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Current Best Practices for PCBs in Caulk Fact Sheet - Interim Measures for Assessing Risk and Taking Action to Reduce Exposures
Last Updated: December 2012
PCBs in caulk
EPA has learned that caulk containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was used in many buildings, including schools, during building construction, renovation, or repair from the 1950s through the late 1970s.
This fact sheet identifies for school system officials:
- key steps necessary to conduct a preliminary assessment of PCBs in the air in buildings,
- interim actions that may be taken to prevent or reduce potential exposures to building occupants until the caulk is removed, and
- who to contact at EPA for advice on addressing PCBs in caulk.
PCBs were not added to caulk after 1979. Therefore in general, schools built after 1979 do not contain PCBs in caulk. To date it has been found in buildings in the Northeast and Upper Midwest and in joints in concrete water storage basins in the western United States. Activities to address PCBs in caulk are underway in these areas. EPA is encouraging greater awareness of this issue so people can take steps to minimize potential exposure.
Exposure to PCBs can cause a variety of adverse health effects in animals and humans. PCBs have been shown to cause cancer in animals, as well as a number of serious non-cancer health effects, including effects on the immune system, reproductive system, nervous system, endocrine system and other health effects. In humans, PCBs are potentially cancer-causing and can cause other non-cancer effects as well. More information on the health effects of PCBs.
Please note that these are general guidelines. Different actions may be appropriate for different sites based on the PCB concentrations in air, and the condition and location of the caulk.
Test for PCBs that may be present in buildings built between 1950 and 1979
If school administrators and building owners of buildings built between 1950 and 1979 are concerned about exposure to PCBs from caulk, they should consider testing for PCBs in the air. If PCBs are found in the air, EPA will assist in developing a plan to reduce exposure and manage the caulk. Your EPA regional PCB coordinator can direct you to a PCB testing lab.
As part of EPA's overall effort to provide guidance to building owners concerning PCB containing caulk in buildings, EPA has produced three other fact sheets that address testing the air, and cleanup and disposal of caulk. These fact sheets can be found on EPA's website at: www.epa.gov/pcbsincaulk.
Key steps to assess PCBs in caulk
To assess the situation at any given building, consider the following four factors:
1. Review and analyze any available test data on the concentration of PCBs in the air, soil or in the caulk, and other building materials, including records about construction or the product or when it was installed. Read EPA's fact sheet on Testing for PCBs in Caulk and Buildings.
2. Assess the location and condition of the caulk including if pieces of caulk have it been tracked or fallen into surrounding areas such as a playground adjacent to the building or other rooms in the building. Areas that should be assessed include:
- caulk used to seal doors, windows and expansion joints including any areas where caulk was removed and replaced during past renovations.
- caulk found inside the building on the floor, window sills, ledges, concrete joints, or other areas;
- outdoor areas where any caulk is found. This may be of particular concern if the caulk is on the exterior of the building where it may have impacted the soils, particularly if there are routinely used areas nearby, such as gardens, play areas, bus stops and student pick up areas;
- indoor halls and common use areas, including school classrooms, particularly if there appears to be the potential for caulk to be touched or peeled away by a child or adult.
- old caulk that is still flexible or is in visibly good condition may be a source of PCBs into the air. The only way to be sure that caulk has PCBs is to have a professional test the caulk.
3. Determine the potential for human exposure to the caulk (e.g., whether it is in an area where people can readily come in contact with it).
Frequency and duration of exposure
The extent of exposure to PCBs in caulk is determined by the concentration of PCBs in the air, the surface area exposed; and the frequency and duration of contact with the caulk, or with PCBs in the air that have been released from caulk, or some other PCB-containing source. For each place at the school or other building where there is caulk or another emitting source, consider the potential for release of PCBs (for caulk a product of the concentration and exposed area); frequency (how often the contact occurs) and duration (length of time of each contact) of exposure.
Consider areas outdoors as well as indoors where children, teachers, staff or others may touch, ingest, breathe in dust or soil, or otherwise come into contact with any material that potentially has been contaminated by PCBs from the caulk.
Special emphasis should be given to routine use areas such as gardens, play areas, bus stops, student pick up areas and areas known to have inadequate ventilation. A site-specific risk assessment would need to be conducted in order to truly determine whether or not caulk contains PCBs.
Read EPA's fact sheet on Testing for PCBs in Caulk in Buildings.
4. Identify interim actions to minimize exposure
Caulk that contains PCBs at greater than 50 ppm is not authorized for continued use and must be removed. Although you are not required to remove caulk containing PCBs at levels below 50 ppm, you may wish to because the caulk may present health risks depending on the location, condition, etc. EPA recommends that owners and managers of buildings where PCBs are found take steps to minimize current potential exposure to building occupants until the caulk and contaminated surrounding materials can safely be removed. These recommendations include:
- Minimize contact with primary sources of PCBs such as PCB-containing caulk and its residues.
- Interim steps that may reduce exposure include changing use patterns, such as keeping people away from areas with contaminated soil such as under windows or expansion joints. In addition to isolating the area and keeping people away, proper cleaning of nearby surfaces can minimize both occupant and worker exposure to PCBs-containing caulk residues.
- Replace old lighting. Many old lighting systems contain ballasts manufactured with PCBs. These PCBs can be emitted into the air, especially if the ballast fails or ruptures. Replacement of old lighting systems with new, energy efficient systems will eliminate a potential source of PCBs.
- Improve Ventilation. An important action is to minimize the concentration of PCBs in the indoor air. Indoor air levels of PCBs within a school can be reduced by ensuring that the ventilation system is operating as designed, and to repair or improve the system if it is not.
- Adopt safe work practices. While not studied for PCBs, here are some work practice guidelines for proper cleaning that have been proven effective for post renovation cleanup of lead-based paint* in order to minimize exposure to contaminated dust:
- Clean frequently to reduce dust and residue inside buildings;
- Use a wet or damp cloth or mop to clean surfaces;
- Use vacuums with high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters; operation of ventilation systems.
- Do not sweep with dry brooms; minimize the use of dusters;
- Wash hands with soap and water after cleaning, and before eating or drinking;
- For caulk used on windows, walls, columns and other vertical structures that people may come into contact with, use heavy-duty plastic and tape to contain the area so that caulk or dust and debris from the surrounding masonry do not escape. The plastic should cover the caulk and surrounding areas of masonry;
- Wear the appropriate protective clothing when conducting this cleanup;
- Dispose of all cleanup materials (mops, rags, filters, water, etc.) in accordance will all federal, state, and county regulations;
- Ensure proper operation of ventilation systems.
- Address Secondary Sources, if necessary: If mitigation goals (i.e. indoor air levels, surface wipe concentrations) are not reached after first addressing primary sources and doing other things such as improving ventilation and cleaning, then it may be necessary to address secondary sources (e.g. surrounding materials, paint, dust)
Based on EPA's Office of Research and Development's laboratory research, encapsulation was found to be most effective for interior surfaces that contain low levels of PCBs (i.e. several hundred parts per million). Depending on the PCB reduction goal, the performance of the encapsulant, and the conditions of the building, the upper limit of the PCB concentration for successful encapsulation may vary. Therefore, post-encapsulation monitoring is an essential part of the encapsulation process. Building owners should consult EPA's research on this issue for more specifics. Encapsulation may be useful for the reduction of emissions from secondary sources such as contaminated building materials under and around PCB-containing caulk or paint that has been removed. Encapsulation was not found to be effective in reducing emissions from sources that have a high PCB content (for example caulk) for more than a short period of time. Because each site will present unique circumstances, please consult your EPA PCB Regional Coordinator regarding the application of encapsulation measures on a case by case basis.
EPA is helping to address the issue of PCBs in caulk
EPA is conducting research on how the public is exposed to PCBs in caulk and on the best approaches for reducing exposure and potential risks associated with PCBs in caulk. Where PCBs have been found in the air, soil or in the caulk and other building materials, EPA is committed to helping schools and communities enact plans to reduce exposure. Please contact your EPA PCB Regional Coordinator at 1-888-835-5372 for help with assessing contamination and exposure and developing cleanup plans.
Ask EPA experts for help addressing PCBs in caulk
For further information on cleanup and removal of PCB caulk, contact EPA's Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Hotline at 1-888-835-5372 or the EPA PCB Regional Coordinator for your area.
This fact sheet is intended solely for guidance and should be used as an informal reference. It does not replace or supplant the requirements of the Toxic Substances Control Act or the PCB regulations at 40 CFR part 761, and it is not binding on the Agency or individuals. Please refer to the regulations at 40 CFR part 761 for specific requirements relating to PCBs and PCB-containing materials.

subset: commoncrawl


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Book Case Display Shelf
Display your books, photos and treasures on this stylish and unique X-shape display cabinet.
Modern bookcase features a unique four leveled shelves for all your storage needs.
An X-shape support frame to provide maximum standing support with eye-catching design. Stylish addition to any home and office décor. This display stand is constructed of MDF and strength enhancing wood veneer.
Dimensions: 47"L x 14"W x 59"H
Book Case Display Shelf
Book Case Display Shelf
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From 948.60 HKD *See availability
Experience the glamour of Macau in magnifique style. Sofitel Macau At Ponte 16 is located on the picturesque waterfront and uniquely situated amidst the charms of the Old Macau historical quarter.
Savor gourmet international cuisine at Mistral restaurant and enjoy the outdoor seating on Le Terrace overlooking the Pool and Macau's inner harbor with exceptional views and delicious cuisine.
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SAVE Renaissance Desktop Humidor (120 Cigars)
Keep your favorite cigars at the right humidity in style.
Holds up to 120 cigars easily.
With its solid reclaimed wood construction and rustic tarnished metal details, the Renaissance has a vintage look and feel. Add an element of old world elegance to any room with this humidor.
- Solid wood construction
- One rectangle humidifier
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- Fully lined with premium Spanish cedar
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- rustic tarnished metal lock and key with tassel
Dimensions: 10.62"L x 15.75"W x 7"H
Weight: 7 lbs.
Renaissance Desktop Humidor (120 Cigars)
Renaissance Desktop Humidor (120 Cigars)
Our innovative products will provide you and your family with years of enjoyment. And with the Brookstone Protection Plus service and replacement plans, you'll have the added peace of mind knowing that if the unexpected does happen, we will simply repair or replace your covered product. Our enhanced coverage goes above and beyond the manufacturer's warranty, saving you time and money.
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Renaissance Desktop Humidor (120 Cigars)
Renaissance Desktop Humidor (120 Cigars)
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Lionel Trains #3562 Operating Barrel Car
This Lionel Barrel Car adds fun and realism to any O Gauge set!
Another great operating car that has become a Lionel Classic.
At the push of a button, the hand painted figure pushes the barrels off of the car. (Remote Control Track section is required.)
Dimensions: 11"L x 3"W x 5"H
Lionel Trains #3562 Operating Barrel Car
Lionel Trains #3562 Operating Barrel Car
Our innovative products will provide you and your family with years of enjoyment. And with the Brookstone Protection Plus service and replacement plans, you'll have the added peace of mind knowing that if the unexpected does happen, we will simply repair or replace your covered product. Our enhanced coverage goes above and beyond the manufacturer's warranty, saving you time and money.
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Bad Boy's Bail Bonds
"Because your mama wants you home!"
In January 1998, President and CEO, C. Jeffrey Stanley founded Bad Boys Bail Bonds, Inc. with a mission to serve the community of San Jose by providing individuals in all stations of life, including low and moderate income families, an avenue to fulfill their 8 th Amendment Right. Bad Boys Bail Bonds ensures that justice is served by guaranteeing defendants appear in court.
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Hang tight!
Recipe by EAGLE BRAND®
"Use this easy recipe to make vanilla ice cream, or add your favorite flavors to it."
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4 cups
half-and-half or light cream
1 (14 ounce) can
EAGLE BRAND® Sweetened Condensed Milk
2 tablespoons
vanilla extract
Superb!! is all that I can say about this. I added about 1/4 cup of cocoa powder and about 1 tablespoon of cinnamon to this basic recipe and WOW! The cinnamon is not overpowering but makes you think, HMMM! What is that? Again, SUPER, SUPERB!!! I will definetly keep this recipe on hand!
I made it with the freezer method. Taste is 10 stars but yhe directions weren't real clear so I gave it a 3. To Fold in the whipping cream means 2 cups whipping cream, whipped, which the directions aren't real clear about that.. I ended up pouring the mixture into my blender and whipping it until it was fluffier. It was delicious. I added 1/4 cup instant coffee and a 1/4 cup dark cocoa powder. It was mocha ice cream.
207 Ratings
I made it with the refridgerator/freezer method because I don't have an ice cream maker. It has great consistency, similar to store bought ice cream.
This is a wonderful, easy recipe. With using the sweet & condensed milk, there is no graininess of undissolved sugar. You can easily substitute the ingredients to make a less fat variety - which is what I did when making the first time. I substituted whole milk for the 2 cups whipping cream to cut back on the fat, and it was still very flavorful!
I made this several times using the freezer method and it was creamy and wonderful. The only thing I changed is I only used 1 tablespoon of vanilla. We have added chopped fruit to it and poured it in a chocolate graham cracker crust to make Ice Cream pie. Great!
I love this recipe! So incredibly easy, so I was thinking it can't be that good. But it is! I love how it doesn't require eggs or cooking. Just dump everything into a bowl, stir, and put it in your ice cream maker. The flavor is so rich and delicious. Upon first bite my husband proclaimed "We're never buying store-bought ice cream again!" Next I want to try using whole milk instead of half and half, and adding fruits or other goodies.
This is a great recipe for ice cream football, a favorite family activity. First, half the recipe. Then put all the ingredients in a quart size ziploc bag (only half recipe will fit). Double bag it so it stays secure. Then fill a gallon size ziploc with ice and salt, nesting the bag of ice cream ingredients in the middle of all the ice. Double bag the gallon bag so it stays secure. Then wrap the whole package in several layers of newspaper and packing tape. Take it outside and play a game of football or keep away or just toss it around for an hour. When you unwrap the whole thing, you will have easy ice cream!
Great recipe. Quick, easy, and tastes great! I followed the advice in one review and used whole milk instead of half and half. I also added a mango puree mixture (fresh ripe mangoes with sugar) to the mixture after it started to freeze in the churner. Yummy to the max!
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Easy Homemade Vanilla Ice Cream
Serving Size: 1/12 of a recipe
Servings Per Recipe: 12
Amount Per Serving
Calories: 263
Calories from Fat: 115
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I just bought a Miller Thunderbolt Xl 225 AC/150DC welder and I'm a total newbie. I just registered on the forum tonight so I could ask these questions. I did some stick welding when I was a kid, but it's been about 20 years or so. Hopefully it's just like riding a bike . Well I'm planning to run a 50 amp circuit for the welder and my welding will have to be done outdoors, on the side of the house opposite our electric panel. That means I'll need about 75 feet of extension cord, or so, to get me comfortably outside. I looked into buying some #6-2 Romex that I could use to make an extension cord, and it'll cost just about 130 dollars or so for the length I need. I'm not too happy about using the Romex for an extension cord because it's so stiff and not really the stuff to use for an extension cord. It's really meant for permanent wiring. With the welder's 20% duty cycle, can I use a thinner gage wire than #6? Would a 75 foot long generator cable with 10 gage conductors and rated for 30 amps be adequate? Is there anything else anyone would recommend for an extension cord of this length? Thank you very much for any help you can provide.
Results 1 to 10 of 23
Thread: Help with welder extension cord?
05-04-2007, 08:26 PM #1Junior Member
- Join Date
- May 2007
- Posts
- 20
Help with welder extension cord?
05-04-2007, 08:54 PM #2Senior Member
- Join Date
- Feb 2006
- Posts
- 411
I have a 50' extension cord that I use on my MM251 its #10-2 and it works great. its some of that black "colored" (stranded wire) outdoor wire off a roll that you can get at home depot .and I put a male plug on one end and a female plug on the other, its flexible. and I can role it up like a big extension cord and store it. so I believe that you could get some of that # 8-2 wire at home depot . put some ends on it and use that
maybe some of the other guys would have a better solution than what I am saying. I'm not a electrician
also welcome to the forum , their are some great guys here
log in often , learn, and have fun
I'd be a little concerned drawing a continuous 50 amps through permanent 10ga circuit wiring, but the welder isn't going to draw 50 amps unless it's cranked up to it's maximum amperage. The duty cycle will limit how long you can do that before the welder shuts down to cool off. Besides that, an extension cord is out in the open air and much less likely to overheat than Romex cable buttoned up inside a wall.
Bottom line: Use the 10ga wire and enjoy your new welder.
BTW, I bought a 50' 10ga heavy duty extension cord from Home Depot and replaced the plug and receptacle ends with NEMA 6-50 devices to match up to the welder and the shop outlet. Works fine.Tom Veatch
Wichita, KS
05-05-2007, 08:10 AM #4Member
- Join Date
- Apr 2007
- Location
- Havana, Florida
- Posts
- 50
I had to build an ext cord for a Lincoln 225 stick welder (50a) coming out of my dad's workshop so we could work in the driveway (also had to re-configure the panel but thats another story). I used 6-3 (stovewire), installed a plug on one end and receptacle on the other, it's about 16ft long. Trust me-this stuff is tough to work with. I've had to "train" the wire so I can roll it up but now that its done I don't think twice about it. Works good, probably cost about $40 total but I had to have it, the wire has a thick black insulated skin on it and I also put some electrical tape on the ends for a little added protection. Works great, handles the load fine-no problems. This will last me forever. Good luck!!
05-05-2007, 11:21 AM #5Senior Member
- Join Date
- Sep 2002
- Location
- Clark County, NV
- Posts
- 2,696
#10 is very practical and common for this application. No way is it possible for this machine to overheat that wire. Do not use Romex as an extension cord, however. And since you won't use Romex, you'll need a 10-3 SJOOW service cord, also easily available at Home Depot and the like. Cords count the ground wire, Romex does not. (A 10-3 cord = 10-2 Romex for wires inside). Extension cords must be stranded wire. #10 Romex is not.
05-05-2007, 05:59 PM #6Senior Member
- Join Date
- Nov 2006
- Location
- Hampton, Va.
- Posts
- 386
I have the same machine and have been using number 10 wire and have never had a problem and I push my machine to the limit and again have never had a problem.
05-05-2007, 08:27 PM #7Junior Member
- Join Date
- Jan 2007
- Posts
- 8
Extension cord
tube guy,
I bought one of these in 25' length for my 5 HP table saw and my Hobart 187. They have 25' and 50' lenghts listed.
Have a great weekend, Jerel
05-06-2007, 06:23 AM #8Senior Member
- Join Date
- Feb 2007
- Location
- asheville n.c.
- Posts
- 618
what wire
I have a 50' extension cord that we made with 10-3 and don't seem to have a problem with voltage drop or over heating of the wire. DaveIf necessity is the Mother of Invention, I must be the Father of Desperation!
John Blewett III 10-22-73 to 8-16-07
Another racing great gone but not to be forgotten.http://video.google.com/videoplay?do...modified&hl=en
05-06-2007, 12:17 PM #10Senior Member
- Join Date
- Sep 2002
- Location
- Clark County, NV
- Posts
- 2,696


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Paiute Neighborhood Center
Address6535 E. Osborn Rd
(Osborn and 64th St)
Scottsdale, AZ 85251
Campus Map
Hours of OperationMonday-Thursday: 8am-9pm
Friday: 8am-6pm
Saturday: 8am-12pm
Sunday: CLOSED
Paiute's Mission
To provide a safe and diverse environment where our neighbors can come together to create a spirit of community by providing social, recreational, cultural and educational programs and services.
Reservation Information
The Paiute Neighborhood Center offers traditional meeting rooms that will accommodate groups as large as thirty people. In addition we have a lecture theater that will seat up to sixty individuals. Please do not hesitate to call the Paiute staff to accommodate your meeting or group needs.
For additional reservation information contact Paiute at 480-312-2529.
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To inquire about prices and availability, please call 480-312-2529.


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Phishing Scams that are Probably in your Inbox Right Now
The old saying holds true, 'If it seems too good to be true, it probably is.' It still boggles my mind how many people still fall victim to on-line scams, especially the elderly. But age doesn't always play a factor


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Rothera Research Station
See Also
Position: 67° 34' S, 68 ° 08' W, Rothera Point, Adelaide Island.Occupied: 25th October 1975 to present.
Adelaide Island lies approximately 1860km south of the Falkland Islands and 1630km south east of Punta Arenas in Chile. The island is 140km long and heavily glaciated with mountains of up to 2565m height. The station is built on a promontory of rock at the southern extremity of the Wormald Ice Piedmont.
Latest Weather
|Last Update
|Wind Speed
|Wind Direction
|29 Aug 2015 at 02:00:00
|20 knots
|30 deg
Station Personnel
The station is open throughout the year, in the summer the population will peak at just over 100 people. In the winter months, April to mid October, a compliment of around 22 will be continuing the science work and looking after the station infrastructure.
The work disciplines represented on the station include marine & terrestrial biologists, meteorologists, electronics engineers, dive officer, boating officer, chef, doctor, vehicle and generator mechanics, electricians, plumbers, builders, field assistants, communications managers and of course a station management team.
Marine and Terrestrial Biology, Geology, Glaciology, Meteorology and Upper Atmospherics.
Rothera is the principal BAS logistics centre for support of Antarctic field science. There is a 900m long crushed rock runway allowing an air link with South America and the Falkland Islands, the Biscoe Wharf provides safe mooring for ships.
Once personnel and their equipment have arrived at Rothera they can be transported to field locations through the use of ski equipped de Haviland Twin Otter aircraft. Additionally a de Haviland Dash 7 aircraft is able to land on wheels at the blue ice runway known as Sky Blu. Field work is concentrated in the summer months from November through to March.
Field science programmes currently being supported from the station include glacial retreat, ice coring for the study of atmospheric chemistry and climate as well as the collection of geological data to support computer modelling of the historic movement of ice sheets.
There is also a considerable science programme being undertaken at the station itself.
The Bonner Laboratory, opened austral summer 1996-97, with its incorporated dive facility provides an excellent centre for the study of marine and terrestrial biology. The dive programme continues year round with divers accessing the water through holes cut in the sea ice during the winter.
Current areas of biological study include DNA "fingerprints" of evolution tracing the way species adapt to environmental extremes. Additionally there is an established long term monitoring study of specific sites to identify changes and trends in populations of certain species over time. This sort of information will be useful in identifying the effect of climate change.
Since the stations first occupation daily meteorological records have been maintained, these are now fed directly to the UK Meteorological Office for use in global weather forecasting models. Helium filled met balloons are launched regularly to record temperature, humidity and winds up to a height of 25km in the atmosphere.
Physical scientists are also studying the upper atmosphere above Antarctica. Instruments being used include a Medium Frequency Radar to establish winds and temperatures at altitudes in the range 50 to 80km. A Skiymet meteor radar is also being used to deduce similar information.
A Low Power Magnetometer is also situated at Rothera to record variations in the earths magnetic field. This is one of a chain of such instruments that BAS has installed in Antarctica so we can see what is happening across this polar region.
Station facilities
Bransfield House provides dining, social and recreational facilities for the people living at Rothera. It also houses offices and labs for the physical scientists and at the north end is found the operations control tower.
Bedrooms are situated in, Admirals House (en suite rooms for two people) and in Giants House (rooms for four people with communal wash rooms). The names are taken from the lastRothera sledge dog teams.
At the southern end of the site you will find the Bonner Laboratory, the boat shed and the Biscoe Wharf where ships can safely moor in ten metres of water for the transfer of cargo and personnel. The boat shed provides covered space for the storage and maintenance of our small fleet of rigid inflatable boats.
To the west of the runway lies the aircraft hangar, this will snugly accommodate the Dash 7 and three Twin Otter aircraft protecting them from the harshest weather. Within the shelter of the hangar mechanics carry out all the necessary servicing of the aircraft.
To the west also are the bulk fuel storage tanks, these are re-filled from ship each summer. The tank farm is surrounded by a bund wall that would contain the fuel if ever there was a spillage.
Well equipped workshops are to be found in the centre of the site, being in such a remote part of the world we have to be able to maintain all the station buildings, vehicles and equipment without outside help. There is a garage, and separate work areas for electricians, plumbers and builders.
The generator shed houses three Cummins engines that produce the stations electrical power need. In recent years improved management and use of new technologies have allowed us to reduce our overall electrical demand. There is currently a study into the use of suitable renewable energy sources compatible with the Antarctic environment and endemic wildlife.
Our water supply is provided through the use of "reverse osmosis" filtrationtechnology to convert sea water into potable fresh water. In the past fresh water was produced by melting snow but this was always an energy hungry solution.
A sewage treatment plant handles all the human waste and grey water produced on site with only cleaned water being discharged to sea. Solids from the plant are disposed of through a high efficiency two stage incinerator with residual ash contained and removed from Antarctica by ship.
Station life
There are two ways of travelling to Rothera. Most people will arrive aboard the BAS Dash 7 aircraft having flown from Stanley in the Falkland Islands (about five hours) or Punta Arenas in Chile (about four and a half hours). Alternatively the BAS ships visit Rothera at least twice each summer bringing passengers as well as cargo, it is about four days sailing from Stanley.
Ship visits are particularly important as they are the way we receive our essential supplies. This includes food, fuel, scientific equipment, vehicles, spare parts for machinery, building materials and much anticipated personal possessions for our station staff. Since the construction of the Biscoe Wharf in 1992 it has been possible to make full use of shipping containers as the means to transport our cargo.
Meals are taken communally in a central dining room, breakfast is a self prepared meal of cereals and toast. Lunch and dinner are prepared by the chefs. On a Saturday evening there is a more formal dinner, people dress on the smart side of casual and a multi course meal is enjoyed by all. Although we do not have access to fresh ingredients every day our chefs prepare food of the highest standard and the possibility of putting on weight is real!
There is always plenty of work to do on an Antarctic station, so working a UK style forty hour week is not really practical. We often have to time our work with the prevailing weather, if it is atrocious outside then we get on with indoor work or get some rest. When the weather is suitable for aircraft operations and outdoor tasks we put full effort in those directions.
In the summer temperatures are typically in the range 0 to +5 deg C, in winter they are more likely to be between –5 and – 20 deg C. Due to the coastal location and the track taken by southern ocean low pressure weather systems temperatures can vary widely at any time of year. Sea ice may be present from late May to late November but it takes a prolonged period with calm conditions for the ice to form and become fast.
The prevailing wind direction is northerly.Gale force winds are usually recorded on seventy days per annum. Snow can fall at any time of year though in recent times the main deposition has come and the end of winter. It does occasionally rain at Rothera.
Laying just south of the Antarctic circle the station receives twenty four hour daylight in summer, conversely for a period of a few weeks in winter the sun does not rise above the horizon at all.
The coastal location means that we are able to observe a good selection of the Antarctic birds and mammals. Of the penguin species adelie's are the most numerous, chinstrap and gentoos are only occasionally present in the summer. The emperor penguin is seen infrequently with a sighting most likely in the months of September, October or November. There are breeding populations of dominican gull (three pairs) and south polar skua (fifteen pairs or more). Antarctic terns and wilsons petrels are present offshore through the summer months but they chose to nest on higher mountain ridges. The blue eyed shag will be seen whenever the sea is not frozen, it breeds on several offshore islands.
Weddell seals are the most obvious mammal, they are present all year round and use their teeth to keep access holes open when the sea surface is frozen. In late September pups are born out on the sea ice. Crabeater and elephant seals will also be encountered, fur seals turn up in varying numbers at the end of each summer. The leopard seal is a large predatory animal that hunts penguins and seals, it is present all year round but despite it's size it is not actually seen that frequently.
Small numbers of minke and humpback whales are seen in Ryder Bay each summer, some years the minke is observed almost daily. A family of Orcas inhabit the larger Marguerite Bay area and are usually seen from the station several times each summer.
Adelaide Island was first sighted from the brig "Tula" in February 1832 when completing a circumnavigation of the Antarctic continent. Master of the ship, John Biscoe, named the land after Queen Adelaide the wife of British monarch King William IV.
In 1909 a French doctor named Jean Baptiste Charcot led the crew of the yacht "Pourquoi Pas" on a voyage down the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. His expedition named many of the features they could see from Marguerite Bay. It was not until the British Graham Land Expedition of 1934-37 that Adelaide was confirmed to be an island separate from the Antarctic Peninsula.
From 1955 to 1960 the UK maintained a survey station on Horseshoe Island on the east side of Marguerite Bay. In 1957 two surveyors John Rothera and Peter Gibbs crossed the frozen sea ice and explored the area now known as Rothera Point.
From 1961 to 1977 UK activity in the area was conducted from Adelaide Island Station located at the southern tip of the island. For many years this proved a good base from which to undertake further survey of the Antarctic Peninsula
Rothera Station was established in 1975 to replace Adelaide Island Station where the glacier ski-way had deteriorated rendering the operation of ski equipped aircraft hazardous. There was a phased construction programme so that by 1980 the station provided accommodation, electrical power generation, vehicle workshops, scientific offices and a store for travel equipment.
From Rothera's inception to the 1991-1992 austral summer season BAS Twin Otter aircraft used a glacier ski-way 300m above the station on the Wormald Ice Piedmont. During that summer a gravel runway and hangar facility was commissioned bringing a more reliable air operation and the possibility of a passenger aircraft link from outside the continent.Up to this time everyone coming to Rothera had to depart from the Falkland Islands by ship.
Today the development of the Rothera site continues, this is not an expansion but an ongoing programme of replacing old structures making best use of new technologies. Improved insulation and energy production and management systems can further reduce the environmental footprint of the station.


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SPRING 2015 Issue
Cover Story
We pick Temple's top tweeters to follow for their insights and expertise.
Temple researchers take a major step toward finding a cure for HIV.
Kris Dreessen, SMC '93, left her job and got rid of her possessions to embark on a world tour.
Temple mentors bond with grade-school students through learning disabilities.
Campus Voice
Pepón Osorio, Laura H. Carnell Professor of Community Art, explores school closings in his new work.
Alumni Spotlight
Greg Harris, CLA '89, is president and CEO of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
About Temple Magazine
'Temple' magazine is published three times per year, in the fall, the winter and the spring.
By celebrating Temple University's most innovative people, research, service, programs and ideas, and the global relevance and impact of its worldwide network, 'Temple' magazine aims to inform...[Read More]


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ICBA Renews Agreement with FDIC's Money Smart Alliance Program
Washington, D.C. (Nov. 8, 2012)—The Independent Community Bankers of America announced today that the association has renewed its agreement with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.'s updated Money Smart financial education program, which helps banks promote financial literacy within their community. As part of the agreement, ICBA will continue to make its members aware of this free program—furthering ICBA's commitment to financial literacy amongst community bank customers.
"The Money Smart program is a great way for community bankers to help their customers build a more secure financial future for themselves," said Terry Jorde, ICBA senior executive vice president and chief of staff. "Our members have always been dedicated to the communities they serve, and this program provides useful tools that will help them continue to provide stellar financial literacy and education services at a local level."
FDIC's Money Smart program is a complimentary educational program designed to bring more consumers into traditional banking relationships. The modernized curriculum has tracks for adults, young adults and small businesses. Because of its design, Money Smart has specific training modules, in nine languages, which can be used to fill in the gaps from other financial education programs.
ICBA has been using Money Smart and involved with FDIC's program since November 2002.
For additional information on the Money Smart curriculum, visit www.fdic.gov/moneysmart.


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Charlie Sykes: Sykes Writes
Fail: Barrett's Record on Jobs/Taxes
Hard-hitting new ad from Walker campaign. "Since Tom Barrett has taken over as mayor, Milwaukee residents have seen drastic increases in the city's poverty and unemployment numbers, not to mention devastating tax hikes," said Ciara Matthews, communications director for the Friends of Scott Walker campaign. "While the rest of the state is showing signs of growth and recovery, Milwaukee's economy, under Tom Barrett, is still suffering and having a serious impact on Wisconsin as a whole." Watch the new ad here:
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Public Image Ltd (PiL) are an English post-punk band formed by vocalist John Lydon (aka Johnny Rotten), guitarist Keith Levene and bassist Jah Wobble, with frequent subsequent personnel changes. Lydon is the sole constant member of the band. Lydon emerged after the break-up of the Sex Pistols with PiL's First Issue (1978). His new band had a more experimental sound: Wobble's "droning, slow-tempo, bass-heavy noise rock, overlaid by Lydon's distinctive, vituperative rant." Their early work is often regarded as some of the most challenging and innovative music of the post-punk era. Their 1979 album Metal Box was ranked number 469 on Rolling Stone magazine's 2003 list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. The NME described PiL as "arguably the first post-rock group".
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IWA Revolution Creative Team
Last Ever IWA Vanities Champion: Juno Mercury!
2013: Women's Wrestler of the Year,Juno Mercury (IWA)
2013: Vanity of the Year,Juno Mercury (IWA)
Say my name and his in the same breath, I dare you to say they taste they same.
Benny The Ball's Teddy is here to fuck you up...
...and then steal your girl!
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