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Brazil, Latin America, Economic History, Atlantic History
Research Interests
William Summerhill has taught at UCLA since 1994. After having taken his M.A. in History and B.A. in Political Science at the University of Florida he received his Ph.D. from Stanford University in 1995. His research focuses on the determinants of long-run political and economic change in Latin America, with particular emphasis on Brazil. He is the author of Inglorious Revolution: Political Institutions, Sovereign Debt, and Financial Underdevelopment in Imperial Brazil (Yale University Press, forthcoming 2015), and Order Against Progress: Government, Foreign Investment, and Railroads in Brazil, 1854-1913 (Stanford University Press, 2003).
He has been a visiting professor at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, and in the Departamento de Economia of the Universidade de São Paulo. He was a visiting research scholar at the Escola de Pós-Graduação em Economia of the Fundação Getúlio Vargas (EPGE-FGV), and a National Fellow at the Hoover Institution. The National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Education, the Social Science Research Council, the American Council of Learned Societies, and the National Endowment for the Humanities have supported his research. He has presented invited talks at the Universidade de São Paulo, EPGE-FGV, the Instituto de Estudos de Política Econômica/Casa das Garças, and the Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, among other Brazilian universities, as well as the Banco de la República (the central bank of Colombia). At present he is completing a book on slave traders and the fiscal origins of institutional change at the time of independence in Brazil. He is co-editor of the Revista de Historia Económica.
Before taking up a career in research and teaching (and occasionally after) he served as an Army paratrooper. In Bosnia-Herzegovina he was responsible for the U.S. Army component of a joint program with USAID to reconstruct war-damaged local infrastructure in ways that elicited compliance with the Dayton peace accords.
Cited in the Estado de São Paulo; Quoted in the Wall Street Journal; Interview in Valor Econômico, "Lições da história econômica"; Coverage by the research foundation of the state of São Paulo (FAPESP): "Quem não deve não tem crédito"; Cited by Élio Gaspari in Folha de São Paulo.
Conferences Convened:
"Latin American Economies: Globalization and History," April 24-25, 2009, sponsored by the UCLA Latin America Institute, the Center for Economic History, and CIDE
Inaugural Mini-Conference of the UCLA Center for Economic History, October 21, 2006: "States and Capital Markets in Comparative Historical Perspective"
Globalizing Brazil: Politics, Prosperity, Poverty, June 27-July 31, 2010, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Selected Publications
"A Agricultura Paulista em 1905," (with Herbert S. Klein and Francisco Vidal Luna), Estudos Econômicos, vol. 44, no. 1, 2014.
"The New Economic History of Latin America: Evolution and Recent Contributions" (with John H. Coatsworth), in The Oxford Handbook of Latin American History, Jose Moya, ed. (Oxford University Press, 2010).
"Fiscal Bargains, Political Institutions, and Economic Performance," Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 88, no. 2 (2008): 219-33.
"Infrastructure," in Victor Bulmer-Thomas, John H. Coatsworth, and Roberto Cortes Conde, The Cambridge Economic History of Latin America, Vol. II, The Long Twentieth Century (Cambridge University Press, 2006).
"Big Social Savings in a Small Laggard Economy: Railroad-Led Growth in Brazil," Journal of Economic History, Vol. 65, no. 1 (2005): 72-102.
"State bank transformation in Brazil – choices and consequences" (with Thorsten Beck and Juan Miguel Crivelli), Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 29, no. 8 (2005): 2223-2257.
"Order, Disorder, and Economic Change: Latin America vs. North America," (with Douglass C. North and Barry R. Weingast), in Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Hilton Root, eds., Governing for Prosperity (Yale University Press, 2000).
"Market Intervention in a Backward Economy: Railway Subsidy in Brazil, 1854-1913,"Economic History Review, Vol. 53, no. 3 (1998): 542-568.
"Sovereign Debt and Sustainable Fiscal Policy in Nineteenth-Century Brazil"
"A Random Walk in the Tropics: Efficiency and inefficiency in the bond market of nineteenth-century Brazil"
"From Quilimane to The City: Rio Slavers, London Bankers, and the Atlantic Origins of Representative Government in Brazil, 1796-1831"
"Colonial Institutions, Slavery, Inequality, and Development: Evidence from São Paulo, Brazil"
[Download at SSRN]
[Download at Munich RePEc Archive]
"Productivity in the Paraiba Valley: Assessing Agricultural Efficiency in 19th-Century Brazil"
[Download at RePEc]
"Re-Estimating the Brazilian Public Debt-to-GDP Ratio" [with Ulisses Ruiz-de-Gamboa]
Fulbright Faculty Teaching and Research Grant
American Council of Learned Societies Burkhardt Fellowship in the Humanities
National Science Foundation
National Fellow, Hoover Institution
National Endowment for the Humanities Faculty Summer Research Fellowship
Alexander Gerschenkron Prize, Economic History Association
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During Fashion Week, there are a few friendly faces that one needs to see before it officially feels like Fashion Week: Bill Cunningham, Anna Wintour, Tommy Ton, Susie Bubble... and now, Candice Lake. After meeting and falling in love with the shutterbug during the past few seasons, we've started to count on glimpsing that flash of blonde hair, that sweep of lipstick, and killer ensembles that deserves to be in front of the camera as much as behind it. Seriously, Candice's daring Fashion Week style is just as (if not more!) compelling than her subjects, and if there's anyone that can pull of the Second Amendment trend (the right to bear arms — zing!), it's her. Candice was kind enough to show off four of her favorite outfits as well as share some style and shooting secrets that make her one of the the loveliest lensman this side of the runway.
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National Medal for Museum and Library Service to be Conferred Today
White House Celebration Recognizes Exceptional Contributions of 10 Museums and Libraries
Washington, DC—This afternoon, in a White House ceremony, the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) will present the 2012 National Medal for Museum and Library Service to 10 museums and libraries from across the country. The National Medal is the nation's highest honor conferred on museums and libraries for service to the community and celebrates institutions that make a difference for individuals, families, and communities. IMLS Director Susan Hildreth will be joined by White House Domestic Policy Council Director Cecilia Muñoz to present the Medal, and NPR senior national correspondent Linda Wertheimer will serve as emcee.
This year's honorees exemplify the nation's great diversity of libraries and museums and include a school library, county library systems, individual public libraries, children's museums, an art museum, science centers, a park conservancy, and more, from 10 different states.
The 2012 National Medal for Museum and Library Service recipients are:
"Congratulations to the winners of the National Medal for Museum and Library Service. This year's recipients share a common commitment to excellence, spirit of innovative thinking, and determination to serve their home communities," said First Lady Michelle Obama. "By pushing the boundaries of what's possible and embracing new ideas and approaches, these award winners have challenged the conventional notions of what a library or museum can and should be."
In addition to the museum and library leaders from winning institutions, a member from each recognized community will participate in the ceremony to share how the museum or library has affected their lives.
"This year's National Medal for Museum and Library Service recipients share the common bond of having achieved extraordinary success at reaching out to the communities they serve in effective and inventive ways," said Susan Hildreth, director, Institute of Museum and Library Services. "We're looking forward to a wonderful celebration this afternoon to honor the important role museums and libraries play across America."
Medal winners are selected from nationwide nominations of institutions that demonstrate innovative approaches to public service, exceeding the expected levels of community outreach.
To learn more about the 2012 National Medal winners, please visit www.imls.gov/medals.
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The Institute of Museum and Library Services is the primary source of federal support for the nation's 123,000 libraries and 17,500 museums. Our mission is to inspire libraries and museums to advance innovation, lifelong learning, and cultural and civic engagement. Our grantmaking, policy development, and research help libraries and museums deliver valuable services that make it possible for communities and individuals to thrive. To learn more, visit http://www.imls.gov or follow us on Twitter at @US_IMLS.


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Sexy tattooed blonde Halle Von is looking for a drummer. Bill Bailey appears for the auditions but apparently he can't play to save his life. Holle finds a new role for him as a boy toy. She sucks his cock and he pounds her pussy. She was left satisfied. At least he is good for something!


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Lady Bucs announce signees for 2004-05
Tuesday, November 18, 2003JOHNSON CITY, Tenn. (Nov. 18, 2003) - East Tennessee State's women's basketball head coach Karen Kemp announced Tuesday the signing of 6-foot-2 post players Angela Estes (Cincinnati, Ohio) and Jennifer Norman (Peachtree City, Ga.) to National Letters of Intent, along with perimeter player Michele DeVault (Columbus, Ohio). Estes averaged 10 points and 11 rebounds per game as a sophomore. She is one of three players out of Mount Notre Dame High School to sign with a Division I program during the NCAA's early signing period. "Angela comes from a very good high school program in Ohio," said Kemp. "The fact that she has a teammate, who signed with Elon and another with UConn, shows what caliber of play she is used to. Her best basketball is still of ahead of her." Norman averaged 10 points per contest and nine rebounds as a junior at Starr's Mill High School. "Jennifer has also played with players who have signed with the likes of Florida State, Auburn, etc.," said Kemp. "She is a very athletic post player and will fit into our system extremely well. "Collectively, this is probably the tallest group we've signed at one time since I've been here," Kemp added. " DeVault, a 5-10 forward, comes to ETSU from Upper Arlington High School. Last season she averaged 16 points, eight rebounds, and four assists per game. "Michele brings us some much-needed height around the perimeter, said Kemp. "She's very athletic, and runs the floor extremely well. Michele can do everything from shoot the 3-pointer to slash to the hoop. "I give a lot of credit to my coaching staff," Kemp added. "Once these young ladies visited the campus, the coaches took over and did good at impressing the players and their parents. These kids are good players, good people, and good students. I feel fortunate to have these three signed early."


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- Lydia Griffin
- New York, NY
- United States
Writer - Creative and Non-Fiction and journalist,
This conversation is closed.
Should we clone and revive Homo Neanderthal?
Scientists at Max Planck Institute have sequenced the complete genome of Neanderthal. What benefits could N. bring to the Sapiens mix of Today? And should interbreeding be contemplated?
Barry Palmer
Mar 21 2013: NO.
- +3
The ethics are simple. Would you want to be treated this way?
You are discussing a human being. The child would never have a mother or father of the same species. It would not be able to receive milk from its own mother, or even from another woman of the same species. It would not be raised in a community of its own species, and it might never meet another person of its own species. It is completely possible that socialization with humans will prove to be impossible. It would be raised in an environment very different from the environment in which its species evolved. The medical personnel attending this person would have no training for this species (would you suggest human physicians or veterinarians? Veterinarians might be more flexible, and generally better prepared for the challenge.) When he/she reaches school age, whatever that might be, there would be no teachers with appropriate training. The problems for this person as an adult are impossible to imagine, but one is obvious: what would be this person's legal status? We could hardly expect a Neanderthal to behave responsibly according to our laws, but it would be completely unethical to withhold from this person the human rights that we all enjoy.
If it lived, it would be a cruel life.
Mar 25 2013: While I agree that the life of this child, or population might be a cruel one, it is only because it would effectively be a "test subject'.
But if the science claiming H Sapiens interbred repeatedly and successfully with Neanderthals is true, then the differences between the species are superficial at best, and social integration was already happening long ago. So the issues of parenting, care, ethics, socializing and medical training may actually be moot. Or at least, they may be issues that our species has dealt with before, perhaps even successfully.
While you paint an almost cinematic picture of one possible life of a cloned neanderthal, I believe that many other scenarios could be explored. To say the child would grow up in such isolation is dramatic in light of the science claiming our shared genetics (and the implicit social integration) with Neanderthals. You're playing on our heart strings to get us to agree with you in this scenario.
In anything like your scenario, yes the act of cloning would be an ethical abomination. Tantamount to human torture. But other scenarios could be attempted. Ones where the "subject" is never treated as a subject at all, but as the human cohort they may have always been. Should other scenarios be attempted? Maybe, but not for a long time, and not till we have other planets where we can send an entire neanderthal colony.
Mar 25 2013: "Maybe, but not for a long time, and not till we have other planets where we can send an entire neanderthal colony."
Agreed, especially with the first word, maybe. The science claiming interbreeding with Neanderthals is still new. Before such an experiment could remotely be considered ethical we would need much more research and knowledge, confirming that the Neanderthals were very much like we are today. It would still be very much an experiment, with many unknowns. The baby might get terribly sick from its first swallow of milk, and we would have no idea what was causing the problem. It might be an allergy that anyone might have. Also, this experiment should wait until the child can be raised in a culture free of prejudices and discrimination.
Mike Colera
Mar 25 2013: Are we sure there aren't already Neanderthals among us?
- +1
Fabio Buffa
Mar 25 2013: Is there not sufficient evidence that Neanderthals did interbreed with modern H. Sapiens?
- +1
If this is true, then a number of the concerns about cloning them may not be a problem at all
For one both, the two species are unlikely to be more than superficially different if viable interbreeding can occur and those offspring can also reproduce successfully. Modern humans and Neanderthals would have had to overcome behavioral and cultural differences in order to breed and raise children. (rape instances not included)
IF mixing occurred, then it's probable that some social/cultural mixing took place as well. (i.e. H. Sapiens born to and raised by Neanderthals, and vice versa). Even if sometimes by force or necessity.
It seems the two species had to have been similar enough to address their differences in culture, family, education, behavior, and ethics. So cloning them may prove to be as simple as cloning an entire population and integrating them with humans from birth so that
In fact, if we did breed with Neanderthals, then aren't they already present in innumerable ways? Mightn't we find that what we learn from a clone is redundant and anticlimactic? and at such a high ethical price too!
and how much would we learn about ourselves and our world from Neanderthals, that we can't learn from focusing on the real social problems before us? Problems that threaten to leave US extinct, if left unaddressed!
One of our problems is that our discoveries are accelerating our ability to dream beyond our ability to comprehend (or care about?) long term, global consequences. We may want to slow down on the cloning, but we definitely should keep talking about controversial and groundbreaking technologies. The more we discuss these questions, however "esoteric", the more likely we are to proceed with caution, with ethical guidelines and with hopeful solidarity!Mar 24 2013: No,we have enough freaks on this planet.
Nathan Cook
Mar 24 2013: Nobodies watched "Encino Man"??? It's based on actual events....
- +1
. nah.
Mar 24 2013: Glad you liked it Nathan. I do too. Go for it... or not (let me decide. :)Mar 24 2013: I think I wrote somewhere that the flip side of technology is that you can only see its effect in short term. Same goes with applied science.
I have a strong gut feeling that tinkering with genetic codes, after a point, can have dangerous effects on us. For the instant question, H.N. lived and went extinct under conditions and reasons we don't have full grasp over. We have practical limits of seeing the consequences of things up to a distance - biological evolution hugely surpasses that limit.
Moreover, human ingenuity has well deserved issues to engage with. We are not in control of our living conditions, health, education, social discrimination and even human rights. The reality being so, concepts like bringing back H.N.s appear esoteric to me.
My opinion entirely.
Kevin Burke
Mar 23 2013: Great. The H.N Voting Rights Act of 2030. The great H.N/H.S.S. marriage debate. Westboro Baptist holding up signs reading "God Hates Gay Caveman!"
- +1
On the darker side, if a live H.N. were proven to be a COMPLETELY separate species, Monsanto would alter the genome slightly, patent it, and put those big, strong bastards to work.
Mar 25 2013: I shudder to think of that Brave New World.Mar 23 2013: There is so much science refuses to test, because it could disprove the so called giants in science. In the light test to and from the moon, light could not maintain in its wave form. By the time the wave got back from the trip, only individual photons were left, so science claims. Can you imagine what would happen if scientists installed a laser light on a probe, from a million miles out?
Science refuses to test, because space will likely break apart the wave. Why else won't science test it?
Challenge all in science. Most scientists are taught cut and paste and like lawyers, the super majority merely do as they are told.
Mar 25 2013: Challenging what is believed based on new observations is at the heart of science. Science challenges itself by definition. Galilleo challenged the church and was incarcerated, but he didn't stop doing "science". He didn't do what he was told. He challenged the authority. In doing so, he changed the world for us all, removing one more of the shackles the church had on the collective human mind.
Science IS challenge. Anyone in science who is not challenging himself/herself, a peer, a teacher, an elder, a congregation, a courtroom, another scientist or any other authority is NOT doing science!
Mar 25 2013: Do you think you can DEFEND science today? Evolution science is corrupt and easily provable, except to evolutionists. They are the flat earthers of today.Mar 23 2013: If Neanderthal could be brought back and they responded to all the stimuli that today's babies and adults do, wouldn't that prove that man isand always has been, a product of his environment? I should have said,-- if Neanderthal responded in much the same ways as today's babies.Mar 23 2013: I doubt seriously that will ever happen. It could prove something that would be embarrassing to evolutionists.Mar 25 2013: The vast majority of evolutionary science, is based on supposition.Mar 25 2013: Neanderthal and Sapiens belong to the genus Homo. Apes in the sense of primates, then. So that's not the point. I will research a little on the issue of Neanderthal DNA in Sapiens. I would posit to Bernard that Neanderthal were very self-aware, could imagine, but perhaps did not have a "theory of mind." The more this discussion goes on, the more confused I am feeling. I follow Fabio and previous participants on this issue, but I remain wanting to know more about the Neanderthal DNA I might be carrying - and why I am carrying it. Thing is, I am confused, not being a geneticist: how can I carry Neanderthal DNA but be Sapiens? Sapiens is not descended from Neanderthal. If anything, it would be the other way round? Neanderthal as a throw-back? Puzzlements! Can someone enlighten me before the end of this discussion? Thanks to All.Mar 25 2013: Hmm.
Interesting question.
I'm not sure, because "apes" are only just self-aware (red dot test), while other animals aren't really.
While if the Neanderthal weren't self-aware (and didn't have a theory of mind, and could imagine) I couldn't see any reason why we couldn't revive Neanderthal man and experiment on it.
While at the same time, I'm not sure the Neanderthal man would like it very much.
I mean this debate completely depends how much ultily "us" would gain, which I view can't really be predicted for me, because I don't know what uses it would gain us.Mar 25 2013: No. Seems a bit cruel. They were people too. Should we revive dead modern homo sapiens?
I guess we all carry some Neanderthal DNA, so in a way they still survive in us.
Mar 25 2013: Lets say you are the scientist. You see the real Neanderthal skull with the huge eye sockets huge brow ridges and the huge nasal cavity. Do you as a caring human being, use a human embryo for the cloning process?Mar 25 2013: Talk, talk, talk, no proof. Science chooses not to prove its claims, when it has the chance. Science is a sham.
Eric K
Mar 27 2013: I'm sorry, I saw this and I couldn't just ignore it. I just want say this... I'm not sure you know what science is. Science is the "systematic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through observation and experimentation" (Dictionary.com). Science is proof fundamentally. In this particular case, 'science' not only proved the little bits it has been able to develop on this topic thus far, but explained how it plans to progress in the future. There are no claims that need proving. While I completely respect everybody's religious views, my head is physically hurt at the thought of someone shooting down science promoting something that has not at all proved a single one of its claims, and has had its chances to do so for 2000 years. Seems kind of ironic to me.
- 0
Mar 27 2013: Then what evidence of dark matter? What of gravity? what of light theory? what of red shift, blue shift? Evolution has destroyed real science. Your laughter just shows your closed mindedness, but you really can't be held responsible for being unable to defend your copy and paste schooling.
By the way, if you could choose, would you use a human embryo or a chimp embryo, to test sciences bragging, that Neanderthal is part human, to children.Mar 25 2013: Aww come on, clone the chimp, I dare ya. Science won't clone it, because its an ape, nothing more. Science wouldn't dare take the chance and clone Neanderthal, because it would prove one way or the other. Science is lying through its teeth. Make science prove it, challenge science to prove its claims. Even then science will refuse to prove it. science knows Neanderthal is an ape, nothing more.
Comment deleted
Mar 25 2013: Read the following and point out the ignorances, if you can. If you can't, then your first reply to me is that of someone that believes whatever they're told. This is not school.
The genome sequence was generated from a toe bone discovered in Denisova Cave in southern Siberia in 2010. The bone is described in Mednikova (Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 2011. 39: 129-138).
DNA sequences were generated on the Illumina HiSeq platform and constitute an average 50-fold coverage of the genome. 99.9% of the 1.7GB of uniquely mappable DNA sequences in the human genome are covered at least ten times.
Contamination with modern human DNA, estimated from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences, is around 1%.
The figure shows a tree relating this genome to the genomes of Neandertals from Croatia, from Germany and from the Caucasus as well as the Denisovan genome recovered from a finger bone excavated at Deniosva Cave. It shows that this individual is closely related to these other Neandertals. Thus, both Neandertals and Denisovans have inhabited this cave in southern Siberia, presumably at different times.Mar 24 2013: I believe if someone was to they would get much hate from the rest of the world. Being that Homo Neanderthal so human like, much more than chimps, I believe many people would feel it would be inhuman to keep it in a zoo or cage, But on the other hand the neanderthal could be too dangerous to release to the public. Imagine someone much like a human but with animal instincts. The Homo Neanderthal could very easily rape or kill someone. I think it's just a bad idea until we know more about what were doing.Mar 24 2013: The whole de-extinction issue is starting to become more real with the actual de-extinction of extinct species. Neanderthal is of course just one species that is extinct. Some easier species to de-extinct have been re-introduced in small quantities but as yet are limited to zoos and research projects. of interest is the intermediate stages needed to create the environment in which an extinct genome is activated as a blastocyst, once that has been achieved then picking the host species for the first few introductory samples is critical once you have enough of them however they can begin to breed on their own.
Care should be taken to design a breeding population that has enough distance between versions of the genome to keep from becoming inbred, but that is just a matter of introducing enough variation in the genome sequences actually introduced.Mar 24 2013: You might want to do some research on Neanderthal. Neanderthal was actually ---Mar 24 2013: And might I add a wonderful saying I saw in a clothes catalogue (Yes: genius comes in all vessels!): I used to be indecisive... But now I am not sure.
Mar 24 2013: That's hella funny... I'ma use that one.Mar 24 2013: A perfect plot for a new love story. Boy neanderthal, girl homo sapiens and the villain the species gap. A love story needs a girl and a boy and a villain which prevents them from coming together.
Mar 24 2013: Ah! The Beauty of Dreaming... We Sapiens do that well, Adesh. Part of our species loveliness. Neanderthal must have dreamt too, obviously. My cat dreams aloud all the time. The problem remains. I come down in this discussion on the side of "dream on, mon coco" as my grandmother would say. I wish we could revive H.N., for strictly sentimental reasons, the underdog attraction bullied by Sapiens, etc. But we do not know the circumstances of their extinction (Thank you, Pabitra), and we are not ready to take responsibility for creating new beings when we cannot decently manage our own kind. One day, perhaps. When I posted the discussion, I was considering what fresh infusions to our culture and genetic pool might inject - positively - into Sapiens, which seems in dire need of some re-tooling. I was not considering that we continue to evolve as a species. Best to see where we are headed before we start vamping up any on-going recipes!Mar 24 2013: I am late to the party so excuse me if my questions are repeating questions that have already been asked but I would have to believe that if this does become possible ,it would begin as a fetus being nurtured with what every fetus in a modern society would be feed it would be introduced into an enviornment that was much different than the one his ancestors lived in I do not see any difference except in physical development and that might be altered by better nuitrition as far intelligence goes we know that they could make tools and they had fire and they knew how to find shelter under those conditions they sound pretty intelligent to meMar 23 2013: Hello Toine Stolk! Perhaps we all agree that we need to draft a plan for/against these types of possible developments in the next 100 years? It is awesome that we know we could do this, and more. More awesome still would be to know we know nothing... and think hard about these issues. Thanks for your input, best - LydiaMar 23 2013: Hmmmm.... Reviving homo neanderthal... Quite interesting subject but if I may feffer to TRON (recent one)
You have the species.who are unknown to the aboriginals of the system you take them in house them but use them to your will and dispose them as you like...
The point I'm trying to make is we are dealing with entire different human species and not the modern man kind. If we revive or create a lot of them.. There is an extinct human species walking around us living in the shadow of modern humans because we will see them as a great achievement and not as a human being they will be tested onmonitored aand never be able to live a normal life in the first century that happens. We might even have to deal with their primitive instincts at some point.
I say its awesome that they know they can do it.
But on the other hand are they thinking all the consequences trough on what the impact may be on us as modern humans trying to live with homo neanderthals...Mar 21 2013: Pardon my bleeding heart, but it seems a little cruel. If it starts, where does it stop?
Mar 21 2013: Perfect point. But if we can - since one day soon we will "can" - we should elaborate the ethics of the thing. Someone soon (next 50 years?) will clone a dinosaur, or a ... Neanderthal. Funding appears to be only obstacle and we are on the slippery slopes already.
Mar 24 2013: Very few things are inevitable, apparently not even species death (individual death and taxes notwithstanding). So slopes don't have to be so slippery towards catastrophe. I am not so possessed by fear of consequences as by confidence . There does not have to be a catastrophe.
Mar 24 2013: Another glory of Sapiens: We know how to hope. We seem to excel at that most excellently. I thank you Timothy for the up-side look. That half-full glass looks good right about now!Mar 21 2013: ZX, so right! I would love to meet Neanderthal men, women and children; but would we ever allow them to be free? I doubt it. Brain size is relevant, yes. But somehow I have the feeling that Homo N. would have a different kind of intelligence (for one thing, our cultural accretions and evolutions would be missing), like a whale or an elephant or a dolphin. What say you?Mar 21 2013: G'day Lydia
We have living Neanderthals in Australia so no they don't need to clone Neanderthals.....Joking, well not really with some of the people I've dealt with in my life time!!!
PS Why not?
Mar 21 2013: Hey Mathew! Some of my best friends are Neanderthal. :-) I know exactly what you mean!
Comment deleted
Mar 21 2013: So they say, ZX. Having the full "undiluted" genome is another thing altogether. The ethics of the issue, injecting a separate branch of Homo into a planet that knows precious little togetherness between populations of even a single species, would at first blush appear not only indefensible but also immoral. But the re-wind possibilities are tantalizing (and tantalizingly tempting!) re. unforeseen cultural, medical, or other benefits. The perils of exploitation of an intellectually weaker cousin lurk. The real question is: have we as a species not grown up at all in the last 30,000 years? Will we ever be capable of bi-species co-habitation?
Comment deleted
Mar 25 2013: Why does everyone assume that the childs life will be loveless? The Ikea Monkey shows that even smaller primates will tend to be given love by adoptive families if they are offered the chance to be adopted out. There is nothing different between this and any other experimental subject that happens to be an orphan.
The Ethics of experimenting on another human species are questionable, but that is what ethics are for, to answer questions that are hard because they raise concerns.


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Boulder County Beekeepers Beginning Beekeeping Course
Most participants come to the Beekeeping Class with an interest bees, their place in our world, and to learn just what is involved in beekeeping. Some are completely new to the hobby while others have been or are current beekeepers wishing to refine and update their knowledge.
The program's mission is to develop knowledgeable beekeeping ambassadors to help educate and inform the larger community. The welfare of bees and beekeeping is of utmost importance, now more than ever, so the program aims to improve awareness of beekeeping issues in Boulder County, Colorado and beyond.
Course Topics
A Beginner's Year
The History of Beekeeping in Colorado
Honey Bee Biology
Bees & Wasps of Colorado
Honey Bee Pests, Predators & Diseases
Alternative Approaches to Beekeeping
The Hardware of Beekeeping
The Beekeeper's Year
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Anything you need. Workout at FIT or splash at WET®, our outdoor pool, then recharge at AWAY® Spa. Hang out on the Great Room terrace with marina views. And sample innovative sips at WOOBAR or creative tastes at the kitchen table restaurant.
- Currency Fluctuations
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Prelude™ Sport Play Yard - Citrus
Get your little one in tune with their surroundings with the Prelude Sport Play Yard. With a cozy bassinet that's perfect for napping and a spacious play yard when they're ready to explore, it's the perfect piece, whether you're humming them a lullaby or singing a rousing chorus of the ABCs.
- Comfy, removable bassinet
- Changing station
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Bassinet and Changing Table: Maximum weight of 15 pounds
Play Yard: For use until child is able to climb out or reaches the height of 35 inches.
Bassinet: Yes
Changing Station: Yes
Storage: Yes
Assembled Product Dimensions (L x W x H in Inches): 40.0 x 27.8 x 30.8
Carton Weight (lbs): 29.1
Carton Dimensions (L x W x H in Inches): 12.5 x 10.8 x 30.5


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Rammstein is a German Neue Deutsche Härte band from Berlin, formed in 1994. The band consists of members Till Lindemann (lead vocals), Richard Z. Kruspe (lead guitar and backing vocals), Paul H. Landers (rhythm guitar, backing vocals), Oliver "Ollie" Riedel (bass guitar), Christoph "Doom" Schneider (drums and electronic percussion) and Christian "Flake" Lorenz (keyboards). They are widely accepted as part of the Neue Deutsche Härte scene (alongside others such as Oomph!, Eisbrecher, and Die Krupps) and they are the genre''s most successful band, achieving worldwide fame. Their songs are usually in German, but they have also performed songs entirely or partially in other languages such as English, Spanish, French and Russian. As of 2009, they have sold over 15 million records worldwide. Rammstein''s live shows are famous for their pyrotechnic performance and theatrics, earning them awards from many countries, including The United States of America. Rammstein''s entire catalogue is published by Universal Music Group. Since their formation in 1994, Rammstein has had no changes in their band line-up nor have any members left the band. The band have stated they were originally named after the Ramstein airshow disaster.
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Organic Whole Green Olives that have been brined with organic whole garlic cloves
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by Erin, posted to Parenting
Now that I am 3 generations from Ireland, I need to do a little more work to keep up some Irish traditions. This includes things for St. Patrick's day and all year round! I want my kids to know about their Irish heritage and things that were so important to their grandparents. In preparation for our McDermott family reunion this summer, I asked for some ideas of family and friends. Here they are!... More »
Added to Your List
TRADITION: Luck and Potatoes Game
I grew up in rural Pennsylvania and my childhood home was near a...more
Suggested by Eden Godsoe
I saw this on the blog "Kate: Normal Girl" and thought it was a fun addition to your list. She describes it like an Easter egg hunt but the parents hide potatoes instead of eggs (actually the leprechauns turn the rocks into potatoes.) Later they make St. Patrick's Day Potato Soup. How fun!
Traditional Irish Breakfast
A Great Irish Breakfast treat that comes with all the side orders that...more
Suggested by Courtney K.
My mom is from Ireland and my favorite thing she would do was make an Irish Breakfast on St. Paddie's day and also a few times throughout of the year. It's a full breakfast, heavy, rich, and not for one on a diet but this is very traditional and something fun to do every once and a while.
TRADITION: To Catch a Leprechaun
Three clever traps for taking a stand against leprechauns' St....more
(suggestion from Christy Ryan Swildens) If you have ever fallen victim to leprechaun-related mischief around St. Patrick's Day, then you and your children may want to get creative and build a trap!
Eden Godsoe: My kids are very into Leprechauns and build all sorts of traps to catch them. You can also use Leprechauns as a scapegoat if you want to throw out (or eat) some of the kids' candy.
BOOK ON TAPE: Celtic Treasures
Ancient stories of bards and warriors told with passion and...more
Great stories (ages 6 and up) to listen to in the car. Listeners are carried away to a time that may have existed only in the imagination of the bards, but which lives on today in an oral tradition that will not let it die. From Angus' Dream to Finn MacCoul and the Battle for Tara...
BOOK (CHILDREN): King Puck
This magical story will set Irish eyes a-smiling! The happy Irish...more
The kids love this story and we have read it many, many times. Plus it is written by a family member, Michael Garland, so you know it's good :)
MUSIC: The Chieftans
More than 40 years on, the Chieftains are still the world's nonpareil...more
The Essential Chieftains is a amazing two-disc collection spanning four decades of music. Samples from disc 2 include recordings with the Corrs, Van Morrison, Bela Fleck, Sinead O'Connor, the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, Emmylou Harris, Linda Rondstadt, Los Lobos, Sting, Elvis Costello and the Rankins. The Chieftains' ability to find the common ground between various styles and cultural traditions is nothing short of remarkable.
MOVIE: Into the West
Set mainly in the Ireland the tourist board didn't tell you about,...more
Touches on the legend of Tir ne nog. The two boys escape the projects on an apparently magical white horse, Tir Na Nog. For better or for worse--mainly better--this is not the story Disney would have told. Won best family video for 1994.
TRADITION: Host the Ultimate St. Patty's Day Party
Celebrate the Luck of the Irish with all things green and some festive...more
Great ideas!
TRADITIONS: Fly Your Colors
Irish Flag: 3 x 5 ft Polyester flag with 2 brass grommets.
Fly the Irish flag - especially in March.
MOVIE: The Quiet Man
Haunted by an incident that happened in the ring, American boxer Sean...more
(Recommended by Peggy Garland & Owen McBride). This was an important and personal project for John Ford (whose real name was Sean O'Feeney). That his heart and those of his cast members were in what they were doing shows through. The fact that much of the film was shot on location in Ireland (on location shoots were somewhat unusual at the time) also adds an authentic flavor.
MUSIC: Long Journey Home Soundrack (1998 Television Mini-series)
Sissel, Irish Film Orchestra, Van Morrison, The Chieftains, Sinead...more
(Suggested by Peggy Garland). This is thought to be one of the best Celtic albums ever. Like most Irish music, it reflects the beauty and heart of the Irish homeland, but what makes this album especially unique is that it also depicts the feelings of the Irish in America for their homeland. Each of these songs are really good and bring the heart of Ireland to America.
TRADITION: Find a St. Patrick's Day Parade
Use google to find a parade near you.
(suggestion from David Moss) One thing my kids love to do is walk in The St Patrick's Day parade. They go to a school in Huntington N.Y. and have the option of walking in the parade to represent their school. Our town puts on an annual parade for many years now that attracts over ten thousand people.The walk of about 2 1/2 miles is awesome. As you get closer and closer to the center of town with the crowd roaring it becomes an unbelievable experience. If people can get themselves into a popular parade they
TRADITION: Teach the History of St. Patrick's Day
Do a quick web search so that you can teach your kids (and remind yourself!) of the history of St. Patrick's Day.
TRADITION: Tell Stories
Have Irish relatives, grandparents, aunts, uncles, friends tell stories about their own traditions or funny or interesting things that happened to them. The kids seem to especially love stories that involve trouble, love or injury.
TRADITION: St. Patrick's Day Gift Exchange
The Irish should get pampered, showered and adored with gifts on a...more
(suggestion from Peggy Garland) Why not do a very low key family gift exchange. Keep it simple, but just a little something to set the day apart.
Hello Ladies: We prefer Brigid to Patrick http://helloladies.com/2011/03/happy-st-patrick's-day/
Erin: Love it!
GO: Vacation in Ireland
Official Website of Tourism Ireland for visitors to Ireland....more
Go!! Visit this beautiful country, bring the kids!
SHOP: Check out your local Irish shop
Such as the Irish Castle Gift Shop in San Francisco (on Geary) or just...more
This is the shop to go to for many things. T-shirts. Celtic wall hangings. Rugby shirts. Haberdasher hats. Celtic jewelry. Throws. Clan tartans. Soda bread mix in a bag in addition to a small variety of eats from Ireland. I remember purchasing a Guinness poster for one of my good friends years ago and saw the same plastered on a sweatshirt.
SHOP: Find some Irish jewelry for yourself, family member or friend
Celtic Irish Jewelry and Gifts featuring shamrocks, four leaf clovers,...more
BOOK (CHILDREN): Magic Tree House #43: Leprechaun in Late Winter
The bestselling, fan-favorite chapter-book series sends Jack and Annie...more
This is a great series for kids ages 5-8 and this one is about a long ago Ireland.
BOOK (CHILDREN): A Pot o' Gold: A Treasury of Irish Stories, Poetry, Folklore, and (of Course) Blarney
Though it may only be a small emerald isle in the middle of the sea,...more
These stories are short and fun to read to the kids before bed.
BOOK: Ireland: A Terrible Beauty
It is an excellent photographic journal -- Jill did the photography,...more
(recommended by Peggy Allen) Published in 1978, this picture essay captures an Ireland that was still on the margins of Europe, a fly in the amber, that had not quite shaken off the Nineteenth Century.
BOOK: The Law of Dreams by Peter Behrens
The book centers on a young 19th-century Irishman, Fergus O'Brien, who...more
(reommended by Brian McDermott) Definitely look at this novel written by Peter Behrens. It was published in 2006 and won the Governor General's Award in Canada. It is a wonderfully written novel. As the dust jacket puts it: "the story of a young man's Homeric passage from innocence to experience during the height of the Great Famine in Ireland, in 1847. Plus Peter (the author) is our 3rd cousin and a wonderful man.
BOOK: The O'Briens: A Novel by Peter Behrens (release date Mar 6, 2012)
The setting opens in in the wild and rugged bush country of Pontiac...more
(recommended by Brian McDermott) Don't miss his new book!
BOOK (FAMILY): Celtic Myths and Legends
This is an enchantingly told collection of the stirring sagas of gods...more
Easy to read.
POETRY: Opened Ground: Selected Poems by Seamus Heaney
In the 1970s, Heaney began to write more directly about the Irish...more
(suggestion from Leo O'Donnovan). I'd be sure to add to your list a book or two by the poet (and Nobel Prize Winner) Seamus Heaney. Maybe one of his earlier volumes. At the very least, his wonderful early poem "Digging," in which he compares his father working the soil and his working with a pen.
MOVIE (KIDS): The Secret of Kells
Magic, fantasy, and Celtic mythology come together in a riot of color...more
This movie won several awards and takes place in a remote medieval outpost of Ireland. Be warned - it's a little scary for younger viewers (under 6 or 7) and I personally found it to be a little trippy. But cool story and the kids now have an understanding about the Book of Kells.
MOVIE: Michael Collins
(suggested by Peggy Allen) ...both my parents were born in Ireland and my father had first hand knowledge of "the troubles"...the movie " Michael Collins" tells the story of one mans experience during negotiations with the English for a united Ireland...
BEVERAGE: Barrys Tea
Since its founding in Cork, Ireland, in 1901 Barry's Tea has been...more
Good stuff.
BEVERAGE: Jameson Irish Whiskey
Jameson Irish Whiskey is distilled three times to deliver exceptional...more
This tradition began in 1780 with the Great Master Distiller John Jameson and is still good today.
IRISH NON PROFIT: Concern Worldwide
Concern Worldwide is an Irish-founded charity that works with the...more
Recommended by Peggy Garland, who says they are active in the 40 poorest nations and we have been supporters for years. In our Kris Kringling we have "purchased" chickens, pigs, goats etc. for family members, for a gift that keeps on giving.
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- Hall of Fame Safety Rod Woodson on Dan Marino playing in today's NFL:
"...the best quarterback I believe is Dan Marino..."
"If he played with these rules, he'd throw for 100,000 yards."
Twitter - https://twitter.com/ciscoholgate
I agree... but leaning on coal, etc. slows the R+D we need to be doing in other energies... coal has been fading for years... we were at like 500b metric tons in the first Bush year and, while we have CLIMBED in extraction since Obama's first year, we are currently under 200b metric tons... coal will rebound when technology allows boilers utilizing it as a fuel to not have such a crushing cost in environmental damage and public health...
"We make a living by what we get, but we make a life by what we give."
I agree, we will have to move away from coal. The best way to do so is for every American to reduce their Carbon footprint by a large margin.
Once people have rolling blackouts or have to pay an arm and a leg for electricity, they will definitely be conscious of that light on in the unoccupied room next to them.
Polls indicate a slight lead for Obama in both PA and OH.
Nuclear is the way to go and it needs to be made easier to do. If Nevada wasn't an early primary Yucca Mountain would have been approved by now but as it everyone's seen Godzilla and THEM! just a few too many times and is freaked out about it. It makes me crazy to see people so worried about growing a third head they don't realize they've got a spot on their lung and their skin is slowly turning into a cancerous burlap sack.
I almost changed my mind at the eleventh hour, but I voted for Jill Stein.
I do agree that her position on energy is unrealistic, but I support more of her positions overall and some of them I strongly support.
I don't think either of the major candidates are terrible, I just prefer Jill Stein when it comes to policy.
I could not imagine not voting for one of the "Big Two" with the issue of the Supreme Court hanging over us as a nation...that's just me, though...


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About LIM College
Dean of Academic Affairs Appears on WNYC Radio's 'All Things Considered'
Michael Londrigan discusses fashion's global supply chain in light of Bangladesh building collapse
Michael Londrigan, Dean of Academic Affairs, appeared on WNYC radio's "All Things Considered" program on May 1 to discuss the recent Bangladesh building collapse and its implications for how U.S. companies work within fashion's global supply chain.
You can listen to Dean Londrigan's interview below or visit the WNYC website to hear him talk about this issue and how LIM College is educating fashion's future executives on how they can have a positive impact on the global supply chain.
One of the oldest radio stations in the U.S., WNYC is a member of NPR and broadcasts on 93.9 FM / 820 AM in the New York metro area.


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Hang tight!
Recipe by lelainem10
"When I was a little girl, my mother would always make us crepes on Sundays. I also loved the smell of vanilla when my mother would make her cookies. So, I would always ask her to make her cookies, and when she refused, I would take out the vanilla and sit it next to me with the cap open, so that I could breathe the aroma. My mother get a kick out of this, and said, well, if it's that important, we'll add a little vanilla kick, just for you. After the first time she put the vanilla in, there was never a last...it became a tradition."
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1 1/2 cups
egg yolks
2 tablespoons
vanilla extract
1 1/2 cups
all-purpose flour
2 tablespoons
1/2 teaspoon
5 tablespoons
melted butter
Perfect! I make this every weekend! I use 3 whole eggs. Tips: Sift your flour or use a sieve when the batter is done. This will take out the flour chunks for a smoother consistency. Also measure the flour by using a spoon to pour it into the cup. If you scoop a measuring cup, it packs the flour and you get a doughy crepe. Find the right temp! When you first pour the batter, it shouldn't wrinkle too much when spreading, or your pan is too hot. No dalmation spotted crepes! Technique! Pour your batter on a very lightly greased pan (short spray of Pam is fine) You know you're ready to flip it when the edges begin to curl, the middle batter isn't glossy and wet looking, and you can shake the pan to move the crepe. Use a large thin spatula, flip, and cook another 15 seconds. Pick up the pan and slide the crepe onto a plate. When you're ready to make another crepe, don't set your pan on the burner for more than a few seconds, or it gets too hot. 1/3 c. for a 9" skillet is perfect. I serve mine with strawberry compote and cottage cheese. Yum! LOW FAT: You can sub the butter for margarine, the sugar for a zero calorie sweetener (Truvia or Splenda taste best), and even replace yolks with egg whites or Egg Beaters.
These are the greasiest crepes I have ever tasted!!! Next time I think that I'll try 1 Tbls of butter instead of five. Had to pat each one of them with paper towels to make them less greasy than the bacon I cooked. Definitely 2 cups of milk. The vanilla was a nice touch.
770 Ratings
REALLY good. That is a direct quote from my kids. My 2 cents-- I threw all my ingredients into the blender and poured from there... much easier.
Well, I took the advice of others right off the bat. I added a little more milk and less butter and vanilla. They turned out perfectly. I might try creaming the egg yolks next time to see if I like that texture better.
We made some awsome cream cheese filling for them. 8 oz cream cheese, 1 cup of powdered sugar, 4 tbs butter, and 1 tbs hazelnut syrup. Some pecans added to the crepes with this filling give it a good texture and a little bit nuttier flavor.
Best crepes I've ever had with the small changes.
This recipe was delicious and sooo easy! I have never had success with crepes like I did with this recipe. They do smell heavenly when they are cooking up. My 4 year old and 6 year old ate four each, not to mention my husband. They kept raving about breakfast hours after we were finished. I used the filling suggested in the basic crepes recipe by TRISTIA (fry up some chopped apples with 1 T. butter, 1 T. pwd sugar, dash of nutmeg and cinnamon until tender). They were wonderful!
My boyfriend and his sister thought these were absolutely perfect. I used a variation of a recipe that another reviewer posted for the filling (8 oz cream cheese, 1 cup of powdered sugar, 4 tbsp butter, 1 tbsp dark corn syrup, and 1/2 tsp vanilla). I also used the method posted by the first reviewer, they could not have turned out more perfectly. This recipe gets 5 stars hands down.
I just loved this recipe. It was so simple and delicious. The only change I owould make is that I found the batter just a bit thick so I added about 2-3 tablespoons more milk. I will definantly make this again. Thanks!
I tell you what, I lived in Germany for 6 years and have become a 'crepe specialist';) I could not have told you the difference between these crepes and the ones I ate fresh out of the stands in Frankfurt. I used Nutella as the filling on the inside..heaven! Thanks so much for this recipe! Brings back fantastic memories.
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Vanilla Crepes
Serving Size: 1/12 of a recipe
Servings Per Recipe: 12
Amount Per Serving
Calories: 142
Calories from Fat: 60
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A little extra vanilla in the batter makes these crepes irresistible.
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These crepes are light and delicious, and fillings can be sweet or savory.


text:
Whit's well-liked around here, but (at least on this incarnation of the board) we've not had a focused discussion about the lad and his films. So I say it's about time. Criterion released METROPOLITAN earlier this year, and apparently Mr Stillman is at work on film number four, so... Let's dig in!
I'll be heading into town this Sunday to rent all three of the DVDs, so I won't have much to offer until I've started rewatching the movies, but feel free to kick in your two bits worth any time.
Director Whit Stillman
Posted 02 August 2006 - 10:54 PM
Whit's well-liked around here, but (at least on this incarnation of the board) we've not had a focused discussion about the lad and his films. So I say it's about time. Criterion released METROPOLITAN earlier this year, and apparently Mr Stillman is at work on film number four, so... Let's dig in!
Posted 03 August 2006 - 11:06 PM
Posted 04 August 2006 - 08:07 PM
Posted 04 August 2006 - 08:50 PM
Posted 12 September 2006 - 03:11 AM
Becoming a distinct majority on this particular thread, because it's my favourite as well.
Watched it last night. Love the tensions between the characters' absurd statements that actually contain layers of truth. The character of the cousin is an amazing creation. Reminds me a bit of the outspoken, opinionated, somewhat gauche character in METROPOLITAN with the hate on for Rick Von Slonecker (sp?): both refreshing for their unguarded, unpretentious qualities, however grating or annoying they might also be.
I've been puzzling a lot over the faith element in these films. You get hymns, you get assertions about Christianity, and while they always seem ironized, they also seem to carry weight (as with so much in these films: they mock and value a thing all at once, or by turns, in a most disorienting, pleasingly giddy sort of way). Sometimes I think these characters' protestantism is just a "symptom" of their social milieu, other times it seems an authentic spiritual element is being layered in. Curious to know what others make of this. Viewpoint character in BARCELONA speaks of his religious conversion, vows celibacy, then without further comment ends up in bed with a woman. Which his cousin mentions, and to which we hear no real response. And how about that prayer?
Watched BARCELONA (for the second or third time) the day after PRIDE AND PREJUDICE, and am quite interested in the similarities between Stillman and Austen. Both focus on social nuance among privileged people who aren't entirely conscious, who are somehow waking up through the course of the film. Affectionate parody, mocking tribute, something like that. Tiny stories of more or less inconsequential lives that mostly ignore the Big Historical Events also unfolding: no mention that the desirable soldier-boys in P&P are off to fight Napoleon. Only BARCELONA of the Stillmans (Stillmen?) references the larger political context.
Going to watch DISCO tomorrow afternoon, then try and write about all three. They're elusive, their spiritual aspects are elusive, that's what I think. Elusive but, at least to my eyes, inescapable.
Edited by Ron, 14 September 2006 - 11:57 PM.
Posted 15 September 2006 - 12:01 AM
In any case, here's the first of my attempts.
METROPOLITAN (1990, USA, Whit Stillman)
Of course there�s a God! We all basically know there is.
I know no such thing.
Of course you do! When you think to yourself � and most of our waking life is taken up thinking to ourself � you must have that feeling that your thoughts aren�t entirely wasted, that in some sense they are being heard. I think it's this sensation of silently being listened to with total comprehension that represents our innate belief in a supreme being, an all�comprehending intelligence. What it shows is that some kind of belief is innate in all of us. At some point most of us lose that, after which it can only be regained by a conscious act of faith.
And you�ve experienced that?
No, I haven�t. I hope to someday.
It is a truism universally acknowledged, that Whit Stillman is the Jane Austen of indie film. But truisims only become truisms because they're at least partly true, and this one most certainly is. Both Austen and Stillman bring an affectionate irony to their carefully observed studies of romance and social ritual among the young and privileged, whether in rural Britain around the turn of the eighteenth century or in uptown Manhattan at the end of the twentieth.
We don't want to like these people: they have too much, they are too full of themselves. We delight in the author's gentle skewering of their pretensions, the understated portrayal of their follies and the quietly relentless exposure of their casual cruelties. All too eager to see the high and mighty fall, we intuitively trust Stillman and Austen to be our guides in these exotic locales: their knowing attention to detail proves them to be insiders, their ironic distance shows them to be like us.
Little do we know, it's all authorial strategy. These writers love the worlds they describe, love the characters they create, and in spite of ourselves we find before long that we've been won over. That sort of affection is contagious, and we end up bigger-hearted people for the experience.
In METROPOLITAN, we enter the world of debutante balls and exclusive Park Avenue afterparties through the character of Tom Townsend, a bookishly intelligent and humorless young man who is inadvertently drawn into "The S.F.R.P." (the Sally Fowler Rat Pack) when a party of preppies mistakenly conclude that they've commandeered his cab. Tom disguises his inability to afford cabfare (or a decent overcoat) with high-sounding principles, they (approvingly) label him a "public transit snob," and he's in � all the while hiding his desperate loneliness and desire to fit in behind a deliciously transparent intellectual posturing, his attendance at the social functions he pretends to disdain cloaked in a condescending quasi-anthropological curiosity.
But his disdain and ours begins to fall away as the outspokenly snobbish Nick takes Tom under his wing, tutoring him in such matters as detachable collars and "the standards and ideals of the UHB" (the Urban Haute Bourgeoisie, which they prefer to terms like "preppie" or "yuppie."). The artistry in the way Stillman crafts his story is seen most clearly in the way he shapes our perception of Nick (brilliantly played by Chris Eigeman, who became a fixture in Stillman's films), as an initial impression of grating arrogance gives way to genuine respect and affection. Nick may not be like us, but by the end of the film we may wish we were more like Nick.
In his introduction to the Penguin edition of Pride And Prejudice, Tony Tanner calls the story "a drama of recognition," which is to say, of re-cognition: as events unfold, not only the characters are called on to change their initial judgments of other characters, but so too the reader. Just as Elizabeth Bennet must revise her original assessment of the "proud" Mr. Darcy, and, in the process, expand her view of the world, so are our perceptions � indeed, our prejudices � challenged.
There is something significantly Christian in this shift from judgment to understanding, affection, even respect. One might call it the perspective of grace. In fact there are any number of other little markers that seem to hint at the writer-director's transcendent intentions. The opening credits are heralded by "A Mighty Fortress Is Our God," the opening phrase elegantly rendered by piano and string quartet before a sassy segue into the film's neo-Jazz Age theme. We are introduced to Audrey (the film's Fanny Price, a virtuous heroine whose favourite novel is Mansfield Park), then the title card "Manhattan � Christmas Vacation � Not so long ago" gives way to a shot of a magnificent New York office, its windows illuminated in the shape of a cross. Tom is swept up into the Sally Fowler afterparty, and we reach what Stillman describes as "the original beginning of the film": an intense after-midnight conversation about the existence of God. Which certainly tells us much about the essence of these characters, the gap between their sophisticated theories and their meagre life-experience, but which also seems to be the culmination of a whole sequence of references to Something Beyond the narrow concerns of the debutantes and their escorts.
One recurring motif in the film is the tendency of these na�ve sophisticates to resolve any conversation about another character's short-comings or questionable moral behaviour with some variation of "Well, he's basically a good person." Only the brash, truth-speaking liar, Nick, sees further into things. We take as essentially comic his early instructional monologue to Tom:
You haven't seen this? Detachable collar. Not many people wear them anymore, they look much better. So many things which were better in the past have been abandoned to supposed convenience. It's a small thing, but symbolically important. Our parents' generation was never interested in keeping up standards. They wanted to be happy. Of course, the last way to be happy is to make it your objective in life.Yet this is very much of a piece with his much more costly admission of personal guilt later in the film;
I wonder if our generation is any better than our parents'?
Oh it's worse. Our generation's probably the worst since� the protestant reformation. Barbaric. But a barbarism far worse than the old-fashioned striaghtforward kind. Now barbarism is cloaked with all sorts of self-righteousness and moral superiority.
You're obviously talking about a lot more than just detachable collars.
Yeah, I am.
Charlie: So you're just another hypocrite!For all Cynthia's dismissive response that "It's hardly that," we feel that a deeper, starker truth has been spoken than we've heard in all the earnest self-disclosures and intellectual theories that comprise the bulk of the film's dialogue. And later, when an evocative return to "A Mighty Fortress" underscores one of the film's most touching (yet understated) scenes, that ancient hymn almost becomes Nick's theme.
Nick: That's not hypocrisy. It's sin.
It would be a mistake to read METROPOLITAN as fundamentally a religious film, yet there's no denying that faith � Protestant Christian faith, in particular � is part of the essential fabric of Whit Stillman's world. As his characters move from the debutante balls of METROPOLITAN to the dance clubs of THE LAST DAYS OF DISCO to overseas careers in BARCELONA, the childhood protections of naivete and privilege erode: Stillman's characters are increasingly confronted with their own limitations and mortality, and find themselves reaching for something beyond what money, youth, and social standing can provide.
Fundamentally, though, these are not message movies. If there is serious spiritual intent beneath the delightfully comic surfaces of these brilliantly observed and witty stories, fear not � it's cleverly concealed, if indeed it is there at all. Whatever these films may intimate about eternity, the chief pleasure they offer is the opportunity to spend time in the company of the gracious, erudite Whit Stillman and his earnest, bright, "basically good" young friends � however filthy rich they may be.
Edited by Ron, 15 September 2006 - 12:10 AM.
Posted 16 September 2006 - 02:08 PM
What is this? Some strange Glenn Miller-based religious ceremony?
No. Presbyterian.
Whit Stillman's wonderful trilogy of serious comedies about rich kids in love might almost be dubbed "The Discrete Charm of the Urban Haute Bourgeoisie." The second, a story of not-so-much-ugly-as-absurd-but-still-rather-charming Americans abroad, is the lightest of the three, the characters' upper-class foibles extended to the point of likable ridiculousness (to borrow Donald Lyon's apt description). It is probably also the most spiritually explicit � in Stillman's characteristic, delightfully confounding way.
Here his whole tone is sunnier and lighter hearted, as befits the Mediterranean locale: these kids are having fun, earnest and self-preoccupied though they may be. Stillman's humor is at its most direct and whimsical, turning on endless (and endlessly inventive) misperceptions and "lost in cultural translation" moments. If the stakes are higher in this story of twenty-something Americans abroad � in fact, they are truly life-and-death, with a prolonged hospital vigil and at least one funeral � somehow the tone remains less sombre throughout. And while we are dealing with far more serious matters � the end of the Cold War rather than the last days of the debutantes or the decline of disco �romance and comedy carry the day. The last act of the original screenplay extended an anti-American terrorist subplot in a way that risked dominating the film, rendering it far messier, more explicitly political, and therefore distinctly less Stillmanesque. The film version edits out that "bigger" story in the home stretch, wisely narrowing its focus to character: the political points have been made, we want to get to the wedding for God's sake! Multiple weddings, as it turns out, with plenty of surprises: heck, it's practically Shakespearean.
If Audrey was the still centre of the social whirl that was METROPOLITAN, Charlie and Nick made it spin, and you have to think Stillman penned this follow-up as a showcase for actors Taylor Nichols and Chris Eigeman. Here they play cousins Ted and Fred Boynton (you can sense the broader humour even in the names), but it's mostly only the names that have been changed: these innocents abroad are pretty much yuppie extensions of their preppy forebears.
Both are sales reps of a sort. Ted represents the ultra-Yankee IHSMOCO � The Illinois High-Speed Motor Corporation � a devout apostle of Saints Benjamin, Ralph Waldo and Dale, while his cousin takes a decidedly more casual approach to his role as "sort of an advance man" for the U.S. Navy; "The last fleet visit was a disaster, so they thought it was a good idea to get someone in early to smooth things out and make sure nothing goes wrong." Of course, this being a comedy, the job falls to the utterly tactless Fred, who is oblivious to the fact that he is grossly unsuited to such a potentially (and literally) explosive diplomatic mission. Of course, this being a Stillman comedy, the implicit comment on a military leadership that would choose so blunt an instrument for so delicate an operation is left unstated � only to be quietly subverted in due time. One might almost say the film ends up a remarkably subtle study of the glories of good old fashioned Yankee bluntness.
In fact Eigeman's character differs significantly from his METROPOLITAN antecedent: if Fred puts the boor back in bourgeois, Nick was in fact the sophisticate of his circle, the keeper of its morals and traditions, however poorly he proved able to fulfill those standards. Prone to speak the unspeakable, he was more gadfly than goofball: to his circle, Nick's behaviour could appear unconsciounable, but he was in fact its conscience. Ted is more or less socially unconscious, and pretty much lacks any conscience at all apart from his reflexive pro-Americanism. Stillman's great accomplishment is that we love him for it.
It is the Nichols character who follows the most directly from the prior film. In his opening speech, METROPOLITAN's Charlie is pegged as a compulsive theorizer with a religious bent, his certainty of God's existence predicated on the flow of chatter that plays constantly in his head and the conviction that Someone must be listening. In the latter film, that Someone is (at least in part) the audience: Ted's relentless intellectualizing spills out into voice-over, and we are made privy to a curious sort of spiritual awakening. The all-too-decent Charlie hoped someday to regain his innate childhood "belief in a supreme being" by "a conscious act of faith": in the character of Ted, we have the privilege of seeing that process unfold.
The film is packed with memorable moments. An evasive Ted lies about his true reasons for staying home one evening, clandestine "reading material" hidden behind a copy of The Economist � leading to a comic payoff as touching as it is absurd. There is an embarassment of feminine riches (and you'd better pay close attention: the gorgeous dark-haired princess is Marta, Aurora her maybe-plain-maybe-beautiful friend who gets named most often but shows up least, Montserrat the cosi-perfecto blonde who shows up at the Hampton concert, and Greta the "War And Peace" reader): out of this confusing chaos of attractive, sexually active Spanish girls emerges one who sketches angels � but not professionally � and knows a few Catholic prayers: she's cosi-religious. And a perfectly obvious miracle is wrought before our very eyes, obscured by playful editing and subverted by clever writing, our attention rodeo-clown distracted by Fred's definitive declaration of that Stillman trademark phrase, "Oh give me a break!"
Writing about METROPOLITAN, Armond White comments that Stillman's singular interest in character "reveals each one's moral quest. The effort to behave decently, even by the most eccentric (self-serving) standards, gives Stillman's upperclass stories a surprising kick and a fine grain." It is marvelous to see these moral quests extend beyond the confines of a single movie, as a handful of familiar characters in fascinating variations are stripped of superficial childhood securities to make their slow, stumbling journeys toward grace.
Posted 16 September 2006 - 05:08 PM
I'm going to turn over a new leaf in Spain. I'm going to turn over several new leaves. You know that Shakespearean admonition, "To thine own self be true"? It's premised on the idea that "thine own self" is something pretty good, being true to which is commendable. But what if "thine own self" is not so good? What if it's pretty bad? Would it be better in that case not to be true to thine own self? See? That's my situation.
Indeed, that's the situation of all the characters in this closing chapter of Whit Stillman's NYC WASP triptych (acronyms cluster around these films like debs around a punchbowl). Of course, none of them know it at the outset: when first we meet them, they're out for a disco night on the town, flushed with youth, good looks and the high spirits that come from gaining admission to New York's most exclusive dance club. They're on top of the world, neither sadder nor wiser than their younger METROPOLITAN counterparts � but they will be by the end of the movie.
The tagline for the first film of the cycle was so apt, you'd think it was penned by the writer-director himself: "Doomed. Bourgeois. In love." � a phrase later appropriated by Mark C. Henrie for the title of his very fine anthology of essays on "the peculiar comic genius" of Whit Stillman, whose work is there described as "class-conscious, theory-laden, nostalgically romantic, and deflatingly ironic." A tone of nostalgia and deflation permeates this autumnal final installment in the series, a sharp contrast to the sunny, summery comedy of BARCELONA, its immediate predecessor. Charlie spoke in the first film of the impending doom that awaited his entire class. Prophetically enough, as it turns out: as the trilogy draws to its close, it's reckoning time. Time to come to terms. With sin and consequence, with weakness and mortality. And, perhaps, with redemption.
Each chapter in Stillman's magnum opus concerns a different set of characters, but they are essentially alike. (In a very satisfying touch, several faces from the first two films show up at the disco: Audrey Rouget, now something of a legend in the publishing business, is deep in conversation with Charlie, Fred and Sally � nice to see the SFRP at least somewhat intact � and when Ted Boynton enthuses about his new job in Spain, it's a kick to realize how much we already know about the "future" trajectory of his relationship with his date, whom he awkwardly introduces as "Betty." Our disappointment at not seeing Taylor Nichols in a central role is at least mitigated by the fact that he gets not one but two cameos.) The Audrey-ish Alice (Chloe Sevigny) works in an entry-level publishing job with her stunning soon-to-be-roommate Charlotte (Kate Beckinsale). Around them, a cluster of attractively Young, presumed-to-be Upwardly-mobile Professional men: Jimmy Steinway, in advertising; Josh Neff, an Assistant D.A.; Des McGrath, majordomo at the club (played by Chris Eigeman, a veteran of both prior Stillman campaigns); and "Departmental Dan" from the publishing house, who may be an Ivy League grad, but whose politics and social manner mark him as being a little less haut than his fellow bourgeois.
As suggested by the film's wryly apocalyptic title, the heyday of disco is beginning to wane, along with the youthful optimism of the characters. The bottom rungs of the professional working ladder are tougher than freshman year at college and, far more important to this financially independent crowd, the rituals of romance have changed from the exhilarating game of dating to the high-stakes business of mating � a risky business indeed in the promiscuous early eighties.
Religion, however ironically disguised, makes its presence felt early in each of the two previous films, but for much of THE LAST DAYS the only cathedral is the dance club, the only faith a misplaced allegiance to "the disco movement." That absence, combined with the realistically rendered downward spiral of Alice's search for love, lends the story a slowly accumulating gravitas that has much to do with moral consequence and more to do with spiritual emptiness: isolation surrounded by copulation, loneliness in the middle of a partying crowd. More often than in any of Stillman's other films, the irony falls away for entire scenes: he's playing for keeps. This ain't no party. This ain't no disco. This ain't no foolin' around.
When grace comes, it comes unexpectedly (as grace is wont to do), from damage and weakness. The ragged words tumble desperately over each other, tuneless and unmusical, manic, apologetic, embarssing, and we don't know just how to take them � as evidence of mental instability, or a very present refuge in a time of trouble.
Dear Lord and Father of mankind,
Forgive our foolish ways;
Reclothe us in our rightful mind,
In purer lives Thy service find,
In deeper reverence, praise.
Drop Thy still dews of quietness,
Till all our strivings cease;
Take from our souls the strain and stress,
And let our ordered lives confess
The beauty of Thy peace.
Breathe through the heats of our desire
Thy coolness and Thy balm;
Let sense be dumb, let flesh retire;
Speak through the earthquake, wind, and fire,
O still, small voice of calm.
And there's more hymn-singing to come! From a source so unlikely as to defy not only expectation but explanation. Apparently the rain falls on the just and the unjust alike. The high and mighty are brought low and helpless, characters move from control to abandonment, and it just may be Divine Providence they end up abandoning themselves to, whether they realize it or not. As we learn along with Alice "to appreciate the virtue in what others find defective" (Mary P. Nichols) � a bogus spiritual memoir, a loyal Scotty-dog, a damaged friend and the universally despised dance music that is his glory � we sense that, while the reign of disco must come to an end, another Kingdom may well be at hand.
METROPOLITAN opened the Stillman saga with a hymn that quickly gave way to a dance tune. So THE LAST DAYS OF DISCO bookends the set with The O'Jays' "Love Train," which surrenders the dance floor to John Newton's "Amazing Grace." Human love, divine grace � and everybody up dancing, not just the ones well-dressed or gorgeous enough to get past the gatekeepers at Studio 54. Amazing indeed.
"Doomed Bourgeois In Love" dubs Stillman's work "a major achievement of Christian humanism in our time." You may feel that's overstating the spiritual case, but the more one considers the puzzling place of religion in Whit Stillman's films, the more plausible that statement seems. If, like me, you find yourself intrigued by the question of the film maker's own relation to the faith that keeps asserting itself in his autobiographically-informed creations, your curiosity will likely never find a direct answer. Like so many of his characters, Stillman is reticent about these matters. Perhaps the closest we'll come to a response is the suspicion that Josh's last word in THE LAST DAYS OF DISCO is, in effect, that of the filmmaker's: "Most of what I said, I believe."
Edited by Ron, 16 September 2006 - 05:12 PM.
Posted 24 April 2007 - 03:19 PM
Posted 07 June 2008 - 08:36 AM
Edited by Christian, 07 June 2008 - 08:36 AM.
Posted 14 August 2008 - 12:03 PM
It's called Dancing Mood.
And the best DVD news in ages....
Posted 18 May 2009 - 12:07 PM
Edited by Overstreet, 18 May 2009 - 12:08 PM.
Posted 03 September 2009 - 10:14 PM
Posted 31 January 2010 - 08:26 PM
I finally got to see The Last Days of Disco on this Criterion DVD, completing my Whit Stillman viewing (so far--get on with the next movie, Mr. S!) I really think this may be my favorite of all three, but it's possible that my joy may be influenced by the discovery that "Josh" is played by a raw young Matt Keeslar, AKA "The Middleman." In fact, according to the linked notes, Javier Grillo-Marxuach cast him because of the monologue about Lady and the Tramp he delivers in Last Days. Brilliant!
News: We'll be treated to a Criterion Collection edition of the long-out-of-print The Last Days of Disco this August! (So... does that mean my copy of the old DVD release just went up or down in value?)
Posted 03 June 2010 - 09:08 PM
[The picture] centers on a group of college girls who take in a new student and teach her their own misguided ways of helping people. Lily, a new student at Seven Oaks University, winds up filling in with a dynamic and highly individualistic group of girls, addicted to the elegance of the past: Heather, Violet and Rose all volunteer at the campus Suicide Prevention Center, convinced that musical dance, sharp clothes and good hygiene — the Dior perfume "Diorissimo" is their trademark — can all contribute to staving off the inevitable self-destructive impulses that follow hard on the heels of failed college romances. Despite their sophisticated talk and savvy use of perfume, the girls are plagued by Cupid's arrows and must adjust their psyches to the onset of amour.
Posted 22 June 2010 - 08:29 PM
Posted 29 September 2010 - 04:45 PM
WWD: How do you balance your work between big movies and indies?
G.G.: It seems to find a natural balance, so far. In two weeks I'm starting Whit Stillman's new film, called "Damsels in Distress." I play a girl named Violet who runs a suicide-prevention center at a liberal arts college. She prevents suicides through the powers of Thirties song-and-dance numbers. So it's a very dark comedy. I'm not really worried about my indie cred. I don't think there's any danger of me going, "I only do franchises now."
Posted 29 September 2010 - 05:48 PM
Posted 30 September 2010 - 07:55 AM
That's just ugly, JO. Or am I just not cool enough to get that it's supposed to be funny?
Posted 30 September 2010 - 08:33 AM
I didn't start a thread, but I thought she was so cool in The House of the Devil, which is actually the all-time best 80s horror film (outside of Halloween, which was out in '78, but I saw it in '83...)
Greta Gerwig tells WWD.com:
She was such a cool friend to Samantha (Jocelin Donahue, who I haven't seen before or since). Do we have a thread on friendship? Cuz her character should be represented...
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