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I can average 21.7mph for a 20 mile time trial (00:55:15), on my 2001 Rockhopper with 1.25" fatboy slicks, no lock out on shock. My bike weighs 25.25 lbs. I'm planning on buying a Cervelo 2012 r3, 16.4 lbs estimated weight. I also plan on dropping 4-6 lbs, so my total weight would be about 14 pounds less. Does anyone have any idea what my average speed would be for a 20 mile time trial in good conditions, 10 mph max wind?
Take the 2-minute tour ×
Bicycles Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for people who build and repair bicycles, people who train cycling, or commute on bicycles. It's 100% free, no registration required.
You might want to play around with Bike Calculator a little, and you could find a reasonable estimate for your question.
Regarding the new bike purchase, shop around carefully. You're already past what is considered the clearance season for 2012 models at many traditional brick-and-mortar bicycle retailers. Prime time is August/September of each year. That's when many retailers start their clearance sales.


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Very seldom does FinHeaven participate in a fundraising event like this. Thus, right off the bat... you know there has to be something up.
Well, there is. It involved Vanessa Cunha of Bayville, NJ.
To quote the website: Vanessa Cunha is a beautiful 2 1/2 year old little girl who was diagnosed with cancer on June 9, 2005. The type of cancer she has is called Rhabdomyosarcoma Alveoli, which is a form of the disease that develops in the skeletal tissue. To learn more about it, visit the American Cancer Society website.
Well, I recently was approached by my friend Chris, aka gators910. Chris lives next doory to Vanessa and wants to help the family out. He wishes to use FinHeaven as his "medium" sort to speak. I know we'll be able to raise some money for this young girl and her family.
So, Chris will be donating four tickets to two different games this season. One pair of tickets is for the Panthers game and the other is for the Jets game in December. Both tickets are located in section 411, row 5. These tickets include a parking pass.
To make the offer better, I will be throwing in two tickets to the FinHeaven Tailgate Party vs. the Chiefs. The tickets to the Chiefs game won't include a parking pass.
Here is how this is going to work... it's pretty simple. If you are interested, just respond to this post with your bid. No hidden offers or anything... just post how much you are willing to pay for these tickets. You are able to report a new offer.
Bidding will start at $200 for all six tickets.
If you are unable to make an offer but would like to send a donation to the family, please view this webpage: http://www.vanessacunha.net/help.htm
Thank you!
Andrew Tatum

subset: commoncrawl


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This is my entry into the ShopBot Challenge and the Make it Real contest. If you like it, please rate highly and vote in both contests! With a ShopBot Router and a 3d printer in my shop, I could build more crazy items (more robots and costumes). Also, I am a member of a Nashville robotics club which could make use of the CNC router for various projects.
For scale, the room in the picture is 25' x 25'! This is a HUGE costume. Look for this costume at Dragon*con in Atlanta 2012!
Step 1: Design
Since most of the models are designed to be static with no moving parts, it takes several revisions to the parts to make mounting plates, get rid of parts that impede movement of parts, etc.
Note - Take note of the slots that plug into each other. They need to allow for the thickness of your foam material (sometimes several layers)
Once you get this all done, the parts will be ready to be cut by the CNC router (a spinning tool that is computer driven that can cut out exact parts from large sheets). The machine shop will "nest" the parts (get as many parts onto a sheet as possible which saves waste and $$).
You could cut these out by hand, but that would take FOREVER. Best to use a CNC Router for this!
Wow - if you didn't win, you should have. Are you willing to make the plans available? This is a huge amount of work. I can't even imagine starting from scratch.
i am planning a similar costume for halloween this year but im using cardboard instead of foam any tips you could give me on this build. ive had experience ih cardboard masks and props but id like to hear any advice you have for this prodject.
Let's be honest, my first thought was "Yay! I get to see it!" ;D
A Black Widow or Tarantula would be cool. ;)
You have my vote as well.
Great Awesome Job here I have to say.
Brainstorm after seeing this & the video you know. Is the below a good idea maybe if so I will atempt my first instructable for publishing here after.
You know people I'd like to take this T Rex Skeleton Costume that's made and add body and skin to it and then go out and take it dancing after
I'm not up on what T Rex looks like and some say T Rex had feathers being that T-Rex was related to our modern birds we have now .... So if I was to make a real life real in the skin T-Rex I need a body look a like to make it thought.... Thank you. .... more to follow....
It does appear to be a mixture, though. T-Rexes have two-fingered hands and the claw sticking up is a trait of a deinonychus, troodon, or velociraptor and not the kind of the carnivores.
Also, for the smaller (hypothosized) pack dinosaurs, the claw that is sticking up is the inside claw (big toe position) and not the middle one.
I voted for this, though! Stuff like this should be encouraged!
Did you oversize the head a little bit for dramatic effect??


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The recently retired Chipper Jones is an entertaining force on Twitter. Wednesday night, while watching Oliver Stone's JFK on Reelz (really, Chipper? Reelz?), Chipper decided to get the truth out about what really happened in the assassination of JFK. Wake the people up, Chipper!
What a crock of crap! Oswald killed Kennedy? Seriously? Sorry, but I'm watching JFK. It's almost laughable what they want us to believe.
— Chipper Jones (@RealCJ10) November 15, 2012
Anyone who has ever fired a rifle and watched the Zapruder film, will tell you the fatal headshot came from the grassy knoll. C'mon people!!
— Chipper Jones (@RealCJ10) November 15, 2012
JFK is on REELZ. Zapruder footage is coming on soon. Check it out. Oswald is behind JFK and to the right. No way he fired the kill shot.
— Chipper Jones (@RealCJ10) November 15, 2012
Read the Warren Commission Report. I have. It's a crock. No way Kennedy's head moves back and to the left, if shot from the back.
— Chipper Jones (@RealCJ10) November 15, 2012
Reelz recently began developing its own miniseries about the Kennedys. We hope someone disconnects Chipper's cable before it airs.


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Visit an ITT Tech near you and see for yourself what an ITT Tech education involves.
Download our brochure today to learn more about our campuses, programs and life as an ITT Tech student.
This program exposes students to a variety of fundamental skills utilized in entry-level industrial and manufacturing positions. Students will be exposed to various aspects of optimization, human factors, economic analysis, industrial processes, industrial planning procedures, computer applications, and report and presentation preparation.
This program offers graduates an opportunity to develop knowledge and skills that can help them pursue employment in a variety of entry-level positions that utilize various aspects of industrial engineering technology in both service and manufacturing organizations, such as industrial engineering technician, quality technician, test technician and manufacturing technician.
Graduates who have difficulty distinguishing colors may not be able to perform the essential functions of various positions involving industrial engineering technology.
Refer to the Admission section of this catalog for information relating to Admission Requirements and Procedures for this program.
Students will have the opportunity to use the following school equipment as required throughout the program: computer systems, printers and other common computer peripherals. Refer to Student Equipment in the Online Course Information section of this catalog for information relating to the student equipment requirements for the distance education courses that are taught online over the Internet.
Classes generally range in size from 15 to 30 students. Depending on the course subject matter, certain classes may contain a greater or lesser number of students.
To view a list of the course descriptions, please click here.
|Course Number
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+In this program, this(these) course(s) may be taught either completely in residence at the school, completely online over the Internet as a distance education course or partially in residence and partially online, as determined by the school from time to time in its discretion. Refer to the Online Course Information section of this catalog for additional information relating to the courses that the school decides to teach all or partially online over the Internet. In order to help students become familiar with fundamentals of taking courses online over the Internet, the school may determine that a portion of the first online course that a student takes in this program must be taken online at the school in a supervised setting.
NOTE: The course descriptions for the courses in this program are in the Course Descriptions section of this catalog. The school may, at any time in its discretion, vary the offering and/or sequence of courses in this program, revise the curriculum content of the program or any course in the program and change the number of credit hours in the program or in any program course.
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Rekindle fond memories, and create new ones. Whether you're bringing together 20 or 200, we have room for all your nearest and dearest. Plus, we'll cater the affair from set-up to clean-up.
Groups of 20 or more visiting at the same time can take advantage of discounted general admission pricing by clicking here, to make a group reservation call (248)541-5717 ext. 3300, Monday through Friday, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m.
Group admission rates valid during regular Zoo hours. The Detroit Zoo is closed Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Year's Day. Parking may be paid in advance or at Main Admissions. Hours and prices are subject to change without notice.
For groups with special needs, call (248) 541-5717, ext. 3300
For groups of 100 or more*, we offer the Dining in the Wild Picnic, a high value picnic package that combines Zoo admission plus a delicious traditional picnic meal. catered meal. Let us help you maximize fun for your employees and reduce the time you have to spend coordinating your event. It couldn't be easier to plan!
Get Picnic information - Click Here
Internal Sales Collateral - We'll provide all of the free promotional materials you'll need with email news updates, posters, brochures and maps.
From casual to exotic to black-tie elegant, our exclusive caterer Dining in the Wild, can offer a variety of menus and themes to dress up any affair…receptions and parties, retirement and special recognition dinners, team building adventures, wedding receptions, sales training, strategic planning workshops, or annual meetings.
Get more information - Click Here
Click here for a complete listing of Special Zoo Activities and Events which may occur during your planned visit.


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This is a uniue and fun hat that I have now worn a handful of times. I have received positive feedback when wearing it. I have a very small head so it is hard to find hats that don't overwhelm me and this one suits me well. And I love the fun print!
Women's Emmy Cadet Cap
Item: 50236


text:
Freak On A Leash guitar tabPlayed by Korn
Other resources
- Korn sheet music, scores and songbooks at Sheet Music Plus
- Korn CDs and DVDs at Amazon
- Korn at Tab Heaven
- Korn bass tabs at Total Bass
Tablature viewing and downloading is currently disabled.
Tablatures will not be online again until an arrangement has been found with the Music Publishers Association.
More Freak On A Leash tabs @ 911Tabs
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Freak On A Leash guitar tab


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1. Find the information you were looking for:
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If you followed a link from any of our pages, please let us know. It will really help if you can tell us on which page you found the bad link.
Mahendra Patel of 101030staff last updated this page on 3 Oct 2011.


text:
Kelly can't seem to win, no matter what he does.
Read more
0 Hikes | FVFn |
Prospects will put their mind and skills to the test for NFL scouts.
The Oregon linebacker was cited for DUII over the weekend.
Jamere Holland and freedom of speech.
Weigh in on the Ducks' recent spate of off-field troubles.
Jamere Holland's troubled career comes to an ungraceful end.
A bad a weekend for Oregon's two two-highest profile sports, but two of the newest sports get wins.
Kelly deserves a chance to clean up the mess.
The player's Facebook page appears to question coach Chip Kelly's authority.
By now, you all should be well aware that senior wide receiver Jamere Holland has been dismissed from the team for a violation of team rules.More s...
By now, you all should be well aware that junior wide receiver Jamere Holland has been dismissed from the team for a violation of team rules.More s...
Player's Facebook page appear to question coach Chip Kelly's authority.
The UO coach faces tough decisions regarding the alleged criminal behavior of some of his players.
Undisciplined teams don't win.
Richard Lariviere's statement comes a day after coach Chip Kelly's press conference on football players in trouble, which was followed by a linebac...
The linebacker is facing five charges.
The linebacker becomes the latest Oregon player to run afoul of the law.
Despite the abnormally Eugene-like weather in Southern California last night, the Oregon Ducks baseball season couldn't have gotten off to a better...
Ducks could blow a big opportunity if they aren't careful.
With how "busy" the Oregon off-season has been the last few weeks, there has been little update on what happened at the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fratern...


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To block invasive species such as Asian carp from reaching the Lake Erie basin, the Army Corps of Engineers has proposed a menu of multimillion-dollar projects that could permanently change the face of Eagle Marsh, the natural preserve on Fort Wayne's south side.
The plan rated as the best alternative by the Corps would have the worst impact on the 716-acre wetland. It would erect an "I-wall" averaging 8 feet high across the marsh at the point where the waters of the Mississippi basin and the Great Lakes basin can mingle during floods. It's a costly solution, too, estimated at $12.8 million to build.
The Corps presentation of the alternatives acknowledges the damage this tall wall could do to Eagle Marsh. A report on the alternatives says this plan "is expected to detrimentally alter the wetlands and aquatic habitat within and around Eagle Marsh. The I-wall would further fragment the wetlands into largely unconnected parcels, inhibiting the flow of water and movement of aquatic organisms throughout the local wetland area."
The Corps report, released for public comment, details nine proposals to make it more difficult for invasive species to move between these vast basins of North American waters. Their construction costs range from a low of $2.4 million to a high of $20.2 million, according to Corps estimates. Their annual maintenance costs are estimated to range from as little as $11,000 a year, in the case of the I-wall plan, to $600,000 per year.
The report notes a major obstacle: No agency beyond the federal government has stepped up to shoulder part of the cost of building the Eagle Marsh barrier. At the same time, the Corps explains how much might be at stake. Already, more than $137 billion a year is spent trying to control invasive species in the United States, according to an estimate cited by the Corps.
The Corps report says that it is not intended to recommend a particular course of action.
Three varieties of Asian carp, five other species of fish, plus a virus and an aquatic parasite that both afflict fish, are rated by the Corps as the most threatening "aquatic nuisance species."
Eagle Marsh became the focus of the Corps' intense scrutiny and design-brainstorming because a team built from several federal agencies, as well as agencies from several states, identified Eagle Marsh as the most likely pathway for species migration between the basins among 31 potential pathways studied.
Though the rewards of blocking the spread of these nuisance species from one basin to another would be great, the job is daunting, so much so that the Corps admits any effort may be doomed to fail.
"It is important to note that even if one or more of the alternatives identified in this Controls Report are implemented, there is substantial residual likelihood that (nuisance species) could transfer between the basins … using other vectors and pathways outside the scope of this study, (such as) bait buckets, terrestrial transport, commercial food fish, pet trade, recreational boating," the report said.


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Hang tight!
Recipe by Sean D. Gough
"Simple sauce that combines sweet, sour, salty, and spicy flavors into a wonderful dipping sauce for chips, grilled chicken, and spring rolls. It can be kept in the fridge for about a week."
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1/2 cup
rice wine vinegar
1/2 cup
white sugar
2 teaspoons
1 tablespoon
chili garlic sauce (such as Lee Kum Kee®)
I love this sauce with cold spring rolls, this and the spicy peanut sauce are the main reasons we make the spring rolls! Love it and you can use white or rice vinegar. Delish!
i was looking for a recipe without ketchup or other tomato based sauce. this one was excellent. as did another reviewer i used white vinegar and sweet chili sauce only because thats what i had on hand. i wont be buying sweet and sour sauce again. this was easy and so much better!
14 Ratings
Sauce has a great flavor, but didn't thicken when I made it.
Very tasty; especially yummy with my egg rolls. I will definately make this sauce again.
This is easy and delicious! Just the right balance of sweet, salty and spicy. Served with homemade veggie spring rolls. I could just eat it by the spoonful though! I added a tiny bit of cornstarch dissolved in water to thicken. I imagine it would be delicious on tofu, chicken, shrimp, pork, anything! Thank you!
Very similar to our restaurant here that we like!
Super simple and delicious. It really zazzed up my frozen spring rolls for dinner!
This sauce is great and my husband loved it! Good with spring rolls. I used garlic salt instead of regular salt and red Tabasco pepper sauce instead of chili garlic sauce.
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Sweet and Spicy Dipping Sauce
Serving Size: 1/16 of a recipe
Servings Per Recipe: 16
Amount Per Serving
Calories: 25
Calories from Fat: 0
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See how to make a simple sweet-and-sour peach sauce.
This simple, Asian-inspired dipping sauce is perfect for grilled meats and more.
See how to make the perfect dipping sauce for fried or baked chicken tenders.


text:
Today@UMass Lowell is a website and daily email reminder providing faculty/staff and students all the information and applications they need in one location.
From Today@UMass Lowell you can get:
Make Today@UMass Lowell your landing page on your desktop, laptop or mobile device to get up-to-date announcements, calendar listings and Twitter and Facebook feeds, as well as links to all the programs you need – SiS, email, HR Direct, Blackboard – and more.
In addition, for departments with websites in Tridion, news specific to your department can be added to the front page of your website. Guest speakers, corporate donations and student successes can all be promoted on the front page of your departmental website.
For more information about policies and procedures for Today@UMass Lowell, email firstname.lastname@example.com. To add Department News functionality to your website, email email@example.com.
The NEW Icon
The NEW icon appears on announcements for 24 hours after they have been submitted making it easier to determine what's the latest news.
Today's Events
The calendar events featured on Today@UMass Lowell feed from the University's calendar. To have an event included in the calendar, you must use BookIt to reserve a space in 25Live, the campus space reservation system. Add information about your event into the Description field on the BookIt form. For calendar events that don't take place in a particular location or are off campus, use Dates and Deadlines as an event category to get your information or deadline onto the calendar and displayed daily on Today@UMass Lowell. See all event booking policies on the Events website.
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Since all events for each day are included in the University calendar, announcements to be posted on Today@UMass Lowell should be those that are for a campus-wide audience and require a response from readers (RSVP, save the date, submissions or other actions). Items formerly categorized as Milestones, namely obituaries, can be submitted to Today, as they often appeal to a broader campus audience. Other Milestone, such as individual achievements, should follow the Department News guidelines (below).
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Super snacking defined - Sea Salt Cashews covered in Dilettante Milk Chocolate. Whole roasted cashews are sprinkled with sea salt then liberally covered in natural milk chocolate. At Dilettante, we use premium cashews and coat the roasted nuts in chocolate containing 38.47% cacao using the dragee (pronounced draw-jay) method of chocolate coating.
Dragee pans are special revolving kettles used to coat the best roasted cashew in Dilettante gourmet chocolate blends. The revolving pans coat the crunchy cashews perfectly and evenly resulting in a beautifully coated chocolate candy treat. Naturals from Dilettante available in 8 ounce gift boxes are perfect for gift bags, gift baskets or just for a special savory treat. Naturals Sea Salt Cashews in premium chocolate from Dilettante are a seriously munchable satisfying snack to share with family and friends.
Dragees are chocolate covered candy made in special revolving kettles. The term dragee is French in origins and describes the method in which we coat our dried fruits, nuts, and espresso beans. Dilettante chocolate covered dragee candies use fruits and nuts. Chocolate covered fruits and nuts are chocolate covered candy free from compound coating and only use the highest quality chocolate. These dragees are the chocolate connoisseur's ultimate snack.
Here at Dilettante, third-generation Master Chocolatier Dana Taylor Davenport uses master formulas that are selected from the notebooks of Dana's grandfather, Earl Remington Davenport and his great-uncle, Julius Rudolph Franzen, Master Chocolatier and Pastry Chef to the crowned heads of Europe.
The more you buy, the more you save with our "Mix and Match" quantity discounts. Discounts are automatically calculated for you in our shopping cart based upon the table below:
Choose from several different items or combine case purchases for additional savings. Discounts only available for online purchases on a per order basis and exclude shipping costs.


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by Nicholas Ludlum
Category: Thought Leadership
An iconoclast is someone who destroys religious symbols. The classical example of iconoclasm is a guy named Konon, who you may or may not know as Leo III the Isaurian - further proof that names were more interesting 1200 years ago.
Today we use the term a little more loosely. It's common to associate the term with business figures who up-end markets; Steve Jobs comes to mind. (Steve I the Appleonian?)
To Gregory Berns, Distinguished Chair of Neuroeconomics at Emory University (a fine institution that made the mistake of granting me a wholly undeserved degree) and author of Iconoclast: a Neuroscientist Reveals how to Think Differently, an iconoclast is "a person who does something that others say can't be done."
Setting aside the needless redefinition of the word iconoclast (what's wrong with innovator?), Berns' book provides excellent, and well-researched, information on how, and why, people generate iconoclastic (innovative!) ideas.
In the process, the book also provides some insight, from the perspective of neuroscience, on how to market those ideas.
Summarizing the results of several research studies, Berns shows that dopamine – sometimes thought of as the 'pleasure chemical' of the brain – is highly associated with the desire to seek out new experiences. Individuals with highly active dopamine systems are more likely pursue novel experiences and – here's the kicker – young people have more active dopamine systems. The bottom line: market new ideas to the under-thirty crowd, they're more receptive.
But what does this mean if you have to market to people who, like me, wouldn't survive very long in the world of Logan's Run? (This is tech blog, if you don't get that reference you're in the wrong place. Turn off your com-put-er, call a friend and start making fun of geeks).
Still with us? Good.
If you're target demographic are grey-hairs, Berns points out that wrapping new ideas in the 'cloak of familiarity' can drive a "new idea to be adopted by a large percentage of an older population." In other words, don't position a new idea as 'revolutionary' to a 50-year old C-suite executive; demonstrate how it fits neatly into the world he or she already understand.
There's much more to the book and, despite the misuse of the word iconoclast, it's worth reading. There's also a fabulous section that details which illegal narcotics to take in order to stimulate iconoclastic thinking. Buy the book for neuroscience, read it for the psychotropics.


text: Peace and Global Studies overview faculty program organizations after graduation International Relations Club The International Relations Club is open to students of all majors and sponsors activities that develop a greater understanding of international relations. The club sponsors speakers and debates, and selects a team for the annual National Model United Nations simulation in New York City. Participation in such a simulation provides members with great hands-on experience in both communications and constructing resolutions for the world's social, economic and political conflicts. The club offers students the opportunity to gain the knowledge and skills necessary to become the leaders of tomorrow. Ignatian House Since its inception, Ignatian House has served as a medium for carrying out the ideals of Christian social action. The house is a community with the members working, studying and sharing their experiences together. In focusing attention on the needs of the inner city, the members have developed a wide range of programs involving work with the aged, the homeless and the underprivileged. In an effort to bring important social issues to the Le Moyne community, Ignatian House sponsors a series of speakers, films, informational events and student-faculty dinners throughout the year. Liturgies are held to celebrate the unity in Christ necessary for true Christian social action. During the between-semester vacation, members travel to Appalachia and inner-city Philadelphia to serve those living in poverty. Amnesty International Amnesty International is a nonpolitical organization dedicated to the work of advocacy on behalf of prisoners of conscience. Amnesty International promotes campus networks so that dur-ing the academic year students can participate in the organization's work. The purpose of the campus network at Le Moyne is twofold: to help in the work that the organization carries out and to allow students to learn about the world situation regarding prisoners of conscience. Habitat for Humanity - Le Moyne College Chapter Through fundraising, education and building assistance (locally and on alternative breaks), the Le Moyne College chapter of Habitat for Humanity works with the Syracuse chapter as well as Habitat for Humanity International to forward the mission of providing adequate housing and creating healthy communities for those in need. Projects in the Community (PIC) Projects in the Community was established at Le Moyne in 1969 to send Le Moyne students into the Syracuse community on a volunteer basis. PIC provides the structure for students to participate in Christian social action by volunteering their services as tutors, recreational aides and friends of senior citizens.


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Test ID: F11IS
Coagulation Factor XI Inhibitor Screen, Plasma
NY State Approved Indicates the status of NY State approval and if the test is orderable for NY State clients.
Useful For Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful
Detection and quantitation of inhibitor to coagulation factor XI
Profile Information A profile is a group of laboratory tests that are ordered and performed together under a single Mayo Test ID. Profile information lists the test performed, inclusive of the test fee, when a profile is ordered and includes reporting names and individual availability.
|Test ID
|Reporting Name
|Available Separately
|Always Performed
|Coag Factor XI Assay, P
|Factor XI Inhib Scrn
Reflex Tests Lists test(s) that may or may not be performed, at an additional charge, depending on the result and interpretation of the initial test(s)
|Test ID
|Reporting Name
|Available Separately
|Always Performed
|Bethesda Units
Testing Algorithm Delineates situation(s) when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests.
If appropriate, a Bethesda titer will be performed at an additional charge to quantify the inhibitor.
Special Instructions and Forms Describes specimen collection and preparation information, test algorithms, and other information pertinent to test. Also includes pertinent information and consent forms to be used when requesting a particular test
Method Name A short description of the method used to perform the test
F_11: Activated Partial Thromboplastin Clot-Based Assay
11_IS, IBETH: Clot-Based Assay
Reporting Name A shorter/abbreviated version of the Published Name for a test; an abbreviated test name
Coag Factor XI Inhibitor Scrn, P
Aliases Lists additional common names for a test, as an aid in searching
Factor XI Inhibitor Screen, Plasma


text: Noir Noir (grilles off) View larger Cambridge Audio S20 Bookshelf speakers (Noir) Item #: 779S20N 20 Reviews This item is no longer available. Original Price: $129.99 pair Shop all Bookshelf Speakers Need help? 1.888.955.6000 Email Chat Ask an expert advisor No pressure, no commission — just lots of good advice from our highly trained staff. Overview Reviews Details Accessories Staff Reviews Articles & Videos by Kristen Schaub Great sound and simple good looks for any room Cambridge Audio's compact S20 bookshelf speakers are no strangers to sonic agility and power. Delivering a deliciously crisp treble and surprisingly deep bass, these monitors are ideal as part of a home theater setup, as a stereo music system, or as hi-fi desktop computer speakers in smaller rooms. With their good looks and versatility, the S20 speakers make a great budget speaker pair. Want even more bass? Just add a powered subwoofer and listen to these babies really come to life! Designed and engineered with passion All of Cambridge Audio's S-series speakers are carefully designed and tested at their London facility by a team of engineers fueled by a passion for incredible sound. Each S20 speaker uses a 1" soft dome tweeter for silky smooth highs. It features a state-of-the-art motor system with a neodymium magnet and critically selected voice coil assembly. The 4" woven composite woofer delivers accurate midrange and powerful, yet controlled bass with minimal distortion. A rigid phase plug at the center of the woofer cone improves the S20's off-axis response, so you can enjoy seamless audio even if you're not sitting directly in front of your TV or sound system. And the custom-designed first order crossover sends the right frequencies to the right drivers to keep your music and movie soundtracks sounding faithful to the studio original. The solidly braced MDF cabinets help prevent unwanted resonance from coloring the sound. Plus, the pair is video shielded for safe placement next to older tube TVs or computer monitors. Got wire? Most speakers don't include any. Learn about choosing and installing speaker wire at the Crutchfield Learning Center. Shop our selection of speaker wire. Product Highlights:frequency response 80-20,000 Hzhandles 15-80 wattssensitivity 85 dB8-ohm impedance1" soft dome tweeterstate-of-the-art motor system with neodymium magnet4" woven polyfibre wooferrigid phase plug for improved off-axis responsemagnetically shielded for safe placement next to tube TVsrigid MDF cabinet with internal cross-bracingbinding post speaker connectors5-1/8"W x 7-7/8"H x 7-1/8"Dweight: 4.6 lbs. eachwarranty: 5 yearsOur 60-day money-back guarantee Why choose bookshelf speakers? Bookshelf speakers may be small in size, but they can deliver surprisingly big sound. Some ultra-compact models even fit on a desktop. Most are right at home in tight spaces like shelves, so they're usually good choices for your home theater's rear channels. For the best performance, try placing bookshelf speakers on solid speaker stands to help the sound really "open up." If you want full bass impact, add a powered subwoofer and enjoy punchy sound that's as deeply satisfying as that of floor-standing speakers. Cambridge Audio S20 Reviews Average Customer Review: 20 reviews Review this product Submit a review and then enter to win a $350 rewards card Filter by rating: 5 Star: (0) 4 Star: (0) 3 Star: (0) 2 Star: (0) 1 Star: (0) Review this product: Thanks for taking the time to share your experiences about this product. Please be sure to focus your comments on the product itself. Read our Review Guidelines for more information. Review title * Email Your email won't be visible. Please use the email address that is associated with your order. Display name (e.g., JohnD) Your review will be signed using the display name and location * Your location (e.g., Charlottesville, VA) * Your rating Click on a star to rate the overall product on a scale of 1-5 1500 characters left * Your review Attach a YouTube Review Crutchfield Video Review Guidelines Only submit videos that you made or are authorized to use. Do not submit videos that contain music, video or visuals that are copyrighted and belong to someone else. Please see our Review Guidelines for more information. Enter the URL of your YouTube™ video review or product demonstration. e.g., "http://www.youtube.com/v/o79TWHh598U" 500 characters left Pros 500 characters left Cons * Agree to Terms By checking this box you agree your review becomes the property of Crutchfield, that you are over 18 years of age, that you own or have owned this product, and that you are located within the United States or its territories. Please see our Review Guidelines for more information. We reserve the right (but are not obligated to) review all submissions and edit or remove any review in any manner which we deem necessary. Your review should be posted within seven days. Great for surround duty in 5.1 HT setup Written By HT_GUY, New Jersey on Saturday, March 28, 2015 Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?) These are the surrounds in my 5.1 HT setup. I started with a Yamaha HTiB (YHT-399U) and changed the front 3 speakers to the Sony Core bookshelves and center channel and the sub to the Dayton SUB-1200. These S20s put out a lot more bass than the tiny satellites that they replaced and blend with the fronts seamlessly despite being much more compact. Sound quality is clean, clear, detailed, and smooth with plenty of depth and no harshness. The build quality of the speaker visually is excellent and the sealed design means it can be placed close to a wall without any sound quality issues. All in all, it sounds like a larger speaker than it is and it fills the room with high quality sound when paired with my other speakers in my 5.1 HT setup. Pros: everything Cons: none Was this review helpful? Yes No Cambridge S20 Written By Basstoes, Rhode Island on Monday, March 23, 2015 Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?) This inexpensive pair of Bookshelf speakers is a great value. I got this pair of speakers for a small stereo system for my kitchen. On their own, they sons a little bit thin ( not much bass response). I added a small inexpensive subwoofer ( bought at a second hand store for $20), and the system came to life. So for a modest price, I now have a grey sounding small system. Pros: Compact, cost effective, detailed sound Cons: lacking in low end response Was this review helpful? Yes No Top Notch Speakers Written By D and D Allen, Perry, GA on Monday, February 09, 2015 Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?) Speakers are very good for the low price. Easy set up and amazing sound. Pros: Easy set up Amazing sound Cons: None Was this review helpful? Yes No Cambridge Audio S20 Written By MH, Cincinnati OH on Sunday, October 05, 2014 Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?) Small speakers, very well constructed, great for small room. The finish is very good, I really like the name on the speaker cover is darkened adds a nice touch. Bass is weak, maybe if the speaker was ported, it would be better. Overall very balanced and smooth for the price. Pros: Great size, outstanding fit and finish. Cons: Want any bass, you will need a sub. 1 out of 1 people found this helpful Was this review helpful? Yes No Cambridge Audio S20 Review Written By Marco, Massachusetts on Thursday, August 14, 2014 Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?) I ordered these as left-rear and right-rear surrounds. Pros: Color matched my real walnut-wood mains and subwoofer. Sturdy connections for knob-and-wire or banana plug. Cons: Not real wood, but colored vinyl, however the dark-oak color is close enough to complement my oiled-walnut speakers. I would caution people not to hang on wall (unless with strong screw anchor) because the units are too weighty for a mere picture-hanging nail. Was this review helpful? Yes No Magic in a box Written By MW, Schenectady on Saturday, August 09, 2014 Sometimes things just work...whether it's the proximity of the drivers, cabinet dimensions, sealed cabinet or whatever, these little guys are the real deal. The sum is surely greater than the individual parts. If you prize clarity of midrange and spacial cues, these will not disappoint. A little tight out of the box, but let them break in...I run them with a Qinpu A3 8.5wpc hybrid tube amp and have never been more delighted. Add a sub to fill out the lowest bass notes if you desire (I use a paradigm sub-8, also a sealed design) but actually enjoy listening to them sans sub. Also work well for studio monitors and mixing music...truly sublime. Pros: Price and sound Cons: None 2 out of 2 people found this helpful Was this review helpful? Yes No Fantastic Value Written By Anonymous, Akron, OH on Friday, June 27, 2014 Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?) When I was looking for a quality pair of bookshelf speakers, I read the reviews which called these the little beasts. For $100 I bought them and I'm very pleased. Pros: Great sound quality. Surprising bass. Cons: None. Was this review helpful? Yes No Cambridge Audio S20 Written By Anonymous, San Luis Obispo, CA on Tuesday, June 17, 2014 Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?) Great sounding little speakers! Perfect for rear speakers in my home theater. The one complaint I have is that they are listed as book shelf speakers which they certainly look like, but they are technically stand speakers and therefor were not attachable to the speaker mounts I already had. I had to hang them directly to the wall which the instruction sheet did not recommend. Pros: compact, nice sound. Cons: meant to be attached to stands, NOT wall mounts 1 out of 1 people found this helpful Was this review helpful? Yes No Cambridge Audio S20 Speakers Written By Sherry, Coudersport, Pa. on Thursday, May 01, 2014 Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?) Very impressed with the Cambridge Audio bookshelf speakers! Superb sound which brings my old music of the 70`s & 80`s back to life. Would highly recommend these to anyone wanting a cost effective pair of speakers. They arrived as promised with great packing as well as fast delivery. Very good Advisors who are very knowlegable with their products! Pros: size wood look Cons: none Was this review helpful? Yes No Good quality! Written By JB, 31028 on Tuesday, March 25, 2014 Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?) Good quality speakers. Pros: Crisp sound. Was this review helpful? Yes No Cambridge Audio S20 Speakers Written By BillM, Suwanee, Ga. on Monday, March 03, 2014 Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?) These little speakers sound terrific. I'm using them primarily for Pandora thru my Roku. To up the bass I connected a Bose sub and the sound is more than adequate for our family room; although they require the amp be bumped up slightly. The speakers deliver a rich sound, especially when you consider their small size. Pros: Excellent size for our built in cabinets. My wife cannot stand large stereo speakers that distract from here shelving arrangements. Cons: Screw type wire connections are a little tedious. 3 out of 3 people found this helpful Was this review helpful? Yes No Nice little speaker! Written By RoyBoy, Odenton, Maryland on Friday, January 31, 2014 Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?) Great sound for the size and cost of the speakers. Nice and neutral. Highs and midrange are crisp. Bass is a little soft, but what do you want from such a small enclosure. Fit and finish are nice for the price. Pros: Great value! Nice sound. Cons: Bass a little soft. 3 out of 3 people found this helpful Was this review helpful? Yes No Excellent Little Speakers! Written By R_AK, AK on Thursday, October 31, 2013 Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?) These are very nice looking, excellent sounding little speakers. I have them in dark oak and the veneer is good quality with a nice satin finish. I'm using them for my work/office setup as computer speakers powered by a Topping TP20-MK2 class T amp and they perform perfect for me. The frequency response is what the specs state (I measured 80hz - 20khz @ +/- 3 db with a bit of a hump at 111hz) so you'll want to use a sub to get any useable bass below 100hz. Other than that, the imaging and clarity is very good given the price. They sound just as nice as the Axiom M22s I run in my home theater setup. Off-axis response is also quite good. I would not hesitate to get another set. Pros: Very nice looking, excellent sounding. Outstanding for the price. Cons: Needs a subwoofer to round out the bass. 14 out of 14 people found this helpful Was this review helpful? Yes No Great little speakers Written By RichC, Long Island, NY on Friday, July 05, 2013 Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?) Great little speakers! I was looking for a set of small-ish speakers for my home office to go with the Cambridge AR30 receiver I bought a few months ago. I have limited flat spaces, so I bought a pair of Sanus BF13 stands to go with them. The sound great. There's an appealing brightness to the sound. The bass is more than adequate for a small room but you can always add a subwoofer to give you a bigger punch. Overall, I'm very pleased and would recommended them. Pros: Small size; fit and finish; bright sound. Cons: None 5 out of 6 people found this helpful Was this review helpful? Yes No retro gamer Written By rogersyd, Hartford, CT on Saturday, April 13, 2013 Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?) Amiga demo scene music has never sounded better! Great little speakers for the price. I have terrestial radio, pc, and hand-held gaming device audio comming through these speakers (via a nad326) and for those sources, these speakers are a great buy. Pros: price Cons: none to speak of Was this review helpful? Yes No Nice little speakers Written By David R., Saxapahaw, NC on Monday, March 25, 2013 Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?) Out of the book, they were a little stiff and peaky in the midrange, so I've been playing bass-heavy EQ'ed music through them to loosen up the speaker cones, and they've opened up nicely. They have plenty of bass response for music playback without a sub in my 10'X10' bedroom. Overall, they're really, really nice for 4 inch bookshelves at a great price. Pros: Big sound in a small package, aesthetically pleasing, solid binding posts 3 out of 3 people found this helpful Was this review helpful? Yes No Good Value Speakers Written By DonAZ, Tucson, AZ on Friday, March 15, 2013 Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?) I bought these to replace 25-year old KEF Series C speakers that took on a distortion in the right speaker. My amplifier is 25-years old with 35-watts per channel, if I recall correctly. The mid- and high-end on these new speakers is very good. I put in a Police CD and listened to "Roxanne" (lots of high-hat and guitar chords) and "King of Pain" (wonderful bass line). As mentioned, mid- and high-end is excellent. Bass is very good for speakers this size, though not quite as good as my old KEF. But plenty adequate for my needs. And the price/value ratio is very good. No complaints. Pros: Small, compact, good mid- and high-end. Cons: Adequate but not great bass, as is to be expected with speakers this size. 4 out of 4 people found this helpful Was this review helpful? Yes No For their size.....they do alright. Written By k2k, Poconos, PA on Thursday, February 14, 2013 Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?) For the size of these speakers, they put out a nice, clear, full, balanced sound. They have more bass than I expected. I'm using them as my B speakers with my Onkyo S9050, so I don't have to blast my A channel, JBL floorstanding speakers, when I just want to watch some TV. With the S20's, the TV audio is plenty loud and clear. These will work well for listening to music too. Albeit, for a smaller room. For critical listening however, they won't fill the living room with a huge wall of sound, that's what the big floor standing JBL's are for. Pros: solid binding posts, decent build quality, adequate sound reproduction. Good deal at this price point. Cons: none right now... 2 out of 4 people found this helpful Was this review helpful? Yes No decent speakers Written By shmendrick, washington, d.c. on Thursday, August 23, 2012 Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?) decent sound, compact size; we use them with my old (great) Bose 301 series III speakers Pros: good sound, nice appearance for bookshelf Cons: none Was this review helpful? Yes No Cambridge Audio S20 Written By Silver Streak, Littleton, Co. on Monday, August 06, 2012 Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?) Their sound is great for there size; O'L Henry K. would still be proud. Pros: Very well built, even have the upgraded speaker wire attachments. Over all workmanship is very good. Cons: A little bit power hungry, but that is to be expected in a acoustic suspension speaker. 4 out of 15 people found this helpful Was this review helpful? Yes No Hands-on research Features and specs chart | What's in the box? | In-depth notes What's in the box? Download owner's manual 2 Black bookshelf speakers 2 Black cloth grilles (attached) 8 Self-adhesive foam pads Installation Guide Features and Specs Enclosure Acoustic Suspension Video Shielded Yes Tweeter Type Dome Tweeter Size (inches) 1 Midrange Size (inches) N/A Woofer Size (inches) 4 Woofer Composition Woven polyfibre Woofer Surround Rubber Power Range 15-80 Sensitivity 85 dB Impedance (Ohms) 8 Frequency Response 80-20k Hz Connector Type Post Bi-amp Inputs No Height (inches) 7-7/8 Width (inches) 5-1/8 Depth (inches) 7-1/8 Weight (pounds) 4.6 Mounting Bracket Included Keyhole Recommended Stand Height (inches) 24-28 Parts Warranty 5 Years Labor Warranty 5 Years Product Research Overview: The Cambridge Audio S20 Bookshelf Loudspeakers feature a two-way design with a 1" soft-dome tweeter and 4" mid-bass woofer loaded in an acoustic suspension enclosure. The S20 bookshelf loudspeakers deliver crisp treble and deep bass. You can also add a Cambridge Audio S-series powered subwoofer (779S90B, sold separately). The S20 bookshelf loudspeakers are ideal for a stereo or home theater application. These speakers can be table-top or wall mounted. Driver Technology Enclosure Design Connections Mounting Options Driver Technology Two-Way Drivers: The Cambridge Audio S20 bookshelf loudspeakers employ a two-way speaker design. 1" Soft-Dome Tweeter: The S20 bookshelf loudspeakers feature a 1" soft-dome tweeter for smooth, accurate highs. The tweeters use high flux density, self shielding neodymium magnet assemblies for improved sensitivity and better dynamics. 4" Mid-Bass Woofer: The S20 bookshelf loudspeakers utilize a 4" woven polyfiber cone mid-bass woofer for dynamic mid & bass response. Each mid-bass woofer uses a rigid phase plug for improved off-axis integration. The 4" mid-bass woofers also feature a high-quality rubber surround edge for reliable cone termination. In addition, an optimized magnet motor-assembly is used for extended lower frequencies. Two-Way Crossover: The S20 bookshelf loudspeakers utilize a 1st order, 2-way crossover to deliver high-frequencies to the tweeters and mid-/low-frequencies to the mid-bass drivers. High-quality laminate core inductors give cleaner bass with improved dynamics, while polypropylene film capacitors in critical path areas give a high-resolution high frequency response. Frequency Response: The S20 bookshelf loudspeakers have a frequency response rating of 80 to 20,000 Hz. Power Handling: The Cambridge Audio S20 bookshelf loudspeakers can handle between 15 to 80 watts (RMS). Enclosure Design Acoustic Suspension: The Cambridge Audio S20 bookshelf loudspeakers employ an acoustic suspension (sealed) enclosure for deeper, accurate bass. MDF Cabinet: The S20 bookshelf loudspeakers feature a rigid MDF cabinet with internal cross-bracing to prevent any unwanted distortion caused by vibration and resonance. Wood Veneer Finish: The S20 bookshelf loudspeakers are available in a black or dark oak wood veneer finish. Removable Grille: The Cambridge Audio S20 bookshelf loudspeakers include removable black cloth grilles. Magnetically Shielded: The enclosures have been magnetically shielded, so you can safely place the speakers next to your television or computer monitor. Connections Binding Posts: The Cambridge Audio S20 bookshelf loudspeakers are equipped with a set of binding post terminals. The binding post terminals will accept bare-wire, pin-connectors, spade-connectors, and banana-plugs (single only). Color Coded: The terminals are color-coded (black/red) to distinguish between positive and negative. Mounting Options Applications: The Cambridge Audio S20 bookshelf loudspeakers are ideal for stereo and home theater applications. You can even add a Cambridge Audio S-series powered subwoofer (779S90B, sold separately). Placement: Ideally, the bookshelf speakers and listening position should be positioned equal distances apart. Table-Top Mounting: The Cambridge Audio S20 bookshelf loudspeakers include 8 self-adhesive foam-feet (4 each) to simply place the speakers securely on a desk, table, shelf, or speaker stand securely and safely. Wall Mounting: The S20 bookshelf loudspeakers can be wall-mounted using the rear-mounted keyhole slot or dual threaded inserts (with optional bracket). Keyhole Slot: The Cambridge Audio S20 bookshelf loudspeakers feature a rear-mounted keyhole slot for mounting the speakers to your walls (screws not included). Dual Threaded Inserts: The S20 bookshelf loudspeakers feature dual rear-mounted M6 threaded inserts that will accommodate an optional articulating wall-mount bracket (sold separately). Two M6 machine screws have to be removed to access the threaded inserts on each speaker. Our Product Research Team At Crutchfield, you'll get detailed, accurate information that's hard to find elsewhere. That's because we have our own in-house Product Research team. They verify what's in the box, check the owner's manual, and record dimensions, features and specs. We stay on top of new products and technologies to help people make informed choices. Product reviews from the Crutchfield Labs The Little Beasts Written by Mike, Technical Support Advisor 4, on 10/10/2012 3:45:00 PM Recently, I wanted to update my computer speakers. I've tried a few different cheapo 2.1 speaker systems over the past few years; I was ready to spend a little more and get a small, simple system with better dynamic range and frequency response. The Cambridge S20 speakers are developing an underground reputation as "The Little Beast." They are fairly small bookshelf speakers, only 5 inches wide, 8 inches tall, and 8 inches deep. Despite their small stature, these speakers have impressive bass response. But their primary strength is the clarity and definition in the midrange and high frequencies. Thanks to these "Little Beasts," I can hear details in my music collection I never knew existed. The only complication from upgrading my speakers if that I now have to re-import my CDs in FLAC format. Due to the increased detail in these S20s, I can really hear the improvement in lossless audio formats. It reminds me of when I bought a high definition television only then did I appreciate high-resolution video content.I guess I have something to keep me busy this winter. I highly recommend these speakers. They're a steal at this price. What are the Labs? Sorry, the Cambridge Audio S20 is no longer available. Looking for a similar item? Shop all Bookshelf Speakers Or, you can still... Write a review Purchase accessories for this product Download the product manual Search the website Go


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- Thomas Anderson
- Portland, ME
- United States
This conversation is closed.
How would things be different if the standard for tuning instruments was A -432, instead of A-440 ?
Back in the day, the standard for tuning musical instruments became A-440. What would be different today if the chosen standard was A-432 ?
Would it really make a difference? I suggest that yes...there would be less crime, less corruption, less ignorance, and less apathy.
Just look at how sound frequencies interact with molecules...
Closing Statement from Thomas Anderson
It does not matter how "good" a frequency sounds to you, it is how the frequency "vibrates" your molecules.
To me, broccoli takes like squishy, plastic, model glue sand; but it is really good for you.
To me 528 hz is annoying to listen to; but watch what it does to molecules!
Paul Lillebo
Jul 14 2013: Even if water molecules are made "happier" at 432 Hz, the middle A is only one out of about 3 octaves (36 tones) most commonly used in music. So the sound of an A is a brief and occasional event in the mix of sound waves that makes up music. I'm afraid that neither water nor anything/anyone else will be any happier if the freq's were different.
- +1
The most significant result of having raised the concert pitch over the centuries has been that the music of Bach, Mozart and other early composers, played at the higher pitch, does not sound like what the composer intended. It strains the voices of singers, and I suspect it stresses both the wood and the glue joints of stringed instruments. I much prefer hearing the original music played at the intended pitch. (As a tenor, I also prefer singing it there.)
I appreciate Mitch's comment on the Indic tradition, where the pitch is floating and adjusted by the singer. That can work well on non-fretted string instruments, as long as you don't use open strings.Jun 19 2013: It's only been in the last 20 years or so that popular music was even close to consistantly tuned. I don't think I've ever learned a song from before the late 80's that was remotely close to A440. Turntables and tape players vary considerably in speed. It's only since digital files with time codes that things are in tune.
Mitch SMith
Jun 17 2013: The standard pitch has been wandering around since humans first sang or played music.
- +1
If you take into account the pitches of fixed-pitch instruments made 2 - 3 hundred years ago you will see a flat trend in western European instruments with Scottish and Irish bagpipes being as flat as C = B-natural. So you would have anything from 415 to 443hz - the latter still being used in parts of Europe.
A=440 is a more modern convention that relies on the round number It was adopted in the early 1900s and became the international reference pitch.
Having a standard pitch is important for the maintenance of stressed instruments such as violins, pianos etc, as the pitch and tension have a dramatic affect on any wooden part.
The player also learns certain pitches and will be uncomfortable playing at a different reference.
It has also been observed that the "playing-in" process of a new instrument is profoundly impacted by the reference pitch used during the playing-in process (the precise physics of this phenomenon is not yet known).
The arrival at A=440 also relies on the even temperament scheme of musical harmony which is generally accepted as a violation of pure harmony. It is used for mechanical devices such as pianos and even fretted instruments such as guitars.
In Indic music traditions, the reference pitch is set by the lead singer and can be anything. This important aspect of Indic music recognises that the home note of each individual is different and must be honoured.
From all this, there can be little point to generalising any significance to a specific frequency. On the other hand, there might be profound differences from one person to the next.
As far as general health and wellbeing aspects can be determined, one would have to do as the Indic singer does - spend minimum 1 year finding one's home-note.
Music in the West is alienated and has no significance to circadian cadence - in that context, the reference pitch is immaterial.
Mike Colera
Jun 17 2013: I'd bet that dollar you could not find a million people in Dallas to do anything. You can't get enough good BBQ up from south Texas to bribe them.
- +1
The only way that Dallas could win a superbowl would be if that A-432 tuning fork was used to jam the locker room door of the the opposing team
As a reformed non smoker, with a plastic tube shoved up my nose... Any cigar would be problematic regardless of frequency... all that oxygen would make flare that could burn off what's left of my eye brows.
I ani't so pretty now, what would that look like.
bart hsi
Jun 17 2013: I like A-432. It "sounds" better mathematically. :=)Jul 16 2013: After all is said and done. I still not singing.in any key. I am one of the 5 Italians in the world that can't carry a tune.Jun 16 2013: apparently, nothing
- +1
"However, tuning has varied over time, geographical region, or instrument maker. In 17th-century Europe, tunings ranged from about A-374 to A-403, approximately two to three semitones below A-440. Historical examples exist of instruments, tuning forks, or standards ranging from A-309 to A-455.3[citation needed], a difference of almost six semitones. Although the official standard today is A-440, some orchestral groups and chamber groups prefer to tune a little higher, at A-442 or even A-444. Baroque pitch is usually cited as A-415, which is a semitone lower than modern pitch."
Jun 17 2013: No really, look at sound healing...watch how cells change at different frequencies. There could be something there. To me it's not apparent yet, that nothing would change...
Jun 17 2013: then put it this way: nothing different than what happened since 1600 to date.
Jun 17 2013: Oh come on, I bet there would have been less war, and less disease...
I bet there may be less people saying that they have ADHD...
You are a TED TRANSLATER ! Come on, look at the science! Watch plants grow with different frequencies!Jun 16 2013: The tone would be slightly flat.
Jun 16 2013: Are you serious?
You said you want to meet thinking people? Well then, start thinking and join in. :)
440 is slightly sharp. Buy a microscope and watch water vibrate to different frequencies, then think.
I bet stuff would be different if A were tuned to 432. Cigars might taste better, wine may taste better. People may try to get along with each other.
Jun 16 2013: This doesn't need a lot of thought. The standard pitch is 440. If you want to tune lower. Good.
Do I think it would be an earth shattering event?. No. In fact, as has been noted, I think the harpsichord is tuned a touch lower when played as I remember... Cigars I don't know. Wine, I know. Vibrating would not do anything for it... maybe make it taste a touch flat..


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Rules will be enforced less strictly in this thread. Hopefully people will be mature and contribute and I won't have to moderate here at all. Things that are specifically allowed here but not elsewhere include wishlisting, armchair design, feelings and reactions, conjecture, and opinion. Discussion is as always open to theorycrafting and game play, but things like art that are normally off topic are also included.
Posters still need to use clear and polite language. And while the objective quality of post content won't be enforced here, posts still do have to have content. "Here is how I feel about this feature, and why" is a good post. "I am happy / sad / angry about this feature and am / am not going to resub because of it" is not a good post.
This thread will be locked at the end of the beta when the expansion goes live. Have fun!


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ProteinGPS Process
DNA2.0 combines state-of-the-art gene synthesis with cutting edge machine learning and 'big data' to explore and exploit sequence-function relationships, identifying protein variants with significantly improved characteristics; typically assaying 96-400 variants over 3-5 rounds.
2. Synthesize Infologs: using proprietary GeneGPS® coding algorithms and gene synthesis technology, ensuring that amino acid changes are distributed to achieve maximum information content.
3. Survey the Sequence Space: Test Infologs in a commercially relevant assay, and quantify relative variable contribution. Results allow us to deconvolute how substitutions within a protein sequence modify its function.
4. Map the sequence space: Establish a sequence-function model from the assay results and cross validate. Models are assessed on their predictive value.
Repeat: Explore new sequence space, using the model to design a new set of systematic variants.
Results: Select the best functionally improved variant(s) after multiple rounds of the above.
- Optimize directly for function in the final application
- Save years of time and millions of dollars
- No high-throughput (HTP) screens
- Screen small numbers of variants (50-200) directly for the desired function, ideal for Enzyme Engineering
- Don't waste time pursuing false positives: variants identified by HTP screens that do not retain activity in 'real' assay
- No false negatives lost due to screening error or poor correlation between HTP screen and 'real' assay
- No biodiversity collections required, everything is synthesized as needed
- Sequence-function relationships provide the basis for strong composition-of-matter patent claims.
Typical protein engineering methods rely on screening a high number (106-1012 or more) of gene variants to identify individuals with improved activity using a surrogate high throughput screen (HTP) to identify initial hits. Unfortunately, you get what you screen for as the "hit" from the HTP screen often has very little real activity in a lower throughput assay more indicative of the improved functionality for which the protein is being developed.
ProteinGPS™ instead relies on identifying key amino acid substitutions through bioinformatics-based mining of available sequence space and combining such substitutions in an information maximized variant dataset (usually less than 100 unique gene variants). At that scale determining the activity for the commercially relevant function in an indicative assay can be readily performed. DNA2.0 then uses advanced machine learning algorithms to deconvolute the relative contributions of each substitutions to map the megadimensional sequence space contributing to the desired protein activity. We routinely see orders of magnitude functional improvement by measuring no more than 100-300 samples.
Interactive Modeling ToolAlter a variety of parameters to see in real-time how that effects ProteinGPS modeling.
- Design Characteristics
- Number of Varying Positions
- Substitutions per Variant
- Number of Variants
- Protein Characteristics
- Deleterious Mutations
- Avg. Effect of Substitutions
- Assay Characteristics
- Assay Noise
- Surrogate Correlation
Applying Modern Engineering Principles
The bioengineering technology developed by DNA2.0 is based on mathematical nonlinear systems modeling and optimization algorithms routinely used in such diverse areas as small molecule QSAR, process control design for manufacturing, website optimization, and logistics. These problems all require methods that can analyze systems with high complexity and large numbers of independent impactful variables. Over the past seventy years, mathematicians and engineers have developed algorithms for identifying optimal solutions from data sets that are very small relative to the total potential information space being interrogated. Today, these principles are used in the development of numerous products, from the design of jet engines to the optimization of gasoline formulations to credit card fraud detection. Methods for multidimensional optimization that are now routinely employed in other engineering disciplines contrast starkly with both structure-based protein design and directed evolution, which have no real parallels in other engineering areas.
Developing Algorithms for Engineering Proteins
At DNA2.0 we have modified the standard algorithms for engineering complex systems to work with biological systems. The resulting process enables us to deconvolute how substitutions within a protein sequence modify its function. We have combined these algorithms with an integrated query and ranking mechanism to identify appropriate sequence substitutions.
From Predicted Sequences to Testable Genes
The conversion of computationally predicted DNA sequences to physically testable genes is powered by our gene synthesis pipeline. Until recently, the synthesis of individually designed genes was prohibitively expensive. As a result, the only practical way to obtain combinatorially modified proteins was to make recombinant libraries, which in turn necessitated high-throughput screens. By instead synthesizing individually designed gene variants, DNA2.0 ensures that amino acid changes are distributed to achieve maximum information content. This in turn obviates the need for high-throughput screening, allowing us instead to focus on measuring protein properties that are important for the final application.
Transforming Enzyme Engineering with Infologs™
Using independently designed synthetic genes where substitutions are systematically incorporated (Infologs™) leads to uniform sampling, systematic variance and unrestricted information rich results. Wheat GST with the ability to detoxify a panel of common herbicides was designed using this patented DNA2.0 bioengineering method. The relative functional contribution of 60 amino acid substitutions against 14 herbicides was quantified using only 96 infologs and dramatically improved by a small set (16) of 2nd generation infologs. Check out the full "Using Infologs to Engineer Biological Systems" Presentation or the ACS Synthetic Biology Publication.
Successful Aminotransferase Enzyme Engineering with ProteinGPS™
Researchers at Pfizer and DNA2.0 publish the enzyme engineering of an aminotransferase for the biocatalysis of a key chiral intermediate in the synthesis of imagabalin, an advanced anxiolytic drug candidate. The starting wt protein, Vfat, is an ω-amino acid:pyruvate transaminase with very weak but detectable catalytic activity toward aliphatic amines. Designing and testing <450 Vfat variants synthesized by DNA2.0 resulted in an aminotransferase optimized for substrate selectivity and reaction velocity sufficient for the commercial biocatalysis goal.
ProteinGPS Engineering Overview
Webinar – ProteinGPS Engineering via Systematic Exploration of Space
Learn more about Protein Engineering and Infologs. ProteinGPS relies on identifying key amino acid substitutions through bioinformatics-based mining of available sequence space and combining such substitutions in information maximized Infologs – synthetic gene variants designed to be systematically varied across the searched space.
Using a small set of variants to explore the sequence space systematically can help us understand the effects of substitutions on the protein activities and further helps us to determine e strategies to explore the sequence space. This can be attained using Machine Learning techniques to analyze the data from a small number of systematically designed variants of the protein, usually on the order of 100 variants. We can address questions related to additivity and multidimensional effects of substitutions on the various properties and activities that can be measured accurately under commercially relevant conditions.
View a pdf of the webinar slides.
Webinar – Using ProteinGPS and Infologs to Engineer Biological Systems
ProteinGPS™ relies on identifying key amino acid substitutions through bioinformatics-based mining of available sequence space and combining such substitutions in information maximized Infologs – synthetic gene variants designed to be systematically varied across the searched space. The presentation includes recent case studies.View a pdf of the webinar slides.
DNA2.0 Presentations from Scientific Conferences
- Protein Engineering Solutions Brochure
- PEGS, 2015: Quantitative Biology – Tools to Build Better Biology
- PepTalk, 2015: Comprehensive Engineering of Biological Systems
- PEGS, 2014: Systematic Optimization of Therapeutic Protein Production
- PepTalk, 2014: Leveraging Gene Synthesis for Systematic Optimization of Protein Production
- GRC Biocatalysis, 2014: Systematic Exploration of Sequence Space for Protein Engineering Poster
- RAFT X 2013: Multidimensional Optimization of Biological Systems to Fit Industrial Applications
- PepTalk, 2013: Infologs™ for Multi-dimensional Gene and Protein Optimization
- Society for Industrial Microbiology and Technology, 2012: Design of Functional Bio Constructs
- Next Generation Protein Therapeutics, 2012: Use of Infologs™ to Accelerate Bioengineering
- Autodesk Ideas Conference, 2012: Gene Synthesis + Machine Learning = BioDesign
- Enzyme Engineering XXI, 2011: Using Infologs to Engineer Biological Systems
- DNA2.0 Pfenex Boehringer Ingelheim Collaboration Case Study/White Paper
View View Publications using Protein Engineering
Search the DNA2.0 Literature Database, containing over 1,000 scientific publications using DNA2.0 technology for references relevant to your research.
Highlight References:ACS Synth Biol 2014. Mapping of Amino Acid Substitutions Conferring Herbicide Resistance in Wheat Glutathione Transferase. Govindarajan et al.
J Am Chem Soc 2013. Improved biocatalysts from a synthetic circular permutation library of the flavin-dependent oxidoreductase Old Yellow Enzyme. Daugherty et al.
Protein Eng Des Sel 2013 26(1):25-33. Redesigning and characterizing the substrate specificity and activity of Vibrio fluvialis aminotransferase for the synthesis of imagabalin. Midelfort, KS. et al.
IBC Antibody Engineering and Therapeutics Poster December, 2011: Strategies for Maximizing Information Content in Protein Libraries
PNAS 2010 107(5):1948-53. Reconstructed evolutionary adaptive paths give polymerases accepting reversible terminators for sequencing and SNP detection. Chen, F. et al.
J Biol Chem 2009 284(39):26229-33. SCHEMA recombination of a fungal cellulase uncovers a single mutation that contributes markedly to stability. Heinzelman, P. et al.
PNAS 2009 106(14):5610-5. A family of thermostable fungal cellulases created by structure-guided recombination. Heinzelman, P. et al.
Protein Eng Des Sel 2008 21:699-707. Protein engineering of improved prolyl endopeptidases for celiac sprue therapy. Ehren, Govindarajan, Morón, Minshull, Khosla.
BMC Biotechnol. 2007 7:16. Engineering proteinase K using machine learning and synthetic genes. Liao, Warmuth, Govindarajan, Ness, Wang, Gustafsson, Minshull.
Curr Opin Chem Biol 2005 9:202-9. Predicting enzyme function from protein sequence. Minshull, Ness, Gustafsson, Govindarajan
Curr Opin Biotechnol 2003 14:366-70. Putting engineering back into protein engineering. Bioinformatic approaches to catalyst design. Gustafsson, Govindarajan, Minshull.
GenomeGPS™ and PathwayGPS™
The bioengineering technology developed by DNA2.0 can also be used to develop completely novel genomes or to optimize pathways.
PathwayGPS™ and GenomeGPS™ build on DNA2.0's other GPS systems to explore higher order combinations of multiple genes into functionally improved metabolic pathways. Our capability for low-cost, high-capacity gene synthesis enables synthesis of multi-component multi-gene pathways up to several hundred kilobases in size.
Systematic non-correlated variation of control elements such as operators, promoters, and terminators across complex metabolic pathways while simultaneously varying individual genes to cover a range of expression levels, specificity and activity allows for sampling of vast areas of metabolic space. Application of advanced machine learning algorithms then enables a determination of each element's contribution to pathway efficacy within a multitude of complex, interacting enzyme activities. The elements are then engineered to drive the system to its optimal performance using a minimum number of assays.
Modular Libraries allow researchers to build new genetic modules or pathways from basic DNA parts including regulatory elements (promoters, untranslated regions, signal peptides, terminators) and/or coding sequences. Multiple genetic elements can be combined in various predefined arrangements to create new transcriptional units, biochemical pathways, genetic circuits, or develop strains displaying new traits.
This technology is partially covered by US patents 8005620, 8412461, and 8635029 issued to DNA2.0.


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- Scott Townsend
- Hamilton
- New Zealand
This conversation is closed.
Just like an incubator . . . but completely different.
There's a big question that should be burning a hole in everyone's head. Never before in history have so many people had so much knowledge and so much technology to make things happen. Yet never in history has the gap rich and poor been so vast and so vicious or the world so chaotic. What's going on? With all we have, with all we know and with all we can do, why is the world in such a bad way?
I've been thinking that the answer is in how we harness, channel and direct creative energy. Think about this: the traditional structures for putting creativity to work - innovation centres, think tanks, creative agencies . . . are all built on structures designed primarily to generate revenue. Now that's fine, we love money just as much as anyone else. But the problem is that you end up with a structure designed to do one thing (make money) and use it for something different (build creative change for good).
Now think back to the old artists collective or the studio model. A co-operative model where a group of highly passionate, highly skilled individuals would share a physical space and resources and feed off each others talents, abilities and "networks" to push the creative envelope to place nobody had ever thought of. These were the most creative places in the history of our species. They changed the world. For good.
A Tech Hatchery would use that model to bring creativity into the world of technology and business to change things for good. It's different to an incubator. It's a way of tapping into an ocean of gifted, talented individuals who are out there beavering away in obscurity, waiting (or not) to be discovered. They're passionate, they're unique and they're amazing. A T.H. would connect these people through an online framework, bringing them together in true communities, sharing physical work / learning / creating spaces, resources and infrastructures. Network? Perhaps. Playground? Absolutely. Think about it.
Gail .
Nov 23 2012: I love how you thought the first part of your question through. "The problem is that you end up with a structure designed to do one thing (make money) ..."
- +1
There have been business models built on on-line communities such as that which you suggest. Consider Mozilla, Linux, OpenOffice, Apache, etc. These were created by passionate people who gave freely of their time and talent to provide free products to those who simply can't afford to pay for something that often does not work as well. That system works.
Why does it work? (see http://www.ted.com/talks/dan_pink_on_motivation.html ). Money is not an adequate motivator for creative problem solving. That is now scientific fact. It's the $$$ that is the problem. Pursuit of money stifles the creative process.
The problem is one of transitioning from wealth as an indicator of success to one of a more hospitable nature. The problem is also our educational paradigms. They currently drum all creativity out of people because they exist as subsidies for global corporations. Their intent is to produce passive workers who do not think for themselves and who follow orders like good little sheeple. http://www.ted.com/talks/ken_robinson_changing_education_paradigms.html
I would like to see a hothouse of creativity as people work together to find free or affordable ways to get people's houses off the energy grid. That would go a long way toward pushing oil cartels and their lobbyists out of our governments. It would give us a degree of freedom that might open our minds to ways to accomplish the next step - towards ending the use of money (or barter) as a social glue.
So I suggest, first fix the educations that teach children how to live in mental prisons from which only a few are able to escape. Meanwhile, how to start the on-line community that works to find & FREELY share energy solutions without thought of recompense? Who will forgo a billion $ patent?
Nov 25 2012: Thanks for your comment and good points raised all around.
I'd just like to throw Wikipedia into the mix of your great examples. ;)
I'd agree people contribute to these things for all sorts of reasons, from the sense of belonging and giving back, to personal mastery. I quite like this talk from RSA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6XAPnuFjJc about the surprising truth about what motivates us.
I'd agree that there needs to be a paradigm shift in what people value and also in education. I think these shifts are slowly starting to take place, and like anything happen slowly, one step at a time.
Thanks for your contribution to the conversation!Nov 23 2012: Good idea.
But as far as the world is concerned, we may know a lot, plan a lot, think a lot and earn a lot. It all comes to nothing if we dont care enough about our fellow human beings and our environment.
Nov 23 2012: Thanks for your comment and positive feedback Feyisayo. Was there anything in particular about the idea that you liked, agreed or disagreed with?
I strongly agree with your last comment. We're all in this together and on the same planet.
Along those lines and... I'm quite passionate about real food and educating children about the natural ecosystem. It's quite scary that a lot of the Western world thinks that food comes from a box or from isle nine at the supermarket (http://www.ted.com/talks/jamie_oliver.html) ... which I believe limits people to think outside the box.
Change start with the real basics, such as our bodys fuel... Throw away the box all together, eat real food to expand palates, in turn expanding minds.
There's a lot of truth in the statements "you are what you eat, and you become what you think". Simple concepts yet common sense doesn't seem so common sometimes...
Well that response went a little wayward... Awesome!
Look forward to hearing your thoughts!
Nov 23 2012: I think the idea will be even more appealing if a team of passionate creatives implement it, and then come up with laudable results. Success stories are better models for new ideas.Nov 23 2012: I think the idea will be even more appealing if a team of passionate creatives implement it, and then come up with laudable results. Success stories are better models for new ideas.
Nov 25 2012: Thanks Feyisayo and I'd agree with that comment too. Hence why we're currently running a crowdfunding campaign on IndieGoGo to try and make things happen. :)Nov 29 2012: sorry to keep posting, scott, but your topic has kind of gotten under my skin. I tend to be pessimistic, especially when people try to create a new org, cause I'm thinking there's already so many orgs. To me another org just presents another bunch of paperwork, another bunch of administrative costs.
My question to you is, what new ideas do you have, or are you aware of, for fighting world poverty? Because you're suggesting that there are undiscovered creative people out there with great new ideas for fighting world poverty, but for you to suggest that you have to have met these people and heard these ideas and decided they are great. So what are they?
I tend to believe almost the opposite of you, that creativity cannot be repressed, and it cannot remain in the shadows. A good idea will find the light, it will bubble up, it will get people talking and doing. If it doesn't get them motivated through an org, it will get them motivated individually, and they will work to put this idea into actualization.
W. Ying
Nov 24 2012: You ask:
- 0
"Why is the world in such a bad way?"
I think:
It is because people do not know the goal of life is to keep their DNA alive instead of making too much money (A kind of INVALID happiness).
I hope your Tech Hatchery will make people know their real goal life quickly.
(For INVALID happiness, see the 1st article, points 1.1-3, at https://skydrive.live.com/?cid=D24D89AE8B1E2E0D&id=D24D89AE8B1E2E0D%21283&sc=documents.)
Nov 25 2012: Thanks for your comment.
That's an interesting way to look at it and I think that keeping your DNA alive is an instinctive goal of life for everyone.
The goal of life to me is whatever you decide to make it, that's why it's called your life. But unfortunately peoples world views are tainted and shaped to think that happiness can be achieved by external things. So they strive for external goals only to realise that it can't make them internally happy.
Thanks for your support! My hopes with Tech Hatchery (http://techhatchery.org) is to empower creative people to live their lives on their own terms, doing whatever they're happy doing without the influence of capitalistic entities.
Great article there. You've put this together yourself?
Thanks for your contribution to the discussion!Nov 23 2012: I have read articles that say world poverty is diminishing. The articles seemed persuasive to me because accompanied by many statistics. Are you 100% sure the situation is dire like you say? I don't know that I agree that the world is more chaotic than ever before. There have always been wars, pestilence, probably forms of terrorism. Maybe we'll never have a perfect world, you just fight until the day you die, and then you die. Since I don't see the problems you see, it's hard for me to get behind your idea. If you really believe in it, why don't you start setting it up? Do you see your group funded by government? Think who in your government would fund it, and contact them. Do you see it funded by the United Nations? Contact them. Or private individuals? Contact them. You will really have to have your facts in order and make a persuasive case.
Already, of course, all kinds of nonprofits work on the problems you perceive.
I don't necessarily see a contradiction between working for money and working for social good. Most of the things people do to make money also make the world a better place. Think of some of the innovations in the food industry, such as more widely available organic food--organic food makes money, and it also tastes better and is probably healthier. Or urban farming--it makes money in a sense, because the people who do it save money (a penny saved is a penny earned), and it makes the world a better place, because people are closer to their food, know more about how it's produced, and gardens make the community nicer.
Nov 25 2012: Thanks for you comments Greg.
I'm not 100% sure about anything and I guess it's all a matter of perspective! But looking at things through my eyes there is a lot of innovation and creativity being wasted due to a lack of direction, resources and space.
I've set up a crowdfunding campaign to try and get it off the ground at http://indiegogo.com/techhatchery to see if I can get people like you to fund it from the ground up.
The game we play revolves around money so I'm not suggesting rule that out by any means, but I think the focus on the value you can provide for social good is more important.
Nov 29 2012: Well, I'm not sure if your idea is good or not, Scott. The thing is, while it's true advertising agencies work for money, when they are hired by an agency that is oriented toward the social good, they work just as hard to promote that agency's objectives as they do the objective of a for-profit company. For example, let's say you and I have a nonprofit org that battles cancer. We want to create an advertising campaign to get donations to our nonprofit, so we hire John Jones Ad Agency. John Jones Ad Agency is going to work just as hard to create an advertising campaign for our goals, which are oriented toward social good, as they would to create a campaign for Coca-Cola, to sell Cokes, or Phillip Marlowe, to sell cigarettes. So nonprofits do get the benefit from ad agencies that are for-profit.
As for gathering people to brainstorm about how to fight world poverty, it seems to me that the organizations that already exist to fight world poverty already do a certain amount of brainstorming as they decide what they're going to do to advance towards their goals of fighting world poverty. The only way your org seems different is, I guess, you want to free people to brainstorm more. Do we need more ideas, more brainstorming? Maybe we do. Personally I never meet poor people, well occasionally I meet a poor person asking for money on the streets, but I usually feel this is due to a personality defect on their part, not a lack of resources that are available to them if they choose to call on them.
For me, Scott, life would be boring if all I ever thought about was the social good. Many times during my day I am just thinking about my own small objectives, which perhaps have to do with just keeping myself alive and comfortable, or perhaps having some fun with the people around me (like going to a movie, for instance). Other times I do try to think about the social good. I think there's something to be said for a mix.Nov 23 2012: feyisayo made a good point. Also, having the best and brightest may yield synergy in some cases In others, it doesn't. Mostly at some point the same few very gifted lead. Personally, I am wondering if this isn't a time of little creativity in most areas. I believe in America The brakes seem to be on and there are those who oppose real creativity. Maybe that's not true in some areas of biology no wait stem cells etc. etc.
Nov 23 2012: Thanks for your comment George, and Feyisayo did make a very good point.
I can see things from your perspective, but personally I don't think we're at a time of little creativity in most areas, but rather the opposite. From my POV the challenge is to provide enough support for creativity to thrive in all areas. There are lots of places out there facilitating creativity and positive change which is awesome... But as they say... "the more, the merrier".
Also the predominant focus needs to shift to value creation for social good first, and money making second. Which I think there is a conscious shift going on, but like anything it happens one step at a time.
My views on taking a step closer to this shift is in mixing up the way creative people come together, in a more holistic sense. Which is expressed through my proposed project http://www.techhatchery.org - I'd be very interested in hearing your thoughts on this if you get a chance to check it out.
Thank you.Nov 23 2012: Lawren. You make a very good point. I don't know much about history and I'm pretty quick to admit that. What I'm trying to do is frame a discussion starting with my point of view is so I can hear others, and be open to those. It's all a matter of perspective... Of which mine needs to be broadened constantly.
Zman. Think creative people + social network + project management tool + a network of co-working spaces = creative playground. People like to play, not work. Finer details of the concept at http://www.techhatchery.org
I'd be really interested to hear any and all thoughts.
Thank you.Nov 23 2012: an online think tank?Nov 23 2012: "...never in history has the gap rich and poor been so vast and so vicious..."
This is very simply not true. Did you consider the nineteenth century, or the middle ages? This sounds to me suspiciously like a bait statement to set up your biased point of view. The truth is that the gap has, in fact, been closing.
W. Ying
Nov 24 2012: Whether the gap is small or big doesn't make much difference as one usually thinks.
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(See Dan Gilbert:


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Cycling is a great way for anyone to engage with their environment, with other people and as a form of exercise. The young people and their teachers at Jigsaw School are no exception.
Jigsaw School is an independent day school for young people with autistic spectrum and related communication disorders set up by a group of parents. The school already has a structured curriculum and is keen to arrange off-site activities to enhance the experience of its pupils.
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