text:
- Arjuna Nagendran
- London
- United Kingdom
This conversation is closed.
Is fighting climate change a losing battle?
Climate change is and will impact us all. As alluded to, there are many countries who unfortunately stand to make very substantial financial gains from this.
What is likely to be the most successful way of fighting this battle? Who is likely to make the biggest impact - our fellow citizens or our Governments?
Unaeza Alvi
Oct 2 2012: We need to take a holistic approach to address climate change at a systems level. In my view we need to engage everyone and all systems. From the child in the Nursery school to educational, religious, economic.....political, technological systems. So there is no either/or everyone needs to take part.
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Perceptions: We needs to address people perceptions about climate change and the potential of their small actions. Values: We need to connect people to core values /religious values.
Practices: We need to share good practices, celebrate good practices and condemn bad practices.
Social Media: We need to exploit the potential of social media "Mobile technology" has great potentials.
gale kooser
Oct 1 2012: Getting back to your original question, without the profit margin angle thrown in, "Is fighting climate change a losing battle?": Yes! Because humans refused to heed the warning signs in the 60s & Mother Nature is a much larger force then humans know how to deal with. The balance of nature has been thrown so far off center that all will suffer the effects.
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I have yet to hear anyone say: To heck with profits lets work together to save the very home we depend upon.
Greed in this world has reached a point, that compassion is shoved aside for profit.
But can you bring all the people together to save our home? No! Cause it's all about the money.
Oct 1 2012: Hello Gale,
It may seem that we have become a generation of greed and selfishness. It is sad, but I do not believe that all hope is lost and that if we just worked harder on making people aware of the facts (and not scaremongering which most media seems to be good at), then I think it could change peoples perspectives. I am not talking about the in-depth scientific facts that would make the average man feel out of his depth, but the basic facts, that small changes can make a difference, and evidence of climate change that has already occurred. How can we expect the people to understand if they are not even educated on the matter? I think that if the media went about it more subtly than they have done in the past, people wont get as frustrated with it all.
As for the money side, yes this generation is all about making a profit, but that can be turned in our favor, where we can set up industries to generate and promote green technology.
I just feel that during this time, we need to be optimistic, otherwise we will just spiral into a void where we have just given up and no longer care.
Oct 3 2012: I think that the world of the next 50 years will be significant for the fact that it will be micro-concerns that shape the macro-ones. Global citizens are becoming increasingly empowered.. not in every state, and not to equal extents, but if the Arab Spring and the riots against Putin show us anything it is that no power that does not have the support of its people will succeed (oddly Machiavellian actually!) We need to educate people, not governments and the change will come.
I completely agree with Megan, we have to steer clear of spiralling into a void, even though it's all too easy. While the world seems like an evil place, I believe that humans are fundamentally good people. It is when you create situations where people lose identitiy and accountability for their actions that the bad actions or the lack of good action occurs. Something well illustrated by Philip Zimbardo in the talk below:
We have to find a way to change this world we live in where you buy a pint of milk and don't realise that only 1% of the profit goes to the farmer, where you rush for an iphone and don't realise the human cost it may be having, or on a bigger scale where we waste just so much unnecessary energy e.g. through unnecessary heating/air conditioning.. I'm sure you can all name another 10 examples.
I don't believe that any person would use a shampoo, heavy with palm oil if they saw the animal that lost it's habitat die. Nor do I believe that any Manager of a company who had the power to change things would allow such waste in their organisation if they had to watch the people of the Maldives become displaced from their homes.
We need to find ways of making people look at the impact of their decision in the face and ways of giving those people in Industry who have the power to change things A FACE, so that they know the public can see them.Oct 6 2012: Yes. Humans never make a collective decision until their over the cliff and still arguing on the way down.
Mirek Mráz
Oct 5 2012: I think fighting labelled term "global warming" is not a solution to our real problems, i.e. our approach to life and vision of the future, mainly in economic terms - energy spending, consumption, etc. How can you fight some abstract thing so vast if we are not even able to take care of ourselves and our personal lives. Dan Ariely pointed this out in his behavioral research - people are not able to plan their dentist appointment properly, they don't know how to plan their financial future etc. etc. (I am not mentioning that we were fighting "global cooling" in the 70's. Actually, we were possibly very successfull at it, as now we are fighting the exact opposite..).
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In my opinion, this fight should be about something completely different (I wouldn't call it fight, rather a quest) and should envolve making small changes and spark discussion so that people start to rethink, or rather to think for themselves, in wider perspective. That is what TED is about.
Oct 5 2012: Very well said Mirek!
Fighting suggests struggle, so it does not seem like an appropriate term to use with our environment. We need to be good stewards and protect our environment which sustains us, and that begins with each and every one of us as individuals. I like using the word "quest" Mirek, and I think you are absolutely right to suggest small changes, which may cause people to be more aware. Sometimes, people get overwhelmed when looking at the big picture, and if each of us takes care of our own little space, it may add up to a big change around our world.
I am grateful to have been born into a family who recycled, reused, restored, renovated, managed money well (never buy anything we cannot afford to pay cash for), had a HUGE garden and grew our own healthy food, which meant we worked in the garden and experienced the whole process of planting, weeding, preserving, and enjoying:>)
That was 60+ years ago, when we were not aware of any threat to our environment. We just DID IT because it felt like the thing to do....it made sense to take care of the environment that sustains us. That is what I learned, and that is how I have lived my life. To me, it is not a struggle or a fight to be aware of our environment.....it is a pleasure:>)
Oct 7 2012: Colleen
your lifestyle makes think of the acient chinese poets.you can look for some materias
they are a kind of people who live a life full of freedom and happiness they plant at the sunrise .and rest at the sunset.when they are happy ,they just take out their wine and drink at the same they create poems ..very be pleased . they live just like the seventeenth england ,which you
can see in the london Olympic opening ceremony..i think we are more pleased because we can drink .
i also think they live a life of envioriment-friendly ..maybe we should learn from the acient people .they are much more smarter on enviorment issues.Oct 3 2012: Fully agree with Chen Xin, that nature has itself adjusted system, the only disturbing factor is humanity with its destructive behaviour towards nature and humanity itself.
Current crisis on every level are showing us that we have to change our ways, because we are totaly connected to eachother and every negative or positive action has an outcome in wich intention it was originally planned.
If we stop our wasting ,over excessif, planet ruining way of life and begin to think about to obtain skills that help whole society instead value the money and material things as more important in life, Then all of humanity can grow and become a part of nature and live in harmony with it.
Climate change will be reduced or be in balance ,and nature will recover.
We are integral connected throughout the whole world only we dont know it yet.
What can help us is global education wich teaches us the laws of nature.
chen xin
Oct 3 2012: i think so
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i do think the nature has itself adjusted system . we shouldn't do much about it . what we should do is reduce our waste . and live a natural life .
Oct 7 2012: I think reducing waste will have a huge difference on the planet, especially plastic, and I want to believe that nature and mother Earth will look after herself but I think we are advancing and growing at such a rate that even nature will have trouble adapting and mother Earth will be drastic with her response. More unpredictable weather (flooding and typhoons) and more natural disasters are the only thing that will save Earth and (a reduced population of) the Human race.Oct 1 2012: The problem is that humans have adpted to wasteful use of anything. As a person, I leave my windows open during the summer and winter time until it becomes unberable. This summer I only used my AC unit three times. In winter we sleep with the heater at 60 and during the day time we try to not have it higher than 68. We wear sweaters and carry a blanket, but we think that the money we save on energy is also resources we save for the planet.
At my work place however, my coworkers think that blasting the AC is a better option than opening the windows even on a nice day outside. I sometimes had to wear a sweater at my desk, one of my coworkers brings a heater to warm herself when the AC temperature is too low. In winter we usually do the opposite and need fans and personal cooling systems to keep a comfortable temperature.
Oct 1 2012: What you have just described is a clear example, that unless the majority of people work together on the changes necessary, then our efforts as an individual will struggle to make the difference. Unfortunately, I feel that only the minority of people try their hardest to reduce emissions and who are even really paying attention to the current climate issues. The threat of 'Global Warming' has been pushed onto the public for so many years now (most of which has mostly been scaremongering), that they have just given in listening.
Oct 1 2012: Um i know it's off topic Meagan but is that a Falcon you have on your arm in your profile pix? is it endangered?
Oct 1 2012: It is a Harrier Hawk actually, an absolutely stunning bird! One of the best days of my life getting to hang out with him for an afternoon.
Nilam Shah
Oct 7 2012: I think citizens of this world will help make impact in fighting climate change. This will happen only if citizens are becoming aware of what is happening to our climate. I think government is connected to this in sense that they have the ability to makes its citizens become more aware of the issue.Oct 3 2012: A number of bad decisions have set the efforts back years. 1) Selection of Al Gore to be the face of Global Warming who is there for the money and continues to have a extreme carbon foot print and is a joke punchline for inventing the internet not a creditable source; and 2) US President Obama jumping in and investing billions of taxpayers money in questionable companies and highly questionable probability of any success which answers your second question the losers were in this instance the US taxpayers. The winners were the political payoff companies who took the money and ran with no pretense of effort.
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I am not a creditable source so this is opinion ... my reading indicates that wind does not give me the bang for the bucks ... solar is better but I am concerned about the storage capabilities and the high initial buyin and the recurring cost for the batteries . if bio-fuels such as algae generated fuels can be maximizzed then the power problems would be delayed and dependence on fossil fuels would be lessened ... much has been done with hydronginated water and should not be overlooked as cars can be fueled and wielding equipment can be operated and on and on .. the use of corn and other crop fuels is in my mind questionable.
The impact is absolute .. the facts are questionable ... nature is constantly adjusting ... humans can and have adapted .. and the biggest question you pose the FIGHT is never over .... only if we quit do we lose.
The major factor IMO is to get government out of the process and allow free interprise develop and market a for profit solution. The worst possible idea is to turn taxpayers money loose (THAT OCCURS TO MUCH ALREADY) on any problem it has always become a moneypit and will develop into a multibillion dollar a year agency with staffs of millions.
The Dept of Energy (US) was to stop the import of oil ... now staff of 1000s and BIG budget .. result we import more.
Out of space ..... Bob.
F. Swemson
Oct 3 2012: Here's a statement of core principles from The International Climate Science Coalition.
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I urge everyone to look at their website at: http://www.climatescienceinternational.org
Global climate is always changing in accordance with natural causes and recent changes are not unusual.
Science is rapidly evolving away from the view that humanity's emissions of carbon dioxide and other 'greenhouse gases' are a cause of dangerous climate change.
Climate models used by the IPCC* fail to reproduce known past climates without manipulation and therefore lack the scientific integrity needed for use in climate prediction and related policy decision-making.
The UN IPCC Summary for Policymakers and the assertions of IPCC executives too often seriously mis-represent the conclusions of their own scientific reports.
Claims that 'consensus' exists among climate experts regarding the causes of the modest warming of the past century are contradicted by thousands of independent scientists.
Carbon dioxide is not a pollutant - it is a necessary reactant in plant photosynthesis and so is essential for life on Earth.
Research that identifies the Sun as a major driver of global climate change must be taken more seriously.
Global cooling has presented serious problems for human society and the environment throughout history while global warming has generally been highly beneficial.
It is not possible to reliably predict how climate will change in the future, beyond the certainty that multi-decadal warming and cooling trends, and abrupt changes, will all continue, underscoring a need for effective adaptation.
Since science and observation have failed to substantiate the human-caused climate change hypothesis, it is premature to damage national economies with `carbon' taxes, emissions trading or other schemes to control 'greenhouse gas' emissions.
If you seek a rational view of the climate issue, don't listen to the alarmists.
Oct 6 2012: You're wasting your time here F. Swemson. This is not some tabloid news site. TEDsters are smart enough to spot a paid fossil fuel troll.
Oct 7 2012: Hopefully TEDsters are also smart enough to spot the logical fallacy in what you just said. To dismiss our arguments because you think we are "a paid fossil fuel troll" is a logical fallacy referred to as "motive intent". It is also "guilt by association" and "ad hominem", since you are implying that we are dishonest.
If you had simply clicked on our "Funding" button on any of our Web pages, beside putting your comments out to the world, you would discover that your accusation is also wrong since we have no funding from corporations of any kind, let alone, fossil fuel companies. You accusation is just made up.
If you disagree with any of our core messages, as a TEDster, please address that only instead of debasing your argument by committing logical fallacies based on made up information.
Tom Harris International Climate Science Coalition
Oct 7 2012: Wow Tom Harris himself! What an honour.
I was talking to F. Swemson actually not you guys, but since you ask, I am perfectly aware of who the ICSC is. I know of your links with the Heartland Institute and other "private" individual skeptics. I'm rather surprised to hear you suggest that none of your private donors make their money from fossil fuels though?
Still, I think it is wonderful that you've stopped by TED because this is a fantastic opportunity for TEDsters to learn a little about what makes such a high-profile climate change denier tick…? Will you humour me with a response to the same question that I asked of FS earlier?
> Can you tell us why you want so passionately to be right on this?
Please don't give us a cut'n'paste of that disingenuous BS on your site about caring about the economics of proposed responses to climate change though (I know you're an engineer, not an economist) - I'm far more interested in what makes you *personally* want to get out of bed every day and keep on fighting your fight? It must be really hard to be so misunderstood?Oct 3 2012: Here's an idea for everyone:
Obviously making an impact on a Governmental level is very hard - summit after summit really amounts to peanuts. Maybe a way to modernise the way in which they are bartering could be to create a Free (or semi free) Trade area of countries that comply with massive shifts to renewable energy and who can prove they are majorly reducing their global CO2 output..
Maybe that's one way to subvert those countries who might conspire FOR climate change, like those Arctic circle countries. The minority of countries that stands to gain from climate change must surely be outweighed by those who stand to lose or stand to get no benefit? It would also incentivise these countries to spend more on renewables for the trade benefits that they would be permitted!
Dan F
Oct 2 2012: I assume climate change is real and significant. It may not be perfectly understood but the big chunks are there. Also, when specialized individuals come to agree on things, it's a good indication it is a matter of true concern, despite what might mean a gain for some.
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A losing battle? It does appears to be accelerating and there does exist something called the lag effect.
Changing the status quo is difficult at best. This means the way things have been done historically tends to protect how thing will be done in the future. This reality is at the center of addressing this problem and a fundamental hurdle for slowing this climate tend to the extent we can.
At one time, not so long ago, the oceans were considered so big, the skies so vast how could human activity have any adverse impact? Does anyone still believe that? There have been some significant private and regulatory efforts resulting in more accountable business behavior because smart inventors, engineers and technology, etc., enabled a better way to operate to minimize environmental impacts.
This problem is different because solutions are more esoteric, more costly or don't exist, not to mention the politics that enters the fray. Energy production and consumption are at the heart of what's adding to the warming problem. So where and how to begin to battle the status quo?
Oct 4 2012: Dan: as you say, it's mainly about cheap, safe, non-polluting energy. Luckily, the solution has already been invented and demonstrated , 50 years ago. The US invented a nuclear Thorium powered airplane engine, but then abandoned it , mainly because it didn;t produce bomb material. The Chinese, after borrowing the technology , now have a billion dollar program going to produce them. They will probably start replacing coal plants with Thorium LFTR in a few years; of course it will take time to eliminate all coal and oil burning, but since Thorium is going to be cheaper than either, they won;t be able to compete, as fuel. So the Carbon Cap issue is irrelevant, as are quite a few other "problems" Look it up on Youtube, for details.
Dan F
Oct 4 2012: Hi Shawn
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Just spotted it on a past TED talk. I'll check it out. Thanks.
John Smith
Oct 1 2012: "Is fighting climate change a losing battle?"
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We can limit it, but we can limit it less and less the longer we wait for radical action.Oct 7 2012: Yes. Climate change on earth is a SOLAR caused phenomenon. There have been variations of warming and cooling in prehistoric and modern times that are NOT attributable to greenhouse gas build-up. Furthermore it is observed that the polar ice caps are not shrinking just on Earth, but on Mars and Venus too. Global warming is real. The causes reported by the media are all lies.Oct 7 2012: Yes, it is a losing battle. But that doesn't mean we shouldn't try to use cleaner technology. There are other chemicals in carbon emissions and other types of pollution that are harmful to our health. People always talk about "protecting the environment" but really when we do that we are protecting ourselves too. Besides, a world without smog would simply be more pleasant to live in.Oct 7 2012: I think that unless our governments have the courage to do what is needed and put aside political differences to do this and have the courage to do it even if it means losing the next election then it's pretty hopeless. And we the people need to let them know that this is what we expect.Oct 6 2012: Both have important parts to play. But I believe we are nearing the end of a natural cycleOct 6 2012: Hi, Arjuna !
I love your avatar ! Sometimes i feel ashamed to belong to human race. : (Oct 6 2012: Yep, it's a losing battle. Climate change was started by the industrial revolution over 150 years ago. There's no way to stop it short of tearing down ALL industrial societies, and/or watching them collapse. Might as well enjoy the ride!
Oct 6 2012: You and Walter are absolutely right. Our leaders have the vision of a Cyclops and will tell us what we want to hear. We lack the capacity to face the "big" issues. China is building a smart grid. Where is ours? European taxes cause gasoline to cost up to double American prices, but try to tell our polititicians that we need more expensive gas to curb consumption and you would be laughed out of the room.
Even after 99% of all scientists are absolutely convinced that climate change is driven by burning of fossil fuels, there will be countries that continue to burn them---including us.
Oct 7 2012: Scientists say the CO2 levels are already way too high. Even if we stopped burning fuels instantly (fat chance) the climate will continue to heat for the next few centuries. But don't blame the politicians - the time to fix this passed before anyone alive today was born.
Oct 7 2012: i dont think so
maybe in the future we will research out some other clean fuels then i think it is unnecessary to use the normal fossil fuels .
ad how do we surive without burning fossil , you say when we use up the ,we must find out the succedaneum as soon as possible .or we may face another big problem .
we must live a much saving life . then we may have a much longer life .Oct 7 2012: Sounds about right. Methane is even worse than CO2 and we know that the tundra is warming releasing stored CO2 and methane in bogs. In the deepsea there are what are called methane clathrates. As the bottom waters begin to warm they will enter the water column, too.
Our best hope is that we are going to go into a cooling period as some climate specialists believe for the next 20-40 years before warming resumes. When the next ice age arrrives we might need our coal to spread coal dust on the advancing glaciers to warm them up!Oct 6 2012: As somebody aptly said : We are at war with ourselves and we are loosing.
But we haven't lost yet , i am hopeful :)
Oct 7 2012: Ah, Natasha. Hope is all we have ;)Oct 5 2012: Study: Sprawling cities experience hotter summer temperatures
Jun 22, 2010
Report: 97 percent of scientists say man-made climate change is real
Comments 1157
By Doyle Rice, USA TODAY
Updated 2010-06-22 5:43 PM
Forget the four out of five dentists who recommend Trident…. Try the 97 out of 100 scientists that believe in man-made climate change.
This data comes from a new survey out this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
The study found that 97 percent of scientific experts agree that climate change is "very likely" caused mainly by human activity.
The report is based on questions posed to 1,372 scientists. Nearly all the experts agreed that it is "very likely that anthropogenic greenhouse gases have been responsible for most of the unequivocal warming of the Earth's average global temperature in the second half of the twentieth century."
. .
Oct 5 2012: We each one can do our part, be encouraged; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JVmDOJcBrR0&feature=fvwrel
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Oct 5 2012: is not - just that now is a matter of everyone self decisions so we will feel if we do not react earlier on climate problems
Oct 7 2012: it is a litter hard to catch what you said .but i think we should learn from nature .we should not do regardless of the nature . now we should all together to do something to live a life of simple and enviorment protected ,Oct 4 2012: I think "decrease our foot-print" is the best general statement I could make about the environment. We cannot have everything we want...when we want it. If we do continue living with that mind-set...I feel the climate will just rid itself of life and start over.
Not so sure the planet is in danger....life may be though. If we want to take that seriously...we may want to look at how sensitive life is. One major shift in climate can have major impacts on life in every crevice of the planet.
Green energy is not just a catch phrase for politicians. Green energy and green industry are not center pieces for debate...as they should be. Instead we discuss business taxes and profit-margins.Oct 4 2012: I just have to ask, isn't our government us? Perhaps you meant to ask, public or private funds?
Oct 5 2012: Unfortunately I think that depends on which Government you mean - all non-democracies are by definition not "fairly" elected and are therefore unreliable representations of public opinion.
Even the fair representation ethos of democracies is not entirely robust in itself, hence the connotations of the term "politics".
Our Governments are made of us, but once you are part of an organisation, of which Government is just one, you tend to guide your decision making on what's best for that organisation. In the case of Governments, that can sometimes err to becoming what is best for politicians rather than the country..Oct 4 2012: It really is quite simple and cheap to make a change,Paint your house roof white,if everyone did this then it will be a start towards the change.
Oct 4 2012: Not really...
First, it would never have a statistically meaningful effect, and
Second, the premise is wrong. WARMING IS GOOD!
The only type of climate change that is dangerous to us is extreme cooling. The reason is simple enough to see... When it's colder, crops don't grow as well as when it's warmer. History has shown this to be true, with almost all of the high points of human civilization, like the pinnacle of the Roman Empire, occurring at the warmest periods in our recorded history.
Oct 5 2012: So you're hoping northern Europe will have nice warm growing weather like it did back then? What's happening in northern Africa today didn't happen back then but in saying so,just about all of us only look at our immediate vicinity and the affects of warming it has on it,I can't say you're wrong but neither can you say that the world population back then affected climate change like it is today,acceleration.
Oct 5 2012: I don't believe that today's population has any meaningful effect on our climate, other than local "heat island" effects...
So I certainly am not claiming that the far smaller population of the middle ages had any effect on their climate...
It's the sun... it's natural & it's good!
fsOct 6 2012: You're wasting your time here F. Swemson. This is not some tabloid news site. TEDsters are smart enough to spot a paid fossil fuel troll.
Oct 7 2012: Some very smart people are incredibly stupid about certain things, as TED proves on a regular basis.
If you wish to argue any point I might make. do so with facts, not insults.
You can start by coming up with an explanation for the temperature record of the mid 1940's through the 70's. Here's the facts:
Let's see how smart you are....
fsOct 7 2012: Ok fs, let me see if I've understood your request?
You, (a newspaper ad guy, who through your comments in this forum have demonstrated an inability to understand either the science or the implications of climate change), are asking me (someone you don't know) to give you the "facts" that 97% of qualified scientists use to disagree with you?
I hope you appreciate that this leaves me in a very uncomfortable position - A position where ad-hominem seems to be the only reasonable response…
I'll try to avoid that unpleasant path though, because you are obviously passionate, and seem to enjoy researching... Instead, I'll ask you a couple of polite and genuine questions:
1) Have you done any research into the psychology of climate change denial?
2) Can you tell us why you want so passionately to be right on this one?
I look forward to your considered response to 2, in particular.
All the best.
JamieOct 4 2012: Vicki A made some good points on her Ted talk. We have to adjust sure,,but if one is responsible it gives the irresponsible more options to mess things up. Look at Bush43 following the Con deficit reduction.Oct 3 2012: My thoughts on global warming:
7 billion on the planet right now are having a negative impact on the environment.
Populous countries such as India and China are generating more wealth each year, and therefore it is natural to assume that consumption in these and other poorer countries is only going to increase over time. Greater consumption is going to lead to more manufacturing and more pollution. Not everyone is going to be a consumer, but with upwards of 10 billion people by 2100, it is rather frightening to start thinking about how many of these 10 billion will be consumers, all wanting the latest iPhones, DVD players, LCD televisions...
You can have all the fancy schemes you can think of to try and combat "global warming" eg bio fuels, solar/wind energy, but the real underlying issue is uncontrolled world population growth. We're already starting to see the consequences. The Great Barrier Reef is slowly being destroyed partly due to human activities on land. Destruction of the natural world will only increase as the world population increases.
When we hit the 10 billion mark at around the year 2100 or so, I believe global warming is going to be a lesser concern over and above "competition" over resources such as food, clean water, and raw materials for manufacturing, and the resulting destruction to the environment.
I'd like to end this by highlighting the stupidity of mankind... The Australian Govt is quite prepared to spend over $40 billion on a national broadband network. Yet, the current petroleum distribution network can't be replaced by hydrogen because it is "too expensive". I have no idea how much it would cost, but $40 billion would go a heck of a long way towards paying for a move towards hydrogen fueled vehicles and the refueling infrastructure.
Oct 3 2012: I agree entirely with Dan - but there is a further consideration which has, of yet, not received exposure because governments tend to think within the time frame of their tenure and man cannot think beyond a human lifepsan. During the last 1 million years the planet experienced ten ice ages lasing variously between decades and hundreds of years. In approx 60,000 years from now the planet will experience its next ice age. This is nature at work, there is nothing that man can do to influence this synoidal pattern of climate variation between relatively warm periods and relatively cold periods. During previous ice ages the world's population of humans was so small that those living in the frozen north could migrate to the warmer south. In a future ice age this will not be possible unless the world's population is drastically reduced in size because the nations in the southern hemisphere would not be able to support and sustain such a large population (food, water, shelter, infrasturcture, work - space). The time for action to reduce population size is now. There will be no magic pill in 60000 years to cure all ills, man will not have colonised other planets. I may sound like a prophet of doom, but it is time governments and world bodies thought long term. A little climate change at the moment is going to seem as nothing compared to the armageddon which surely lies ahead if we do not get a grip of the size of the population and start now.
Oct 3 2012: Tongue in cheek, while global warming is a bad outcome for some, anyone who has lived in New Zealand should really be welcoming global warming. It can get bitterly cold there during winter, and a couple of degrees warming would be nice. And if the sea temps also rise, the beaches won't be so damn cold even in summer.
The original question on global warming is really a subset of a broader range of questions regarding humanity and what actions it needs to take to ensure longevity of existence. I'd like to see humanity get behind the "Mars-One" project. Having a colony on Mars is an insurance policy against catastrophic events on Earth, and perhaps then we could sleep a little better at night.
I agree as well that our planet cools and warms over time. The next ice age will be interesting for sure. The issue of global warming is very complex. We install solar panels while at the same time we destroy forests, we empty our oceans of fish, and continue to build weapons that have the potential to wipe life off the planet many times over. Governments talk about needing to grow their economy, and some governments even have policies that boost immigration to support economic growth.
Governments are part of the problem not the solution, and that if we all sit back waiting for governments to do something, then we will be waiting a heck of a long time. Or even if they manage to implement something like a carbon tax, it is all ultimately meaningless for all of the reasons mentioned in my original reply.
A complex situation indeed, and the best place to start is with each individual ie the choices we make and things we can do to make positive change.Oct 4 2012: Complex, indeed. Even if the people who think we can "fight " climate change are right, the process of doing it might well turn out to be ill advised. like. the "Ethanol " scam. Past climate cycles seem to be real, and our attempts to stop it are not likely to prevent it, just mitigate.
But there IS a way to deal with carbon burning pollution, and several other major problems at the same time: let's start using the Thorium LFTR power plants, cheap , plentiful fuel, no significant pollution, a million times the energy density of oil and coal. It even can run on Uranium LWR plants nuclear waste material.
As for the population problem, that seems to be a self correcting one. Those who have reached a sort of middle class level of civilization do not seem to have large families as they did when they were peasants. The rate of increase in many countries is below replacement, and as Feminism spreads, will no doubt go even lower. Also, if we get Thorium power going, we will be able to save all that money wasted on windmills, solar panels, transmission lines, etc, which are simply not economical, and can be shown to be inadequate.Oct 6 2012: Richard (and others), to suggest that there will still be future natural ice ages despite anthropogenic factors demonstrates that you don't have the vaguest notion of what climate change is. I suggest that you read James Hansen's book Storms of my Grandchildren. If I remember correctly, an example that Hansen uses is that climate forcings caused by a single CFC factory are sufficient to outstrip any natural cooling cycles.Oct 3 2012: NO it is not a losing battle, but if we give up then we start to die. Pretty simple. So why isn't there any progress?Oct 3 2012: When a whole community or group focuses their efforts in solving one problem, most of the time the goal if accomplished. The climate change issue is like two people on a row boat that are rowing in different directions. When we all realize that its a problem that must be solved then will be a battle that can be won. when i say "all" i mean the industrial sector and the single everyday worker, the housewife, the kids at school etc...Oct 3 2012: There are times when I feel that my efforts are insignificant ... like pouring a cup of water on a wildfire. Still, I feel that I would rather offer my cup of water than add a cup of fuel.Oct 3 2012: @ Eduardo Jezierski
Calling me names and insulting me is par for the course for far left smear merchants.
Everything you've written is pure leftist propaganda. The US Govt has spent close to $60Billion on this bogus research in the last 4 years alone. Your so called experts aren't practicing science, they're practicing grantsmanship.
You claim my graph is bogus. It was created by Dr. Willie Soon at Harvard. SInce you say it's bogus, try explaining how temperatures were able to go down consistently from the 1940's through the mid 1970's, when CO2 content in the atmosphere was rising so rapidly at that time. Your entire BS story is based on the relationship between temperature change and CO2 levels in the period from the mid 1970's to about 1998. That's pretty thin evidence.
Before there was this: http://www.swemson.com/upl/Warming.jpg
There was this: http://www.swemson.com/upl/Cooling.jpg
Go to the archives of the NY Times online and do a simple search on headlines about climate change. You'll see the same lies being repeated since the newspaper began: Save yourself the trouble, & see it here:
Anyone wanting proof that CO2 is not a pollutant should watch the following short time lapse video showing the effect of increased CO2 on plant growth
Do you know what happened to Al Gore's Sci Fi Horror Fantasy film in the UK, when they started showing it in public schools? It got busted for violating a UK law prohibiting the political indoctrination of children in their public schools. You can read all about Al Gore's lies and exaggerations here:
The author of the report offered to put up a $1 Million prize if Al Gore would debate him on the subject in public. Gore's been hiding under his desk ever since. Your scam is over. The truth always comes out in the end.
Oct 6 2012: You're wasting your time here F. Swemson. This is not some tabloid news site. TEDsters are smart enough to spot a paid fossil fuel troll.
W. Ying
Oct 3 2012: I think:
- 0
Quitting silly INVALID happiness and all problems will be easy to solve.
To quit INVALID happiness is easy if one know the silliness of INVALID happiness.Oct 2 2012: Nobody has ever offered a more succinct indictment of the global warming hoax than H. L. Mencken, who said: "The whole aim of practical politics is to keep the populace alarmed (and hence clamorous to be led to safety) by menacing it with an endless series of hobgoblins, all of them imaginary."
Fighting climate change is a total waste of time. Climate is ALWAYS changing. It's been that way for billions of years, and it will continue to change. Get used to it!
The only rational thing that man can do about it is adapt to it. We cannot change it, and anyone who says that we're causing climate change is either wrong or a liar. CO2 has virtually nothing to do with climate change, and it is not a pollutant. There is nothing unusual or extreme about our climate right now. There is no climate crisis. The primary cause of climate change is the sun. There are other factors of course, but they're all minor or local or short term / temporary.
And BTW: Warming is good! The only type of climate change which poses any threat to life on earth is extreme cooling, and we're entering what promises to be a prolonged cooling period right now based upon what we know about repeating cycles of solar activity. The globalists at the UN are counting on it to help them implement Agenda 21 which calls for reduction of human population by over 90%. These sociopaths are doing everything they can to insure that as many millions as possible starve to death. That's why they're forcing us to put such a big portion of our corn crop into our gas tanks.
Do your own research. Don't listen to what the alarmists are telling you. It's all a lie motivated by politics and greed.
Don't worry about the climate. It's not a problem. For a rational and entertaining perspective on the entire issue, listen to what George Carlin had to say about it:
Oct 2 2012: lolwut.
Yes change is constant. Just imagine - Even your anti-climate-change politically-driven speaking points have changed too! They've been debunked for a while. You might want to get them refreshed, so at least you can argue with some sense of self respect. You know, because you are unlikely to get anyone else's.
F. Swemson
Oct 2 2012: How about coming up with even one scientific fact that supports your widely discredited pseudo-scienctific theory rather than just attacking the messenger?
- +1
One of the fun and interesting blogs to visit is Real Science. Its editor, Steven Goddard, recently posted the following facts regarding this year's weather.
Quietest tornado summer on record.
Quietest hurricane summer on record.
Quietest long term hurricane period since the Civil War.
No global warming for 16 years.
No change in sea level rise rates.
Record cold in the Midwest.
Average fire season.
A cyclical drought affecting portions of the country.
Another interesting tidbit appeared there today:
It is clear that Wyoming is being overwhelmed by greenhouse gases.
If every person in Wyoming represented one molecule in the atmosphere, only one person would be a methane molecule. All of the CO2 would be represented by half the students at one elementary school in Cheyenne.
This last point illuminates one of the most obvious flaws in the AGW theory.
1: CO2, at roughly 390ppm, is roughly 4/10ths of 1% of the atmosphere, and less than 1/2 of 1 % of total CO2 comes from human activity. That's 16ppm or 1 part in every 62,500 in our atmosphere. And THAT statistically insignificant amount of a clear, odorless and tasteless trace gas is posing a threat to life on earth?
2: CO2 levels on earth have been as high as 1800ppm, however since a doubling of CO2 will only produce a temperature increase of 0.8°C, it's not statistically possible for human activity to produce the results you imply.
3: How much CO2 is too much for our planet? Since the average CO2 levels in crowded nightclubs & submarines is typically 6,000ppm to 8,000ppm, it seems once again, that it's statistically impossible for human activity to cause warming.
Here's all the proof you need:
Remember the following and you'll be OK:
It's the SUN STUPID!
CO2 is NOT a pollutant!
Warming is Good!
Oct 2 2012: Lol again. Sure, why not. I'll feed the troll!
I was presenting at AAAS last meeting and a big % of the conference was about climate change; and species-survival level topics. Climate change is "Widely discredited" by selfish ignoramus like you, sure.
Re: your feeble points it's not a trend:
How about the following tidbits(which may be easier to comprehend than some statistical lingo)
- Every year since 1992 has been warmer than 1992
- The ten hottest years on record occurred in the last 15
- Every year since 1976 has been warmer than 1976
- The 20 hottest years on record occurred in the last 25
- Every year since 1964 has been warmer than 1956
- Every year since 1917 has been warmer than 1917
The five year mean global temperature in 1910 was .8 C lower than the five year mean in 2002. This, and all of the above, come from the temperature analysis by NASA GISS, a great resource:
http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/2011/ for last year, for example
Your "people in Wyoming being molecules" thing is hilarious. How many elementary students there are in Cheyenne is supposed to be related to healthy levels of CO2 in the atmosphere? How about this- if all the Wyoming folks were molecules of water, if just one of them was an Uranium atom, the water would be poisonous for you to drink.
Yup, trace materials can have a big influence. So the fact that numbers are little doesn't mean their effects are little.
To your numbered points
1: Yes
2: A doubling of CO2 will cause a 0.8°C difference? I won't even engage on this troll line.
3: So the fact that people can be for a while in an environment without all the complexity of the earth and its atmosphere and the sun and in which life has evolved is supposed to be demonstration that it would be healthy for the planet to have that composition? Spare us additional fallacies.
Sincerely I one day hope you grow a pair and apologize to your children.
Sorry to everyone else for feeding the trolls.Oct 3 2012: And your link to your graph is wrong, by the way. Just use the data available at NASA and you'll see a well chose global land-ocean temperature index versus solar irradiance do NOT correlate like you show. Irradiance is a stable wave with 11-year cycles (a little bit slower this year) oscillating between 1365 and 1367 W/m^2, while the mean Land-Ocean temp index has gone from .0 to .55 in the same period (when it was at -.3 in 1880)
You have chosen two not very significant variables over a convenient timeframe to show correlation. And no link to data. Are we supposed to believe JPGs from your website just because they are "charts"? Lol. Enjoy your chevron paycheck.Oct 5 2012: Merchants of Doubt authors point out that they same people who cut their teeth arguing that nicotine was not addictive used the pretext that the science was "ambiguous" i.e. they tried to introduce doubt; this is the same tactic used by the global warming deniers.
As a geologist it is obvious at some point in the future we will experience additional ice ages. Excess CO2 enhances plant growth and the only good news about sea level rise is that it is not accelerating (at least according to one report I've read on tidal gauges). Also, a USGS geologist pointed out that in the past, first you get warming and only an increase in CO2 levels 300 years later not vice versa.
Forcing effects from the sun are different from forcing effects of CO2 warming. If it is sun driven then the stratosphere warms and the troposphere cools. If it is driven by CO2 then the troposphere warms and the stratosphere cools. This is what we observe.
We will not decrease CO2 levels in the midst of a global recession. In the States we are bombarded with ads for "clean" coal. Our whole energy policy of both candidates is to increase our "energy independence" with an increase in coal mining and additional oil and gas drilling using fracking. There is so much cheap natural gas we are even shipping it over seas. Since we have over 100 year's worth of cheap natural gas ahead of us this is the equivalent of burning coal for another 50 years.
Fat chance it you think the world is going to get weaned off cheap fossil fuels. American has unlimited cheap coal and cheap, extensive natural gas deposits; the world covets cheap energy.
We can't agree that our creature comforts should consider the plight of our children financially (Social Security insolvency) and in terms of their health (Medicare insolvency), why would anyone believe we will sacrifice our standard of living based on cheap energy with a huge carbon footprint to benefit the standard of living of our progeny?
Oct 5 2012: Comparing scientists like Dr. Richard Lindzen at MIT, and Dr. Willie Soon @ Harvard to people who argued that tobacco was not harmful, is beyond absurd. There is ZERO scientific evidence supporting the ridiculous AGW theory. Nobody is denying that the earth has warmed somewhat since the end of the Little Ice Age. What we deny is the idea that this warming was caused by our increased use of hydrocarbon based fuels during the industrial revolution. If you really believe it to be true, then come up with some scientific proof. A real scientist doesn't prove his theories by insulting & bad mouthing other scientists who disagree with him.
Equating the power of the sun to warm the earth with the power of CO2 to do the same is silly. The greenhouse effect has been exaggerated out of all proportion in the overall calculus of our climate system. At most, the effect of increasing CO2 on our climate is statistically insignificant. Besides, warming is good, as all of you climate alarmists are going to learn in the next 25 to 50 years, as we enter what promises to be a fairly serious cooling period. BTW: The lag time between warming and increased CO2 that comes as a result is more like 800 years. Seems counterintuitive, I know, but that's the way it is. Warming causes CO2 levels to increase because it reduces the solubility of CO2 in our oceans. Most plant life evolved in an atmosphere of 1500ppm or more of CO2. Your reference to "excess" CO2 is also meaningless.
Furthermore, as a geologist, you should know that the term "fossil fuels" is a misnomer. Oil is abiotic. The sheer quantity of it that exists makes it obvious that it isn't just a product of decaying biological matter. Likewise, the term "carbon footprint" is totally meaningless, unless you're a coal miner with coal dust on the soles of your work boots walking on a white rug.
The urge to save humanity is almost always only a false-face for the urge to rule it.
H L Mencken
fsOct 1 2012: It may not seem as if we are making progress; but we are.
We should continue to talk about this. I think the focus should be on citizens. Sometimes the fight for a worthy cause could take a long time to win. (as in the case of the fight against apartheid, slave trade, and the fight for women voting rights).
We should intensify campaigns, debates, and protests so that global citizens are aware and they can make the governments accountable.Oct 1 2012: It's only when the news flashes a "horror" story, do folks really take notice. Just look at all the hipe about Dec. 21, 2012. Folks just can't & won't wrap their minds around global warming. Most folks care about what happens in their daily lives: Family, bills, needs, wants, etc. and not about slow changes to the world they live upon.
Sure! Earthquakes, volcanoes, tidal waves ect. get their attention but only for a brief moment in time.
I haven't given up nor shall I, but there just isn't enough folks out there to make a difference (yet!!!).Oct 1 2012: Here Arjuna,i stole these off Theodore,hope he doesn't mind
http://www.thersa.org/events/audio-and-past-events/2011/the-third-industrial-revolutionOct 1 2012: It may seem irrational but how do we know that it hasn't reached it's self sustaining point? how do we know that we haven't gone passed the tip of the spear and the rest is damage control?
Oct 1 2012: Hi Ken! Are you saying we've missed the boat on it or are you implying that climate change isn't real?
That it's all just normal variation is something which David Attenborough famously believed until relatively recently..There's plenty of evidence to suggest that the rate of change is increasing now. One that comes to mind is the Arctic. It is shrinking on an exponential scale not a linear one, something around half of it's permanently frozen mass has been lost in the last 20 years alone.
Re if we've missed the boat - we probably have, but that doesn't mean that we can't reduce it's impact on peoples' quality of lives. (IMO) :)
Oct 1 2012: Option 2
Missed the boat,i grew up in the 70's last century,was a teenager in the 80's,there are others here that are older,they remember different days,a different climate system,people have been trying to change peoples minds about the climate since i was a kid.
Either we go for the massive cooling projects or we start seeing massive loss of animal and ecosystem life,irrational but this subject has come up before when Dan the writer of Deep Water came on board here for the usual two hour author Q & A.Oct 1 2012: This is a hard question to answer... As most of the solutions for climate change have already been invented, solar concentration technology, electric motorcycles with gyroscopic stabillization, etc... Thus, all that should be necessary for us to fight this battle, is private investment. Billionaires and even upper middle class and wealthy people should be throwing their money at these inventions like crazy... but they are not.
Why? I would suggest that in most of the western world, a huge percentage of our corporate well being, and system of law is controlled by the oil industry. Hemp is illegal, which makes biofuel less tenable (very few bio fuel crops grow in places you could not grow a more common and market friendly food crop, weeds do). Oil is often subsidized by the government. Most car companies recieve various subsidies, especially the luxury companies, which produce some high end hybrids, but mostly sell 20 mpg or less tanks...
Coal is often subsidized by the government, as is nuclear. All of these things also contain the interest of big business however, and one other wildcard... as long as we don't destroy humanity by burning all the oil we have, it's free high energy density fuel, literally begging to come out of the ground. So I would suggest that most of the world in general is run by people who secretly believe oil is worth climate change, and since they have convinced the government to follow their lead... They know solar, and wind won't compete... so, they're not investing in it.
Thus consumer behavior needs to change first, there need to be high profit waiting lists at every alternative energy company that sprouts up, but at the same time, we need to get oil money out of politics, some countries more than others... but this definately isn't just a us problem. How do you get oil money out of politics? Don't vote for people who take oil money, or have oil interests... I think the UK has less of a problem then us, but it exists.
Oct 1 2012: The UK seems obsessed with wind power, despite how expensive it works out to be. Re solar not competing - it does have wonderful potential - always brings to mind the HSBC advert.
0.3% of the potential solar power you could draw from the Sahara would power the whole of Europe. Staggering really.
I'm not saying solar is perfect, the fact you'd have to station a whole load of people to keep cleaning the panels is just one problem.. but it does show you that in terms of energy potential, you don't need anything close to a 100% efficiency system of conversion to make a huge potential impact..


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During the conference "Culture Under Threat: The future of the 1954 Hague Convention" there will be discussions about the proposed WAC Accord on the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. Image credit: Joanne Farchakh Bajjaly.
If you wish to propose an Inter-Congress at your affiliated institution, please notify any member of the WAC Executive. For consideration for WAC funding, the proposal needs to reach the WAC Executive by January of the previous year of the proposed Inter-Congress. For example, you need to submit a proposal of an Inter-Congress to be held in the year 2012 by January 2011. Please note that you need to be a WAC member to propose an Inter-Congress.
Guidelines for preparing a proposal for a World Archaeological Congress Inter-Congress (PDF)
Inter-Congresses are held between the major International Congresses convened by WAC every four years. Inter-Congresses bring together archaeologists to explore issues of interest. They are organised by members of WAC regional electoral colleges.
Recent WAC Inter-Congresses:
The WAC Inter-Congress "Disentangling Contract Archaeology" (Desvelando a arqueologia de contrato) was held in Porto Alegre, Brazil on the 3rd and 4th of June, 2013 (click here for the Inter-Congress banner). The Inter-Congress was funded by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico of Brazil, the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, and the World Archaeological Congress. The Inter-Congress was attended by over 100 people and created lively debates. Above all, it positioned a critical discussion about contract archaeology, suspiciously lacking in Brazil and most other countries. Following the idea that the Inter-Congress was only the start of other activities and actions against the uncritical complicity of archaeology with capitalism, of which contract archaeology is but one expression, the organizers now plan to proceed with the following.
First, the creation of a virtual platform (an "observatório," as it is called in Brazil) for keeping an eye on contract-related issues and to stir discussions about them. The idea is to start with the Brazilian case and from here to grow outwards. There is plenty of work to do on this regard, such as networking with interested parties, for instance, the communities affected by the development projects for which contract archaeology works. Second, the organizers will explore the publication of some papers presented in the Inter-Congress, both as a guest-edited journal volume and as a book. Specifically, they plan to publish two edited books, one in Portuguese and other in Spanish, with papers ordered around similar blocks as those of the Inter-Congress: one setting the wider frame (archaeology and capitalism, the past as a commodity), another discussing contract archaeology more specifically, and the last one as a case study centered in Brazil.
For more information about this Inter-Congress, consult the program booklet.
Announcing Student Prizes from the WAC InterCongress on Indigenous People and Museums (June 22-25, 2011, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA)
We are pleased to extend awards to the following students who participated in the InterCongress.
The award for Best Graduate Student Paper goes to Jonathan Eaton (University of Toronto) for his paper "Museums, Indigeneity and Crises of Identity in the Western Balkans." The Best Graduate Student Poster award goes to Justin Ellis (IUPUI) for "Content Analysis of Four Midwestern Native American Exhibits." Terry Point and Jordan Wilson (Musqueam Indian Band and The University of British Columbia) share the award for Best Undergraduate Student Poster as co-authors of "Consulting with Community: the Musqueam-UBC Archaeological Field School." Each winning entry receives $100, and each person receives an award certificate and one-year WAC student membership. We also want to recognize the following as Honorable Mention Graduate Student Papers: Tomás Sepúlveda (University of Barcelona) for his paper on "Museology and comunalidad: An approach to the communitarian museums of Oaxaca, Mexico" and Rachael Kiddey (University of York) for "Trash or Treasure? Representing social exclusion in the modern museum." Both receive a one-year WAC student membership and an award certificate.
- submitted by Julie Hollowell, for the Academic Committee, WAC InterCongress on Indigenous People and Museums
In association with
The Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and
The International Centre for Cultural and Heritage Studies, Newcastle University, UK
5 July to Friday 8 July, 2011
The Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, China
The Inter-congress will be divided into five themes:
Click here to read Abstracts (PDF)
Once an abstract has been accepted all presenters will be asked to produce a full copy of their paper for translation into Chinese. All abstracts, and papers where possible, will be posted on the Conference web-site for participants to read before arrival to ensure the maximum amount of time for discussion.
The Inter-Congress language will be English. Papers will be presented in English with Chinese subtitles/separate Power Point. This will require Power Point presentations submitted at least three weeks before the Inter-Congress for translation.
The main audience is intended to be heritage managers and academics (archaeology, cultural anthropology, tourism, town planning) from across, or with an interest in, the East and South East Asian Region. Special consideration will be given to student participation.
There are a range of hotels within five minutes walking distance of the conference venue.
It will be difficult for non-Chinese participants to pay for their hotels before arriving in China. Therefore, to ensure you get the accommodation you require, for non-Chinese participants please select your preferred hotel, complete the information below, and send it to firstname.lastname@example.com before 1 June 2011. Reservations will then be made for you. Requests for reservations received after this date cannot be guaranteed. Hotels will require payment on arrival. Information required:
Name of accompanying person sharing room
Passport number(s)
Preferred hotel
Alternative hotel
Arrival date
Departure date
Class A (ca. 60 euros per night)
Prime Hotel (Huaqiao dasha)
Wangfujing dajie (St.) 2, Beijing, China
Tele: 86-4006-313-699
Class B (ca. 50 euros per night)
Wangfujing Guest House Hotel (Sheke boyuan binguan)
Wangfujing dajie (St.) 27, Beijing, China
Tele: 86- 10-65591155
Class C (ca. 40 euros per night)
Beijing Fuhao Hotel (Fuhao binguan)
Wangfujing dajie (St.) 45, Beijing, China
Tele: 86-10-4006-313-699
Class D (ca. 30 euros per night)
Hanting Inn (Hanting jiudian)
Wangfujing dajie (St.) 20, Beijing, China
Tele: 86-10.65121166
Fax: 86-10.65128068
For all non-Chinese participants please register below by clicking on the appropriate registration fee box below. You will be taken to a paypal page where you will be able to register and pay.
Colleagues from China wishing to attend the Inter-congress should email directly to firstname.lastname@example.com.
Conference reception desk will be set in the lobby of the Wangfujing Guest Hotel on July 5th. Time for registration: 8 AM to 11 PM, July 5th.
Wangfujing Guest House Hotel (Sheke boyuan binguan) Wangfujing dajie (St.) 27, Beijing, China
Tele: 86- 10-65591155
Early registration
Before 1/4/11
Normal registration
Before 1/6/11
Late registration
After 1/6/11
Full WAC Member: Rate A*
Full WAC Member: Rate B**
WAC Student Member
Non WAC Member (Rate A*)
Non WAC Member (Rate B**)
Accompanying Person
*Rate A: Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, Japan, New Zealand, Singapore, South Korea, USA and Western Europe.
**Rate B: All countries not listed in Rate A.
You can join on-line at the WAC web site (http://worldarchaeologicalcongress.org/home/join-wac).
The Post-conference tours: July 9 to 11
For further information please contact Wang Renyu on firstname.lastname@example.com
Anyang Yinxu;
Erlitou site;
Luoyang Han-Wei city site and Sui-Tang city site; Longmen Grottoes.
Western line:
Qinshihuang Terrracotta warriors pits and the Mausoleum;
Tang dynasty Daming palace site.
REFUND POLICY: If you cancel your registration before 1 May 2011, 0800 GMT, you will be charged a 40 Euros administration fee, but will receive the remaining amount in refund. If you cancel after 1 May 2011 but by 1 June 2011, 0800 GMT you will receive a 50% refund of your registration fee. After 1 June refunds will be entirely at the organizers' discretion, issued after the conclusion of the Inter-Congress, and usually only for exceptional circumstances.
In association with
The Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and
The International Centre for Cultural and Heritage Studies, Newcastle University, UK
TUESDAY JULY 5TH participants' registration, 8 AM to 11PM
Wangfujing Guest House Hotel (Sheke boyuan binguan)
Wangfujing dajie (St.) 27, Beijing, China
Tele: 86- 10-65591155
Morning: Opening ceremony
- Head of the Chinese Administration of Cultural Heritage, Head of the CASS and President of WAC
- Group photograph
- Six presentations introducing the themes of the Inter-Congress
Afternoon: Parallel sessions start in two different meeting rooms: all the themes will be fully discussed and debated in each group
Group One: Chairs: Claire Smith and Tang Jigen
G1 Session 1 Development Pressures on Heritage Sites and Landscapes
Twin Horns of a Dilemma: Heritage Preservation and the U.S. military transition from Okinawa to Guam (Dr John A Peterson)
Hong Kong and Lingnan: The Key to Improve Cultural Interpretation in Heritage Management (Celine Y Y Lai)
G1 Session 2 World Heritage Nomination and Management Planning
Future and concerns about the Ayutthaya Archaeological Park, Thailand (Robert B Gozzoli)
Proving the Outstanding "Universal" Value of Japanese Archaeological Sites: in search of integrity for the serial nominations (I Yumiko Ogawa)
Archaeological Site Management, Protection and Conservation (Wang Hui)
G1 Session 3 Managing the multiple use of, and pressures on, heritage sites
Current heritage management principles that inform the activities of the World Archaeological Congress (Claire Smith)
Copies in the Values Presentation of Archaeological Sites (Jigen Tang)
Current Trends and Practices in Archaeological Heritage Management in Thailand (Thanik Lertcharnrit)
Industrial heritage management of China (Dai Jian)
Group Two: Chairs: Chen Xingcan and Peter Stone
G2 Session 1 Development Pressures on Heritage Sites and Landscapes
The Heritage Value and the Character of the Settlement and Cultural Landscape of Aufu City in Shandong Province, China (GU Jianhui)
Archaeological Site Management: a Slow-release Capsule (Wang Renyu)
Development and Mitigation work (Chu Xiaolong)
G2 Session 2 World Heritage Nomination and Management Planning
Managing World Heritage sites and their generic value (Peter Stone)
WHL Nomination (Ren Wei)
Management of the Tang dynasty Luoyang city site (Yu Jie)
G1 Session 3 (cont) Managing the multiple use of, and pressures on, heritage sites
Archaeology and Heritage Protection (Lv Jun)
Archaeological site management (Wang Shougong)
Archaeological site management (Jin Xudong)
Textile Archaeology and Conservation (Wang Yarong)
Excavations Conducted in Labs (Zhao Xichen)
The restoration of archaeological site in Japan: from the examples of Heijokyu (Wakabayashi, Kunihiko)
Global and Local Interface in the Management of Cultural Heritage in Indonesia (Daud Aris Tanudirjo)
Foreign archaeologists engaging with local archaeologists (Masakage Murano)
Utilization of a new visualization method for the three dimensional data to heritage sites (Kiyohide Saito)
Cultural Heritage Management: An Integral Aspect of Development (Arelne K. Fleming)
Economic attributes of cultural heritage (Liu Junmin)
G2 Session 3 Managing the multiple use of, and pressures on, heritage sites
Archaeological Excavations in Labs (Du Jinpeng)
A Framework for Understanding the Development of Cultural Heritage Management in China (Hilary du Cros)
Cultural Heritage, environmental Impact Assessment, and People (Thomas F King)
Underwater Archaeology and Heritage (Liu Shuguang)
Management of the Tang dynasty Daming Palace site (Zhou Bing)
Management of the Liangzhu archeological site (Jiang Weidong)
A Lab Archaeology of the Liangzhu Culture Burials (Song Jian)
G1 Session 4 Local community participation, interpretation and education
Relics, Display and Museums - The Hundred Year Development of Museums in Taiwan (Shu-Li Wang)
An attempt to grasp of overall history-cultural heritages in Hyogo, Japan (Wataru Uozo)
The Rise of a Man-Made God and the Fall of a Pilgrimage Temple: A Case Study of the Promotion and Management of a Heritage Site in Zhejiang Province, China (Wei Zhao)
Heritage field's disinterest in popular religion (Denis Byrne)
The Ngadjuri Heritage Project (Vince Copley, Li Huidong, Gary Jackson, Claire Smith, and Qiaowei Wei )
Kansai Archaeology Days (Katsuyuki Okamura)
G2 Session 4 Local community participation, interpretation and education
The Role of Education in Heritage Management - a case study from El Salvador, Central America (Mizuho Ikeda)
From Government-Oriented to Public-Involved: A Game of Theory Analysis of the Interest of Cultural Heritage Protection (Wei Qiaowei)
Public Archaeology in China: Old Belief and New Discipline (Jialing Fan)
Religious Environment Conservation, Protection and Management in Western Part of China (Yang Xin)
Mongolian Cultural Heritage Management and Protection in North China (Bai Jinsong)
Cultural Heritage Education (Fang Hui)
Cultural Heritage Education (Yuan Guangkuo)
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Visits to the Peking Man site, the Western Zhou Dynasty cemetery site at Liulihe, and the Han Dynasty burial site at Dabaotai
Post-Congress tours
It is intended that there will be at least one book produced from the Inter-Congress. Depending on funding, this will be produced in both Chinese and English or Chinese with extended abstracts of presentations made in English. There is also scope for a special edition of Archaeologies, the journal of the World Archaeological Congress.
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All the above information is correct when posted but may have to be modified before the Inter-Congress. Please check this web-site for further information and up-dates.


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PURA MANGKUNEGARAN : its history and the end of the united Javanese Mataram Sultanate
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carole king
Eagles, Carole King, George Lucas Lead Kennedy Center Honorees
Some of the biggest pop culture figures of the '70s will be honored by the ceremony.
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Hollywood and Broadway's brightest stars will take center stage at "The 68th Annual Tony Awards."
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Steven Tyler, P!nk, Lady Gaga, Sara Bareilles, Zac Brown, Miranda Lambert, Miguel and Alicia Keys were among the many artists who paid tribute last night to one of the greatest songwriters of popular music.
Pink, will.i.am, Sara Bareilles, Miguel & More Added to Carole King MusiCares Tribute
Newly announced performers include: Sara Bareilles, P!nk, will.i.am, Miguel, Alicia Keys, Sugarland's Jennifer Nettles, Train, Martina McBride, Jakob Dylan, Darlene Love, Amy Grant, Gloria Estefan, and many more.
Carole King Named MusiCares Person of the Year
Carole King will join the ranks of Bruce Springsteen, Paul McCartney and Barbra Streisand to be celebrated in January as the 2014 MusiCares Person of the Year.
Kelly Clarkson Pays Tribute To Patti Page, Carole King
Kelly Clarkson took the GRAMMY stage not to sing one of her own songs, but instead to pay tribute to two legends. With just a pianist and a guitarist, Clarkson put her own bittersweet take […]


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14 Best Makeup Removers
See which products -- from MAC Cosmetics, Clinique and more -- easily stripped off eye makeup (and everything else)
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Older comments
By far my fave is Nivea Eye Makeup Remover! Easy to use and the worst of eye makeup melts off. This is sometimes hard to find. I wish it was in every Drugstore and Supermarket. Nivea could make a mint! Great picks in the article.
by Ydabney Thursday, May 9, 2013 at 10:48AM Report as inappropriate
There are some great products here (love Lush's "Baby Face"), but some are missing--like Pond's Cold Cream (gets rid of everything!) and Estee Lauder's Eye Makeup Remover.
by GigiSD Tuesday, April 30, 2013 at 08:42PM Report as inappropriate
I use WEI to go gelled oil cleanser. It's the best!
by emkgibson Monday, April 29, 2013 at 12:49AM Report as inappropriate
Sephora has a good eye makeup remover much like lancome's bifacil. Not as pricey. Does a great job and is gentle on the eyes
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for removing makeup there are so many options - as long as they are gentle on the skin and so the job well...
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i really need a good makeup remover
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I used to use the Mary Kay makeup remover, until I realized that Loreal makes a makeup remover (green bottle) that works just as well, and it's only like $6.
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I'd like to try the Boots makeup remover. I like their rosewater toner
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Lancome Effacil Gentle Eye Makeup Remover....did not remove my mascara without some harsh rubbing. I will not repurchase!
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Mr. Jason Llyod Smith
Goal: $2,500.00
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FundraisingHonour Roll
Support My Ride to Conquer Cancer®
Welcome to my Personal Page! The Enbridge Ride to Conquer Cancer benefiting BC Cancer Foundation, is a two-day cycling journey, through Canada's Pacific region taking place in the summer. It will be a challenge in a number of ways, but with my bike, my helmet, and your generosity, a real impact will be made! Contribute to this history-making event with a donation. Funds raised in The Ride to Conquer Cancer will support breakthrough research, exemplary teaching, and compassionate care made possible through BC Cancer Foundation, a leader in cancer research and care.Thank you in advance for your help.
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About LIM College
Confused About What Classes You Need to Take? Come to an Advising Workshop on May 8
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Duke Football BIO
82 Sydney Sarmiento
2012: Academic All-ACC selection ... started all 13 games ... registered 28 tackles, 3.5 tackles for loss, 1.5 quarterback sacks, one fumble recovery and two QB pressures ... posted a season-high eight tackles including 2.0 tackles for loss against N.C. Central ... sacks came versus Memphis and Virginia Tech ... recorded multiple tackles in nine weeks ... fumble recovery came at Wake Forest ... on the field for 686 snaps including a season-high 66 at Georgia Tech.
2011: Started all 12 games ... carded 32 tackles, 1.5 tackles for loss, 1.0 quarterback sack and one fumble recovery on the year ... had a season-high six tackles versus Virginia Tech, Georgia Tech and North Carolina ... first collegiate sack came at North Carolina ... recovered a fumble against Georgia Tech ... after totaling five tackles through the first five games, averaged 3.9 stops per contest over the final seven weeks of the year ... on the field for 465 snaps including a season-high 51 against North Carolina.
2010: Third team Freshman All-America selection by Phil Steele ... played in all 12 games, starting the final 11 weeks of the year ... finished with 26 tackles, one tackle for loss, one pass breakup and one caused fumble ... blocked a field goal attempt versus Army ... logged a season-high five tackles against both Maryland and Georgia Tech ... had four stops including one for loss and one caused fumble at Virginia Tech ... on the field for 609 total snaps including a season-high 67 versus Virginia.
2009: Did not see game action ... enrolled at Duke in January, 2009.
PRIOR TO DUKE: Four-year letterman at West Florence under Trey Woodberry ... charted as the 71st-best defensive end in the nation by ESPN.com ... earned all-region honors as a senior after posting 70 tackles with 10 quarterback sacks as West Florence went 7-5 ... All-Mid Atlantic Region pick by SuperPrep ... helped the South squad to a 24-14 win in the annual South Carolina North-South All-Star game on December 13, 2008 in Myrtle Beach ... had 62 tackles with nine sacks as a junior.
PERSONAL: Son of Ramon and Tanya Sarmiento ... born April 5, 1991 ... high school teammate of fellow Duke football team member John Coleman ... graduated from Duke in May, 2013 with a degree in cultural anthropology while minoring in education ... currently pursuing a graduate degree in Christian studies.
Duke Athletics Teams
Athletic Department
Get InvolvedIron Dukes
Junior Iron Dukes
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|Richmond, Ind.
|High School:
As a junior:
Played in all 30 matches and all 112 sets for the Bobcats in 2010 … Named the Bobcats' Team MVP for the 2010 season … Led the team in assists with 992 and service aces with 53 … Finished 14th in the nation in service aces per set (.47) ... Earned the Bobcats' first NEC Player of the Week honor in nearly nine years after leading QU to a weekend sweep of Robert Morris and Saint Francis (Pa.) … Compiled a team-high 10 double-doubles … Recorded a season-high 61 assists at Bryant on Sept. 26 … Had 54 assists at Long Island on Oct. 17 … Picked up 52 assists against Bryant on Nov. 10 … Tallied 48 assists against Long Island on Oct. 30 … Recorded 46 assists against Fordham on Aug. 28 and St. Francis (N.Y.) on Oct. 16 … Had 44 assists against Delaware State on Sept. 17 … Picked up 43 assists against Hartford on Sept. 11 … Tallied 42 assists against St. Peter's on Sept. 10, Robert Morris on Oct. 9, and Fairleigh Dickinson on Oct. 24 … Had 40 assists at Fairleigh Dickinson on Oct. 3.
As a sophomore:
Rarely left the court, seeing action in all 100 sets the Bobcats' played as floor captain in 2009 ... Tallied a team-best 785 assists ... Finished second on the team in service aces (21), and fifth in digs (168) ... Came a kill away from her first career triple-double, Oct. 9 at St. Francis (N.Y.), totaling nine kills, a career-high 53 assists and 12 digs ... Contributed 42 assists and 16 digs in the Bobcats' Nov. 15 win against Saint Francis (Pa.) ... Had nine kills and 39 assists in the Bobcats' victory over Holy Cross on Oct. 13 ... Distributed 40 assists in the Bobcats' Sept. 20 win over St. Francis (N.Y.) ... Totaled 11 digs at Saint Francis (Pa.) on Oct. 4.
As a freshman:
Saw action in all 35 matches as the Bobcats' setter...compiled a team-high 920 assists and 43 service aces...tallied a season-high 41 assists twice, at Fairleigh Dickinson (10/18) and at Delaware State (11/2)...also racked up 40 assists against Providence (10/4)...began her collegiate career with a 39-assist, 11-dig performance against Fordham (8/29)...hit a season-high .714 with five kills against St. Francis (N.Y.)(11/9)... also registered five kills apiece against Hartford (9/28) and at Chicago State (10/3)...compiled at least 10 digs on five separate occasions, including a season-high 14 against LaSalle (11/5)...also added two block assists against LaSalle...named to the NEC Fall Academic Honor Roll and the Quinnipiac Bobcat Invitational All-Tournament Team.
Before Quinnipiac:
A much-heralded player from Centerville High School in Richmond, Ind. ... a four-year Tri-Eastern Conference First Team selection and an All-Area Palladium-Item pick, while also earning All-Area Palladium-Item First Team honors in three of those four years ... was named to the All-State Second Team in 2006 and the All-State First Team in 2007 ... earned Indiana All-Star Volleyball Team recognition as a senior ... a four-year team captain and most valuable player at Centerville ... broke the career and single-season school records for assists and aces while also breaking the single-season record for digs ... also played three years of varsity basketball, earning All-Conference Honorable Mention in 2007 ... an All-Conference and All-District selection on Centerville's varsity tennis team, holding the No. 1 and No. 2 singles positions ... was an All-State Honorable Mention pick as a junior while also winning the Sectional and Regional Championship ... also an All-Conference Honorable Mention basketball player, earning team MVP and Most Inspirational awards as team captain ... a two-year National Honor Society member, Lawler earned the Academic Honors Diploma ... also earned the President's Education Award and the Albert Award, given annually to the most outstanding first-year female athlete at Centerville.
The daughter of Marcia and Richard Lawler ... has a sister, Kristin, and two brothers, Darren and Kevin ... Kristin played volleyball at Bellarmine University ... Darren played basketball at Tennessee-Martin ... a psychology major.


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Looking for some opinions on replacing the bottom in my jon boat.
It's a rivited 1448, 0.060" hull.
I plan on putting a 4'x8'x0.125" 5052 on the bottom. I'm not sure on the best way to do it. I talked with a local shop and they want to cut the old bottom out. I don't see a reason to do that, other than it might save a bit on labor. I think that cutting the old bottom completly out would cause you to loose alot of structure that is already there.
Here are some pics of what I was thinking of doing.
Cut out the runners (represented by the black), grind the outside rivits flush with the bottom, weld the new bottom to the stringer (i think that's what you call it), weld the stringer to the origional bottom just because. Also put a weld from the new bottom to the old in the middle of the runners I removed (forgot to put that one in the picture) The welds are the grey areas (kinda hard to see).
On the back of the boat I was thinking of leaving the new bottom sticking out 3/8-1/2" and putting a 4-5" plate on the back of the transom the whole width of the boat.
I would drill a few holes in the stringers so water can get back to the bilge.
I am going to be using a MM210. What wire/size would you reccomend? Right now it is setup with .035 5356. Should I go with 4043?
I don't have much experience with welding aluminum, but I've been reading all I can find and practicing alot.
I think the hardest thing is going to be making that first cut! I do have another boat incase this one is in the shop for a while, lol.
Results 1 to 10 of 16
05-16-2007, 01:08 AM #1Junior Member
- Join Date
- May 2007
- Location
- Fairbanks, Alaska
- Posts
- 3
replacing the bottom in a jonboat?
05-16-2007, 06:34 AM #2Senior Member
- Join Date
- May 2007
- Posts
- 539
Hi Kevin,
I am by no means an expert, but I do have some boating experience. Seems to me that boat is going to flex, a lot. There was a reason they used rivits originally.
My opinion, be carefull where you replace rivits with welds.
The only thin aluminum I have welded was with a tig. It is difficult to do well. Can't offer much help there.
Good luck.
I too question the welding. I would consider riveting (solid rivets)the patch on using a metal filled epoxy as a sealer between. Im not familiar with 1448, and could not find it in any literature of mine, perhaps a typo? In any event riveting is simple and straight forward, or you can always find a local aircraft mechanic to do it for a few bucks. I wouldnt "grind" down any rivet heads, drill them out and re-rivet through your patch if you have to.
-Aaron"Better Metalworking Through Research"
Miller Dynasty 300DX
Miller Dynasty 200DX
Miller Spectrum 375 extreme
Miller Millermatic Passport
Miller Spot Welder
Motor-Guard stud welder
Smith, Meco, Oxweld , Cronatron, Harris, Victor, National, Prest-o-weld, Prest-o-lite, Marquette, Century Aircraft, Craftsman, Goss, Uniweld, Purox, Linde, Eutectic, and Dillon welding torches from 1909 to Present. (58 total)
They do make aluminum John boats all welded but I'm not sure I've seen one that has been changed over from rivets. I have welded some stern repair spots, brackets and made some compartments in them. Most sterns are welded anyway it seems. The rivets are easy. Takes 2 people and an air hammer with blunt chisel. Person inside holds the dolly [auto body] Give it a shot with impact, all done.
As far as welding with the mig. The boat is probably .063-.080 and I have a pulsed mig with spool gun and I have a time with it. The TIG works much better in my case. Also the aluminum your working on [at least what I work on] has been in the salt water and it gets "into" the aluminum. That makes it even harder to weld
Just my 2 cents worth, good luckScott
HMW [Heavy Metal welding]
05-16-2007, 09:27 PM #5Senior Member
- Join Date
- May 2007
- Posts
- 121
I think you should consider selling it to someone with more ambition than money and use the money you were going to spend on that 4x8 sheet of aluminum and trade up !!! Unless you are very experianced you will not get that aged .060 aluminum welded sucessfully with the above mentioned equipment and even then I am not sure. I have a MM251 with a spoolgun and a good bit of experiance with it and I would fully expect to scrap the boat and waste a good sheet of aluminum by trying.
05-16-2007, 10:01 PM #6Junior Member
- Join Date
- May 2007
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- Fairbanks, Alaska
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- 3
I'm going to can the project till winter. Buttoned her up enough today to use for the summer. Getting tired of looking at the new motor sitting in the corner.
Thanks for the ideas
One of the kids brought in a jonboat to the class to fix. teacher with years of experience at Pearl Harbor, said it wouldn't be worth it to fix. Too old with too much salt water. Even if you tried to burn it out with the TIG, still, too much crap/junk in it. Personally, I would re-rivit it, but put in a whole bunch of 5200 (it's something like a 1 part epoxy, GREAT for salt water). Although, I would probably try to TIG or MIG it just for the experience!!!!!!!
good luckI'm not late...
I'm just on Hawaiian Time
I don't know if anybody even cares about this post anymore but i'll go for it anyhow!
Firstoff ...1448 is just a fancy way of saying it's a 14 1/2' long boat!
You can bet it's already 5052.
If it's a fresh water craft and you got lots of time you could do a fun project out of it.
One thing I will say is I would do as that shop said and just carefully grind loose the entire bottom. On a boat that small it would be nothing more than dead weight and lightness is one of the main advantages to that little jon!
Heck you are already going to be twice as thick anyhow!
Just grind all the rivets from the outside or if yer really good then just drill 'em out from the git go. When you weld back in your bottom you can simply "plug weld" the rivet holes along with a few skip welds as well.
Carefull fitting would make all the difference in how this project turns out. just leave plenty of the sides so you can have plenty of fusion effect as .060 is fairly thin for mig but still within the realm of possibility. It will be easier welded from the inside on the corners but outside is all you can do at the crossmembers. The hardest part is getting it all cleaned and ground nice enuff.....take yer time heare cause there are no shortcuts.
You can just set it on the floor on 2x4's and step on it to tack parts together.
At my shop I would simply call this just another day at the office altho I would use tig instead to weld the sides to the bottom.
I used to build jons one time in the off season and they were smooth bottom and had angle runners welded to the outside made from 1" x 1/8th angle. would work great for you as well.
I would bring the bottom past the transom a couple inches like you was saying BTDT and it works great. Brace the bottom like you were saying also.
I wish I could reccomend wire sizes and feeds and speeds and all but I don't run a 210. I will say you will have to flat get a move on tho and keep yer heat on the 1/8th part! Also lay a tack about every inch on the entire thing before you weld ANYTHING or it will turn into junk real fast!! Weld an inch or two then maybe peck the parts together a little and then weld a little more but don't get in a big hurry. You want a good burnthru on that weld anyhow.
I simply love fixing up old boats and it is 90% of my income these days...I do more pontoons nowadays tho.
To test it throw it up on sawhorses and fill 'er up with water....mark the leaks with a lead pencil...they work while wet unlike sharpies. then weld over the leaks after re-cleaning them first with a stainless brush on your 4 1/2" grinder.
FWIW I wouldn't rivet a single piece..... All they are is a leak waiting to happen!
I'd do that job in a heartbeat but nobodies gonna give me a 100 bucks an hour but on your own it's unlimited man!! Go for it ...I would...HTH!!
Thats some pretty good advice Fusion King. You said some interesting things. For me, the biggest concern would be the age and salt its got in it. Aluminum in salt for a long time seems like it crumbles and sometimes, even with the tig, its hard to get all the crap burned off. I swear the salt is actually "in" the aluminum. And since its so thin you can't sand or wire brush much off.But if you made a whole new bottom that would be much better probably. I think thats what I would do, just replace the whole bottom.
good luckScott
HMW [Heavy Metal welding]
05-19-2007, 08:15 PM #10Senior Member
- Join Date
- Oct 2006
- Location
- DFW area
- Posts
- 180
I'd slap patchs on the leaks with a 2 part epoxy resin & cloth/mat while I was saving up for a new hull.
Keep in mind (for budget considerations) the old hull is worth about 60 cents a pound.
."Gone are the days of wooden ships, and Iron men.
I doubt we'll see either of their likes again".
Circa 1920.
Unknown US Coast Guard unit Commander.


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Moderators: kurt, Imran, ADGO BOD
DaBus85 wrote:Thought I would open this topic up so everyone can brag about their aces out here. i got hole 5 today from the blue tees with my pro pig!! It was my first time ever playing the course so the made it a little sweeter. That's my 6th ace of my career, I hope they keep coming!
Bootsie wrote:just got 16 today then backed it up with 17 both from black it was pretty sick. top that cool people who actually talk about there aces on this site!
Bootsie wrote: top that cool people who actually talk about there aces on this site!
Hit 15 yesterday. Playing by myself and nobody was around, of course. First ace at ERP
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(expectant mothers, children travelling alone, passengers in need of medical assistance, etc.)
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The Ivory Coast, a former French colony, has a varied climate ranging from extreme aridity to pouring rain. Its political system unfortunately is not entirely reliable. Since 1983, the capital of the Ivory Coast has been Yamoussoukro, a city with about 110,000 inhabitants. Apart from its genuinely African name, this city, which is situated away from the coast, has little to offer. All the government agencies, ministries, embassies and large companies have remained in the former capital, Abidjan.
With their unspoilt nature and marvellous African jungle containing very rare trees, plants and animals, the surrounding areas of Abidjan are an attractive place to visit.