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Niagara River
Contact Information
U.S. EPA RAP Liaison
Elizabeth VanRabenswaay
Niagara Frontier Program Manager
US EPA Region 2
290 Broadway (24th floor)
New York, NY 10007-1866
State RAP Contacts
Gerry Pratt
Environmental Program Specialist
RAP Coordinator
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
625 Broadway
Albany, NY 12233-3508
Mark Filipski
Environmental Program Specialist
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
270 Michigan Avenue
Buffalo, NY 14203-2999
Niagara River Remedial Advisory Committee
Please contact Mark Filipski
Partners & Stakeholders
- Atlantic States Legal Foundation
- Cities of Niagara Falls and Buffalo
- Finger Lakes-Lake Ontario Watershed Protection Alliance (FL-LOWPA)
- Great Lakes Research Consortium
- Great Lakes United
- Lake Ontario Lakewide Management Plan (LaMP)
- Lake Ontario Sportfishing Promotional Council
- New York State Canal Corporation
- New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
- New York State Department of Health
- Niagara County
- Niagara County and New York State Health Departments
- Niagara County Department of Promotion and Tourism
- Niagara County Soil and Water Conservation District
- Niagara County Water Quality Advisory Committee
- Niagara River Remedial Advisory Committee
- New York Sea Grant Extension
- Sierra Club
- State University of New York (SUNY)
- Upstate Freshwater Institute
- U.S. EPA – Great Lakes National Program Office
- U.S. EPA, Region 2 -
New York City
Frequent Acronyms
- AOC Area of Concern
- BUI Beneficial Use Impairment
- CMP/EIS Chemical Management Plan or Environmental Impact Statement
- GLNPO Great Lakes National Program Office
- RAP Remedial Action Plan
- Background
- Beneficial Use Impairments
- Delisting Targets
- RAP Development and Status
- Significant RAP Milestones
- RAP Implementation
- RAP-Related Publications
- Community Involvement
- Photos
You will need the free Adobe Reader to view some of the files on this page. See EPA's PDF page to learn more.
The Niagara River Area of Concern (AOC) is located in Erie and Niagara counties in western New York. This AOC extends from Smokes Creek near the southern end of the Buffalo Harbor, north to the mouth of the Niagara River at Lake Ontario. Past municipal and industrial discharges and waste disposal sites have been a source of contaminants to the Niagara River. A long history of development has also changed the original shoreline along much of the river, affecting fish and wildlife habitat. Habitat degradation and the survival of aquatic life in the AOC have been impaired by toxic chemicals such as PCBs, mirex, chlordane, dioxin, dibenzofuran, hexachlorocyclo-hexane, PAHs, and pesticides. Fish migration from Lake Ontario has an influence on the Niagara River community as does the related affects of invasive species. Metals and cyanides in the sediment prevent open lake disposal of bottom sediments dredged from the river. Sources and loadings of pollutant causing use impairments in the Niagara River include these sediments as well as inactive hazardous waste sites, combined sewer overflows, and other point and nonpoint sources. Contamination originating from discharges within Lake Erie's watershed contributes to effects in the Niagara River and Lake Ontario. These sources and river shoreline practices both contribute to the identification of use impairments for which remedial action is being taken to restore and protect beneficial uses.
Beneficial Use Impairments
- Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
- Fish tumors or other deformities
- Degradation of benthos
- Restriction on dredging activities
- Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
In addition two beneficial uses need further assessment to determined their status:
- Degradation of fish and wildlife populations (further assessment needed)
- Bird or animal deformities or reproduction problems (further assessment needed)
The Remedial Action Plan (RAP) identifies five use impairments based on the fourteen possible International Joint Commission (IJC) impairments. Two other beneficial uses have been evaluated as unknown and will require further investigation to determine the extent of their impairment. This group of indicators was established by IJC based on the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between the United States and Canada. The major impairment is restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption, primarily due to PCB and dioxin contamination. Mirex and chlordane also are chemicals of concern contributing to the fish consumption restriction. These restrictions are part of a lakewide fish advisory for Lake Ontario. Niagara River benthos is also listed as degraded, likely due to the presence of contaminated sediment "hotspots" at certain tributary and nearshore areas. Contaminated sediment has also caused a restriction on open lake disposal of dredged material from the Niagara River. In the upper Niagara River, fish tumors have been reported and the loss of fish and wildlife habitat due to human activities has been dramatic. The extent of degradation of fish and wildlife populations, and the presence of bird or animal deformities or reproductive problems will require further investigations.
The Remedial Action Plan that effectively combines the Stage 1 and Stage 2 RAP elements was completed September 1994. A RAP Status Report update was published June 2000. The RAP addresses use impairments, sources, existing remediation programs, and recommends future remedial strategies.
For further information on Niagara River BUIs, see the RAP documents listed in Significant RAP Milestones.
Delisting Targets
Delisting targets are being developed for Great Lakes Areas of Concern. In New York State, Remedial Advisory Committees for the six AOCs have been working on defining specific delisting criteria for each of the beneficial use indicators. For the Niagara RAP, these delisting targets are summarized below and are applied as initial endpoints for the AOC. A working set of endpoints and criteria have been drafted for the Niagara River RAP.
- Fish Consumption* - removal of lakewide fish consumption advisory (human)
- Fish Tumors* - no abnormal high tumor incidence or deformities
- Benthos* - community integrity substantially similar to reference
- Dredging* - no Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) restrictions
- Fish Habitat* - no restricted use of habitat from flow or contamination
- Fish Populations - substantially similar to reference community (Lake Ontario)
- Birds or Animals – no abnormal high deformities incidence or reproduction prob.
* Indicators defined as impaired for the Niagara River AOC; two others involve further assessment.
RAP Development and Status
NYSDEC applied a phased approach to development of RAPs for its six AOCs. In 1989, a group of interested citizens was appointed by New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) as the Niagara River Action Committee to help develop the RAP. The committee comprised 26 environmental, industrial, sports people, academic, community and local government representatives. Committee representatives and NYSDEC staff created an Executive Committee that directed RAP development. The Executive Committee established RAP goals, mapped out a workplan, defined responsibilities and reviewed draft sections of the RAP. The RAP was completed in 1993 and published final in 1994; it addresses problems, sources, existing remediation programs and recommends remedial strategies. Tracking progress in implementation of the RAP has three components: plan review/update; periodic status reports with workplans for planned activities; and public participation, primarily through an advisory committee. NYSDEC has appointed a twelve-member Remedial Advisory Committee (RAC) representing government officials, public and economic interest groups and private citizens to advise and assist NYSDEC in implementing the RAP.
Binational Considerations
Members from each of the binational jurisdictions (Canada and United States) have laid the groundwork to collaborate on AOC objectives. This was accomplished through the Remedial Advisory Committees in earlier development stages of the RAP. In May 2004, a binational meeting was held to discuss next steps for the St. Lawrence River, another binational AOC. The following binational needs were identified: 1) understanding the status of each RAP; 2) reviewing delisting criteria status; 3) identifying monitoring and next step; and, 4) identifying opportunities for collaboration in delisting efforts. All of these would also apply to the Niagara River, and a similar binational meeting on this AOC is forthcoming.
The International Joint Commission completed a Status Assessment Report for the entire AOC in June 2002. Certain implementation activities were identified as successes for the RAP process. Challenges for the binational process as well as next step recommendations were also identified for the AOC in the Status Assessment Report. There are differences yet common points identified by the advisory committees in their assessment of impairments.
As next step activities in RAP implementation, the committees are to collaborate on sharing information and making progress in resolving the use impairment indicators. A review of the guidelines for operating an advisory committee can be useful in establishing ground rules for moving ahead while considering all points of view. Sharing information and data in implementing the strategies will be a key to making progress. The jurisdictions can agreed to work together to make incremental progress in addressing each of the beneficial use indicators.
Significant RAP MilestonesSince 1989, the development and implementation of the Niagara River Remedial Action Plan has resulted in a number of milestones being achieved:
- 2007: Niagara River Toxics Management Plan - progress report and work plan completed.
- 2006: AOC workshop conducted to update and identify next steps for the RAP and AOC.
- 2004: Niagara River Greenway Commission established.
- 2003: Western New York RAP workshop was held.
- 2002: Niagara River AOC Status Assessmentcompleted.
- 2000: Niagara River Remedial Action Plan Status Report completed.
- 1994: Final Niagara River RAP and summary documents published.
RAP Implementation
The 1994 RAP document presents a remedial strategy that includes a variety of remedial measures: stream water quality monitoring, contaminated bottom sediment assessment and action determination, inactive hazardous waste site remediation, point and nonpoint source discharge evaluation, combined sewer overflow assessment, remedial measure implementation monitoring and fish and wildlife beneficial use restoration and habitat protection.
A number of Niagara River initiatives are ongoing which have been and continue to be of assistance to RAP implementation. These initiatives establish a strong foundation for the implementation of RAP related activities.
Niagara River Toxics Management Plan
In the late 1980s mutual concern over the Niagara River's high levels of toxic chemicals resulted in a decision by four Canadian and US environmental agencies to enter into a landmark agreement to work cooperatively to reduce toxic inputs to the River. In February 1987, Environment Canada (EC), U.S. EPA, the Ontario Ministry of the Environment (MOE) and NYSDEC, "the Four Parties", signed the Niagara River Declaration of Intent (DOI), to adopt and implement a toxics reduction plan.
The Niagara River Toxics Management Plan (NRTMP) was the plan designed to achieve these reductions. In it, eighteen priority pollutants were targeted for reduction, with a 50% reduction in point and nonpoint sources of ten of these toxic chemicals called for by 1996. In 1996, the Four Parties re-affirmed their commitment to the NRTMP in a Letter of Support that called for continued reductions of toxic pollutants to achieve ambient water quality that will protect human health, aquatic life, and wildlife, and while doing so, improve and protect water quality in Lake Ontario as well. In addition to source trackdown and remediation, reporting and public involvement are parts of the implementation process. A Niagara River Toxics Management Plan progress report and workplan is produced annually.
Niagara County Water Quality Advisory Committee
The Niagara County Water Quality Strategy was prepared by the Niagara County Water Quality Advisory Committee. The committee works to coordinate efforts to improve water quality in the county, especially through the development and implementation of a strategy to control nonpoint source water pollution. The Water Quality Advisory Committee (WQAC) plans to concentrate on nonpoint source water pollution problems. Nonpoint sources are seen as a threat or potential threat to water quality in all of the county's major watersheds. Sources of nonpoint pollution include: agricultural and related runoff (fertilizers and pesticides), sedimentation from erosion, septic system failure and other runoff from sources such as road salt, leaking underground storage tanks and other chemical containers.
Strawberry Island Habitat Restoration Project
Strawberry Island, which is located near the southern tip of Grand Island, became endangered as a result of gravel dredging and the erosive forces of the Niagara River's strong currents. The crescent-shaped island once totaled more than 200 acres, but now consists of five acres. This project includes the restoration of three acres of wetland habitat along the eastern and western arms of the island and the installation of approximately 2,300 feet of rip-rap break-wall to protect the island from wind and wave damage. Submerged sills will hold wetland soil in place and nearly 5,000 yards of wetland soil will be transported from the Buckhorn Island Marsh State Park restoration project and placed at Strawberry Island. In addition, more than 5,200 erosion-resistant plants will be placed on the island to help protect the soil.
Niagara River Greenway Commission
Although not a direct activity of the RAP, the Niagara River Greenway Commission's goals and mission will benefit the AOC and RAP objectives. This commission was established in late 2004 as a cooperative regional organization to work with participating state agencies, organizations and residents in order to implement linear system of parks and conservation areas along the NR riverfront, to be known as the Niagara River Greenway. The Greenway will redefine the Niagara riverfront by increasing landside access to the river; creating complementary access to the greenway from the river; augmenting economic revitalization efforts and celebrating the region's industrial heritage in Niagara and Erie Counties.
Recent Progress and Achievements
Following are some activity highlights relative to RAP progress and achievements. Seven environmental program areas are used to describe progress. Concurrent with the RAP process, many NYSDEC environmental program activities are in place and progressing as part of State environmental protection laws and policies, and therefore are being implemented independent of any formal RAP coordination. The RAP strategies do, however, make use of all resource commitments to restore beneficial uses since a key to successful restoration and protection of the AOC is securing implementation commitments to achieve RAP objectives.
Hazardous Waste Site Remediation (Land-Based)
Under the Four Parties agreement among Canadian and US agencies, reducing toxic chemical inputs to the Niagara River, primarily by hazardous waste site remediation, is being successfully implemented. Twenty-six New York State sites were identified as responsible for over 99% of the pollutant load on the U.S. side of the basin. Remedial measures have been completed at 21 of the sites, with site plans including long-term operation and monitoring. The remaining sites are under active remediation or design phases. The U.S. EPA estimates that site remediation to date has reduced the potential inputs into the River by approximately 94%. A listing of inactive hazardous waste sites and the status of their remedial progress is provided in the 2008 report entitled "Reduction of Toxics Loadings to the Niagara River from Hazardous Waste Sites in the Unites States".
Contaminated River Sediments
The U.S. EPA and NYSDEC have overseen the remediation of embayment sediments along the Niagara River. Contaminated sediments in embayment areas have been identified as sources of impairments in the river. Three embayment locations, the mouth of the Pettit Flume, 102nd Street embayment and the mouth of Gill Creek have been remediated. However, monitoring and determinations of further remedial activities are needed. To date, over 90,000 cubic yards have been dredged in the Niagara River with up to 200,000 cubic yards removed from tributaries. The U.S. EPA is developing a proposed management strategy which is expected to include sediment criteria that would allow decisions to be made relative to the likely environmental impacts of contaminated sediments. NYSDEC currently uses a 1994 guidance document. Sediment data indicate the presence of a wide variety of organic and inorganic contaminants in sediments from the Buffalo Harbor, the Black Rock Canal, the Bird Island-Riverside nearshore area, the Tonawanda Channel nearshore area, the Wheatfield-Upper River nearshore area and the Lower Niagara River nearshore area. Analyses of core samples from the sediment bar at the mouth of the Niagara River show a significant decrease in contaminants over the past twenty years.
Point Source Discharge Control
NYSDEC has developed an Environmental Benefit Permit Strategy to assist in establishing priority for renewal modifications of point source discharge permits based on the identification of environmental/water quality benefits. A significant reduction in the mass of contaminants discharged within the drainage basin by area industries has been achieved by the installation of improved wastewater treatment systems, the implementation of best management practices, the ongoing discharge permit monitoring and renewal process, hazardous waste site remediation activities and the implementation of pollution prevention measures.
In the early 1990s, EPA and DEC required the City of Niagara Falls to treat all of the Fall Street Tunnel flow during dry weather. This was a significant source of toxic contamination to the Niagara River. As a result of corrective action, flow of up to 10 mgd from the Tunnel is being diverted to the City of Niagara Falls wastewater treatment plant to preclude dry weather discharges and to reduce wet weather overflows. In addition, recent grouting undertaken by the City has reduced daily dry weather flow in the tunnel. Overall, as a result of these management actions, both the frequency and volume of wet weather overflows from the Fall Street Tunnel have been significantly reduced.
Nonpoint Source Pollution Control
Excessive nutrients (phosphorus) and sedimentation (erosion) from agriculture activities as well as toxics from stormwater runoff contribute to nonpoint source pollution problems in the Niagara River drainage basin. County Water Quality Management Strategies have been developed to address nonpoint source pollution in the watershed. Implementation of these County Water Quality Management Strategies and related Best Management Practices (BMPs), including improvements to stormwater management, is recommended and is progressing. Various funding programs (grants) now support and are available to assist in the implementation of nonpoint source pollution control efforts. NYSDEC's Division of Water has developed nine guidance document sections for the Management Practices Catalogue for Nonpoint Source Pollution Prevention and Water Quality Protection in New York State.
Fish and Wildlife Assessments/Actions
Several of the Niagara River AOC use impairments are based on the status of fish and wildlife conditions and considerations. Available fish and wildlife investigative information has been reported (Skinner 1989). A fish pathology study is needed as well as investigative studies concerning deformity and fish and wildlife populations.
Health and Environmental Assessments/Actions
Maintaining current and useful contaminated fish consumption advisory information serves to reduce exposure of user groups. NYSDEC in conjunction with NYSDOH has prepared updated fish consumption advisory pamphlets to assist with public outreach and education. The implementation of this fish consumption advisory at the local level and the research necessary to monitor long-term trends in regard to the advisory will be continued.
Investigations and Monitoring Activities
The results of various investigations and monitoring activities will be instrumental toward resolving the Niagara River AOC use impairments. Stream monitoring and monitoring associated with planned remediation projects will contribute to the re-assessment of use impairment indicators. Water quality is determined by comparing the concentrations of pollutants in the water column (water collected without disturbing bottom sediments) with numerical standards and guidance values (concentrations above which desired uses are likely to be impaired).
In accordance with the Niagara River Toxics Management Plan and the four-party Declaration of Intent (1987), Canada, the United States, New York State and the Province of Ontario have developed an upstream/downstream water quality monitoring program involving the collection of water and suspended solids samples at the head (Fort Erie) and the mouth (Niagara-on-the-Lake) of the Niagara River. The purpose of the program is to estimate input loadings of specific metals and organic chemicals to the Niagara River from Lake Erie and output loadings to Lake Ontario. State-of-the-art sampling and analytical methods capable of quantifying the presence of chemicals at very low concentrations are being used. Water quality samples are collected weekly by Environment Canada at the two stations. Statistical methods are applied to give annual mean concentrations of each chemical at both ends of the river.
Current projects and outlook
Implementation of the Niagara River RAP is a continuous process that will include periodic updates and improvements as knowledge of the use impairments, sources and the effectiveness of remedial actions increases. Remedial actions are to be evaluated and coordinated as to the impacts on restoration of beneficial uses. Within the AOC and watershed, the priorities include addressing the fish consumption advisories, completing the site remedial measures, conducting monitoring and investigation activities, and re- assessing the status of beneficial uses. When necessary, contaminant trackdown may be used. Restoring and maintaining an improved quality of life in the ecosystem of the Niagara River and its watershed is the overall goal. In addressing the binational AOC, NYSDEC has taken the lead in coordinating the RAP activities for the New York state portion. Likewise Canadian jurisdictions are taking the lead for the RAP concerning the Ontario side of the river. Some progress has been made in collaboration activities.
Niagara River Comprehensive Watershed Study Proposal
Congress is considering funding an Energy and Water Bill that includes a US Army Corps of Engineers Buffalo District proposal entitled the "Niagara River Comprehensive Watershed Study". The Buffalo Niagara Riverkeeper has worked hard to have this study implemented and believes that revitalization of the Niagara River, its watershed and shoreline are important for the area. To accomplish full restoration, the Buffalo/Niagara region must have a healthy community with accessible waterfront to fully realize the region's tourism and marine business potential. Even more, the river system itself must be restored for the Niagara Region to capture the benefits of Great Lakes waters.
Many toxic levels in the Niagara River waters have been dramatically reduced; however beneficial use impairments remain due to historic contamination and habitat destruction. A comprehensive watershed study is needed to 1) synthesize environmental data, 2) determine goals for restoration of the ecosystem with measurable endpoints, 3) establish an implementation strategy, and 4) obtain Great Lakes restoration funding.
RAP-Related Publications
- 2008: Reduction of Toxics Loadings to the Niagara River From Hazardous Waste Sites in the United States, U.S. EPA and NYSDEC
- 2007: Niagara River Toxics Management Plan Progress Report and Work Plan
- 2006-2007: Health Advisories: Chemicals in Sportfish and Game , New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH).
- 2004: 30 Year Trends in Water Quality of Rivers and Stream in NYS, NYSDEC.
- The Great Lakes Research Review : This is a publication jointly produced by the Great Lakes Program of the University at Buffalo, the Great Lakes Research Consortium, and the New York Sea Grant Institute. The publication provides an outlet for information concerning important research being undertaken in the Great Lakes, particularly but not exclusively by researchers affiliated with the New York Great Lakes Research Consortium and its member institutions. It is designed to fill a gap between newsletter-type information and articles that are suited for technical journals. For more information contact: Great Lakes Program at SUNY Buffalo, 207 Jarvis Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, 716-645-2088, or the Great Lakes Research Consortium at SUNY College of ESF, 24 Bray Hall, Syracuse, NY 13210, 315-470-6816.
The following historical documents may also be available from one of the AOC contacts
- NYSDEC. Trends in Water Quality of Selected Rivers in New York State. August 1995. pg. 21-29.
- NYSDEC. Technical Guidance for Screening Contaminated Sediments. July 1994. Division of Fish & Wildlife, Division of Marine Resources. 36 pp.
- NYSDEC. 1993. Pollution Prevention Guidance for Local Governments.
- NYSDEC. 1992. Reducing the impacts of stormwater runoff from new development. 178 pages.
- S.J. Jackling and R.W. Karcher. August, 1994. Identification of and changes in chemical contaminant levels in young-of-the-year from New York's Great Lakes Basin: 1992. Tech. Report 94-4 (BEP), NYSDEC, Albany, NY. 44 pp.
- NYSDEC. 1993. Priority Water Problem List: summary and county listing documents.
- NYSDEC. 1992. New York State 25-Year Plan for the Great Lakes.
- Longabucco, P. 1991. Controlling agricultural nonpoint source water pollution in New York State: a guide to the selection of best management practices to improve and protect water quality. NYSDEC, Albany, N.Y. 169 pp.
- NYSDEC. 1990. Nonpoint Source Management Program
- Categorization Committee NYSDEC. 1990. Categorization of Toxic Substances in the Niagara River. Niagara River Secretariat.
- Skinner, L.C. 1989. Chemical contaminants in Young of the Year Fish from New York's Great Lakes Basin 1984 through 1987. NYSDEC .43 pp.
- Black, J.J. 1988. Fish Tumors as known Field Effects of Contaminants. Toxic Contamination in Large Lakes, Vol I Chronic Effects of Toxics. Lewis Pub. Ca
- Declaration of Intent (DOI). 1987. The Niagara River Declaration of Intent. Environment Canada, the United States Environmental Protection Agency II, Ontario Ministry of the Environment and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, February 4, 1987.
- McMahon, J. 1987. Comparison of 1981-82 and 1985-86 Toxic Substance Discharges to the Niagara River. NYSDEC.
- Litten, S. 1987. Niagara River Area Sediments. NYSDEC.
- Simpson, K.W. 1982. Macroinvertebrate Study of the Niagara River – 1982.New York State Department of Health.
- NYSDEC. Management Practices Catalogue for nonpoint source pollution prevention and water quality protection in New York State: a nine section document of best management practice categories.
- The brochure entitled, RAPs in Action, was developed to augment the message of the New York state RAP Display. The brochure provides more detailed information on remedial activities that are being implemented to restore and to protect beneficial uses in New York State's RAP Areas of Concern.
- A promotional brochure entitled, Getting the Word Out, was also developed to provide a description of public outreach and educational materials (audiovisuals, brochures, fact sheets, etc.) produced by and/or for the RAPs or the Lake Ontario Lakewide Management Plan (LaMP).
Community Involvement
Over the years, the Niagara River Remedial Advisory Committee (RAC) conducted monthly, and later quarterly, meetings on RAP implementation. At the Western New York 2003 RAP workshop, stakeholders shared information on activities affecting the Niagara region. Active participants have been focusing attention on the Buffalo River RAP implementation. A 2006 Niagara River RAP workshop was conducted to identify next steps for the Area of Concern. The Advisory Committee consists of a diverse and multi-stakeholder representation with the task of identifying needed studies and remedial actions, seeking implementation, and then affecting these activities in the watershed and AOC. Reporting on progress and communicating this information to the public has been an objective of the committee. Recent efforts in the Niagara RAP have focused on the implementation of the NRTMP and hazardous waste site remediation to address the use impairments and realizing that pollutant source clean up is being accomplished.
Regular meetings of the RAC were conducted as part of the development of the RAP. Implementation and documentation of RAP-related activities are coordinated through a continuing public participation process. Stakeholders need to be informed of remedial activities and progress and steps have been taken to include a continued outreach effort in the development and implementation of remedial measures. Presentation of study and remedial activity results are part of this public participation process. At times, field trips are organized to learn more about the specifics of a remedial activity and to respond to committee members' interests as necessary.
It is important to provide a periodic status report of the Niagara River AOC to maintain and increase public awareness about the restoration and protection activities and needs of this important geographic area. The last RAP Status Report was published in June 2000; the NRTMP Progress Report is produced every three years, with a brief newsletter-style report issued in the intervening years. A promotional brochure and RAP display are other examples of outreach activities that have been incorporated into the public participation activities involving Great Lakes program activities. The RAC will continue to provide advice and consultation and foster interest in implementation of remedial measures that benefit the AOC.


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Whincup wins strategic V8 Supercars Albert Park 400 opener
by Andrew van Leeuwen
Strategy was the name of game for the first of three races in the V8 Supercars Albert Park 400 at the 2011 Formula 1 Australian Grand Prix – and Jamie Whincup and TeamVodafone played it better than anyone else.
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Pole-sitter Craig Lowndes was the best of the hard-tyre starters in the early stages of the race, only to make contact with Shane van Gisbergen on the fourth lap. While van Gisbergen was able to continue, Lowndes had to endure a lengthy stay in the pits and ended up 27th.
But while it wasn't a great result, some clear air at the back of the field allowed Lowndes to set a new lap record – 1:55.9682sec, compared with the previous benchmark of 1:58.2337sec set by Whincup in 2010.

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Comments On May 13, 2010:High Quality Stickers Seem to hold up well to washing and resist fading.I couldn't think of a better way to support Michelin for the wonderful S-12's!
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Test ID: PBNA
Lead, Nails
Useful For Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful
Detecting lead exposure
Clinical Information Discusses physiology, pathophysiology, and general clinical aspects, as they relate to a laboratory test
Nail analysis of lead can be used to corroborate blood analysis.
Reference Values Describes reference intervals and additional information for interpretation of test results. May include intervals based on age and sex when appropriate. Intervals are Mayo-derived, unless otherwise designated. If an interpretive report is provided, the reference value field will state this.
0.0-3.9 mcg/g of nails
Reference values apply to all ages.
Interpretation Provides information to assist in interpretation of the test results
Normally, the nail lead content is <4.0 mcg/g. Nail lead >10.0 mcg/g indicates significant lead exposure.
Cautions Discusses conditions that may cause diagnostic confusion, including improper specimen collection and handling, inappropriate test selection, and interfering substances
Blood lead analysis has the strongest correlation with toxicity.
Clinical Reference Provides recommendations for further in-depth reading of a clinical nature
1. Strumylaite L, Ryselis S, Kregzdyte R: Content of lead in human hair from people exposed to lead. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2004;207:345-351
2. Barbosa F, Tanus-Santos J, Gerlach R, Parsons P: A critical review of biomarkers used for monitoring human exposure to lead: advantages, limitations, and future needs. Environ Health Perspect 2005;113:1669–1674
3. Sanna E, Liguori A, Palmes L, et al: Blood and hair lead levels in boys and girls living in two Sardinian towns at different risks of lead pollution. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2003;500:293-299


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Background: Most of the time I have low CPU needs. But sometimes I need more CPU power. For example when I record TV programs with my DVB-T card converting the recorded .mpeg to a smaller .mkv with handbrake takes a lot of time (several hours). I could buy better hardware. I bet many others are in a similar situation: they normally have low CPU needs but occasionally need more. We could all buy better hardware. But I also bet that many of us often have a lot of spare bandwidth.
Idea: here cloud processing would make a lot of sense! Programs like Handbrake could have an option to upload segments of the input file to a cloud of powerful CPUs who process it quickly and send data back. That could make economic sense. Instead of each of us buying an expensive new CPU that is seldom fully used we'd pay a small metered amount for cloud processing only when we need it. That would also save time as the user can rent a lot of CPU power for short periods of time.
All this leads me to some questions:
1. don't you all want this too?
2. are there already any programs for end users that have cloud processing like sketched above built in?
3. are there already any fairly easy and fairly inexpensive manual ways for users to temporarily set up something like cloud processing? For example, to at a low cost rent a box with ubuntu and popular CPU intensive programs like Handbrake installed and with a lot of CPU power? I'd use VPN to upload a file, quickly process it on the cloud box, then download the output and then terminate the cloud box.
4. if there's nothing like that for end users today are there any such projects on the horizon? I think some generic cloud processing service would be most useful. A standardized module of some sort that different applications could implement. The user would then only need one single cloud processing account and would only need to log in to it and allow the specific application to use up some of the "cloud processing credits" the user has previously payed for.


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Thanks for your interest in my apps (currently just Random Mix Tape Maker).
If you have any feedback I'd love to hear it (good or bad).
This started out as a tiny tool for my personal use to sift thru my mp3 collection and make a playlist from my favorite artists. Because I do a lot of work on the computer and also on the road, I would always make a mix compilation to listen to, but got tired of always picking from the same top songs, forgetting that there were other great songs as well. So I made this thing to make a list and randomly pluck out songs for me and it's been pretty darn fun to use.


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If you can dream it, you can do it. -Walt Disney
Quality is a great business plan. -John Lasseter
Let's make some funny pictures. -Tex Avery
I never considered a difference of opinion in politics, in religion, in philosophy, as cause for withdrawing from a friend. -Howard Zinn
When critics sit in judgment it is hard to tell where justice leaves off and vengeance begins. -Chuck Jones
And what do you benefit if you gain the whole world but lose your own soul? -Jesus
A man should never neglect his family for business. -Walt Disney
What's most important in animation is the emotions and the ideas being portrayed. -Ralph Bakshi
Once you have heard a strange audience burst into laughter at a film you directed, you realize what the word joy is all about. -Chuck Jones
Before enlightenment: chop wood, carry water. After enlightenment: chop wood, carry water. -Buddhist Proverb
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Batman Vs Darth Vader
Showcase your drawings, illustrations, video and media.
3 posts • Page 1 of 1
Batman Vs Darth Vader
Batman Vs Darth Vader
Re: Batman Vs Darth Vader
A pretty good parody. You're very productive with your animation especially with your FU series. I hope you continue to make these videos. My suggestion would be to find ways of improving the graphics. The characters have a unique style that would work nicely if you let them emerge visually. Work on line quality, background composition and the anatomy of the characters more and you'll be getting more viewers following your work.
Also, let's see a website dedicated to your studio. Here's what I could find so I'll link to it.
Good luck and keep having fun with your content. Thanks for posting.
Daily Z
Re: Batman Vs Darth Vader
Thank you so much for embedding my videos, and for the feedback. The Batman/Darth Vader short was done for a contest for Kevin Smith (Silent Bob himself) and had a limited amount of time, but with every FU episode I do, I get a little more comfortable as an animator, and hopefully each episode will be better than the last. Thanks again, and I'll be sure to post as much as I can make here.
Joe Mijal
3 posts • Page 1 of 1


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Sheffield Heirloom Silver-Plated Flatware
- Overview
From the renowned archives of the Sheffield Silver Company, we hand selected twelve different vintage patterns to create this heirloom-quality flatware collection.
- Complementary historic designs create an eclectic table setting that's alive with character.
- Silver plated with a tumbled finish.
- Set includes twelve silver-plated utensils in different vintage patterns.
- Choose salad forks, dinner forks, knives, teaspoons or dessert spoons.
- Order all five utensil sets for twelve complete place settings.
- Watch a video about the historic designs of our Sheffield Heirloom Flatware.
- Catalog / Internet only.
- Dimensions & Care
- Dinner Fork: 7.75" long
- Salad Fork: 6.25" long
- Knife: 8.75" long
- Dessert Spoon: 7.5" long
- Teaspoon: 6.5" long
- Hand wash.
- Shipping Info
This is a general shipping item.
View our Shipping Information
Customer Service - Shipping Information
Return Policy
At Pottery Barn, we take great pride in the quality and craftsmanship of our products. Attention to design, materials, safety and construction is our priority. We carefully inspect your order prior to shipment. Upon receipt, please inspect your purchase and notify us of any damage; we will arrange for a prompt replacement. If, within 7 days for Quick Ship upholstery and 30 days for all other products, you are dissatisfied for any reason, you may return your purchase for a refund of the merchandise value.
We cannot accept returns on monogrammed, personalized, special-order items, or on items damaged through normal wear and tear. We also cannot accept returns of final-sale items which are identified by a price which ends in .99.
For returns of items purchased from your Pottery Barn registry, we will gladly provide a refund or exchange for the merchandise within 90 days of your event or within 90 days of purchase, whichever date is later.
You may return merchandise through the mail for a refund or replacement. For detailed procedures for returning items through the mail, please contact Customer Service at 1.888.779.5176, 7 days a week, 5:00am - 9:00pm (PT).


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As I write this, there have been no hurricanes in the Atlantic this season. I must say, I am very grateful. I grew up in Groton and while hurricanes occasionally threatened the area, none did serious damage and I don't recall getting any days off from school for hurricanes while growing up; blizzards maybe, but not hurricanes. My oldest son has missed a week of school because of hurricanes twice! Hard to believe that could happen even once in Connecticut, which highlights how the world is always changing and events that seem extremely unlikely at one point in time may be quite likely later.
Health care is becoming even more uncertain than the weather. Resident education continues to be revamped, the role of Advanced Practice Providers is being redefined, the Baby Boomer Generation is hitting 65, government regulation continues to increase, public scrutiny of outcomes is becoming more intense, accountable care may become the new norm, or not, and we all expect to be paid less. Taken together, these changes promise to be the most significant to medical practice since the creation of Medicare, maybe since the early 1900s.
It is too early to forecast how health care will be delivered 10 years from now, but it is not too early to prepare for the coming storm. The hospital has a few general strategies that I think are useful. First, thinking ahead and changing behavior in response to anticipated challenges is the most important strategy, followed closely by being flexible in response to the, hopefully few, unanticipated challenges. Another key strategy is teaming up with others. I expect that we will all be partnering with others in ways that seemed very unlikely a few years ago.
I want to take a moment to thank Dr. Charles Watson for his many years of service to Bridgeport Hospital. He took charge of a department badly in need of good leadership and led it with great success. We, and our patients, have all benefited from his efforts to ensure our patients received outstanding anesthesia care.
Charlie is known nationally for his expertise with malignant hyperthermia and managing difficult airways. Several of my patients directly benefitted from his skillful airway management. During my years as the vice president for Quality and Risk, Charlie was a critical ally in improving care. We are fortunate he will continue to provide clinical care. If you see him, please join me in thanking him.
Michael Ivy, MD Chief Medical Officer


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I need an utility to find UNIQUE set of files across a specified set of multiple locations (either drive letters or folder paths). In short, if the file occurs ONLY at ONE of the locations provided without being present at any of the other locations, I need to identify these files. This is to ensure that I back them up as soon as possible.
I need to use this to find files that are not available in my backup sets across multiple locations. Normal utilities for duplicate finder only finds duplicate files across multiple locations and not the other way around.
Folder synchronization utilities finds missing files but they do not accept more than two locations at a time and hence cannot be used to find unique files across more than two sets of locations.
If anyone is aware of such an utility existing, please send me the URL for same.
Thanking in advance,


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Dining Out
Choosing a Date, Time, and Place
When you decide on the spur of the moment to grab a meal or a drink at some casual restaurant or bar- a laid-back place, where you know there'll be room for everyone to squeeze in- it's fine to simply whip out the cell phone and invite whoever you think might be interested. In this sort of informal situation, if the other person makes it, fine; if not- well, that's fine too. In fact, casualness is one of the nice aspects of impromptu get-togethers.
If, on the other hand, you have a desire to sit down with some friends in a nice restaurant to enjoy good food, good drink, and good conversation, your natural spontaneity is going to have to give way to some planning. This means picking a specific time and place well ahead of time, pinning down who will be attending, and confirming your plans with your fellow diners once everything is set. If the restaurant where you're planning to eat is a happening one, you may also need to make a reservation ahead of time.
Scheduling a dinner at least a few days in advance makes it easier to select a time and date that works for everybody, and it also sets the night apart as something special- a date to be looked forward to with anticipation by all parties. Unless you're hosting a meal to celebrate someone's birthday or other milestone (in which case the schedule of the honoree takes precedence) setting the date and time is really a matter of finding a slot that works for everyone. The best way to accomplish this is to call or e-mail the people you're planning to dine with a week or two ahead of time, and offer them several possible dates. Feel free to indicate your own preference if you have one.
Picking the place also takes a bit of forethought. You'll want to choose a restaurant that everyone is happy with. You may have a spot you're dying to check out- and if so, it's fine to say so. At the same time, you need to be sensitive to other people's likes and dislikes, as well as any special dietary requirements they might have.
If you plan to pay for the meal of the person you're inviting, then the time to make that clear is when you're first extending your dinner invitation.
Happy Birthday! Got any cash?
If you're organizing a special occasion out at a restaurant or bar to celebrate a friend's birthday or other life or career milestone, you can't expect your friend to pay her own way. It's the group's responsibility to split the honoree's tab among them. On the other hand, it's not okay to invite a bunch of friends out to dinner to celebrate your own birthday, and then expect them to chip in for you. If you're the one who suggested the dinner, it's incumbent upon you to offer to pay for your own meal.


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An article by Anne MorrisPHOTOS COURTESY OF ERIC JOHNSON.
Superintendent experiments with a young golf course.
Eric Johnson believes that getting the soil into good shape can make a huge difference in how well golf course turf grows and how much, or how little, water it requires. Located in an area where drought is common, saving water is a mark of success.
Johnson is superintendent at the Jerry S. Rawls Golf Course, a 270-acre public course run by Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Texas.
Weve only been open for four years, Johnson said, and were probably one of the worst areas to grow turf, because were in a transition zone where we always have windy days. We have real bad water quality issues. He says that the well water they use is high in sodium, high in sulfurs and high in chlorides. If you were to graph it, wed be on the very extreme side, with water quality in the worst condition, Johnson said.
Still, he says that the course has been a success, with 36,000 rounds of golf played there a year, and it has been honored numerous times by magazines and newspapers.
Cotton was grown for more than 50 years on the flat farm property that Rawls is built on. Johnson, who has been involved practically from the beginning of the course, said that he pretty much used the approach that fixing the soil would help the plant grow. He set a goal to correct the soil to maximize its potential to work for him.
For Johnson, fixing the soil meant getting organic matter into it and trying to get more activity into the soil. To accomplish this, he uses fish fertilizers. You know, humateseverything like thatsugars. We put that in our fertigation; we put it out, Johnson says. Mainly, he uses calcium, compost tea and liquid fish fertilizer.
The result has been that over the past five years, he has used less fertilizer, as well as less water than would usually be necessary for a golf course of this size.
The designer of the irrigation for this course also did the country club that was less than 10 miles from here, Johnson said. He found out that we used almost a quarter of a million less gallons per day than the golf courses 10 miles down [the road], yet we have over 120 acres more than they do. (Both of the other courses have 150 acres under irrigation.) The Rawls course has the reputation of having the most irrigated acres of any golf course in the state.
A Tom Doak design, the Rawls course is undulating, and a challenge to play. Its not your regular type of course, Johnson said. Most golf courses around here are just flat.
Johnson first became a proponent of a largely organic approach while working on golf courses in California. He brought that approach with him when he took the job of superintendent at Texas Tech University, his alma mater.
He admits that at Rawls the approach is not 100 percent organic. We do use calcium nitrate, which is a synthetically processed fertilizer, Johnson said, and we have a maintenance blend, which sometimes will be a synthetic fertilizer. But, on the fairways, 80 percent of the fertilizer applied is organic. On the greens, it would probably be 80 to 90 percent organic, he said. Weve had to use an herbicide out in the deep rough for weeds. And for fire ants, we used an ant bait, but as far as anything else, thats it.
Owen Regan, the golf course distributor for Organic Gem fish fertilizer, appreciates the superintendents measured approach. Eric is in tune with a sustainable and environmentally friendly golf course, Regan said. He thinks out of the box, and his systems work well. His golf course is in great shape.
Johnson makes sure to always keep data on what is used on the course, and what the results have been.
We have a 270-acre course, and our pesticide application for this last fiscal yeartotal line item budgetwas only $2,500, Johnson said. Last year, they came in 13 percent under budget, with overall expenditures around $896,000.
Johnson has been working on golf courses since 1985. He grew up at Lewisville/Flower Mound, outside Dallas. I had 10 years of experience in the field when I went back to college for my four-year degree, a bachelor of science in turf, in 1998. That same year, he went to California where he worked first at Twelve Bridges Golf Club in Sacramento, and then at The Ridge, a course in Auburn, Calif., designed by Robert Trent Jones Jr. I learned under those superintendents, Johnson said. He sought additional answers from books such as Hands-On Agronomy, by Neal Kinsey.
The crew at the Jerry S. Rawls Golf Course, left to right, Sean Gray, Jarrod Bell, Cody Creebon, Wade Bagley, Mike Martinez, Clint Cenchan, Eric Salines, Antonnio Torres, Shannon Harris, Kenneth Boyce, Scott Nix, Chris Hernandez, Eric Eniquiz, Alex Llamas and Eric Johnson. In the front row, Rusty Johnson, a Brittany spaniel.
What they were doing in California was not what he had learned in school. I had to completely relearn growing grass, he said, looking at the soil first, then going from there, working up to the plant.
Johnson would be the first to tell you that its not always an easy process to take such an approach. From day one, we were battling uphill, he said.
At the beginning, the cost might seem high, mainly because youre trying to fix something thats completely broke, but towards the second or third year, youre saving money.
The first thing he did at the Rawls course was something that put everybody in a tailspin, he said. He put lime on alkaline soil to increase the calcium numbers.
Youre taught not to put lime on alkaline soil, he said, but youve got to look at all the factors. When we added lime, we lowered the pH in about 40 percent of the tests we did. In another 40 percent, the pH stayed the same, and there was another 10 percent where the pH actually went up one point. The lime helped address salt issues, such as magnesium, sodium and bicarbonates.
The bottom trap on the eighth hole is about a 30 to 35-foot drop from the green to the bottom bunker.
This approach is based on the notion that you have to manage all four groups of matter of which the optimal soil is made up: water, 25 percent; air, 25 percent; mineral, 45 percent; and organic matter, 5 percent. You manage the water through appropriate irrigation, aeration and compaction of soil; the nutrient component by maintaining a mineral balancecalcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and other micronutrients and salts; the organic or living part of soil by microbiology and adding organic matter.
In the winter, we add organic matter: composted cow manure and cotton burrs, Johnson said. We take our tests and see how the data is coming out, [and] then visually see whats happening during the summer. In summer, its full throttlelets do it. Johnson sees the Rawls course as a work in progress. Im always experimenting, always tinkering, he said. Im still learning.
Anne Morris, a freelance contributor, lives in Austin, Texas.


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Tree of Necklaces2002
- Date
- 2002
- Medium
- Glass and Stainless Steel
- Classification
- Modern and Contemporary
- Credit Line
- Gift of the Sydney and Walda Besthoff Foundation
Highlights of NOMA's European modern paintings include outstanding examples of the important art movements of the 20th Century: Fauvism, Cubism, Die Brücke, Blaue Reiter, School of Paris, Surrealism and l'art brut.
Fauvism burst onto the Paris art scene with the 1905 Salon d'Automne. The artists were dubbed fauves, or "wild beasts" for their bold, subjective use of color. Kees van Dongen, one of the original Fauves, is represented with his work Woman in a Green Hat. NOMA's collection of works from the Fauvist movement also includes Maurice de Vlaminck's The Seine, André Derain's Landscape at Cassis, and Georges Braque's Landscape, l'Estaque. Braque, along with Picasso, was one of the most important figures in the development of 20th Century art because of his role as a founder of the Cubist movement in 1908, shortly after he completed Landscape, l'Estaque.
Pablo Picasso's work is characterized by continuous radical change. After his Blue and Rose periods of 1901-1907, Picasso joined with Braque in developing the wholly new artistic style called Cubism. He once stated, "I am always a Cubist," but Picasso never ceased to explore the expand the pictorial possibilities that emerged in the Cubist Revolution. Later, Picasso merged political and psychological tension and anguish into much of his work.
The Cubism movement is also evidenced in sculpture, such as Jacques Lipchitz's Bather, which allows the exploration of cubism from all sides and angles.
Amedeo Modigliani was the epitome of the bohemian, left-bank artist of the School of Paris, enjoying the city's cafés and nightlife. His controlled design and individually mannerist mode was unique in the Parisian art world of the day, which was largely preoccupied with Fauvism and Cubism.
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner was a founding and dominant figure of Die Brücke, or The Bridge, a group of German Expressionist artists who put great emphasis upon the instinctive, spontaneous and subjective. Die Brücke artists expressed their strong emotional attitudes toward their subject matter in a forceful style.
Wassily Kandinsky was the initial practitioner of non-objective art and a founding member of Blaue Reiter [Blue Rider], the second Expressionist group movement in Germany. Kandinsky's Search for Several Circles demonstrated his fascination for the circle, the form which he believed "points most clearly to the Fourth Dimension."
Henri Matisse was another giant of 20th Century art, ranking with Picasso in the quality and quantity of his production. Paintings, sculptures, drawings, prints, and papier découpés, works using paper cut-outs which Matisse called "drawing with scissors." The work Jazz is from one of his eight illustrated books which rank among his most outstanding achievements.
The Surrealist Movement is well-represented in NOMA's collection by such works as Max Ernst's Gulf Stream, with his signature creative rubbing techniques, Joan Miró's Portrait of a Young Girl, and René Magritte's Witty Fantasy, The Art of Conversation.
Jean Dubuffet's art fits into no particular school or movement, and continually challenges the traditional aesthetic of the beautiful. Dubuffet came to create what he called l'art brut, or "raw art," in which ordinary and banal subjects are exploited to shock the viewer out of accepted aesthetic responses.
NOMA's collection of American Modern and Contemporary art ranges from the Impressionism of Mary Cassatt to the modernism of Georgia O'Keeffe, from the Abstract Expressionism of Jackson Pollock to the dynamic and varied work of contemporary artists. Also noteworthy is the Museum's Photography Collection, Prints and Drawings Collection, and the planned Sydney and Walda Besthoff Sculpture Garden which encompass many 20th Century treasures.
Among the visionary and generous donors who have contributed fine art to NOMA's 20th Century collections, in addition to the Besthoff Family, are Mrs. P. Roussel Norman, the late Muriel Bultman Francis, the late Victor K. Kiam, and the Frederick R. Weisman Foundation.
Georgia O'Keeffe developed a highly individualistic style in her paintings of sprawling desert landscapes and unfolding flowers. Her work is distinguished by her ability to distill the essence of natural forms through the use of simplification and soft color.
Marsden Hartley experimented with the range of European art movements from Post-Impressionism to Cubism to German Expressionism. In The Ice Hole, Maine, Hartley uses a stitch-like brushstroke influenced by the Post-Impressionist Swiss painter, Giovanni Segantini.
Ralston Crawford was a notable participant in the development of American modernism. His work, based upon observation, emphasized the two-dimensionality of the canvas and demonstrated the balance, indeed tension, between abstraction and representation.
Jackson Pollock was the most famous Abstract Expressionist or "action painter" of his generation, exerting a tremendous influence in the New York art world. Pollock is known for drizzling and flinging different kinds of paint, the work of art being created through the action of his own body movements.
Joseph Cornell is an enigmatic figure in 20th Century art. He lived an almost hermetic life but created miniature, magical assemblages inspired by Surrealist concepts of poetry. Radar Astronomy is one of Cornell's several boxes on the theme of space.
Milton Avery, who began his career as a commercial artist, is known for both the style and highly personal content of his work. He is considered, along with O'Keeffe and Hartley, to have forged an indigenous modern American artistic idiom.
Robert Gordy, one of the Louisiana artists who achieved national prominence during the 1970s, featured abstracted female figures in a two-dimensional, decorative landscape in many of his pieces. Gordy is also known for integrating positive and negative space in a pattern within each of his works.


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Kosher Poultry
|Balsamic-Marinated Chicken with Olives and Sun-Dried Tomatoes
From The Modern Menu - Simple. Beautiful. Kosher.
The key to this ridiculously succulent chicken is in the extended marinating. Don't skimp on the 24-hour (48 hours is even better!) soak in vinegar—it will bring raves. Avoid using canned olives if at all possible—those in the olive bars at gourmet supermarkets are far superior.
2 whole chickens, cut into 8 pieces
Combine the chicken, olives, sun-dried tomatoes and their oil, wine, vinegar, salt, and pepper in a large baking dish. Coat the chicken evenly with the marinade, turning the pieces several times with your hands. Cover tightly with aluminum foil and refrigerate for 24 to 48 hours.
Serves 8 to 10
Recipe, kosher, poultry


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The Place Beyond the Pines
A motorcycle stunt rider starts robbing banks to support his new family. This brings him into confrontation with a rookie police officer and begins a generational feud.
Starring: Ryan Gosling , Bradley Cooper
Directed by: Derek Cianfrance
Run Time: 2 hr. 20 mins.
Released by: Focus Features
Watch Trailer
Official Site


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Dec 19, 2012 - Memphis police officers Chartell Nelson (left) and Trina Johnson comfort each other during a candle light vigil in the Memphis City Hall plaza in honor of Officer Martoiya Lang who was shot and killed while serving a warrant on December 14. A large crowd of fellow officers, family, friends and supporters attended the event to remember Officer Lang. (Brandon Dill/Special to The Commercial Appeal)
December 19, 2012 - A child peers out of a second story window as police investigate a shooting that left a 2-year-old girl in critical condition at the Warren Apartments, more commonly referred to as the Clementine Apartments. The young girl was struck in the arm by a stray bullet while watching cartoons in the family's apartment. (Mike Brown/The Commercial Appeal)
Dec 19, 2012 — Frank Jones (center) embraces Rinnie Wood during a party for the 99 year-old Jones at the Exchange Club Family Center in Midtown. After volunteering at the center for more than 15 years, Jones, or "Mr. Frank" as he is more commonly known, is retiring. Memphis Mayor A C Wharton issued a proclamation recognizing Dec. 19, 2012 as "Frank Jones Day" in the city. (Brandon Dill/Special to The Commercial Appeal)
December 19, 2012 - Mary Jane Eason digs through an enormous pile of free clothes near the intersection of Bellevue and South Parkway on Wednesday. The clothes, collected by Shine in the Dark Mission from area thrift stores, are available once each month at the location used as a free distribution for anyone who would like. (Mike Brown/The Commercial Appeal)
Skiers perform during the men's ski cross World Cup event of Val Thorens, French Alps, Wednesday, Dec. 19, 2012. (AP Photo/Laurent Cipriani)
A child peers through firefighters standing as the procession heads to the cemetery outside the funeral for school shooting victim Daniel Gerard Barden at St. Rose of Lima Catholic Church in Newtown, Conn., Wednesday, Dec. 19, 2012. According to firefighters, Daniel wanted to be a firefighter when he grew up and they honored him at the service. Barden, 7, was killed when Adam Lanza walked into Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Conn., Dec. 14, and opened fire, killing 26 people, including 20 children, before killing himself. (AP Photo/Charles Krupa)
Rosaries are lit by the morning light on a makeshift memorial near the town Christmas tree in the Sandy Hook village of Newtown, Conn., Wednesday, Dec. 19, 2012. The memorial, which was put up in the aftermath of the elementary school shooting that shocked the small town, is increasing in size as the days go on. More funerals are scheduled for Wednesday, as the town continues to mourn its victims. The gunman, Adam Lanza, walked into Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Conn., on Dec. 14, and opened fire, killing 26 people, including 20 children, before killing himself. (AP Photo/Julio Cortez)
Hindu holy men who have arrived ahead of the month-long Mahakumbh festival perform morning rituals "Sangam," the confluence of rivers Ganges and Yamuna in Allahabad, India, Wednesday, Dec. 19, 2012. Millions of Hindu pilgrims are expected to arrive here in January for the religious congregation which takes place once in twelve years. (AP Photo/Rajesh Kumar Singh)
New recruits of the Jammu and Kashmir police participate in a parade in Sheeri, about 60 kilometers (37 miles) north of Srinagar, India, Wednesday, Dec. 19, 2012. About 900 police officers have completed a nine-month training session in handling non-lethal weapons for controlling street protests in Indian-controlled Kashmir, police said Wednesday. (AP Photo/Dar Yasin)
South Korea's presidential candidate Park Geun-hye of ruling Saenuri Party waves to her supporters near the party's head office in Seoul, South Korea, Wednesday, Dec. 19, 2012. South Korea's presidential Blue House on Wednesday congratulated conservative Park Geun-hye (Bahk guhn-hae) for becoming president, although votes were still being counted in a close race. Park Geun-hye will return to her childhood home, from where her dictator father President Park Chung-hee ruled South Korea for 18-years, as the Liberal South Korean candidate concedes victory to her. (AP Photo/Lee Jin-man)
A pedestrian walks a dog along the banks of the Neris river as the temperature drops to -14 degrees Celsius (7 Fahrenheit) in Vilnius, Lithuania, Wednesday, Dec. 19, 2013. (AP Photo/Mindaugas Kulbis)
North Korean children sweep the steps near a giant mosaic of late North Korean leaders Kim Il Sung, right, and Kim Jong Il in Pyongyang, North Korea, Wednesday, Dec. 19, 2012. (AP Photo/Ng Han Guan)
A Nepalese woman feeds stray dogs near the Pashupatinath Temple in Katmandu, Nepal, Wednesday, Dec. 19, 2012. The Pashupatinath Temple located on the banks of the Bagmati River is one of the most revered temples of Lord Shiva, the Hindu god of death and destruction. (AP Photo/Niranjan Shrestha)


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Inhabited since prehistoric times, this Nabataean caravan-city, situated between the Red Sea and the Dead Sea, was an important crossroads between Arabia, Egypt and Syria-Phoenicia. Petra is half-built, half-carved into the rock, and is surrounded by mountains riddled with passages and gorges. It is one of the world's most famous archaeological sites, where ancient Eastern traditions blend with Hellenistic architecture.
Habitée depuis la préhistoire, cette cité caravanière nabatéenne située entre la mer Rouge et la mer Morte fut dans l'Antiquité un carrefour important entre l'Arabie, l'Égypte et la Syrie-Phénicie. Mi-construite et mi-sculptée dans le roc à l'intérieur d'un cirque de montagnes percé de couloirs et de défilés, Petra est un site archéologique des plus célèbres, où se mêlent les influences de traditions orientales anciennes et de l'architecture hellénistique.
تقع مدينة الأنباط هذه التي تمرّ عليها القوافل والتي كانت مأهولةً منذ ما قبل التاريخ، بين البحر الأحمر والبحر الميّت. وهي كانت في العصور القديمة ملتقًى مهمًّا بين شبه الجزيرة العربيّة ومصر وسوريا الفينيقيّة. تُعتبَر البتراء، المُشيّد نصفها والمحفور نصفها الآخر في الصخر داخل مدرّج الجبال الذي تخترقه الممرّات والمَعابر، من أشهر المواقع التاريخيّة حيث تختلط تأثيراتُ التقاليد الشرقيّة القديمة مع الهندسة اليونانية القديمة.
source: UNESCO/ERI
source: UNESCO/ERI
Древний город Петра
Заселенный еще с доисторических времен, этот набатейский караванный город, расположенный вблизи Красного и Мертвого морей, был важным перекрестком путей между Аравией, Египтом и Сирией-Финикией. Петра, наполовину построенная, наполовину высеченная в скалах и окруженная горами, которые расчленены перевалами и ущельями, является одним из наиболее известных археологических памятников в мире, где древние восточные традиции сочетаются с эллинистической архитектурой.
source: UNESCO/ERI
Situada entre el Mar Rojo y el Mar Muerto, esta ciudad nabatea estuvo habitada desde los tiempos prehistóricos. En la Antigüedad fue una importante encrucijada de las caravanas comerciales que transitaban entre Arabia, Egipto, Siria y Fenicia. En parte esculpida en la roca y en parte construida en medio de un circo de montañas surcadas por pasos y desfiladeros, Petra es uno de los sitios arqueológicos más celebres del mundo, en el que se mezclan las influencias de las tradiciones del antiguo Oriente y las de la arquitectura helenística.
source: UNESCO/ERI
source: NFUAJ
Petra wordt sinds de prehistorie bewoond. Deze karavaanstad van de Nabateeërs ligt tussen de Rode Zee en de Dode Zee en was een belangrijk kruispunt tussen Arabië, Egypte en Syrië-Fenicië. Petra is half gebouwd, half uitgehouwen uit de rotsen en wordt omringd door bergen vol passages en kloven. Het is een van 's werelds beroemdste archeologische vindplaatsen. In het landschap met overheersend rode zandsteen, zijn de oude oosterse tradities samengesmolten met de Hellenistische architectuur. Petra is van uitzonderlijke waarde vanwege de enorme hoeveelheid graf- en tempelarchitectuur, religieuze plaatsen en de restanten van kanalen, tunnels en omleidingsdammen.
Source: unesco.nl
Outstanding Universal Value
Brief synthesis
Situated between the Red Sea and the Dead Sea and inhabited since prehistoric times, the rock-cut capital city of the Nabateans, became during Hellenistic and Roman times a major caravan centre for the incense of Arabia, the silks of China and the spices of India, a crossroads between Arabia, Egypt and Syria-Phoenicia. Petra is half-built, half-carved into the rock, and is surrounded by mountains riddled with passages and gorges. An ingenious water management system allowed extensive settlement of an essentially arid area during the Nabataean, Roman and Byzantine periods. It is one of the world's richest and largest archaeological sites set in a dominating red sandstone landscape.
The Outstanding Universal Value of Petra resides in the vast extent of elaborate tomb and temple architecture; religious high places; the remnant channels, tunnels and diversion dams that combined with a vast network of cisterns and reservoirs which controlled and conserved seasonal rains, and the extensive archaeological remains including of copper mining, temples, churches and other public buildings. The fusion of Hellenistic architectural facades with traditional Nabataean rock-cut temple/tombs including the Khasneh, the Urn Tomb, the Palace Tomb, the Corinthian Tomb and the Deir ("monastery") represents a unique artistic achievement and an outstanding architectural ensemble of the first centuries BC to AD. The varied archaeological remains and architectural monuments from prehistoric times to the medieval periods bear exceptional testimony to the now lost civilisations which succeeded each other at the site.
Criterion (i): The dramatic Nabataean/Hellenistic rock-cut temple/tombs approached via a natural winding rocky cleft (the Siq), which is the main entrance from the east to a once extensive trading city, represent a unique artistic achievement. They are masterpieces of a lost city that has fascinated visitors since the early 19th century. The entrance approach and the settlement itself were made possible by the creative genius of the extensive water distribution and storage system.
Criterion (iii): The serried rows of numerous rock-cut tombs reflecting architectural influences from the Assyrians through to monumental Hellenistic; the sacrificial and other religious high places including on Jebels Madbah, M'eisrah, Khubtha, Habis and Al Madras; the remains of the extensive water engineering system, city walls and freestanding temples; garden terraces; funerary stelae and inscriptions together with the outlying caravan staging posts on the approaches from the north (Barid or Little Petra) and south (Sabra) also containing tombs, temples, water cisterns and reservoirs are an outstanding testament to the now lost Nabataean civilization of the fourth century BC to the first century AD.
Remains of the Neolithic settlement at Beidha, the Iron Age settlement on Umm al Biyara, the Chalcolithic mining sites at Umm al Amad, the remains of Graeco-Roman civic planning including the colonnaded street, triple-arched entrance gate, theatre, Nymphaeum and baths; Byzantine remains including the triple-apses basilica church and the church created in the Urn Tomb; the remnant Crusader fortresses of Habis and Wueira; and the foundation of the mosque on Jebel Haroun, traditionally the burial place of the Prophet Aaron, all bear exceptional testimony to past civilizations in the Petra area.
Criterion (iv): The architectural ensemble comprising the so-called "royal tombs" in Petra (including the Khasneh, the Urn Tomb, the Palace Tomb and the Corinthian Tomb), and the Deir ("monastery") demonstrate an outstanding fusion of Hellenistic architecture with Eastern tradition, marking a significant meeting of East and West at the turn of the first millennium of our era.
The Umm al Amad copper mines and underground galleries are an outstanding example of mining structures dating from the fourth millennium BC.
The remnants of the diversion dam, Muthlim tunnel, water channels, aqueducts, reservoirs and cisterns are an outstanding example of water engineering dating from the first centuries BC to AD.
All the main freestanding and rock-cut monuments and extensive archaeological remains within the arid landscape of red sandstone cliffs and gorges lie within the boundaries of the property that coincide with the boundaries of the Petra National Park. The monuments are subject to ongoing erosion due to wind and rain, exacerbated in the past by windblown sand due to grazing animals reducing ground cover. The resettlement more than twenty years ago of the Bdul (Bedouin) tribe and their livestock away from their former seasonal dwellings in the Petra basin to a new village at Umm Sayhun was aimed in part at arresting this process.
They are also vulnerable to flash flooding along Wadi Musa through the winding gorge (Siq) if the Nabataean diversion system is not continually monitored, repaired and maintained.
The property is under pressure from tourism, which has increased greatly since the time of inscription, particularly congestion points such as the Siq which is the main entrance to the city from the east.
The property is also vulnerable to the infrastructure needs of local communities and tourists. A new sewerage treatment plant has been provided within the property to the north with the recycled water being used for an adjacent drip irrigation farming project. Further infrastructure development proposed inside the boundary includes electricity supply and substation, a community/visitor centre, an outdoor theatre for community events, picnic areas, camping ground and a new restaurant near the Qasr al Bint temple, all of which have the potential to impact on the integrity of the property.
The attributes of temple/tomb monuments, and their location and setting clearly express the Outstanding Universal Value. The natural decay of the sandstone architecture threatens the authenticity of the property in the long-term. Stabilization of freestanding monuments including the Qasr al Bint temple and the vaulted structure supporting the Byzantine forecourt to the Urn Tomb Church was carried out prior to inscription.
Protection and management requirements
Under Jordanian National law, responsibility for protection of Antiquities sites lies with the Department of Antiquities, a separate entity under the Ministry for Tourism and Antiquities.
The property is a protected area within the Petra Archaeological Park managed by the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities. However responsibility for the overall planning and implementation of infrastructure projects at the site rests largely with the Petra Regional Authority (PRA) - originally the Petra Regional Planning Council (PRPC) - but now expanded to cover the social and economic wellbeing of the communities in the locality.
Increased staff numbers have enabled campaigns of inspection and control and strategies have been developed to manage tourist access and local community involvement, including the location and design of community-managed shop/kiosks.
Regulations and policies developed under the Petra Archaeological Park Operating Plan will cover infrastructure projects undertaken by the PRA including electrification of the Petra Archaeological Park and works associated with water recycling farming projects including tree-planting. They will also cover visitor facilities such as park lighting, tourist trails and interpretative signage, restaurants and shops, community recreation areas and businesses, as well as public events and activities within the park.
There is a long-term need for a framework for sustainable development and management practices aimed at protecting the property from damage resulting from the pressure of visitors, while enhancing revenues from tourism that will contribute to the economic and social viability of the region.
Long Description
Inhabited since prehistoric times, the Nabataean caravan city of Petra, situated between the Red Sea and the Dead Sea, was an important crossroads between Arabia, Egypt and Syria-Phoenicia and bears a unique testimony of a disappeared civilization in which ancient Eastern traditions blended with Hellenistic architecture.
Petra lies south of modern Amman on the edge of the mountainous desert of Wadi Araba, surrounded by towering hills of sandstone which gave the city some natural protection against invaders. It was for centuries the meeting point of the main routes used by camel caravans transporting spices between the Mediterranean and the Near East, Africa and India. Petra was first established around the 6th century BC by the Nabataean Arabs, a Semitic people who laid the foundations of a commercial empire that extended into Syria. In AD 106 Trajan annexed the Nabataean Kingdom as part of the province of Arabia. The many earthquakes that hit Petra triggered a slow decline for the city, which was not halted by its designation as an Archiepiscopal See. The Arabs conquered the city in 636 but it remained distant from the pilgrim road to Mecca. The Crusaders constructed a fort there in the 12th century and Petra returned to its ancient splendour, but soon they withdrew, leaving Petra to the local people until the early 19th century, when it was visited by the Swiss explorer Burckhardt.
North from the Khazneh lies the massif of Jebel Khubtha. Three large structures (Royal Tombs) are carved into the rock face, which is known as the King's Wall.
First is the Urn Tomb, a well-preserved monument that faces on to an open terrace fronted by a double row of vaults. A colonnaded cloister runs along the northern side of the terrace. The elaborate facade fronts a single, unadorned room. The walls are smooth, the interior corners exact. The only decoration to be seen at present comes from the beautiful whorls of different-coloured sandstone in the walls, ceiling and floor of the chamber.
The Corinthian Tomb, a smaller version of the Khazneh, is followed by the Palace Tomb (Silk Tomb), named from the extraordinary chromatic effect of the rock.
Some distance away from the Royal Tombs, to the north, there is a tomb built in 130 for the Roman governor of the city under Hadrian, Sextius Florentinus.
The Khazneh el Faroun, or the Treasury of the Pharaoh, is an imposing facade standing some 40 m tall, cut directly from the rock of the mountainside. On the lower floor is a portico with six columns, crowned by floral capitals and surmounted by a fronton; the third floor is divided into three parts at the centre is a tholos with a conical roof, surmounted by a urn, and on either side two half-frontons, supported by columns. An architectural and sculptural decoration of the highest quality adorns the architecture elements and the front of the building. The Khazneh is the only rock-cut building in Petra that presents absolutely no Nabataean element and attests to link exclusively with the Alexandrian world and Hellenistic artistic traditions. Behind the impressive facade, a large square room has been carved out of the rock of the cliff. This is typical of the tombs in Petra; the interiors are as plain as the exteriors are intricate.
The Siq is the gorge formed by the torrent, the Musa, which the Nabataeans blocked with a dam and channelled to carry drinking water to the city; along the rock walls of the Siq there is a succession of inscriptions, niches and small votive altars, but also reliefs and sculptures that depict a caravan of men and camels. Once inside, the Siq narrows to little more than 5 m in width, whereas the walls tower up hundreds of metres on either side. The floor, originally paved, is now largely covered with soft sand, although evidence of Nabataean construction can still be seen in some places.
There are also noteworthy relics from Roman times: at the southern edge of the valley stands the 1st century AD theatre, carved almost entirely in the rock, which could hold more than 8,000 spectators, while at the end of the Siq the ruins open out of the colonnaded way. Set on a promontory that overlooks the valley of Petra to the west, accessible via a type of sacred stepped way cut into the rock, is another building with an imposing facade carved out of the rock: this is al-Dayr, the austerity and the simplicity of which join to demonstrate the original local version of elements of the Hellenistic tradition. The structure of the interior is devoid of any funeral installation.Source: UNESCO/CLT/WHC


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Your location: Home > Bodies > Election and Membership
Consultations on Elections during the Climate Change Conference in Bonn, June 2014
Update on the third Consultations with the Chairs and Coordinators of Regional Groups and
Constituencies held on Friday, 13 June 2014, from 1:15 - 2 p.m.
The third consultations on elections, chaired by Mr. Cheikh Ndiaye Sylla,Vice-President of the COP/CMP,
with the Chairs and Coordinators of regional groups and constituencies were held on Friday, 13 June 2014,
from 13:15 - 14:00 hours.
The Eastern European Group has submitted the nomination of Ms. Jurga Rabazauskaite-Survile from Lithuania
for the position of Vice-Chair of SBSTA. The Chair urged Groups to reach an agreement regarding the pending
nomination for the position of SBSTA Vice-Chair and reminded them of today's deadline of 8 p.m. for the
submission of this nomination.
The secretariat will try to organize further informal consultations on election during the ADP meeting, to
be held in October 2014.
© 2014 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change


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Nb: infants must be under the age of 2 and
children must be under the age of 12 at the time of
This is a very popular, family orientated Hotel and offers good value acoommodation. It occupies a prime position' in the heart of Flaine F.rum close to the snowfront' main lifts and the ski school meeting point. The excellent on–site childcare is complemented by an impressive selection of entertainment and activities for all.
For families:For families: Apres-ski family entertainment programme • Hotel operated Kid's Clubs: Baby club (18 months - 3 years) 5 x 1/2 days Mon–Fri, 8.30am to 12pm or 1.30pm to 5pm. Cost is approx. €107 to be paid locally. Free non–skiing Junior club for 4–11yrs. Indoor and outdoor activities in multi–lingual groups, 5 days a week all season (9am–12pm and 2–5pm approx.). Optional ski school escort service. Spaces to be requested at the time of booking.
Rooms: All have TV' bath' shower & wc. Interconnecting rooms on request.
Rooms (2 people): Double rooms. Twin rooms on request.
Rooms (3 people): Three single beds.
Rooms (2–4 people): Double bed and a set of bunk beds (suitable for children only).
Full Board.
Buffet breakfast, hot buffet lunch or packed lunch & four-course or buffet evening meal, including wine. Twice a week there are regional speciality meals.
Iglu acts as a travel agent for disclosed principals/tour operators, further details
of which will be made available at the time of booking. Your holiday contract will
be bound by the tour operators terms and conditions.
Prices are shown for a basic room or unit, can be subject to change and are indicative
until time of booking. Please call on 020 8544 7114 for prices for other travel
and room options for this property.
Prices shown are per person per week based on maximum occupancy. Descriptions and
quality ratings are provided by the Tour Operator (or one of the Tour Operators
where similar holidays are offered by more than one supplier). We reserve the right
to make minor adjustments to the description or rating based on staff and customer
feedback. For payments by credit card, a 2.5% credit card charge (4% for AMEX) will
be added to your invoice. If you pay by a UK issued debit card, there is no charge.
All bookings are subject to a £5 per person Passenger Admin Fee charged by Iglu.com.


text: Cruz Lee is a DJ/Producer based in in Monterrey, Mexico and one of the heads at Finesse Records and also running a side project called Sonna Dummer. He's a local hero resident at Topaz Deluxe. And overall really friendly and laid-back guy. http://www.finesserecords.com In case you wonder where the mixtape is heading, notice that every track name contains either... Read more »