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- Steven Nikolidakis
- East Elmhurst, NY
- United States
Student, The Cooper Union For The Advancement of Science and Art
This conversation is closed.
Does society need more interdisciplinary work? Or more well-rounded individuals working together?
This week in my Bioelectricity class there was an emphasis on learning about muscle physiology. One facet of the musculoskeletal system which I find especially interesting is the notion of having specialized muscle tissue for certain actions or scenarios in life. Muscle is composed of individual fibers called myocytes, each containing protein strands which grab and pull on each other to induce muscle contractions. Muscle fibers can further be broken down into two types, namely Slow Twitch (Type 1) and Fast Twitch (Type 2). The Slow Twitch fibers are extremely efficient at converting oxygen into usable energy and allowing athletes to perform tasks for extended periods before they fatigue, such as running a marathon. The Fast Twitch fibers, on the other hand, don't use oxygen to create fuel and can recruit motor neurons for a short but powerful burst, which can be useful in a sprint. Each muscle may contain any combination of each of these fibers in order to perform an activity.
In this case, specialization proves to be an imperative characteristic to the completion of a task. In today's world, people immerse themselves in a vast array of fields in order to help the society advance. So I ask the TED community: Is it more beneficial to society to consist of people who are experts in one field, or those who have a well-rounded background in many fields?
Mar 30 2012: To my mind, this isn't an either/or proposition.
Subject matter experts advance the leading edge of thought in their individual fields while well-rounded interdisciplinary thinkers discover new and unexpected connections between disparate areas of inquiry.
The two have an inherently symbiotic relationship, for which we're all better off.
Asha de Vos
Mar 30 2012: Hi Steve! Thats a great quote and sums up my thoughts perfectly!! Thank you ... I might have to use that sometime soon :)
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Asha de Vos
Mar 30 2012: Hi Steven. Great question! As a scientist i find that some people tend to over-specialise and don't make an effort to get a holistic understanding of a situation. I don't think that is healthy. I.e. if you specialise in a particular field you should still have an open enough mind to be well read about the entire field atleast so you know your role in the bigger picture. That said I don't think the world will benefit from everyone being a Jack of All Trades, Master of None. We would get nowhere. Collaboration is the key and in order to collaborate we need to communicate. In the case of the muscles, while each type is specialised for different activities there is a control mechanism that sends signals depending on the activity being undertaken - it is in essence, collaboration. Everyone has a role to play in the bigger picture.
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Mar 30 2012: Asha,
Thank you very much for your reply, and I'm glad you enjoyed the question. I completely agree with you on the fact that we need both in society. Being too specialized and closed-minded will not allow you to experience where you fit in, or as you call it "see the big picture," bringing about stagnation. However, if everyone was just full of general knowledge, then individual fields would have trouble advancing without these "experts" to push them forwards. This is a quote by the economist and philosopher Henry Hazlitt which I thought agrees with your position that there is a problem to both if examined individually:
"The dilemma is this. In the modern world knowledge has been growing so fast and so enormously, in almost every field, that the probabilities are immensely against anybody, no matter how innately clever, being able to make a contribution in any one field unless he devotes all his time to it for years. If he tries to be the Rounded Universal Man, like Leonardo da Vinci, or to take all knowledge for his province, like Francis Bacon, he is most likely to become a mere dilettante and dabbler. But if he becomes too specialized, he is apt to become narrow and lopsided, ignorant on every subject but his own, and perhaps dull and sterile even on that because he lacks perspective and vision and has missed the cross-fertilization of ideas that can come from knowing something of other subjects."
Nina Tandon
Mar 30 2012: Asha! Thank you so much for finding an even deeper analogy here between the idea of cooperation/collaboration and muscle contractions in the context of coordination!
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I suppose in whales, given their size coordination is even more important?
Nikhil Goyal
Mar 30 2012: Yes, society obviously needs more interdisciplinary work. Art and science go hand and hand to create magnificent feats of architecture, design, machinery, and innovation. Schools often put subjects in silos. This needs to be changed immediately.
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I am a student at Syosset High School in Long Island, New York. I am writing a book on education reform — Time to Think Different: Why America Needs a Learning Revolution.
Mar 30 2012: Nikhil,
Thank you for your comment. Being an engineering student, I definitely see the importance and necessity of interdisciplinary work and using different fields to compliment each other. I am also interested on your thoughts as to why you think schools put subjects in silos, or even how that affects society. Fritzie Reisner, in her comment on this thread, seems to think that it is the individuals who yearn for this specialization in one field, while you think it is more because of the education system. However, both of you do agree that interdisciplinary work is what society needs. I would love to hear your thoughts, and would also appreciate if you would let me know when you're done with your book. Here is a quote by R. Buckminster Fuller on the problem of society operating on the theory of specialization which you could think about including in your book, or just enjoy for yourself.
Of course, our failures are a consequence of many factors, but possibly one of the most important is the fact that society operates on the theory that specialization is the key to success, not realizing that specialization precludes comprehensive thinking. - R. Buckminster Fuller (1895 - 1983), Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth, 1963
Apr 3 2012: For me personally, the question of specializing in one field versus focusing on a lot of diverse areas has an important temporal aspect. Often, it seems important to learn one subject really well. Before a test, trying to get a job, training for a job, or even just studying a specific area for pleasure. I think that in the long-run, however, it is important both to have experiences in specific areas as well as a broad interdisciplinary base.
This has some interesting analogs to human health and biology: I liken focusing on a specific area to a sprint, working those fast-twitch muscle analogs in the brain, working to all but exhaust your curiosity. Interdisciplinary learning is more like running a marathon--It is really a life-long journey, and it exercises your mind in a different way. Ultimately, you need to practice both to have a healthy background, but it is clear why certain situations require one style of learning or the other.
Asha de Vos
Apr 1 2012: Hey Nina -- No worries. I enjoy the questions your students pose. They always set the scene really well and give context to their thinking. Nice structured thought! I agree, whales are a bigger story of collaboration -- and think about whales that breach! imagine how much more collaboration is required to haul an extremely large animal full out of the water and help it land gracefully back?
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Ovi Ficle
Apr 3 2012: I think we need both specialists and generalists in our society, and i also think there are not enough generalists. Also a group of generalists has better problem solving power than a group of specialists in diverse fields, simply because they can communicate and understand each other more easily.
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In my opinion a generalist also has a better understanding of the world he lives in and probably a more flexible thinking.
Harnsowl Ko
Apr 3 2012: Moving forward with this line of thinking, I feel that it is a matter of finding a balance between the two. I feel that now, as we become more specialized, we become less aware of anything outside this specialty. This really is a shame. To me, it is very gratifying to be able to discuss various topics outside of a chosen, specific field. Although it is great that people are becoming more specialized and more cutting-edge work is done, it is very difficult for me to entertain the idea that our world becomes so specialized that we lose the ability to understand the world from various perspectives. This is why what we need is balance, so that we can blend together the specialists and the generalists.
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Simon Khuvis
Apr 4 2012: I definitely agree with your opinion that there has to be a balance between specialists and generalists. While specialists are immensely important to our society in their function as experts in a given field, generalists are necessary to synthesize the specialists' expertise. I firmly believe, however, that even specialists should have a wide range of experience outside of their chosen industry if only to be well-informed citizens.Apr 2 2012: My grandfather used to joke 'we are becoming more and more specialized. It used to be that everyone had to know a little bit of everything. Then people began to know more and more about narrower and narrower fields. Soon people will know everything about nothing.' not sure where he got that, but I like it :)
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I like the interdisciplinary. I have never understood why specialists stay around specialists who are like them. Making new ideas from old ones works like evolution. It happens faster when you have diversity in the gene pool! That's my opinion. Woo!
Apr 3 2012: Hi, Sarina,
I think the reason specialists stay around specialists is because the advancement technology has progressed. in most of the fields. A simple topic can lead to a deeper and bigger field for people to dive in. For example, in my bioelectricity class, we talked about different aspects of the electricity that is in our body such as hearts, muscles, brain and more. Every week we tackles different topics. I feel for each of there topic we went through, we were merely tapping the surface. There is so much more to learn to be an expert on one of those subjects! That is the reason why I think specialization has its place.
But I also agree that diversity can bring in inspirations. And also from swimming in the diversity pool, we can always realize the field we want to dive deep into later on.Mar 30 2012: As numerous contemporary philosophers have recently observed our society is moving towards two directions. On the one hand divergence through specialization and on the other hand convergence due to the inherent connectedness of our knowledge fields.It is not so much of an issue, as it is an observable phenomenon. To explain this we need to understand that we've arrived at a junction where our knowledge increases at exponential rates both on the collective and personal levels and at the same time the links between knowledge, mostly due to the improvement of communications technology, are also being recognized at a much higher pace than before. Based on the above, specialization as a term is redefined. Today the specialist emerges as not the solver, but the holder of a piece of a wider puzzle. And it is through the creative and collective contributions of all specialists that mankind strides towards the future.
Cat Anderson
Mar 30 2012: Need both, PLUS language/models/expertise in the "specialized" function of brokering and synthesis. It's been so long since I got my interdisciplinary Masters (and I haven't kept up with the academic side), I'm not up to speed on the mind-tech of cooperation ... but found the Rheingold TED talk (linked above) fascinating on this point (it was from 2005, so has likely been superceded by others who saw the genius in it). If I were to look again, now, I'd probably inquire at the Santa Fe Institute too -- which is now generating thrilling new interactions with writers and other artists, leavening the computational dimensions of complexity. My own bias is to focus on "shared aim," as a starting point -- which aligns all disciplines in certain ways from the get-go. It can be the hardest and most important part of a project.
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sophy smith
Mar 30 2012: What a great conversation to start my day! I run a transdisciplinary Masters programme in the UK, across technology, e-sciences, digital arts and the humanities, and for the students on my course the ability to work across and beyond discipline boundaries is extremely exciting (and challenging!) and leads to really innovative products/processes/ideas. (If you're interested, you can see the kind of work that this kind of transdisciplinary approach leads to at www.ioct.dmu.ac.uk/masters). It's not just having the specialist knowledge from different disciplines that is beneficial but also the practical understanding of the different working practices and processes of different disciplines. Being able to communicate and across disciplines is the key, leading to a deeper understanding of connections, which can result in groundbreaking work. Having people in the workforce who can work in this way, with a understanding of the value of different disciplines and how they work together can surely only be beneficial for society.Mar 30 2012: I think the blunt answer is you need both. And I offer as a very terrible example some dialogue from the SCI-fi film: the fly
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How could you do this alone?
Well, I don't work alone. There's a lot of stuff in there I
don't even understand. I'm really,uh... a systems management
man. I farm... bits and pieces, uh, out to guys who are much
more brilliant than I am. I say... "Build me a laser this,
design me a molecular analyzer that," and they do, and I
just stick'em together. But, uh, none of them knows what the
project really is. So...
I hope this illustrates the point. At the moment there is literally too much, for one human to ever learn. So, you need to have abstraction layers. Your deep dive specialists learn everything there is to know about something, and your higher level guys have an understanding of those fields, but pull the principles together into larger designs.
Thomas Bok
Mar 30 2012: The answer to the question depends what the task is.
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Neither is superior than the other.
Regardless of which method, individual competency is crucial to make things happen.
Glenn Barres
Mar 30 2012: Great reply. Context is very important and our solutions should always be able to adjust to the context, or give way to new solutions, when the context changes.
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And it all begins within.Mar 30 2012: Both.... one needs to know more but be in contact with more well-rounded individuals working together on regular basis...
Xp Virtual
Mar 30 2012: I don't know exactly what the right balance between the two would be...
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But in this society the standard, the default, is to be a specialist.
That's why I believe interdisciplinary work is needed... just because the world is full of specialists.
Also, there are more limitations on specific topics when studied in isolation from other disciplines... once you start getting interdisciplinary, you can move past those barriers, but there is always a need for specialized individuals.
If you want to be a leader or have an important role in life, I guess it's better to be inerdisciplinary and well rounded. As well as for just enjoying life.
Mar 30 2012: Thank you for your comment.
I agree that there would have to be a balance between the two, and doubt there is a "right" balance for today's society. There is definitely an importance in being open-minded to many subjects and being able to find similarities and common ground between them. I also see why you would say that the default in today is to be a specialist. Why do you think that is? Is there an innate drive in humans to want to focus and hone in on just one field, or is that guided by society/education system?
Fritzie -
Mar 30 2012: I believe that many individuals enjoy the feeling of becoming excellent or highly competent at something and understanding it well. This would be consistent with Martin Seligman's ideas in positive psychology of what factors lead people to happiness or content. Not everyone, but many people, have a taste for depth.Often in the absense of depth, understanding of the interconnections among fields remains superficial. Deep understanding is usually necessary but not sufficient for advancing a field. Interdisciplinary understandings enhance ones prospects for advancing the field through associative thinking.Apr 1 2012: Hey Steve,
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I think both, the humans' innate drive and the structure of the education system, push us towards specialization. As Fritzie said, we tend to have a "taste for depth," but usually for only a couple of subjects. Through life we experience a lot of things but, for me at least, not everything catches my attention. When things do interest me, I try to learn more about them; and when they don't interest me, they just drift out of sight. The point here is that specialization does for me seems to be innate.
The education system seems to foster this innate tendency towards specialization. Perhaps this is why we must declare majors upon entering college. We can't just go to school, learn a little bit about everything, and then get a degree in general knowledge; it has to be something specific. Even If the innate tendency towards specialization was not already there, school forces it in that direction. The top of the education hierarchy (PhD) does not promote an increase of knowledge in all subjects, but rather an extreme specialization in one topic. It is tough for people just looking to learn about everything because as one climbs the educational hierarchy, the focus seems to get more and more narrow.
Apr 2 2012: Andrew,
I completely agree with you here. I also tend to indulge deeper into subjects that I find interesting and that catch my attention, leaving out the ones I am not as interested in. Over time this causes a specialization in a general area and that is only bolstered by our education system as you point out. You make an interesting point comparing the education system to a hierarchy where a PhD is considered to be the top. Seems as if we are led to believe that by specializing deeply in one topic, we have attained the most "knowledge possible." I have found a quote from 1948 by American scholar Richard Weaver showing exactly that we just alluded to:
The former distrust of specialization has been supplanted by its opposite, a distrust of generalization. Not only has man become a specialist in practice, he is being taught that special facts represent the highest form of knowledge.
Richard Weaver, Ideas Have Consequences (Chicago: 1948), p. 59Apr 3 2012: Hi Andrew,
I agree with you, our educational institutions push us towards increasing degrees of specialization; just reading the title of a PhD thesis is proof of that. I guess when climbing the educational hierarchy the focus gets "more and more narrow" because we realistically don't have all the time in the world and, as an earlier comment by Yu-An Chen noted, fields are ever-expanding and simply keeping up-to-date with the advancements in one field can be difficult. The more in-depth you go, the larger the field seems to be; I've decided to call this the "law of specialization" (it applies to all specializations, for example lizard contest behaviour, which is a huge field depending on who you talk to). However I think the approach of solely trying to keep abreast of developments in your specialization, with little awareness of other fields, can actually make things more difficult. Inter-disciplinary collaboration is only possible if one is generally aware of the capabilities of other disciplines. At the same time, whilst a generalist is capable of linking together many specialists, they might suffer from not being able to sufficiently understand the needs of a particular discipline- because they're not specialists. I think a great way to get around this is for specialists to also generalize, and spend some procrastination time learning about something completely different (which is why TED is great). Despite the old adage I believe it's very possible to be a jack of all trades and a master of one.Apr 1 2012: I believe this has a lot to do with society but also human psychology. I guess it's the easiest choice. It's tough to get out of your confort zone... start doing something that you're again, not the best at.
If you were the best football player in your country (or school), you'd feel as if playing hockey is not worth it because you're out of your confort zone, NOT BEING THE BEST.
Hard as you may work, decisions are usually the hardest part of life, and constantly starting something new, tolerating starting from the bottom of the chain, is not as rewarding as staying in the confort zone, for most people.Apr 3 2012: The first thing that comes to mind is the saying "jack of all trades, master of none". This is the chief opponent to the interdisciplinary worker. If ones education is to broad, one risks not going deep enough into any topic to know it with any real substance. However, especially in today's day and age where the lines between disciplines are blurring, in order to be an educated individual, one must be exposed to a wide range of disciplines so that at least the topic of conversation is familiar and everyone can participate in the conversation.Apr 3 2012: I personally regard this as more complicated than it seems. It's likely that a team of generalists may have a better understanding and more flexible thinking. Yet I cannot deny specialists could often provide more positive contributions within the field they are expert.
This could be illustrated for example by the difference between a journalist and an historian. The former has a well-rounded background in many fields (say economics, history, art, and so forth), which could result in them being more skillful at connecting different disciplines in an over-confident fashion. In turn, over-confidence could lead to superficiality and/or inaccuracy while setting forth their views. By contrast, a more thorough and exhaustive study will bring about a more valuable contribution indeed.
The point is, an expert finds himself forced to cope with weighing up pros and cons (or taking divergent opinions into account anyway) more often than a generalist/non-expert does for a whole host of reasons. I must admit i often run across obnoxious know-it-all generalists and I can't take whatever they say as gospel truth. In such cases, I feel experts' opinions are way more reliable than others'.Apr 3 2012: Hey Steve
Interdisciplinary work, I feel is crucial to solving the current major problems and to the progress of many fields. Efforts should be made such that issues should be tackled by diverse groups of both specialists and well-rounded individuals. Problems require more than one set of knowledge to develop solutions because of the interconnections between everything. I do not think that there should be either more specialists or more well-rounded individuals because each person has developed to be one or the other and forcing someone to do something beyond their interests or capabilities would stun growth and problem solving. I think E.F. Schumacher describes my thoughts best in his "Small is Beautiful", "What is at fault is not specialisation, but the lack of depth with which the subjects are usually presented, and the absence of meta- physical awareness. The sciences are being taught without any awareness of the presuppositions of science, of the meaning and significance of scientific laws, and of the place occupied by the natural sciences within the whole cosmos of human thought." Each individual should have a specialization but the depth at which he or she knows other subjects must be greater than a few facts and gut inclinations. Each person has their own college major or specialization but the core curriculum must be more heavily emphasized and must be more rigorous to build a stronger foundation for specialization. All engineering specializations would mean nothing without a deep understanding of the math, science, history, ethics, and motivations for them. An engineer does not only speak in numbers but must be able to communicate through speech and writing.Apr 2 2012: My uneducated opine is that the main thing is to be able to apply whatever you are doing in other words if it has no application then it is not knowledge.
To do this means that you understand something conceptually to understand something conceptually means you can explain the idea simply and apply it.
Example we had an network problem with our macs we had a dozen different people look at the problem without any luck. Finally my bookkeeper got a hold of someone way up the chain and he said well there are only 3 things that can cause that problem you have eliminated 2 of them so do this, bingo it completely fixed the problem.
The rate of change of technology is speeding up so much that you won't even be able finish school before what you are learning is obsolete. The trick will be to get complete conceptual understanding of what you do know so that you will quickly be able to determine what you don't know about something else and wrap your wits around it quickly.
Apr 3 2012: I agree that it is absolutely critical to have a concrete foundation in the basics because then one can approach and delve deeper in other areas. As many people have pointed out, I also think that specialization comes around not only because it follows the curiosity inherent in human nature but also as a product of the times. In medicine, the issue that is constantly discussed is the fact that most doctors choose to specialize instead of pursuing a career as a primary physician, leading to a shortage of general practitioners. While many might be truly suited to their specialization and genuinely be completely attracted to that specific part of the field, there is no doubt that there is a very real incentive for others to specialize due to the monetary gain. Procedures are paid more than cognitive functions. However, the need for an increase in interdisciplinary work is becoming more and more necessary as our knowledge base increases. One needs to have a well-rounded education as mentioned above in order to even be able to interact with an interdisciplinary team. The only problem with this is the fact that this requires even more schooling (this comes attached with its own red flags: the educational system, the price tag, longer time until one is financially able to start a family, etc).
Apr 3 2012: Maria
My point is that all GPs may become obsolete by technology better trained nurses and Dr. Assistants in other word those cognitive functions may be replaced with technology. Look at the Peter Diamandis talk about abundance and particularly about the future of medicine.
Learning is part of life, embrace it besides it is fun?
But as to the high cost of a college education avoid the debt as much as possible.
As with the housing bubble where government made money available for housing that would not otherwise exist so to has it reeked havoc with students futures. It is just supply and demand where more money is made available the price goes up as it did in the days of the 49er's where a shovel cost a fortune.Apr 3 2012: Pat,
Thank you very much for your comment. I really enjoyed your thoughts; especially the last paragraph. By being interdisciplinary, you allow yourself to quickly adapt to the changing world around you, including technologically, as you mentioned. Once you are too deep in a subject, if for some reason it turns out to be obsolete, it will be much more difficult to adapt to the changing conditions than if you have a wide background. You also share this philosophy with American theorist Karl Weick:
"Generalists, people with moderately strong attachments to many ideas, should be hard to interrupt, and once interrupted, should have weaker, shorter negative reactions since they have alternative paths to realize their plans. Specialists, people with stronger attachments to fewer ideas, should be easier to interrupt, and once interrupted, should have stronger, more sustained negative reactions because they have fewer alternative pathways to realize their plans. Generalists should be the upbeat, positive people in the profession while specialists should be their grouchy, negative counterparts."
-Karl Weick
As you can see, he states that it is harder for specialists to adapt once "interrupted." This idea can also be applied to other species. There exist what are call specialist and generalist species. For example, one well-known specialist species is the koala, which relies primarily on eucalyptus leaves for nourishment. Here is a link to the Wikipedia page if you are interested in other examples of specialist and generalist species.
Thanks again!
Apr 3 2012: Steven
It is all about application. General or specialized it is about conceptual understanding how do you know you have this conceptual understanding? If you can apply it you got it, if you can't you don't. Use this as your true north it will serve you well.
Apr 3 2012: Steven,
Wow! The quote you share above was very interesting!
What definitely made me think about your question the most was the part "Generalists should be the upbeat, positive people in the profession while specialists should be their grouchy, negative counterparts." This is an interesting thought, but I don't particularly believe in this idea.
Great conversation topic!Apr 2 2012: I think that while well roundedness and interdisciplinary work are admirable, for much of how our society functions, specialists are vitally needed. For instance, if one were to need a specific medical procedure done, they would want a doctor who knows that one procedure inside and out and has done it hundreds of times. Obviously, if you're considering a team working on a large project, you hope that the members of the team know the context of what they're doing, but you also hope that each of them is a specialist in the work they're responsible for.
Also, while interdisciplinary fields are important for advances in new science, after a while, they stop really being considered interdisciplinary. Take for instance Biomedical engineering. It used to be considered a cross between chemical, mechanical, and electrical engineering, but is now just considered a specialized field.
Apr 3 2012: Nicolette,
I think this quote by the philosopher and economist Bernard Mandeville really captures what you are saying:
"But if one will wholly apply himself to the making of Bows and Arrows, whilst another provides Food, a third builds Huts, a fourth makes Garments, and a fifth Utensils, they not only become useful to one another, but the Callings and Employments themselves will in the same Number of Years receive much greater Improvements, than if all had been promiscuously followed by every one of the Five."
He, along with yourself, seems to indicate that specialization in fields is definitely needed (and preferred), not only for the society, but also to advance the field in isolation. His Hut-builder can easily be compared to your doctor who knows a certain procedure "inside and out." I find both of your ideas of having the person who is an expert in a certain field conduct that specific task very interesting, although I seem to believe a mix between the two is needed. Thank you for your comment!Apr 2 2012: I think we need to ask ourselves what is the goal of making the decision between specialization versus being interdisciplinary. What sort of benefits do we want for society? Specialization can be seen as a huge benefit to society as it allows for mass production. We no longer need artisans to craft a single product, rather, we have people who specialize in one very specific skill. Specialization also allows us to ignore the need to learn a lot or do a lot to give ourselves more time to focus on other things which can benefit society (like the use of dishwashers, etc versus doing it ourselves)
Of course, this also introduces a problem. People are free to ignore some knowledge to obtain other knowledge; but people are also free to not learn at all. I believe a person's choice not to do anything beneficial to society is the crux of the problem. We cannot all specialize, we need people who are like systems engineers, who can see how all the piece fit together. The issue is that society lacks trust and the sense of duty. If one were to specialize, that one has to trust that systems engineers are around to piece things together. And there has to be a sense to duty for others to become systems engineers. This is analogous to one who is missing a limb. Phantom limb syndrome occurs and we think a limb is there, but the limb (specialized components) are missing.
To sum up, we definitely need both. I'd like to emphasize "working together". I think regardless of whether we're specialized or not, we need to have engrained in ourselves that our intentions should be to benefit society, else we become the malignant parts of society and instead of continuing to benefit society, society needs to waste time and effort to fix the malignant parts.Apr 1 2012: In my opinion specialist gain a much deeper understanding when taking a multidiaplenary approach. Seeing the connections that link disaplens together. For a basic example, to have deep understanding movement in animals biology, chemistry and physics needs to be taken into account, for the phenomima could not happen unless all these areas of specialized science worked together. Nature dose not spealize when it comes to its fundermentals, even when the species that it evolves is to occupy a specialized nech in an ecosystem.
In high school biology we look at cells and their specialized organelles that perform certain biochemical processes that are required for the cell to function and how these processes have a interdependence with other organelles. How the cells have a interdependence with other cells to creat specialized tissues, that have a interdependence with other tissues to make specialized organs that have a interdependence with other organ to make organ systems. How all the organ systems are interdependent on each other to make an organism and how the organism has a interdependence on other organisms to creat a ecosystem that is needed for them all to survive.
The short answer is that speclisation is fine when it works with other speclisation as they are all connected. Like all the specialized commtonents of the computer I'm using to write this are interconnected and working together to make a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts. This amazing piece of tech allows me as indervidual to connect and share with others in this amazing community. We need specialist that aren't boxed in compleatly that see the bigger picture and can apply their understanding to other fields to help them grow and become stronger creating deep understanding. We need specelist to think out of their box.Mar 31 2012: Deep deep knowledge is needed to make advances in any field, but creativity needs inspiration from outside the existing knowledge base. So an open mind, ability to listen and collaborate are just as important. But being jack of all trades and master of none won't add much to the sum of human existence.Mar 30 2012: Both are needed and there's no point in forcing someone who is by nature a specialist to stop working in this way. The same applies to forcing a generalist to ignore the broader implications.
However, outside of research, specialism can be overdone. The medical profession is a good example of where this happens. It's not uncommon for a doctor who, for example, specialises in treatment oof a particular joint from an orthopoedic perspective to dismiss symptoms which have no bearing on his narrow area. The result can be a patient with a serious problembeing denied treatment.
So in some circumstances, there is a need to prevent or compensate for over-specialisation.Mar 30 2012: We need both A specialized perspective and wholesome perspectives creates growth in balance. Should we only have one or the other we'd find ourselves getting stuck as a community. Each offers momentum like a professional ballroom dancing -l one person leads direction and the other balance. This makes the dance seem effortless and graceful and yet there's a lot of muscle, thought and physics happening in the dance. If both lead and balance you get chaos and not much grace.
Apr 3 2012: Melissa,
I enjoyed reading your comment. The dance metaphor is a really good way to visualize the relationship between generalization and specialization. I'm especially intrigued by the idea that one person leads and the other follows. Perhaps, this sort of division is also necessary in society. That is, we need people who are extremely specialized in their field and people who are familiar with a range of disciplines to create balance. Sure, I believe that it is possible to be an expert in a field as well as a well-rounded individual. However, I don't think we can be equally good at being both. Speaking from personal experience, people seem to lean more toward one or the other side of the specialization/generalization spectrum. But, if we think about the specialization/generalization dichotomy in light of what we know about muscle contraction, it does not seem as problematic. Just as the different components of muscle work together to create movement, people who fall on different sides of the specialization/generalization spectrum can work together to maximize their productive potential.Mar 30 2012: What an interesting topic to raise! Though I know next to nothing about Bioelectricity, I can relate. Both experts who are specialized or interdisciplinary are crucial to society. I don't think we can do without either. They both have so much to offer. Interdisciplinaries may serve as the link between specialized experts.Mar 30 2012: I think a simple decision will not suffice in this early stage of understanding of how interdisciplinarity works. The disciplinary excellence has to balanced with the power interdisciplinary innovative capacity. Lot's of research will have to focus on how science will develop in regard to this topic. Cognitive, communicative, methodological differences arise from strict disciplinary teaching, but increase the speed information exchange within a subject. Differences in terminology create problems in interdisciplinary research especially if the well defined polysemy is unknown to a team.
Interesting subject. Balance and meta-work is required.Mar 30 2012: I agree with Nikhil, the separation of learning into subjects early in a child's education really blinkers individuals. The old way of topic based learning is a much better model. After all the invention of the battery came about due to the observation of a fish. Experts in all fields are necessary, but the ability and knowledge of the wider world allows for true innovation.
Look forward to reading your book Nikhil!Mar 30 2012: Well a combination of both is a rare and much sought after attribute.Mar 30 2012: All Rounders definitely, the thinker is always the one that needs to know the different worlds and what they have to offer before creating another Industry Standard.Mar 30 2012: An important part of having "general" knowledge is developing versatile intellectual capacities - reasoning, analyzing, questioning, sorting information, contextualizing, zooming in, zooming out, identifying patterns, singling out anomalies, etc. What is more important than having general knowledge, in terms of having basic information about a variety of subjects, is having general capacities - capacities that enable acquiring and processing new information outside of one's area of specialization. I'd like to suggest that specialized knowledge combined with generalizable capacities is the best formula for maximizing both benefit to society and benefit to the individual.Mar 30 2012: As a general rule, what society needs is for the best tools to be used for the job at hand. Often, development of ideas and theoretical concepts is best handled by teams of specialists, each trained in a slightly different area of one field working as a team. Implementation of ideas, conversely, is often best handled by one or more people with interdisciplinary skill sets, more aware of issues not directly concerned with only one field.
Sufficient work by specialists can develop theory to a point that saves a vast amount of trial and error in implementation, applying known issues to theory to test its validity. Likewise, theory can be put into practice by those with interdisciplinary skills in ways that specialists may never have thought of, being unaware of areas outside their specialty. The issue they face is perhaps best summed up by one of my favourite quotes: "In theory, there is no difference between theory and practice. But in practice, there is."
The old-fashioned concept of the 'renaissance man', who could know all there was to know in every field, is now an impossibility and many fields can easily absorb a life-times work. Perhaps what society needs is a better understanding of how specialisation and interdisciplinary approaches are both critical in their own way.
Apr 2 2012: I see the sense in having specialists, focused on theoretical knowledge in their respective field, save time on the implementation of ideas by a team of interdisciplinary oriented people. Attempting to draw an example from real life, I would see the building of a submarine requiring an interdisciplinary team at the head along with those who specialize in design, engineering, and manufacturing fields. The people in charge should have some knowledge of all the specialist fields and be able to provide a "big picture" perspective, whereas if specialists in only one field were in charge the view would be more narrow.
Also, somewhat related to the topic, the Cooper Union School of Art has an interdisciplinary seminar. http://cuids.org/Mar 30 2012: It seems that a look at the most respect thinkers and scientist throughout history, from Aristotle to Einstein to Hawking, (along with most of the speakers at TED) have a background steeped in a liberal education. This education has included not only math and science, but history and philosophy and art and literature. The experience people gain from such an education in invaluable in allowing people to see the connections across the disciplinary divides.Mar 30 2012: @Anthony @Nikhil. You're right that interdisciplinary work is good. But my interpretation of the question was 'is generalization better than collabaration?'. And I think not.Mar 30 2012: What do you mean by 'beneficial to society '? If it's more civilization and growth, the classic idea of 'progress', then this is a solved problem that was taught to me in high school economics: " In the first sentence of An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), Adam Smith foresaw the essence of industrialism by determining that division of labour represents a qualitative increase in productivity." See here for more details as thrashed out by many philosophers through history: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_labour
Mar 30 2012: Is what is best for society necessarily the best for its individuals?


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Name/Squadron: Senior Airman Michelle Renner 55 RQS
First Sergeant: Master Sgt. David Argabright
Duty Title: Intelligence Analyst
When joined the AF: Feb. 22, 2011
Hometown: Georgetown, California
Hobbies: Horses, Exercise, Cooking, Reading, Astronomy and Physics
Selection Reasons:
Senior Airman Renner's duty performance has been outstanding from day one. This has been reflected throughout her career with quarterly awards, selection to SrA Below-the-Zone, and a deployed decoration.
Airman Renner briefs current Intel and threat briefs, keeping aircrew current on their threat knowledge. In addition, she helps manage the entire external training program, making sure that all the aircrews' briefings are tracked and logged to ensure annual training requirements are met. She participates in pilot upgrade scenario development, working in both the planning of the scenario and helping the pilots develop specific threat knowledge.
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St. Marys used a dominating pitching performance and powerful hitting in a 7-0 win over Elk County Catholic in the championship game of the Elk County Softball Tournament Friday at Francis S. Grandinetti Elementary School in Ridgway.
"The girls came to play," St. Marys coach Manny Gerarge said. "The girls wanted it, they went out and gave 100 percent. We tell them to leave it on the field and they did."
Rachel Ginther had 13 strikeouts and two walks in a 1-hit shutout. She had a no-hit bid going for 5 2-3 innings until a double from ECC's Anna Hawkins ended that attempt.
"This is only her second game back," Gerarge said. "She threw well."
ECC had won the tournament 10 years in a row prior to Friday's result.
"Rachel Ginther threw a fabulous game [Friday]," Elk County Catholic coach Dr. Joe Coroso said. "It's no shame to ever lose to her. Our girls to their credit never gave up and kept battling to the end. It was unfortunate Hannah McGowan and Jenny Cappiello (ECC's leadoff and cleanup hitter) were not playing [Friday] but the way Rachel was throwing, it may not have made a difference."
Coach Gerarge said a defensive play sparked the team as Mandy Gerarge made a good catch in left field on ECC leadoff hitter Jessie Ginther.
"The first inning, Mandy's catch in left field really set the tone for the game early, making a big defensive play on the leadoff hitter," coach Gerarge said.
St. Marys then followed the strong defense with the first runs of the game, opening the scoring up in the second inning with three runs. Savanah Krivonyak reached on a 1-out walk and Cassie Wonderling followed with a single. Taylor Bellina then notched a single with Krivonyak scoring on the play. After a strikeout, Erica Sorg singled home Wonderling and Bellina would score on a single off the bat of Kali Quagliani to put the Lady Dutch up 3-0.
Mandy Gerarge walked with one out in the third inning for St. Marys and Krivonyak followed with another single. Wonderling then scorched a double into center field to plate Gerarge and put the Lady Dutch up 4-0.
St. Marys added three more in the sixth inning as daylight began to fade. Wonderling advanced to second on a double from the Lady Crusaders, she moved to third on a passed ball and scored on a sacrifice fly from Bellina. Cunningham reached on an infield error from ECC and Sorg then singled. Quagliani singled to score Cunningham and Sorg moved to third, scoring on a sacrifice fly from Rachel Ginther.
ECC had Taylor Schlimm reach on a St. Marys outfield error and Kristy Hanes walked but Rachel Ginther finished the inning with two straight strikeouts in the bottom of the second. Torie Gradizzi walked to lead off the third, Rachel Ginther then retired 10 straight ECC hitters until Hawkins' double in the sixth. Hawkins also had a solid defensive play in the fifth as she threw out a St. Marys runner as she tried to stretch a single into a double.
Sorg and Quagliani had two hits, the team finished with 10 for the game. Wonderling had two runs scored and was 3-for-4 with two doubles.
"Rachel had 13 strikeouts and it was probably one of our biggest hitting games this year," coach Gerarge said. "We played them earlier and the girls' confidence was up after a 2-1 victory. They came out and hit the ball well. We had one error, we played solid defense. It was a good team win."
Wonderling and Rachel Ginther were named to the All-Tournament Team from St. Marys. Lyndsey Trumbull was named for Elk County Catholic. Justis Myers was named from Johnsonburg and Ashley Viglione was named from Ridgway.
ECC, 9-2 in games played, next travels to Sheffield Monday to face the Lady Wolverines for a 4:15 p.m. varsity-only game.
Individual statistics:
St. Marys AB R H BI
Erica Sorg 3 1 2 1
Kali Quagliani 4 0 2 2
Rachel Ginther 3 0 0 0
Hayley McGowan 4 0 1 0
Mandy Gerarge 3 1 0 0
Savanah Krivonyak 3 1 1 0
Cassie Wonderling 4 2 2 1
Taylor Bellina 2 1 1 2
Raelyn Cunningham 3 1 0 0 Kelsey Fritz 0 0 0 0
Totals 29 7 10 6
2B: Wonderling 2, Quagliani.
Jessie Ginther 3 0 0 0
Jena Struble 3 0 0 0
Anna Hawkins 3 0 1 0
Lyndsey Trumbull 3 0 0 0
Taylor Schlimm 3 0 0 0
Kristy Hanes 2 0 0 0
Lexa Hansen 3 0 0 0
Michelle Imbrogno 2 0 0 0
Torie Gradizzi 1 0 0 0
Totals 23 0 1 0
2B: Hawkins.
St. Marys 031 003 0 - 7 10 1
St. Marys IP H R BB K
Ginther 7 1 0 2 13
Schlimm 7 10 7 3 6
[1] http://www.ridgwayrecord.com/sites/default/files/All-tourney 2 color.jpg
[2] mailto:email@example.com


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By: fawna
I really only have voyeur and exhibitionist fantasies. But I am real particular. It has to be a whole, sexy situation. I would much rather take a romantic bath with an average looking woman than watch an attractive man just pull his big dick out of his pants. And I am Not a lesbian at all! I just appreciate seeing and being seen naked in the right place and time.
Because I live alone I fantasize about the guys at work. Later I will share a voyeur fantasy about me at home. But right now I want to tell you this exhibitionist fantasy I had at work yesterday.
Larry was saying he wished we had a shower at work so he could go running at lunch. We are too small of an office for That, but I should have guessed what he said next. Well, next thing he says is we only need a Men's shower. There are only 2 girls and Lynette, our boss, is never around. He Actually said that if ever want a shower I could just use theirs. He is so crude and always tries to embarrass me. He knows I am nerdy but he has no idea that he cannot embarrass me like that. He better not find out I have all these sexy fantasies because he would Not leave me alone. I meant it!
What a jerk! Imagine me showering in front of that desperate group of nerds. Well guess what? I did imagine it! But it never really ended up like that. Here is what happened: I was thinking suppose one day they are all in the shower room. What I do is, undress right at my desk. Everything off: shoes, socks, shirt, pants, bra and panties and just throw them on the carpet. The only thing I keep on are my glasses because I Really want to see their reaction to what I will do next.
I wrap a towel around my waist only and walk right into their Men's shower room just like that! They all practically jump out of their skin but I just say hi as if I always walk around topless.
I imagine three of them are sitting on benches in their towels while Edy is in the actual shower stall. I just stand there talking about the weather. But they are too stunned to say Anything. They are mumbling random nonsense and trying not to look like they are looking my chest. But they are all staring right at my boobs. So I just casually say You know Larry, it was a great idea to put in this shower. It just feels so good to take my clothes off and let my breasts out. What do you guys think? Are my boobs too small for a bra?
At that comment I notice the fronts of their towels are rising. Edy, the one in the shower, is done now. He steps out of the stall with his own towel on. No doubt he is wondering what the hell is going on, but nobody makes a move. They are all stupidly frozen. So I say Well it looks like nobody else wants the shower so I am next. I drop my only item of "clothing" and now the show is On. They stop even the mumbling.
But instead of going into the shower, I just say Hey guys. It has been such a hard day, do you mind if I release some stress? Of course, they are too busy staring at my boobs and pussy to answer. So I start caressing my body.
Oh.. yeah… that feels much better. Then I play with my nipples, getting them nice and hard. The guys are shifting back and forth, uncomfortably but obviously resisting the urge to stroke their cocks. I am starting to get wet. I separate my legs a little and move my left hand down to my crotch.
I start slow, just running my fingers around the edge of my vagina. Of Course I am gasping with pleasure. I can see Larry has already moved his hand under his towel and has grabbed his dick. The other two guys on the bench are rubbing their thighs anxiously through their own towels. I go inside with one finger, slowly gliding it back and forth, in and out.
I see Larry's towel moving up and down and the other guys are rubbing their own erections through the material. So I go a little faster. My gasps become moans and shouts. Larry is pumping fast now. Edy has joined him on his bench. I raise one foot to the bench so I can get two fingers in my vagina. Now I can fly at top speed, in and out, in and out. When I slip my foot under Larry's towel and graze his knee, he comes right on the spot. That is all I needed! My own glorious orgasm lifts me to a warm and exciting universe. I shout out loud the filthiest things any of them have ever heard from me.
After I come back down to Earth, I just act normal and say Wow! I really need a shower now. But Larry, you should really wash all that semen off first. I have never seen that much come on one guy! He is too horrified to say anything. He just gathers his jizzed up towel around his penis and lurches away to clean himself. I giggle at his bare ass disappearing into the stall. The other guys are not able to say a single Thing. They just uncomfortably stumble out of the room to find any private place where they can finish themselves off too.
I laugh to myself thinking how easy it is to entertain men, then lie back on a bench and lower my right hand to my still wet pussy. I am right handed after all so I may as well enjoy round 2 while I wait for my turn in the shower.
Comments for My Exhibitionism
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Fantasy Info:
Categories: Masturbation, The Audience / Voyeur
Tags: exhibitionist
Location: An office | Roleplay: Any
Fulfillment: I will tell you later | Nature: I will tell you later


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Clarksville TN Online is the voice of the people of Clarksville Tennessee.We take you beyond the ordinary in local news and gives the Extras: diverse political coverage including individual opinion pieces and editorial work, activism, local and regional arts and theater, municipal and county news and events, and more.
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To submit Clarksville Tennessee area news, story leads, tips, or press releases send us an email
Clarksville, TN – The weekly Clarksville Parks and Recreation Department Recreation Report provides Clarksvillians with a glimpse at the activities and events that are available from the Parks and Recreation Department for them to enjoy together as a family.
This weeks highlights include:
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Clarksville, TN – The Kleeman Community Center and the Leadership Enlightenment Academic Achievement and Perseverance Organization (L.E.A.P.) will present Storytellers on November 20th from 6:00pm until 7:00pm at the Kleeman Center, located at 166 Cunningham Lane. «Read the rest of this article»


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Tyler Ennis is shown after hauling in a pass from quarterback Sean Jordan. The was good for a 27 yard pickup. The senior receiver/defensive back also had an interception in the game. The Wolves, now 2-1 on the season after defeating Otto-Eldred, will play Brockway on Friday in Kane.Â
Kane's Tyler Rolick (12) gets low to tackle the Sheffield ball carrier during Monday's junior varsity contest. The Wolves have a full slate of junior varsity games on the schedule this season. Their next game will be against Cameron County in Emporium next Monday at 6 p.m.
Chris Saquin controls the ball during Tuesday's game against Ridgway. The sophomore played a solid game on defense, according to Coach Ernie Chamberlain, and also had a couple shots on goal for the Wolves. Kane lost 6-1 to the Elkers in spite of Saquin's effort.Â
The members of this season's Kane Middle School Eighth Grade Girls Basketball team will start their season next Tuesday at Eisenhower. Team members are, from left to right, front row, are Alexis Lima Lopez, Nicole Buhl, Lindsay Greto, Ashley Jordan, Sadie Tunall, Kiley Kinney, Victoria Swanson, back row, Sydni Holt, McKenna Ennis, Alaina Barner, Camryn Cummings, Jordan Race, Mackenzie Thayer, Marcella Stanisch, and Coach Kathy Counts.Â
The Kane Middle School's girls basketball seventh and eighth grade teams open their seasons on Tuesday when they travel to Warren County to take on Eisenhower. Pictured are members of the seventh grade team. From left to right in the front row are, Mackenzie Witherell, Caitlin O'Hara, Mackenzie Edinger, Alyssa Lima Lopez, back row, Rachel Morgan, Amber Carlson, Coach Mary Espin, Kennedy Detsch, and Trinity Clark.Â
Nikki Sicher passes the ball to the setter during Thursday's contest with DCC. The senior had a big night at the service line, leading Kane to a win in the first two games on their way to a three-game sweep.Â
Cheyenne Wheatley and Kaila Jamerson go up for the block during Thursday night's match against DuBois Central Catholic. The Lady Wolves defeated the Lady Cardinals in three straight games, 25-17, 25-9 and 25-14. Kane will take on Elk County in St Marys on Tuesday night.Â
Kane's Kaila Jamerson tips the ball over the defense at Saturday's Union High School Tournament. Teammates Morgan Nicholson and Katelyn Moran look on for the Lady Wolves. The regular season gets underway for the volleyball team tonight, as they host St Marys. The junior varsity contest gets underway at 6 p.m., with the varsity match to follow.Â
Taylor Morgan passes a ball up to be set at the Union Tournament held this past Saturday. Kane finished with a record of 7-5 in pool play at the tournament, before losing to the hosts in the first round of the playoffs. The Lady Wolves host St Marys Lady Dutch tonight in their season opener.Â
A Kane Middle School football player hangs on to a Smethport Hubbers' ankle before his teammates can help out. The young Wolves will open their season next Thursday when they travel to Sheffield. The Wolves' Varsity team will open its season tonight, when the Wolverines come to town. Kickoff is scheduled for 7 pm at Paul R Miller Stadium.Â


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Who would you go with and why??
Who would you go with and why??
Say No to 1st Round RBs!
1. Bautista - I dont give a damn if the Jays are good or not. He has been hands down the best player in baseball this year. **** all that "needs to be on a contender" bull****.
2. Granderson - Leads the league in HRs and RBIs and R's. Best hitter on possibly the best offense in baseball. Plays defense and steals bases too. Incredible year.
3. Ellsbury - Hits for power, average, plays great D and steals a ton of bases. I might be in the minority, but I think he is more valuable than Gonzo. You dont find many CFers that can do what he does. 1B has lots of players that are almost as good or just as good as Gonzo.
1. Ryan Braun - Great player. Slightly edges out Kemp here. leading the NL in OPS, SLG%, Runs, 2nd in BA. has 30 SB. Dude is a monster.
2. Matt Kemp - Like Bautista, you cant take it out him him that his entire organization is putrid.
3. Prince Fielder - Hell of a year. Set himself up for a MONSTER contract.
Verlander has to be right up there for not only the Cy Young, but the MVP in the AL as well. He is 19-2 since the middle of May (21-5 overall), and has won nine in a row. I dont think he will win it, since guys like Gonzo, Granderson, Bautista, etc. are having great years, but he should get serious consideration.


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The continuum from unidisciplinary to transdisciplinary, reproduced with the permission of Dan Stokols.
The term "Transdisciplinary" was introduced in 1970 by Jean Piaget to describe a methodology that goes beyond any single discipline. It is often confused with the terms interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary, and cross-disciplinary. This is not the last word in the definition of transdisciplinary, but it is a helpful start:
Transdisciplinary is when people from multiple disciplines work jointly to synthesize existing disciplinary work and extends it into a shared framework that creates a new approach.
Interdisciplinary is when people from different disciplines work jointly, but do not develop a shared framework that synthesizes and extends their discipline-specific concepts and methods.
Multidisciplinary is when people from different disciplines work sequentially, with the goal of eventually combining results to address a common problem.
Unidisciplinary is when people from a single discipline work together to addresss a common problem.
Claremont Graduate University has placed the Transdisciplinary Studies Program at the center of its research and teaching. Doctoral students are required to take a transdisciplinary course in order to experience the collaborative and cross-disciplinary nature of such work. CGU offers customized interfield and dual degree programs; Reading/Working Groups; Transdisciplinary Dissertation Awards; Transdisciplinary Research Awards for CGU faculty members and students; and a variety of on-campus events. Find out more about the Transdisciplinary Studies Department by clicking on the links at top and left of this page.
"Transdisciplinarity is the intellectual signature of CGU"
Globalization, specialization, and the complex nature of community and world problems has heightened the need to provide students with an education that enables them to work collaboratively across multiple fields of study and develop the habits of life-long learning. To meet this need, Claremont Graduate University has developed the Transdisciplinary Studies Program.
At CGU, transdisciplinarity is an approach to problem-centered research and teaching that draws upon the ideas and methods of multiple disciplines and extends our knowledge beyond any single discipline-specific domain to create new, integrative, and transformative solutions.
© 2015 Claremont Graduate University • 150 E. 10th St., Claremont, CA 91711 • (909) 621-8000 • Campus Safety • Emergency Info • Campus Map/Driving Directions


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Bellows Opens, High Schoolers Exhibiting at Joslyn
posted at 07:22 pm
on Wednesday, October 13th, 2010
Bellows Opens, High Schoolers Exhibiting at Joslyn
posted at 07:22 pm
on Wednesday, October 13th, 2010
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As said earlier in my preview of what's to come in 2015, regarding the visual arts in the Metro, the most anticipated event continues to be the midsummer opening of the newly renovated 1516 Gallery...more »
In Praise of Metro Public Art, Vol. 1
The Metro's major force in area public art funding and support, the Iowa West Foundation, has commissioned the estimable American artist Mark di Suvero to create a sculpture for Tom Hanafan River's...more »
Catch the Hubbub at Bemis 'Flock House: Omaha'
March finally lived up to its promise of warmer weather, and along with it the Metro art scene has come out of hibernation with a very busy and diverse group of exhibits worth a look-see and...more »
Les Femmes Folles and Caesium Gallery are proud to present LFF…Ciao! This farewell group exhibition features 30 artists celebrating the last two years of Les Femmes Folles. Founded by artist and...more »
The Omaha Creative Institute is a non-profit organization whose mission is to provide opportunities for the community to more fully experience their own creativity. "Come Create It Workshops" offer...more »


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Children's Chess Tournament
A fun tournament for children who play chess. Prizes and trophies will be awarded.
To sign up, please visit the Youth Services Desk or call 408.615.2916. Space is limited.
This program is made possible with generous support from the Santa Clara City Library Foundation and Friends.
Attention Parents: Your child's attendance at any Santa Clara City Library sponsored event constitutes
your permission for their photograph to be used for promotional purposes.
The City of Santa Clara is not responsible for the content of external sites.
Thank you for visiting the City of Santa Clara website.


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Corner Privacy Retreat
Stylish outdoor privacy.
The stylish design achieved by combining Yardistry's distinct 'X' panels, decorative arches and lattice panels will complement any backyard or garden.
Create a structure that beautifully adds privacy and style to any garden setting whether you are looking to create an outdoor getaway or a focal point within your garden. The Yardistry Corner Privacy Retreat is manufactured from exterior grade cedar (Cunninghamia Lanceolata). Comes as a ready to assemble kit. The factory applied stain provides additional protection against the elements and coats the Yardistry Corner Privacy Retreat in a rich shade of warm grey. Estimated assembly time: 1.5 hours.
Dimensions: 83.25" L x 83.25" W x 63.75" H
Weight: 126 lbs.
Corner Privacy Retreat
Shopping Cart


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Tours & Packages
- Cultural exploration
- Ecotourism / Green travel
- Golf
- Learning activities
- Medical tourism
- Meditation
- Outdoor & Adventure Activities - Air activities
- Outdoor & Adventure Activities - Land activities
- Outdoor & Adventure Activities - Water activities
- »Beach
- »Fishing
- »Fresh Water Kayaking & Canoeing
- »Jet Ski & Water Ski
- »Parasailing
- »Scuba Diving
- »Sea Kayaking & Canoeing
- »Snorkeling
- »Wake boarding
- »White Water Rafting
- »Windsurfing & Kite Surfing
- Sailing and Cruises
- Self drive
- Shopping
- Spa and Wellness
- Weddings & Honeymoons
Inspiring Phuket
Tour Overview :
Free and easy package with full day trip Koh Khai Island.
Departure Date :
Operate everyday.
Tour Inclusion :
- Roundtrip Air Ticket by Bangkok Airways Bangkok - Phuket with Fuel Surcharge, Insurance Surcharge and Airport Taxes
- 2 Nights Accommodation with daily breakfast (Based on Twin Sharing)
- Roundtrip transfer between airport – hotel
- One set Dinner at resort restaurant (exclude softdrinks)
- Snorkeling equipments, life jacket, transportation during tour, softdrink on board and lunch, fresh fruit, tour guide (the tour will start on the 2nd day of your stay and its joined with other client)
- Travel Accident Insurance
Tour Exclusion :
- Extra Meals and beverage
- Personal Expenses;-Telephone calling, Laundry service, Mini-bar, excess baggage fee and etc.
- Health Insurance
Terms and Conditions :
- This program is applicable during 01 November 2010 – 31 March 2011.
- American Express Credit card payment is acceptable with 1.5% extra charge.
- A minimum of 2 Passengers are required.
- Reservation and Settlement must be completed 14 days prior to traveling date. An urgent reservation is not acceptable.
- The package is non-amendment, non-reroute and non-refund.
- Any program amendment may cost extra charge. Passenger must be responsible for that cost.
- Passenger must responsible for personal use such as: medicine, credit card, cash etc.
- Reservation signified your acceptance of all conditions stated above.
- The settlement has to be made at Bangkok Airways' Head office or Wire Transfer.
Remark :
Bangkok Travel Club reserves the right to change prices and package details where appropriate. These changes are subject to political, meteorological, currency exchange and airline circumstances.
Our first priority will always be to up hold airline standards and the requirements of passengers accordingly.
Day by Day Itinerary :
Date 1 : Bangkok - Phuket
Arrive at Phuket Airport, transfer to hotel and free at leisure.
Date 2 : Phuket - Phuket
Breakfast in hotel, depart to enjoy a full day trip to Koh Khai Island.
Date 3 : Phuket - Bangkok
Breakfast in hotel, transfer to Phuket Airport. Prepare to depart back to Suvarnabhumi Airport.


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DENVER - Mayor Michael B. Hancock today announced the appointment of Anthony E. Graves as Director of Regional Affairs for the City and County of Denver. In this capacity, Graves will forge stronger regional partnerships to ensure Denver and surrounding jurisdictions can continue to successfully compete in the global economy.
"Denver and our neighboring cities are national leaders in several industries ranging from biotechnology to aerospace," Mayor Hancock said. "Graves understands the importance of these regional assets and has the experience to work collaboratively with municipalities, businesses and other stakeholders to pursue a mutual vision that will elevate the entire region."
As director, Graves will partner with regional leaders to ensure Denver and the surrounding cities are best positioned to thrive economically. He will serve as the Mayor's official liaison to the Denver Metro Mayors' Caucus, Colorado Municipal League, Denver Regional Council of Governments, and other regional boards and associations. He will begin on July 15, 2013.
"I am honored to join the Hancock Administration as a member of the Mayor's senior staff," Graves said. "I am committed to the important work of strengthening Denver's regional relationships and aspire to make a positive impact for the benefit of our city's residents and neighbors across the metropolitan area and the State of Colorado."
Graves leaves a position with VISIT DENVER, where he served as Director of Government & Community Affairs for three years. During his tenure, Graves worked to advance the organization with local, state, and federal entities and managed relationships on behalf of the organization with the Denver Metro Mayors' Caucus, Denver City Council, state and federal elected officials, chambers of commerce and economic development organizations.
"I am confident that Anthony will excel at the city in the same way he surpassed our expectations here at VISIT DENVER," said Richard W. Scharf, VISIT DENVER President & CEO.
Graves brings 15 years of experience in the private, nonprofit and academic sectors, where he held roles in public affairs, international operations, management consulting, strategic planning, board governance and economic development.
A Colorado native, Graves has a long history of being active with nonprofit organizations and government entities. He currently serves on the board of directors for the City Club of Denver, the Colfax Marathon, the Five Points Business District and the Leadership Committee for the University of Denver's 150th Anniversary. He is also a mayoral appointee to the Taxi & Limo Council, served on the Denver Commission on Homelessness on behalf of VISIT DENVER, was a gubernatorial appointee to the State of Colorado's Utility Consumer Board and was a charter member of the Rotary Club of Five Points.
Following a Bachelor of Arts in History from DePauw University, Graves earned an International Master of Business Administration degree from the Daniels College of Business at the University of Denver.


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He feels like I need to be kicked out of the league. I feel like people who beat their girlfriends should be kicked out of the league, too. ... You tell me who you'd rather have? Someone who plays aggressive on the field or someone who beat up their girlfriend?"
I'm sorry but this is too funny...


text: Legacy isn't a dirty word... but it's an irrelevant one. It's not important what our parents did. It matters what WE do. Someone has to save the world. You're someone. Do the math. The critically acclaimed team of Gillen/McKelvie/Wilson (with added Norton Sauce) decide to reinvent the teen superhero comic for the 21st century, uniting Wiccan, Hulkling and Hawkeye with Loki, Marvel Boy ... more


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In January 2007, HEAD Racquetsports announced the launch of the Metallix series for Squash, incorporating Metallix technology – one of the lightest and strongest new materials on the market. HEAD also introduced a completely new Squash ball series. Professional Squash Association (PSA) World No. 3 player David Palmer is among the first to see great success from the equipment.
"I am training with the HEAD Squash Ball and finding them to be very good. In fact I prefer them to traditional balls. The quality is perfect but what I like the most is that it does not fly around the court as much as other balls do," said two-time World Champion David Palmer, who recently won the Swedish Open.
Aside the new Squash ball line and the Metallix racquets, HEAD further launched a full line of Squash products including bags, indoor footwear and accessories. Further information of the entire Squash collection is available now.


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Student Services
I have long thought universities are like chapters in a book, forever evolving and never stagnant. This is very much the case with the current chapter of Eastern Oregon University. However, unlike most books, you actually play an active role in writing our collegiate story!
The 2014-2015 edition of Eastern Oregon University may in fact be historic as the university is in the midst of substantial evolution and change. This web page introduces you to the newly formed Division of Student Services, which took shape this summer and now spans a comprehensive range – from the Office of Admissions to the Learning Center – all directly meeting the ongoing needs of eastern Oregon students.
Our website will continue to be developed as new entities come into existence. You will see changes ranging from the implementation of our first University Board of Trustees to the development of the Mountaineer Family Network (MFN). The MFN will keep family and friends aware of timely and topical issues facing EOU students, in addition to the conversations impacting post-secondary education.
Student Services is about you. We follow no "template" but we do take an intentionally holistic approach with each and every student. No two students are alike, so why would we follow a scripted formula found at many other colleges and universities?
We are Oregon's only rural university dedicated to student access and opportunity, and we have the privilege of being located in the remarkable Blue Mountains. Just take a look around from any vantage point on campus…in a word, "stunning!"
As you explore all of our Student Services, ask yourself what will your chapter be in Eastern Oregon University's story? It's going to be a great read!
Most sincerely,
Xavier Romano
Vice President for Student Services


text: Tobias Borg is the son of former Swedish national team player Peter Borg, and is an exciting talent emerging in Sweden. He has impressed with Swedish youth national teams several years in a row and has shown his extreme quickness and leaping abilities. In the season past Tobias started for Swedish champions Södertälje Kings and played a crucial role for his club in the finals. He is arguably a bit too short to play shooting guard, but try telling him that. While playing the U20 European Championship, Tobias showed that he can grow into the point guard role given some time. He is very quick, not afraid to be physical, plays smart and is able to create his own shot. He might need more development to really play a role for Sweden in EuroBasket 2013, but so far Tobias has gotten up for every challenge thrown his way.


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15 Sep 2008
|Printable version | Email to a friend
|A Summary of Your Rights As An Airline Passenger . . .
That is the extent of your rights when you step onto an airplane (or "INto" an airplane as George Carlin liked to point out) according to Marc Britton. He should know - he's an attorney who was once General Counsel at Expedia and now runs his own legal advice website called Avvo.
He recently wrote a succinct article on this topic at the Journey etc. website
Airlines cannot discriminate against you by selling your seat to someone better looking or more pleasant. Nor can they punch you if you get on their nerves. But beyond that, the sky is the limit, as pilots like to say.
And who gives them the right to treat you like cattle? You do. When you buy a ticket, you agree to abide by their terms in the Carriage Agreement that they print on their tickets in microscopically small and very light type.
However, they are not heartless bastards. Bastards, yes. But not heartless. Maybe we should qualify that with the word "usually" not heartless. They are a slow, inconsistent, ungainly, and profitless bureaucracy. They are frightening to deal with but you don't have a choice if you need to get somewhere far within a reasonable period of time. And, like a strikingly similar bureaucracy, you do have a vote but the choices are not great and probably don't make a difference in the long run.
I wrote an article last Nov 24 about Rule 240 that gives you a little bit of a fighting chance sometimes. You can learn more about the Rule at the Peter Greenberg travel website..
Air Sickness Bag (and humor) from European flight operator Hapag-Lloyd Express
(c) 2008 except the photo Jeff Connor
|posted by grunhaus at 22:41


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Link Ink: Fanmade Lego '60s Batcave, Daily Pogs and 'Tron: Uprising'
Toys: Alex Schranz continues to craft delightful custom Lego displays, this time based on the '60s Batman TV show's Batcave.
Movies: Sebastain Shaw Kevin Bacon has signed on to play the villain in the upcoming live action movie adaptation of Dark Horse's R.I.P.D.
Art: Dustin Harbin illustrates "The


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Mission Type: Atmospheric Probe
Launch Vehicle: Modified SS-6 (Sapwood) with 2nd-generation upper stage + escape stage, 8K78M
Launch Site: Tyuratam (Baikonur Cosmodrome), USSR, NIIP-5 / launch site 1
Spacecraft Mass: 405 kg (probe); 1130 kg (bus and probe)
Spacecraft Instruments: Probe: 1) radio altimeter; 2) aneroid barometer; 3) eleven gas analyzer cartridges; 4) two resistance thermometers; 5) ionization densitometer; and 6) photoelectric sensors
Bus: 1) magnetometer; 2) cosmic-ray counters; 3) charged-particle traps; 4) ultraviolet photometer
Spacecraft Dimensions: Main bus was about 3.5 m high and 4 m across the deployed solar panels. Probe was a sphere, 1 m in diameter.
Spacecraft Power: Solar panels (main bus) and battery lasting 100 min. (probe)
Antenna Diameter: 2.3 m (high-gain antenna)
Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958-2000, Monographs in Aerospace History No. 24, by Asif A. Siddiqi
National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/
Solar System Log by Andrew Wilson, published 1987 by Jane's Publishing Co. Ltd.
Identical to Venera 5, Venera 6 reached Venus after performing 63 communications sessions with Earth and one midcourse correction on 16 March 1969 at a range of 15.7 million kilometers from Earth. Its 405-kilogram lander separated from the main bus 25,000 kilometers from Venus and entered the Venusian atmosphere at a velocity of 11.17 kilometers per second at 06:05 UT on 17 May 1969.
The Venera 6 capsule transmitted data for 51 minutes before contact was lost. It indicated an altitude of about 10 to 12 kilometers at the end, but its atmospheric pressure reading was similar to that measured by Venera 5 at a much higher altitude, indicating that Venera 6 may have come down over a mountain or high plateau. Landing coordinates were -5° latitude and 23° longitude.
Results from the Venera 5 and 6 missions, published by the Soviets in March 1970, seemed to confirm and sharpen earlier findings from Venera 4. The two new spacecraft found that Venus's atmosphere was composed of roughly 93 to 97 percent carbon dioxide (the remainder was split among nitrogen, oxygen, and inert gases). Data from Venera 6 suggested that the ground pressure was about 60 atmospheres and ground temperature was about 400°C. This compared with Venera 4's readings, which indicated pressure at 75 atmospheres and temperature at 500°C.


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The first State of the Union address since President Obama's second inauguration focused overwhelmingly on domestic policy. He devoted roughly one paragraph each to Afghanistan, Iran, and North Korea, which tested a nuclear weapon on Monday. For comparison's sake, that's roughly the same amount of time he spent on cybersecurity in Tuesday's address.
Obama called for tax and entitlement reform, energy and education spending, as well as immigration reform and gun control, though he didn't offer many details on how to achieve the goals. Here's a look at the key issues Obama's hour-long speech addressed:
On the sequester
The cuts to the military in the sequester are a bad idea, Obama said, but he did not lay out a path to replacing those cuts.
"These sudden, harsh, arbitrary cuts would jeopardize our military readiness. They'd devastate priorities like education, energy, and medical research. They would certainly slow our recovery, and cost us hundreds of thousands of jobs. That's why Democrats, Republicans, business leaders, and economists have already said that these cuts, known here in Washington as the sequester, are a really bad idea.
"Now, some in this Congress have proposed preventing only the defense cuts by making even bigger cuts to things like education and job training, Medicare and Social Security benefits.
"That idea is even worse."
On Medicare
Obama acknowledged that the "biggest driver of our long-term debt is the rising cost of health care for an aging population." He argued his Affordable Care Act reduced long-term health care costs and called for reducing taxpayer subsidies to drug companies.
"I'm prepared to enact reforms that will achieve the same amount of health care savings by the beginning of the next decade as the reforms proposed by the bipartisan Simpson-Bowles commission.… We'll bring down costs by changing the way our government pays for Medicare, because our medical bills shouldn't be based on the number of tests ordered or days spent in the hospital—they should be based on the quality of care that our seniors receive."
On tax and entitlement reform
In a line reminiscent of the fiscal-cliff debate, Obama warned against cutting entitlement spending, a position that is sure to frustrate Republicans. He also acknowledged the political difficulty of reform, while implying his stay-the-course position is better.
"Why would we choose to make deeper cuts to education and Medicare just to protect special-interest tax breaks? How is that fair? Why is that deficit reduction is a big emergency justifying cuts in Social Security benefits, but not closing some loopholes? How does that promote growth? I realize that tax reform and entitlement reform won't be easy. The politics will be hard for both sides. None of us will get 100 percent of what we want. But the alternative will cost us jobs, hurt our economy, and visit hardship on millions of hardworking Americans. "
On jobs and the economy
Obama asked Congress to pass the jobs plan he presented to the last Congress but that did not make it to his desk. He praised American manufacturing and used some of the speech's firmest, but also flashiest, rhetoric when talking about jobs and the economy.
"Let me repeat: Nothing I'm proposing tonight should increase our deficit by a single dime. It's not a bigger government we need, but a smarter government that sets priorities and invests in broad-based growth."
On energy
Obama warned about the dangerous effects of climate change, strongly suggesting that superstorm Sandy was caused by global warming. He suggested the U.S. could achieve energy independence and focused on clean energy and natural gas. He called for an Energy Security Trust to use public lands for energy.
"Solar energy gets cheaper by the year—so let's drive costs down even further. As long as countries like China keep going all-in on clean energy, so must we.
"In the meantime, the natural-gas boom has led to cleaner power and greater energy independence. That's why my administration will keep cutting red tape and speeding up new oil and gas permits. But I also want to work with this Congress to encourage the research and technology that helps natural gas burn even cleaner and protects our air and water."
On education
The president acknowledged rising tuition costs, proposing a scorecard that parents and students considering college can use to determine how to get the most value for their money. While he dedicated six paragraphs of the speech to education, he did not call for sweeping reforms, instead calling on colleges to "do their part to keep costs down." He asked Congress to change the Higher Education Act "so that affordability and value are included in determining which colleges receive certain types of federal aid."


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Home > Home Office > Home Office Electronics > Computer Accessories > LearningBoard Color Coded Computer Keyboard
LearningBoard Color Coded Computer Keyboard
Color-coded LearningBoard teaches the position of letters, numbers and function keys.
The LearningBoard features color-coded vowels, consonants, numbers, and function keys.
Now it's a piece of cake for novices to touch-type, finish homework, e-mail and communicate with friends and family. Add the LearningBoard to your list of "must-haves" for yourself or that special someone.
Operating System: IBM PC; Mac; Windows 98SE, 2000, ME, XP, Vista, MAC OS 10.1.5 and higher; FCC CE Approved; Connector: USB (PS/2 adapter included for older systems); works with all software—3-month typing software included; RoHS & CPSIA Compliant; Warranty: 2-years.
Dimensions: 18"L x 7.75"W x 1.25"H
LearningBoard Color Coded Computer Keyboard
LearningBoard Color Coded Computer Keyboard
Our innovative products will provide you and your family with years of enjoyment. And with the Brookstone Protection Plus service and replacement plans, you'll have the added peace of mind knowing that if the unexpected does happen, we will simply repair or replace your covered product. Our enhanced coverage goes above and beyond the manufacturer's warranty, saving you time and money.
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