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Martin Luther King, Jr.
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was born on January 15, 1929 at his family home in Atlanta, Georgia. King's grandfather was a Baptist preacher, and his father was pastor of Atlanta's Ebenezer Baptist Church. Dr. King earned his own Bachelor of Divinity degree from Crozier Theological Seminary in 1951 and earned his Doctor of Philosophy from Boston University in 1955. As a Baptist Minister, he was an eloquent civil rights movement leader from the mid-1950's until his death by assassination on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee where he was there to support striking sanitation workers.
As pastor of a Baptist church in Montgomery, Alabama, Dr. King led a black bus boycott. He and ninety others were arrested and indicted under the provisions of a law making it illegal to conspire to obstruct the operation of a business. Dr. King and several others were found guilty, but appealed their case. A Supreme Court decision in 1956 ended Alabama's segregation laws enacted by Democrats. After this success, Dr. King was made president of the newly established Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Dr. King led the 1963 March on Washington where he delivered his most famous "I Have a Dream" speech. Dr. King became a national hero as he promoted non-violent means to achieve civil rights reform. He was awarded the 1964 Noble Peace Prize for his efforts, and President Ronald Reagan made Dr. King's birthday a national holiday.
Carter G. Woodson
(1875 - 1950)
"Switch parties if you are not being represented."
These are the words of Dr. Carter Godwin Woodson, distinguished Black author, editor, publisher, and historian. Carter G. Woodson believed that Blacks should know their past in order to participate intelligently in the affairs in our country. He strongly believed that Black history - which others have tried so diligently to erase - is a firm foundation for young Black Americans to build on in order to become productive citizens of our society.
Known as the father of Black history, Dr. Woodson at the peak of the Harlem Renaissance established "Negro History Week" in 1926 during the second week of February to commemorate the birthday of abolitionist and orator Frederick Douglass and President Abraham Lincoln. Woodson sought to create a forum that later became Black History Month. He was also instrumental in the founding of the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History in 1915.
Frederick Douglass
(1817 - 1895)
Frederick Douglass was one of the foremost leaders of the abolitionist movement which fought to end slavery within the United States in the decades prior to the Civil War. He eagerly attended the founding meeting of the republican party in 1854 and campaigned for its nominees.
A brilliant speaker, Douglass was asked by the American Anti-Slavery Society to engage in a tour of lectures, and so became recognized as one of America's first great black speakers. He won world fame when his autobiography The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, in which he gave specific details of his bondage, was publicized in 1845. Two years later, he began publishing an anti-slavery paper called the North Star. He was appointed Minister Resident and Consul General to Haiti by President Benjamin Harrison on July 1, 1889, the first black citizen to hold high rank in the U.S. government.
Douglass served as an adviser to President Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War and fought for the adoption of constitutional amendments that guaranteed voting rights and other civil liberties for blacks. After the Civil War, Douglass realized that the war for citizenship had just begun when Democrat President Andrew Johnson proved to be a determined opponent of land redistribution and civil and political rights for former slaves. Douglass began the postwar era relying on the same themes that he preached in the antebellum years: economic self-reliance, political agitation, and coalition building. Douglass provided a powerful voice for human rights during this period of American history and is still revered today for his contributions against racial injustice.
Mary McLeod Bethune
(1875 - 1955)
Mary McLeod Bethune was an educator, presidential advisor, civil rights advocate, and one of America's most influential African American leaders. As former slaves, Bethune's parents were determined that she accept an offer from a Quaker woman to attend school when few educational opportunities were available to African Americans.
Bethune founded a school for African-American girls in Daytona, Florida, which in 1923 became the co-educational Bethune-Cookman College. As college president until 1942, her efforts gained tremendous recognition. Bethune became a national leader and united all major black women's organizations across the nation into one powerful group, the National Council of Negro Women. As its president for 14 years, Bethune led campaigns against segregation and discrimination. Presidents Coolidge, Hoover, Roosevelt and Truman sought her advice on issues concerning black Americans, and Franklin Roosevelt appointed her director of the Division of Negro Affairs of the National Youth Administration. She was the first black woman to ever head a federal agency.
Condoleezza Rice
With her appointment as the 66th Secretary of State on January 26, 2005, Dr. Condoleezza Rice became the first black woman in our country's history to hold our nation's highest cabinet office. She was first entrusted with the security of our nation as the National Security Advisor on January 22, 2001 at a time of unprecedented threat, and was the first woman to hold that position. Her career in national security began in 1989 and lasted through March 1991, the period of German reunification and the final days of the Soviet Union. During this time, she served on the staff of the National Security Council for President George Herbert Walker Bush as Senior Director of Soviet and Eastern European Affairs in the National Security Council and Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs.
Academia was Condoleezza Rice's first career path. In June 1999, she completed a six-year tenure as Stanford University's Provost, during which she was the institution's chief budget and academic officer. As Provost she was responsible for a $1.5 billion annual budget and the academic program involving 1,400 faculty members and 14,000 students. Beginning in 1981, Dr. Rice was on the Stanford faculty as professor of political science and won two of the highest teaching honors: the 1984 Walter J. Gores Award for Excellence in Teaching and the 1993 School of Humanities and Sciences Dean's Award for Distinguished Teaching.
Dr. Rice is well respected in academic circles, having earned her bachelor's degree in political science, cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa, from the University of Denver in 1974; her master's from the University of Notre Dame in 1975; and her Ph.D. from the Graduate School of International Studies at the University of Denver in 1981.
Jennifer Carroll
Jennifer Carroll is Florida's 18th Lieutenant Governor. Upon her election in 2010, she became the first African American woman ever elected to this position in Florida. She was a state legislator for over seven years, a small business owner, former Executive Director of Florida Department of Veterans' Affairs and a Navy veteran.
Carroll enlisted in the United States Navy in 1979 rising from the ranks of an enlisted jet mechanic to retire as a Lieutenant Commander Aviation Maintenance Officer after 20 years. During her time in the Navy she was awarded numerous awards that include: Navy "E" Good Conduct Ribbon, Meritorious Service Medal, two Navy Commendation Medals, two Navy Achievement Medals, two Sea Service Ribbons, National Defense Service Medal, two Coast Guard Special Operation Ribbons, and an Expert Pistol Medal.
She ran for the Florida House of Representatives in 2003 and after winning, she became the first African American female Republican elected in the Florida Legislature's history. As a legislator, she was appointed Deputy Majority Leader from 2003-2004 and served as Majority Whip from 2004-2006.
Tim Scott
Tim Scott was elected as the Congressman for South Carolina's 1st Congressional District on November 2, 2010, after campaigning on a platform of smaller government, lower taxes, and restoring fiscal responsibility to the federal government.
In 1995, he was elected to Charleston County Council where he served for 13 years. He was elected Chairman 4 times and chaired the Economic Development Committee 5 times. In 2008, Scott was elected to the SC House of Representatives where he was elected Chairman of the Freshman Caucus and House Whip. Scott was the owner of Tim Scott Allstate and was awarded SC Agency Owner of the Year. He served as Co-Chairman of the Financial Services Committee of the AllstateNational Advisory Board from 2004-2008. He was also a partner of Pathway Real Estate Group, LLC.
Clarence Thomas
Justice of the United States Supreme Court Clarence Thomas was born in Savannah, Georgia. He attended Conception Seminary from 1967 to 1968 and received an A.B., cum laude, from Holy Cross College in 1971 and a J.D. from Yale Law School in 1974. He was admitted to law practice in Missouri in 1974, and served as an Assistant Attorney General of Missouri from 1974 to 1977. In President Ronald Reagan's administration, he served as Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights at the United States Department of Education from 1981 to 1982 and Chairman of the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission from 1982 to 1990. He served as a Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit from 1990 to 1991. President George W. Bush nominated Thomas, a brilliant jurist, as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, and he took his seat on October 23, 1991.
Michael S. Steele
In January 2003, Michael Steele made history when he became the first African American elected to a Maryland statewide office and the first ever Republican Lieutenant Governor in Maryland. After earning a law degree from Georgetown University Law Center in 1991, he attended the Augustinian Friars Seminary at Villanova University in Villanova, Pennsylvania, in preparation for the priesthood.
As Lieutenant Governor, Steele's top priorities included improving the quality of Maryland's public education system, where he chaired the Governor's Commission on Quality Education; reforming the state's Minority Business Enterprise program; expanded economic development and international trade; and fostered cooperation between government and community-based organizations to help those in need. In 2002, President George W. Bush appointed Steele to serve on the Board of Visitors of the United States Naval Academy.
He is a member of the Prince George's County Chapter of the NAACP and served on the NAACP's 2001 Blue Ribbon Panel on Election Reform. Steele became Maryland's first African American County Republican Party chairman, and in 1995 he was selected Maryland State Republican Man of the Year. In December 2000, Steele became the first ever African American to be elected as chairman of a state Republican Party and served as a member of the Executive Committee of the Republican National Committee. He achieved another first when he was elected as the first African American chairman of the Republican National Committee and helped orchestrate historic victories for Republicans in the 2010 mid-term election..
Michael L. Williams
The son of public school teachers, Michael L. Williams earned a master's and law degree from the University of Southern California. In 1990, President George H. W. Bush appointed Williams to be Assistant Secretary of Education for Civil Rights at the U.S. Department of Education.
He was initially appointed to the Texas Railroad Commission by former Governor George W. Bush in December 1998. He was elected by his fellow commissioners in September 1999 to chair the commission and elected by the people of Texas in November 2002 to serve a six-year term. Williams was the first African American in Texas history to hold a statewide executive post and is the highest ranking African American in the Texas state government until he resigned in 2011 to run for the United States Senate.
He volunteered as the general counsel of the Republican Party of Texas and the chairman of the Texas Juvenile Probation Commission. He served on the Board of Directors of the Arlington Chamber of Commerce, the Texas Public Policy Foundation and Our Mother of Mercy Catholic School. He also served as Special Assistant to Attorney General Richard Thornburgh at the U.S. Department of Justice from 1988 to 1989 and was awarded the Attorney General's "Special Achievement Award" in 1988 by former U.S. Attorney General Ed Meese for the conviction of six Ku Klux Klan members on federal weapons charges.
Alveda C. King
Dr. Alveda C. King is the daughter of the late civil rights activist, Rev. A. D. King and the niece of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. She founded King for America, Inc. "to assist people in enriching their lives spiritually, personally, mentally and economically." She is a former college professor, holding the M.B.A. degree from Central Michigan University and a law degree from Anslem College. She is the author of two books Sons of Thunder: The King Family Legacy and I Don't Want Your Man, I Want My Own.
During the years of the Civil Rights Movement, led by her Uncle, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Alveda's family home was bombed in Birmingham, Alabama, and her father's church office was bombed in Louisville, Kentucky. She was also jailed during the open housing movement and has continued her long-term work as a civil rights activist. She believes that School Choice is a pressing civil rights issue and that the most compelling issue of all is the life of the unborn. The message that she carries to the world is that the key to positive action to have faith in God and commitment to fulfill His will for our lives, not faith in government.
J. Kenneth Blackwell
Former Ohio Secretary of State J. Kenneth Blackwell has a distinguished record of achievement as an educator, diplomat and finance executive. He is the state's constitutional officer chiefly responsible for elections, the management of business records, and the protection of intellectual property and corporate identities.
Blackwell's public service includes terms as mayor of Cincinnati, an undersecretary at the U.S. Department of Housing & Urban Development and U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Human Rights Commission. In 1994, he became the first African American elected to a statewide executive office in Ohio when he was elected treasurer of state. Blackwell has twice received the U.S. Department of State's Superior Honor Award from the administrations of Presidents George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton for his work in the field of human rights.
In 1994, the Blackwells were honored as one of the National Council of Negro Women's Families of the Year, and, in 1996, they received the Martin Luther King, Jr. Dreamkeeper Award. In 2004, Blackwell received the John M. Ashbrook Award given jointly by the American Conservative Union and the Ashbrook Center for Public Affairs. Past recipients of this award include President Ronald Reagan, Ambassador Jean Kirkpatrick and Charlton Heston.
J.C. Watts Jr
Former Congressman JC Watts was born the fifth of six children to Buddy and Helen Watts on November 18, 1957 in Eufaula, Oklahoma . He attended the University of Oklahoma and earned a B.A. in journalism in 1981. While at the University of Oklahoma, Watts was quarterback for the Sooners, leading them to two consecutive Big Eight championships and Orange Bowl victories. He was voted the Most Valuable Player in 1980 and 1981 and inducted into the Orange Bowl Hall of Honor in 1992.
He was first elected to represent the fourth district of Oklahoma in the U.S. House of Representatives in November 1994 and won re-election in 1996, 1998 and 2000. Fellow congressmen quickly recognized his leadership qualities and elected him chairman of the House Republican Conference, the fourth-highest position in the House, in 1998 and again in 2000. Watts earned a solid reputation in Oklahoma and throughout the nation as a perceptive and passionate spokesman for redeveloping communities, exercising fiscal discipline, strengthening education, restoring values, and bolstering national defense.
Watts was commended for his efforts in Congress with numerous community awards, including the 1996 Junior Chamber of Commerce's Ten Outstanding Young Americans Award, the Jefferson Award for promoting economic prosperity and free enterprise, the Christian Coalition's Friend of the Family Award, the YMCA's Strong Kids, Strong Families, Strong Communities plaque, the 60 Plus Association's Guardian and Benjamin Franklin awards, and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce's Spirit of Enterprise Award.
In 1996, he delivered a powerful, inspiring speech at the Republican National Convention. Soon thereafter, he was selected to give the Republican response to President Clinton's 1997 State of the Union Address. Watts also served as an honorary co-chairman at the 2000 Republican National Convention. After an outstanding career in public service, he became chairman of GOPAC in March 2003, the premier training organization for Republican candidates across America. He also serves on the board of the Fellowship of Christian Athletes in Oklahoma.
Don King
"Only in America" boxing promoter extraordinaire Don King has been involved in well over a billion dollars in fight purses. He coined the phrase, "Only in America" because he believes that only in America can a Don King happen. King says that he loves American because America is the greatest country in the world and what he has accomplished could not have been done anywhere else. He came from the hard-core Cleveland ghetto and beat the system to become the world's greatest promoter. He was inducted into the Boxing Hall of Fame in 1997 and was the only boxing promoter named to Sports Illustrated's list of the "40 Most Influential Sports Figures of the Past 40 Years."
King is one of the world's leading philanthropists and established the Don King Foundation, which has donated millions of dollars to worthy causes and organizations. He is also an influential civil rights activist and a longtime supporter of the NAACP, the United Negro College Fund (UNCF), and the Martin Luther King Jr. Foundation. The NAACP recognized King with its highest honor, the President's Award, and he received the Martin Luther King Jr. Humanitarian Award from the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1987. All three major boxing organizations, the IBF, WBA and WBC, have proclaimed Don King the "Greatest Promoter in History."
Jennette B. Bradley
Jennette B. Bradley served as Ohio Governor Bob Taft's running mate and made history when she became the first African-American female Lieutenant Governor in the nation. She was elected to office in November 2002 and served until 2005 as Lt. Governor and Director of the Ohio Department of Commerce. Gov. Taft, subsequently, appointed her to become Ohio's 45th Treasurer of State which she served until the end of 2006.
Jackie Robinson
Jackie Robinson is a hall of famer Brooklyn Dodger who in 1947 broke baseball's "color barrier," becoming the first African American in the major league baseball. He played for the Dodgers from 1947 to 1956. His impact on the game was legendary, and he was chosen for his cool intelligence and high level of skill. He was also a pioneer in the nation's civil rights movement and exemplified the utmost courage, determination, character and competitiveness. On March 2, 2005, Robinson was recognized posthumously with the Congressional Gold Medal by President George W. Bush.
Lynn Swann
Wide Receiver - 5-11, 180
(Southern California)
1974-1982 Pittsburgh Steelers
Born in Alcoa, Tennessee, on March 7, 1952, this hall of famer joined the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1974 pick just as they were embarking on a winning binge that produced six straight AFC Central Division titles and four Super Bowls in six years. A former USC All-American, Swann was the Steelers' No. 1 draft pick in the 1974 NFL Draft . Blessed with gazelle-like speed, fluid movements and a tremendous leaping ability, Swann became a regular at wide receiver in his second year. Immediately he demonstrated that he was a complete player with phenomenal natural abilities. He was a three-time pro bowler and most valuable player in Super Bowl X.
Sammy Davis Jr
A veteran of Vaudeville, Broadway, motion pictures, Las Vegas shows and television, Sammy Davis is considered to have been the world's greatest entertainer. He thrilled millions of fans worldwide for over 50 years with his dancing, singing and acting.
Davis was a member of the famed Rat Pack and was among the very first African-American talents to find favor with audiences on both sides of the color barrier He remains a perennial icon of cool. Born in Harlem on December 8, 1925, Davis made his stage debut at the age of three performing with Billie Holiday in Dixieland, a black vaudeville troupe featuring his father and helped by his de facto uncle, Will Mastin. Dubbed "Silent Sam, the Dancing Midget," Davis proved phenomenally popular with audiences and the act was soon renamed Will Mastin's Gang Featuring Little Sammy. At the age of seven Davis made his film debut in the legendary musical short Rufus Jones for President, and later received tap-dancing lessons courtesy of the great Bill "Bojangles" Robinson. In 1941, the Mastin Gang opened for Tommy Dorsey at Detroit's Michigan Theater where Davis first met Dorsey vocalist Frank Sinatra, the beginning of a lifelong friendship.
Edward William Brooke, III
In 1966, Edward William Brooke was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate and re-elected in 1972. He was the first African American Senator born in Washington, DC and the first African American Senator to serve since the Reconstruction era. He graduated from Howard University in 1941 and from Boston University Law School in 1948. Brooke moved to Massachusetts and became the first African American to win a statewide office in Massachusetts when he was elected attorney general in 1962. He was re-elected in 1964. Brooke was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on June 23, 2004 by President George W. Bush.
William Thaddeus Coleman, Jr.
In 1959 President Dwight D. Eisenhower asked William T. Coleman, a longtime Republican, to serve on the President's Commission on Employment Policy, which dealt with increasing minority hiring in the government. In addition to service as secretary of transportation in the Ford Administration, Coleman held a number of other public service and national community positions.
An ardent civil rights activist and public servant, Coleman was co-author of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund's (LDF) brief on Brown vs. Topeka, Kansas Board of Education (1954) and helped to defend freedom riders and other civil rights workers. He successfully argued cases that compelled the admission of blacks to previously segregated universities and established the constitutionality of interracial marriages. Coleman began his law career in 1947, and in 1948 served as a law clerk to U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter, becoming the first black to serve in that capacity for the nation's highest court.
Allen West
In November of 2010, Allen West was honored to be able to continue his oath of service to his country when he was elected to be a Representative in the United States Congress. Before retiring as a Lieutenant Colonel in the United States Army, West served as a Field Artillery Officer in several combat zones: in Operation Desert Storm, in Operation Iraqi Freedom, where he was battalion commander for the Army's 4th Infantry Division, and in Afghanistan, where he trained Afghan officers to take on the responsibility of securing their own country. In his Army career, West has been honored many times, including a Bronze Star, three Meritorious Service Medals, three Army Commendation Medals (one with Valor), and a Valorous Unit Award. He received his valor award as a Captain in Desert Shield/Storm, was the US Army ROTC Instructor of the Year in 1993, and was a Distinguished Honor Graduate III Corps Assault School.
Herman Cain
In 1986, Herman Cain was appointed president of the then financially troubled Godfather's Pizza, Inc. In 14 months, the chain regained profitability, and in 1988, Cain led his executive team in a buyout of the company from Pillsbury. Cain was elected to the Board of Directors of the National Restaurant Association in 1988. In 1996, Cain was elected CEO and president of the National Restaurant Association. He was also a former chairman and member of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City from 1992 to 1996.
Cain now hosts a syndicated radio talk show and is an accomplished speaker and writer on the subjects of leadership, motivation, national and economic policy, politics, and achieving one's American Dream. He's done it. He grew up in Georgia with wonderful parents and little else. He rose up to earn a master's degree and succeed at the highest levels of corporate America. For his efforts, Cain was hailed by The Wall Street Journal and Business Week as a visionary leader.
In 2003, Cain announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination for United States Senate from Georgia. Cain campaigned on replacing the federal income tax code with a national retail sales tax, restructuring the Social Security system, reducing the influence of government and the courts in the health care system, and inspiring people to pursue excellence in their personal and professional lives. Cain's most recent book is They Think You're Stupid: Why Democrats Lost Your Vote and What Republicans Must Do to Keep It. He's also the author of Leadership is Common Sense and CEO of Self. In 2011 he announced his exploratory committee for his bid to become a candidate for President of the United States.
Booker T. Washington
(1856 - 1915)
Rising up from slavery and illiteracy, Booker T. Washington became the foremost educator and leader of African Americans at the turn of the century. Born into slavery, Washington was the most prominent spokesperson for African Americans after the death of Frederick Douglass. After graduation from the Hampton Institute in 1875, he first taught in West Virginia and then studied at the Wayland Seminary before returning to teach at Hampton.
In 1881 he left Hampton to begin the single most important undertaking of his life: founding the Tuskegee Normal School in Alabama. Washington, his small staff, and their students worked as carpenters to build Tuskegee. In its first year of operation Tuskegee had 37 students and a faculty of three. When Washington died in 1915, Tuskegee had 1,500 students, a faculty of 180, and an endowment of $2,000,000.
A. Philip Randolph
(1889 - 1979)
As a Philip Randolph became one of America's foremost labor leader and civil rights pioneer. He was born in Crescent City, Florida in 1889. In 1925 he organized and served as the first President of the Black International Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. Randolph was the first African American to serve as an International Vice-President of the AFL-CIO in 1957, and received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Lyndon Johnson in 1964.
He organized two major marches on Washington, D.C. in 1941 and 1963, which resulted in important advances in black civil rights. The 1963 march made Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. into a national figure. About the 1963 March Randolph once said:
"By fighting for their rights now, American Negroes are helping to make America a moral and spiritual arsenal of democracy. Their fight against the poll tax, against lynch law, segregation, and Jim Crow, their fight for economic, political, and social equality, thus becomes part of the global war for freedom."
Harriet Tubman
(1821 - 1913)
Harriet Tubman was heralded as the "Moses" of black people, leading approximately 300 slaves to freedom during nineteen trips. Her work became even more dangerous with the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law and the offer of awards by slave owners for her capture. She learned about the Underground Railroad which was a secret network of abolitionists, freed blacks, sympathetic whites and Quakers who helped runaway slaves. Tubman became the most influential of the black conductors. After the outbreak of the Civil War, she served with distinction as a soldier, spy, and a nurse, spending time at Fort Monroe, where Jefferson Davis was later imprisoned.
Sojourner Truth
(1797 - 1883)
Sojourner Truth was born as a slave in Hurley, New York and became a nationally known speaker on human rights for slaves and women. At the time of her birth, New York and New Jersey were the only northern states that still permitted slavery. After gaining her freedom, she took the name Sojourner Truth to signify her role as a traveler telling the truth about slavery. She set out on June 1, 1843, walking for miles and gaining fame. Truth's popularity was enhanced by her biography The Narrative of Sojourner Truth: A Northern Slave written by the abolitionist Olive Gilbert, with a preface written by William Lloyd Garrison. She was the first prominent African American woman to become directly involved with the white women's suffrage movement. She gave her famous speech, "Ain't I a Woman?" in the 1851 Convention on Women's Rights in Akron, Ohio in response to a clergyman's remarks ridiculing women as too weak and helpless to entrust with the vote.
In 1864, she was invited to the White House, where President Abraham Lincoln personally received her. Later she served as a counselor for the National Freedman's Relief Association, retiring in 1875 to Battle Creek, Michigan.
George Washington Carver
(1860 - 1943)
One of the best known agricultural scientists of his generation, Carver was born into slavery near Diamond Grove, Missouri. Although Carver had to work and live on his own while still a boy, he managed to finish high school and became the first African American student to enroll at Simpson College in Indianola, Iowa. Later earned a Master of Science from the Iowa Agricultural College. In 1896, Carver joined Booker T. Washington at the Tuskegee Institute.
Carver encouraged Southern farmers to diversify from cotton only and also plant sweet potatoes and peas to end leaching the soil of nutrients. In order to make these crops more profitable, Carver did extensive research, producing more than 300 derivative products from the peanut and 118 from the sweet potato. In 1923 Carver won the Springham award, the highest annual prize given by the National Association for Colored People. In 1938 he took $30,000, virtually his entire life's savings, and founded the George Washington Carver Foundation to continue his work after his death.
Hiram Rhodes Revels
(1822 – 1901)
Hiram Rhodes Revels of Mississippi was the first black United States senator serving from 1870-1871 as a Republican. The only other African American to serve as United States Senators in the nineteenth century was Blanche K. Bruce also a Republicans from Mississippi. Revels completed the unfinished term of Jefferson Davis who was the former president of the confederacy. In the Senate, Revels supported civil rights for blacks. Born in Fayetteville, North Carolina attending Knox College, he became a minister of the African Methodist Episcope Church. After completing his term in the United States Senate, Revels was named president of Alcorn University (now known as Alcorn State University).
Blanche Bruce
(1841 - 1898)
Blanche Bruce was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate and served from March 4, 1875 to March 3, 1881. He was the first African American to serve a full term in the United States Senate. He was born in slavery near Farmville, Virginia . At the beginning of the Civil War, he taught school in Hannibal, Missouri and later attended Oberlin College in Ohio. After the Civil War, he became a member of the Mississippi Levee Board, a sheriff and tax collector of Bolivar County from 1872 to1875. He was appointed register of the treasury by President James Garfield in 1881 and was appointed to that position again in 1897. He served as the recorder of deeds for the District of Columbia from 1891to1893.
Ida B. Wells
(1862 - 1931)
Ida B. Wells was a journalist, advocate for civil rights and an anti-lynching crusader. She was born in Springfield, Mississippi and helped to found the National Association of Colored Women in 1896 and the Negro Fellowship League. She worked with the white Republicans who started the National Association for the Advancement for Colored People on February 12, 1909.
She was forced off of a train for refusing to sit in the Jim Crow car designated for blacks and was awarded $500 by a circuit court. That decision was overruled by the Tennessee Supreme Court in 1887, a rejection that ultimately strengthened her resolve to devote her life to upholding justice. She reported in two black newspapers, the New York Age and the Chicago Conservator, about the violence and injustices being perpetrated by Democrats against African Americans. In honor of her legacy, a low-income housing project in Chicago was named after her in 1941, and in 1990, the U.S. Postal Service issued an Ida B. Wells stamp.
Mary Terrell
(1863 - 1954)
Mary Terrell was a civil rights pioneer and lifelong political activist who fought for equal rights for African American women. Terrell was born in Memphis, Tennessee in 1863. Both her parents were former slaves, but her father became very successful in real estate, making it possible for her to have a privileged childhood. In 1884 she graduated from Oberlin College and in 1886 began teaching in Washington's M Street High School (later known as Dunbar High School). She her husband, Robert Terrell, Washington's first black judge, were the second black family to move into LeDroit Park in 1894.
In 1896 she began president of the National Association of Colored Women . She was active in the National American Suffrage Organization, and later she became actively involved in the NAACP. At the age of 90 she was still an activist, playing an instrumental role in the boycott of Washington, DC restaurants that refused to serve blacks. She carried that fight to the Supreme Court in 1953, which upheld the right of blacks to equal service in DC restaurants. The decision set in motion the desegregation of the capital. Terrell's autobiography, A Colored Woman in a White World, is the first full length published autobiography by an American black woman.
Thomas Sowell
Thomas Sowell is the Rose and Milton Friedman Senior Fellow on Public Policy at the Hoover Institution at Stanford university. He writes on economics, history, social policy, ethnicity, and the history of ideas. Over the past three decades, Sowell has taught economics at various colleges and universities, including Cornell, Amherst, and the University of California at Los Angeles, as well as the history of ideas at Brandeis University. He has also been associated with three other research centers, in addition to the Hoover Institution. He was project director at the Urban Institute from 1972 to 1974, a fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University in 1976–77, and was an adjunct scholar of the American Enterprise Institute in 1975-76.
Sowell was awarded the National Humanities Medal in 2002. In 2003, Sowell received the Bradley Prize for intellectual achievement. Sowell received his bachelor's degree in economics (magna cum laude) from Harvard in 1958, his master's degree in economics from Columbia University in 1959, and his Ph.D. in economics from the University of Chicago in 1968.
Sowell's journalistic writings include a nationally syndicated column that appears in more than 150 newspapers from Boston to Honolulu. Some of these essays have been collected in book form, most recently in Controversial Essays published by the Hoover Institution Press. Sowell's current research focuses on cultural history in a world perspective, a subject on which he began to write a trilogy in 1982. The trilogy includes Race and Culture (1994), Migrations and Cultures (1996), and Conquests and Cultures (1998).
His most recent books on economics include Affirmative Action Around the World (2004) (2004), Basic Economics (2004), and Applied Economics (2003). Other books on economics he has written include Classical Economics Reconsidered (1974), Say's Law (1972), and Economics: Analysis and Issues (1971). On social policy he has written Knowledge and Decisions (1980), Preferential Policies (1989), Inside American Education (1993) and The Vision of the Anointed (1995).
On the history of ideas he has written Marxism (1985) and Conflict of Vision (1987). His most recent books are Barbarians Inside the Gates (1999) and The Quest for Cosmic Justice (1999). Sowell also wrote Late-Talking Children (1997). He has also written a monograph on law titled Judicial Activism Reconsidered, published by the Hoover Institution Press. His writings have also appeared in scholarly journals in economics, law, and other fields.


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Screenwriter Hossein Amini makes a stylish directing debut with this sleek thriller set in Greece and Istanbul, 1962, and adapted from Patricia Highsmith's novel. Intrigue begins at the Parthenon when wealthy American tourists (Viggo Mortensen and Kirsten Dunst) meet an American expat scam artist working as a tour guide.
96 minutes; PG-13

subset: commoncrawl


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Just about every forum I've seen has had an introduction thread, and with the new licenses bringing in so many new faces, I feel ours should be no exception. This thread is for new members to introduce themselves and say hello. If you guys like, it can also be for old members to introduce themselves to the new members.
And yes, I'm aware that we already had this thread two months ago, but after the way that one went, I felt a blank slate was in order.
Well! Guess I'll get the ball rolling!
Greetings! I'm GuruGuru214, though most call me Guru. I've been here for around a year and a half, and at the moment I believe I have the 5th highest post count among active posters (behind Avistew, Rather Dashing, Jake, and Irishmile). This means that I talk a lot but not necessarily that I have a lot to say. :D Needless to say, I could very well be the mod who spends the most time on here.
I also started the longest running thread on the forums back before my modship, which is something that fills me with both pride and shame, depending on what's going on in there at any given time.
I've been a gamer for as long as I can remember and own every Nintendo console there is.
See? I also own the full Telltale library, with the exception of Texas Hold'em. Once a year, you'll find me running the Great Monkey Island Race and the Great Sam & Max Race, a speed run competition through every game in each series and a whole lot of fun. Other times, you might find me on other crazy exploits, like running the entire Kingdom Hearts series in chronological order, or cataloging my game collection and then attempting to beat all the games I never finished.
I like to think I'm easy to get along with, as long as you're a reasonable person. Don't look for trouble and we should get along just fine.
Welcome to Telltale! Enjoy your stay and don't cross me! :D


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The reading list
"Merriam-Webster Inc., America's leading dictionary publisher, has announced the Top Ten Words of the Year. Based on the volume of user lookups at Merriam-Webster.com, this list sheds light on topics and ideas that sparked the nation's interest in 2012.
"Two words, socialism and capitalism, share the top spot due to discussion and debate around the presidential election. Socialism saw its largest lookup spikes during coverage of healthcare but also saw peaks in the days following both conventions and each of the presidential debates. Capitalism, although looked up somewhat less often, rode the same waves of interest.
"'We saw a huge spike for socialism on Election Day itself, but interest in both words was very high all year,' says Peter Sokolowski, Editor at Large at Merriam-Webster. 'Lookups of one word often led to lookups of the other.'
"'It's fascinating to see which language from a campaign or debate speech resonates with our users,' says John M. Morse, President and Publisher at Merriam-Webster. 'With socialism and capitalism, it's clear that many people turned to the dictionary to help make sense of the commentary that often surrounds these words.'"
– From "Words of the Year 2012" at merriam-webster.com
A quiz
What region had the most prolonged series of earthquakes in U.S. history?
Wisdom of the ages
"When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the Universe." – John Muir
Current wisdom
"Whether educators have more time to enrich instruction or students have more time to learn how to play an instrument and write computer code, adding meaningful in-school hours is a critical investment that better prepares children to be successful in the 21st century," – Education Secretary Arne Duncan on five states adding learning time to the calendar starting in 2013.
Quiz answer
No, not California – the Midwest, centered in New Madrid, Mo., beginning on Dec. 6, 1811, and continuing until Feb. 12, 1812.
Snob words
biblioklept (BIB-lee-uh-klept) – a person who steals books, as in: "Go ahead and be a biblioklept if you want to, but be prepared for the overdue fines to really pile up." From the Greek biblio, "book," and klept, "thief."
Today in history
On this date in 1863, President Lincoln announced plans for Reconstruction in the South; well, that hit a snag or two, didn't it?
Now you know
If a person spent $1 every second, that would equal to $1 million in 12 days. At this rate, it would take 32 years to spend $1 billion. It would take 31,000 years to spend $1 trillion.


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The gauntlet has been laid down by online payment innovators PayPal as they launched a mobile credit card reader that enables on-the-fly transactions at small businesses, traders, and even market stalls worldwide.
'PayPal Here,' designed by Yves Behar's fuseproject agency consists of a blue triangular reader which plugs into a smartphone's standardised audio jack, while an app on your phone is used to control it. The innovative device is set to go head to head with Square and Google Wallet in the coming months, with the future for online and offline payments still a hot topic of discussion.
The mobile payment competition
PayPal has led the charge online of making encrypted payments part of the mainstream e-commerce environment, boasting over 100 million customers worldwide in over 25 different countries. But it now faces competition from Twitter creator Jack Dorsey's Square, that handles $4 bn (£2.5 bn) worth of online transactions every year, despite being a US only product.However Paypal charges a 2.7% cut for each credit card swiped, slightly undercutting Square's 2.75% rate.
The Google Wallet that stores a consumer's credit card information on the cloud is also a major competitor – technology that essentially turns your mobile phone into a remote payment system. Its appeal has been restricted however as it only works with one smartphone brand and one network over 140,000 locations in the USA.
Chairman of the Digital Money Forum, Dave Birch believes change is at hand when it comes to the future of money. He told Humans Invent that there are simply too many offline and online alternatives.
"This future of money is probably closer than you think. The cheque is hanging on by its fingernails and notes and coins are less than three per cent of the Sterling out there. Just think about how you use money today. You pay a couple of bills on the internet, use your web banking to send your mate the £20 you owe him.
"You use your debit card most of the time. When the pub won't take cards, it's a pain in the backside to have to go to a cash machine and pay a couple of quid to get notes out. When you fancy a cold drink on the station the bloody coin slot is always jammed or you've never got the right change. You can't get a discount on your phone bill for paying in cash, you only get that for direct debit. And you can't send a fiver by e-mail. Cash doesn't work. It's time for a change."
What is 'Paypal here'?
The 'PayPal here' system will initially be used by a few thousand merchants in the US, Hong Kong, Canada and Australia, accepting most major credit and debit cards. The built in scanning feature also uses a smartphone camera for payments by cheque.
"Most payment transactions are disconnected and confusing, with 'Paypal Here' we sought to create an ecosystem where all elements are clear, simple, consistent and a pleasure to use," Fuseproject explained on their blog. "The Here logo, iconography, packaging and device follow an arrow-like form that references the physical world where payments happen one-on-one, and also the virtual cloud world that enables these new forms of payments. The arrow is an ancient symbol that shows something being done in the here and now, and became the inspiration for the shape of the of the product, logo, web, graphics, naming and application sound design. In the PayPal Here experience the arrow also represents easy payment. It expresses how each swipe sends your transaction onward to the cloud."
The American based company is excited by the functionality and ease-of-use of the product, with the hope that it will speed up sales to customers for smaller retailers.
"Functionally a large card stripe reader dictated the wide base of the arrow, while the offset surface layer on the card reader easily identifies the credit card swiping track for the user", Fuseproject continued on their blog. "The front triangle is also an innovative drop down lock that prevents swivel or pivot when one swipes a card. The width of the device track fits perfectly on a smartphone while ensuring enough of the card is read for a successful transaction every time. The product and application experience is further enhanced by sound design when the swiper is inserted in a phone, or when a transaction is complete."
The design is made from recycled material, with the aim for the little triangle to act as PayPal's launch pad into the offline world.
"The Here shipper is a smart corrugated triangular box, made of a recycled corrugated material that insures robustness and flexibility when sent through the mail to customers. It includes an iconic Here sticker that becomes a recognizable icon for the Here service. PayPal Here does more than accept payments – through its distinct design and brand ecosystem it serves as a brand flag for PayPal in the everyday real world."
What is the future for money?
The announcement from eBay's online payments arm opens up the debate once more for the future of mobile payment technology, and also the future of money. Will your mobile become your one-stop shop wallet and multimedia centre? It seems that is the way we are heading but is this what we want? And are there other alternatives on the horizon? In the meantime, look out for a 'PayPal here' sign in the late spring and summer when the little purple triangle looks set to hit the UK.


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Nb: infants must be under the age of 2 and
children must be under the age of 12 at the time of
The Nendaz apartments, known locally as "Le Pracondu" residence, have been carefully designed to fit in with the local landscape, providing comfortable accommodation in attractive apartments. The central location gives easy access to the ski area, ski school and resort amenities.
All have kitchenette with hot plates, fridge, microwave or oven, dishwasher, coffee machine, bathroom with WC, separate WC, TV and balcony. Bed linen and local taxes included. Towels not included.
Type C apartments - sleep 2-4: living area with double sofa bed. Twin or double bedroom.
Type E apartments - sleep 2-6: living area with double sofa bed. Twin or double bedroom. Cabin room with bunk beds.
Type E1 apartments - sleep 2-6: living area with double sofa bed. 2 twin bedrooms.
Type G apartments - sleep 2-8: living area with double sofa bed. 2 twin bedrooms. Cabin room with bunk beds.
Iglu acts as a travel agent for disclosed principals/tour operators, further details
of which will be made available at the time of booking. Your holiday contract will
be bound by the tour operators terms and conditions.
Prices are shown for a basic room or unit, can be subject to change and are indicative
until time of booking. Please call on 020 8544 7114 for prices for other travel
and room options for this property.
Prices shown are per person per week based on maximum occupancy. Descriptions and
quality ratings are provided by the Tour Operator (or one of the Tour Operators
where similar holidays are offered by more than one supplier). We reserve the right
to make minor adjustments to the description or rating based on staff and customer
feedback. For payments by credit card, a 2.5% credit card charge (4% for AMEX) will
be added to your invoice. If you pay by a UK issued debit card, there is no charge.
All bookings are subject to a £5 per person Passenger Admin Fee charged by Iglu.com.


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Lewis Stokes
Big Red
Doug Rockwell
Bob Kingsley
The Mr. Bob Morning Show
Mr. Bob
Kathy Dugan
Picture Pages
Photo Archive
SEC Pick 'Em Challenge 2015
Contest Rules
Facebook Contest Rules
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On the Road
Community Calendar
Music Advisory Panel
Listen Live Help
Hurricane Center
Nitty Gritty from Music City
K COUNTRY Kafé
Saturday Night Gold Rush
Answer Man
After Hours All Request
The Horse Show with Rick Lamb
Contact Us
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EEO Public File Report
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Doug Rockwell
K COUNTRY Acoustic Concert Fall 2010
with Jake Owen, Chuck Wicks & Steel Magnolia
The Marines present our colors
Photo 8 of 28
Big Red, Lewis Stokes, Mr. Bob & Kathy with Steel Magnolia & Chuck Wicks
Boss Jim tells Chuck Wicks to get out there & do a good job... or else!
The Ladies of Ivy House. Great food!
Jake rolling up to save the day!
Mr. Bob & Kathy
Shane & Gloria got engaged at our show!
Boss Jim announces that money raised will be donated to the Wounded Warrior Proj
The Marines present our colors
Melody sings the National Anthem
Hero of the day, Jake Owen, who stepped in for the ailing David Nail
Jake Owen performs
Chuck Wicks, one of Country's Sexiest Men
Don't think Jake Owen Can't Love You!
Bird's Eye View
Big Red, Kathy, Chuck Wicks, Mr. Bob & Lewis Stokes
Meghan from Steel Magnolia
Jake was happy to hang with K COUNTRY listeners
Jonesy from Steel Magnolia
What a great line-up!
Chuck dances with a K COUNTRY listener
Meghan & Jonesy from Steel Magnolia in the spotlight
Meghan from Steel Magnolia
Jake and his dynamic smile
Jake & Chuck were cuttin' up all night
Chuck Wicks workin' the \"Old School\"
Just By Being You
Steel Magnolia has been together professionally & personally for awhile
Steel Magnolia
Doug Rockwell


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Sesame Street
Discuss today's Sesame Street for the current generation.
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Even before Stage 14, most pundits were declaring the 2002 Tour de France Lance's race to lose. At the top of Mont Ventoux, all but the most partisan fans knew that it was over! By stretching his overall lead from 2:28 to 4:21 over his nearest rival, only an angry mob could have torn the yellow jersey away from the legendary Texas rider. The classless French fans yelling dopé, dopé would have loved to tear the shirt off his back, but their ridiculous chant only served to strengthen the resolve of Armstrong, who has survived far worse than name-calling in his most inspirational life.
From the incredible Graham Watson collection, this stunning poster features the steely resolve of sport's most successful cancer survivor, climbing the French Alps for all who have suffered adversity in their lives. A beautiful addition to the wall of any fan!
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Practice Philosophy
We believe in being straightforward, easy to talk to, down-to-earth and affordable. My staff and I are totally committed to making you feel as comfortable as possible and treating everyone in the way we would like to be treated ourselves.
All Cosmetic Surgery (face, eyelids, neck, breast, body) Rhinoplasty, Liposuction (all types), Breast Augmentation, Eyelid surgery, facelifts, Body Contouring Procedures, "Mommy makeover" surgery, and Laser, and Endoscopic Techniques. Less invasive techniques may well be the best option.
We offer Botox, Dysport, Xeomin, Restylane, Juvederm, Radiesse, other "fillers", Latisse, facial peels.
Our consultations for cosmetic surgery are complimentary.
Our consultations for "reconstructive" surgery such as lesion removal, breast reconstruction, etc. will be submitted for you to your health insurance plan. We participate with almost every health insurance plan.
We treat every patient with respect, answer your questions, and design an appropriate treatment plan that is best for you. The privacy, safety, and welfare of our patients is our top priority. You are our greatest asset.
Fillers, Botox, and light facial peels can usually be done at the time of your initial consultation.
Our office includes a fully certified Class C OR (Ambulatory Surgery Center) and Procedure Room where the majority of our surgery can be performed. Our center is certified by the American Association for Accreditation of Ambulatory Surgery Facilitites (AAAASF), Medicare, and the state of Maryland. Dr. Vincent and the surgery center participate with almost all insurance plans including Medicare.
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- Independent
- The Enterprise
- The Recorder
The cause and manner of a Virginia man's death remained under investigation this week by authorities who report his body was found Sunday morning in the Patuxent River, three days after he went into the water during an overnight visit with friends to Myrtle Point Park.
Selvin A. Vasquez, 22, of Alexandria, Va., was not reported missing until about 12 hours after he waded into the river at 5 a.m. last Thursday, according to St. Mary's detectives. The preliminary investigation has yielded no indications, detectives report, of anything suspicious in Vasquez's death.
Vasquez and three or four companions arrived at the park after the park's closing time last Wednesday night, a senior investigator said, and after their night of fishing, Vasquez decided to take a "quick swim" as the group cleaned up their gear.
"He went out into the water and disappeared," Lt. David Yingling said this week. "When they looked up, he was just gone."
Vasquez's companions initially tried to find him on their own, Yingling said. It was late Thursday afternoon when the missing man's family contacted Maryland State Police.
Detectives coordinated a search, assisted by Maryland Natural Resources Police and a Maryland State Police helicopter crew.
At about 8 a.m. Sunday, a fisherman spotted Vasquez's body in the river, according to detectives.
Employees at the state medical examiner's office in Baltimore said this week after an initial autopsy that the cause and manner of Vasquez's death has not been determined.
"There's nothing to indicate it was anything other than a tragic accident," Yingling said, and confirming that initial indication remains the focus of the ongoing investigation.
Lt. Shawn Garren of the natural resources police said Tuesday that Vasquez's companions returned to Virginia before they told his family members that he was missing, and that the family members contacted law enforcement officers in Calvert County.
"Apparently, there was a major language barrier," Garren said. "There were some issues in determining where the drowning occurred."
Yingling said he would not speculate on why authorities were not immediately notified by Vasquez's companions, noting that none of them were wanted in connection with or are suspected of any criminal activity, "other than trespassing in the park after hours."
Garren said the reporting delay, in this case, likely made no difference in Vasquez's chances of survival or how soon his body was found.
"I don't think that would have made a difference in recovering the subject any faster," he said.
Nevertheless, as a general rule, authorities stressed the need for the public to promptly report when someone is missing, on land or water.
"It can make the difference between life and death," Yingling said.


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Margravial Opera House Bayreuth
Margravial Opera House Bayreuth
A masterpiece of Baroque theatre architecture, built between 1745 and 1750, the Opera House is the only entirely preserved example of its type where an audience of 500 can experience Baroque court opera culture and acoustics authentically, as its auditorium retains its original materials, i.e. wood and canvas. Commissioned by Margravine Wilhelmine, wife of Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg–Bayreuth, it was designed by the renowned theatre architect Giuseppe Galli Bibiena. As a court opera house in a public space, it foreshadowed the large public theatres of the 19th century. The highly decorated theatre's tiered loge structure of wood with illusionistic painted canvas represents the ephemeral ceremonial architectural tradition that was employed in pageants and celebrations for princely self-representation.
Opéra margravial de Bayreuth
Ce chef-d'œuvre de l'architecture théâtrale baroque, construit entre 1745 et 1750, est le seul exemple entièrement conservé de l'architecture de l'opéra de cour. Cinq cents personnes peuvent y apprécier de façon authentique la culture et l'acoustique des opéras baroques, dans un décor où subsistent des éléments en bois et des toiles peintes d'origine. Commandé par la margravine Wilhelmine, épouse de Frédéric, margrave de Brandebourg-Bayreuth, l'opéra a été conçu par Giuseppe Galli Bibiena, architecte réputé. En tant qu'opéra de cour érigé dans un espace public (et non dans un palais), il annonce les grands opéras publics du XIXe siècle. La loge de la Cour, avec ses deux niveaux, marie le bois et les toiles peintes ; cette structure à colombage très décorée est un exemple de l'architecture éphémère qui joua un rôle exceptionnel dans les cérémonies et les parades d'auto-représentation de la Cour.
Ópera de los Margraves de Bayreuth
Obra maestra de la arquitectura teatral del Barroco, construida entre 1745 y 1750, este teatro de ópera cortesana es el único en su género que se conserva intacto. Los quinientos espectadores que puede albergar su recinto tienen la oportunidad de revivir la cultura operística barroca, incluso en el plano acústico, ya que el teatro ha conservado sus materiales de construcción primigenios, como la madera y la tela. Su construcción fue ordenada por Guillermina de Prusia, esposa del margrave Federico de Brandenburgo-Bayreuth, y su diseño se debe al afamado arquitecto teatral Giuseppe Galli Bibiena. Por ser un teatro de ópera cortesana edificado como elemento integrante del espacio urbano público, se puede decir que prefiguró los grandes teatros públicos del siglo XIX. El palco a dos niveles de los soberanos, con su rica ornamentación de madera y lienzo pintado, es un ejemplo muy representativo de la arquitectura ceremonial efímera utilizada para realzar el boato principesco en festividades y celebraciones.
source: UNESCO/ERI
source: NFUAJ
Markgraaf opera Bayreuth
De Markgraaf opera werd gebouwd tussen 1745 en 1750 en is een meesterwerk van barok theaterarchitectuur. Het is het enige compleet bewaarde voorbeeld van zijn soort, waar een gehoor van 500 man authentiek de barokke hofoperacultuur en akoestiek kan ervaren omdat het auditorium nog zijn originele materialen – hout en canvas – heeft. Het operagebouw is ontworpen door de befaamde theaterarchitect Giuseppe Galli Bibiena, in opdracht van gravin Wilhelmine, de vrouw van Frederick, markgraaf van Brandenburg-Bayreuth. De hofopera stond op publiek terrein en was daarmee de voorbode van de grote publieke theaters van de 19e eeuw.
Source: unesco.nl
Outstanding Universal Value
Brief synthesis
The 18th century Margravial Opera House in Bayreuth is a masterwork of Baroque theatre architecture, commissioned by Margravine Wilhelmine of Brandenburg as a venue for opera seria over which the princely couple ceremonially presided. The bell-shaped auditorium of tiered loges built of wood and lined with decoratively painted canvas was designed by the then leading European theatre architect Giuseppe Galli Bibiena.
The sandstone façade designed by court architect Joseph Saint Pierre provides a focal point within the urban public space that was particularly planned for the building. As an independent court opera house rather than part of a palace complex, it marks a key point in opera house design, foreshadowing the large public theatres of the 19th century. Today it survives as the only entirely preserved example of court opera house architecture where Baroque court opera culture and acoustics can be authentically experienced. The attributes carrying Outstanding Universal Value are its location in the original 18th century public urban space; the 18th century Baroque façade; the original 18th century roof structure spanning 25 metres; the internal layout and design of the ceremonial foyer, tiered loge theatre and stage area including all existing original materials and decoration.
Criterion (i): The Margravial Opera House is a masterwork of Baroque court theatre architecture by Giuseppe Galli Bibiena in terms of its tiered loge form and acoustic, decorative and iconological properties.
Criterion (iv): The Margravial Opera House is an outstanding example of a Baroque court theatre. It marks a specific point in the development of opera houses, being a court opera house located not within a palace but as an urban element in the public space, foreshadowing the great public opera houses of the 19th century.
The elements necessary to express outstanding universal value are included within the property as one sole building and are intact and in good condition. No adverse effects are expected to occur and an overall conservation and restoration plan has been approved by the State Party.
Most of the building and the decorative programme of the loge theatre remain unchanged. Adaptations were due to regulations for fire safety in public buildings and requirements in line with the contemporary use of theatres. The highly unified Baroque work can still be appreciated. The survival of the interior materials of wood and canvas enable the opera house's original acoustic quality to still be appreciated, and testifies to the authenticity of the property as an 18th century opera house.
Protection and management requirements
The property is protected at State level by the Bavarian Law for the Protection and Preservation of Monuments (1973, 2007). It is also protected by inclusion on the List of Monuments of Bayreuth under the Bayreuth City Civic Statutes and Ordinances. The buffer zone has been agreed and established with local authorities and its historic buildings are included in the Bayreuth Monuments List.
The Management authority is the Bavarian Palaces Department. Implementation of the Management Plan is guaranteed by a steering group including the Bavarian Palaces Department; the City of Bayreuth; the Upper Franconia regional government; the Bavarian State Ministry for Science, Research and Arts; the Bavarian State Office for the Preservation of Monuments and Historic Buildings, and ICOMOS Germany. As a result of research, experience and consultations the impact of visitors and events has been regulated by the Bavarian Department of Palaces. Effective measures have been established to control the number of visitors and frequency of events which will be exclusively limited to the summer period after the restoration program is concluded.
Long Description
The Opera House built 1745-50 faces west across a carefully contrived open space to create an urban focal point between existing buildings. The property boundary is formed by the outer peripheral walls of the theatre and covers 0.19 ha. The building is 71.5 metres long, 30.8 metres wide and 26.2 metres high. The monumental entrance façade design by the Italian architect of the Opera House interior, Giuseppe Galli Bibiena was not used; instead a design by Bayreuth's French court architect Joseph Saint-Pierre was built. The stone façade has giant-order Corinthian columns on the first floor above a rusticated stone ground floor with three arched doors beneath a cantilevered balcony. A balustrade supporting full-size figures runs along the top of the façade in front of a hipped mansard roof. Entrance is via a low vestibule to the full height foyer where the Margrave´s arrival was celebrated. Here twin flights of stairs lead up to the Court Loge (Box). The upward progress of the ruling couple could be observed by the audience from three concave tiers of balustrade galleries on either side, which match the height of the loges (boxes) within the auditorium and accommodated the staircases for the audience in the corners. These galleries continue as corridors around the auditorium. From the corridors there is access to the passageways leading to the rear of the loges.
The auditorium´s bell-shaped ground plan lined with three tiers of loges is typical of Italian opera houses of the period. Together with the seating in the stalls on the floor of the auditorium, the opera house can accommodate an audience of around 500. A balustrade balcony accessible from the ground floor runs around the auditorium and gives access to the Court Loge. The distance from the original front edge of the stage to the rear wall of the Court Loge is around 22 metres. The span of the roofing structure was a considerable engineering feat at the time. Within the building's shell the auditorium and proscenium arch were constructed as a building within a building. The tiers of loges are encased in a half-timbered structure, and supported by the ceiling beams of the galleries. The interior of the building consists solely of wood, but the rear walls of the loges and the coffered ceiling are covered in canvas to avoid cracks and achieve improved acoustics.
The heavy half-timbered wall between the corridors and the loges contributes to the environment and sound insulation of the auditorium from the corridors running along the outer walls. The parquet flooring on the ground floor is a replacement, dating from 1935, of an older wooden floor, which was probably predated by flagstones. The Court Loge rises to the height of two tiers and is emphasised by Corinthian columns, as are the proscenium and the trumpeters' loges. The lower loges are ornamented with laughing heads adorned with baskets of fruits and flowers. In contrast to this, the loges of the upper tiers are more simply ornamented.
The balustraded central bay of the Court Loge forms a triumphal arch with the bays on each side also accentuated by Corinthian columns with spiral garlands. It is crowned by a baldachin carrying the Brandenburg heraldic eagle. The three loges above are emphasized by caryatids on the supports and balustrades. Above are rocailles over the side bays and a centrally-placed cartouche with a dedication to the Margraves. The stuccoed stove recesses in the Court Loge were installed in the second half of the 18th century in order to heat the loge, since it quickly became evident that heating the building would be a problem (traditionally concerts were held during the cold months of the year). The red eagle of the Margraves of Brandenburg appears in the centre of the coffered ceiling with the heart-shaped shield of the Hohenzollern.
The proscenium loges were converted into stage exits in 1935. Due to this intervention the balustrade trumpeters' loges have a greater emphasis today. Forming diagonal splays to the proscenium, they housed trumpeters and drummers who announced the Margrave´s entrance. Spirally garlanded Corinthian columns frame the proscenium arch, echoing the treatment of the Court Loge and emphasising the relationship between the stage action and the watching princely couple. Up until the late 18th century the stage portal opened up fully and created a direct spatial connection between the auditorium and the stage, and the audience and the theatrical action. Depicted on the centre of the auditorium ceiling is a view of the heavens. The illusion is assisted by an enormous painted trompe l'oeil entablature. As a prince of peace and active supporter of the arts, it was Apollo whom Margrave Frederick chose as his iconological model. In the sculptural programme on the façade of the opera building, Athena, goddess of wisdom in war and peace, is at his side representing the Margravine.Source: UNESCO/CLT/WHC
News (2)
- Twenty-six new sites inscribed on UNESCO World Heritage List this year Monday, July 2, 2012
- Sites in Iran, Malaysia, Canada, Slovenia, Spain, Germany, Portugal and France on UNESCO's World Heritage List Saturday, June 30, 2012


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Comments On Jul 22, 2015:I have had these tires on my z400 for about 5 years now. They have performed well. The tire compound is soft, the stubby tread bend easily by hand. So under hard acceleration the tread literally grip the ground. Great hard pack traction and dirt. There are plenty of cuts in the tread from rocks but still holding air. Due to me sliding sideways "drifting" in my open pasture the outer stubs that are turned at an angle are worn down smooth toward the outside of the tire. Would buy again but now that I am starting Cross Country racing I am thinking about another tire. Like the Quadcross or Maxxis Razr XC.
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Comments On Dec 23, 2014:Great tires! Excellent performance, and great for slinging some dirt!
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Comments On Apr 23, 2014:Put these on my stock 400 KFX. I was worried about power loss due to taller /heavy tire. My gearing is noticeable taller and I've found myself using the clutch a bit more on the tight trails. The trade off is worth it, however. No more swing arm banging on rocks. My skid plate is lasting much longer. Good traction. So far the tires are wearing good. No punctures, etc.
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Comments On Apr 17, 2014:this tire is so beefy that my local tire shop had a heck of time seating the bead AWSOME tire
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Comments On Apr 10, 2014:These things have awaesome traction, I personally love these tires. My raptor has unbielevable traction. THNX ROCKY
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Comments On Apr 10, 2014:Great traction
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Comments On Mar 17, 2014:i used these tires for 3 years and didnt loose any knobs. it is a well built tire but very soft and for a winter i ran studs in them but did not hold screws very well. recomended for mostly dirt and rocks terrian.
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Comments On Feb 12, 2014:Great tires, tend to be a lil soft tho.
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Comments On Apr 26, 2013:great tires!! when I first got them I thought they felt a little soft but after riding them they are perfect, get them good on hard packed track and trails
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Comments On Mar 08, 2013:these tires rock
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text:
"Love it....so do my babies! I have six of them and 4 are between 15 and 20 pounds. This tree is exceeding my expectations. It's sturdy enough to hold several of my big boys and baby girl all at once. Thank you for a great product!" (E38531)
"Nice bat. Can't wait to see if it hits as good as it feels!!" (E100371)
"Great product for the clearance deal! Like most reviewers have said the wrist holes are a bit small but not a reason you shouldn't buy them. " (E19106)
Epic Sports
Holloway Day-Pak Water-Resistant Cinch Bags [E7840]