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Key Information
Modes and duration
- Full-time: 1 year
- Part-time: 2 years
Tuition Fees (2015/16)
- Overseas:
Application deadlines
- All applicants:
- 31 July 2015
Entry Requirements
Normally a minimum of an upper second-class Bachelor's degree from a UK university or an overseas qualification of an equivalent standard.
English Language Requirements
If your education has not been conducted in the English language, you will be expected to demonstrate evidence of an adequate level of English proficiency.
The English language level for this programme is: Good
Further information can be found on our English language requirements page.
International students
Country-specific information, including details of when UCL representatives are visiting your part of the world, can be obtained from the International Students website.
International applicants can find out the equivalent qualification for their country by selecting from the list below.
Select your country:
Degree Information
Students take a core set of modules and then have the opportunity to specialise in language development. In selecting the modules for their specialisation, students will be able to take full advantage of the breadth of expertise in language research in the Division of Psychology & Language Sciences.
Students undertake modules to the value of 180 credits.
The programme consists of two core modules (45 credits), three specialisation modules (45 credits), two optional modules (30 credits) and a research project (60 credits).
Core Modules
- Research Methods: Principles, Skills and Applications
- Introduction to the Brain and Imaging the Brain
- Specialisation Modules
- Select three of the following:
- Language Acquisition
- Developmental Language Disorders and Cognitive Neuroscience
- Developmental Disorders of Language and Cognition
- Semantic and Pragmatic Development
- Development of Speech Perception and Production
- Optional Modules within the Division of Psychology & Language Sciences
- Select two of the following options:
- Conversation Analysis
- Deafness, Cognition and Language
- Speech Processing
- Neuroscience of Language
- Foundations of Linguistics
- Phonetic Theory
- Issues in Pragmatics
- Current Issues in Syntax
- Stuttering
- Second Language Speech Learning
- Suitable option module from other departments
All students undertake an independent research project in an area of Language Science which culminates in a dissertation of 10,000 words.
Teaching and Learning
The programme is delivered through a combination of lectures, small-group teaching and a virtual learning environment. Some courses also involve workshops or practical classes. Student performance is assessed through coursework, examinations and the research dissertation.
Four departmental scholarships are available. Candidates holding an offer of admission by 1 June (for year of entry) will be considered.
It is strongly recommended that applications are submitted no later than four weeks before this deadline.
Scholarships relevant to this department are displayed below. For a comprehensive list of the funding opportunities available at UCL, including funding relevant to your nationality, please visit the Scholarships and Funding website.
The Language Sciences MSc is a new programme but certain specialisations that will be offered as part of this degree have been running for many years as independent programmes. Many students from these degrees have gone on to complete doctoral degrees in the area of language and speech sciences. Others have gone to work in related industries (e.g. in speech technology industries, cochlear implants manufacturers) or in education. The skills that the MSc develops – independent research, presentation skills, statistics – are transferable skills that are very highly sought-after outside academia.
Why study this degree at UCL?
The Division of Psychology & Language Sciences undertakes world-leading research and teaching in mind, behaviour, and language. Staff and students benefit from cutting-edge resources including extensive laboratories for research in speech and language, perception, and cognition.
Opportunities for students to work with world-renowned researchers exist in all areas of investigation. The division offers a supportive environment including numerous specialist seminars, workshops, and guest lectures.
The Language Sciences MSc provides the opportunity for in-depth study of one or more areas of the Language Sciences. The programme is an 'umbrella degree', with a number of specialisation strands that follow a common structure.
Student / staff ratios › 145 staff › 661 taught students › 457 research students
Department: Division of Psychology & Language Sciences
Application and next steps
Students are advised to apply as early as possible due to competition for places. Those applying for scholarship funding (particularly overseas applicants) should take note of application deadlines.
Who can apply?
This programme is designed for students who want to deepen their knowledge of language sciences prior to registering for a research degree. It is also appropriate for individuals currently working in education, speech and language therapy, audiology, and speech technology, who wish to extend their knowledge of this field.
Application deadlines
- All applicants
- 31 July 2015
For more information see our Applications page.Apply now
What are we looking for?When we assess your application we would like to learn:
- why you want to study Language Sciences at graduate level
- why you want to study Language Sciences at UCL
- what particularly attracts you to the chosen programme
- how your academic and professional background meets the demands of this rigorous programme
- where you would like to go professionally with your degree


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Gallery: Adam Kalkin's Old Lady House is a Modern Shipping Container Ma...
Despite the fact that the home is dubbed the Old Lady House, all of the finishes within it – a concrete floor, large glass panes, sliding doors, stainless steel, beams and columns – speak to an edgy, industrial aesthetic. However, to keep the home in line with its rustic surroundings, Kalkin used natural materials like fir flooring and mahogany sliding doors in the smaller spaces that include a dining alcove, a half-bath, a pantry, and mechanical and laundry rooms.
One third of the floor space in the main living area is occupied by a 12-foot long kitchen island where the owner can prepare food while gazing on peaceful views of the forest. Adjacent to the kitchen space, two large sofas are available for lounging near a cozy fireplace. Since all of the corrugations are hidden behind the drywall, you can't even tell that you're in a shipping container unless you happen to peek behind the stairwell.
4 Comments
January 7, 2011 at 7:23 pm
This is a beautiful house but nothing unique or extraordinary. There are thousands of buildings being built with shipping containers and many are much more sustainable. For other inspiring examples of sustainable architecture check out past winners of the Holcim Awards US: http://on.fb.me/holcim-awards. The Holcim Awards are now open for submissions so get your sustainable projects in today!
January 6, 2011 at 6:57 pm
I agree juanwalker. Kalkin delivers us endless source for inspiration, although I wish someone would reveal the finer details of his ideas, such as how the roof and guttering is worked in this example. If Kalkin's work is primarily art, then surely the details are crumbs for us to use? I wish Habitat would do detail investigation more.
Here in Australia, the cost of a B grade container, and the relative difficulty to customise them into habitable dwellings, makes them practically inviable. The real worth I find, is in their portability. If a dwelling can retain the portability, the the concept becomes more viable. That is unless the aesthetic is worth more than the pragmatics.
BTW. I'm pretty sure its a Kalkin design that features in the first half of the new Tron film.
January 6, 2011 at 9:42 am
Alright you know a slam is coming when I start my post with, "I love Adam Kalkin, BUT……" really, this is NOT an efficient use of the structural capacity of containers….six containers, stacked side by side? This is art, not architecture, which I think the maestro would agree with. My beef with shipping container architecture in general (and I build these things myself) is that people either go to the ghetto/relief scenario extremes or the high-concept art-piece (Seatrain House) end of the spectrum, and in the process, marginalize this as a viable building option. Beautiful though.

subset: commoncrawl


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Jacksonville snaps Bucs' seven-game win streak in slugfest, 14-10
Requires Adobe Flash
Bo Reeder
Saturday, March 19, 2011
, Tenn.
(March 18, 2011)
- The ETSU baseball team saw its seven-game win streak come to an end Friday night as the Bucs fell to Jacksonville 14-10 in a slugfest at Cardinal Park.
The Bucs (11-3, 4-1 A-Sun) were out hit 20-10 in the contest by JU (12-6, 3-1 A-Sun) as
John Long
(Anderson, S.C.) registered his first loss of the year after giving up eight runs (five earned) on nine hits in 2.1 innings of work.
Steve Eagerton earned the win for Jacksonville, but was also touched up as he surrendered seven runs on eight hits in 6.1 innings.
The Dolphins exploded four seven runs on six hits in the first inning to take a 7-0 advantage. Taylor Ratliff led the way in the inning with a leadoff home run and three-run double.
Third baseman
Bo Reeder
(Cookeville, Tenn.) got the Buccaneers on the board in the bottom of the first as he drove his third home run of the season over the left field fence.
In the second inning, Jacksonville added another run as Dan Gulbransen came in to score on a sacrifice fly after leading the inning off with a double to make the score 8-1 JU.
ETSU cut the Dolphin lead to 8-4 in the bottom of the third on Reeder's second home run of the day as he hammered a 1-1 pitch to right for a three-run homer.
's Jimmy Howick gave the Dolphins a 9-4 edge in the fourth inning after doubling in a run.
The Buccaneers would answer though scoring two runs in the fifth and seventh innings to come within a run. Junior
Dylan Pratt
(Johnson City, Tenn.) homered for the sixth time on the year in the fifth inning driving in two runs. With the bases loaded in the seventh,
Derek Trent
(Kingsport, Tenn.) brought in a run after being hit by a pitch, while
Andrew Green
(Powell, Tenn.) drew a bases loaded walk to make the score 9-8 JU.
The Dolphins put the game out of reach in the final two innings as JU scored two runs in the eighth and three runs in the ninth to go in front 14-8. Gulbransen had a two-run home run in the eighth. Jacksonville then scored three runs in the ninth with two outs on a Jonathan Murphy two-run double and an Adam Brett Walker RBI single.
ETSU added two runs in the ninth on a RBI single by Pratt and a sac fly to center by Trent, but it would not be enough as Chris Kaminski got
Derek Niesman
(Wellington, Fla.) to fly out to right to end the game.
Reeder led the way offensively for the Bucs as he posted his first three-hit game of the season going 3-for-4 with two home runs, four RBI and scored four runs.
The Bucs are back in action tomorrow at 2:05 p.m. as they face JU in game two of the series. For more information on ETSU baseball and all other Buccaneer athletic news please visit www.ETSUBucs.com.
14, ETSU 10 (March 18, 2011 at Johnson City, Tenn.)
JU.................... 710 100 023 - 14 20 0 (12-6, 3-1 A-Sun)
ETSU............... 103 020 202 - 10 10 1 (11-3, 4-1 A-Sun)
Win - Steve Eagerton (4-0) Loss - John Long (1-1)
HR - ETSU - Bo Reeder 2(4); Dylan Pratt (6)
JU - Taylor Ratliff (1); Dan Gulbransen (2)
Copyright ©2015 East Tennessee State Athletics. All Rights Reserved.


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The Bonhams Costume and Textiles department runs four specialist Textiles sales per year, held in conjunction with the Oak Sale. The department specialises in selling items from the 17th to the early 20th centuries, focusing particularly on period clothing and accessories, lace and associated equipment, sewing tools, both Asian and European fans, fine baby gowns, Chinese textiles and robes, shawls, quilts and needleworks.
The department also specialises in selling top designer handbags, including Hermès, Louis Vuitton and Chanel, through sales in London and Oxford.


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Cartilage is one of the primary connective tissues of the body, providing flexibility and support to bone joints. Undenatured Type II Collagen is the principal structural protein in cartilage that is responsible for its tensile strength and toughness. Derived from chicken sternum cartilage, UC-II® consists of Undenatured (native) Type II Collagen that works with the immune system to support healthy joints and promote joint mobility and flexibility.
Directions for Use: As a dietary supplement, take 1 capsule daily at bedtime on an empty stomach.
* Daily value not establishedThese statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Other IngredientsCellulose, Cellulose (capsule), Cellulose Powder, Stearic Acid (vegetable source), Silica and Potassium Chloride (stabilizer). Not manufactured with yeast, wheat, gluten, soy, milk, egg, fish, shellfish or tree nut ingredients. Produced in a facility that processes other ingredients containing these allergens.
Pharmaca Integrative Pharmacy is your source for natural health products. Browse our online selection of products from all of the best natural brands, or visit one of our pharmacy locations and talk with one of our licensed practitioners. From natural beauty products and cosmetics to vitamins, herbs and supplements, we offer high-quality natural wellness products for the whole family! Start exploring—shop by brand or by condition to find the perfect natural health products for your body, skin, home and more.
The products and claims made about specific products on this site have not been evaluated by Pharmaca.com or the United States Food and Drug Administration and are not approved to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent disease. The information on this site is for educational purposes only and is not intended as a substitute for advice from your physician or other health care professional or any information contained on or in any product label or packaging. You should not use the information on this site for diagnosis or treatment of any health problem or for prescription of any medication or other treatment. You should consult with a healthcare professional before starting any diet, exercise or supplementation program, before taking any medication, or if you have or suspect you might have a health problem. Pharmaca Integrative Pharmacy will not assume liability for any cross-contamination of ingredients, misprints, or adverse reactions to any ingredients in the products we carry. The products sold here may contain lead and other substances that are known to the state of California to cause cancer and birth defects and other reproductive harm. Prices and promotions are subject to change without notice. All content on this web site is copyrighted by Pharmaca Integrative Pharmacy unless otherwise stated. All online offers and prices are valid for online purchases only, and may be different from those in our retail stores. Free shipping offer may not apply to all orders and all states; see shipping policy for full details. Copyright © 2009 – 2015 by Pharmaca Integrative Pharmacy. All rights reserved.


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|Adonia Frozen Yogurt
From Ciao Bella
Ciao Bella introduced their indulgent collection of gelatos and sorbets in New York's Little Italy in 983. In "those old days", America's supermarket ice cream aisles stocked mainstream flavors such as chocolate, vanilla, strawberry, chocolate chip etc. In the past 10 years however, our supermarkets have expanded to exotic flavors and many types of frozen treats. The entrepreneurial F.W. Pearce changed all that when he answered a classified ad in The New York Times advertising a small gelato company for sale. With a tiny manufacturing space in Manhattan, one ice cream freezer, and a staff of one, Pearce grew his company, Ciao Bella into one of the most innovative, beloved and popular American gelato–makers today.
It wasn't just the introduction of the product to American audiences that made Ciao Bella into a powerhouse. Head chef and flavor guru Danilo Zecchin created a collection of flavors that are not only creative, but also that keeps gelato and sorbet lovers consistently satisfied, intrigued and shall we say addicted. OK, yes, addicted!
Fast Forward to January 2012:
Adonia is a fat–free, protein packed indulgence, available in 14–ounce containers, in Ciao Bella's signature flavors, including vanilla, blueberry, key lime, peach, mango, espresso, and raspberry. Yogurt bars come in peach and wild blueberry. All flavors are creamy, sweet and tart. Adonia has all the protein and benefits of Greek yogurt, each is under 130 calories, fat free and contain nine grams of protein per serving. WOW! Delicious, yet healthy!
Adonia frozen Greek Yogurt is certified OU-D kosher. Most Ciao Bella gelatos are certified Star D (dairy) and Ciao Bella sorbets are certified Star K (parve, dairy free). Do check the labels for the kosher symbol!
Visit Adonia.com for shopping instructions.
Visit the Ciao Bella Website to learn more about all of their fabulous flavors.
What is Gelato? How does it differ from ice cream?
When you spot that gorgeous gelato display, it typically looks more like frozen yogurt or whipped cream than ice cream. To sum it up, gelato is an Italian-style ice cream that contains less butterfat (aka milk fat, and less air by volume than ice cream resulting in a denser, creamier and more flavorful frozen treat.
What is Sorbet? Sorbet is water ice that is made up of fruit juice or puree and does not contain dairy. At Ciao Bello, 65-85% pure fruit is used to provide an intense flavor experience, true to the fruit.
What is Greek Yogurt?
Watch the Adonia Frozen Greek Yogurt "tasting":
July 15, 2012


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Just before Montgomery County's school board approved Superintendent Joshua P. Starr's $2.2 billion request for the next budget year Monday night, Starr bumped up the amount he set aside for employee pay raises.
Starr is now requesting about $6 million more for compensation increases, bringing the total that he wants to hold as a "placeholder" up to about $18.6 million. The school system still is negotiating with the three unions that represent its employees.
Members of the Montgomery County Board of Education said it will now take a fight to persuade the Montgomery County Executive and County Council members to approve the budget request, which is about $57.5 million more than the current school year and about $10 million beyond what the county is required to pay under Maintenance of Effort, a state funding law that requires the county to supply at least the same amount of money per pupil each year.
The request would boost the county's per-pupil spending by about 70 or 80 dollars, school system staff estimated Monday night.
The executive and the council will consider the school system's budget for approval this spring.
Michael A. Durso (Dist. 5) of Silver Spring was the only board member to vote against the budget Monday.
Durso said Tuesday he does not think it is the appropriate time for the school board to ask the county for more than the minimum.
"I think that all of us are torn between what we feel the school system needs and a balance with what can be afforded," Durso said. "It just doesn't seem to me that in this current climate, and from past experience, it is best to use this strategy. But I guess time will tell."
The county is facing an estimated $135 million shortfall for the next budget year, which begins July 1. County Council members have said that, because of this, and recent spending decisions on the school board's part, they will not give the school system more per-pupil next school year.
Starr has said his budget focuses on restoring and adding positions and initiatives that address enrollment growth, interventions for underachieving students, and supports needed for implementing new curriculum and state tests.
Barclay said the school system's funding needs to increase because there are more minority students, more low-income students, a need to still address a gap in achievement between these groups and their peers, and the need to pay the system's teachers well.
The school board and school system advocates now need to work hard to show the council that the system needs the money to maintain the quality of education in Montgomery County, school board President Christopher S. Barclay said.
"The PR campaign that has gone on for the last two years to demonize the investment that our county has made in education has to be countered," Barclay said.
Barclay said he thinks the board has a "responsibility to help the public understand" that the request is not a lot to ask for.
The council has grown critical with the school board's spending in the last few years — most recently disagreeing with the board's decision this summer to provide base salary increases for employees, when county employees received a one-time bonus.
But details of the county union contracts were released earlier this month, showing that county employees will receive a base raise for the first time in three years.
Tom Israel, executive director of the Montgomery County Education Association, said Thursday that the teacher's union was waiting to finalize contracts until hearing from County Executive Isiah Leggett (D) how much of an overall increase county employees will receive, as a percentage of the county's wage base.
Starr's amended budget takes into consideration $7 million more state aid than originally projected; realizes $15.15 million in cost savings, mostly in employee health care; and adds the compensation placeholder and $3.99 million for more psychologists, counselors, curriculum training, special programs and more.
Starr said he used feedback from the community and the Montgomery County Board of Education to make the changes.
Several school counselors and psychologists testified at the first school board budget forum last month. Several community members spoke of the need for greater teacher supports for the implementation of the school system's new Curriculum 2.0.
In his new proposal, Starr adds five school psychologists and restores two counselors that were cut at elementary schools and adds $2.13 million for Curriculum 2.0 implementation. Curriculum 2.0 encompasses new ways of teaching students, particularly in elementary grades.
Debra Wotherspoon, president of the Montgomery County School Psychologists' Association, said these restorations show that the board and superintendent realize the importance of giving students adequate psychological support.
Wotherspoon said it would have taken 30 more positions — up from about 70 — to ensure that each school psychologist's caseload is down to two or three schools each, but this is a good first step.
The addition of counselors is a "huge step in the right direction," said Jennifer Jones, a counselor at Highland View Elementary and chairwoman of the school system's elementary counselor leadership team.
About 14 elementary schools have only a half-counselor position. Under the new proposal, four of those schools are back to having a full-time counselor, Jones said.
"We were hoping for more, but anything is better than nothing," Jones said.
Israel said he was pleased to see the extra funding for Curriculum 2.0. Starr's original request had already included $1.55 million for added curriculum supports.
The teacher's union felt that more should be included and worked with the school system over the last few weeks to determine what additional supports were needed for next year, he said.
The extra funding will allow for more training for all elementary teachers this summer, a curriculum summit this summer for teachers to help "fix holes" in the curriculum, and more money for substitutes so teachers can take planning time, Israel said.


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LABENSKY, SARAH R.; HAUSE, ALAN M.; LABENSKY, STEVEN R.; MARTEL, PRICILLA, ON COOKING: A TEXTBOOK OF CULINARY FUNDAMENTALS, 4th Edition, ©2007. Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
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We love the summery feel of this statement necklace featuring blues inspired by the Indian Ocean. Hand assembled with genuine turquoise stones, lapis blue beads, and accented with vintage gold plate onto a brass chain. Airy and light with lots of movement, it looks equally stunning long or short over fresh white or any other shade of bright color.
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By BVN Staff
During a Monday afternoon press conference, the San Bernardino Branch of the National Association of Colored People (NAACP), is seeking answers to the recent increase of officer-involved shootings amongst minorities within the San Bernardino community.
"We're a city of over 200,000," states NAACP Chair Walter Hawkins "and it's a city that's basically a non-White city so the incidences we're talking about or concerns if you have a city that's over 70% non-White and you a have a police department that's primarily White and you're interacting with those citizens, that has created a problem." The recent shooting and death of Anthony Paul Gilmore, Jr. (23) of Rialto, during a traffic stop on February 29, 2012 is only one case cited by the NAACP.
According to a police statement released after the shooting, Gilmore grabbed a weapon during a struggle with an officer. Other police shootings and misconduct and abuse of authority cases were 19-year-old Jerriel Da'Shawn Allen, killed by a San Bernardino police officer on April 14, 2007; 16-year-old Jonneshia Reese, excessive force on January 8, 2006; and Terrell Markham shot by a police officer who is now blind.
The NAACP alleges that the City of San Bernardino has twenty-three open legal cases against the city with the majority of those cases involving the police department.
NAACP Branch President, Patricia Smalls states, "The NAACP is not making a blanket statement that all police are guilty of these deadly shootings or using excessive force in the treatment of our Black and Latinos citizens. Nor or we saying that some of these incidents might not be justified as they perform their duty. However, most of these shootings involve Blacks and Latinos subjects with the same old line; I thought he was reaching for or had a gun so I shot him in self-defense."
"If it was one shooting then it would go unchallenged as many of these have in the past. However, when you look at them as a group, as we have done; we think we have a problem in our police department in racial attitudes and a lack of police training protocols in the performance of their duties," she continued.
The SB NAACP is seeking answers from elected officials whom they state might be "enablers" of the problem.
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PhD positions
Inria - France
Ref. JB2035315
Job Description
That is why Inria offers PhD students a central role by placing them at the very heart of the research dynamic, within the teams and in direct contact with the industrial partners.
Joining Inria means a stimulating environment where you can work with others on ambitious scientific projects.
Joining Inria also lets you collaborate with all the different actors to find concrete solutions to problems affecting society or the business world, and all this in a rewarding, international context.
Would you like to carry out rewarding research work in computer science and applied mathematics? Are you a young and talented scientist? Inria can offer you a position in on one of its research teams to work on your PhD thesis. Inria is offering 44 thesis positions in 2013.
Level: Master or equivalent in computer science, control engineering, mathematics, scientific computation
Maximum employment: Maximum of 38.5 hours per week
Duration of contract: 3 years
Salary: €1,957.54 (1st and 2nd years) / €2,058.84 (3rd year) per month gross
Comment/web site for additional job details and application online
• Candidates must apply to a geographic site different from the one where they obtained their Master's degree (mobility requirement). Priority will be given to topics within the institute's priority themes.
• Nationality is not taken into consideration.
• You must submit one application per subject proposed by the host research centre.
• You must be registered as a student in a French university for the duration of your contract.
• Required language and level: English/good.
Inria centers provide outstanding scientific environments and excellent working conditions. Inria offers social benefit programs, including highly regarded medical coverage, schooling and family compensations. Visa and working permits for the applicant and the spouse will be provided.
Job Details
- Job Location:
- France
- Company Industry:
- Education, Training, and Library
- Company Type:
- Employer (Private Sector)
- Job Role:
- Research
- Employment Status:
- Unspecified
- Employment Type:
- Unspecified
- Monthly Salary Range:
- Unspecified
- Number of Vacancies:
- 1
Preferred Candidate
- Career Level:
- Entry Level
- Years of Experience:
- Unspecified
- Residence Location:
- Unspecified
- Gender:
- Unspecified
- Nationality:
- Unspecified
- Degree:
- Master's degree
About This Company
Inria in a nutshell Working at the crossroads of computer sciences and mathematics, over the last 40 years Inria's researchers have been developing the scientific foundations for a new field of learning: computational sciences. When associated with other scientific disciplines, computational sciences can be used to offer new concepts, languages, methods and teaching aids which open up new avenues for exploration and understanding of complex phenomena. Working in project-teams, Inria researchers mix fundamental and applied research in an innovative blend to produce their results. The institute's 174 teams, the majority of which are joint teams with other major French or international research bodies, are comprised of around twenty researchers working on a shared project for a period of 4 to 8 years. Inria is France's only public research body fully dedicated to computational sciences. It hosts over 1000 young researchers each year. http://www.inria.fr/en Comment/web site for additional job details and application online http://www.inria.fr/en/phd
Ref. JB2035315


text:
- Screening
- About Lung Cancer
- Treatment
- Support & Resources
- Events
- Make a Difference
Treatment options are determined by the kind and stage of lung cancer, along with other factors including the patient's overall health and medical history.
When lung cancer is found at an early stage, surgery may be an option, particularly if the type of lung cancer is non-small cell. If surgery is not possible, new types of radiation like stereotactic body radiosurgery may considered. When any type of lung cancer has spread, chemotherapy with or without radiation is generally recommended although for non-small cell lung cancer, newer targeted treatments may also be an option.
In this section, you can learn about the tests and procedures used to identify treatment options and investigate the possible treatment options by type of lung cancer. You might also be interested in exploring the sections on how age may be a factor in treatment recommendations and how cancer that has spread may be treated. Other topics of interest include why clinical trial participation is important, understanding the role palliative care plays throughout the treatment process, integrative (complementary) approaches and tips on staying healthy during treatment.


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Beta Particles
Ionizing & Non-Ionizing Radiation
Beta particles are subatomic particles ejected from the nucleus of some radioactive atoms. They are equivalent to electrons. The difference is that beta particles originate in the nucleus and electrons originate outside the nucleus.
On this page:
- Who discovered beta particles?
- What are the properties of an beta particle?
- What are the conditions that lead to beta particle emission?
- Which radionuclides are beta emitters?
- How do we use beta emitters?
- What happens to beta particles in the environment?
- How are people exposed to beta particles?
- Does the way a person is exposed to beta particles matter?
- How can beta particles affect peoples health?
- Is there a medical test to determine exposure to beta particles?
- How do I know I'm near beta emitters and beta particles?
- What is the government doing to protect people from exposure to beta emitters and beta particles?
- How do I protect myself and my family from beta particles?
The Basics
Who discovered beta particles?
Henri Becquerel is credited with the discovery of beta particles. In 1900, he showed that beta particles were identical to electrons, which had recently been discovered by Joseph John Thompson.
What are the properties of beta particles?
Beta particles have an electrical charge of -1. Beta particles have a mass of 549 millionths of one atomic mass unit, or AMU, which is about 1/2000 of the mass of a proton or neutron. The speed of individual beta particles depends on how much energy they have, and varies over a wide range. It is their excess energy, in the form of speed, that causes harm to living cells. When transferred, this energy can break chemical bonds and form ions.
What conditions lead to beta particle emission?
Beta particle emission occurs when the ratio of neutrons to protons in the nucleus is too high. In this case, an excess neutron transforms into a proton and an electron. The proton stays in the nucleus and the electron is ejected energetically.
This process decreases the number of neutrons by one and increases the number of protons by one. Since the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom determines the element, the conversion of a neutron to a proton actually changes the radionuclide to a different element.
Often, gamma ray emission accompanies the emission of a beta particle. When the beta particle ejection doesn't rid the nucleus of the extra energy, the nucleus releases the remaining excess energy in the form of a gamma photon.
The decay of technetium-99, which has too many neutrons to be stable, is an example of beta decay. A neutron in the nucleus converts to a proton and a beta particle. The nucleus ejects the beta particle and some gamma radiation. The new atom retains the same mass number, but the number of protons increases to 44. The atom is now a ruthenium atom.
Other examples of beta emitters are phosphorous-32, tritium (H-3), carbon-14, strontium-90, and lead-210.
- See fact sheets for individual beta emitters at Radionuclides
Which radionuclides are beta emitters?
There are many beta emitters. You can find fact sheets for several of them at the Radionuclides page:
- tritium
- cobalt-60
- strontium-90
- technetium-99
- iodine-129 and -131
- cesium-137
Beta Particles in the Environment
How do we use beta emitters?
Beta emitters have many uses, especially in medical diagnosis, imaging, and treatment:
- Iodine-131 is used to treat thyroid disorders, such as cancer and graves disease (a type of hyperthyroidism)
- Phosphorus-32 is used in molecular biology and genetics research.
- Strontium-90 is used as a radioactive tracer in medical and agricultural studies.
- Tritium is used for life science and drug metabolism studies to ensure the safety of potential new drugs. It is also used for luminous aircraft and commercial exit signs, for luminous dials, gauges and wrist watches.
- Carbon-14 is a very reliable tool in dating of organic matter up to 30,000 years old.
- Beta emitters are also used in a variety of industrial instruments, such as industrial thickness gauges, using their weak penetrating power to measure very thin materials.
What happens to beta particles in the environment?
Beta particles travel several feet in open air and are easily stopped by solid materials. When a beta particle has lost its energy, it is like any other loose electron. Whether in the outdoor environment or in the body, these electrons are then picked up by a positive ion.
How are people exposed to beta particles?
There are both natural and man-made beta emitting radionuclides. Potassium-40 and carbon-14 are weak beta emitters that are found naturally in our bodies. Some decay products of radon emit beta particles, but its alpha-emitting decay products pose a much greater health risk.
Beta emitters that eject energetic particles can pose a significant health concern. Their use requires special consideration of both benefits and potential, harmful effects.
- Key beta emitters used in medical imaging, diagnostic and treatment procedures are phosphorus-32, and iodine-131. For example, people who have taken radioactive iodine will emit beta particles. They must follow strict procedures to protect family members from exposure.
- Radioactive iodine may enter the environment during a nuclear reactor accident and find its way into the food chain.
- Industrial gauges and instruments containing concentrated beta-emitting radiation sources can be lost, stolen, or abandoned. If these instruments then enter the scrap metal market, or someone finds one, the sources they contain can expose people to beta emitters.
- Radiation Source Management
This site describes EPA's activities to reduce the use of radioactive sources in industry, track existing sources and recover orphan sources.
At one time, strontium-90 was the major man-made beta emitter in the environment. Fallout from atmospheric nuclear testing from the 1950's to the early 1970's spread strontium-90 worldwide. However, most of the strontium-90 from these tests has now decayed away.
Testing also released large amounts of cesium-137 into the environment. Although, cesium-137 emits beta radiation, its gamma radiation is of greater concern. Some cesium-137 from fallout remains in the environment, but most of it has decayed as well.
Does the way a person is exposed to beta particles matter?
Yes. Direct exposure to beta particles is a hazard, because emissions from strong sources can redden or even burn the skin. However, emissions from inhaled or ingested beta particle emitters are the greatest concern. Beta particles released directly to living tissue can cause damage at the molecular level, which can disrupt cell function. Because they are much smaller and have less charge than alpha particles, beta particles generally travel further into tissues. As a result, the cellular damage is more dispersed.
- Exposure Pathways
This page explains the different routes by which radioactive exposure can occur.
Health Effects of Beta particles
How can beta particles affect people's health?
Beta radiation can cause both acute and chronic health effects. Acute exposures are uncommon. Contact with a strong beta source from an abandoned industrial instrument is the type of circumstance in which acute exposure could occur. Chronic effects are much more common.
Chronic effects result from fairly low-level exposures over a along period of time. They develop relatively slowly (5 to 30 years for example). The main chronic health effect from radiation is cancer. When taken internally beta emitters can cause tissue damage and increase the risk of cancer. The risk of cancer increases with increasing dose.
Some beta-emitters, such as carbon-14, distribute widely throughout the body. Others accumulate in specific organs and cause chronic exposures:
- Iodine-131 concentrates heavily in the thyroid gland. It increases the risk of thyroid cancer and other disorders.
- Strontium-90 accumulates in bone and teeth.
- See fact sheets for individual beta emitters at Radionuclides
- Health Effects
This page discusses the cancer and non-cancer health effects of ionizing radiation.
Is there a medical test to determine exposure to beta particles?
There are tests which can detect the presence of beta-emitting radionuclides in the body, however, special equipment is required and testing is generally done by specialized laboratories and facilities, or such testing is associated with a specific medical procedure in a hospital.
Protecting People from Beta Particles
How do I know I'm near beta emitters and beta particles?
You cannot tell if you are being exposed to beta radiation. You cannot see, or feel radiation hitting your body. Specialized equipment is required to determine if you are near a beta radiation source. However, you should be familiar with the radiation warning symbols such as the trefoil shown at right, which indicate that radioactivity is present.
You can protect yourself by avoiding devices with this symbol, and not entering areas where this symbol or others are posted.
What is the government doing to protect people from exposure to beta emitters and beta particles?
The U.S. Congress passes laws that authorize EPA and other federal agencies, to protect public health and the environment from radionuclides, including beta emitters. EPA has issued a variety of regulations that limit the release of radionuclides to the environment. You can learn about limits set for individual radionuclides by selecting beta emitters from the Radionuclides page.
How do I protect myself and my family from beta particles?
While very unlikely, you or a member of your family may encounter an industrial instrument or device containing a radioactive source. Every year, hundreds of devices containing radiation sources are lost, stolen, or otherwise drop out of the system for tracking them. For example, a factory that has gone out of business may contain one or more such devices. As the building structure is being dismantled, these forgotten devices often are considered as scrap metal, or someone may think they have value and try to sell them.
You should avoid these devices. They may bear the radiation warning symbol, a trefoil, as shown above. They may also bear identifying information such as "Nuclear Regulatory Commission" or the name of a radionuclide. If you find a device you think may be radioactive, promptly call your state radiation control office or the hotline for reporting unwanted radioactive material:1-800-999-7879
This hotline is provided by the Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors (CRCPD).
- State Radiation Control Programs
Contact information by state


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When Tom Sheahin walked through Gaithersburg High School's soon-to-be-completed gymnasium, he envision the future of its boys basketball program.
He sees members of the community he grew up with filling the state-of-the-art facility, watching a team he hopes is competing for region and state championships.
"The plan is with the new school and excitement surrounding it, to get the community involved and build the program from within," said Sheahin, who was hired as the Trojans' boys basketball coach on Monday. "We want to make the guys feel like they're in something special. That's going to mean hard work on and off the court and hopefully we'll pack the gym."
Sheahin, who previously coached at Seneca Valley, takes over for Kevin Parrish, who resigned to spend more time with his family after nine years at the helm.
"[Parrish] did a great job for us with the program," Gaithersburg Athletic Director Jason Woodward said. "Tom is just an outstanding coach. He has a great reputation in the basketball community. We're very excited to have him step in and take over this program and lead our young men."
Sheahin said Parrish left behind plenty of game film and he's already studying.
He sees the team's size and length as an advantage, with 6-foot-8 center Zach Coalmon and 6-foot-5 Kamonte Carter leading the way. He said Dion and Tyrik Etheridge will also play key roles. He believes if the team makes a commitment to the weight room and offseason training they can make quick improvements from last season's 6-17 campaign.
"I never questioned the effort on film. A lot of times they were just out of position," Sheahin said. "With some refining and teaching a little more, we'll get going from there."


text:
Hang tight!
Recipe by Marietta Strothmann
"Great for the children and adults in the family. Originally submitted to ThanksgivingRecipe.com."
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3 cups
all-purpose flour
1/2 cup
white sugar
1 cup
1/2 teaspoon
1 1/2 cups
light corn syrup
1 1/2 cups
white sugar
3 tablespoons
margarine, melted
1 1/2 teaspoons
vanilla extract
2 1/2 cups
chopped pecans
Excellent taste and very easy to make! I was a little worried because they did get a little hard around the edges and it overflowed into my oven when I baked them...but I read in previous reviews that it had happened to other people so that was a relief! I baked them then let them cool, then covered them and cut them the next day. They were so great! Rave reviews from everyone at my party! When you're pouring the filling over the crust, it looks like it will be too much, but it works just great! Will use a disposable pan next time because of the overflow. GREAT RECIPE!!!
My family liked these but I found them a little runny and sticky the next day. It was like the topping ingredients started separating while it sat over night.
154 Ratings
These are excellent - this is the third year I've made these for our annual choir party potluck, and people were WAITING for them. A couple of things...
I made 1/2 recipe which fit very nicely into my 8 x 11 pyrex pan. Made 24 nice large bars. I cooked for about 33-35 minutes unstead of 20 and allowed them to set up and cool before cutting - they were not at all runny. If making the recipe as called for in the large pan I'd do 40 minutes. Also, I found that putting each bar on a small cupcake liner paper was very nice for serving them as they can be crumbly.
I'm baking this recipe again this year for the holidays. Thought I had rated it, but I hadn't. It's wonderful!
I do bake it 15-20 minutes longer than stated and check it every five minutes.
Also, I use parchment paper on the bottom of the pan.
So, so good. I use all butter, as I refuse to cook with, bake with, or even eat the disgusting concoction known as margarine. I've made this twice already, and it is so good. I'm a southern girl, so I love me some pecan pie, and this is just sinfully good. I use 2 1/2 cups pecan halves, and I don't bother to chop them. I bake this in a 13x9 and reduce the temp just a little to 325. Also, I don't cook the crust quite as long (15 min), and also, the second round of bake time needs to be increased significantly. It is NOT done after just 25 minutes!
The amount of flour in this recipe should be 2 cups, not 3. Several recipes I have for this type of recipe only call for 2 cups. After incorporating that change the bars turned out delicious.
I have been making this recipe for years! Always a big hit anywhere I take them! I started lining my pan with foil and after they cool, slide it out of the pan onto the counter and use a pizza cutter to slice.
After reading reviews of these being too sweet and the dough not forming properly, I made some changes to the original recipe and they came out really good in the end.
I added a few drops of water to the crust ingredients, which allowed it to form a dough.
For the filling I also used 2/3 cup light corn syrup, a little less than one cup of brown sugar, and an ounce of unsweetened chocolate. Since I didn't have all of the pecans on hand, I used a mixture of walnuts and almonds along with the pecans. The pan size requested in the recipe should have been slightly bigger, as there was a small amount of crust and filling that remained, which I ended up throwing away.
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Pecan Pie Bars I
Serving Size: 1/48 of a recipe
Servings Per Recipe: 48
Amount Per Serving
Calories: 175
Calories from Fat: 82
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See how to make a top-rated pecan pie without the corn syrup.


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"It was very important for me to have an event. And a 'high tea' elevates. We can sit back and celebrate our profession together," Jim Renneker, vice president of nursing said. In addition to sweets, he made sure event attendees had nutritional options in order to fit with one of the key Health for Life pillars—eating healthy.
A dozen tall tables filled the space, and giant leafy plants lined the walls. Sheila Coogan, MSN, director of the hospital's 3-South and Gastrointestinal unit, greeted nurses as they entered, encouraging them to take respite in the afternoon and enjoy each other's company. A cello and flute duo played over the hum of excited chatter.
Maryann Fiorentino, RN, works in otolaryngology. She stood at a table eating and laughing with half a dozen other nurses. "I've been here for 20 years, and they've never done anything like this. Everyone saw the set up and said they had to come down," she said.
Event organizers sent out invitations to the nurses and patient care technicians. "Too often, we invite people with a flier, poster or email, but we wanted it to be delicate, floral, over the top," said Terry Tuohy, director of volunteer services, who helped organize the event. "We wanted it to have that awe."
Physicians stopped by, too, which Renneker said was good for the nurse-doctor relationship. Because nurses and doctors work so closely together, the tea offered a chance to connect outside of the working environment.
Even nurses came in on their day off to partake in the festivities. Denise King, RN, started at Weiss in April after 30 years as a nurse. She said that usually on her days off from Weiss she babysits for her grandchildren. Today, however, she stopped by for the tea. "I'm a socializer, so it's no problem," she said.
To Stella Hatcliffe, vice president of nursing, King's presence—as well as that of the other off-shift nurses—meant a great deal. "They took unpaid time to be in the hospital," she said, shaking her head, surprised and impressed. "Nurses spend the most time with patients," she continued. "A lot of people here quietly do a really good job."
Renneker agreed. "They're responsible for meeting the needs of our patients and patients' families," he said.
In addition to the tea, Renneker organized an award ceremony—the first annual Nightingale Excellence in Nursing Award. Named after the nursing pioneer Florence Nightingale, the award honors one inpatient nurse, one outpatient nurse and one patient care technician.
Toward the end of the tea, Renneker stood before the attendees and announced the award winners. For inpatient care, Nella Hernandez won; the outpatient care award went to Brad Aleonar; and Daxa Patel won the award for patient care technician. Leadership had nominated them (though next year Renneker said he would like to incorporate peers into the process), and each winner received a plaque, check and bouquet of bright pink roses.
"We wanted to say we really appreciate you, 365 days a year," Tuohy said.
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Pinocchio (2002)
Family, Comedy
A remake of the classic children's tale which centers on a wooden puppet who wants to become a real boy. Despite guidance from the beautiful Blue Fairy and the love of his father, Gepetto, Pinocchio's curious spirit leads him into one wild adventure after another.
Cast: Kim Rossi Stuart, Roberto Benigni, Nicoletta Braschi, Mino Bellei, Carlo Giuffre
Produced by: Elda Ferri, Gianluigi Braschi
Directed by: Roberto Benigni
Written by: Vincenzo Cerami, Roberto Benigni
Running time: 1hr 48min
Opens: Dec 25, 2002 Nationwide
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