Text, searches are made using the track numbers associated with each song. Playback Modes: The Alpine CDA-118M offers Repeat and Random playback modes. Repeat: Repeat Play (repeats playback of current track/file), Folder Repeat (repeats only files in current folder) Random: Random Play (all tracks/files on disc are played in random order), Folder Random (only files in current folder are played back in random order) Angle Mounting: For proper CD playback, Alpine recommends mounting the CDA-118M no more that 30° above horizontal. iPod/USB/AUX Connection USB Port: The Alpine CDA-118M features a rear-panel USB type-A port and includes a 7' USB extension cable so you may connect a USB memory device to this head unit. Your connected USB memory device may contain MP3 (8-320 kbps), WMA (48-192 kbps), or AAC (16-320 kbps) music files formatted in FAT 12/16/32. This unit will recognize up to 100 folders and 100 files per folder. When you plug in your USB memory device the CDA-118M will automatically identify music files while ignoring other types of files. You can locate songs quickly and easily with the convenient file and folder search function, QuickSearch. You can also search your music file by category (Playlist/Artist/Album/Genre/Composer/Folder) and/or alphabetically. The unit's USB port will also charge your connected USB device. Built-In iPod Control: You can connect your iPod or iPhone to the head unit's rear-panel USB port and included USB extension using the supplied iPod dock/USB connector cable and get access to all of your iPod's stored music, right from the head unit (you can also use the cable that came with your iPod, however, it's not automotive-grade like the one supplied). With USB connection, your iPod's large music libraries are loaded instantly through the head unit. Sound quality is maximized by using USB along with the head unit's D/A converter, allowing for Signal to Noise ratio up to105dB. Once your iPod is connected, you get convenient control so you can scroll through all your Categories: Playlists, Artists, Albums, Songs, Genre, Composers, Podcasts; and view all your song information right from the display on the head unit. For especially big music libraries, Percentage Search function allows you to quickly target songs in a specific category by allow you to only search a specific percentage (10-100%) of the selected category. You can also search music categories alphabetically. In addition, the CDA-118M provides Repeat and Random playback modes for your iPod/iPhone music. The Alpine CDA-118M is "Made for iPod/iPhone" compatible when connected via the included USB/iPod dock cable and supports the following iPod/iPhone model features (November 2011): iPod/iPhone Model Generation Tested Version Media Type Control Type Display Type Charge Audio Video Head Unit iPod/iPhone Song/Artist Text Track Info dock connector 3rd N/A N N N N N N N clickwheel color 4th N/A N N N N N N N mini 1st N/A N N N N N N N 2nd N/A N N N N N N N video 5th 1.3 Y N Y N Y Y Y classic 80GB 1.1.2 Y N Y N Y Y Y 120GB 2.0.1 Y N Y N Y Y Y 160GB 2.0.4 Y N Y N Y Y Y nano 1st 1.3.1 Y N Y N Y Y Y 2nd 1.1.3 Y N Y N Y Y Y 3rd 1.1.3 Y N Y N Y Y Y 4th 1.0.4 Y N Y N Y Y Y 5th 1.0.2 Y N Y N Y Y Y 6th 1.1 PC Y N Y N Y Y Y touch 1st 2.2.1 Y N Y N Y Y Y 2nd 4.2.1 Y N Y N Y Y Y 3rd 5.0.1 Y N Y N Y Y Y 4th 5.0.1 Y N Y N Y Y Y iPhone 2G 3.1.3 Y N Y N Y Y Y 3G 4.2.1 Y N Y N Y Y Y 3GS 4.3.5 Y N Y N Y Y Y 4 5.0.1 Y N Y N Y Y Y 4S 5.0.1 Y N Y N Y Y Y Note: Apple iPod/iPhone software updates may change functionality results. If you download a newer software version, you may need to reset the head unit and your iPod/iPhone to regain functionality. If this doesn't work, you may need to revert to the older software version or wait until a newer software update is available. Auxiliary Input: The Alpine CDA-118M features a rear-panel auxiliary input for connecting an external audio source. You can adjust the input gain of the unit's auxiliary input from Low or High. You can also name the auxiliary source (AUX/TV/DVD/Portable/Game). Optional Auxiliary Input: In addition to the unit's rear-panel auxiliary input, with the optional KCA-121B Ai-NET/RCA interface cable (500KCA121B, sold separately) you can input audio from another external audio source. Note: You cannot connect a CD-changer and this auxiliary adapter at the same time. Bluetooth/Remote Control Bluetooth Interface Ready: This unit is Bluetooth ready so you can add the optional Alpine KCE-400BT Bluetooth adapter (500KCE400B, sold separately) to pair up your cell phone with the head unit. Now, you can make and take phone calls conveniently, hands-free. You will be able to view caller information including caller ID, missed, dialed, and received calls right from the head unit's display. You will use the microphone supplied with the optional KCE-400BT to speak, and then listen through your car's speakers. You can even set up your cell phone/head unit to automatically answer your calls. With select compatible phones with streaming audio capability, you can listen to music stored on your phone and have it stream through your Alpine system. Note: Not all Bluetooth mobile phones will be compatible. Visit Alpine's web site for a complete list of compatible Bluetooth enabled phones. Wired Remote Input: The Alpine CDA-118M includes a wired remote input which allows you to add optional RF remote controls (sold separately) to operate the head unit from a remote location. LCD RF Remote: Add the MC10 wireless remote commander kit (500MC10, sold separately) to get multi-zone control over all your sources. In addition to control over your head unit, get full control over additional sources like iPod, HD Radio, and satellite radio. The MC10 offers a full dot matrix LCD display with backlighting so you can view song/artist/album info plus volume levels and sub levels. RF Remote: The Alpine marine RF remote (500RUEM1RF, sold separately) uses RF (radio frequency) technology so you can control your system with the remote from up to 100 feet away. The RF remote has the ability to float and is water resistant. The RF remote comes with a mounting bracket that the remote can clip into to prevent it from getting tossed overboard in rough waters. You can also string the remote through an optional lanyard and hang it up to prevent loss. Steering Wheel Remote Compatibility: The unit also features an OEM steering wheel remote control input on the rear of the unit that lets you keep your vehicle's factory radio steering wheel remote controls when used with the optional PAC SWI-RC Steering Wheel Control Interface Adapter (541SWIRC, sold separately); or the optional Metra ASWC Steering Wheel Control Interface Adapter (120ASWC, sold separately). Note: Please consult the Crutchfield Car Selector to see if your vehicle is compatible. Our Product Research Team At Crutchfield, you'll get detailed, accurate information that's hard to find elsewhere. That's because we have our own in-house Product Research team. They verify what's in the box, check the owner's manual, and record dimensions, features and specs. We stay on top of new products and technologies to help people make informed choices. 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