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A Short History of Yosemite Rock Climbing
Take a virtual tour through time. Part of what makes Yosemite amazing is how it has inspired an ongoing evolution in climbing. Along with these advances come some great stories. If you have an image, object or story that you would like to share with YCA for inclusion into the museum, please contact us.
All material below was written by myself. It is far from perfect and is a work in progress. Any mistakes made were made by me and I don't mind being corrected. I hope you like it.
Ken Yager
Enjoy the tour. Climb on.
|September 7, 1869
While sheepherding for the summer in Tuolumne Meadows, John Muir wanders up and climbs Cathedral Peak alone encountering a block about 30 feet high and steep on all sides. Muir climbs up and down a Class 4 crack without a rope. Most climbers to this day are roped up on this section.
|October 12, 1875
Trail builder George Anderson climbs Half Dome only five years after the California Geological Survey deemed it unclimbable. Anderson drills holes approximately every six feet with a hand-held drill and a single jack, placing handmade eye bolts into the holes. The bolts serve a dual purpose. They allow him a foothold to stand on while drilling the next hole and enable Anderson to rope himself to the eye of the bolt, giving him some sense of security. George goes on to guide several parties of tourists up the route in years to come. He may be the first climbing guide in Yosemite. Half Dome had had at least two previous attempts on the lower flanks of Half Dome by George Conway and his sons. Conway sent his boys scampering up the lower section and had them hammer spikes into the occasional cracks and anchor a rope for him to pull up with.
|August 23, 1877
George Anderson with James Hutchings and J.G. Lembert climb the Southeast Face of Mt. Starr King unaware that it had been climbed the year before by George B. Bayley and E.S. Schuyler. Needless to say, Anderson and his party were dismayed to find the summit cairns left by Bayley and Schuyler. Anderson climbed using moccasins covered in turpentine to give him extra friction on the polished granite dome. He placed one eye bolt and threaded his rope through it for protection.
|1880s – 1930
Climbers of these years mostly spend their time un-roped, exploring and climbing unclimbed peaks in the Sierra and scrambling up exposed brushy ledge systems in Yosemite or the classic high points around the Valley floor. Some of the more notable climbers of this period are Charles A. Bailey, S. L. Foster, Joseph N. LeConte, Charles and Enid Michael, Ralph Griswold, James Hutchinson and William Kat. The climbers of this era, though bold and committed, are severely handicapped by the lack of rope techniques that had already been developed and improved by the Europeans in the 1850s.
|Summer 1930
Francis Farquahr, editor of the Sierra Club Bulletin, while climbing in British Columbia with former college classmates, learns the European rope techniques from Robert Underhill. Underhill has spent the last two summers climbing in the Alps, and he teaches Farquahr the running belay, the use of pitons and rappelling using the Dülfersitz method. Farquahr is so impressed that he asks Underhill to write an article for the Sierra Club Bulletin explaining the new techniques and invites Underhill to the Bay Area to teach the local climbers.
|February 1931
Underhill's 20-page article is published in the Bulletin, arousing interest amongst the Sierra Club and other Bay Area mountaineers.
|July 12, 1931
Farquahr, with others, goes on the first rock climbing outings organized by the Sierra Club Rock Climbing Section (RCS). Farquahr teaches the others the techniques Underhill has shown him, and the group climbs Unicorn Peak.
|August 1931
Underhill finally visits the Bay Area and teams up with Jules Eichorn, Glen Dawson and the legendary Norman Clyde for a five day climbing trip in the Sierras. They climb three new routes, including the impressive East face of Mt. Whitney on August 16, 1931.
|Winter 1931-1932
Eichorn teaches the running belay and the Dülfersitz rappel to friends Richard Leonard and Bestor Robinson and other Cragmont Climbing Club members. All winter they practice jumping off the local Berkeley rocks with the belayer letting some rope slide through their hands for a gradual slowing of the falling climber. This reduces stress on the falling climber and the belayer but, even more importantly; it avoids shock loading the weak manila ropes. The Dülfersitz rappel is practiced by wrapping the rope around the body for friction to descend in a somewhat controlled manner.
|March 13,1932
The Cragmont Climbing Club (CCC) disbands and joins the Rock Climbing Section of the Sierra Club. The RCS continues to practice falling, holding falls and rappelling on the local Berkeley rocks for the next year and a half. http://www.yosemiteclimbing.org/content/rcs-articles-and-letters-early-days
|September 2, 1933
The RCS comes to Yosemite for a climbing outing to try out their
|September 3, 1933
Eichorn, Leonard and Robinson try to climb the southwest face of Higher Cathedral Spire, getting to within 350 feet of the summit. They are turned back by the steeper rock when the nails they are using start to bend under their bodyweight. They vow to return after acquiring some real pitons.
|November 4, 1933
Eichorn, Leonard and Robinson return to Yosemite armed with some pitons that were mail ordered from SportHaus Schüster, a Munich sports shop. They try to climb the Lower Cathedral Spire but are stopped 20 feet above Main Ledge.
|November 5, 1933
Unfazed from their attempt on Lower Cathedral Spire the previous day, the three men turn their energies back to Higher Cathedral Spire and "got 180 feet higher on the West face using pitons as direct aid."
|Winter 1933-1934
The trio, obsessed by the Spires, spends the winter planning and studying photographs using a protractor to measure the different angles around the Spires. The men save and work side jobs to buy more pitons from SportHaus Schüster at a dollar apiece. Jules Eichorn is taking piano lessons and turns to his instructor for extra work to pay for the pitons. His instructor's name is Ansel Adams, and Eichorn develops and washes prints for him in the bathtub at Ansel's home.
|April 15, 1934
Eichorn, Leonard and Robinson return to Higher Cathedral Spire with an entourage of friends and well wishers. They reach the summit in nine hours with a total of 38 pitons. On top, the men string up an American flag and take the obligatory photographs of each other. They then quickly rappel back to the ground and their crowd of spectators as darkness approaches. http://www.yosemiteclimbing.org/content/higher-cathedral-spire
|August 8, 1934
Eichorn, Leonard and Robinson climb Lower Cathedral Spire in six and a half hours using only 14 pitons. As with the Higher Spire, this is their third attempt on the route. The men have now climbed the two most technically difficult and intimidating rock climbs in North America and are hailed as heroes by the media. The three men and other RCS members have proven that the European system of climbing works well in Yosemite. They have opened up a whole new realm in Yosemite climbing and provided a glimpse of things to come. While the men are climbing Lower Cathedral Spire, three men, Herbert B. Blanks, Elliot Sawyer, and Boyton S. Kaiser complete the second ascent of Higher Cathedral Spire using the pitons left in place by the first asent team four months previously. The Higher Spire team take pictures of Leonard, Eichorn and Robinson on the top of Lower Cathedral Spire before descending. http://www.yosemiteclimbing.org/content/lower-cathedral-spire
|October 9, 1936
Until now, the Yosemite climbers have shied away from the main cliffs, preferring to climb the lines of least resistance on high points around the Valley or climb the breaks and chimneys between Yosemite's smooth walls and formations. Morgan Harris has become obsessed with a climbing formation above the Ahwahnee Hotel. For conditioning and training Morgan rides his bicycle to Yosemite from the Bay Area to to climb the route he calls the Royal Arches. After two previous attempts in the last year, one of which ended in a hospital stay for sunstroke (during his bike ride back home in very hot weather), Harris succeeds with Kenneth Adam and Kenneth Davis. They climb the Royal Arches in eight hours, doing two roped pendulum traverses. The top and bottom half of the Arches is
|October 12,1936
Morgan Harris teams up with David Brower and they climb the imposing Panorama Cliff in a single day. This climb tops off an incredible four day climbing spree for Harris which started with the Royal Arches on October 9th. During this spree he also attempted the North Face of Sentinel Rock, climbed the Cathedral Chimney with Brower, and finished with the Panorama Cliff climb.
|September 1937
A one hundred foot spire to the right of the Yosemite Falls Wall is
During this era there are several other accomplished climbers, many of whom had first ascents of their own, though not of the magnitude of those previousy listed. For the most part they were RCS members and participated in their regular outings in the Valley and the High
|May 1940
Dave Brower and Morgan Harris climb the West Face of Sentinel Rock via a route they call the Circular Staircase.
|December 7, 1941
Torcum Bedayn and Fritz Lippmann climb the loose and intimidating West Arrowhead Chimney which had seen two previous attempts by Lippmann. This climb is significant for a couple of reasons. One reason is that the men felt that they could not retreat from the climb and that it was a "Suicide Route". The climbers had not adhered to the safety first principles that the RCS promoted. The older RCS members considered the route to be irresponsible. The other reason for the climbs significance is that, unknown to the climbers, the Japanese had just bombed Pearl Harbor marking the United States involvement in World War II. Cimbing virtually stopped overnight as the Yosemite Climbers heeded the call to serve their country.
|December 7, 1941 - September 2, 1945
About 1,000 of the Sierra Club members serve in the war, many of the rock climbing members joining the 10th Mountain Division. The RCS skills prove to be invaluable and several of the RCS members became instructors. The war puts a damper on new route activity until 1946, and it will take a new generation of rock climbers to push the limits of Yosemite rock climbing. The war effort produced three innovations that were tested thoroughly and shaped climbing's future. They were thin wafer pitons, aluminum carabiners and nylon ropes. When the war ends, these items are all readily available to climbers in surplus stores except for the aluminum carabiner, this need is filled by Raffi Bedayan when he manufactures them. Yosemite climbers now have three different sizes of pitons (thin wafer pitons and two sizes of angles) that are readily available in army surplus stores at a reasonable cost. Aluminum carabiners are about half the weight of the
Swiss born John Salathé, a blacksmith in San Mateo, is feeling ill and is idly watching a cow and calf grazing outside his workshop when a voice says, "John, look at those healthy animals. They eat grass, not meat. You eat meat, and you are always feeling sick". Salathé is to have many more conversations with what he refers to as his "Angels". John immediately becomes a lifelong vegetarian and, upon his doctor's suggestion, goes to Tuolumne Meadows for some fresh air. While there, he inadvertently ends up at the Sierra Club's lodge at Soda Springs. Salathé is intrigued when he hears the caretakers talk about the RCS's climbing outings.
At the age of 46, Salathé does his first and what could have been
Salathé's physical health returns and he quickly becomes obsessed with climbing. Being older, Salathé isn't as agile as the younger climbers so he isn't a particularly good free climber. Because of this, he focuses his attentions on aid (artificial) climbing. Climbers so far have done mostly free routes with short sections of aid in order to link together the free climbing sections. Salathé becomes the first climber to embrace aid climbing as a predominant means of ascending. Salathé realizes that the soft iron pitons will not be durable enough for multiple placements in Yosemite granite but, being a blacksmith, he decides to do something about it. Back at his shop, he fashions the first hard steel pitons out of Ford Model A axles, and they work splendidly. http://www.yosemiteclimbing.org/content/john-salathe-and-yvon-chouinard-...
Salathé decides to try his new pitons on the Lost Arrow Spire. His two partners don't show up, so he decides to rappel to the notch and have a look around. Leaving his ropes in place and peeking around the corner from a small, exposed ledge, he finds a thin crack system. Undaunted by the exposed 2,000 foot drop, he sets up a self-belay system and starts aid climbing. He makes good progress up to
Salathe returns for another attempt with John Thune Sr. While re-climbing the section that he had soloed, one of Salathé's pitons pulls out just off the tiny ledge and he plummets past a cowering Thune who manages to stop the fall. Undaunted, Salathé climbs back up and continues past his previous high point. When the incipient cracks end, he uses his hammer and drill to place bolts. Though bolts have been used a few times before to protect blank face-climbing sections, this is the first time they have been used for upward progress. They run out of daylight at a blank section 30 feet shy of the summit.
|September 2, 1946
Anton Nelson, Jack Arnold, Robin Hansen, and Fritz Lippman spend several days trying to throw fishing weights attached to a light line over the Arrow Tip from the Valley rim. Hansen is finally successful and the weighted line can be seen dangling at Salathe Ledge. Nelson and Arnold spend two days and a night in the Notch climbing Salathe's route to Salathe Ledge and reach the weighted line. A climbing rope is then pulled over the Tip and anchored on the rim. The fearless Arnold climbs up to the summit using prusiks on the fixed rope and starts drilling holes for a bolted anchor. A Tyrolean Traverse is set up and Lippman slides out to the summit with an improvised chest harness and a single carabiner. Midway through the traverse is a knot in the rope and Lippman is forced to un-clip the carabiner to get past the knot. Nelson prusiks to the summit and all three men traverse back to the rim as darkness approaches. Robin Hansen does not have the time to do the Tyrolean due to the darkness. They get the coveted first ascent of Lost Arrow after using what Salathe calls a "rope trick". The climb is covered in an article in the Washington Post written by Lippmann.
|October 13 - 14, 1946
Just over a year after his first climb, Salathé with Anton "Axe" Nelson
|September 3, 1947
John Salathé and Ax Nelson climb the Lost Arrow Chimney to the Lost Arrow Tip after five days and much preparation. The men brought only six quarts of water and had to ration carefully. On the final day friends lowered water to them. They brought 18 pitons and 12 carabiners which forced the men to lower down on each pitch and clean gear to be used higher on the pitch. They had made two previous attempts earlier in the year, on one attempt they were forced to retreat due to rain and the other due to heat and lack of equipment. This is the first time a climbing party has intentionally planned on staying several nights on a climb. This is a whole new level of commitment so far unseen in the United States. http://www.yosemiteclimbing.org/category/image-galleries/john-salathe
|July 4, 1950
John Salathé and Allen Steck climb the North Face of Sentinel Rock during five days of blistering hot weather. The pair has provisioned a quart of water each per day which soon proved inadequate due to the heat and the tremendous amount of effort required. At the crux, the Narrows, Salathe stacks pitons back to back to overcome this section. This proves to be Salathe's last big climb. His three visionary routes – Southwest Face of Half Dome, Lost Arrow Chimney and the North Face of Sentinel Rock – have stood the test of time and are still bold outings to this day. Salathé's pitons work so well that others (Yvon Chouinard, Dick Long, Jerry Gallwas and Chuck Wilts) use almost identical designs when making their own. Salathé has proven that, with careful planning, equipment and plenty of determination, Yosemite's formidable walls can be climbed. His climbs were such a huge jump in commitment that Salathé is considered the grandfather of big wall climbing.
Allen Steck and Bob Swift climb the buttress on the far right side of Yosemite Falls wall establishing Yosemite Point Buttress. http://www.yosemiteclimbing.org/content/al-steck-yosemite-point-buttress
|May 30 - June 1, 1953
Al Steck returns to the Valley with Will Siri, Willi Unsoeld and Bill Long and, after three days, they succeed in climbing the East Buttress, establishing the first route on the flanks of El Capitan. During an earlier attempt with Bill Dunmire, and brothers Bill and Dick Long, Dunmire popped a piton and several others below it making it Yosemite's first "Zipper" fall. Dunmire was knocked unconcious and bleeding, much to his partners horror.
Royal Robbins, a talented 18 year old Southern California climber, along with Don Wilson and Jerry Gallwas climb the second ascent of Salathé's intimidating route, the Steck Salathe on the North Face of Sentinel Rock in an unbelievable two days. Robbins has already made a name for himself a year previously by getting off route on the Higher Cathedral Spire and establishing a desperate 5.9 variation.
|May, 1954
Newcomer Warren Harding arrives and joins Frank Tarver on the North Buttress of Middle Cathedral Rock. Arriving at the base, they are surprised to see Craig Holden and John Whitmer a few hundred feet up. Harding and Tarver start climbing and soon catch up to Holden and Whitmer. The four join forces and spend three hot days on the longest climb yet done in the Valley.
|July, 1954
Harding and Tarver, with Bob Swift, do the second ascent of Salathé's feared Lost Arrow Chimney route in a four-day effort. Warren leads many of the free climbing pitches involving strenuous chimney climbing and horrific runouts partly due to the fact that Salathé and Nelson had destroyed some of the bolts they had placed in order to reuse the hangers.
|Labor Day 1954
Encouraged by his recent successes, Warren Harding sets his sights on the East Buttress of Middle Cathedral Rock, only half the length of the North Buttress of Middle Cathedral Rock but more continuously difficult. Harding, Whitmer and Swift battle it out with an ant nest then are stopped by a blank section that requires bolting. They spend the night and get several pitches higher but, demoralized, decide to retreat.
|Memorial Day, 1955
Warren Harding, Bob Swift, and Jack Davis complete the East Buttress of Middle Cathedral Rock in a two day effort. This route, as many of Harding's routes, becomes a classic and very popular.
|June, 1956
Mark Powell, Jerry Gallwas, Don Wilson climb the East Buttress of Lower Cathedral Rock. They did this intimidating wall in fourteen hour effort, a remarkable feat. This becomes the first long new route done in a single day. This opened eyes amongst the climbers and gave a glimpse of the future.
|September, 1956
On a roll, Mark Powell climbs the South Face of Liberty Cap with Royal Robbins and Joe Fitschen, another long route.
|October, 1956
Mark Powell teams up with Bill "Dolt" Feuerer, and they climb Arrowhead Arête, considered the most intimidating and continuously difficult free climb in the country at the time. Powell's first climb ever with Jerry Gallwas on Lower Cathedral Spire was not promising to say the least. Powell, an overweight chain smoker, is hauled up by Gallwas who later was heard to say that "Powell didn't have it in him to amount to anything in the climbing world." Powell sheds 40 pounds and becomes one of the best and fastest free climbers of his time. Powell is credited with being the first full-time climber that supported his endeavor with occasional odd jobs. He later shattered his ankle in September 1957 while climbing on a relatively easy climb with a young lady friend which essentially ended his climbing career for awhile. He went on to put up cutting edge and well respected routes in Taquitz and on the desert towers in the Southwest after re-learning to climb with his fused ankle.
So far, the faces of El Capitan and Half Dome are unclimbed. The Northwest Face of Half Dome sees early reconnaissance by several parties including one attempt that involves Warren Harding, Royal Robbins, Jerry Gallwas and Don Wilson. This attempt goes slowly and the party retreats even though Robbins and Harding are willing to push on.
|July, 1957
Harding races his Corvette up the Valley intending to meet with Bill "Dolt" Feuerer and Mark Powell to climb the Northwest Face of Half Dome but, when he arrives, the men find Robbins, Jerry Gallwas and Mike Sherrick one day short of the top. The three men complete the Northwest Face in a brilliant five day effort. The disappointed but gracious Harding meets the men on the summit with beer and sandwiches and offers his congratulations. The Northwest Face of Half Dome is the longest and most demanding route to date and is considered Yosemite's first Grade VI.
|July, 1957
Warren Harding has come to the Valley to climb. He decides to take the next obvious step and see what El Capitan has to offer. Harding, Dolt, and Powell hang out in El Capitan meadow with copious quantities of red jug wine and study the face. They choose a route right up the center and longest part of El Capitan. They choose this route because it offers a variety of ledges that will enable them to stockpile provisions for this overwhelming venture. Harding realizes that for him to succeed, he will have to use siege tactics much like what was being employed on Himalayan climbs and establish camps on these ledges. He and his team would be able to work on the climb above these camps continuing to push the route higher and string fixed rope to the ground to enable re-provisioning of the camps and relatively easy access to the previous high point by using prusiks.
|July, 1957
Harding joins Powell and Feuerer spend six days on the rock retreating after 1,000 feet of climbing. Mark Powell leads what is to be called the Stoveleg cracks with a mixture of free and aid climbing utilizing Frank Tarver's infamous Stoveleg pitons. The pitons were made from the legs cut off of a wood burning stove. Tarver made four of them and they eventually become the most famous pitons in the world. Harding and his crew try using a capstan to pull up a wheeled cart loaded with provisions and christen it the "Dolt Cart". The Dolt Cart proves to be more of a hindrance than helpful and the idea was discarded.
Trying to cut costs, the men string hemp rope to their high point rather than using more expensive nylon rope. On Harding's third attempt with Feuerer, Al Steck, they recruit another brilliant climber, Wally Reed. Wally Reed is prusiking up the fixed hemp line behind Harding when it suddenly snaps and Reed slides back down to "Dolt Hole." After this unnerving incident, Harding was heard to say "cost be damned from now we are using nylon rope."
Harding spends a total of 47 days with a variety of partners over the next 1 ½ years before he completes the climb. Because of traffic jams that effectively close the roads caused by tourists gawking at the climbers, the National Park Service restricts Harding and his crew from climbing on El Capitan during the summer months of the tourist season.
|November 1-12, 1958
The Park Service gives an ultimatum to Harding: "Either finish the climb or pull your ropes by Thanksgiving." Warren later said "I am not really sure how they were going to enforce it". Rich Calderwood, Wayne Merry and George Whitmore join Harding for the final push. Nine days into the climb Calderwood, thinking about his pregnant wife, decides he's had enough and rappels the fixed lines without telling anyone. The three men continue climbing and encounter a blank-looking overhang 100 feet below the summit. They are exhausted and, understandably, depressed. Harding takes over the lead and starts drilling and placing bolts up the overhanging rock. As it gets dark, Harding refuses to stop and continues throughout the night oblivious to the fact that his belayer is drifting in and out of sleep while hanging in slings. Harding, Whitmore and Merry reach the summit at 6:00 a.m. after spending a record 12 days on the climb they call "The Nose."
The Nose was the first climb to use siege tactics in Yosemite. Harding employed fixed rope up the climb not only for shuttling of provisions to the various camps that were set up on the routes six spacious ledges but for an escape route should it be needed. The climbers were innovative, designing and making a lot of homemade
Frank Tarver's Stoveleg pitons had worked so well on the lower part of the route that Rich Calderwood went to a junkyard to find a stove to make some of his own. The proprietor, after learning what Rich was going to do to the stove, refused to sell a good one and would only sell him one with three legs. The seven "stove leg" pitons were hanging at a high point on the East Face of Washington Column,
The Nose of El Capitan and the Northeast Face of Half Dome are both visionary routes, though done in two completely different styles. The two men responsible for these routes, Robbins and Harding, become the unelected leaders of these contrasting styles, opening up countless discussions on climbing ethics and putting a burden on their friendship. These routes opened eyes and set a new climbing standard, giving us a glimpse of what was yet to come.
|April, 1960
Chouinard along with Tom Frost invents the Realized Ultimate Reality Piton or Rurp. This is the smallest piton yet made. They use these pitons to climb the short aid climbing test piece they name the Southwest Corner of Kat Pinnacle. For a brief period this is Yosemite's hardest aid climb. Rurps eventually become a necessary tool of the serious aid climber's arsenal.
|September, 1960
Royal Robbins, Chuck Pratt, Joe Fitschen, and Tom Frost climb the second ascent of the Nose, without the use of fixed ropes, in an incredible six and a half days.
|September, 1961
Royal Robbins, Chuck Pratt, and Tom Frost climb for three days and get up 900 feet on a new El Capitan route, the Salathé Wall. They rappel to the ground leaving their gear on Heart Ledge and fixed ropes to their high point.
|September, 1961
Supplied with food and water, Robbins, Pratt, and Frost prusik back up to their high point at Heart Ledges 900 feet up. They drop their fixed ropes and cast off for the summit. They climb the rest of the route in a single push over the next six days, placing only 13 bolts on the whole route. This wandering route pieces together several different crack systems and the climbers are able to free climb about a quarter of the route.
The three men prove that El Cap could be climbed without the extreme siege tactics that Harding had employed and that, with careful planning and route selection, Yosemite's big walls can be done with a minimal amount of bolting and a larger commitment.
|October, 1961
Chuck Pratt and Mort Hempel climb the Crack of Doom on Elephant Rock. This climb ushers in the 5.10 rating in Yosemite Valley. This climb becomes a Valley test piece for wide crack climbers and is still considered a bold outing to this day.
|October, 1961
Harding climbs the blank and severely overhanging West Face of Leaning Tower with Glen Denny and Al McDonald. They place 110 bolts on this 1,500 foot climb. On an earlier attempt, Harding pulls a block onto his head, resulting in a fall. His partner worries when he sees blood dripping and doesn't get an answer from Harding. Harding comes to and lowers back to the belay. It's almost dark and Harding has a nasty cut on his forehead, but he insists on opening a bottle of wine before rappelling and heading to the clinic for stitches.
This climb is considered to be overbolted by many of the Valley regulars and ethical discussions ensue. The Leaning Tower is now very popular and is considered a classic.
|June, 1962
Yvon Chouinard climbs the Direct North Buttress of Middle Cathedral Rock with Steve Roper. They are awakened in the night by a heavy downpour soaking their down jackets. After reaching the Valley floor, on a whim, they weigh their soggy jackets in at a whopping 7 ½ lbs. each.
|August, 1962
Yvon Chouinard and T.M.Herbert establish the Chouinard-Herbert route on Sentinel Rock, the second route up the north face. This route becomes very popular due to it not being particularly difficult.
|September, 1962
Chouinard is on a roll. He and Tom Frost climb the remote Quarter Dome in Tenaya Canyon.
|November, 1962
El Cooper, Jim Baldwin and Glen Denny climb the Dihedral Wall of El Capitan the sheerest route to date. They take 38 days spread out over an eight month period. 110 bolts are placed and they fix rope to 1,900 feet. This climb perturbs many of the Valley locals because Cooper and Baldwin are from Canada, haven't done any of the established Yosemite routes, and it is felt the route could have been done in a better style with less bolting.
|April-May, 1963
Colorado climber Layton Kor, intense and energetic, arrives on the Valley scene and starts a new route on El Capitan's West Buttress along with Eric Beck, fixing rope to 1,200 feet. Beck decides he is not interested in the climb and is replaced by Steve Roper. Kor and Roper finish the climb in three days, placing 21 bolts. Layton Kor is the first outsider that adjusts to Yosemite's blank and forbidding climbing relatively easily. When he first arrives he asks the locals where the harder climbs are and much to the Valley locals surprise he is able to do them thus gaining their respect.
Layton Kor, Steve Roper, and Glen Denny do the third ascent of the Nose in a remarkably quick three and a half days.
The Steck-Salathe route on Sentinel becomes a test piece to gauge a climber's efficiency and speed with a friendly rivalry between the Valley elite. Kor and Roper shave two hours off of Robbins record time of ten hours. Not to be outdone, Robbins teams up with Tom Frost and they climb it in an unbelievable time of three hours and fourteen minutes!
|May, 1963
Royal Robbins becomes the first person to solo a Yosemite big wall when he does the second ascent of Harding's West Face of Leaning Tower spending four days on the wall in stormy weather.
|June, 1963
Ed Cooper and Galen Rowell start a new route on the Northwest Face of Half Dome. Royal is concerned that it will be another long drawn out siege climb similar to the Dihedral Wall. Robbins teams up with Dick McCracken and they jump on the route during poor weather. After four days of climbing they complete the Direct Northwest Face. Though the climb was done in good style there is divided opinion as to whether it was appropriate for them to jump on a route started by others. Cooper is so disappointed that he essentially quits climbing and doesn't bother to retrieve his rack from the base of Half Dome.
|June, 1963
A week after completing their route on Half Dome, McCracken and Robbins climb a route on the right side of Yosemite Falls naming it the Misty Wall.
Frank Sacherer hits the Valley scene with a free-climbing frenzy and firmly establishes the 5.10 grade that Pratt had introduced. He teams up with Chuck Pratt, and they free climb Salathé's Lost Arrow Chimney in a single day. Sacherer then free climbs the Northeast Buttress of Higher Cathedral Rock with Jeff Dozier. As if that wasn't enough, he frees Salathé's Southwest Face of Half Dome. (These routes are all long outings. Sacherer proves that Yosemite's longer routes can be free climbed.)
|June, 1964
Layton Kor and Chris Fredericks climb the South Face of Washington's Column, linking together improbable looking crack systems with very few bolts placed for aid. The South Face is currently the most popular overnight climb in the Valley.
|July, 1964
Warren Harding, Chuck Pratt and Yvon Chouinard climb the South Face of Mount Watkins remotely located in Tenaya Canyon. They climb five days in full sun during a summer heat spell. On the fifth day, Harding refuses to drink any water, believing it to be more beneficial for Pratt and Chouinard to consume what little is left because they are leading the final pitches to the summit.
|October, 1964
Royal Robbins, Tom Frost, Yvon Chouinard and Chuck Pratt climb a route up the continuously overhanging Southeast Face of El Capitan during sometimes poor weather. The North American Wall is climbed in nine days, involving rotten rock and extreme aid climbing, making it the hardest big wall to date.
|May, 1965
Layton Kor and Tom Fender climb a route to the left of Ribbon Falls naming it the Gold Wall.
Frank Sacherer free climbs the Direct North Buttress of Middle Cathedral Rock with Eric Beck establishing Yosemite's longest free route to date.
Sacherer hooks up with Ed Leeper and they free climb the East Buttress of Middle Cathedral Rock. This route becomes one of the most popular long free climbs in the Valley.
|September, 1965
Chuck Pratt and Chris Fredericks free climb the bold, overhanging, and sparsely protected, six inch wide crack at the Cookie Cliff, calling it the Twilight Zone. This climb, though fairly short, becomes a Yosemite test-piece for the aspiring Valley hardman.
Jeff Foote and Steve Roper do the first one-day ascent of the Northwest Face of Half Dome. Eric Beck does the first solo of the same route shortly afterwards.
(Nuts, an alternative to the rock scarring pitons, are trickling over from Great Britain. Royal Robbins is credited to be the first to bring them to the Valley after his 1966 climbing trip to the U.K. Some climbers start testing them aprehensively to determine if they will have a role in Yosemite's future.)
|October, 1966
Royal Robbins, Liz Robbins, Mike Dent, and Victor Cowley teamed up for relatively obscure longer route called Boulderfield Gorge. What makes it significant is that the route was put up without without using pitons, making it the first in the Valley.
|May, 1967
Royal Robbins and his wife, Liz, establish the Nutcracker on Manure Pile Buttress. They use only nuts and don't bring any pitons on this 800 ft. free climb. Robbins proved that hammerless gear was a viable source of protection. This climb is credited with Yosemite's transformation to the clean climbing movement. Unfortunately, pitons have been used on the climb since then and somebody added a two bolt anchor at the top of the second to last pitch. The bolts have since been removed.
|June, 1967
T.M. Herbert and Royal Robbins climb the 2,000 West Face of El Capitan in 4 ½ days during extremely wet weather placing only one bolt.
|June, 1967
Liz Robbins, with her husband Royal, climb the Northwest Face of Half Dome, making her the first female climber to do a Yosemite Grade VI.
|June, 1967
Jim Bridwell and Jim Stanton free climb the Stoveleg cracks on the Nose of El Capitan.
|June, 1967
Jim Bridwell and Chris Fredericks establish the East Face of Higher Cathedral Rock.
Royal Robbins does the first solo ascent of El Capitan by getting the second ascent of the Muir Wall in a grueling nine day effort. Royal takes a fall onto a Rurp on one of the crux pitches. Fortunately, his self belay system using jumars catches his fall.
|Fall, 1968
Warren Harding and Galen Rowell start a route on the blank looking South Face of Half Dome. The pair gets trapped during an autumn snow storm about a thousand feet below the summit. Royal Robbins is lowered down from the top and rescues the thankful men.
|May, 1969
Royal Robbins and Glen Denny climb the Prow on Washington Column. This popular route becomes a Grade V test-piece for the aspiring El Capitan climber.
|May, 1969
Warren Harding and Galen Rowell establish a new route on the Southwest Face of Liberty Cap.
|October 1969
Robbins and Don Peterson climb Tis-sa-ack on the Northwest face of Half Dome. The men do not enjoy each others company and they spend eight days placing 110 bolts. This is, by far, the most bolts that Robbins has ever placed on a single route. This embarrasses him because he has always spoken out against Warren Harding's extravagant bolting practices.
|The 1970's
The 1970's see many changes, with Yosemite climbing going mainly in two distinct directions partly due to the fact that most of the formations have been climbed and the remaining new terrain is between existing routes. Another factor is that climbing has become much more popular and not pursued by just a handfull of people as in the past. Yosemite climbers are looking for new challenges and start to explore the more intimidating lines. Free climbing grades are being pushed, mostly on various shorter cliffs around the Valley, though some climbers are freeing aid sections on longer routes. Climbing 5.10 and 5.11 is no longer unusual and becomes the norm. Big walls are being repeated frequently and done more quickly than in the past. New big walls are being put up at an increasing pace with the technical and free climbing difficulties being pushed to new levels. Jim Bridwell becomes one of the few that excells in both the free climbing and big wall climbing movements. Bouldering starts to emerge as a climbing activity of it's own. Clean climbing takes hold and pitons are rarely used by the end of the decade other than for aid climbing on the big walls. Another big innovation is the introduction of sticky soled shoes in the late '70's.
|April, 1970
Chuck Kroger and Scott Davis establish the Heart route on El Capitan in an eight day push after fixing the first three pitches and placing a modest 27 bolts. Even though the men are outsiders, there is no resentment among the Valley locals because they did the route in what was considered very good style.
|May, 1970
Royal Robbins solos the first ascent of In Cold Blood on Sentinel's West Face in two days. He places eight bolts. This is the first time a new route of this length has been soloed in Yosemite.
|July, 1970
Dick Dorworth joins Royal Robbins and they climb another new Grade VI route on the North Face of Half Dome making it Royals fourth new route on Half Dome's Northwest Face. They christen it Arcturus.
Warren Harding and Galen Rowell complete their South Face Route on Half Dome in six days. They had made six previous attempts, one of which ended in the dramatic rescue by Royal Robbins after the pair nearly drowned from the runoff during a downpour (two other rescues have been performed since then on the South Face of Half Dome due to similar circumstances). Harding and Rowell drill 180 holes and place 39 bolts on the blank upper section of the South Face rekindling once again the bolting controversy. Harding introduces Bat hooking by using a modified hook in the shallow drilled holes as a means of saving time. The men also try out Harding's new creation the Bat Tent, an enclosed single suspension hammock that has a rain fly built into it.
|November, 1970
Harding and Dean Caldwell climb the Wall of the Early Morning Light in a single push spending 26½ consecutive days on the rock and drilling close to 300 bolts. They persevere through cold stormy weather and dwindling food supplies. Near the top, the climbers are offered a rescue but they stoutly refuse. The climb becomes a media sensation and once again, Harding is in the spotlight. This, by far, is the longest anyone has spent on a route. The climb escalates the bolting debates to it's peak, making it a sensitive and emotional topic among Yosemite climbers.
Clean climbing is introduced in a free publication written by Doug Robinson, John Stannard, Yvon Chouinard, and Tom Frost. This pamphlet has a huge impact and in large part was responsible for the clean climbing movement.
Peter Haan solos the Salathe Wall on El Capitan becoming the second person to solo an El Capitan route. It is a bold undertaking due to the mandatory free climbing required for the route. Even more impressive, this was his first big wall experience and he had not spent a night on a climb before. To read his recollection: http://www.yosemiteclimbing.org/content/salathe-wall-solo
|June, 1971
Jim Bridwell and Kim Schmitz do the first ascent of the Aquarian Wall on El Capitan's Southwest Face. Bridwell will go on to be one of the dominant figures in new route activity on El Capitan.
Rick Sylvester and Claude Wreford-Brown establish the Son of Heart (aka Heart Woute) on El Capitan's Southwest Face. The route has an intimidating mandatory free climbing off-width section.
Jim Dunn becomes the first person to solo a new El Capitan route calling it Cosmos.
Charlie Porter establishes the Shield on El Capitan with Gary Bocarde. This visionary route is the predecessor to the hard aid lines of the future.
Barry Bates and Steve Wunsch free climb Jim Bridwells route, New Dimensions at Arch Rock, introducing the 5.11 grade to the Valley.
|May, 1972
Young Canadians, Hugh Burton and Steve Sutton, do the first ascent of the Magic Mushroom on El Capitan's Southwest Face.
|November, 1972
Charlie Porter solos a first ascent on the overhanging Southeast Face of El Capitan. He names the route the Zodiac. The climb is considered the hardest technical route in the country and possibly the world for the time. This route shows Porter's dominance as Yosemite's boldest aid and big wall climber of his time.
Hot free climber, Henry Barber, climbs the Steck-Salathe route on Sentinel Rock without a rope, opening the eyes of the Valley locals. Next, he teams up with George Meyers to establish Butterballs, a hard core Cookie Cliff test-piece.
Sibylle Hechtel and Bev Johnson become the first to do an all female ascent of El Capitan by climbing the Triple Direct.
Charlie Porter and John-Paul de St. Crois climb a new route through the most overhanging section of El Capitan's Southeast Face. They call this intimidating route Tangerine Trip.
|October, 1973
Charlie Porter teams up with Hugh Burton, Steve Sutton, and Chris Nelson and they do the first ascent of the long route Mescalito on El Capitan.
|May, 1974
Charlie Porter establishes yet another new route on El Capitan. He teams up with Bev Johnson and they name the route Grape Race.
|October, 1974
Hugh Burton and Steve Sutton do the first ascent of the Horse Chute on El Capitan's Southwest Face.
|May, 1975
Rick Accomazzo, Gib Lewis, and Richard Harrison establish Electric Ladyland on the steep Southeast Face of Washinton Column.
|May, 1975
Jim Bridwell, John Long, Kevin Worral, Mike Graham, John Bachar, and Ron Kauk free climb the lower third of the Salathe Wall on El Capitan naming the free version Free Blast.
|May, 1975
John Long, John Bachar, and Ron Kauk free climb Hardings overhanging East Face route on Washington Column naming the free route Astroman.
|May, 1975
Jim Bridwell, Bill Westbay, Jay Fiske, and Fred East establish an El Capitan aid climbing test-piece called the Pacific Ocean Wall. This route is considered the hardest on El Capitan at the time. Rik Reider on an earlier attempt, with Mike Graham, Billy Westbay, and Bridwell, was hit on the head by a large rock while on the fifth pitch. Reider ends up with a severe skull fracture and has to have emergency brain surgery in Fresno.
Jim Bridwell, John Long, and Billy Westbay climb the Nose in less than 24 hours establishing the first one day ascent of El Capitan. This really opened the eyes of the Valley locals because many felt it could never be done.
Henry Barber free climbs the 120 foot Fish Crack at Cascade Falls bringing the 5.12 free climbing grade to Yosemite.
Jim Erickson and Art Higbee free climb the Northwest Face of Half Dome at a 5.12 grade.
|May, 1976
Jim Bridwell does another new route on El Capitan's Southwest Face with Kim Schmitz and Jim Pettigrew. They name the route Mirage.
|May, 1976
On a roll, Jim Pettigrew teams up with Dave Bircheff and grabs another new route on El Capitan. They name it Lurking Fear and surprisingly it ends up being relatively moderate and becomes very popular for that reason.
An airplane crash was discovered in Lower Merced Pass Lake. The plane had been carrying several tons of baled Mexican marijauna. NPS had initially cleaned up what was on the shore and because of the unusually cold weather decided to leave the rest to be removed in the spring. Word got out in the Yosemite community and it grew to be too big a temptation for most of the Yosemite climbers and the Curry Company employees. People hiked 20 miles, forged through icy stream crossings, with empty packs to see if the rumor was true. It was! It became a miniature gold rush. Almost overnight climbers were seen, driving new cars, climbing with shiny racks, and racking up giant bills in the local restaurants. The local businesses profited immensely and service employees benefited from exorbitant tips. Most of the climbers squandered their money rather quickly though some invested it wisely. Despite the distractions, climbing eventually resumed to normal.
|April, 1977
Molly Higgins and Barb Eastman climb the Nose becoming the second female party to climb El Capitan and the first to do the Nose.
Ray Jardine establishes the 5.13 grade in Yosemite by doing Phoenix at Cascade Cliff. Using his secret cams for protection, Jardine and his regular partner sworn to secrecy, John Lakey, do many hard free first ascents during this time. Jardine has invented the Friend, the first functional camming devices, and they test them thoroughly on other extreme routes like Hangdog Flyer, Crimson Cringe, and the Owl Roof. The Friends allow protection in parallel cracks where previously only pitons would work. Jardine patents the Friend and puts them on the market. Later Jardine sells the patent to Wild Country and buys a sailboat and disappears. Jardine's hang dogging technique of hanging on the rope and then practicing the hard moves after falling until he could piece together the parts in a single free push were controversial with most of the Valley locals. The local climbers have always lowered down after falling and pulling their ropes before trying the climb again. This technique is currently widely accepted on harder climbs. Jardine tries to free climb the Nose in 1980 but receives a lot of negativity after he chips artificial holds on a blank traversing section. Jardines Yosemite climbing career virtually ends after this event.
Ron Kauk climbs the Midnight Lightning, an extremely hard boulder problem on Columbia Rock in Camp IV. The boulder problem was first discovered by John Yablonski. The problem was worked on by Yablonski, Kauk, and John Bachar before Ron climbed this coveted prize. (Midnight Lightning is known around the world and is looked at or tried by almost all visiting climbers.)
Bev Johnson becomes the first female to solo El Capitan by climbing the Dihedral Wall.
|October, 1978
Jim Bridwell, Dave Diegelman, and Dale Bard climb the Sea of Dreams establishing a route more difficult than the Pacific Ocean Wall. The route boasts Rurp anchors and a "fall and you die pitch" aptly named the Hook or Book pitch. Of all the El Capitan routes that Bridwell put up this one is probably his crowning achievement.
|May, 1979
Ray Jardine, with Bill Price, free climb the West Face of El Capitan giving it a relatively modest grade of 5.11c.
Bill Price puts up the 5.13 test piece, Cosmic Debris at Chapel Wall.
|September, 1981
Jim Bridwell returns and establishes yet another aid climbing test piece on El Capitan, Zenyatta Mondatta, with Peter Mayfield and Charlie Row.
John Bachar climbs the Phantom, a 5.13 free climb at Reed's Pinnacle.
John Bachar and Peter Croft climb the Northwest Face of Half Dome and the Nose of El Capitan in a single day.
Dave Schultz with Ken Yager and Jim Campbell climb the route Karma on the South Face of Half Dome during the month of July. The route involves bold, runout face climbing on terrifying terrain that would be difficult to retreat from. http://www.yosemiteclimbing.org/content/karma
Alan Watts free climbs the Stigma at the Cookie Cliff renaming it the Renegade and rating it 5.13. This ascent causes some resentment and controversy among the Valley locals.
Jim Beyer solos the West Face of El Capitan in a single day.
Dave Schultz and Walt Shipley do the first ascent of another bold face route on the South Face of Half Dome naming it Southern Belle. Schultz returns a year later and frees the route with Scott Cosgrove. Southern Belle features run-out and difficult face climbing.
Peter Croft free solos (no rope) Astroman on Washington Column. Not since Henry Barber's free solo ascent of the Steck-Salathe has a rope-less ascent had such impact on the climbing community.
Todd Skinner and Paul Piana camp on the Salathe Wall of El Capitan and through rehearsal, free the climb at a hard 5.13 rating. The two men nearly die near the summit when most of their anchor pulled sending a large block rolling over Paul Piana and breaking his leg. This ascent and Alan Watts free ascent of the Stigma (aka the Renegade) using hang dog techniques and pre-placed gear stirs up jealousy and dissention among the Valley locals.
Paraplegic, Mark Wellman, climbs the Shield on El Capitan with Mike Corbett. They redesign the jumaring (mechanical ascenders) system to accommodate Mark's special needs. The media follows the climb from beginning to end, making it world wide news. Not since Harding climbed has there been such a media frenzy.
Dave Schultz and Peter Croft climb two El Capitan routes, the Nose and the Salathe, in slightly over 20 hours.
Mark Wellman becomes the first paraplegic to climb Half Dome. He climbs Tis-sa-ack with Mike Corbett, taking 13 days. The climb is covered by the media and once again becomes international news.
Peter Croft and Dave Schultz decide to climb the Nose to get back in shape. Both of them have not climbed for well over a month. They reach the top and are pleasantly surprised to have done it in well under five hours.
Peter Croft and Hans Florine climb the Nose in 4 hours and 22 minutes shaving about 20 minutes off of Croft and Schultz's time the year before.
Lynn Hill climbs the Nose with Brooke Sandahl. Lynn free climbs every pitch and bags the highly coveted first free ascent.
Hans Florine and Steve Schneider climb three El Capitan routes in 23 hours. The routes are the Nose, Lurking Fear, and the West Face.
Lynn Hill belayed by Steve Sutton free climbs the Nose again leading the whole route in less than 24 hours.
The Stigma?
Didn't Todd Skinner free The Stigma?
Rock and Ice - Todd Skinner The Renegade


text:
Baroque Churches of the Philippines
Baroque Churches of the Philippines
These four churches, the first of which was built by the Spanish in the late 16th century, are located in Manila, Santa Maria, Paoay and Miag-ao. Their unique architectural style is a reinterpretation of European Baroque by Chinese and Philippine craftsmen.
Églises baroques des Philippines
Ces quatre églises, situées dans les villes de Manille, Santa Maria, Paoay et Miag, et dont la première fut construite dès la fin du XVIe siècle par les Espagnols, sont représentatives d'un style unique en son genre où le baroque européen a été réinterprété par les artisans philippins et chinois.
الكنائس الباروكيّة في الفليبين
تقع هذه الكنائس الاربع في كل من مدينة مانيلا وسانتا ماريا وباواي ومياغ. أقدمها بُنيت منذ أواخر القرن السادس عشر على يد الاسبان. وتمثّل هذه الكنائس أسلوبًا فريدًا من نوعه حيث غيّر الحرفيون الفليبيون والصينيون في النمط الباروكي الاوروبي على طريقتهم.
source: UNESCO/ERI
source: UNESCO/ERI
Церкви Филиппин в стиле барокко
Эти четыре церкви, первая из которых была построена испанцами в конце XVI в., расположены в Маниле и городках Санта-Мария, Паоай и Миагао. Их уникальный архитектурный стиль – результат интерпретации европейского барокко китайскими и филиппинскими мастерами.
source: UNESCO/ERI
Iglesias barrocas de Filipinas
El sitio consta de cuatro iglesias situadas en las ciudades de Manila, Santa María, Paoay y Miag. La primera de ellas fue construida a finales del siglo XVI por los españoles. Todos estos monumentos son representativos de un estilo arquitectónico excepcional, fruto de la reinterpretación del barroco europeo por parte de los artesanos filipinos y chinos que participaron en su construcción.
source: UNESCO/ERI
source: NFUAJ
Barokkerken van de Filippijnen
Deze vier kerken, waarvan de eerste door de Spanjaarden gebouwd werd in de laat 16e eeuw, staan in Manilla, Santa Maria, Paoay en Miag-ao. Hun unieke architectonische stijl is een herinterpretatie van de Europese barok door Chinese en Filippijnse ambachtslieden. De bouwstijl en het ontwerp werden aangepast aan de fysieke omstandigheden in de Filippijnen. De kerk San Augustin in Paoay is duidelijk op aardbevingen berekend, de klokkentoren staat op veilige afstand van de kerk. De kerken zijn gebouwd met lokale materialen en versierd met decoratieve motieven. Ze hebben een belangrijke invloed gehad op de latere kerkarchitectuur in de regio.
Source: unesco.nl
Outstanding Universal Value
Brief synthesis
The Baroque Churches of the Philippines is a serial inscription consisting of four Roman Catholic churches constructed between the 16thand the18th centuries in the Spanish period of the Philippines. They are located in separate areas of the Philippine archipelago, two at the northern island of Luzon, one at the heart of Intramuros, Manila, and the other in the central Visayas island of Iloilo.
This group of churches established a style of building and design that was adapted to the physical conditions in the Philippines and had an important influence on later church architecture in the region. The four churches are outstanding examples of the Philippine interpretation of the Baroque style, and represent the fusion of European church design and construction with local materials and decorative motifs to form a new church-building tradition.
The common and specific attributes of the churches are their squat, monumental and massive appearance, which illustrates a fortress/protective-like character in response to pirates, marauders and to the geologic conditions of a country that is prone to seismic activities. The churches are made either of stone (tuff or coralline limestone), or brick, and consolidated with lime. They display specific features such as retablos (altars) of high Baroque style – (particularly seen in San Agustin Church, Intramuros), in the volutes of contrafuertes (buttresses) and in the pyramidal finials of wall facades – (particularly seen in Paoay Church), in wall buttresses separating criptocollateral chapels –(particularly seen in San Agustin Church, Intramuros) and in the iconography of the ornately decorated naïf/folk pediment expressing the local understanding of the life of Christ and demonstrated by the use of local elements (papaya, coconut and palm tree reliefs), and the depiction of Catholic Patron Saints (St. Christopher) dressed in local and traditional clothing (particularly seen in the Miagao Church). The fusion of styles is also seen in the construction of bell towers that are either attached to the main church structure (particularly seen in San Agustin, Intramuros and in Miagao churches) or detached from the main church (particularly seen in Paoay and Sta Maria churches) and lastly, in ceiling paintings in the tromp l'oeil style (particularly seen in San Agustin Church, Intramuros). The Baroque churches reflect excellent site planning principles following the Ley de las Indias (Laws of the Indies) enacted by Philip II in 1563 for all newly-discovered settlements within Spanish colonial territories.
Criterion (ii): The group of churches established a style of building and design that was adapted to the physical conditions in the Philippines which had an important influence on later church architecture in the region.
Criterion (iv): The Baroque Churches of the Philippines represent the fusion of European church design and construction using local materials and decorative motifs to form a new church-building tradition.
The churches' important attributes comprising its architectural ensemble and manifesting the uniqueness of their style, are all within the boundaries of the property. All elements of significance identified at the time of inscription are still very much present and none are eroded, with their dynamic functions associated with religious significance intact and well-maintained.
The churches' fabric, to a considerable degree is well preserved, although some parts may have deteriorated due to environmental conditions and the passage of time.
Although areas covered by the churches and their surrounding complex have been recognized during inscription, buffer zones in some of them were undefined. The recent delineation of buffer areas provides an added layer of protection to the core initially identified.
The Baroque Churches of the Philippines of the 'Peripheral Baroque Style' have maintained its authentic features and admirable building technology that is reflective of church architecture of 16th-18th centuries Spanish colonial period Philippines A potential threat to the property is the possible reconstruction of portions of some of the churches' original ensemble which were not present during inscription, in the effort to ensure that the churches continue to function to best serve their congregations.
The efforts by the government geared towards responsible restoration and conservation have resulted in the retention of the original materials and substantial features of the baroque churches.
The use of the Baroque churches as permanent sacred places devoted to acts of divine worship of the Catholic faith continues.
Protection and management requirements
Three churches and their land properties are legally owned, administered, and managed by their respective corporations sole while one church (San Agustin, Intramuros) is owned and managed by the Agustinian Order. The churches have been traditionally administered by church authorities and parishioners. Specific church Management Plans were not prepared at the time of inscription but the San Agustin Church in Intramuros is covered by the Management Plan of the Intramuros Administration. There is an overall management system where the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) is the overall site manager. The NCCA works with its culturally affiliated agencies – the National Museum (NM) and the National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) who are the implementers of conservation and restoration projects. Altogether the three agencies collaborate closely with the church authorities-owner of the property and with the stakeholders as well who are made aware of projects on the churches. The day to day management of the church is undertaken by the church authorities. There is a tri-partite agreement for the conservation and management of the World Heritage property as well as other nationally designated heritage sites. The main actors of the tri-partite agreement are the NCCA, the NM, the NHCP and the church authorities.
At the time of inscription, the properties had already been strongly protected by national legislation declaring them as National Cultural Treasures and as National Historical Landmarks through Presidential Decrees 260 and 375. The National Commission of Culture and the Arts provides for resources (funds) for its conservation, protection and regular maintenance.
The churches are presently covered and protected through RA 10066 (National Heritage Law) and RA 10086 (National Historical Commission of the Philippines Law). These legislations ensure their proper safeguarding, protection, conservation, management and use as religious structures, as declared National Cultural Treasures, National Historical Landmarks, and as World Heritage properties. A strong administrative protection system is in place through a Tripartite Agreement between the different national cultural government agencies while agreements between Church authorities and the Government have been entered into, especially the Accordo between the Holy See and the Republic of the Philippines on the Cultural Heritage of the Catholic Church in the Philippines, which was ratified on 29 May 2008. The Implementing Rules and regulations (IRR) of the 2009 Cultural Heritage Act of the Philippines, which is still in the process of being approved, states that the highest standards of conservation shall be applied to World Heritage properties and that its authenticity, integrity and OUV shall not be allowed to be compromised.
Conservation and restoration are undertaken through offices under implementing national cultural agencies which ensure the regular monitoring of its state of conservation including its many concerns, threats and problems. The Canon Law on the pastoral care of the cultural heritage resources of the Church is likewise being applied by the Catholic authorities. The site manager of the Baroque Churches (NCCA) works with the NM and NHCP in ensuring that work is done according to World Heritage standards and in order to improve the conservation management processes so that the Outstanding Universal Value of the properties are maintained and properly managed. If in case repairs are done that involve the replacement of deteriorated parts, these are undertaken with care so that the replaced areas are differentiated from the original.
Both affiliated cultural agencies sit at the National Commission for Monuments and Sites (NCMS) as ex-officio members. A Technical Working Committee (TWC) has also been established within the NCCA composed of experts on conservation and its members ensure that the highest standards of conservation are afforded to World Heritage properties. Both the NM and the NHCP are the implementers of projects in the Baroque Churches and they too sit as members of the NCCA, NCMS and TWC.
Involvement of local communities is strongly encouraged and they are considered important stakeholders where their views are listened to in consultative processes. Church authorities' involvement in all aspects is vital and they also form an essential part of agreements to ensure that conservation is undertaken at their level, being owners of the properties.
Long Description
This group of churches established a style of building and design that was adapted to the physical conditions in the Philippines and had an important influence on later church architecture in the region. The four churches are outstanding examples of the Philippine interpretation of the Baroque style, and represent the fusion of European church design and construction with local materials and decorative motifs to form a new church-building tradition.
The Church of the Immaculate Conception of San Agustín was the first church built on the island of Luzon in 1571, immediately after the Spanish conquest of Manila. A site within the district of Intramuros was assigned to the Augustinian Order, the first to evangelize in the Philippines. In 1587 the impermanent earliest building in wood and palm fronds was replaced by a stone church and monastery in stone, the latter becoming the Augustinian mother house in the Philippines. It was the only structure in Intramuros to survive the liberation of Manila in 1945. Miag-ao became an independent parish in 1731, when a simple church and convento were built. However, destruction of the town by Muslim pirates in 1741 and 1754 led to the town being rebuilt in a more secure location. The new church, constructed in 1787-97, was built as a fortress, to withstand further incursions. It was, however, damaged severely by fire during the revolution against Spain in 1898 and in the Second World War. Two bell towers were added in 1854, but the northern one cracked in the 1880 earthquake and had to be demolished. In the interior of the church the wall paintings date from the 19th century, but they overlie the original tempera murals. As a result the church was richly endowed, with a fine retablo, pulpit, lectern and choir-stalls. Of special interest is the series of crypto-collateral chapels lining both sides of the nave. The walls separating them act as buttresses. The stone barrel vault, dome, and arched vestibule are all unique in the Philippines. A monastery complex was formerly linked to the church by a series of cloisters, arcades, courtyards and gardens, but all except one building were destroyed in 1945.
Unlike other town churches in the Philippines, which conform to the Spanish tradition of sitting them on the central plaza, the Church of Nuestra Señora de la Asuncion in Santa Maria with its convento are on a hill surrounded by a defensive wall. Also unusual are the sitting of the convento parallel to the facade of the church and that of the separate bell tower (characteristic of Philippine-Hispanic architecture) at the midpoint of the nave wall. This was dictated by the hill on which it is located The brick church follows the standard Philippine layout, with a monumental facade masking a straight roof-line covering a long rectangular building. It is alleged to be built on a solid raft as a precaution against earthquake damage. The walls are devoid of ornament but have delicately carved side entrances and strong buttresses
The Church of Santo Tomas de Villanueva stands on the highest point of Miag-ao, its towers serving as lookouts against Muslim raids. It is the finest surviving example of 'Fortress Baroque'. The sumptuous facade epitomizes the Filipino transfiguration of western decorative elements, with the figure of St Christopher on the pediment dressed in native clothes, carrying the Christ Child on his back, and holding on to a coconut palm for support. The entire riotously decorated facade is flanked by massive tapering bell towers of unequal heights.
The Church of San Agustín at Paoay is the most outstanding example in the Philippines of 'Earthquake Baroque'. Fourteen buttresses are ranged along the lines of a giant volute supporting a smaller one and surmounted by pyramidal finials. A pair of buttresses at the midpoint of each nave wall have stairways for access to the roof. The lower part of the apse and most of the walls are constructed of coral stone blocks, the upper levels being finished in brick, but this order is reversed on the facade. The massive coral stone bell tower, which was added half a century after the church was completed, stands at some distance from the church, again as a protection against damage during earthquakes.Source: UNESCO/CLT/WHC
Historical Description
The Church of the Immaculate Conception of San Agustin was the first church built on the island of Luzon in 1571, immediately after the Spanish conquest of Manila. A site within the district of Intramuros was assigned to the Augustinian Order, who were the first to evangelize in the Philippines. In 1587 the impermanent earliest building in wood and palm fronds was replaced by a church and monastery in stone, the latter becoming the Augustinian mother house in the Philippines. As a result the church was richly endowed, with a fine retablo, pulpit, wall paintings, lectern, and choir-stalls. It was the only structure in Intramuros to survive the liberation of Manila in 1945.
The mission at Santa Maria, founded in 1765 on a narrow, flat plain between the sea and the central mountain range of Luzon, was one of the most successful Augustinian houses in the Philippines. It served as the base for the Christianization of the northern parts of the archipelago.
The Augustinian mission station of Miag-ao became an independent parish in 1731, when a simple church and convento (parish house) were built. However, destruction of the town by Moslem pirates in 1741 and 1754 led to the town being rebuilt in a more secure location. The new church, constructed in 1787-97, was built as a fortress, to withstand further incursions. It was, however, damaged severely by fire on two occasions - during the revolution against Spain in 1898 and in World War II.
The town of Paoay is called "Bombay" in early documents, in keeping with the legend that the earliest inhabitants came from India. It is first mentioned in 1593 and became an Augustinian independent parish in 1686. Building work on the present church started in 1694 and it was finally completed in 1710.Source: Advisory Body Evaluation
News (3)
- UNESCO expert mission assesses recovery measures after Philippines disasters Monday, December 16, 2013
- Heritage protection efforts underway after natural disasters in Philippines Monday, December 2, 2013
- New Book on World Heritage Sites in the Philippines Thursday, August 30, 2007
Events (1)
- Pamana: World Heritage in the Philippines Sep 9, 2013-Sep 13, 2013

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Doctor Who Series
The Hungry Earth (#168)
It's 2015 and the most ambitious drilling project in history has reached deeper beneath the Earth's crust than man has ever gone before - but now the ground itself is fighting back. And when the Doctor, Amy and Rory arrive in a tiny mining village it's not long before they find themselves plunged into a battle against a deadly danger from a bygone age.
[43 minutes]
This episode has not aired in the past few months on Iowa Public Television.
Series Description: Matt Smith and Karen Gillan star as the Doctor and his companion as Doctor Who returns for a new series. After his explosive regeneration, the Eleventh Doctor awakes to discover his TARDIS is about to crash! After falling from the sky, he pulls himself out of the wreckage to come face-to-face with young Amy Pond. Still wearing the remains of the Tenth Doctor's suit, ripped and raggedy from the damage after the TARDIS control room exploded, the Doctor promises to take Amy to the stars. But before they can begin their journey, they become embroiled in an alien plot that could destroy the Earth!
All Upcoming Episodes
Nightmare In Silver (#201)
- Sat, September 5, 11:05 PM on IPTV
The Name of the Doctor (#202)
- Sat, September 12, 11:05 PM on IPTV
Deep Breath (#204)
- Sat, September 19, 11:05 PM on IPTV
Into The Dark (#205)
- Sat, September 26, 11:05 PM on IPTV
Past Episodes
These episodes of Doctor Who Series aired in the last few months on Iowa Public Television.
- The Crimson Horror (#200)
- Journey to the Centre of the Tardis (#199)
- Hide (#198)
- Cold War (#197)
- The Rings of Akhaten (#196)
- The Bells of Saint John (#195)
- The Angels Take Manhattan (#193)
- The Power of Three (#192)
- A Town Called Mercy (#191)
- Dinosaurs on a Spaceship (#190)
- Asylum of the Daleks (#189)
- Doomsday (#127)
- Army of Ghosts (#126)
- Fear Her (#125)
- Love & Monsters (#124)
- The Impossible Planet (#122)
- The Idiot's Lantern (#121)


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Bar Code Equipment › RFID Printer › Zebra RFID Printer › Zebra R110 Xi4 › Zebra R12-801-00000-R0
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Full specifications (PDF)
Manufacturer part number: R12-801-00000-R0


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- Independent
- The Enterprise
- The Recorder
A multi-car crash on Southbound U.S. 301 in Brandywine occurred at 2:34 p.m. Sunday and has left 11 people injured and one vehicle on fire, according to Maryland State Police. Prince George's County Fire Department officials said that one victim had life-threatening injuries, while two more were in trauma care.
Maryland State Police are investigating.
Read this accident report published by The Washington Post in full here.


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Now we're email buddies!
You have chosen to receive our #NAMED_LISTS# newsletters at #EMAIL_ADDRESS#. You will receive an e-mail shortly confirming your subscription. So excited to have you!
Refinery 29
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Thank the stars for Leandra Medine, whose blog, The Man Repeller, has made dressing for fellow fashion lovers (and not, say, men) the standard.
Though her mixed-up, layered-up style can be seen as the impetus for hundreds of copycats around the world, she's really just the latest in a long line of man repellers who, when it came to what they wore, didn't give a damn about anyone else's opinion. Read on as we break it down for you, from a queen who accessorized with a beard to a designer who made "shocking" a part of her DNA. Fellow man repellers, this one's for you!
Illustrations by Naomi Abel; Research by Michelle King


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The locally produced documentary film, Man of Deeds, has been honored with two prestigious film awards recently. The Iowa Motion Picture Association recognized Man of Deeds as the 2012 Best Documentary at their annual awards ceremony in Johnston, Iowa. That honor was followed up this past weekend at the Interrobang Film Festival in Des Moines with the film's creative team of director Craig Schaefer and producer Ted Rosean winning the Iowa Filmmaker Award.
Man of Deeds traces the missionary life of Bishop Mathias Loras as he built the Catholic Church against the hardships of frontier Iowa.
Taking nearly three years to produce, the film was shot on location in France, Alabama, Louisiana and Wisconsin and throughout Iowa. It is based on the biography Man of Deeds by Dr. Thomas Auge.
According to Schaefer, "It was a great honor to have the opportunity to tell this story, and we are extremely happy to know that it's been so well-received. Ultimately, it takes the contributions of many people to make a film and we are indebted to their talents and generosity. So, in every way, we get to share this with everyone involved." "Documentary films have the potential to both educate and inspire, and that is exactly what we hope this film brings to audiences," Schaefer added.
The film has successfully screened at festivals throughout the country winning numerous awards, including honors in Las Vegas, Beloit, and Cedar Rapids.
DVD copies are available at the Loras College Bookstore. You can also learn more at the website, www.manofdeeds.com.
Visit our YouTube Channel for a preview of the documentary.
This is the second time Schaefer and Rosean teamed to win the Iowa Motion Picture Association Best Documentary Award. In 2009, they received the honor for their documentary film ...But Not Forgotten.


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"Be a student so long as you still have something to learn, and this will mean all your life," said American financier Henry Doherty. In this spirit, the Rosemont College Forum kicks off another semester of non-credit offerings for adult learners on February 9.
Baseball, photography, religion, film, antiques, and more will be explored in coffee lectures, three-week courses, and six-week courses this spring. On March 14, Rosemont President Sharon Latchaw Hirsh, Ph.D. '70 will return to the classroom to present "Northern Renaissance Art." Though most classes are held during the day, a special evening lecture will take place February 29. Dr. Paul Mojzes, a professor of religious studies at Rosemont, will delve into the historic relationship between two faiths in "Jewish Roots of Christianity."
The Forum will also take two daylong excursions this semester. On offer are trips to New York City on February 22 to The Lion King on Broadway, and to the acclaimed Newseum in Washington, D.C. on March 21. Registration includes bus transportation and tickets.
Classes are held on Rosemont's main campus in Kaul Hall. Instructors include current and retired Rosemont College faculty members, as well as scholars and experts from the greater Philadelphia community. To sign up or for more information, please visit www.rosemont.edu/forum or call the Office of Non-Credit Programs at 610.527.0200 ext. 3102.


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It's that time of year again boys and girls to get out some information about the GSSS for 2011.
It's actually a little later than usual, but with the Big A-tier wrapping up and 2 Events in the last 3 weeks it's been a little hectic.
Stay tuned to http://www.supersixseries.com and the 2011 GSSS thread on this site for all the latest info.
There are a couple of changes in 2011 for the continued betterment of the Series.
The Parks Department changes in policies and pricing has removed the Crucible and Central from the schedule with Wills and a new course TBD to replace those 2 parks. It is regrettable to not have one of the top courses in the state to use, but the circumstances beyond my control have made it necessary to look elsewhere.
There will be 6 PDGA Sanctioned C-Tier Events roughly 6 weeks apart.
The first Event will be at Wills Park on Feb 12th, 2011 – and the Series Finale Event will be back at Lake Russell Sept 10-11, 2011. (remember you can book Cottages or Campsites starting on Oct 10th, 2010)
The series continues to have Events in the Western, Southern, Northern and Eastern areas around Metro Atlanta, utilizing some of Georgia's finest courses.
To allow even better player planning, the individual signup windows are 6-7 weeks in advance for each Event.
2011 Tentative Event Schedule:
Event #1 Wills Park – FEB 12th - Alpharetta, GA - Individual Event signup begins Jan 1st, 2011
Event #2 White Oak – MAR 19th or 26th (depending on A-tier scheduling) - Dallas, GA - Individual Event signup begins Feb 5th, 2011
Event #3 McCurry Park - MAY 7th - Fayetteville, GA - Individual Event signup begins Mar 26th, 2011
Event #4 Meeks Park - JUN 18th - Blairsville, GA - Individual Event signup begins April 30th, 2010
Event #5 – TBD, - JUL 30th - GA - Individual Event signup begins June 25th, 2011
Event #6 Lake Russell - SEPT 10-11th - Elberton, GA - Individual Event signup begins Jul 3th, 2011
There will be the same entry fees as they have been every year.
You can sign up by going to the GSSS website http://www.supersixseries.com
You can also find all the GSSS merchandise including Hats, Beanies, Collared Dry Fit shirts, T-shirts, Towels, etc. as well as discs with the GSSS or A-Tier Fundraiser logos on them for only $5 shipping or by picking up your merchandise wherever you see me playing disc golf (Tournaments and Doubles) on the GSSS website.
The SERIES will continue to improve in 2011!
Thanks to all who have been a part of the Series in 2008, 2009, and 2010 - and if you missed out in the first 3 years, YOU CAN FIND OUT WHAT THE GSSS IS ABOUT IN 2011!
Some of the changes that took place in the past to make your SERIES experience better continue in 2011.
The 50/50 basket raffle for each Event continues in 2011. Tickets can be purchased for $1 each, 4 for $3 or 8 for $5. There is NO LIMIT to the amount of tickets purchased. All monies collected at each Event will be split 50/50 with the winning number getting half of all the monies collected, and the other share going to the GSSS Charity for 2011 - The EDGE Program. In 2010 the winners' share of the 50/50 kitty was worth over 75 bucks on average at each Event!
5 tickets will be drawn at each Event with prizes awarded to each of the 5 (last one drawn wins the 50/50 kitty) and each of those 5 tickets will kept for the drawing at the end of the Series for a Sportcatcher basket! (Don't let Wes win another one )There will be a 1 in 30 chance to win the basket as in the past, plus a great chance to win some extra cash or goodies at each Event.
Seeing that all GSSS CTPS are always free and not buy-in, you can take your normal 3-10 dollars usually spent on CTP buy-ins and spend it on Raffle tickets.
The money raised for EDGE during the Series will be returning to Georgia and be committed to GROWING Disc Golf in Georgia Schools and Parks.
Read more on EDGE here: http://www.edgediscgolf.org
There will be no changes to the Series Points Bonus payouts, and you will still need to only play in 3 of the first 5 Events to qualify for the payouts. there were 20+ people that took advantage and qualified in 2010)
Signup for all 6 Events at one time begins November 1st and will run until December 31st, 2010 or until 22 (TWENTY TWO) spots are sold ONLY.
More info later!


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Wooden Puzzle in Box
Includes four puzzles: Pets, Dinosaurs, Construction, and Vehicles.
More pictures. More pieces. More play.
Kids will enjoy hours of quiet entertainment putting together four 12-piece puzzles. Different pictures (pets, dinosaurs, construction and vehicles) give them choice and a selection to share with friends or siblings. All come together in a convenient wooden storage box which means no lost pieces between uses. Each teaches hand-eye coordination, problem solving, fine motor skills, visual matching, and memory as they look at the picture and piece it together. For ages 3 years and up.
Let the learning…I mean playtime…begin! Order today!
Wooden Puzzle in Box
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Substitute 1 Tbsp. each lemon, lime and orange zest for the 3 Tbsp. lemon zest.
For a softer crust, reduce the crust baking time from 15 min. to 5 min.
You should get about 1 Tbsp. zest and 2 Tbsp. juice from 1 lemon.
You'd never guess that this great-tasting version of a classic dessert is made with better-for-you products and can fit into your healthful eating plan.
* Nutrition information is estimated based on the ingredients and cooking instructions as described in each recipe and is intended to be used for informational purposes only. Please note that nutrition details may vary based on methods of preparation, origin and freshness of ingredients used.
These are good! Skip the brown sugar in the crust; the wafers are sweet enough. Baking the crust for about 8 minutes is enough to ensure a soft crust. Reducing the sugar by 1/3 for the cream cheese filling made little difference in the taste. The result was a tasty treat even with these 3 little recipe adjustments.
These are actually a little complicated and time consuming to make, but they are delicious and totally worth the effort. I made them for a Father's Day picnic and everyone loved them.
Best lemon squares ever! I doubled the recipe and baked in a 13x9" pan. Used half regular sugar and half Splenda, and EggBeaters for the whole eggs. They were a huge hit at both my women's book club and the next day at hubby's office. Glad I saved a few for us ahead of time cuz they disappeared! :-)


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Houston Dynamo
Good news for Dynamo fans looking to watch Saturday night's match against the Portland Timbers. The folks at MLS have chosen the Houston-Portland match to be this week's MLSsoccer.com Stream of the Week.
This means that if you do not get CSN Houston (the channel broadcasting the match) as long as you have an MLSsoccer.com account (Click here to register FREE account) you will be able to watch the match online.
There are a few restrictions, however, with the free stream. Because Adobe Flash Player is required to watch the stream, the match will ONLY be available on your computer and not on a mobile device. So that means you cannot watch this stream on your iPad, iPhone, Android, Roku, etc.
However, if you pay for an MLS Live subscription, the local blackout restrictions will be lifted and you can watch the match on your mobile device through the MLS Matchday App.
So long story short, there are numerous ways for you to catch your men in orange this weekend against the Portland Timbers.
1. If you have CSN Houston, catch Glenn Davis and Eddie Robinson on the call beginning at 9:30 p.m. CT.
2. If you want to watch the match with fellow Dynamos fans, come to our official viewing party at Firkin & Phoenix.
3. If you want to watch the match in the comfort of your home and don't get CSN Houston, check out the MLSsoccer.com free stream (not available on mobile devices).
4. If you pay for MLS Live and want to watch the match on your mobile device (phone, tablet, roku, etc.) you can watch the match on MLS Live through the MLS Matchday App.
After Houston's 2-0 home victory over San Jose last weekend, the Dynamo tied the MLS record with 34 consecutive home games unbeaten in all competitions. With the new record in their sights, the Dynamo got some love in this week's power rankings from MLSsoccer.com and Bleacher Report's Joe Tansey. Both sites had the Dynamo in their top spot after the fifth week of the MLS season.
MLSsoccer.com had this to say about Houston:
Got to give it up for the Dynamo: They've weathered preseason injuries, a disappointing CCL elimination, some set-piece worries (we're not 100 percent convinced those are gone) and international call-ups all before the calendar even turned to April. And with all that, they're 3-1-0 – and heating up.
But not everybody agrees that Houston's current form deserves the top spot in the power rankings. Both ESPN.com's Jeff Carlisle and Yahoo Sport's Zac Wassink placed Houston in the fifth spot in their respective rankings. According to Wassink:
Houston's next three games include trips to Portland and Toronto surrounding a home match against lowly Chicago. The Dynamo could be atop MLS power rankings by the end of April.
Meanwhile, Sports Illustrated's Avi Creditor did not move the Dynamo after their home victory, keeping them at the No.3 spot, but did emphasize Houston's attacking force:
The manner in which the Dynamo scored in a 2-0 win over the San Jose Earthquakes was a testament to their attacking quality. On one side, Oscar Boniek Garcia used a tremendous individual effort to get by All-Star defender Justin Morrow and send an accurate cross for Will Bruin. On the other, Brad Davis put in his trademark pinpoint service for Giles Barnes. This dynamic team can come at opponents from myriad ways and angles.
Houston will look to win their first road game of the year when they travel to JELD-WEN Field this weekend to take on the Portland Timbers.
Go behind-the-scenes at the Dynamo's March 30 match vs. the San Jose Earthquakes with our latest episode of Tunnel Vision.
Eddie Robinson offers five key story lines to watch for ahead of this weekend's match vs. the Portland Timbers.
Looking for a dose of soccer analysis to kick off your April? Tune in to ESPN 97.5 FM tonight for a new episode of Soccer Matters with Glenn Davis. The Dynamo broadcaster has a full lineup of guests including Dynamo defenders Bobby Boswell, Kofi Sarkodie and Jermaine Taylor and midfielder Ricardo Clark. Portland Timbers head coach Caleb Porter will also be on to talk about the start to their season and this weekend's match with the Dynamo.
Tonight's episode airs from 7-9 p.m. and can be heard on the radio on 97.5 FM or online at www.espn975.com.
Davis will be talking Dynamo soccer, Chelsea's FA Cup win over Manchester United as well as preview this weekend's Champions League matches.
The call-in number for the show is 713-780-3776.
The Houston Dynamo's home unbeaten streak has been well-chronicled within MLS circles. As it stands, no team in the 18-year history of the league has a longer home unbeaten streak in all competitions and only one team (Real Salt Lake) has a longer home unbeaten streak in the regular season. The Dynamo will look to tie RSL's regular season streak (29) and sit alone atop the all competitions mark when they host the Chicago Fire on April 14.
But just how difficult is 34 consecutive home games unbeaten? According to the Elias Sports Bureau, only one North American professional sports team has a longer streak. That would be the Michael Jordan-led Chicago Bulls who won 44 straight home games from March 1995 until April 1996.
Home unbeaten streak
Chicago Bulls
3/30/1995 to 4/4/1996
Houston Dynamo
7/9/2011 to present
|Real Salt Lake
|6/6/2009 to 4/27/2011
Equally as impressive as the Dynamo's home unbeaten run is their run in BBVA Compass Stadium, their downtown home that opened in May 2012. Our friends at Elias tell us that last night, the Dynamo became only the third team in the history of major North American professional sports leagues to go unbeaten in their first 20 regular season games at a home venue. Last night's win gave the Dynamo a 14-0-6 in the first 20 regular season matches at BBVA Compass Stadium.
Care to guess who the other two teams are to accomplish that feat? We promise you won't get the answer.
The first was the Washington Capitols of the Basketball Association of America (predecessor of today's NBA), who won their first 27 games at Uline Arena in 1946–1947. While Dominic Kinnear is widely regarded as one of the greatest coaches in MLS history, that Capitols squad was managed by none other than Red Auerbach, quite possibly one of the greatest coaches in American professional sports history.
The other team to accomplish this feat was the Los Angeles Sparks of the WNBA, who won their first 22 games at Staples Center (2001–2002). That sparks squad was led by three-time WNBA MVP and four-time Olympic gold medalist Lisa Leslie.
So while it's important to recognize the Dynamo's standing among their peers in professional soccer, it's hard not to appreciate the fact that Kinnear's squad has accomplished feats that few in North American sports history have done before.
In the latest Friday Forecast, Jonathan Kaplan and Eddie Robinson discuss the Dynamo's winning streak, Dominic Kinnear's lineup options, stopping Wondo and the emergence of Andrew Driver.


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Vanderbilt running back Zac Stacy is another underrated player. He reminds me a little bit of Doug Martin about this time a year ago. Very similar in a lot of ways.
Anybody that's familiar with the way I evaluate RB's knows that squatty backs with a low center of gravity who run tough between the tackles, play physical, get yards after contact, understand how to block in pass protection, and protect the football are going to endear themselves to me as a prospect.
Contrary to popular theory, backs like this are not plentiful. Although you could always find 'em in different sizes.
Zac Stacy is a rolling ball of butcher knives who has all the ingredients that a RB needs to find their way high up on my draft board early in the process.


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America's Boating Course is a unique study
program covering the fundamentals of boating.
American Bass Anglers is all about the promotion of the weekend angler. ABA keeps the approach simple and removes the barriers the typical club member faces in the uphill battle and the 50,000 to 1 shot for a year end national championship.
This organzation offers online courses officially approved by the National Association of State Boating Law Administrators (NASBLA) and recognized by the United States Coast Guard.
The American Canoe Association (ACA) is a nationwide, not for profit organization that is in service to the broader paddling public by providing education on matters related to paddling, supporting stewardship of the paddling environment, and enabling pro
The purpose of American Crappie Association is to establish and expand a family oriented, cost effective and competitive arena for amateur and semi-pro crappie anglers as the foundation to promote and market products and services.
The goal of the American Fisheries Society is to be a leader in promoting the sustainability and sound stewardship of fisheries
resources and aquatic ecosystems; have its members recognized by decision makers and natural resource professionals as an impo
The American Sportfishing Association (ASA) is the sportfishing industry�s trade association, committed to looking out for the interests of the entire sportfishing community. We give the industry a unified voice, speaking out on behalf of sportfishing an
Angling Masters is the world's largest online fishing community, providing personal Cabin web profiles for anglers,
and dedicated Marina and Lodge pages for businesses to promo
This is a national, tournament-based bass fishing organization with chapters in every state.
Why is B3 different? What is unique about this site?
One username / password gives you access to everything including the forum. Easily find & connect with other members. All members are plotted on a map and linked to thei
Open to young people in two age groups, 7-10 and 11-14, the goals of this competition are to involve America's youth in fishing and to foster in each participant an appreciation and concern for our outdoors.
Becoming an Outdoors-Woman (BOW) offers outdoor skills workshops to women throughout North America. Becoming an Outdoors-Woman (BOW) means becoming more competent, more confident, and more aware. BOW is an outdoor skills program that offers women a cha
Boat Ed is the only place on the Web where you can study the official boating safety manual developed specifically for your state government's boating agency.
An online resource with various boating courses which are approved to meeet the basic boater education requirements in certain states.
This site is an online resource for boating education and certification.
An online resource comprised of boating courses, tips, safety and contests.
This organization is made up of avid carp anglers from the United States, Canada, Great Britain and beyond.
Casting for Recovery is a national non-profit support and educational program for women who have or have had breast cancer. Our weekend retreats incorporate counseling, educational services and the sport of fly-fishing to promote mental and physical heal
Established in 2004 and granted non-profit status in 2005, the CBAA is dedicated to the recruitment and successful development of tomorrow's anglers and outdoor leaders by providing a vehicle for young anglers to excel in the areas of personal, profession
The purpose of this association is to establish and expand a family oriented, cost effective and competitive arena for amateur and semi-pro crappie anglers as the foundation to promote and market products and services.
This non-profit organization connects youth, schools, families, communities and businesses. Family Tyes utilizes a shared interest in fly-fishing as the vehicle to enhance family relationships and youth development.
The Federation of Fly Fishers is a unique non-profit organization concerned with sport fishing and fisheries, the conservation of fish and their habitat.
FLW Outdoors - Leader in bass, walleye, redfish, kingfish, and striped bass tournament fishing.
Luhrs Owners Group is an online community for Luhrs boat owners and enthusiasts.
This is a web-based boater safety course offered by Marine University.
This forward-thinking boating education company is dedicated to bringing professional boating knowledge and marine training to the recreational boater.
This mail order company outfits a variety of sporting tradtions and also sells dog supplies and men and women's clothing.
America's free online source for PWC safety education.
Our healthy lakes, streams and seas inspire exploration and discovery. Outdoors, we unload life's burdens and receive a fresh outlook. On the water we connect with one another and something greater than ourselves. Our most basic needs of life – air, wa
This program encourages current outdoor enthusiasts to introduce family, friends and special guests to traditional outdoor sports.
Seaswirl Striper Boat Owners Club, all types of fishing.
Striper Soup is dedicated to the conservation of the Striped Bass resource throughout the United States through education and discussion. Come join Striper Soup to learn more about striper than you ever thought possible.
Auxiliary volunteers provide services which benefit boaters and their families such as vessel safety checks, harbor patrols, safe boating courses, search and rescue, and marine environmental protection.
Organized in 1914, USPS is a non profit, educational organization dedicated to making boating safer and more enjoyable by teaching classes in seamanship, navigation and related subjects.
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