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Fairleigh Dickinson University Knights (5-23, 3-14 NEC)
Saturday, February 26, 2011 - 4 p.m.
TD Bank Sports Center - Hamden, Conn.
Plays FDU On Senior Day
The Quinnipiac University men's basketball team plays host to Fairleigh Dickinson Saturday at the TD Bank Sports Center. Prior to the game, the Bobcats will honor their seven-member senior class as part of Senior Day ceremonies. Quinnipiac has won its last five games and eight of its last nine, including a 64-59 victory against Monmouth Thursday that clinched the No. 2 seed in the upcoming NEC Tournament. Justin Rutty led the Bobcats with 17 points and 17 rebounds. FDU is also coming off a win, having defeated Sacred Heart, 85-74, Thursday in Fairfield. Terence Grier erupted for 34 points on 14-of-22 shooting. The Knights have been eliminated from NEC Tournament contention. Though FDU owns a 16-12 edge in the all-time series, Quinnipiac has won seven of the last eight, including a 66-56 victory, Jan. 8 in Hackensack.
Rebounding Dominance
The Bobcats lead the nation in offensive rebounds per game (16.0) and third in rebounds per game (41.9). They also rank ninth nationally in rebound margin (+8.2). QU is one of only three teams in the nation ranked in the top 10 in all three categories, joining nationally-ranked No. 4 Pittsburgh and Old Dominion.
Scouting the Fairleigh Dickinson Knights
The Knights are led by Mike Scott, who's averaged 14.4 points, 5.3 rebounds, 4.5 assists and 1.6 steals, while shooting 80.7 percent from the free-throw line. Kamil Svrdlik averages 12.3 points and a team-high 7.2 rebounds. Terence Grier has also contributed 12.2 points per game.
Time Out Against Monmouth
Justin Rutty compiled his 39th career double-double with 17 points and a season-high 17 rebounds as the Bobcats defeated Monmouth, 64-59, Thursday night at the TD Bank Sports Center. Ike Azotam added 13 points and five rebounds, while James Johnson had 11 points and five assists for QU. Dave Johnson had seven assists.
Time Against Fairleigh Dickinson
Deontay Twyman had a team-high 17 points and seven rebounds, while Jamee Jackson added 12 points and seven rebounds as the Bobcats defeated FDU, 66-56, Jan. 8 in Hackensack. Dave Johnson added 14 points for the Bobcats, while Terence Grier had a game-high 20 points for Fairleigh Dickinson.
Follow the Bobcats
Saturday's game can be seen live on MSG as part of the NEC's television package. Joey Wahler will have the play-by-play call, while Terry O'Connor will provide color commentary and John Schmeelk will have sideline reports. The game can also be heard live on AM 1220 WQUN. Bill Schweizer will have the play-by-play call, while Bill Mecca and Bob Tipson will provide color commentary. Live video will also be available on www.quinnipiacbobcats.com at a cost of $9.99. Live stats will also be provided free of charge on the official Quinnipiac athletics website.
Rutty Sets New Quinnipiac Division I Field Goals Record
Justin Rutty connected on his 600th career field goal at Sacred Heart, Feb. 14, becoming the Quinnipiac Division I record holder in career field goals made. Rutty (620) jumped ahead of Bill Romano '02 (599).
Clinching Position
Quinnipiac has clinched the No. 2 seed in the upcoming NEC Tournament. The Bobcats will host the No. 7 seed, with St. Francis (N.Y.), Mount St. Mary's and Saint Francis (Pa.) still in play for the first-round pairing. Below are the scenarios for all three teams:
QU Plays Saint Francis (Pa.) If - Saint Francis (Pa.) defeats Mount St. Mary's.
QU Plays Mount St. Mary's If - St. Francis (N.Y.) and Wagner lose and Mount St. Mary's wins - or - if QU loses to FDU and either CCSU or RMU wins against LIU and Wagner, respectively.
QU Plays St. Francis (N.Y.) If - St. Francis (N.Y.) loses to Bryant, Mount St. Mary's defeats St. Francis (Pa.) and Wagner defeats Robert Morris.
Twenty Twice
Quinnipiac has won 20 games in each of the past two seasons under Tom Moore, the only 20-win seasons in QU Division I history.
Senior Send-Off
Prior to Saturday's game, QU will honor its senior class as part of Senior Day activities. Included in the class are student managers Leigh Weissman and Mike Papale, former players Ed Zajac and Evann Baker, and current players Sean Light, Deontay Twyman and Justin Rutty.
Rutty Renaissance
Justin Rutty reverted back to 2010 NEC Player of the Year form with 17 points and 17 rebounds, including seven on the offensive glass, against Monmouth on Feb. 24. The double-double was his QU Division I leading 39th.
With a start against Sacred Heart, Feb. 14, James Johnson eclipsed Kason Mims' QU Division-I record 88-game consecutive starts streak. Johnson has started each of Quinnipiac's 92 games to begin his career. His 72nd consecutive start broke Jared Grasso's '02 program record for consecutive starts (71) from the outset of his Bobcats' career at Division I. Johnson became just the eighth freshman in QU Division I history to start his collegiate debut, and started all 31 of Quinnipiac's games in 2008-09, joining just 19 other freshmen in the nation to start every game their team played.
Doing More With Less
QU leads the nation in offensive rebounds per game (15.96) and is third in rebounds per game (41.9) despite having the 13th-least height in the nation. According to kenpom.com, the Bobcats are 333rd of 345 teams in the nation in average height (75.0 inches).
Bobcats Helping Bobcats
The Bobcats are second in the NEC at 15.07 assists per game, good for 45th in the nation. Their 1.20 assist-to-turnover ratio leads the NEC and is 44th in the nation.
Can Brown Do For Q?
Lance Brown has emerged as a versatile contributor for the Bobcats in the last seven games, averaging 9.3 points and 6.9 rebounds per game. He had highs of 13 points and 13 rebounds, including seven on the offensive glass, against Sacred Heart on Feb. 9.
Rutty, Jr.?
Ike Azotam's rebounding numbers are comparable to Justin Rutty's as a freshman. Rutty averaged 5.3 rebounds per game through 28 games in the 2007-08 season, while Azotam stands at 5.5. Rutty averaged 2.35 offensive boards per game, while Azotam averages 2.37.
Johnson & Johnson No Turnover Solution
James Johnson (2.45) and Dave Johnson (2.37) rank second and fourth in the NEC in assist-to-turnover ratio. James ranks 27th in the nation, while Dave is 36th. James ranks ninth in the NEC at 3.68 assists per game, while Dave is 16th at 3.21. Deontay Twyman is also 15th in the NEC in assists (3.36 apg.) and 228th nationally in assist-to-turnover ratio (1.52).
Starting Off Strong
At 20-8, the Bobcats are off to the best 28-game start to a season in program Division I history. The 2009-10 squad also went 20-8 through 28 games.
Rutty Eyes Exclusive 1,000-1,000 Club
Justin Rutty stands at 1,463 points and 989 rebounds in his career. Just two QU players, Harold Driver '78 (1,813 points, 1,147 rebounds) and Ed Skwara '69 (1,159 points, 1,082 rebounds), have reached both 1,000 points and rebounds.
Knows The 1,000 Mark
James Johnson became the 35th player in Quinnipiac history and the ninth at Division I to reach the 1,000-point plateau, Jan. 22, at Mount St. Mary's. He then leapfrogged Art Leary '70 and Ed Skwara '69 (1,159) for 22nd place with 11 points against Monmouth, Feb. 24. He now stands three points behind Mike Buscetto '93 (1,165) for 21st place and four points behind Jim Freund '81 and Rashaun Banjo '04 (1,166) for 19th place.
Another Impressive QU Rebounding Stat
The Bobcats have grabbed at least 50 rebounds in five games this season, including a program Division I record 60 against Lehigh on Dec. 7. Most recently, the Bobcats grabbed 50 boards at St. Francis (N.Y.), Feb. 3. Quinnipiac had three 50-rebound games in all of 2009-10, and never had three 50-rebound games in 11 prior years at Division I. Quinnipiac has corralled 50 rebounds in a game 10 times in Tom Moore's four years at QU. In nine prior years at Division I, QU had just five 50-rebound games, with only two coming against teams classified at Division I at the time of competition.
Shoot Better And Win
The Bobcats are 15-0 this season when outshooting their opponent. By contrast, they're 5-8 when being outshot.
Knows (Insert Statistical Category Here)
James Johnson's name is listed among the statistical leaders in the NEC in eight of 13 categories kept by the league. He's first in three-point field goals made per game (2.68) and ranks second in assist-to-turnover ratio (2.45). He's tied for third in steals per game (1.61), fourth in scoring (16.4), eighth in free-throw percentage (.817) and minutes per game (33.57), ninth in assists (3.68) and 10th in three-point field-goal percentage (.385).
Rutty Moves Up QU Career Scoring List
With 1,463 career points, Justin Rutty now ranks 13th on the Quinnipiac career scoring list and second on the Quinnipiac Division I scoring list. With 17 points against Monmouth, Feb. 24, Rutty moved past Bill Romano '02 (1,450) on both the all-time and Division I lists.
Lookin' Up At QU
The Bobcats are in the top five in 14 of 19 statistical categories kept by the NEC, including the top spot in four. They're first in rebounding defense (33.7), rebounding margin (+8.2), assist-to-turnover ratio (1.20) and offensive rebounds (15.96). QU ranks second in scoring offense (72.0), rebounding offense (41.9), assists (15.07) and defensive rebounds (25.96). They rank third in scoring margin (+4.2) and fourth in field-goal percentage defense (.421), three-point field-goal-percentage defense (.329) and turnover margin (+1.11). QU ranks fifth in field-goal percentage (.427) and three-point field-goal percentage (.347).
Three Streak Extended
With six three-pointers against Monmouth, QU extended its streak of making at least one three-pointer in each of the last 312 contests. The last time QU didn't knock down a three was Dec. 19, 2000, at Dartmouth (0-11).
Movin' On Up
With 989 rebounds, Justin Rutty ranks fourth all-time at QU and third all-time in the NEC. Rutty passed Ed Skwara '69 (933) for fourth on the QU list with eight rebounds at St. Francis (N.Y.), while moving past CCSU's Obie Nwadike (980) with 17 rebounds against Monmouth. LIU's Carey Scurry (1,013) is next on Rutty's climb up the NEC list, while George McDowell '72 (991) is next on the QU list.
Johnson Dishes Out Number 300
James Johnson dished out his 300th career assist, Dec. 22 at Niagara. He now stands at 362 career assists, good for fourth on the Quinnipiac Division I list.
Second Half Trifecta Tossing
Led by James Johnson's 12-for-17 showing, the Bobcats shot 54.5 percent (18-33) from long distance in the second halves of a three-game road stretch at Sacred Heart, Bryant and Central Connecticut. Johnson made 4-of-6 in the second half at SHU, before making 5-of-6 at Bryant and 3-of-5 at CCSU.
Dials Up Career Day
Dave Johnson scored a career-high 17 points on 5-for-6 shooting from the floor and 6-for-8 shooting from the free-throw line in the Bobcats' 68-67 victory at Central Connecticut, Feb. 19.
3 Likes The 3, 7 Times, Times 3
James Johnson connected on 7-of-11 three-point field goals at Bryant, his third seven-trifecta outing of the season. Johnson made 7-of-11 at Niagara on Dec. 22 and 7-of-13 against Robert Morris on Jan. 27.
Rutty Reconnects With Double-Double
Justin Rutty completed his first double-double since returning from injury on Jan. 27 with 16 points and 10 rebounds, Feb. 17 at Bryant. Rutty now has eight double-doubles on the year and a QU Division I record 38 for his career.
Willis Rutty
Despite not taking part in a single team practice in three weeks, Justin Rutty managed six points and 10 rebounds in 19 minutes off the bench in his return to the line-up following elbow surgery, Jan. 27, against Robert Morris.
Hum, Bo's Clutch Again
James Johnson knocked down four second-half three-pointers, including two in the final minutes to give Quinnipiac the lead for good, as the Bobcats defeated Sacred Heart, Feb. 14, in Fairfield.
Bobcats Steal A Win At Sacred Heart
Quinnipiac tied a season-high with 10 steals while forcing a season-high 24 turnovers, Feb. 14 at Sacred Heart. Dave Johnson led the way with three steals, while Deontay Twyman, James Johnson and Lance Brown had two steals apiece.
Take All Three of These
The Bobcats responded to an 0-for-8 performance from long range in the first half at Sacred Heart with a 7-for-12 showing in the second half. None was bigger than James Johnson's with 1:47 left to break a 48-48 tie and put the Bobcats on top for good.
Clinched It
The Bobcats clinched a berth in this year's NEC Tournament with their Feb. 14 win at SHU.
At First You Don't Succeed...
The Bobcats turned 19 offensive rebounds into 23 second-chance points against Sacred Heart, Feb. 9. Quinnipiac outrebounded the Pioneers, 44-25, including a 19-6 edge on the offensive glass.
Double-Double Double
Ike Azotam and Lance Brown each compiled double-doubles, Feb. 9 against Sacred Heart. Azotam had a career-high 16 points and 13 rebounds, while Brown had 13 points and a career-high 13 rebounds. The double-double was Azotam's second of the season, while Brown compiled the first of his career.
Johnson Steals Milestone
With five steals Nov. 20 against UVM, James Johnson became the 13th QU player all-time and fifth at Division I to compile 100 career steals. Ironically, the five steals tied Johnson's career high, originally set Dec. 21, 2008, against the same UVM team on the same Lender Court before a regional television audience on NESN. Johnson now stands at 140 career steals, passing Bobcats' great Rob Monroe '05 (137) for sixth all-time and second at Division I at QU.
Fifty Fifty
Quinnipiac shot 51.9 percent (28-54) at St. Francis (N.Y.), Feb. 3, and also grabbed 50 rebounds. The Bobcats also shot 50 percent, Jan. 29 against Saint Francis (Pa.), giving them back-to-back 50-percent games for the first time this season. Quinnipiac has eclipsed the 50-percent mark four times this season.
Three Times
The Bobcats held St. Francis (N.Y.) to 33.3 percent (21-63) shooting, Feb. 3. The defensive effort was the third of its kind this season, as Quinnipiac also held Bryant (17-51) and Niagara (21-63) to the same percentage.
First-Round Knockout
Quinnipiac started its Jan. 29 victory against Saint Francis (Pa.) on a 22-0 run. Seven different Bobcats scored a point and QU had three blocks and three steals in the opening burst.
Getting Defensive
The Bobcats grabbed a season-high 38 defensive rebounds, Feb. 3 at St. Francis (N.Y.). Lance Brown had nine of his career-high 12 rebounds on the defensive glass, while all nine of James Johnson's career-high nine boards were defensive. Quinnipiac's previous season-high was 37, established in a 60-rebound effort against Lehigh, Dec. 7.
Glad To See The Boys Getting Along
The Bobcats tied a season-high with 21 assists and 10 different Quinnipiac players scored a point in a game for the first time this season, Jan. 29 against Saint Francis (Pa.).
Dishes Out 10 Dimes
Dave Johnson handed out a career-high 10 assists in the Bobcats' 75-55 victory against Saint Francis (Pa.), Jan. 29. In two games in the starting line-up, Johnson averaged 8.0 assists per game and had an 8.0 assist-to-turnover ratio.
Shadowing Shannon
James Johnson held Saint Francis (Pa.) guard Umar Shannon, the NEC's fourth-leading scorer entering the game, to just three points on 1-for-5 shooting and four turnovers without an assist, Jan. 29. Shannon was coming off a 30-point outburst, Jan. 27 at Sacred Heart.
'Cats Scratch Out 10 Steals
The Bobcats had a season-high 10 steals in forcing 21 Saint Francis (Pa.) turnovers, Jan. 29. Deontay Twyman and Dave Johnson had three steals each, while Tevin Baskin added two.
Johnson Takes NEC Player of the Week
James Johnson was named NEC Co-Player of the week after averaging 24.5 points, 4.5 rebounds and 3.5 assists in a pair of Quinnipiac victories against Robert Morris and Saint Francis (Pa.). He made 10-of-19 three-pointers in earning his second career NEC award.
'Tay-king On A Larger Role
In seven games without Justin Rutty, Deontay Twyman stepped up to the tune of 15.4 points and 3.7 assists per game, both team highs. He highlighted the stretch with a career-high 23 points, 18 in the first half, against CCSU, Jan. 15.
Anything Tay Can Do, Bo Can Do Better
After seeing Deontay Twyman go off for 18 of his career-high 23 points in the first half of their previous home game against CCSU, Jan. 15, James Johnson erupted for 20 of his career-high 38 points against Robert Morris, Jan. 27. The 38 points were the most scored by a Bobcat since Rob Monroe '05 scored 40 points against Sacred Heart, Feb. 3, 2005. Monroe is the only Bobcat in program Division I history to score more than 38 points, a feat he accomplished three times with a high of 41, Jan. 2, 2005. The 38 points were the most by an NEC player since Wagner's Joey Mundweiler had 39, Feb. 28, 2009.
Eighty Up
The Bobcats had won 18 straight games when scoring 80 points or more, prior to a 90-80 loss at Wagner, Jan. 20.
Alright On The Road
The Bobcats won their first five road games this season, becoming the first team in NEC history to win its first five road contests. The streak was snapped, Jan. 17, as the Bobcats fell at Brown.
Highly-Touted...and Producing
Much-heralded freshman Tevin Baskin had a break-out performance with 13 points, nine rebounds and two steals against CCSU on Jan. 15. Five of his nine boards were offensive.
High For Dom
Dominique Langston scored 15 points at Wagner, establishing a new season high. He had scored 14 points on two prior occasions.
Depth The Difference
Quinnipiac's bench outscored Central Connecticut's reserves, 23-4, Jan. 15.
Chairman of the Boards
Ike Azotam had his first double-double with 10 points and 11 rebounds against Bryant, Jan. 13.
Jamee Jamee Jamee
Jamee Jackson has blocked three shots on five different occasions this season, including consecutive two games against Fairleigh Dickinson and Bryant, Jan. 8 and 13, respectively.
Dealing A Drought
The Bobcats held Bryant without a field goal until the 6:24 mark of the first half, Jan. 13.
Jackson's Potential Pours Out At Monmouth
Playing without Justin Rutty on the opposite block due to injury, Jamee Jackson stepped up in a big way with a career-high 20 points on 8-for-12 shooting, Jan. 6 at Monmouth. He also made what proved to be the game-winning free throw with 14.3 seconds left.
Dom's Timely Tip-In
Dominique Langston tipped in the game-winner with 3.8 seconds left in regulation as QU defeated Boston University, 82-81, Dec. 29.
Can Knock Down the Three, Too
Led by James Johnson's seven trifectas, QU hit 12 three-pointers, Dec. 22 at Niagara, the most by a Quinnipiac team since the Bobcats knocked down 12 in Tom Moore's debut in Hamden, Nov. 11, 2007, a double-overtime thriller that QU won against Hartford, 85-79.
Johnson Feelin' It From Long Range
James Johnson extended a red-hot three-point shooting streak with a 7-for-11 performance from beyond the arc at Niagara. The seven three-pointers, most by a Bobcat since Van Crafton '07 knocked down seven, Dec. 7, 2006 at Mount St. Mary's, pushed Johnson's percentage to 56.7 percent (17-30) over the four-game stretch.
A Day, Tay
Deontay Twyman established new career highs with 19 points (since eclipsed), seven rebounds and seven assists, while adding a highlight-reel block at Niagara, sprinting back on defense to prevent a fast-break bucket.
Dom's Double-Double
Dominique Langston had produced double-figure points and rebounds previously in his nine games as a Bobcat, but gave Quinnipiac both in the same game with 10 points and 12 rebounds for his first career double-double at Niagara.
Quinnipiac Picks Up Signature Victory
The Bobcats picked up perhaps the most impressive win in program history when they defeated Rhode Island, 73-66, Dec. 11 at the TD Bank Sports Center. The win is the first in program history over an Atlantic-10 school.
'N' Easy
Justin Rutty, a career 48.8 percent free-throw shooter entering the Dec. 7 game against Lehigh, went 11-for-11 from the charity stripe against the Mountain Hawks. The streak reached 14 consecutive against URI, before he missed his first free throw at Niagara on Dec. 22.
Rutty, Langston Earn NEC Recognition
Justin Rutty and Dominique Langston earned NEC Player and Rookie of the Week, respectively, on Dec. 13, after leading the Bobcats to a 2-0 week against Lehigh and Rhode Island. Rutty averaged 20.0 points and 9.0 rebounds, while Langston added 7.5 points, 10.5 rebounds and 5.5 assists per game.
Welcome to the Fold, T-Bask
Highly-touted recruit Tevin Baskin became eligible for play following the last day of final exams at Quinnipiac, and saw his first game action Dec. 22 at Niagara.
(Le)High Rebounding Mark
The Bobcats established a new program D-I record with 60 rebounds, Dec. 7 against Lehigh. The prior record of 58 rebounds came twice in recent years - a double-overtime game against Hartford, Nov. 11, 2007, and a Jan. 2, 2005 overtime contest against Division II Longwood.
Brown Provides Added Boost
Lance Brown was granted a waiver by the NCAA, Nov. 23, to become immediately eligible for play after transferring from Fordham this past Spring. Brown had seven points and four rebounds in his Bobcats debut at Dartmouth, but missed the next four games due to injury. He returned, Dec. 11 against Rhode Island.
Dom-inating the Boards
Dominique Langston grabbed 14 rebounds against Lehigh, Dec. 7, then the most by a Quinnipiac player this season.
and Run
The Bobcats began five of their first six games on a run. They scored the first nine points against Yale, before scoring seven straight against Hartford. QU scored five straight to open against Vermont, before scoring the first four and 15 of the first 17 at Dartmouth. The Bobcats also scored six of the first eight points against Maine, and five straight against Mount St. Mary's.
Block Party
Six different Bobcats accounted for eight blocks against Lehigh, Dec. 7. The eight-block performance was only the fourth of its kind for Quinnipiac at Division I, and the first since the 1999-2000 season. The Braves blocked a program Division I record nine shots against Yale, Dec. 3, 1999, while registering eight blocks at Fordham and Long Island, Dec. 21 and Jan. 17, respectively, in the same season.
Will-ing His Way Into The Line-up
After seeing just 11 minutes in four games to begin the year, William Harrison made the most of his 13 minutes, Dec. 7 against Lehigh. Harrison scored four points, grabbed nine rebounds and dished out two assists, including a nifty dime ahead of the pack to Deontay Twyman to create separation in crunch time.
Super Bo
James Johnson scored eight points in the final 57 seconds to propel the Bobcats to victory against Mount St. Mary's, Dec. 4. Trailing by four in the final minute, Johnson nailed two three-pointers, stripped the Mount's Julian Norfleet with five seconds left, and made the game-winning runner just prior to the final buzzer.
Stealin' and Stuffin'
Dominique Langston established an early career high of four steals, including the theft and breakaway dunk that completed the Bobcats' comeback from down 19 against UMass, Dec. 1.
Defense Offensive...Then Gets Defensive
After a first half against Maine in which the Bobcats allowed the Black Bears to shoot 52.2 percent (12-23), the Bobcats buckled down in the second half, holding Maine to 25.9 percent (7-27) from the floor.
Owning the Offensive Boards Against UMass
A year after grabbing a program Division I-record 28 offensive rebounds at UMass, Dec. 2, 2009, the Bobcats tied their second-greatest total on the offensive glass with 24 against UMass, Dec. 1, 2010. Quinnipiac also took 24 offensive caroms against Yale, Nov. 16, 2009. Justin Rutty led the way with seven offensive boards in the latest installment against UMass.
Langston Huge
Dominique Langston emerged as a solid contributor off the bench, averaging 13.0 points, 7.5 rebounds and 3.5 assists per game over two games against Hartford and Vermont.
Up In Here!
Jamee Jackson had three second-half blocks against Maine, each leading to Bobcats offensive production. After his first block just less than two minutes in, James Johnson hit a three on the ensuing possession. Immediately following his block at the 11:53 mark, Dave Johnson nailed one from long range. Finally, following his rejection at the 5:08 mark, James Johnson hit a jumper on the next time down on offense.
Lot To Like With Ike
Ike Azotam went 7-for-7 from the floor for 15 points to go along with seven rebounds, Nov. 23, at Dartmouth. The 100 percent performance was the first of five or more attempts for the Bobcats since Karl Anderson went 5-for-5 at Monmouth on Feb. 21, 2008. For his effort, Azotam was named the NEC Co-Rookie of the Week on Nov. 29.
Sweet 16's
Deontay Twyman tied his then-career-high with 16 points against Yale at the Connecticut 6 Classic, Nov. 13. James Johnson matched Twyman's 16 points on 5-for-10 shooting and 4-for-4 from the line.
Bonding Overseas
The Bobcats took a 10-day trip to The Netherlands, Belgium and France this past August. In four games, Quinnipiac went 3-1.
Moore Wins
With 23 wins in 2009-10, including 15 NEC victories, the Bobcats set a new program record. The marks edge the 1999-2000 QU team (18-10, 12-6 NEC) for the most wins at D-I, and passed the 1972-73 and 1979-80 teams for the all-time program record.
Everybody's Favorite
The Northeast Conference's coaches selected the Bobcats as the league's first unanimous favorite since 1997-98 (LIU). In addition, The Sporting News, Athlon, Lindy's and the Blue Ribbon College Basketball Report also picked QU.
the Rebound
Quinnipiac was outrebounded just three times in 2009-10, and owned a +8.5 rebounding margin, second-best in the nation.
Moore of the Same
Head Coach Tom Moore has won the season opener in each of his four years at QU, the first three coming against Hartford, while the most recent came this season against Yale. Prior to Moore's arrival to Hamden, no Quinnipiac team had won its first game of the season during the school's Division I era. Teams that have had Moore serving on the coaching staff have won 11 consecutive season openers. The last time one of Moore's teams didn't win its first game was Nov. 11, 1999, when defending National Champion and top-ranked UConn was upset by Iowa in the Coaches vs. Cancer IKON Classic. None of Quinnipiac's other five coaches all-time won their first three season openers, and only Burt Kahn won as many as four straight at any point. Kahn won six straight from 1967-68 through 1972-73.
Rutty's Keeping Good Company
At 15.3 points and 10.9 rebounds per game, Justin Rutty was one of just 20 players nationally to average a double-double in 2009-10.
Quinnipiac, Rutty Grab Top Rankings
The Bobcats ranked 14th in the nation in offensive rebounds per game (14.6) in 2009-10. Individually, Justin Rutty ranked second nationally at 4.9 offensive boards per game, a year after finishing second in the nation behind only Pittsburgh's DeJuan Blair (5.6 oreb/game) with 4.6 offensive caroms per game.
Keeping Good Company
Quinnipiac was one of just four teams in the NCAA ranked in the top 10 nationally in both rebound margin and rebounds per game in 2009-10. The Bobcats ranked second in rebound margin and 10th in rebounds per game. Quinnipiac joined nationally-ranked Kentucky (4th - rebound margin, 5th - rebounds per game) and Kansas (9th - rebound margin, 7th - rebounds per game), as well as Radford (7th - rebound margin, 1st - rebounds per game) in the exclusive club. Quinnipiac also ranked 14th in offensive rebounds (14.61).
Bobcats Experience Historic 2009-10 Season
The Quinnipiac University men's basketball team experienced a historic season of firsts in 2009-10. Jim Phelan NEC Coach of the Year Tom Moore led the Bobcats to a program-record 23 wins, the first Northeast Conference Regular Season Championship in team history, and a berth into the National Invitation Tournament, the first national postseason tournament appearance in program Division I history. Junior forward Justin Rutty was named the NEC Player of the Year, becoming the first player in program history earn the award. Both Rutty and senior wing James Feldeine were named to the All-NEC First Team. Moore's recognition as Coach of the Year was also a first in program history.
The Bobcats begin NEC Tournament action as the No. 2 seed Thursday against an opponent to be determined. St. Francis (N.Y.), Mount St. Mary's and Saint Francis (Pa.) remain possibilities as first-round opponents. Opening tip from the TD Bank Sports Center is scheduled for 7 p.m.


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- Estrogens
- Heredity
Smoking tobacco, using smokeless tobacco, and being regularly exposed to environmental tobacco smoke are responsible for one-third of all cancer deaths in the United States each year. Smoking accounts for more than 85% of all lung cancer deaths. Because the cancer-causing chemicals absorbed from cigarette smoke are transported through the bloodstream and eliminated as waste products, cigarette smoking also causes cancer in organs other than the lung. Thus, cigarette smokers are also more likely than nonsmokers to develop several other types of cancer, including oral cancer and cancers of the larynx , esophagus , pancreas , bladder , kidney , and cervix .
Smoking may also increase the likelihood of developing cancers of the stomach , liver , prostate , colon , and rectum. The risk of cancer begins to decrease soon after a smoker quits, and the risk continues to decline gradually each year after quitting, although rare cases of smoking-related cancer occur in patients who have been "smoke free" for decades.
People who smoke cigars or pipes have a risk for cancers of the oral cavity that is similar to the risk for people who smoke cigarettes. Cigar smokers also have an increased chance of developing cancers of the lung , larynx, esophagus, and pancreas. The use of smokeless tobacco (chewing tobacco and snuff) causes cancer of the mouth and throat . Studies suggest that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, also called secondhand smoke, increases the risk of lung cancer for nonsmokers.
Smoking also increases the risk of developing cancer in the presence of other environmental factors, such as asbestosis.
Click here if you would like information on how to quit smoking .
While dietary factors clearly have a role to play, the connection between diet and cancer is complex and still not well understood. Some evidence suggests a link between a high-fat diet and certain cancers, like colorectal, uterine , and prostate. Being seriously overweight has been linked to cancers of the breast (among older women), prostate, pancreas, uterus, colon, and ovary . On the other hand, some studies suggest that foods containing fiber may help protect against colorectal cancer, though this has recently come into question.
In the past, some studies suggested that antioxidant vitamins ( C and E ) and minerals ( selenium ) reduce the risk of certain cancers. More recent studies, however, have failed to substantiate these findings.
Recent new evidence suggests that calcium and vitamin D supplementation may lower the risk of cancer. In one recent study, about 1,200 postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to take calcium only, calcium plus vitamin D, or a placebo pill every day. After four years, cancer was diagnosed in 6.9% of the placebo group, but in only 3.8% of the calcium group and 2.9% of the calcium plus vitamin D group.
Heavy drinkers have an increased risk of cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, larynx, stomach, colon and breast, and liver. (People who smoke cigarettes and drink heavily have an especially high risk of getting these cancers.) Drinking in moderation (one drink for women and two drinks for men per day) does not appear to significantly increase the risk of cancer.
Ultraviolet radiation (UV) from the sun causes premature aging of the skin and the two most common kinds of cancer—squamous cell and basal cell carcinomas of the skin . Artificial sources of UV radiation, such as sunlamps and tanning booths, also can cause skin damage and may increase cancer risk. UV radiation has also been linked to an especially serious cancer—malignant melanoma —which often appears as a discolored, misshapen mole, and which, if not found and treated early, is especially likely to metastasize and result in death.
To help reduce the risk of skin cancer caused by UV radiation, it is best to reduce exposure to the midday sun (from 10 am to 3 pm) and always wear sunscreen when outdoors for extended periods of time. In addition, if you have a family history of melanoma or other skin cancer, it is also important to have regular skin evaluations by a physician who can check for early signs of cancer development, especially in moles.
Click here if you would like more information on how to reduce your exposure to ultraviolet radiation .
Ionizing radiation from x-ray procedures, radioactive substances, cosmic rays from outer space, and other sources are capable of damaging cells, particularly their replicating DNA. Both short-term intensive exposures and long-term low level exposures may lead to cancer. Studies of survivors of the atomic bomb in Japan show that ionizing radiation increases the risk of developing leukemia and cancers of the breast, thyroid , lung, stomach, and other organs. Click here to learn more about radiation as a cause of cancer .
Radiation therapy for cancer may increase the risk of another cancer developing in the original treatment field at some point in the future. Modern radiotherapy equipment is designed to minimize that risk, but it is still important to talk to your doctor about exactly what those risks are.
Chemicals and Other Substances
Repeated exposure to many chemicals commonly found in the workplace can increase the risk of cancer. Asbestos, nickel, cadmium, uranium, radon, vinyl chloride, benzidene, and benzene are examples of well-known carcinogens in the workplace. These may act alone or together with another carcinogen, such as cigarette smoke, to increase the risk of cancer. For example, inhaling asbestos fibers increases the risk of rare type of lung cancer, which is especially high for asbestos workers who smoke. It is important to follow work and safety rules to avoid or minimize contact with dangerous materials. In general, employers are required to provide employees with information (MSDS sheets) about dangerous chemicals in the workplace and the ways to protect against exposure. Click here to learn more about carcinogens as a cause of cancer .
Doctors may recommend estrogen alone or in combination with progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) to control menopausal symptoms (such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness). Some studies have shown that the use of estrogen alone increases the risk of cancer of the uterus, which can be avoided by adding progesterone. Using both, though, has been recently shown to increase the risk of breast cancer along with other adverse effects. Because it is no longer clear that the risks of hormone replacement therapy outweigh the benefits, be sure to carefully review your options with your physician.
Click here if you would like more information on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) .
Diethylstilbesterol (DES) is a synthetic form of estrogen that was used by pregnant women between the early 1940s and 1971 to reduce the risk of miscarriage. Later on, it was discovered that the DES-exposed daughters of these women had an increased risk of developing a rare type of vaginal cancer, and DES-exposed sons had an increased risk of having undescended testes , which is a condition associated with the development of testicular cancer in males.
While all of us are more or less genetically predisposed to certain cancers, some families have a much higher risk for certain cancer (such as melanoma and cancers of the breast, ovary, prostate, and colon) than the general population. If you have more than one first degree relative (sibling or parent) who developed cancer at a relatively young age (under 55), you may be a member of a cancer-prone family. If this is the case, you might benefit from genetic screening (if available) and closer surveillance, or, in some cases, prophylactic surgery (removal of an at-risk organ before cancer develops because the risk is so high). Click here for more information on cancer screening .
Revision Information
- Reviewer: Mohei Abouzied, MD, FACP
- Review Date: 03/2015 -
- Update Date: 03/15/2015 -


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Say What! — Busta Rhymes Announces Plan to Save the Music Industry + More
Busta Rhymes told Billboard that his next album is going to save the dying music business. "I called the album 'The Chemo' because it seems like the industry and music overall is dying slowly," Busta said. "The c


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Late Stage Counterscreen for agonists of nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group E, member 3 (NR2E3): Luminescence-based cell-based high throughput dose response screening assay to identify agonists of the Herpes Virus Virion Protein 16 (VP16)
Name: Late Stage Counterscreen for agonists of nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group E, member 3 (NR2E3): Luminescence-based cell-based high throughput dose reponse screening assay to identify agonists of the Herpes Virus Virion Protein 16 (VP16). ..more
BioActive Compound: 1
Related Experiments
Source (MLPCN Center Name): The Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center
Affiliation: The Scripps Research Institute, TSRI
Assay Provider: Konstantin Petrukhin, Columbia University
Network: Molecular Library Probe Production Centers Network (MLPCN)
Grant Proposal Number: 1 R21 NS061718-01 Fast Track
Grant Proposal PI: Konstantin Petrukhin, Columbia University
External Assay ID: VP16_AG_LUMI_1536_3XIC50 MDCSRUN
Name: Late Stage Counterscreen for agonists of nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group E, member 3 (NR2E3): Luminescence-based cell-based high throughput dose reponse screening assay to identify agonists of the Herpes Virus Virion Protein 16 (VP16).
Nuclear receptors are small molecule- and hormone-regulated transcription factors with discrete DNA-binding and ligand-binding domains, and are essential during development and for maintenance of proper cell function in adults. Small pharmacological compounds that bind to the cleft of the ligand-binding domain could alter receptor conformation and subsequently modify transcription of target genes. Such ligands (agonists and antagonists) have been designed for 23 nuclear receptors among the 48 identified in the human genome (1-3). NR2E3 is an orphan nuclear receptor expressed exclusively in rod and cone photoreceptor cells of the retina (4-7). In its unliganded state, NR2E3 acts as a transcriptional repressor (4, 8, 9) due to interaction with co-repressors such as retinal RetCOR (10), NCOR (11) or SMRT (11). Defects in this gene are a cause of several retinopathies (12-15). Studies showing that mice with a spontaneous deletion in the Nr2e3 gene develop late-onset, progressive retinal degeneration (7), suggest that this nuclear receptor is essential for photoreceptor development and survival. The identification of selective NR2E3 agonists would provide useful tools for the understanding of the biological role of NR2E3 in retinal diseases.
1. Evans, R.M., The nuclear receptor superfamily: a rosetta stone for physiology. Mol Endocrinol, 2005. 19(6): p. 1429-38.
2. Kliewer, S.A., Lehmann, J.M., and Willson, T.M., Orphan nuclear receptors: shifting endocrinology into reverse. Science, 1999. 284(5415): p. 757-60.
3. Li, Y., Lambert, M.H., and Xu, H.E., Activation of nuclear receptors: a perspective from structural genomics. Structure, 2003. 11(7): p. 741-6.
4. Chen, J., Rattner, A., and Nathans, J., The rod photoreceptor-specific nuclear receptor Nr2e3 represses transcription of multiple cone-specific genes. J Neurosci, 2005. 25(1): p. 118-29.
5. Cheng, H., Khanna, H., Oh, E.C., Hicks, D., Mitton, K.P., and Swaroop, A., Photoreceptor-specific nuclear receptor NR2E3 functions as a transcriptional activator in rod photoreceptors. Hum Mol Genet, 2004. 13(15): p. 1563-75.
6. Haider, N.B., Naggert, J.K., and Nishina, P.M., Excess cone cell proliferation due to lack of a functional NR2E3 causes retinal dysplasia and degeneration in rd7/rd7 mice. Hum Mol Genet, 2001. 10(16): p. 1619-26.
7. Akhmedov, N.B., Piriev, N.I., Chang, B., Rapoport, A.L., Hawes, N.L., Nishina, P.M., Nusinowitz, S., Heckenlively, J.R., Roderick, T.H., Kozak, C.A., Danciger, M., Davisson, M.T., and Farber, D.B., A deletion in a photoreceptor-specific nuclear receptor mRNA causes retinal degeneration in the rd7 mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2000. 97(10): p. 5551-6.
8. Gerber, S., Rozet, J.M., Takezawa, S.I., dos Santos, L.C., Lopes, L., Gribouval, O., Penet, C., Perrault, I., Ducroq, D., Souied, E., Jeanpierre, M., Romana, S., Frezal, J., Ferraz, F., Yu-Umesono, R., Munnich, A., and Kaplan, J., The photoreceptor cell-specific nuclear receptor gene (PNR) accounts for retinitis pigmentosa in the Crypto-Jews from Portugal (Marranos), survivors from the Spanish Inquisition. Hum Genet, 2000. 107(3): p. 276-84.
9. Kobayashi, M., Hara, K., Yu, R.T., and Yasuda, K., Expression and functional analysis of Nr2e3, a photoreceptor-specific nuclear receptor, suggest common mechanisms in retinal development between avians and mammals. Dev Genes Evol, 2008. 218(8): p. 439-44.
10. Takezawa, S., Yokoyama, A., Okada, M., Fujiki, R., Iriyama, A., Yanagi, Y., Ito, H., Takada, I., Kishimoto, M., Miyajima, A., Takeyama, K., Umesono, K., Kitagawa, H., and Kato, S., A cell cycle-dependent co-repressor mediates photoreceptor cell-specific nuclear receptor function. EMBO J, 2007. 26(3): p. 764-74.
11. Kapitskaya, M., Cunningham, M.E., Lacson, R., Kornienko, O., Bednar, B., and Petrukhin, K., Development of the high throughput screening assay for identification of agonists of an orphan nuclear receptor. Assay Drug Dev Technol, 2006. 4(3): p. 253-62.
12. Bernal, S., Solans, T., Gamundi, M.J., Hernan, I., de Jorge, L., Carballo, M., Navarro, R., Tizzano, E., Ayuso, C., and Baiget, M., Analysis of the involvement of the NR2E3 gene in autosomal recessive retinal dystrophies. Clin Genet, 2008. 73(4): p. 360-6.
13. Coppieters, F., Leroy, B.P., Beysen, D., Hellemans, J., De Bosscher, K., Haegeman, G., Robberecht, K., Wuyts, W., Coucke, P.J., and De Baere, E., Recurrent mutation in the first zinc finger of the orphan nuclear receptor NR2E3 causes autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Am J Hum Genet, 2007. 81(1): p. 147-57.
14. Gire, A.I., Sullivan, L.S., Bowne, S.J., Birch, D.G., Hughbanks-Wheaton, D., Heckenlively, J.R., and Daiger, S.P., The Gly56Arg mutation in NR2E3 accounts for 1-2% of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Mol Vis, 2007. 13: p. 1970-5.
15. Sharon, D., Sandberg, M.A., Caruso, R.C., Berson, E.L., and Dryja, T.P., Shared mutations in NR2E3 in enhanced S-cone syndrome, Goldmann-Favre syndrome, and many cases of clumped pigmentary retinal degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol, 2003. 121(9): p. 1316-23.
late stage, powders, purchased, synthesized, MDCSRUN, counterscreen, triplicate, VP16, NCOR, CHO, cell-based, lumi, luminescence, alternate, nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group E, member 3, NR2E3; RetCOR, corepressor, photoreceptor-specific nuclear receptor; PNR, blindness, age-related macular degeneration, AMD, orphan nuclear receptor, agonist, activator, HTS, 1536, Scripps, Scripps Florida, Research Institute Molecular Screening Center, SRIMSC, Molecular Libraries Probe Production Centers Network, MLPCN.
Assay Overview:
The purpose of this assay is to verify the lack of promiscuous activity of compounds reordered as powders for the project initiated with the primary screen entitled, "Luminescence-based cell-based high throughput primary screening assay to identify agonists of nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group E, member 3 (NR2E3)" (AID 602229) and further confirmed are nonselective or promiscuous transcriptional modulators. In this counterscreen, the strong transactivation domain of the herpes simplex virus Virion Protein 16 (VP16) is fused to the yeast GAL4 DNA Binding Domain (DBD) in place of the original NCOR moeiety used in the NR2E3 assay. Cells are co-transfected with the pGL4.31 luciferase reporter plasmid containing UAS repeats. As designed, compounds that repress VP16 transcriptional activity and/or prevent GAL4 binding to the UAS sequence will lead to a reduced expression of the pGL4.31 luciferase reporter gene, resulting in decreased well luminescence. These compounds are likely to be nonselective agonists. Compounds are tested in triplicate at a final nominal concentration of 4 uM.
Protocol Summary:
The CHO-S cell line was routinely cultured in 850 sq cm smooth surface, vented cap roller bottles at 37 C, 95% relative humidity (RH) and shaken at 135-155 rpm. The growth media consisted of Freestyle CHO Expression Medium supplemented with 8 mM L-Glutamine and 1X antibiotic mix (penicillin, streptomycin, and neomycin).
CHO-S cells were suspended in roller bottles at a density of 0.6 million cells/mL in CHO Expression Medium supplemented with 8 mM L-Glutamine. The following day, cells were diluted to a density of 1 million cells/mL and transfected one of two ways: one population was transfected with 0.112 ug/mL of pGL4.31 reporter plasmid and 0.54 ug/mL of VP16 plasmid, complexed with 1.2 uL/mL of Freestyle Max Reagent in 38.4 uL/mL of OptiPRO SFM according to the Freestyle Max Reagent manufacturer's protocol (+VP16 cells). The second poplulation was transfected with 0.112 ug/mL of pGL4.31 reporter plasmid complexed with 1.2 uL/mL of Freestyle Max Reagent in 38.4 uL/mL of OptiPRO SFM according to the Freestyle Max Reagent manufacturer's protocol (-VP16 cells). Sixteen hours after transfection, 3750 cells in 5 uL of media were seeded into each well of 1536 well microtiter plates. The -VP16 cell population was dispensed to column 1 and 2 and was used as a high control mimicking inhibition. The +VP16 cell population was dispensed over the rest of the plate, with the exception of column 48 that received only media. Next, 20 nL of test compound in DMSO, or DMSO alone were dispensed to the appropriate wells. The plates were then incubated for 24 hours at 37 C, 5% CO2, and 95 % RH. Luciferase levels were measured by adding 5 uL of One-Glo Luciferase Assay (prepared according to the manufacturer's protocol) to each well; followed by 10 minute incubation at room temperature. Then, Well Luminescence was read on the ViewLux plate reader. The percent inhibition for each compound was calculated as follows:
%_Inhibition = ( ( Ratio_Test_Compound - Median_Ratio_Low_Control ) / ( Median_Ratio_High_Control - Median_Ratio_Low_Control ) ) * 100
High_Control is defined as wells containing DMSO and -VP16 cells.
Test_Compound is defined as wells containing test compounds, DMSO and +VP16 cells.
Low_Control is defined as wells containing DMSO and +VP16 cells.
PubChem Activity Outcome and Score:
Compounds with an IC50 greater than 10 uM were considered inactive. Compounds with an IC50 equal to or less than 10 uM were considered active.
Any compound with a percent activity value < 50% at all test concentrations was assigned an activity score of zero. Any compound with a percent activity value >= 50% at any test concentration was assigned an activity score greater than zero.
Activity score was then ranked by the potency of the compounds with fitted curves, with the most potent compounds assigned the highest activity scores.
The PubChem Activity Score range for active compounds is 100-100, for inactive 0-0.
List of Reagents:
Freestyle CHO-S Cells (Invitrogen, part R800-07)
Freestyle CHO-S Expression Medium (Invitrogen, part 12651-022)
Freestyle Max Reagent (Invitrogen, part 16447-100)
OptiPRO SFM (Invitrogen, part 12309-050)
100X Penicillin-Streptomycin-Neomycin mix (Invitrogen, part 15640-055)
L-Glutamine-200mM (Invitrogen, part 25030-081)
BD Falcon Roller Bottles-Smooth Surface (Bd Vacutainer Labware Medical, part 353154 )
pGL4.31 (Promega, part C935)
pVP16 (Assay provider)
1536-well plates (Corning, part 7298)
Due to the increasing size of the MLPCN compound library, this assay may have been run as two or more separate campaigns, each campaign testing a unique set of compounds. All data reported were normalized on a per-plate basis. Possible artifacts of this assay can include, but are not limited to: dust or lint located in or on wells of the microtiter plate, and compounds that modulate well luminescence. All test compound concentrations reported above and below are nominal; the specific test concentration(s) for a particular compound may vary based upon the actual sample provided.
Categorized Comment - additional comments and annotations
From BioAssay Depositor:
Assay: CurveFit [1]: Equation: =( ( [Maximal Response] * [Concentration]^[Hill Slope] ) / ( [Inflection Point Concentration]^[Hill Slope] + [Concentration]^[Hill Slope] ) ) + [Baseline Response]
Assay: CurveFit [1]: Mask: Excluded Points
Assay: Dictionary: Version: 0.1
From PubChem:
Assay Format: Cell-based
Assay Cell Type: CHO
From ChEMBL:
Assay Format: Cell-based
Assay Type: Functional
Result Definitions
* Activity Concentration. ** Test Concentration.
Additional Information
Grant Number: 1 R21 NS061718-01
Data Table (Concise)


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This week's Nurse Jackie was filled with a number of interesting character developments, but perhaps the most intriguing aspect of " Day of the Iguana " was the choice of the episode's title itself. More »
Okay, this custody situation is officially starting to concern me. To clarify, I don't really care about Jackie's children and which parent they should be raised by between Jackie and Kevin. What I a More »
Nurse Jackie Season 4 Episode 7 "Day of the Iguana" airs Sunday May 20 at 9 pm on Showtime. Episode Synopsis : Jackie covers for Cruz when he has a panic attack ; Zoey surveys her coworkers for the b More »


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Ever heard the terms perigee and apogee? Here is a quick definition.
In the past century, an "air tide," or shifting of the atmosphere, has been recognized and studied.
Earth experiences proxigean tides—an extraordinary tidal range that, when combined with other factors (such as unusually low barometric pressure or onshore winds), can cause erosion on coastlines, among other problems.
The following is a explanation of spring and neap tides in relation to lunar and solar cycles.
Fishermen rarely divulge their favorite fly-fishing spots but Phil Monahan, former editor of American Angler magazine and fishing guide in Alaska and Montana, offers his suggestions in the chart below.
Here are 20 fly-fishing terms, defined by Silvio Calabi, author of The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Fly-Fishing, (Henry Holt & Co., 1993).
Arbor: the spindle, or axle, of a fly reel
Bucktail: animal hair used in fly tying...
Suet is the perfect bird food recipe for the winter months when birds' food sources dwindle. Suet is loved by nuthatches, woodpeckers, wrens, chickadees, cardinals, and most insect-eating birds.
To attract your birds to your garden or backyard, you need shrubs and plants that provide food and shelter.
The Praying Mantids, or mantises, have fascinated humans throughout time. If you're among the curious, read on . . .
Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) is the best known of the 100 or so milkweed species native to North America. The name "common" fits the plant well because when not in bloom, it goes pretty much unnoticed, growing humbly along roadsides, in fields, and in...


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Bacillus substilis TSCA Section 5(h)(4) Exemption: Final Decision Document
In the September 1, 1994, Federal Register (59 FR 45526), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed at 40 CFR Part 700 under section 5(h)(4) of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), Tier I and Tier II exemptions. These exemptions, which would be found at õ 725.400, are exemptions from EPA review and expedited EPA review, respectively, for certain microorganisms under certain use conditions. EPA proposed to include Bacillus subtilis at õ 725.420 as a candidate recipient microorganism for the tiered exemptions. Bacillus subtilis is an ubiquitous bacterium commonly recovered from water, soil, air, and decomposing plant residue. B. subtilis produces a variety of proteases and other enzymes that enable it to degrade a variety of natural substrates and contribute to nutrient cycling. B. subtilis is one of the widely used microorganisms for the industrial production of enzymes and specialty chemicals.
This final decision document describes the basis for EPA's decision to include Bacillus subtilis as a recipient microorganism at õ 725.420.
EPA recognizes that some microorganisms present a low risk when used under specific conditions at general commercial use. Therefore, EPA proposed to institute expedited regulatory processes for certain microorganisms under these specific conditions at the general commercial use stage. Microorganism uses that are exempt would meet criteria addressing: (1) performance based standards for minimizing the numbers of microorganisms emitted from the manufacturing facility; (2) the introduced genetic material; and (3) the recipient microorganism. Microorganisms that qualify for these exemptions, termed Tier I and Tier II, must meet a standard of no unreasonable risk in the exempted use.
To evaluate the potential for unreasonable risk to human health or the environment in developing these exemptions, EPA focuses primarily on the characteristics of the recipient microorganisms. If the recipient is shown to have little or no potential for adverse effects, introduced genetic material meeting the specified criteria would not likely significantlyincrease potential for adverse effects. As further assurance that risks would be low, EPA is also specifying procedures for minimizing numbers of organisms emitted from the facility. When balanced against resource savings for society and expected product benefits, these exemptions will not present unreasonable risks.
A. Criteria for Minimizing Release from Manufacturing Facilities
The standards proposed for the Tier I exemption were the following: (1) the structure(s) be designed and operated to contain the microorganism, (2) access to the structure should be limited to essential personnel, (3) inactivation procedures shown to be effective in reducing the number of viable microorganisms in liquid and solid wastes should be followed prior to disposal of the wastes, (4) features to reduce microbial concentrations in aerosols and exhaust gases released from the structure should be in place, and (5) general worker hygiene and protection practices should be followed.
1. Definition of structure. EPA considers the term "structure" to refer to the building or vessel which effectively surrounds and encloses the microorganism. Vessels may have a variety of forms, e.g., cubic, ovoid, cylindrical, or spherical, and may be the fermentation vessel proper or part of the downstream product separation and purification line. All would perform the function of enclosing the microorganism. In general, the material used in the construction of such structure(s) would be impermeable, resistant to corrosion and easy to clean/sterilize. Seams, joints, fittings, associated process piping, fasteners and other similar elements would be sealed.
2. Standards to minimize microbial release. EPA is taking, for several reasons, a somewhat cautious approach in prescribing standards for minimizing the number of microorganisms emitted through the disposal of waste and the venting of gases. First, a wide range of behaviors can be displayed by microorganisms modified consistent with EPA's standards for the introduced genetic material. Second, EPA will not conduct any review whatsoever for Tier I exemptions. EPA believes the requirement to minimize emissions will provide a measure of risk reduction necessary for making a finding of no unreasonable risk. Taken together, EPA's standards ensure that the number of microorganisms emitted from the structure is minimized.
EPA's standards for minimizing emission specify that liquid and solid waste containing the microorganisms be treated to give a validated decrease in viable microbial populations so that at least 99.9999 percent of the organisms resulting from the fermentation will be killed. Since the microorganisms used in fermentation processes are usually debilitated, eitherintentionally or through acclimation to industrial fermentation, the small fraction of microorganisms remaining viable after inactivation treatments will likely have a reduced ability to survive during disposal or in the environment. Moreover, industrial companies, in an attempt to keep their proprietary microorganisms from competitors and to reduce the microbial numbers to those permitted by local sanitation authorities, modify the microorganisms to increase the ability of their microorganisms to survive and perform their assigned tasks in the fermentor but decrease their ability to survive in the environment external to the fermentor.
EPA requirements also address microorganisms in the exhaust from the fermentor and along the production line. To address exhaust from fermentors, EPA is requiring that the number of microorganisms in fermentor gases be minimized by the use of standard industry equipment prior to the gases being exhausted from the fermentor. EPA selected this standard based on an estimate of the numbers of microorganisms likely to be in the exhaust from an uncontrolled fermentor and common industry practice. Moreover, microorganisms that are physiologically acclimated to the growth conditions within the fermentor are likely to be compromised in their ability to survive aerosolization. EPA anticipates, therefore, that few microorganisms will survive the stresses of aerosolization associated with being exhausted with the gases from the fermentor. The provision requiring reduction of microorganisms in fermentor exhaust gases contributes to minimizing the number of viable microorganisms emitted from the facility.
EPA is also requiring that other systems be in place to control dissemination of microorganisms by other routes. This would include programs to control pests such as insects or rats, since these might serve as vectors for carrying microorganisms out of the fermentation facilities.
3. Worker protection. The requirement to minimize microbial emissions, in conjunction with the requirement for general worker safety and hygiene procedures, also affords a measure of protection for workers. Potential effects on workers that exist with microorganisms in general (e.g., allergenicity) will be present with the microorganisms qualifying for this exemption. As with other substances that humans may react to (e.g., pollen, chemicals, dust), the type and degree of allergenic response is determined by the biology of the exposed individual. It is unlikely that a microorganism modified in keeping with EPA's specifications for the introduced genetic material would induce a heightened response. The general worker hygiene procedures specified by EPA should protect most individuals from the allergenic responses associated with microorganisms exhausted from fermentors and/or other substances emitted along the production line. The EPA requirement thataccess to the structure be controlled also addresses this consideration by reducing to a minimum the number of individuals exposed.
4. Effect of containment criteria. As further assurance that risks would be low, EPA is specifying procedures for minimizing the number of organisms emitted from the facility for the Tier I exemption. EPA is not specifying standards for minimizing the number of microorganisms emitted from the facility for microorganisms qualifying for Tier II exemption. Rather, the Agency requests that submitters utilize as guidance the standards set forth for Tier I procedures. The procedures proposed by the submitter in a Tier II exemption request will be reviewed by the Agency. EPA will have the opportunity to evaluate whether the procedures the submitter intends to implement for reducing the number of organisms emitted from the facility are appropriate for that microorganism.
B. Introduced Genetic Material Criteria
In order to qualify for either the Tier I or Tier II exemption, any introduced genetic material must be limited in size, well characterized, free of certain nucleotide sequences, and poorly mobilizable.
1. Limited in size. Introduced genetic material must be limited in size to consist only of the following: (1) the structural gene(s) of interest; (2) the regulatory sequences permitting the expression of solely the gene(s) of interest; (3) the associated nucleotide sequences needed to move genetic material, including linkers, homopolymers, adaptors, transposons, insertion sequences, and restriction enzyme sites; (4) the nucleotide sequences needed for vector transfer; and (5) the nucleotide sequences needed for vector maintenance.
The limited in size criterion reduces risk by excluding the introduction into a recipient of extraneous and potentially uncharacterized genetic material. The requirement that the regulatory sequences permit the expression solely of the structural gene(s) of interest reduces risk by preventing expression of genes downstream of the inserted genetic material. The limitation on the vector sequences that are components of the introduced genetic material prevents the introduction of novel traits beyond those associated with the gene(s) of interest. The overall result of the limited in size criterion is improved ability to predict the behavior of the resulting microorganism.
2. Well characterized. For introduced genetic material, well characterized means that the following have been determined: (1) the function of all of the products expressed from the structural gene(s); (2) the function of sequences that participate in the regulation of expression of the structuralgene(s); and (3) the presence or absence of associated nucleotide sequences.
Well characterized includes knowledge of the function of the introduced sequences and the phenotypic expression associated with the introduced genetic material. Genetic material which has been examined at the restriction map or sequence level, but for which a function or phenotypic trait has not yet been ascribed, is not considered well characterized. Well characterized would include knowing whether multiple reading frames exist within the operon. This relates to whether more than one biological product might be encoded by a single sequence, and addresses the possibility that a modified microorganism could display unpredicted behavior should such multiple reading frames exist and their action not be anticipated.
3. Free of certain sequences. In addition to improving the ability to predict the behavior of the modified microorganism, the well characterized requirement ensures that segments encoding for either part or the whole of the toxins listed in the proposed regulatory text for the TSCA biotechnology rule would not inadvertently be introduced into the recipient microorganism.
These toxins are polypeptides of relatively high potency. Other types of toxins (e.g., modified amino acids, heterocyclic compounds, complex polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and peptides) are not listed for two reasons. First, their toxicity falls within the range of moderate to low. Second, these types of toxins generally arise from the activity of a number of genes in several metabolic pathways (multigenic).
In order for a microorganism to produce toxins of multigenic origin, a large number of different sequences would have to be introduced and appropriately expressed. It is unlikely that all of the genetic material necessary for producing multigenic toxins would be inadvertently introduced into a recipient microorganism when requirements that the genetic material be limited in size and well characterized are followed.
Similarly, other properties that might present risk concerns result from the interactive expression of a large number of genes. For example, pathogenic behavior is the result of a large number of genes being appropriately expressed. Because of the complex nature of behaviors such as pathogenicity, the probability is low that an insert consisting of well characterized, limited in size genetic material could transform the microorganisms listed for exemption into microorganisms which display pathogenic behavior.
4. Poorly mobilizable. Poorly mobilizable means the ability of the introduced genetic material to be transferred andmobilized is inactivated, with a resulting frequency of transfer of less than 10-8 transfer events per recipient. The requirement that the introduced genetic material be poorly mobilizable reduces potential for transfer of introduced genetic sequences to other microorganisms in the environment. Such transfers would occur through the interaction of the introduced microorganism with indigenous microorganisms through conjugation, transduction, or transformation. Through such transfers, the introduced genetic material could be transferred to and propagated within different populations of microorganisms, including microorganisms which may never previously have been exposed to this genetic material. It is not possible to predict how the behavior of these potential recipient microorganisms will be affected after uptake and expression of the genetic material.
Since EPA is not limiting the type of organism that can serve as the source for the introduced genetic material, some limitation is placed on the ability of the introduced genetic material to be transferred. This limitation mitigates risk by significantly reducing the probability that the introduced genetic material would be transferred to and expressed by other microorganisms.
The 10-8 frequency is attainable given current techniques. Plasmids with transfer rates of 10-8 exist or are easily constructed. Some of the plasmids most commonly employed as vectors in genetic engineering (e.g., pBR325, pBR322) have mobilization/transfer frequencies of 10-8 or less.
The criteria set for "poorly mobilizable" for transduction and transformation should be readily met since the majority of transfer frequencies reported for transduction and natural transformation are less than 10-8. Higher frequencies are likely only under special circumstances, such as when the introduced genetic material has been altered or selected to enhance frequency. Because the risk concern EPA addresses with the 10-8 criterion is spread of the introduced genetic material broadly through microbial populations, exchanges between very closely related microorganisms, even if occurring at high frequency, is not a concern so long as the spread through populations does not occur at high frequency.
Fungal gene transfer has also been considered in development of the poorly mobilizable criterion. Although mobile genetic elements such as transposons, plasmids and double stranded RNA exist in fungi and can be readily transferred, this transfer usually is only possible between members of the same species during anastomosis, a process specific to fungi. Since anastomosis only occurs between members of the same species, the introduced genetic material would not be transferred to distantly related fungi as may occur with bacteria.
5. Effect of introduced genetic material criteria. The requirements placed on the introduced genetic material, in concert with the level of safety associated with Bacillus subtilis, ensure that the resulting microorganisms present low or negligible risk. The probability is low that the insertion of genetic material meeting EPA's criteria into strains of B. subtilis will change their behavior so that they would acquire the potential for causing adverse effects. Risks would be mitigated by the four criteria placed on the introduced genetic material, the relative safety of B. subtilis, and the inactivation criteria specified for the Tier I exemption. In the case of Tier II exemption, risks would be mitigated in light of the four criteria placed on introduced genetic material, the relative safety of B. subtilis, and EPA's review of the containment conditions selected.
C. Recipient Microorganism Criteria
Six criteria were used by EPA to determine eligibility of recipient microorganisms for the tiered exemption. All of the criteria were used together to determine whether, on balance, the microorganisms would not present an unreasonable risk to human health or the environment. Microorganisms which EPA finds meet these criteria are listed as eligible recipients. The first criteria would require that it be possible to clearly identify and classify the microorganism. Available genotypic and phenotypic information should allow the microorganism to be assigned without confusion to an existing taxon which is easily recognized. Second, information should be available to evaluate the relationship of the microorganism to any other closely related microorganisms which have a potential for adverse effects on human health or the environment. Third, there should be a history of safe commercial use for the microorganism. Fourth, the commercial uses should indicate that the microorganism products might be subject to TSCA jurisdiction. Fifth, studies are available which indicate the potential for the microorganism to cause adverse effects on human health and the environment. Sixth, studies are available which indicate the survival characteristics of the microorganism in the environment.
After each microorganism was reviewed using the six evaluation criteria, a decision was made as to whether to place the microorganism on the list. The Agency's specific determination for Bacillus subtilis is discussed in the next unit.
A. History of Use
1. History of safe commercial use. Bacillus subtilis is one of the most widely used bacteria for the production of enzymes and specialty chemicals. Industrial applications include production of enzymes, antibiotics, and other specialty chemicals. B. subtilis is considered a Class 1 Containment Agent under the NIH Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant DNA Molecules and falls under the Class 1 Containment under the European Federal of Biotechnology guidelines.
2. Products subject to TSCA jurisdiction. To date, EPA has reviewed three premanufacture notices (PMNs) for strains of B. subtilis. One of the strains was modified for enhanced production of the enzyme a-amylase to be used primarily in production of ethanol. Another strain was modified for enhanced production of a lipase enzyme for use in heavy duty detergents.
B. Identification of Microorganism
1. Classification. The genus Bacillus consists of a large number of diverse, rod-shaped gram positive bacteria which are capable of producing endospores that are resistant to adverse environmental conditions. B. subtilis is the type species of the genus. Historically, B. subtilis was a term given to all aerobic endospore-forming bacilli. Numerous species that appeared in the early literature as B. subtilis have since been designated as separate Bacillus species. B. subtilis can be distinguished from closely related Bacillus species by the use of API diagnostic test kits or pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography. Because of changes in the classification of the genus and recent developments in methods of taxonomic identification, older strains may not actually be B. subtilis under present-day definitions.
2. Related taxa of concern. B. subtilis is part of the same large cluster of bacilli which includes pathogenic or opportunistic Bacillus species. This includes the B. cereus/anthracis/thuringiensis/mycoides group whose members are mammalian and insect pathogens and food poisoning agents. However, B. subtilis is distinguishable from the pathogenic bacilli as well as from the more closely related bacilli.
C. Risk Summary
1. Studies regarding potential for adverse effects. B. subtilis is not a frank human pathogen, but has been isolatedfrom human infections. However, the literature suggests that before infection can occur, there must be immunosuppression of the host followed by inoculation in high numbers of the microorganism. B. subtilis does not produce significant quantities of extracellular enzymes or toxins and is generally considered to have a low degree of virulence. B. subtilis does produce the extracellular enzyme subtilisin that has been reported to cause allergic or hypersensitivity reactions in individuals repeatedly exposed to it.
The literature also indicates that ecological hazards associated with the use of B. subtilis are low. While there are reports suggesting that B. subtilis is a cause of abortion in livestock, Koch's postulates have not been satisfied in demonstrating that this microorganism was the causal agent. The association of B. subtilis with livestock abortions is quite low compared to the total number of livestock abortions caused by microorganisms. B. subtilis is not considered a plant pathogen.
2. Studies regarding survival in the environment. B. subtilis is a ubiquitous soil microorganism that contributes to nutrient cycling when biologically active, due to the various enzymes produced by members of the species. Unless a soil has been recently amended with organic matter providing readily utilizable nutrients, the bacilli exist in the endospore stage.
A request for comments was made in the Proposed Decision Document for B. subtilis regarding the recommendation that since the hazards associated with the use of B. subtilis in fermentation were low, all strains of B. subtilis should be included in the tiered exemption even though the Proposed Risk Assessment recommended only those strains with a sporulation deficiency of 10-7. However, no comments were received on this specific microorganism either in general or addressing this request for comments. There were a number of comments received on the tiered exemption, however, and some of these comments are relevant to the criteria discussed at Section II.A. of this document considered in listing this microorganism as an eligible recipient microorganism at õ 725.420.
Some of the general comments received on the exemptions addressed the six criteria EPA used to select candidate recipient microorganisms to include at õ 725.420. None of these comments questioned the eligibility of B. subtilis for inclusion on the list at õ 725.420. EPA's responses to comments on how it used the six criteria to select candidate microorganisms at õ 725.420 are detailed in the Response to Comments document to be found in the docket for this rulemaking.
The other comments pertained to the proposed containment conditions at õ 725.422. Commenters questioned two criteria, the first of which is at õ 725.422(b): "limit entry only to those persons whose presence is critical to the reliability or safety of the activity". Commenters pointed out that under the requirement as proposed, managers may be precluded from allowing administrative personnel, customers, and school and other educational tours into the facility. EPA had not intended to constrain facility managers to this extent and reconsidered the standard. EPA has revised õ 725.422(b) to read "Control access to the structure". Additional explanation for this revision is given in the Response to Comments document (Section III.C.4.a.) and the Preamble of the Final Rule. Both of these documents can be found in the docket for this rulemaking.
The other criterion in the proposed rule which commenters questioned was at õ 725.422(e): "provide and document effectiveness of features to reduce microbial concentrations by at least two logs in aerosols and exhaust gases released from the structure". Commenters argued that the requirement as written would require retrofitting of equipment in order to permit measurement within the fermentor headspace of microbial concentrations in aerosols. EPA had not intended that manufacturers be required to retrofit their fermentation equipment in order to qualify for this exemption. Therefore, EPA re-examined the basis for this criterion by reviewing information submitted on physical containment and control technologies in the PMNs it had received for intergeneric microorganisms between 1986 and 1995. Examination of these PMNs revealed that the number of microorganisms potentially released through fermentor exhaust gases is negligible compared to the number contained in the liquid and solid waste streams. Even under a worst case scenario of an uncontrolled release, as evaluated in the accompanying risk assessment, the number of viable microorganisms aerosolized with the fermentor exhaust gases would still be low, and therefore, the risk would remain low. Moreover, the use of a criterion requiring controls to minimize microbial numbers released through aerosolization at õ 725.422, as compared to the worst case scenario of an uncontrolled release, would result in lesser exposure, and therefore, lower risk than under the uncontrolled release scenario. Uncontrolled releases are not standard industry practice because there are a number of economic considerations driving the control of exhaust gases such as maintaining proper molality of the fermentation broth by the use of a vapor recovery system, maintaining sterility, and preventing release of microorganisms for proprietary reasons. Therefore, upon re-evaluation, the Agency decided that language requiring minimization of microbial concentrations in aerosols could be substituted for the requirement of the 2-log reduction performance criterion without affecting the no unreasonable risk finding necessary for a 5(h)(4) exemption under TSCA. The potentially increased exposure to this organism from themodification of the containment criteria from the proposed 2-log reduction to minimizing microbial numbers in exhaust gases does not change the risk of using this microorganism for fermentation. Therefore, EPA has revised õ 725.422(e) to read: "Use features known to be effective in minimizing viable microbial populations in aerosols and exhaust gases released from the structure, and document use of such features". The Response to Comments document (Section III.C.4.b.) and the Preamble of the Final Rule provide a thorough explanation for the change in requirements for microbial releases through exhaust gases.
Substantial benefits are associated with this proposed exemption. Bacillus subtilis is already widely employed in general commercial uses, some of which are subject to TSCA reporting. The microorganism produces a variety of enzymes such as protease, amylase, and lipase which has wide applications in the detergent industry. Proteases are also used for dehairing and batting in the leather industry, and amylases for desizing of textiles and sizing of paper. In addition, the microorganism is capable of producing a wide variety of specialty chemicals and antibiotics, some of which are TSCA uses. The Agency believes this exemption will result in resource savings both to EPA and industry without compromising the level of risk management afforded by the full 90 day review. The exemption will result in reduced reporting costs and a decrease in delay associated with reporting requirements. The savings in Agency resources can be directed to reviewing activities and microorganisms which present greater uncertainty. This exemption should also facilitate development and manufacturing of new products and the accumulation of useful information.
1. Risks from use of the recipient microorganism B. subtilis are low. B. subtilis is ubiquitous in the environment and the releases expected from fermentation facilities will not significantly increase populations of this microorganism in the environment. Although the possibility of human infection by B. subtilis is not non-existent, it is low in the industrial setting, because it occurs primarily in highly immunocompromised individuals. In the industrial setting with the use of proper safety precautions, good laboratory practices, and proper protective clothing and eyewear, the potential for adverse human health effects is quite low. Although B. subtilis may be associated with livestock abortions, the use of this microorganism in fermentation facilities will not substantially increase the frequency of this occurrence because it is widespread in the environment.
2. Use of recombinant strains of B. subtilis which are eligible for the TSCA section 5(h)(4) exemption present no unreasonable risk. While not completely innocuous, B. subtilis presents low risk of adverse effects to human health or the environment. Because of the change in classification, older industrial strains of B. subtilis may not meet the present-day designation. As part of their eligibility for this TSCA section 5(h)(4) exemption, companies are required to certify that they are using B. subtilis. It is therefore expected that companies will have information in their files which documents the correct identification of their strains. Additionally, it is expected that companies will choose well-characterized industrial strains for further development through genetic modification. These expectations in combination with the use of Good Laboratory Practices should ensure the use of the correct species.
Because the recipient microorganism was found to have little potential for adverse effects, introduced genetic material meeting the specified criteria would not likely significantly increase potential for adverse effects. As further assurance that risks would be low, EPA is specifying procedures for minimizing numbers of organisms emitted from the facility for the Tier I exemption and will be reviewing the conditions selected for the Tier II exemption.
Modification of the language of the two proposed containment requirements õ 725.422 does not affect EPA's original determination that microorganisms that are eligible for and used under the conditions of the Tier I exemption will not present an unreasonable risk of injury to human health or the environment. Increased exposure to the microorganisms within or outside the facility resulting from these revisions will be minimal. The risk of using this microorganism in fermentation under the final conditions of this exemption is still low.
When balanced against resource savings for society and expected product benefits, this exemption will not present unreasonable risks.
Bacillus subtilis is included as a recipient microorganism at õ 725.420 for the tiered exemption.________________________________________________________________
Attachment I - Final Risk Assessment of Bacillus subtilis
Note: For Attachment I to this Final Decision Document, see Final Risk Assessment of Bacillus subtilis appearing elsewhere in the list of Support Documents.


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Wow. That might not have felt like a classic Simpsons episode, but it didn't matter, because " The Book Job " was still one the strongest in the series' 23 year history. Well, I wouldn't say it stre More »
THE SIMPSONS "The Book Job" Season 23, Episode 6 – I love when Marge cuts loose so I really enjoyed her pulling out tissues and dropping them on the ground in response to Bart's cue to live wild. Equ More »
THE SIMPSONS "The Book Job" Season 23 Episode 6 airs Sunday November 200 (8:00-8:30 PM ET/PT) on FOX. Episode Synopsis: Bart's science fair project, a mechanical baby seal, outshines Lisa's brainy a More »
This week's " The Food Wife " stuck to the classic Simpsons storybook architecture, as a series of seemingly random events Marge, Lisa and Bart to start a food blog, "The Three Mouthkateers." Unlike More »


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The Perils and Promise of Preaching the God of Two Books
"A vast number of congregational leaders know that when they deal with evolution, they are also dealing with job security."- Joel Hunter
The Resource Finder has powerful filtering features — check out the tutorial to learn more.
"A vast number of congregational leaders know that when they deal with evolution, they are also dealing with job security."- Joel Hunter
"I believe that demonstrating the existence of intelligent agency with the tools of science is impossible." - Alex Berezow
So what is BioLogos? Well it all began with a scientist and a book.
If you read Ecclesiastes carefully, Solomon is not saying that knowledge and learning are bad; he's saying they're incomplete.
In common English usage, "theory" means something like "guess" or "hunch". In science, however, a theory is an idea that has stood the test of time.
The word evolution can be used in many ways, but in biology, it means descent with modification. In other words, small modifications occur at the genetic level (i.e. in DNA) when a new generation descends from its parents. Over many generations these modifications can result in significant differences from the ancestral population.
Is evolution driven mainly by random genetic variation, or are there other factors at play? Michael Burdett reviews the scientific debate.
A common challenge to evolutionary theory is that while life does indeed change over time (what is known as microevolution), no one has ever seen one species evolve into another species (macroevolution).
From 2012: Many secular and many evangelical voices agree on one 'truism'—that if you are an orthodox Christian with a high view of the authority of the Bible, you cannot believe in evolution in any form at all. New Atheist authors such as Richard Dawkins and creationist writers such as Ken Ham seem to have arrived at consensus on this.
Written by BioLogos Fellow of Biology Dennis Venema, this series of posts is intended as a basic introduction to the science of evolution for non-specialists.
Everyone is so worried about success and getting this or that honorable diploma—the people here are smart and understand many complex things perfectly—but it's a long distance from the head to the heart.
All of you who do science, all of you who teach or research or you're involved in engineering or medicine or education, or biology or chemistry or physics—you are doing a noble thing. You are thinking God's thoughts after him. … You are obeying God's command given way back in Genesis to exercise dominion, to learn about, to be curious and discover and steward the earth.
The Psalmist is saying that when we walk outside and look up, the heavens are telling us two things about God: they tell us about his glory, and they tell us about what his hands can do.
"Such a paradigm will enable joyful Christ-followers to be wholly engaged in being the presence of hope in our glorious—yet broken—world."
It's eminently easy "in God's name" to demand things of people as a pre-requirement for acceptance by God—things which Christ himself never demanded.
This entry was originally posted on February 17, 2010. In this video conversation, Jeff Schloss makes the observation that when we use the term "evolution", it is not always exactly clear what we are actually discussing unless we denote the intended usage.
Critics of Christianity look to evolution to show how the emergence of human life on earth demanded enormous ruin and ravage, billions of years of apparent waste and futility, species extermination and organism road kill. Not only was the massive dying off rampant, it's mandatory too.
The evidence suggests that God has chosen to work through a random process, one which involves the routine creation and destruction of millions of cells that never get used. This is the ordinary means by which God maintains our health. The miracles of healing recorded in the Bible are miraculous precisely because they don't occur by this normal, natural process.


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Researchers from industry, academia, and government use ORNL supercomputers and support systems for data analytics, visualization, and storage to illuminate phenomena that are often impossible to study in a laboratory, such as climate change, galaxy formation, or fusion in a reactor not yet built. Simulations compress design cycles and lower costs for vehicle engines, airplane wings, and power plants, as virtual prototypes can be tested before their physical construction. In fields from disaster relief to the electric grid, simulations provide real-time situational awareness to inform decisions. Modeling and simulation speed insights into electrochemical energy storage, solar photovoltaic conversion, and the nuclear fuel cycle. Simulations led to the invention of a novel supercapacitor, forced rewriting of astrophysics textbooks when it was revealed how pulsars get their spins, and exposed the molecular mechanism of Parkinson's disease. DOE supercomputers have helped the Federal Bureau of Investigation find child pornographers and the Department of Defense assess terrorist threats. An ORNL computing infrastructure to help the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services combat fraud is underway. An important focus lab-wide is managing the tsunamis of data generated by supercomputers and at facilities like ORNL's Spallation Neutron Source.
We're always happy to get feedback from our users. Please use the Comments form to send us your comments, questions, and observations.
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Romain Grosjean insists he has learned from his 2012 mistakes, promising he has worked hard to correct them...
Romain Grosjean insists he has learned from his 2012 mistakes, promising he has worked hard to correct them.
The Frenchman came in for plenty of stick last season after he was involved in a number first-lap incidents. He was eventually handed a one-race ban for the Italian GP as punishment for his role in the opening-corner carnage in Belgium.
However, a few races later he was back at it with Red Bull's Mark Webber infamously referring to him as a "first-lap nutcase" after they collided on the first lap in Japan.
Grosjean, who also claimed three podiums last year, has the backing of his Lotus bosses as they feel some of the criticism is unfair.
The man himself says he is doing all he can to eradicate those errors.
"I do not think winning at all costs is the goal, because the dream is to become World Champion one day," Grosjean told French programme Stade2. "Of course, you have to win races to be Champion, but I must be careful not to mistake this goal.
"That's what cost me the nickname 'first-lap nutcase' last year, but even that must be taken in context. Mark said it straight out of the car in Japan, with all the adrenaline of the race still inside him.
"I apologised which is the most I can do. I am not crazy, I am aware of the risks and I have worked hard to correct my mistakes. Over the last five races, I didn't have any other problems and there is no reason to believe that I will have any more."


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Freckled Europa
Date: 31 May 1998
In this view, which combines images and data taken by NASA's Galileo spacecraft during two different orbits around Jupiter, we see reddish spots and shallow pits peppered across the ridged Europan surface.
The dark spots are called "lenticulae," the Latin term for freckles. Their similar sizes and spacing suggest that Europa's icy shell may be churning away like a lava lamp, with warmer ice moving upward from the bottom of the ice shell while colder ice near the surface sinks downward. Other evidence has shown that Europa likely has a deep melted ocean under its icy shell. Ruddy ice erupting onto the surface to form the lenticulae may hold clues to the composition of the ocean and whether if it could support life.
Credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona/University of Colorado


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Napa River Inn
Best Haunted Activities For Adults In North Bay
It's almost Halloween. Do you want to scream? Do you want to be scared out of your shoes? If going to the 'haunted pumpkin patch' with the little munchkins is not what you had in mind to get your blood racing and your heart skipping, the following places are sure to make the hair on your back do flips and your eyes bulge from their sockets.


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Recommended Resources
Living Beyond Breast Cancer offers additional resources to help you find other valuable information about newly diagnosed breast cancer.
In this section, you can access information on publications, web links to other breast cancer organizations, a clinical trials resource center, information about LBBC's caregiving support pages at CaringBridge and Lotsa Helping Hands, and information about LBBC's Cis B. Golder Quality of Life Grant.
Recommended Reading
In this section, you can access information on recommended reading for people newly diagnosed with breast cancer. The publications below address a variety of issues that may be important to you.
Recommended Links
Following is a list of recommended links to newly diagnosed breast cancer-related websites on the Internet.
Clinical Trials Resource Center
Living Beyond Breast Cancer's Clinical Trials Resource Center presented in partnership with www.CenterWatch.com, the leading publisher of information on clinical research for patients and their advocates. Learn more about clinical research, new medical therapies and breast cancer clinical trials currently seeking volunteers.
Visit Living Beyond Breast Cancer's caregiving support page at CaringBridge.
Lotsa Helping Hands
Visit Living Beyond Breast Cancer's caregiving support page at Lotsa Helping Hands.
Cis B. Golder Quality of Life Grant
The Cis B. Golder Quality of Life Grant provides small grants for treatment-related costs and to improve quality of life to women in the Philadelphia area.


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Homework Help
Better Students Ask More Questions.
eNotes Homework Help is a way for educators to help students understand their school work. Our experts are here to answer your toughest academic questions! Once it's posted to our site, your question could help thousands of other students.
Showing All Questions in Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Please help with ideas for a 250 word poem about the cell cycle. Thanks.


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22 June 2010
Posted in Support Our Mission
Ryan Miller was an avid volunteer for the Orlando Science Center between the ages of fifteen and eighteen. Throughout his years volunteering, he cared for animals of all shapes and sizes including, tarantulas, snakes and baby gators. He also maintained the animal's habitats and educated youth about the creatures and their unique attributes.
Ryan Miller "learned responsibility and respect" throughout his time at the Orlando Science Center, which in turn "taught [him] maturity and the importance of nurturing living things." His knowledge naturally shifted over when he went into military service, within the U.S. Navy, and went from fostering living things to human beings. Ryan is now stationed in Japan and has been involved in humanitarian missions in the East including this one in Cambodia (picture).
He owes much of his successes and accomplishments to the people at the Orlando Science Center. Ryan Miller even stated, "I still have my name tag from the Orlando Science Center as a memento of a great time in my life."


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Senix D Mid
Black/Pink/White4.6 / 5
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Product Overview
Part of the Buy a Shoe, Plant a Tree reforestation program, the mid-top Senix D Mid is a slim, deconstructed shoe with a patchwork design. The outsole is soft and flexible with an internal EVA midsole and a comfortable EVA insole cushioning footbed.
Details & Features
- Mid-top design for extra support.
- Patchwork design.
- Thin padded tongue and collar.
- EVA insole cushioning footbed.
- Internal EVA midsole.
- Stitched rubber outsole.
Item code: 4201000296/887
Reviews for Senix D Mid
- Reviews
- 5
Lori Below
Bought these for my daughter and she really likes them. Show the dirt a little to easily but she likes things really clean. Great shoe.
Lori Below
Bought these for my daughter and she really likes them. Show the dirt a little to easily but she likes things really clean. Great shoe.
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This shoe does not have any pink as shown/described--just black and white. But it fits well and my daughter likes them, so we decided to keep them.