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PAYT Bulletin: Fall 1998
The PAYT Bulletin is designed to help solid waste planners and others get the latest pay-as-you-throw news and events. Use the links below to read articles from the Fall 1998 issue. To review other issues of the Bulletin, use the links on the right side of this page.
Other Issues
- Could PAYT Offer Hope For New York City's Recycling Program? (Winter 2003)
- PAYT Helps Cities Protect Climate (Summer 2002)
- Large Cities and PAYT (Winter 2002)
- Bigger, Older, Wiser: (Summer 2001)
- (Spring 2001)
- State and City Profiles (Summer 2000)
- PAYT From Sea to Shining Sea (Winter 2000)
- PAYT Bulletin Archives
- Evaluating and Enhancing a PAYT Program: Tacoma, Washington
- State PAYT Initiatives Get Results
- PAYT Events Around the Country
Evaluating and Enhancing a PAYT Program: Tacoma, Washington
Pay-as-you-throw (PAYT) practitioners know that developing and implementing a program is just the beginning. To be successful, even well-established programs need to be evaluated on a regular basis. If these status checks reveal any issues of concern, the program might need to be adjusted to ensure that it continues to work well and earn the support of the community.
The city of Tacoma, Washington, implemented PAYT in 1974 and has continually worked to make its solid waste program more effective. In the past few years in particular, Tacoma has made an enormous effort to study and improve its solid waste collection program. In 1995, the city conducted a survey to gauge residents' satisfaction with the PAYT program. Survey respondents offered helpful suggestions on ways to strengthen the waste reduction incentive of the program. Residents commented, for example, that they would be more likely to recycle if more types of recyclables were collected and if recyclables were not required to be separated by material. Residents also reported they would set out less trash if the city offered a financial incentive for reducing waste below their chosen subscription level.
After considering the results of this survey, Tacoma incorporated the residents' suggestions into a pilot study in 1996. Residents in the two pilot neighborhoods could commingle their recyclables and recycle more kinds of materials including mixed waste paper, cardboard, and some plastics. Customers on the two pilot routes also were offered a rebate of up to $3 per month for setting out less trash.
The results? Participation in the program doubled, and recycling increased 76 percent and 199 percent on the two pilot routes. These results prompted Tacoma to modify its existing program on all collection routes. The city added new types of materials to the recycling collection program and allowed all recyclables except glass to be commingled. Instead of offering the $3 rebate, which was not widely used in the pilot program, Tacoma added a "mini-can" at a lower rate for small waste generators.
By the end of 1996, Tacoma residents increased their recycling rates by another five percent, and commercial recycling increased by 43 percent. Over 80 percent of residents reported satisfaction with the PAYT program. City officials, however, still felt the solid waste program could be improved. In 1997, they hired a contractor to conduct a full cost accounting assessment of its rate structures. The assessment was intended to determine the city's costs for each of several solid waste services so that consumers could be charged accordingly.
To determine the cost of each service, a multistep process was used. First, all solid waste costs were divided into seven categories corresponding to the seven major solid waste services offered by Tacoma: disposal, Superfund landfill, yard waste collection, spring/fall cleanup, and the three container types offered by the city: barrel collection, front-load collection, and drop box collection. To determine how the costs of each of these services would be paid for, the seven categories were allocated to four revenue collection methods: landfill tipping fees, barrel collection rates, front-load collection rates, and drop box collection rates.
Costs for the seven solid waste services were allocated as follows: barrel, front-load, and drop box costs were incorporated into their respective collection rates. Disposal and Superfund costs were proportionally divided among all four revenue categories based on the estimated tons of waste collected by each method. Finally, yard waste and spring/fall cleanup costs were proportionally divided based on the number of pickups made in each method.
Once the cost for each of the seven services had been allocated, the next step was to make divisions within the revenue collection categories to account for the differences in container size. This yielded the final cost of providing collection service in each service category. Lastly, the cost for each individual service was compared to the current (1996) charge for that service.
The study produced some very interesting results. Although the program's revenues covered the overall solid waste costs, the rates Tacoma charged for most services did not match the cost of providing that service. Residents at some service levels were overcharged, while those at other service levels paid too little.
Consequently, city planners decided to revise the rates. Rather than immediately changing prices to equal the cost of service, however, they opted to gradually introduce the changes, with the goal of having rates equal to the cost of service by 2002. Rates were kept stable from 1997 to 1998, but will be increased or decreased at a steady annual percentage rate until 2002. (The table below presents the rate changes for each service level.)
By evaluating and revising its rates, Tacoma was able to determine the exact cost of each solid waste service provided, and charge consumers accordingly. City planners hope that implementing all these rate changes will help Tacoma accomplish the following three goals: 1) send a clearer message to consumers about the cost of waste disposal by charging them more accurately for the services they use; 2) distribute solid waste costs more equitably among consumers by allowing them to pay for exactly the services they use; and 3) ensure a steady and accurate inflow of solid waste revenue to the city. Success with such efforts as customer surveys, pilot programs, and rate restructuring reaffirms Tacoma's commitment to continuously improving its PAYT program.
State PAYT Initiatives Get Results
PAYT programs continue to turn in strong waste reduction and recycling results. At last count, waste reduction rates averaged 14 to 27 percent in the first year, and average recycling increases came in at 32 to 59 percent, according to data from Duke University. Increasingly, states are viewing PAYT as a valuable tool they can use to help meet their MSW goals.
Mandates are one strategy states use to expand the use of PAYT by their communities. Four states are currently using this method. In 1994, Iowa (Department of Natural Resources, 515 281-4367) made PAYT mandatory for communities who failed to reach the state's goal of 25 percent waste reduction. For most communities, it worked: one year after implementation of PAYT, 96 percent of communities reported a drop in the amount of waste sent to landfills, representing an average drop in waste amounts of 38 percent; 60 percent reported a decrease or no change in the cost of waste collection and disposal; and 97 percent found that recycling rates in their community had increased by an average amount of 52 percent.
Wisconsin (Sherrie Gruder, 608 262-0385) requires communities below the 25 percent recycling rate threshold to implement PAYT. These communities also are required to have a system in place for the collection of recyclables. To help ease implementation, Wisconsin provides funds for communities with PAYT ($2.9 million per year in 1996 and 1997). Since it was implemented in 1989, the effort has enjoyed strong community support. For example, in a 1993 survey of PAYT communities, 95 percent of respondents said that they would recommend their PAYT program to another community.
After establishing the strongest PAYT program mandate in 1993-a statute requiring any community that charged for solid waste services to use a variable-rate system-Minnesota (Ken Brasilus, 612 758-4334) now has more communities using PAYT than any other state. Washington state (Nick Pealy, 206 684-7646) also has a strong mandate, requiring solid waste haulers to offer variable rates to their customers since 1989.
Massachusetts (Joseph Lambert, 617 574-6875) has taken a different tack. Instead of mandates, the state is offering communities incentives to adopt PAYT. Massachusetts is using three types of grants to make PAYT more profitable for its communities: start-up grants, equipment grants, and recycling incentive grants, all funded by money obtained from unredeemed bottle deposits.
For some communities, PAYT start-up costs can prevent local officials from implementing variable rates. To help communities clear this hurdle, the state has created grants targeting new PAYT program costs. For example, Massachusetts provides a grant of $10 per household (up from $2 in 1996) to cover custom-printed bags or stickers and printing and distribution of educational materials to residents. Equipment grants are also used. While the grants are available to any community with curbside recycling even those without PAYTcommunities that do not use variable rates match $20,000 of the state's purchase of trucks and curbside collection containers. For communities with new PAYT programs, however, the state pays the full cost of these items.
Another incentive project is the Municipal Recycling Incentive Program (MRIP). Under this program, Massachusetts provides grants to all communities (whether or not they have PAYT) based on their reported recycling tonnages. To encourage the use of PAYT, the state has removed some eligibility restrictions and requirements on MRIP funds for communities with existing or new PAYT programs. The bottom line? PAYT communities not only have more access to MRIP funds than non-PAYT communities, but they also have the potential to receive more grants.
So far, the results are promising. According to Joseph Lambert, the state municipal recycling liaison and PAYT program manager, the grants have resulted in three communities switching to PAYT this year, with seven more expected in the coming year. And these communities are showing results. Foxboro, which started using PAYT at the beginning of 1998, more than doubled its rate of recycling in the first 6 months, from 17 percent to 40 percent. As a result, the city expects to receive about $12,000 in MRIP grants this year.
The town of Merrimac decided to use PAYT after analyzing and comparing possible responses to the closure of their town landfill. In March of this year, the town implemented PAYT. Patricia Dillon, chairperson of Merrimac's solid waste advisory team, reports that the grants offered by the state made the new program possible. Since then, public praise of PAYT in Merrimac has been effusive, and although no specific data are yet available, Ms. Dillon feels the increase in recycling can be seen just by driving through town and noting the growing number of recycling bins on residents' curbsides.
The city of Needham, which started using PAYT in June 1998, has already experienced significant results with the program. Although many residents were not initially in favor of the new program, town administrator Carl Valente reports that compliance has been over 95 percent and that comments on PAYT since implementation have been nearly all positive. In just 1 month, citywide collection of co-mingled recyclables in Needham rose from three 40-cubic-yard containers per week to three 100cubic-yard containers per week. In that same month, the amount of paper recycled per week increased by 25 percent, and the amount of corrugated paper recycled rose from 3 tons per week to 7 or 8 tons per week.
PAYT Events Around the Country
The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection is planning a series of workshops focusing on PAYT, source reduction, composting, and recycling. The workshops will take place in mid-March 12, 1999 in Boston, and are geared toward local elected officials. All workshops will be led by a national expert. For more information, contact Joseph Lambert, 617 574-6875.
The Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality is sponsoring a session on the basics of PAYT at the 1998 Wyoming Recycling Association/Wyoming Solid Waste Management Association Conference, September 11, 1998, in Lander. State and local recycling officials, waste collectors, and elected officials will attend the conference. For more information, contact Ken Schreuder, 307 332-6924.
The New York State Association for Reduction, Reuse, and Recycling is sponsoring an introductory session on PAYT at the New York State Recycling Conference, March 12, 1999 5 to 6, 1998, in Syracuse. Conference attendees will include public and private recycling officials. For more information, contact Sharon Fisher, 518 463-7964.
from the Montana Department of Environmental Quality are planning
to give presentations on PAYT to county commissions throughout the
state this fall. To request a visit, contact Mark Lambrek, 406 444-3075.
Global Futures Foundation will hold two work-shops in Arizona and Nevada in the fall on PAYT. The Arizona workshop is scheduled for March 12, 1999 22 and will be geared toward local government and solid waste officials. There will be a general session on PAYT and two breakout groups focusing on rural and urban applications. The Nevada workshop will take place in late fall in eastern Nevada and will emphasize implementing PAYT in rural areas. For more information, contact Wendy Pratt, 916 486-5999.


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Alumni and Friends
Events : Alumni Ambassador Program : Alumni Directory : Alumni Portal : Support SOMA : Support ATSU Home
Learn more about the history of osteopathic medicine.
ATSU's alumni and friends are the lifeblood of the university, and we are dedicated to offering programs, activities, and services to acknowledge your continued loyalty and support. We encourage to you send us your comments and suggestions about the information contained in these pages. Thank you for your interest and involvement in the life of the University.
Be sure to visit our main ATSU Alumni website, where you can find information of interest to all ATSU graduates: employment opportunities, In Memoriam, and Contact Information Update Form and Alumni News.
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This article was updated at 10 a.m. Sept. 11.
A striking worker at Potomac Disposal was hit by a trash truck Wednesday morning, as workers at a Gaithersburg trash-collecting company continued to picket the company over accusations of worker intimidation by managers.
About 50 employees for Potomac Disposal went on strike Monday morning, claiming the company tried to intimidate them during labor negotiations last week with threats of immigration checks. Wednesday morning, the two sides were working out a deal and workers were unable to report to work.
As the strike continued Wednesday, one striker was hit by a Potomac Disposal trash truck as a driver failed to negotiate a turn from the company's gate entrance, driving onto the sidewalk and hitting the worker, according to Montgomery County Police spokeswoman Cpl. Rebecca Innocenti.
"He was leaving the company property and making a turn, he failed to control his speed and did not navigate the turn correctly, went up on the sidewalk and hit the pedestrian," Innocenti said.
Anibal Rivas, a striking worker who said he witnessed the accident, said the truck driver "gunned the engine" adding that his co-worker was on the ground and bleeding after being struck.
"He didn't look too good," Rivas said.
The male striker was taken to a local hospital with non-life-threatening injuries, Innocenti said.
The driver was charged with failing to control speed to avoid a collision, police said.
Nicole Duarte, communications director for Laborers' International Union of North America Mid-Atlantic Regional Organizing Coalition, which bargains for the workers, wrote in an email on Tuesday that strikers have offered to return to work, as they are legally required to do to keep their jobs. Duarte said Wednesday, the negotiations continued, but that the workers were not allowed back at work.
Potomac Disposal did not address the accusations that workers made against the company. On Tuesday afternoon, Lee Levine, president of the company, invited a Gazette reporter to speak with him at the company's offices on Woodfield Road, then canceled at the last minute after company officials learned that the strikers planned to come back to their job site on Wednesday.
"Striking is an option of last resort and we felt it was warranted with the severity of the intimidation here," Duarte said during an interview on Tuesday. "They felt they have made their point and want to hear what management has to say," she said.
Duarte said the workers were not ruling out future strikes.
On Tuesday, dozens of strikers milled about on Woodfield Road in Gaithersburg, holding signs with slogans like "We haul trash, but we're not trash," as trucks rolled by, horns blasting in support. The signs and the strike continued Wednesday morning.
"There's a lot of injustice going on," Yovany Ramos, a striker, said on Tuesday, when the workers normally would have been collecting trash from 18,000 homes sprawling across Potomac, Bethesda, Wheaton and Silver Spring.
According to Duarte, the workers had been negotiating with the company's managers Thursday, seeking higher wages, health care benefits, and sick days.
When workers showed up Friday morning, they found Form I-9s — forms the government uses to identify workers — attached to their time cards, something they had never experienced before, strikers said.
"In general, the company should have gone through this process right when the workers were hired. ... If they do have records for some workers, then the timing of this particular action on their part is even more suspicious," Duarte said.
"If it wasn't a priority when [the workers] were hired, you have to wonder what made it a priority this week," she said, adding that only the company's mostly Latino crew, which covers Montgomery County, was asked for I-9's.
"It's a very common tactic — you'll see it through out country in a bunch of different industries," Duarte said.
"That was sort of the straw that broke the camel's back," Ramos said.
"We condemn that kind of practice," said Sirine Shebaya, an attorney at the ACLU of Maryland. "If this was happening in Montgomery County, that would be really shocking because we would expect more from these more progressive areas of Maryland."
She said labor laws prohibit reprisals against workers, even if they are undocumented.
Potomac Disposal has a $5 million contract with Montgomery County. It serves about 40,000 homes in the county, according to county officials.
"We don't want workers who work for county contractors to not have the right to organize and bargain collectively. ... We're monitoring this and we'll see where things lead," said Patrick Lacefield, a county spokesman.
He did not know if the county would audit Potomac Disposal, he said. Right now, though, the county is focusing on the basics.
"We want to make sure trash get picked up. If this company can't do it, we have other provisions [so that] the other two [that already collect trash] are required to step in and do the work," he said.
Ernest Ojito, an organizer at the strike, said the workers began trying to improve their working conditions last November. The workers claimed they were being called names and were not allowed to file for worker's compensation, among other issues.
Drivers earn about $120 to $130 per day, Duarte said, and receive some sick days or vacation days. Helpers make about half of that, and do not receive sick time.
"Sometimes I finish my route and they want me to finish another route. They don't pay more for any of that work," said Oscar Martinez, adding that the workers do not receive holiday pay. Martinez has been with Potomac Disposal for eight years.
Union attorney Brian Petruska said employees file I-9's when they start their jobs, but employers can update their records if they have a good reason to do so — for instance, if documents had been damaged in a flood.
"Ordinarily, you get it done on the first day and never hear about it again," he said. In another labor dispute earlier this year, a company used the same tactic to fire about half of its workforce, he said.
"It's not proper or legal for those people to lose their jobs because they were trying to join with other workers to collectively bargain for a raise," Petruska said.
Staff Writer Andrew Schotz contributed to this story


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'The Walking Dead' Season 3 Episode 1
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Country singer Craig Campbell is set to host his inaugural Craig Campbell Celebrity Cornhole Challenge on Tuesday, June 4. The event will raise money for colon cancer care and research in honor of his late father, who passed away from the disease when Campbell was a child.
Campbell, who recently released new album "Never Regret," will be joined by fellow country artists and celebrity friends including Chase Rice, The Farm, Gloriana, Greg Bates, James Wesley, Jerrod Niemann, LoCash Cowboys, Love and Theft, Rachel Bradshaw, Australian duo Baylou, GAC's Suzanne Alexander, Titans kicker Rob Bironas and more.
The event will also include live music and refreshments and runs from 2 p.m. to 7 p.m. at Public Square Park in downtown Nashville. Admission is $10. For more information, visit craigcampbell.tv.
-Cindy Watts, The Tennessean


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Mice fed a diet high in saturated fat show shifts in their gut microbes and develop obesity-related inflammation.
Mapping Corti
September 3, 2015|
The inner ear organ, from macro to micro
September 3, 2015|
The inner ear organ, from macro to micro
September 1, 2013|
Many of the body's tissues can tell time, and these peripheral clocks can be influenced by environmental cues, such as the timing of food consumption.
December 6, 2012|
Insulin, long recognized as a primary regulator of blood glucose, is now also understood to play key roles in neuroplasticity, neuromodulation, and neurotrophism.
July 1, 2012|
Present in every tissue of the body, ubiquitin appears to be involved in a dizzying array of functions, from cell cycle and division to organelle and ribosome biogenesis, as well as the response to viral infection. The protein plays at least two role
July 1, 2012|
Despite its discovery as a protein that seems to show up everywhere, at least in eukaryotic cells, researchers are only beginning to scratch the surface of all of the cellular functions involving ubiquitin.
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Telomeres are repetitive, noncoding sequences that cap the ends of linear chromosomes. They consist of hexameric nucleotide sequences (TTAGGG in humans) repeated hundreds to thousands of times.
February 1, 2012|
There are five steps of autophagosome biogenesis: induction, expansion, vesicle completion, fusion, and cargo degradation.
January 1, 2012|
Not all inflammation leads to pain. Despite widespread infection followed by fever, colds rarely cause pain. But when some cytokines and certain immune cells are active near pain-sensing nerves, they trigger receptors that convey pain sensations to the brain.
December 1, 2011|
The tongue may be the epicenter of taste sensation, but taste receptors are scattered throughout the digestive and respiratory tracts.
August 1, 2011|
While gut microbiota appear to have both positive and negative impacts on our health, in the guts of healthy, lean individuals, the good outweighs the bad.


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Little Puggles can listen to and sing along with their own club music - just like the older kids do!
This CD contains 12 engaging songs appropriate for active and quiet times. It's perfect for Awana Puggles club meetings and also makes a great gift for parents. The "Puggles Song" is included.


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Tater Wraps are a wholesome dog treat made with delicious duck, wrapped around sweet potato. We start with sweet potato fries, known for healthy beta carotene, and we wrap them in delicious 100% duck. The combination is then dried to crunchy perfection for a sealed-in flavor and texture that dogs come running for. The ideal training reward, or perfect for daily snacking. Healthy Snax contain no artificial flavors or added colors. Sold by weight; quantity varies. Resealable pouch. Duck flavor.
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Ellis the Elephant is back for another adventure in American history! In From Sea to Shining Sea, the fourth installment of the New York Times bestselling series, Ellis discovers a growing nation and the great expedition of Lewis and Clark. Authored by Callista Gingrich and illustrated by Susan Arciero, From Sea to Shining Sea will delight those who want to know how America spread from coast to coast. Order now>>
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If you were to weld four purchased stainless exhaust tips and tubing together with butt and coped joints what filler would you use? 309? Would you HAVE to back purge? Thanks. Dave
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06-25-2013, 07:18 PM #1turbo38t Guest
Stainless exhaust tips....what filler?
06-25-2013, 08:49 PM #2Senior Member
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What grade of stainless are you attempting to weld?
If you dont purge stainless tubing/pipe when welding, you are going to introduce sugaring in the weld and the quality of weld suffers. I would never weld stainless tubing/pipe without back shielding. Bad idea.Lincoln Idealarc 250 stick/tig
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Tuesday, October 22, 2002Waynesville, N.C. (October 22, 2002) - ETSU sophomore Robin McCarley (Johnson City, Tenn.) shot a team low 75 yesterday, and shot a 77 today to tie for 18th place and lead the Buccaneers to a fifth place finish at the Wachovia Great Smokies Women's Intercollegiate golf tournament. Host Western Carolina won the 26-team two-day tournament. Kristen Fletcher (Cookeville, Tenn.) and Danielle O'Reilly (Whistler, British Columbia, Canada) tied for 27th place after both shooting a 78 and a 76, respectively. Ashley Barton (Seffner, Fla.) finished tied for 52nd shooting an 82 yesterday and a 77 in today's round. Alyssa Few (London, Ontario, Canada) tied for 57th shooting a 77 yesterday and finished the day shooting an 83. ETSU finished the tournament shooting a two round 614. The Buccaneers finished above Southern Conference opponents Appalachian State and Wofford. The Buccaneers will return to action November 1, as they travel to Puerto Rico to compete in a tournament hosted by Florida International University.
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20 Yard Line
A Panoramic View at Texas Stadium - Irving, Texas
The Rob Arra Collection
Welcome to the legendary long-time home of the Dallas
Cowboys, on a historic afternoon in team history! With the undefeated Indianapolis
Colts in town, and the Cowboys on a roll since installing Tony Romo as
the starting quarterback three weeks earlier, the November 19, 2006 game
took on a carnival atmosphere. With the Cowboys marching down field in
the fourth quarter, looking to break a 14-14 deadlock and send the Colts
juggernaut packing...SNAP! The moment is preserved for all-time, and is
now available for your wall.
With this poster, you are transported back to that dramatic
afternoon - Romo's first career home start, and a great victory that launched
the club back into the league's elite ranks. Like all prints in photographer
Rob Arra's Everlasting Images series, every single detail is in
perfect focus, and as you pan across the image you feel like you are at
the event. From a beautiful corner perspective, you get it all - the unique
partial-roof bottom, the championship banners from Super Bowls XXVII, XXVIII,
and XXX, the scoreboard and video screen, the Ring of Honor, the jam-packed
stands, the sideline entourages, and the action on the field, as Romo embarks
on the game-winning drive from his own 20 yard line. Whether you're a season-ticket
holder, a fan who was lucky enough to attend a single game at the old stadium,
a long-time Cowboys fanatic, or simply a sports fan who loves INCREDIBLE
stadium photography, this piece is for you! Absolutely stunning, worthy
of a nice frame and a prominent location on your sports wall at home or
office. Note: this design is now out-of-print;
limited quantity remains in our warehouse.
Product Specifications:


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text:
The No. 1 complaint that the school system's facilities department hears from schools is about heating, cooling and ventilation problems, according to James Song, director of facilities management for Montgomery County Public Schools.
That's why Superintendent Joshua P. Starr's No. 1 request in his amendments to the school system's capital projects is for additional funding for replacing heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems.
Starr and the Montgomery County Board of Education finalized their request last week that asks the County Council to add $14.2 million to its already approved $1.35 billion plan. The board's request will now be submitted to the council and the County Executive.
Board members said earlier this month that they are not sure if the county will support the request.
The bulk of the request, or $11.5 million, is for the HVAC projects. The extra funds would enable the school system to complete six more HVAC projects by 2018 for a total of 11 projects and increase the funds spent on the projects to $18 million, Song said.
Heating and cooling in schools were among the top concerns that parents raised at the hearings last week, said board President Shirley Brandman (At-large) of Bethesda.
The school board did not add any other amendments after hearing from parents and community members at two public hearings last week.
Board member Laura Berthiaume asked for a resolution that would have accelerated the design process for a renovation project for an elementary school in Rockville, but all other board members voted against it.
The board members said it would seem as if they were favoring that project over so many others that are waiting to be completed if approving the resolution.
The rest of the request is for $2.5 million for building parts such as fire alarms, public address systems, water and sewer systems, floors, ceilings, windows and doors; and $220,000 for boundary and capacity studies for schools.


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l copyed this ring roller from one a fella on here made,l printed off the pictures and made it from that,the rollers are track pins from a cat dozzer m/c out to take the bearings.
Results 1 to 9 of 9
Thread: Ring roller
02-11-2009, 04:56 AM #1Junior Member
- Join Date
- Dec 2008
- Location
- Scotland
- Posts
- 7
Ring roller
looks good
Did A good job on it looks like it wiil work good for you.
02-11-2009, 05:05 AM #3Junior Member
- Join Date
- Dec 2008
- Location
- Scotland
- Posts
- 7
ring roller
l used it to make the handle.
02-11-2009, 08:50 PM #4Senior Member
- Join Date
- Mar 2006
- Location
- Chicago-ish
- Posts
- 282
Nice work. How did you cut the slots that the rollers sit in?
Nice project beetlejac. I am just wondering here what the handle is made from? It may be the distortion in the pic, but it almost looks flat on the inside of the ring. Also curious if its solid or tube of some sort?
02-11-2009, 09:56 PM #6Senior Member
Miller 251...sold the spoolgun to DiverBill.
- Join Date
- Sep 2005
- Location
- WY...armpit of U.S.A.
- Posts
- 659
Miller DialArc 250
Lincoln PrecisionTig 275
Hypertherm 900 plasma cutter
Bridgeport "J" head mill...tooled up
Jet 14 X 40 lathe...ditto
South Bend 9" lathe...yeah, got the change gears too
Logan 7" shaper
Ellis 3000 band saw
Hossfeld bender w/shopbuilt hyd.
Victor Journeyman torch and gauges
3 Gerstner boxes of mostly Starrett tools
Lots of dust bunnies
Too small of a shop at 40 X 59.
02-12-2009, 01:16 AM #7Junior Member
- Join Date
- Dec 2008
- Location
- Scotland
- Posts
- 7
ring roller
Hi lads,the slots,first l drilled the hole and l milled the slot out,this was taking ages so the second side l just went down it with a cutting disk.
The handle is a length of 1"dia conduit,yes its flat on one side because off the roller pressing it but this was in my favour so it was ok,my plan is to get another 3 track pins and m/c a radius and cut a square out on it so l can roll round and 1" box section,thats the plan anyway.
cheers jack
Good Job Bettlejac, I made a roller also, its not something I use every day but when you need it you need it.
I just bid a looping crane system where 10 chain hoist just keep going around in an oval so I have to roll the electrical duct bars to follow the oval I beam.
Heres a pic of my roller.
02-13-2009, 02:50 AM #9Senior Member
- Join Date
- Apr 2006
- Location
- San Diego
- Posts
- 375
HEY! You found my ring roller!
Dang. I wuz wondering where that thing went. I would have never thought to look in Scotland!
Great job. I hope it works out for you.
That's 1/4" x 12" I fed into mine. Yikes.Maxstar 200DX
Maxstar 300DX
Dynasty 200DX
Spectrum 701
LMSW-52 spot welder


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vibe, verve & promenade cocoon
Snug as a rug in a bug(gy)! An ultra-light buggy carry cot.
"Fantastic item. We had this for an 8 week trip to Europe for our son, he slept on the plane in this across the trays, slept while we carried him through the airport and it also acted as his bed when we were there. Now a couple of years later we are using it for our daughter to travel to Mexico!" - Brenda - Mum, traveler and cocoon owner
Not currently available in this region.
It's HOT! because:
- swaddle, carry, roam: in & out of the buggy
- soft, long handles for 'sway to relax'
- plush sides & firm base with mattress for a comfortable ride
- zip down top for easy access to baby
- plenty of room for newborn: 60cm/23.6" long
- compatible with the following stroller models:
- vibe
- verve
- promenade


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In light of the recent terrorist attacks and the President's subsequent call-up of various military personnel, the Department of Financial Institutions wishes to remind our state chartered financial institutions about the provisions of the Soldiers and Sailors Civil Relief Act of 1940 (SSCRA) that affect certain financial liabilities of military personnel, including in particular military reservists called to active duty, and new members of the armed forces.
Among its provisions, the act requires financial institutions to lower the interest rate to a maximum of six percent for mortgage, auto and other installment loans incurred by those military personnel prior to active duty for the period of military service. The interest rate includes fees and most other charges.
The act also restricts a financial institution's ability to take default judgements and other judicial actions against active duty military personnel as a result of their failure to perform on loan obligations and restricts an institution's ability to foreclose on mortgages entered into before beginning military service.
In addition to the above, other provisions of the SSCRA may be relevant to your institution's operations or your borrower's circumstances. Therefore, we encourage management to work with your legal counsel and/or trade groups to ensure your institution's compliance with the technical requirements, as well as spirit, of the SSCRA.
If you have any questions, please feel free to contact our office at (615) 741-2236.


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I would like to get into macro photography.. Just wondering what the best macro lens would be in the $150-200 price range? I would like to get the Panasonic/Leica macro lens but not in the budget. Btw my camera is the Panasonic Lumix gf3.
Take the 2-minute tour ×
Photography Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for professional, enthusiast and amateur photographers. It's 100% free, no registration required.
Have you considered extension tubes? Take a look at the Wikipedia article they're a lot cheaper and if you're just starting out in macro photograph are often a beeter way to get started.


text:
News & Exhibits
August 20, 2014
UNH IT has changed the names of our wireless networks. This change began on August 5, but the existing networks will remain until October 7. These changes are being made based on user feedback and should better reflect their intended function. This will impact all UNH students, faculty, staff and non-affiliates.
The networks formerly known as "unhwireless" (non-secure wireless) and "unh-highspeed" (secure wireless) will become "UNH-Public" and "UNH-Secure" respectively. UNH IT encourages all users to connect to the UNH-secure network to better protect personal and institutional data.
For more information, read the article in the UNH IT newsletter, Signals, contact the UNH IT Service Desk at 862-4242 or via their online form.
July 29, 2014
Due to the core campus reconstruction taking place this summer, a water main has to be redirected and will require an all-day water shutdown on Friday, August 1. Dimond Library and the Physics Library in DeMeritt Hall will be open but there will be no water or bathroom facilities.
This shutdown will also impact Conant Hall, Murkland Hall and Thompson Hall.
Bathrooms will be available in James, Spaulding, Hewitt, and Hamilton Smith halls as well as others buildings on campus.
We apologize for any inconvenience and thank you for your patience and understanding.
July 23, 2014
The old VPN sites, vpn.unh.edu and ecgvpn.unh.edu, have been retired by campus IT. VPN users now use connect.vpn.unh.edu and an application called Junos Pulse.
If you are a VPN user and access library resources from off-campus, you will need to use the alternate "all traffic" Junos Pulse configuration. This option sends all traffic (not just UNH traffic) through the VPN. When configuring your Junos client, the Server URL or URL field should be set to
If you do not use the UNH VPN, off-campus access to library resources remains the same. The VPN is not needed for remote access to these resources, but does add a level of security for the user.
If you have any questions about or problems with the UNH VPN, please contact the UNH IT Service Desk at 603-862-4242, Monday - Friday, 7:30am - 5:00pm or visit them online.
July 23, 2014
Government Information presents its newest featured resource: Pan Inuit Trails Atlas.
Viewers of this atlas can explore the source maps to better understand Inuit mobility patterns and the cultural importance of their trails and place names.
Place names and trails are integral parts of Inuit culture and heritage. Inuit have used place names to describe different features of the land, water, and ice since time immemorial. Place names are often (but not always) descriptive of the features they are associated with, including lakes, hills, rocks, caribou passes, ice ridges, bays, islands, etc. The names are linked to places of significance, often denoting important fishing and hunting areas and camps. They are also used to describe routes of travel, and in that sense many of them are connected to well-established trails and routes.
July 22, 2014
The UNH Library has pulled together a selection of movies for your viewing entertainment this summer. Movies from many genres are in the display including action, romance, horror, thrillers, and even educational documentaries. For the days you can't get to the beach, come borrow one of these movies.
They are available for circulation from the UNH Library Multimedia Center.
American Hustle
Blue Planet
Bourne Identity
Bourne Supremacy
Bourne Ultimatum
Brave Little Toaster
Dog Day Afternoon
Endless Summer
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom
Jurassic Park
King Kong
Raiders of the Lost Ark
Stand By Me
Wet Hot American Summer
July 17, 2014
The Library
is now has completed hiring for fall, 2014.
Our summer starting rate is $8.00 an hour. We typically offer raises to students who return to work for us each academic year.
Successful candidates should:
- Be eligible for the Federal Work/Study program
- Have library or related experience (retail, office, bookstore, or food service)
- Pay close attention to detail
- Deal effectively and courteously with the public
- Be able to lift, reach, grasp, kneel, climb on step stools, bend, and push/pull possible heavy (up to 325lbs) book carts to move items around the various library buildings
- Complete all pages of the application thoroughly and accurately
The UNH Library has positions for student employment in various departments within the library. In addition to Dimond Library, the main library, there are four branch libraries located on campus and a library storage building located on the edge of campus.
June 30, 2014
Starting on July 1st, UNH will have access to several additional databases.
These databases include:
- Academic Search COMPLETE (Upgrade from Premier)
- Business Source COMPLETE (Upgrade from Premier)
- Medline
- Health Source NA
- Green File
- Masterfile Premier
- Military and Govt.
- Newspaper Source
- CINAHL Complete
- Environment Complete (new)
- Education Source (new)
- Library Lit and Info Science Full text (new)
If you have any questions, please contact our Collection Management Librarian, Jen Carroll.
June 18, 2014
The result of a recent collaboration between Colby College Special Collections in Waterville, Maine & Milne Special Collections at the University of New Hampshire, Letters Between Poets focuses on an exchange of letters over a period of eight years between emerging poet Wesley McNair, whose papers are held at Colby, and nationally recognized poet Donald Hall, whose papers are at UNH. The correspondence, conducted prior to the publication of McNair's first book of poetry, "Faces of Americans, 1853," reveals what it's like to develop as a poet under the guidance of a mentor, as well as how poets think about their craft, how they make poems and revise them, and how they bring their creative work to readers.
June 18, 2014
Update: The water main shut-off has been cancelled. Water will be available in Dimond Library on Tuesday, June 24.
As part of core campus reconstruction taking place this summer, a water main has to be redirected and
will require an all-day water shutdown on Tuesday, June 24. Dimond Library will be open but there will be no water or bathroom facilities.
We apologize for any inconvenience and thank you for your patience and understanding.
June 11, 2014
The Biological Sciences collection will move to its new home in Dimond Library this summer to serve as the foundation for the Natural Sciences Resource Center on Level 2. Beginning June 23, bound periodicals will be shifted to make space for the collection moving from Kendall Hall. While this transition is taking place (anticipated to be through July 16th), library users will not be able to access the collections in this area. Items can be requested through the library catalog and will be paged at 9am and 1pm Monday through Friday.
The Library's multimedia collection will be open and available during this time and the Parker Media Lab has on call hours; both can only be accessed from the West elevator (with library staff escort) or staircase. The former Current Periodicals Room and new Natural Sciences Resource Center will be available, as will the microforms collections in both Rooms 210 and 225. Public rest rooms will also be open on Level 2. For safety reasons, the stacks will be closed and library users needing print materials from the stacks on Level 2 should visit the circulation desk.
Questions can be directed to Val Harper, Project Manager.


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text:
Scrutinizing the sponsors of gun shows is no real solution.
Last week, 80 representatives from local, state and federal agencies in both Indiana and Illinois met in Gary to see if they could come up with a way to halt or at least slow down the flow of guns from this state to that one. What great idea did they come up with? Well, says Lake County, Ind., Sheriff John Buncich, they plan to "scrutinize" the sponsors of gun shows more closely.
Like most gun-control efforts, this is something that sounds commonsensical and makes safety advocates feel good about their intentions but has no real effect. Yes, about 20 percent of the guns recovered by Chicago police from 2008 to 2012 came from Indiana, and many if not most of those came from gun shows. But gun shows themselves aren't the problem, so scrutinizing their sponsors would do little.
Federally recognized gun dealers are required to always meet the same requirements for such things as background checks, whether they are in their own brick-and-mortar stores or at a gun show. But private transactions – one individual selling to another one – are not regulated. Since gun shows are magnets for gun enthusiasts, a lot of such sales go on there.
And even if our state cracked down, Illinois law has the same shortcomings – if that's what you want to call them – as Indiana's law. The state doesn't limit the number of guns sold at one time, require background checks on private sales or license or regulate gun dealers. More guns in Chicago come from its own suburbs – 25 percent – than from Indiana.
Conservatives argue correctly that some jurisdictions with the toughest gun laws – such as Chicago and New York – have some of the worst gun violence. But liberals are also right when they say that doesn't disprove the effectiveness of gun control in one jurisdiction when it is so easy to get a gun in nearby jurisdictions.
So the push is on for a federal solution, creating a uniformity of gun control across the nation. But that runs into the constitutional right to bear arms. And there won't be any security in return, unless we're willing to ban all new guns, the way Australia did, and start confiscating the 300 million of them already out there. Good luck with that.
The fact will always remain that bad people do bad things with guns and will always be able to get them, so all gun control does is make it harder for good people to get the guns they need. Here's a question for you: Why isn't all that gun violence here in Indiana, where guns are so easy to get, instead of in Chicago, where they are not? Answer that, and we might get closer to a real solution.


text:
- Independent
- The Enterprise
- The Recorder
A St. Mary's man charged with beating a nurse to death told police that he passed out during a confrontation with the woman on Aug. 8, court papers state, and that he later discovered she was dead, stole her cell phone and disposed of a blood-stained rock.
A judge ordered Wednesday that John Morris Quade Jr., 31, of Lexington Park remain in jail without bond on charges including first-degree murder in the death of Moneta Jo Strickland last Thursday at the Three Notch Trail in Mechanicsville's Laurel Grove area.
The body of the 32-year-old California woman was found Friday near the trail, detectives report. A candlelight vigil in remembrance of Strickland will be held at 7:30 p.m. today, Wednesday, by the basketball courts at Chancellor's Run Regional Park near Great Mills.
A witness' statement Monday to investigators and a review of a nearby business' security video led to them questioning the suspect, according to a statement of probable cause filed by Maryland State Police Trooper Michael Parker, assigned to the St. Mary's Bureau of Criminal Investigations. Evidence in the case was located during a raid, court papers state, but detectives declined to state Wednesday if the rock has been found.
In court on Wednesday, Quade declined through a public defender to seek a bond hearing in his case. Online court records state that Quade was sentenced in 2000 to serve 18 months in jail on a charge of committing a third-degree sexual offense, and that he was jailed for one day in 2010 for failing, as a registered sexual offender, to notify authorities of a change of his address.


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A helmet is only as safe as it fits. A good helmet fit is essential when riding. Follow these simple steps to ensure that your new helmet is effective in the event of a fall.
Step-By-Step to a Great Fit
1. To properly size your helmet, measure the circumference of your head by placing a measuring tape around your head and roughly one inch above the eyebrow. Different helmet manufacturers have different sizing, so consult the size chart for the particular helmet that you are purchasing. Also consider how you will wear your hair in your helmet. If you are planning on wearing your hair up inside the helmet, allow room for this when choosing a size.
2. When you receive the helmet, place it on your head without fastening the harness. If applicable, adjust the dial on the back of the helmet.
3. Make sure the brim is resting no more than one inch above your eyebrows. Gently try to move the brim up and down. If your eyebrows move, your helmet fits correctly from front to back.
4. Next, shake your head side to side, to the left and to the right. The helmet should remain in place.
If either of these tests result in movement, you will want to drop down a size. If the helmet seems to be "perched" on top of your head, you will want to consider moving up a size.
Replacing Your Damaged Helmet
If you fall and your helmet takes an impact, contact the manufacturer to have it inspected. The material inside is designed to absorb impact – once this has happened, the effectiveness of the helmet is compromised. Many helmet manufacturers will replace a helmet that has suffered an impact for less than retail if within several years from the original purchase date.
Helmet Safety Certifications (ASTM and SEI)
On most equestrian helmets, excluding hunt caps that are designed as traditional apparel rather than for safety, you will see ASTM (American Society of Testing and Materials) and SEI (Safety Equipment Institute) certifications. Most equestrian competitions require that helmets be approved by these associations to be show legal. Many equestrian helmet vendors, like Troxel or GPA, only manufacture helmets that meet these criteria. Always confirm these certifications, both to ensure that the helmet has undergone testing for safety and that the helmet is show legal.
Finding the Right Helmet for You
Equestrian helmets come in many different styles to suit many different applications. A helmet you will be trail riding in will look much different than one you would show in. Most people can use one helmet for both. Helmets suitable for show, however, tend to be more expensive. English hunt seat riders prefer "skunk" style helmets, such as GPA's like this one, or velvet covered helmets like this one from IRH. Many trail riders prefer helmets like this one from Troxel because of increased ventilation for summer rides. Asking your trainer is a great first step when deciding which helmet style is right for you. Your local tack shop may also be able to help.
We hope this information has been helpful to you! Be sure to check out sstack.com for our wide selection of riding helmets, tack and apparel.


text:
Moderators: dandaman, ADGO BOD
djester wrote:Feel free to go forward with the sign updating.
It's actually looked like that since it was first done!
Kove wrote:The rules sign at the front of the course is starting to look pretty shabby. I was wondering if I could make a new sign for it and replace it the next time i go up there. I work at a sign shop and have all necessary materials to make a sign the same size as the current one except i would use a different material for durability and longevity. Free of charge.
TomahawkChopper wrote:I actually think we should move the rules and Info board. Especially since we added the gold tee. If Not moved then turn the Info board around so that errant thrown disc's arent smacking into the plexi glass and breaking it. Steve smashed the hell out of it the other day top right corner. Just a thought. Id even do it myself if there arent any objections from anyone.
TomahawkChopper wrote:Steve smashed the hell out of it the other day .
JPZ wrote:TomahawkChopper wrote:Steve smashed the hell out of it the other day .
not a good example...he could hit the rec center w/ a 5mph wind gust
dandaman wrote:djester wrote:Feel free to go forward with the sign updating.
It's actually looked like that since it was first done!
Do you know how long it took to place those stickers on that board?!?! <--You can actually tell where I got tired and started to fall asleep one night doing it!
But by all means PLEASE, PLEASE replace the sign.
Thank you!
Funky Bobby J wrote: Is the creek behind 14 (I think - the long one that plays with the fence along the right) OB? And I thought I saw someone post that the dirt area on the right of 18 is OB too?
cedar/leyland cypress on 15 (par 4 dogleg left to the open field) should go too (those other little trees around it should grow keeping the hoel tough but FAIR and more aesthetically pleasing) .
TomahawkChopper wrote:On the hill it is at least that sounds good to me. That work for you JPZ?
djester wrote:Instead of moving the kiosk, why not trim the shule back on the right side ?
It has grown out about 15 feet into the fairway. That would open the gap a bit and take the shot away from the kiosk.
That bush on 15 is what makes the hole, the the pines should be looked at for removal.
Big Red wrote:It really is not important to have a random object, whether natural or not, in the middle of a fairway.
JPZ wrote::roll:Big Red wrote:It really is not important to have a random object, whether natural or not, in the middle of a fairway.
so you only like open courses/ no random trees or ditches or trailors or kiosks
I'm guessing you H8 ERP and love Lenora...eh? JK
The kiosk was "spray" painted last year...needs a redo tho... green Joey
some thicker paint w/ a seal would be better
I'll go check what I have in the basement
djester wrote:There are way better things to improve at Moseley than move a kiosk (or rake leaves).
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You have chosen to receive our #NAMED_LISTS# newsletters at #EMAIL_ADDRESS#. You will receive an e-mail shortly confirming your subscription. So excited to have you!
Refinery 29
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We all love to wow our palate by trying new crazy-creative cocktails whipped up by experimental mixologists, but sometimes, we like to stick to what we know will get the boozy job done. That's why we're always down to tote around our favorite brews and bubbs with us whenever we're in for a guzzling good time, especially when it saves us a few nickels and dimes. But, let's face it: That practice isn't exactly kosher at most haunts.
So, where can you waltz in with a paper-bagged bottle in hand? We've mapped out the 11 coolest S.F. spots that let you BYOB for either absolutely nada deniros or just a minor corkage fee — we'll drink to that! Discover all the hootch-friendly locales after the jump, and get ready to uncork yourself to tipsy time out!
Photographed by Jen Miyako


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St. George Lodging
Escape Properties
Escape Properties
St. George, UT 84770
Best Available Rates for: Sep 05, 2015 - Sep 07, 2015 Change Dates
No data available for this date range.
Escape Properties
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Escape to . . . go hiking, renew friendships, visit Zions National Park or North Rim of the Grand Canyon, Play at Sand Hollow, go golfing at one of our awesome courses, see a show at Tuachan . . . to Escape! Escape to St. George! We now offer guests ATV & PWC (Jet Skis) rentals too. The number one reason people visit the St. George area is for the scenery - now experience off the beaten' path! Come and build memories with us - call today!
Amenities & Services
Property Amenities
- Common area laundry
- Common area hot tub (outdoor)
- Outdoor pool
In-Room Amenities
- Air conditioning
- DVD player
- Rooms with fireplace available
- Internet (fees may apply)
- Wireless Internet (fees may apply)
- Jetted bathtub (availability varies by room)
- Full kitchen
- Kitchenette
- Microwave
- Refrigerator
- Television


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Comprehensive Prostate Formula contains potent levels of synergistic herbs, nutrients and phytochemicals that have been scientifically researched to support the health and wellness of the prostate gland.* This formula incorporates premier herbal extracts of Saw palmetto, African Pygeum bark and Stinging Nettle root, CardioAidTM plant sterols, and SelenoExcell®, a superior form of the mineral selenium, nutrients that have shown documented benefits for prostate health.
Comprehensive Prostate Formula also contains effective amounts of vitamins D3 and B6, zinc, and lycopene, which research suggests play important roles in supporting optimal prostate function and general health and well-being.*
Directions for Use: Take 4 capsules daily with food, preferably in divided doses twice daily.
* Daily value not establishedThese statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Other IngredientsModified cellulose (vegetarian capsule), cellulose, silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate (vegetable source), calcium silicate. Suitable for vegetarians. Does Not Contain: milk, egg, wheat, gluten, corn, soy, sugar, sweeteners, starch, or preservatives.
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The products and claims made about specific products on this site have not been evaluated by Pharmaca.com or the United States Food and Drug Administration and are not approved to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent disease. The information on this site is for educational purposes only and is not intended as a substitute for advice from your physician or other health care professional or any information contained on or in any product label or packaging. You should not use the information on this site for diagnosis or treatment of any health problem or for prescription of any medication or other treatment. You should consult with a healthcare professional before starting any diet, exercise or supplementation program, before taking any medication, or if you have or suspect you might have a health problem. Pharmaca Integrative Pharmacy will not assume liability for any cross-contamination of ingredients, misprints, or adverse reactions to any ingredients in the products we carry. The products sold here may contain lead and other substances that are known to the state of California to cause cancer and birth defects and other reproductive harm. Prices and promotions are subject to change without notice. All content on this web site is copyrighted by Pharmaca Integrative Pharmacy unless otherwise stated. All online offers and prices are valid for online purchases only, and may be different from those in our retail stores. Free shipping offer may not apply to all orders and all states; see shipping policy for full details. Copyright © 2009 – 2015 by Pharmaca Integrative Pharmacy. All rights reserved.


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Beet, spinach & goat's cheese couscous
By Jennifer Joyce
Cooking timePrep: 10 mins
Skill levelEasy
ServingsMakes 2 lunches
Perfect for packed lunches, this colourful, filling salad transports really well
Nutrition and extra info
Additional info
- Vegetarian
Nutrition per serving
- kcalories
- 601
- protein
- 21g
- carbs
- 57g
- fat
- 34g
- saturates
- 11g
- fibre
- 5g
- sugar
- 22g
- salt
- 1.13g
- zest and juice 1 large orange
- 140g couscous
- 25g walnut pieces
- 85g firm goat's cheese, crumbled
- 6 dried apricots, roughly chopped
- 4 small cooked beetroot, quartered
- 2 handfuls spinach leaves
For the dressing
- 2 tbsp extra-virgin olive oil
- juice ½ lemon
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Recipe from Good Food magazine, February 2009
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Comments, questions and tips
This is really nice. I used pecan nuts instead of the walnuts because it's what I had in and I left out the dressing as I wanted it to be less calorific - mine came in at 324 calories! I would make it again but would probably leave out the spinach too next time - it was bland and didn't contribute much, but maybe that's because I left out the dressing? It keeps well in the fridge in an airtight container. I've been having mine for my lunch at work and just had the last of it, so after 4 days it was still great. I found it tasted better re-heated slightly in the microwave. Be warned, its not just the couscous that turns pink - I thought I had a medical emergency by day 3! :)
I found this to be a tasty way of making couscous but the orange zest has a tendency to dry it out. I doubled everything except the amount of zest, used a low-fat feta cheese instead of goat's cheese and no oil at all for a slightly healthy version of this rather tasty salad. Really easily adaptable as well!


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Description:IBM 250GB Serial ATA (SATA-II) 3.5-inch 7.2K NL LFF Simple-Swap Hard DrivePart Number(s)IBM Part# 43W7750
Overview:This 7200 rpm 250Gb HDD provides 3.5-inch form factor option that can be used as hot-swap drive. The addition of a 7200 rpm offering to the IBM System x BladeCenter and storage and I/O Blade family of 3.5-inch SATA HDD offers the highest performing SATA options and will provide a wider selection of choices to satisfy a range of applications. This drive is positioned at the top of IBM's SATA HDD line based on increased performance.
CategoryIBM HardDrive
GenerationSS SATA
Part Number43W7750
Products ID461365
HDD Form FactorInternal
Rotational Speed 7200RPM
Data Transfer Rate300MB/s
Average Seek Time9ms
Average Latency4.17ms
Simple SwapYes


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Chan Chan Archaeological Zone
Chan Chan Archaeological Zone
The Chimu Kingdom, with Chan Chan as its capital, reached its apogee in the 15th century, not long before falling to the Incas. The planning of this huge city, the largest in pre-Columbian America, reflects a strict political and social strategy, marked by the city's division into nine 'citadels' or 'palaces' forming autonomous units.
Zone archéologique de Chan Chan
Le royaume chimu, dont Chan Chan fut la capitale, connut son apogée au XVe siècle, peu avant de succomber à la puissance inca. L'aménagement de cette ville, la plus importante de l'Amérique précolombienne, reflète une stratégie politique et sociale rigoureuse, marquée par sa division en neuf « citadelles » ou « palais » formant des unités indépendantes.
منطقة تشان تشان الأثريّة
عرفت مملكة الشيمو التي كانت عاصمتها تشان تشان أوج عظمتها في القرن الخامس عشر، وذلك قُبَيْل الوقوع تحت سيطرة الإنكا. ويعكس تنظيم هذه المدينة، التي تُعتبر الأبرز في أميركا قبل اكتشاف كولومبوس لها، استراتيجية سياسية واجتماعية دقيقة، تتّسم بانقسامها الى تسعة "حصون" أو "قصور" شكّلت وحدات مستقلّة.
source: UNESCO/ERI
source: UNESCO/ERI
Археологическая зона Чан-Чан
Государство Чиму, столицей которого был Чан-Чан, достигло своего расцвета в XV в., незадолго до захвата инками. Планировка этого огромного города, самого большого в доколумбовой Америке, отражает строгую политическую и социальную организацию, проявляющуюся в разделении города на девять "цитаделей" или "дворцов", образующих независимые блоки.
source: UNESCO/ERI
Zona arqueológica de Chan Chan
Chan Chan fue la capital del reino chimú, que conoció su máximo esplendor en el siglo XV, poco antes de sucumbir al poder del Imperio Inca. La disposición de esta ciudad, una de las más importantes de la América precolombina, fue el resultado de la aplicación de una rigurosa estrategia política y social, evidenciada por su división en nueve "ciudadelas" o "palacios" que forman unidades independientes.
source: UNESCO/ERI
source: NFUAJ
Archeologische zone van Chan Chan
Chan Chan is de hoofdstad van het Chimu koninkrijk, dat zijn hoogtepunt bereikte in de 15e eeuw. Niet lang daarna viel het rijk in handen van de Inca's. De stad is de grootste in precolumbiaans Amerika en het ontwerp ervan weerspiegelt een strikte politieke en sociale strategie, gekenmerkt door de verdeling van de stad in negen 'citadellen' of 'paleizen' die autonome eenheden vormden. De belangrijkste activiteiten in Chan Chan waren houtbewerking, weven en de bewerking van goud en zilver. Iets verder naar het zuiden ligt een gebied dat gebruikt werd voor landbouw, wat blijkt uit de resten van een irrigatiesysteem.
Source: unesco.nl
Outstanding Universal Value
Brief synthesis
The Chimu Kingdom reached its apogee in the 15th century, not long before falling to the Incas. Its capital Chan Chan, located in the once fertile river valley of Moche or Santa Catalina, was the largest earthen architecture city in pre-Columbian America. The remains of this vast city reflect in their layout a strict political and social strategy, emphasized by their division into nine 'citadels' or 'palaces' forming independent units.
The Outstanding Universal Value of Chan Chan resides in the extensive, hierarchically planned remains of this huge city, including remnants of the industrial, agricultural and water management systems that sustained it.
The monumental zone of around six square kilometres in the centre of the once twenty square kilometre city, comprises nine large rectangular complexes ('citadels' or 'palaces') delineated by high thick earthen walls. Within these units, buildings including temples, dwellings, storehouses are arranged around open spaces, together with reservoirs, and funeral platforms. The earthen walls of the buildings were often decorated with friezes representing abstract motifs, and anthropomorphical and zoomorphical subjects. Around these nine complexes were thirty two semi monumental compounds and four production sectors for activities such as weaving wood and metal working. Extensive agricultural areas and a remnant irrigation system have been found further to the north, east and west of the city.
The Moche and Chicama rivers once supplied an intricate irrigation system via an approximately 80 kilometre long canal, sustaining the region around Chan Chan during the height of the Chimu civilisation.
Criterion (i): The planning of the largest earthen city of pre-Columbian America is an absolute masterpiece of town planning. Rigorous zoning, differentiated use of inhabited space, and hierarchical construction illustrate a political and social ideal which has rarely been expressed with such clarity.
Criterion (iii): Chan Chan bears a unique testimony and is the most representative city of the disappeared Chimu kingdom where eleven thousand years of cultural evolution in northern Peru are synthesized and expressed. The architectural ensemble uniquely integrated the symbolic and sacred architecture with technological knowledge and the adaptation to the native environment.
Chan Chan retains all the elements that carry its Outstanding Universal Value over an area of fourteen square kilometers, which although less than the original area of the city, contains representative features of the architectural units, ceremonial roads, temples and agricultural units that convey the property's significance.
The earthen construction of the city, as well as environmental conditions, including extreme climatic conditions caused by El Niño phenomenon, renders the archaeological site susceptible to decay and deterioration. However ongoing maintenance using earthen materials has mitigated the degree of physical impact.
The setting and visual integrity of the property has been impacted negatively by illegal farming practices, exacerbated by pending resolution of land tenure and relocation issues, and by encroaching urban and infrastructure development, including the recent animal food plant and the Trujillo-Huanchaco highway that cuts the site in two since colonial times.
In terms of its form and design, the archaeological site still expresses truthfully the essence of the monumental urban landscape of the former Chimú capital. Also, the hierarchical arrangements reflecting the high political, social, technological, ideological and economic complexity attained by Chimú society between the ninth and fifteenth centuries are still clearly to be discerned. The original earthen architecture with its religious feature and decorations, although subject to decay, is undergoing conservation interventions using earthen materials and still truthfully represents the construction methods and the spirit of the Chimú people.
Protection and management requirements
The Ministry of Culture in Peru (MC), through its decentralized office in La Libertad, is the main agency charged with conserving and defending Chan Chan. It collaborates with authorities at the national, regional and municipal level to implement actions, particularly concerning illegal occupations of the property. The property is protected by national laws and decrees. However, long-standing issues, such as land tenure, relocation of illegal settlers, ceasing of illegal farming practices and enforcement of the regulatory measures have yet to be effectively resolved to ensure the long term conservation and full protection of the property. The regulatory measures for the buffer zone are still in the process of being established in collaboration with the local municipality.
The property was originally placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger in 1986 because of the precarious state of conservation of the earthen architecture and its vulnerability to the extreme climatic events caused by El Niño phenomenon that affects the northern coast of Peru. Furthermore, the ruins were threatened by endemic plundering of archaeological remains, and by the proposed construction of a road crossing the site.
Since the inscription, various steps have been taken towards achieving the desired state of conservation for the removal of the property from the List of World Heritage in Danger including the implementation of corrective measures and the development of a management plan. In addition, remedial measures have been implemented since 1999 to address the threats derived by the rising water table levels at the property.
The management plan was approved in 2000, with a ten year action plan, which will need updating and review as new conditions arise and actions prescribed are completed. Implementation of the action plan has mainly involved the maintenance of drains that control the water table level, stabilization of perimeter walls of palaces and funerary platforms, control of vegetation, maintenance of public use areas, architectural documentation for conservation and management, capacity building for local craftsmen and awareness building measures for students and the local community. An emergency and disaster preparedness plan has been developed against the El Niño phenomenon.
The continuity in implementation of actions has improved with the creation of the Implementing Unit 110 and the allocation of sustained funding for the implementation of the management plan. However, in order to meet the challenges facing the property, there is an urgent need to secure the full operation of an adequate participatory management system and ensure that financial and human resources are adequate to allow for the sustained implementation of conservation, protection and public use management actions. An effective risk management plan is also needed to address both the social and natural threats to the property.
The vision for Chan Chan is that it maintains its status as a cultural symbol for Peru that links the past to the present and plays an essential role in the human development of the region and the country. The conservation and presentation of the archaeological site and its context will contribute to its value and to the strengthening of Peruvian cultural identity.
Long Description
The planning of Chan Chan, the largest city of pre-Hispanic America and unique testimony to the disappeared Chimu kingdom, is a masterpiece of inhabited space, and hierarchical construction which illustrates a political and social ideal that has rarely been expressed with such clarity.
The Chimu kingdom reached its zenith in the 15th century, not long before falling under the sway of the Incas. In about 1470, after a long war, the Inca Tupac Yupanqui took King Minchancaman in captivity to Cuzco. The king's son, Chumun Caur, governed the kingdom of the north, thereafter weakened and divided, on behalf of the Inca. Some 60 years later, the Spanish conquistadores, favourably welcomed by the Chimus out of hate for the Incas, founded a new capital 5 km from Chan Chan which in 1535 was given the name of Pizarro's home town, Trujillo, when the site of Chan Chan was quickly abandoned. Archaeology which has provided us with data on the Chimu civilization which, around 1200, replaced the Mochica culture on the very location where the latter began developing in the 4th century. It was the Moche valley which was the vital centre of a vast empire stretching from the Gulf of Guayaquíl in the north to the region of Pramonga in the south. In this dry zone the river, which flowed into a canal 80 km long, was used, via an intricate system of irrigation, to supply the entire region that lay close to Chan Chan. It is now difficult to imagine the fertility of this region during the height of the Chimu civilization.
The ruins of Chan Chan, which were plundered by Spanish treasure hunters and which continue to be by their modern counterparts, the 'huaqueros', in spite of protective legislation, very early on attracted the attention of travellers, historians and archaeologists. A simplified plan of the ruins was drawn up between 1755 and 1785 by the Spaniard Baltazar Martinez de Compañon. Even today, in spite of the excellent surveys conducted from 1969 by the Harvard mission headed by Michael E. Moseley, mapping of the site is incomplete and archaeological exploration has only just begun. Yet the rapid and seemingly unstoppable erosion of a particularly vulnerable building material, adobe, constitutes a serious obstacle to in-depth knowledge of the site. Many of the structures excavated and surveyed in the past have entirely disappeared.
What strikes all visitors is the sheer size of Chan Chan and the intense organization of its strictly hierarchical urban space. The city as a whole covers occupies no less than 6 km2. This zone comprises nine large rectangular ensembles delineated by high, thick earthen walls and known as 'citadels' or 'palaces'. Each of these 'palaces' forms a type of independent urban unit which comprises several spaces, built or not as the case may be, around one or more squares, the ceremonial character is in some cases quite obvious. Among them are temples, dwellings, storehouses, kitchens, reservoirs, orchards, gardens, funeral platforms, cemeteries, etc. The cob walls decorated with raised friezes in which abstract motifs, anthropomorphic and zoomorphic subjects add to the exceptional splendours of these large arrays of ruins. Outside these nine rectangular units four industrial sectors were found to the west and south. The main activities appear to have been woodworking, weaving and the working of gold and silver. An area further to the south seems to have been used for farming as witnessed by the remains of an irrigation system, but many temples have been found there as well.Source: UNESCO/CLT/WHC
Activities (2)
News (2)
- UNESCO joins United Nations effort in response to Peruvian earthquake Tuesday, August 21, 2007
- Climate change threatens UNESCO World Heritage sites Tuesday, April 10, 2007