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Gallaudet University Off Campus Apartments
Ready for an Apartment near GU?
Has the time come for you to get out of the dorm and move into an off campus GU apartment? Perhaps the options available from the Gallaudet University housing office no longer meet your needs and you would like to find a cheap apartment close to the GU campus. If so, you can search for off campus Gallaudet University apartments with MyNewPlace's college housing search.
Although Gallaudet University student housing may be very conveniently close to campus, moving to an off campus apartment can be a great way to save money, put some distance in between yourself and an RA, get accustomed to living in your own apartment and building up rental history.
GU apartments for rent are available close to campus and in other neighborhoods around Washington, District of Columbia. Using our map based university apartment finder, you can find off campus housing near campus to ensure you can still make it to class on time.
We can help you find off campus GU apartments that will best suit your collegiate lifestyle; search Gallaudet University apartments by the number of bedrooms, price, neighborhood or a range of other amenities.
Have more questions? Check out our articles with renter tips in our apartment guide and search through www.gallaudet.edu.
Average Apartment Rent in Washington
|# Bedrooms
|3 Month % change
|1 Bed
|2 Bed
|3 Bed
Search by Floorplan
Apartments in Washington - View 165 properties
Senate Square
Washington, District of Columbia, 20002
Studio/1 Bedroom
2 Bedrooms
Avalon First and M
Washington, District of Columbia, 20002
Studio/1 Bedroom
2 Bedrooms
3 Bedrooms
Flats at Atlas
Washington, District of Columbia, 20002
Studio/1 Bedroom
2 Bedrooms
Fairway Park
Washington, District of Columbia, 20002
1 Bedroom
2 Bedrooms
AVA H Street
Washington, District of Columbia, 20002
Studio/1 Bedroom
2 Bedrooms
Map & Local Information
Local Talk
Get answers about Washington from local experts or tell us what you love about it.
What are some quiet neighborhoods in Washington DC?
Located in the northwest quarter of Washington, D.C., historic Cleveland Park is a quiet residential neighborhood. This area is known for its charming late 19th century homes, as well as the notable Art Deco Uptown Theater, located here. Glover Park, just north of Georgetown, is a peaceful neighborhood nestled in the picturesque forested parklands of Glover-Archbold Park. This community brings the amenities of suburban living to city life, with neighborhood shops and restaurants, and several cultural community events held locally throughout the year.
What are the most fun neighborhoods in Washington DC?
The U Street Corridor, located in Northwest Washington, D.C., is the local hotspot, always buzzing with excitement and entertainment. With a slew of shops, restaurants, art galleries, nightclubs, and music venues located on the nine-block stretch from 9th Street to 18th Street, you will never run out of things to do here. U Street is the hub of D.C.'s music scene, with several famous venues including the Lincoln Theatre and the Black Cat. Just north of downtown, Dupont Circle is home to some of Washington's best restaurants and bookstores, as well as the city's finest museums and historic attractions. Explore the spectacular photography and interactive displays of the National Geographic Museum by day and grab a cocktail and enjoy a flamenco performance at Cafe Citron at night, both located in Dupont Circle.
Is there a coffee house or someplace in Mount Pleasant where the locals hang out?
With so many students and professionals residing in DC, there are bound to be an array of local coffee shops, and coffee aficionados of Mount Pleasant will not be disappointed. Large chains like Starbucks, Caribou, and Cosi abound, but Mount Pleasant is also home to an abundance of smaller, locally owned coffee joints. Crumbs and Coffee is a local fave; an unpretentious, no-frills coffee shop serving up strong brews and tasty breakfast sandwiches in a friendly and down to earth environment. Order a yummy pastry and Crumb's exquisite frozen chai tea and enjoy it out in the sunshine on the outdoor patio.
Does Washington DC have any famous museums or exhibitions?
DC is home to dozens of world-class museums, many of them free of charge! Smithsonian Institution is the "world's largest museum complex", with 18 DC-area attractions, all free to the public. Some of the most well known include the Museum of Natural History, the National Gallery of Art, the National Air and Space Museum, the National Zoo, and the Museum of African Art. DC's Holocaust Memorial is America's leading center for the study and documentation of the Holocaust, with an extensive array of artifacts, films, photographs, and more. Other popular DC museums include the International Spy Museum, Madame Tussaud's Wax Museum, the National Museum of Crime and Punishment, and Newseum.
How is the school system in Washington DC?
The school system in Washington DC is vast, with a public, public charter, or magnet school fit for students of all varieties. Over twenty schools in the district received the utmost score of 10 out of 10 on Greatschools.org's scale for their superior test scores. Some of the best schools include Murch Elementary, Shepherd Elementary, Mann Elementary, Deal Middle School, and Benjamin Bannekar Senior High School. Many renowned private schools also reside within the area including Gonzaga College High School, National Cathedral School, Washington International School, and Georgetown Day School.
Where in Washington should I live if I'd like to walk or bike to work and to restaurants and bars from my apartment?
Washington DC is a very pedestrian-friendly city, with many walkable neighborhoods to choose from. Dupont Circle is the most walkable in DC, a trendy neighborhood chock full of bars, restaurants, bookstores, and much more. Adams Morgan is another popular neighborhood amongst DC pedestrians with lots to do, from an assortment of great local shops to a bustling nightlife. Other DC neighborhoods that scored above 90 on walkscore.com include Logan Circle, U Street Corridor, Downtown, Mount Vernon Square, and Foggy Bottom.
What do people do for fun in Washington?
One of the most obvious activities involves taking advantage of the architecture of our nation's capitol--such as touring the national monuments, memorials, and three houses of government--or having a picnic in one of the city's parks. Aa far as culture is concerned, a person could spend his entire life walking around the extensive web of Smithsonian museums. Walking through Georgetown, a historic neighborhood full of cute shops and restaurants, is always a good way to spend an afternoon. Hiking at Great Falls Park and biking along the CandO Canal is a great way to spend time outdoors in the DC area. Lastly, copious venues hold music concerts throughout the year.
Is Randle Highlands apart of Hill Crest.
Randle Highlands and Hill Crest is about 0.7 miles apart each other. Randle Highlands is located north of Hill Crest and it takes only 2minutes by car and about 10minutes on foot. You can get Randle Highlands through the Hillcrest dr. and 28th street from Hill Crest.
What do people in Washington do as far as outdoor recreation?
As the capital of the United States, Washington, D.C. is a planned city whose design incorporates a lot of green space. For that reason, there is plenty to do outdoors within the city limits. In addition to the National Mall and Reflecting Pool, well-attended parks include Montrose Park, Dumbarton Oaks Park, Piney Branch Park, and Glover Archbold Park, among many others. Several larger parks outside the city limits provide opportunities for hiking, camping, and mountain biking, while the Potomac River offers boating, fishing, sailing, canoeing, and kayaking. With quite a few courses in the area, golf is also a popular pastime for many D.C. residents.
Where do most of the American University grad students live?
American University is most accessible by public transportation through the Tenleytown metro station, which is on the red line. Close neighborhoods on th red line include Cleveland Park, Woodley Park, Dupont Circle and Friendship Heights. The first 3 neighborhoods can be pretty expensive, however. The Red Line transfers in Chinatown to the Green line, along which neighborhoods such as Columbia Heights, U Street and Shaw it is easier to find cheaper housing in cool areas for grad students with only about a 15-20 minute increase in commute time.


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When speaking to my young son about his makom ha'ervah I have referred to it as his "bris". What would be a proper, lashon naki, term to use when speaking to my young daughter about her makom ha'ervah (until now we have referred to her 'private area' but she wants to know what the Jewish name is). The actual term "makom ervah" seems to be too hard for her to remember.
Take the 2-minute tour ×
Mi Yodeya is a question and answer site for those who base their lives on Jewish law and tradition and anyone interested in learning more. It's 100% free, no registration required.

subset: commoncrawl


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|News » Archives
Ricciardi and Burton close out indoor season for ETSU
Saturday, March 03, 2007
Ricciardi jumped 1.72 meters (5-07.75), short of the NCAA Provisional mark of 1.78 meters. Natalie Sako of
The senior high jumper closed out an outstanding indoor career at ETSU. Ricciardi set a school record and personal best mark earlier this season at the Carolina Invitational, with a leap of 1.78 meters (5-10), which led to A-Sun Athlete of the Week honors. Ricciardi also won her third consecutive indoor conference title in the high jump with a leap of 1.67 meters (5-05.75).
On the men's side,
The ETSU track and field team will now prepare for its outdoor season which starts in two weeks at the


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If architect Sheila Kennedy gets her way, textiles will soon be able to take the sun's energy and turn it into electricity. Kennedy is an expert in the integration of solar cell technology in architecture. And, her team from KVA Matx has designed the Soft House, a structure that can create close to 16,000 watt-hours of electricity by transforming household curtains into flexible, semi-transparent, solar collectors.
Textiles have been a fixture of architecture and design for their ability to define and modify a space. For Sheila Kennedy, textiles are just another material from which energy can be generated. The thin-film photovoltaic textiles are essentially solar panels created from organic photovoltaics. While not as efficient as the silicon based type, they are able to be molded and modified without any manufacturing process.
The Soft House has gone through a number of prototypes, but don't expect to see it anytime soon. The cost of the solar textiles would, at current, make it cost prohibitive. However, Kennedy's work on this project shows that renewable energy technologies can be easily integrated into designs in ways that had never been thought of before. Kennedy's own words best describe our thoughts on the Soft House: "Never underestimate the power of the architectural imagination."
11 Comments
August 11, 2011 at 11:26 am
There are some fascinating cut-off dates in this article however I don know if I see all of them center to heart.
September 1, 2010 at 12:47 pm
its been two years….. how far has this project reached
August 3, 2008 at 4:39 pm
[…] entirely in solar textiles is still too costly at the moment. Cost measured in cash, apparently.Read | Permalink | Email […]
June 19, 2008 at 11:55 am
This is great and very creative! I will add the case study to my "Find Your Dream Job in Solar" class in the "Cool Solar Stuff Coming Someday" section.
It's easy to become jaded when you see these great designs because they never seem to get to market. The first step is design/production/field testing, but the longer (and I think trickier) road is taking design to production and to the marketplace.
If you need a place to test these I volunteer my neighborhood Village Homes (Davis, CA). We all have solar oriented houses that use curtains to reduce the summer heat.
Keep up the great work. The world is in great need of this.
June 12, 2008 at 5:57 pm
[…] Read | Permalink | Email this | Comments […]
June 12, 2008 at 9:26 am
Very interesting story, nice to see some alternatives to the tried and true rigid panels, even if the textiles are less efficient. But I am puzzled by: "…her team from KVA Matx has designed the Soft House, a structure that can create close to 16,000 watt-hours of electricity…" In a week? A month? A year? 16 kWh isn't much energy, about half what a typical house here in southern Canada uses in a day. Is this a tropical house or is it adaptable to the temperate zones too? Was the 16 kWh per ____ figure arrived at by modeling sun from California? Germany? It's nice to see a technology but it would be even nicer to have some sense of scale as to what it can do.
tai viinikka (http://www.eastpole.ca)


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Welcome to the Carlsbad Chamber of Commerce
Welcome to the Carlsbad Chamber of Commerce and Welcome Center located in Carlsbad, New Mexico --- an oasis in the desert. Carlsbad is known for the Carlsbad Caverns National Park, but we're also the home of Living Desert Zoo & Gardens and Brantley Lake State Parks, have the Pecos River running through the heart of town, and we boast 350 days of sunshine a year!
Upcoming Events
New Members


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CAMBRIDGE, Mass. – The No. 19 Quinnipiac men's ice hockey team tied Harvard, 2-2, in an ECAC Hockey match-up at Bright Hockey Center in Cambridge, Mass. Quinnipiac goes to 7-3-1 overall and 1-1-1 in ECAC Hockey play with the tie while Harvard moves to 0-1-1 overall and in league play.
Jeremy Langlois (Tempe, Ariz.) and Corey Hibbeler (St. Louis, Mo.) both scored for the Bobcats while Scott Zurevinski (Saskatoon, Saskatchewan), Matthew Peca (Petawawa, Ontario), Ben Arnt (Oakland, Minn.) and Loren Barron (Glendora, Calif.) all picked up assists. Goalie Eric Hartzell (White Bear Lake, Minn.) stopped 21 of 23 shots on goal in the game.
Langlois found his way back onto the scoresheet with his ninth goal of the year with just under two minutes to play in the first period. Mike Dalhuisen (Nymegen, Holland) knocked the puck loose in the Bobcats' defensive zone and took off down ice. Just below the blue line on the opposite end of the ice, Dalhuisen flipped a back-hand pass to Peca on the right flank. Peca centered a pass to Zurevinski who tipped it back to Langlois for the one-timer and a 1-0 lead.
With his eighth assist of the year, Peca runs his team-leading point streak to 10 games, while also extending the longest streak for a first-year player in Quinnipiac history.
Harvard's Conor Morrison scored on the power play to tie the game at 1-1 just 1:19 into the second period. The Crimson worked the puck around the Bobcats' zone as Alex Fallstrom passed to Alex Killorn who put a shot on goal. Hartzell stopped the initial shot but Morrison deposited the rebound to tie the game. Moments later, it appeared that Harvard took a one-goal lead, but after the officials reviewed the goal, they waived what would have been the go-ahead goal off.
Hibbeler scored at the 12:32 mark to give Quinnipiac a one-goal lead. Arnt carried the puck out from behind the Harvard goal up the boards before dropping it off to Barron. Barron sent the puck on goal where Hibbeler was waiting on the short-side post. His deflection beat Crimson goalie Raphael Girard a one-goal lead.
Harvard tied the game with 6:57 remaining in the second period when they benefited from a scrum in the crease that ended Hartzell on his back after stopping two shots. David Valek was credited with the goal after he picked up the loose puck and forced it past Hartzell to knot the game at 2-2.
Quinnipiac will return home to High Point Solutions Arena at the TD Bank Sports Center on Friday, Nov. 11 for an ECAC Hockey match-up against Clarkson at 7 p.m. The Bobcats will also host St. Lawrence on Saturday, Nov. 12 at 7 p.m.


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|Mystery Designer Scrap-A-Thon join us for a Scrap-A-Thon like no other! On Saturday April 2, 2011 we will have 5 hours of speedscraps each hour led by a different, mystery, Designer! There are prizes for participating, guessing the Designer each hour, and, of course, a speedscrap to get those LO's done!
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|Search this Forum
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VILLEMONT terracotta heart candle holder in grey H 12cmView product details
In stock
0 items
You didn't find what you were looking for?
Take a look at the 2015 collection or get ideas
from our Trends.
Add of items from the Junior collection and take advantage of free delivery on the entire order!
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Now we're email buddies!
You have chosen to receive our #NAMED_LISTS# newsletters at #EMAIL_ADDRESS#. You will receive an e-mail shortly confirming your subscription. So excited to have you!
Refinery 29
Please upgrade your browser for the best Refinery29 experience. Read more.
Color us predictable, but we always flip out over an eye-catching outfit, especially in the warmer months. And while we do love us some color-blocking as much as the next gal, there's something so special about a poppy print. So, you'll certainly find no surprise in learning that we are big-time fans of L.A.-based designer Jennifer Parry Dodge's technicolor threads. Her latest collection for Ermie (named for her sweet aunt Ermengarde who encouraged her creative pursuits) boasts a kaleidoscopic array of fantastical prints on gorgeous silk-crêpe garments. To add to the straight-up awesomeness, the lookbook also features whimsical, crafty jewelry by Ancient Pocket, and seriously covetable bags (think swoon-worthy shades of crochet) by another super-skilled L.A. lady, Cheryl Cambras.
Inspired by the City of Angels, Dodge's creations are evocative of our sunny skies, beachside sunsets (one piece is called The Light of California dress), and vibrant culture. By manipulating images and scans in Photoshop, Ermie's patterns and textiles are as unique as they are lovely to look at. Major bonus? Everything's breezy and super wearable — the type of ethereal yet down-to-earth items you'll want to sport at every low-key gathering and special occasion you attend. In addition to a newly launched e-shop (hip hip!), Ermie can be found at local purveyor of cool Myrtle. Click through to soak up all the color-drenched goodness.
Photographed by Kate Miss


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Swiss & Nutty
Quick View
ChallerhockerNEW! Translating to ''sitting in the cellar'', Challerhocker is washed in wine and spices and then aged for a minimum of 10 months, providing a remarkable depth of flavor. Read More
- Quick View
Quick View
Scharfe MaxxA cheese that takes it so far to the flavor max that it necessitates not one but two Xs. Loosely translated as "very sharp", Scharfe Maxx is all about extremes: extreme funk, extreme flavor, and extreme creaminess. Read More


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Narrow your search
Nissan's GT-R is an icon, but one that's definitely in need of a refresh.
The Maxima has seen some radical redesigns over the past few generations, but this is perhaps the best looking -- and the fastest.
The 2015 Nissan Murano may not be cutting edge in tech, but it certainly looks that way in style, and makes for a comfortable all-around crossover, as capable on the daily commute as it is for a week-long road trip.
One of the more civilized, practical supercars on the market. A blistering performer.
The 2014 Nissan Rogue comes out with many tech features not available among the competition and offers excellent utility for an economy crossover, but it could use further refinement, such as better integration for connected features.
The 2015 Nissan Juke Nismo RS confers bragging rights for its 215 horsepower engine, but the lesser trim Juke Nismo looks like a better value for those wanting a funky compact SUV with excellent handling.
The 2015 Juke update, launched at the Geneva auto show, continues and accentuates the car's unique looks, while improving engine and cabin tech.
Pricing not available
The 2014 Nissan Versa Note offers good efficiency and space for people and cargo, but there are so many better values in this class.
The 2014 Nissan Altima's continuously variable transmission distinguishes it in the saturated mid-size sedan segment, but competitors show better overall polish.
The 2014 Nissan 370Z Nismo is a fantastic pure sports car, but it makes a number of comfort and tech compromises in the name of speed.


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About LIM College
Join LIM College in London and Paris
Travel to Europe with the Cross-Cultural Analysis course
LIM College's Office of Student Affairs is pleased to announce the upcoming January 2011 Cross-Cultural Analysis program, which will be held in London and Paris.
During the Winter Break, 20 sophomore, junior and senior students will have the opportunity to travel to London, England and Paris, France for 10 days to study cross-cultural marketing and earn 3 professional elective credits. Participants will visit major cultural sites, international companies, museums, historical locations and more.
Students must submit a completed LIM College Study Abroad Application to the Office of Student Affairs by June 15, 2010.
LIM College alumni, faculty, staff, friends and family are also encouraged to join us for this exciting adventure!
If you have questions please email email@example.com.
Que? (What?)
The Cross-Cultural Analysis trip is a 10-day program lead by Professor Susan Kavy. This exciting program gives 20 participants the opportunity to study cross-cultural marketing, while also having the opportunity to experience major international sites, companies, customs, populations and more.
Oú? (Where?)
London, England and Paris, France
Qui? (Who?)
The trip is open to all LIM College students in good academic standing who have completed at least one semester at LIM College and who return a completed application by June 15, 2010. Students are accepted on a first come, first serve basis.
Quand? (When?)
The trip will take place from January 3-13, 2011.
Combien? (How Much?)
The total cost of the trip is $3,850 per student.
Pourquoi? (Why?)
Because it is the experience of a lifetime!


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Movies and television programs from Sony Pictures.
Store and access all of your photos and videos in one place.
Books, magazines and more. Shop all your favorite titles.
Broadcast and professional video and audio solutions.
Local artists and international superstars of recorded music.
Latest Xperia phones and tablets, plus apps and services.
Ultimate online gaming destination your PC and console.
Product support, FAQs, drivers, downloads and more.
Consumer Store
DT 18-135mm f/3.5-5.6 SAM (Smooth Autofocus Motor) High Magnification Zoom. DT Lens Design for optimum DSLR performance. Excellent wide-angle to long telephoto shots.
Earn points toward Sony products with every purchase.Learn More


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|Length Overall
|50' 6''
|Dry Weight
|55,932 lbs.
|16' 0''
|Tested Weight
|5' 2''
|Fuel Cap
|1,320 gal.
|Water Cap
|300 gal.
|Max Headroom
|Bridge Clearance
|Prices, features, designs, and equipment are subject to change. Please see your local dealer or visit the builder's website for the latest information available on this boat model.
|Std. Power
|1 x 250-hp Lugger L-6108 diesel inboard
|Tested Power
|1 x 250-hp Lugger L-6108A diesel inboard
|Opt. Power
Not Available
Nordhavn mixes sophistication with classic looks.
If need be the Nordhavn 50 can handle bluewater passages.
Spacious and elegant accommodations.
The 50 has a beautifully laid out interior with wood trimming throughout the salon. Her galley is complete with all the appliances and cabinet space you'll need when making that trans-Atlantic journey
The master stateroom offers the comforts of home.
The Nordhavn 50 comes with a standard two-stateroom layout, but she can also be custom built with three staterooms and an optioanl symmetric salon.
|Nordhavn 50
The Norhavn 50 is a serious bluewater yacht designed for both coastal cruising and real ocean crossings. The hull design of this 50-footer has been thoroughly tank tested, and results show that her bulbous bow and full width stern create a perfect combination of efficiency through the water and reduced pitching in a sea way. Wide bulwarks outboard protect her rugged hull, and her 16-foot beam and high freeboard ensure a stable yet dry ride offshore. Underway the boat proved her stable design thanks to her wide beam and 5'1" keel.
With a single 250-hp Lugger diesel, we recorded a comfortable top-speed of 9.4 knots. Burning just 9.4 gallons per hour at wide open throttle (1 n.m./gallon), the 50 can travel nearly 1,200 nautical miles. But back her down to 7 knots and she can cross the Atlantic Ocean non-stop. Because she's a displacement hull there is no "best cruise" rpm setting. Basically you determine the rpm based on the range and speed you need to make.
Though she's not going anywhere fast, the Norhavn 50 can take you anywhere far, AND in the comfort and traditional style of a proper yacht.
|Air Cond./Heat
|CD Stereo
|Dripless Shaft Seals
|Head: Fixed
|Shore Power
|Washdown: Fresh Water
|Washdown: Raw Water
|Water Heater
|Maxwell VWC
|Exterior Features
|Outlet: 12-Volt Acc
|Swim Ladder
|Transom Door
|Transom Shower
|Boats More Than 30 Feet
|Glendinning Cablemaster
|Helm: Second Station
|Trash Compactor
= Standard = Optional
|Warranties change from time to time. While BoatTEST.com has tried to ensure the most up-to-date warranty offered by each builder, it does not guarantee the accuracies of the information presented below. Please check with the boat builder or your local dealer before you buy any boat.
Full Warranty Information on this brand coming soon!


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Mr. Hobbs Takes a Vacation
Family, Comedy
Screenwriter Nunnally Johnson adapted the novel by author Edward Streeter, whose work was also the basis of Father of the Bride (1950), into this domestic comedy. James Stewart and Maureen O'Hara star as Roger and Peggy Hobbs, a St. Louis couple with a large brood who desire a seaside vacation. Renting a cottage by the ocean is just the first step in a summer fraught with disasters, including a couch potato son, a shy daughter with newly installed braces, a pair of grown daughters who have married badly, and a local yachtsman with eyes for Peggy. Not to mention the ramshackle state of the shoreline abode, Roger and Peggy's new grandparent status, and incidents involving a sexy neighbor, a sailboat regatta and bird watching.~ Karl Williams, All Movie Guide
Cast: James Stewart, John Saxon, Maureen O'Hara, Marie Wilson, Fabian
Produced by: Marvin A. Gluck
Directed by: Henry Koster
Written by: Nunnally Johnson, Edward Streeter
Running time: 1hr 56min
|Theaters for Today
Pick a day
on this day.


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CVMS was founded in 1971 by a group of Cedar Rapids parents seeking a high-quality preschool education for their children. Starting with ten children in the basement of the school building in the Immaculate Conception Church in southeast Cedar Rapids, our school has steadily grown to its current size of over 100 students.
Over the years, we've had many homes:
- 1971-1978 Immaculate Conception, SE Cedar Rapids
- 1979 Eisenhower Elementary School, NE Cedar Rapids
- 1980-1996 Washington Elementary School, Marion
- 1997-2007 Transit Way, Ground Transportation Center, downtown Cedar Rapids
- 2008-2010 First Baptist Church –Church of the Brethren Childcare Center, NE Cedar Rapids
- June 2010 Transit Way, Ground Transportation Center, downtown Cedar Rapids
In June of 2008, downtown Cedar Rapids was hit by a devastating flood. CVMS was swamped with eight feet of water. Five ground-floor classrooms, our offices, childcare room and outdoor play area were submerged. Much of our specialized educational materials, books, furniture, equipment and files were destroyed. Total losses were estimated at $318,000.
Quick action and outstanding efforts by our staff and parents found the school a temporary space in the education wing of the First Baptist Church –Church of the Brethren at 5200 Northland Ave. NE where we remained for 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 school years.
The City of Cedar Rapids, owners of the Transit Way location, received funding from FEMA to restore the building to its pre-flood condition. CVMS parents and staff raised additional moneys to bring our school back better than ever with additional classrooms for our Toddler Community and an indoor gymnasium. We returned to our downtown location for the start of fall 2010/2011 classes.


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I was searching for methods or tools to remain completely anonymous on the internet. TOR came up but it is seems that it is far from perfect. Are there any 100% foolproof ways ? Or approximately 100% foolproof ways ? I suspect that 100% may be possible. How else do cyber some criminals behind some big crimes never get caught ?
This is what i read about TOR so far - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_%28anonymity_network%29#Weaknesses
EDIT - My main goal is to prevent detection of my IP.


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HOME ActionSports Element Gear Element Ladies Element Ladies T-Shirts Element Ladies T-Shirts Short Sleeved (26 items) Product ID: 1070715
Main Content
It's easy to take a simple look and make it hot — especially with this Mayfair top from Element! With the combination of super soft fabric on the front and sheer sweater-like fabric on the back, this shirt will make heads turn. The cut-out sleeves even show a little skin for a flirty look. This shirt is bound to make you the life of the party with its unbeatable hotness!
- Model is 5' 4", measures 36-27-36 and is shown wearing size S
- 50% Polyester/50% Rayon front
- 97% Polyester/3% Spandex back
- Cut-out sleeve detail
- Imported
- Sheer sweater-like back
- Undershirt not included
Element Customers also liked:
Special event items are produced by manufacturers only after the outcome of a game or event. These are advanced sale items and will ship immediately after they are received in our warehouse.
Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items are not available for international or expedited shipping.
Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite number, and/or designs. Some options may be limited by league rules.


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Tuesday, June 3, 2014 — The Marine Corps League will be serving their monthly breakfast from 7 to 11 a.m. Saturday, June 7 at the Veterans Memorial Hall, downstairs. Use the back entrance.
They will be serving scrambled eggs, home fries, sausage, ham, toast, biscuits, gravy, pancakes and various beverages. Children five years and younger eat for free. Proceeds will benefit the Lassen High School Volleyball Team.
For more information, call Don McMullen at 310-4031 or Carol Loehr at 257-3036.


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Established by Jay and Betty Van Andel in 1996, Van Andel Institute's goal is to have an impact world-wide on biomedical research and science education.
Probing the genetic, cellular and molecular origins of cancer, Parkinson's and other diseases; translating those findings into effective therapies.
Changing the course of research, discovery and hope.
Strengthening science education and preparing and motivating individuals to pursue science or science-related professions.
Empowering supporters to increase cancer awareness and raise funds for biomedical research and science education.


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[WARNING: The following story contains spoilers from the series finale of USA's White Collar. �Read at your own risk.]White Collar creator
Boston Marathon bombing suspect Dzhokhar Tsarnaev returned to court Thursday for the first time since he was arraigned in July 2013, and he received a shout of encouragement from the mother-in-law of a man who was shot and killed while being...
Researchers say they have collected promising weather data by flying instrument-laden drones into big Western and Midwestern storms. Now, they want to expand the project in hopes of learning more about how tornadoes form.
Trustees of the Phelps County Regional Medical Center Wednesday night approved the proposed 2015 operating budget that included both a declining operating margin and an increase in prices.
The Statewide Law Enforcement Torch Run for Special Olympics Missouri recognized the top achievers at the annual awards ceremony held Dec. 11.
This week, the world's most popular podcast came to an end, and so did�The Colbert Report.�
Is this really the end of the road for Jack Bauer?In a new interview with the UK newspaper The Telegraph,...
Kris and
- Events Calendar


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text: Items 133 to 144 of 454 total View 12 / 24 / 48 Previous 1 ... 10 / 11 / 12 / 13 / 14 ... 38 Next Only carbon I will ever use By Alex on 11/25/2013 Alex would recommend this product to a friend My water is so clear from this carbon it looks like the fish are floating in space. works great By jim on 11/18/2013 jim would recommend this product to a friend Using brs reactor and carbon works great.Very fast getting dust out. Smells Like the Ocean By Jared on 11/14/2013 Jared would recommend this product to a friend I have been using this product for over 3 years, running it 24/7 changing out every 3-4 weeks. Its phenomenal, and is underestimated in its description. In my most recent tank setup I have used this media in a mesh bag (So it doesn't blow around:) in a life-reef filter cylinder, similar to the functionality in the reef octopus on this site (SKU: 205606) My open top tank literally smells like the ocean. a Little bit goes a long way. and on occasion I have let this product go 6 weeks without changing. Water clarity never drops. Best carbon for the money By hans on 10/17/2013 hans would recommend this product to a friend I used to use Rowa, but this is the best bang for the buck. Use it in BRS reactor along with phosphate media, corals, fish and I love it. Too small for my reactor By Robert on 9/22/2013 Robert would recommend this product to a friend I have an aquamax media reactor and this carbon is too fine. It goes through the strainer and ended up all over my tank. I'm sure it is a quality product, but it may not work with your reactor. I replaced it with some larger granules that a friend had(which was also BRS Brand) so that is what I'll get for next time Awesome Product By Deadpool on 9/20/2013 Deadpool would recommend this product to a friend Definitely get a funnel so you can pour it easily in the canister. Works great. Love this stuff By Todd on 9/15/2013 Todd would recommend this product to a friend Carbon came well packed and worked great in the BRS reactor. Fantastic - Reactor, Media Bag - you name it. By Stephen on 9/10/2013 Stephen would recommend this product to a friend I run this on my reef tank in a TLF 550 reactor, and every now and then I run it on my planted aquarium in a Fluval FX5 - i put it in a Sachem "The Bag" media bag for that. It works great. The reviewer that had it blow out all over his tank was probably blasting water through his reactor so fast the Carbon wouldn't have worked well anyway. My reactor is inline after another 550 w/ High Density FO. The combo is magical. great performance By Jason on 9/1/2013 Jason would recommend this product to a friend This product is just as described. Has little to no fines to rinse out! Packs in nice and seems to maintain flow rather nicely. Hands down the best I've ever used By Matt on 8/30/2013 Matt would recommend this product to a friend OK, I've always been a carbon user and seen negligible results (box store carbon petco etc).This product is nothing short of amazing. It has done wonders for my water clarity in my reef tank. I also gave my wife a "reef tank hand me down" for her 75G fancy goldfish tank. We recently put a new log in the tank and it has been leaching for months, Turning the water a sickly yellow. I filled my old GFO reactor (just replaced it with a BRS dual reactor) with ROX and put it on the goldie tank.. In ONE DAY the water is absolutely crystal clear... Thank you BRS, You should market this stuff for the freshwater industry as well! Very little dust and crystal clear water. I recommend it! By totsandman on 8/29/2013 totsandman would recommend this product to a friend Very little dust and crystal clear water. I recommend it! Awesome carbon By Sean on 8/27/2013 Sean would recommend this product to a friend I use the ROX with the BRS GFO in my BRS reactor and the combo works perfectly every time. Crystal clear water!! Plus, hardly any rinsing of the carbon is necessary. I'm not sure why one reviewer has said not to use this in a reactor but I can tell you there are absolutely no issues using it in the BRS reactor. I have never found any of the carbon floating around in my sump. Write Your Own Review You're reviewing: BRS Bulk Premium ROX 0.8 Aquarium Carbon *How do you rate this product? *Would you recommend this product to a friend? Yes No *Nickname *Summary of Your Review *Review Submit Review


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Tuesday, October 10, 2006
Torture and the Ticking Time Bomb
Stephen Griffin
I am amazed that scenarios such as the "ticking time bomb" (TTB) continue to be influential in the public debate over torture and interrogation. Kim Scheppele, who posts here, has a fine article tearing this scenario apart in "Hypothetical Torture in the 'War on Terrorism'" to be published soon in the Journal of National Security Law & Policy. What disturbs me is the moral shallowness of this particular scenario. Defined in a common sense way, torture involves deliberate cruelty and, as such, should be absolutely prohibited.
Professor Griffin: Posner begins his discussion of torture (in a chapter on "Rights Against Brutal Interrogation") by employing a consequentialist calculus.
This reflects the ascendancy of so-called economic analysis, in which any argument appearing to be a cost-benefit analysis is credited as conclusive. But like the failures of Marx in his equation of capitalism (somehow Marx's equation only ever yields a positive result for the capitalist) so too Judge Posner here is juggling variables without regard for the possibility of dividing by zero. The cost-benefit analysis in the TTB hypothetical must be offset by the cost-benefit analysis, non-hypothetical but instead based in thousands of years of tragic human history, of sacrificing principle to expediency. Note, however, that Judge Posner tries to close that door with the semantically charged "die-hard civil libertarian" phrase, as if this somehow eradicates the very real moral, social and political costs of unjust government practices.
I'm a lawyer from Argentina and I have heard the tickin bomb scenario in the lips of those who defend the Argentine military regime that resulted in 30.000 "desaparecidos" or missing citizens. For me, it puts the current policital debate in the US in a clear perspective.
This is an excellent and timely piece, though too late for rather too many I fear.
The false dichotomy presented by the TTB scenario offers the apparent opportunity of Godlike or at least Superman omnipotence 'Your chance to save the world!'. Who wouldn't accept? And in the current climate and without the philosophical underpinning this debate demands, it is all too easy to slide towards an acceptance of judicial torture as John Gray speculates in his 'Heresies' essay collection.
As good a refutation of torture as any comes from Arial Dorfman, whose qualification is surely sufficient, in 'Are there times when we have to accept torture? -- Every regime that commits this crime does so in the name of salvation', an article published in the Guardian, May 8 2004. Here like elsewhere is cited the dilemma posed by Dostoevsky in the Brothers Karamazov, on whose horns hangs the very essence of our humanity, as Dorfman puts it so beautifully "...that torture is not a crime committed only against a body, but also a crime committed against the imagination. It presupposes, it requires, it craves the abrogation of our capacity to imagine someone else's suffering, to dehumanise him or her so much that their pain is not our pain."
This is an excellent and timely piece, though too late for rather too many I fear.
The false dichotomy presented by the TTB scenario offers the apparent opportunity of Godlike or at least Superman omnipotence 'Your chance to save the world!'. Who wouldn't accept? And in the current climate and without the philosophical underpinning this debate demands, it is all too easy to slide towards an acceptance of judicial torture as John Gray speculates in his 'Heresies' essay collection.
As good a refutation of torture as any comes from Arial Dorfman, whose qualification is surely sufficient, in 'Are there times when we have to accept torture? -- Every regime that commits this crime does so in the name of salvation', an article published in the Guardian, May 8 2004. Here like elsewhere is cited the dilemma posed by Dostoevsky in the Brothers Karamazov, on whose horns hangs the very essence of our humanity, as Dorfman puts it so beautifully "...that torture is not a crime committed only against a body, but also a crime committed against the imagination. It presupposes, it requires, it craves the abrogation of our capacity to imagine someone else's suffering, to dehumanise him or her so much that their pain is not our pain."
Here is the link for the journal. Kim Scheppele's article can be downloaded as a PDF, and the other articles look interesting too...
McGeorge School of Law (UOP) --
Vol. 1 2005 No. 2
Symposium: Fighting Terrorism with Torture: Where To Draw the Line?
* Hypothetical Torture in the "War on Terrorism"
by Kim Lane Scheppele
Symposium: Lawyers' Roles and the War on Terror
"Emergency conditions" are always the justification of the dictator. They're always temporary, and only against dangerous terrorist. And maybe they even believe it; even the junta has to sleep at night. But everyone knows that most torture is to intimidate the opposition.
The TTB is particularly pernicious, because of course, torture would be justified to save millions (if TTB every actually happened). But that does not justify turning it into an administrative system. The monstrosity of Posner's executive order to torture is that it takes away moral responsibility from the torturer and turns it into a beaurocratic process. If an actual case of TTB were to occur, and torture were necessary, I would expect the torturer to stand trial and publically justify his action, not to hide behind paperwork like a mailman caught stealing samples of perfume.
Jojo writes 'The TTB is particularly pernicious, because of course, torture would be justified to save millions'
Pernicious yes, but because such torture would not be justified, not ever. The cost-benefit is surely a mirage even if the scenario were credible and even if we assume a willing accomplice, when the 'right' moral choice is so clearly self-corrupting.
Did John Rawls have anything to say on this one?
Perhaps what would be useful would be for Kiefer Sutherland to do a series of TV ads, reminding people that what he does on TV is fiction.
It's critical to keep our moral sense distinct from our political calculi. From a moral point of view, no utilitarian calculus (Bentham and Mill, notwithstanding) can serve as a moral determinant. It may, however, serve as a political calculation; indeed, democratic majoritarianism by its nature is a political utilitarian calculus.
Rightly, no cruelty can ever be morally justified. But politically, one encounters the "lesser of two evils" as part of the human condition. War and the TTB are but two cases. Thus, while war and torture are never morally right, self-defense and defense of innocents may be politically expedient, even necessary, even if the ends do not justify the means.
The utilitarian moralist cleverly creates a false morality by conflating these disparate aspects. Who would not harm one to save a hundred, ten, even two? Then, the utilitarian shifts the politically expedient to the moral necessity, as one must act to benefit the most, even if it harms others. Then it insists the two were the same moral dynamic and thus a moral justification.
As most moral philosophers remind us: The utilitarian calculus can lead to the "justification" of slavery, holoccausts, gulags, purges, or any other attrocity wherein "the greatest good for the greatest number" is a "moral" or political determinant. Yet, these very states of affairs violate our moral sense, so this conflation of moral and political into the same sphere is obviously wrong.
Rather than conflate the two, we must insist on their separation. Similarly, as much as we deplore the thought that serious harms may ever be justified politically -- that we must choose between the lesser of two evils -- the human condition forces this unpalatable fact upon us. But clearly it's morally and intellectually preferred to choose between the lesser of evils, than using some calculus to guarantee that an intrinsic evil is morally right.
Choosing to make any evil, even the lesser of two evils, politically expedient (and I stress "may"), does not make an evil morally right. It is still evil. Sadly, too many people despise this human state of affairs -- of being put in the uncomfortable situation of choosing netween two evils, that they use utilitarian calculi as their casuistry toward moral justification. Once they make this move, then all sorts of moral evils metamorphize into moral "goods." Indeed, whatever the majority commands becomes morally right.
Whatever the "greatest good for the greatest number" (the utilitarian calculus) accomplishes, it does not determine moral outcomes or the moral value of any act. It may provide the basis of political expediency, it may help in choosing between the lesser of two evils, but it never determines what is morally right to do. Most moral philosophers get this. Most ordinary souls sense it. Yet the casuistry is too appealing, and often too appalling, to allow us to make this shift a feature of our moral landscape. Better to admit that some of our choices are between two or more evils, than to color an evil as "good." The utilitarian is always confident of making some intrinsic evil morally good, and the sooner and oftener we prevent this sophistry the better.
We could also borrow the framework of First Amendment prior restraint:
Just as we never (or only hypothetically) suppress speech harmful to national security, but reserve the right to punish it after the fact (i.e., the Pentagon Papers case), we could also keep TTB torture as a prohibited offense but reserve the right to excuse the "Jack Bauer" torturer after the fact.
The could be done via a special jury verdict (similar to capital punishment verdicts) or by executive pardon.
Leaving aside the pragmatic objection that it's just such a case in which the victim is most likely to be able to hold out.
If the bomb goes off in only an hour or a day, then there's a prospect of relief from the torture, which can make it bearable.
The TTB hypothetical assumes that the suspect has information sufficient to defuse the bomb, and that she will provide that information when tortured. It is at least as probable that a guilty suspect will, instead, provide false information intended (a) to stop the torture for the time being and (b) to send the torturers on a wild-goose chase long enough to allow the bomb to explode. The calculus looks something like this:
1. If she provides information that allows the torturers to defuse the bomb, her plot fails, she'll probably be tortured about other terror plots anyway, and she's guaranteed to spend the rest of her miserable life in prison.
2. If she refuses to provide the information, her plot succeeds, she'll probably be viciously tortured and quite possibly killed in revenge, and she's guaranteed to spend the rest of her (short and miserable) life in prison.
Given these consequences, it's not at all clear that torture is more likely to cause a guilty suspect to divulge the information than is morally-directed non-torture-based interrogation.
Your have written a compelling response to the Ticking Time Bomb Scenario. The TTB is used to score rhetorical points, and to justify heinous conduct. However, although I fully agree with your argument, and am absolutely against torture, I wonder whether there is a response that better acknowledges and meets the intuitive appeal of the scenario. In order to do this, one must accept the basic premises of the TTB scenario (recognizing that it is unrealistic and stacked and faulty in many ways).
When working through this issue, I have wondered what I would do if my young daughter was abducted and held captive in an undisclosed location by a bad guy. If I happened to get my hands on that guy, how far would I be willing to go to find out where my daughter was being held? Time and again, my honest answer was that I would do whatever it takes, including inflicting severe pain and permanent bodily injury, if necessary, to get this information from the bad guy.
If I am willing to do that, then it must be acknowledged that there are situations in which torture would be considered even by those opposed to torture (assuming other opponents share my position). Although there are big differences between these scenarios, the TTB scenario intuitively works the same way: by placing on the scales an extraordinarily compelling cause that outweighs the normal absolute ban against torture.
Now comes the key difference with TTB and how it is being used by proponents of torture. The people who invoke TTB want to whitewash their conduct, making it legal and moral, and ordering someone else to do it. In my scenario, in contrast, I did what I did directly, with my own hands, and I would not claim that it was either legal or morally justified. My actions--imagine the worst--were evil. But I did it because I felt it was absolutely necessary, given the stakes. I broke the law and should be punished.
If Bush Administration officials approached the issue the same way--that is, they would have to do it with their own hands and they would thereafter suffer the legal punishment--they would not be pushing for torture. And if that is indeed the case, it demonstrates the lie perpetuated by the TTB scenario.
Just as we never (or only hypothetically) suppress speech harmful to national security, but reserve the right to punish it after the fact (i.e., the Pentagon Papers case), we could also keep TTB torture as a prohibited offense but reserve the right to excuse the "Jack Bauer" torturer after the fact.
The law already provides for this with the defense of duress/necessity. See US v. Bailey, 444 US 394, 100 S.Ct. 624 (1980).
I blogged the "TTB" almost two years ago now. Here's my response to the comic book and "24" aficionados that want to change the laws. Just remember, dear friends, that the question here is not what is to be done in such a scenario as the "TTB". It's what should our policy be, and what should our laws be. I think we're perfectly capable and able to deal with the "TTB" scenario appropriately no matter what our laws are. It's what's happening in Guantánamo, Abu Ghraib, and "undisclosed locations" that is truly the concern, and that's what we need to discuss. Posner doesn't want to do that, and invents fictions to pontificate on from the lofty realms of academia.
Please find below a link to the blog about a motion to dismiss of Padilla for outrageous government conduct. Padilla asserts he was tortured. TTB is for fantasy worlds. This is real. And, as if it makes a difference, it is an American alleging torture by Americans on American soil.
Just because you're smarter than I, doesn't mean I can't call you a schmuck.
Yeah, I'm looking at you, Posner.
Cf also http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2006/10/10/a-paean-to-the-opinions-of-the-prolific-judge-posner/ where I note our intrepid hero's desire to turn back the civil-liberties clock by fifty years.
Why anyone listens to the man escapes me.
Yes. The problem with the TTB scenario and other so-called justifications of is that they are so riddled with hypotheticals.
It is my understanding that if the goal is to extract useful information, torture is not the way to go. A little bit of stress may indeed be useful, but the fact of being interviewed at all (and having been captured/arrested at all) is enough right there.
It is very well known that the way in which torture is effective is, it terrorizes persons and populations.
And anyway, is it not our freedoms, including freedom from torture and the right to a fair trial, that we are supposed to be fighting for? If not, then we might as well let our 'enemies' take over and be done with questions of human rights, freedom, and so on!
(Yes, I realize that we're probably just using 'freedom' to dress up a less pleasant truth.)
Thanks for letting me vituperate.
Thanks for the links Charles G.; the first one supplies a list of articles, including one by Sandy Levinson, on the topic.
I second the "schmuck" comment. I will spare a link, but I voiced my sentiments on his criticisms of the 911 Comm. Report. He NYT piece on the press also left something to be desired.
The remarks here on his reasoning process are generous in that they ignore the possibility ... fairly normal in judges ... of largely unspoken assumptions that make things a lot more "obvious" than they truly are.
His economic analysis approach has a Spock-like flavor at time, underlining intelligence (and he has that, and deserves some kudos as a liberal lawyer who spent time in front of him noted elsewhere) is not the same thing as wisdom.
On Padilla, Glenn Greenwald has a good/shocking piece on his treatment. A must read really.
One other point: TTB is used not only to justify TTB, but also to justify torture in general (that is, when TTB is not in play).
The supposed syllogism goes something like this:
1. TTB makes clear that all reasonable people can and should support torture is some limited circumstances -- to torture one to save millions (of helpless, unsuspecting Americans).
2. Ergo, our government, in order to confront TTB scenarios, must have a general authorization to torture "terrorists," and must have it in advance by law, so that when TTB arises our interrogators are not limited by a torture prohibition.
This argument commits a category error. It universalizes a fanciful scenario that has never happened into a general rule.
It also justifies a general policy on torture on the hypothetical possibility that a torture prohibition creates an unacceptable risk.
Of course, a statute could be framed prohibiting torture, with one immunity exception: TTB, with the burden upon the interrogators to prove their good faith after the fact.
So, as an alternative, let's develop a LOL scenario: a little old lady belongs to one of the peace groups that has already come under government surveillance.
An ambitious U.S. attorney designates her an "enemy combatant". She then gets treated just as Padilla was. And her habeas rights are just as limited, just as foreshortened as his was.
What does Posner, for one, say about that? Or is his answer just to trust the administration's alleged good will, to give it, even at this late date, full faith and credit?
Consider the George W. Bush Administration as a TTB, with a long fuse, that tortures us. It hasn't been working lately, despite the Administration's message of a perpetual emergency. Perhaps the fuse will be shortened with an October surprise.
Professor Griffin,
I find your post interesting because you have unwound one of the essential and unspoken biases that underlies the argument for torture--that the accused terrorist deserves what he gets because he is a bad actor. I genuinely believe that most Americans would feel no sympathy for the torured. But if you include the accused's children in the mix, I believe most Americans would have a much more difficult time accepting torture, even in a far-fetched TTB scenario. Conceptually, there is no difference between torturing the accused terrorist and torturing his children--each act is justified by the desire to gain information, not to punish a bad actor.
Professor Griffin,
I find your post interesting because you have unwound one of the essential and unspoken biases that underlies the argument for torture--that the accused terrorist deserves what he gets because he is a bad actor. I genuinely believe that most Americans would feel no sympathy for the torured. But if you include the accused's children in the mix, I believe most Americans would have a much more difficult time accepting torture, even in a far-fetched TTB scenario. Conceptually, there is no difference between torturing the accused terrorist and torturing his children--each act is morally justified (according to the logic used by proponents of the TTB) by the desire to gain information, not to punish a bad actor. And yet most Americans still see a difference.
The Journal of International Criminal Justice
Bad Torture — Good Torture?.
As with discussions of the "logic" of those who oppose abortion 'as murder' except in cases of rape or incest, the point is not to resolve conflicts absolutely but to understand them. Read Dworkin on "respect."
In a similar case:
Q- What man has the right to send another to his death to save the live of 3 others?
A- A military officer.
The reasoning of the military is not absolute logic but the logic of social stability. The Military is run on a system of taboos. No fraternization etc. Intellectually quaint but practical.
Torture should not be legalized, but there are situations where it will be done. And perhaps the person who does it should be punished even when it works. The Syrians had a technique for the ticking bomb scenario. Give the man who knows where the bomb is a cell phone.
"Call your mother." At the mother's house, a man picks up the phone.
Don't try to resolve every god damn contradiction. That's a liberals absurdity. Understand your own absurdity. Then look at others'
D. Ghirlandaio:
Torture should not be legalized, but there are situations where it will be done. And perhaps the person who does it should be punished even when it works.
That is precisely what I've been saying for quite some time now. See my link above.
I have yet to see anyone come up with a reasonable counter. The hypothetical millions are saved, and our legal system remains intact.
There's (at least) two unstated assumptions in the pro-"TTB" argument, outside of the question of whether torture is indeed effective): That people will only torture in a "TTB" scenario if they're legally immunized, and that any such legal immunization will only be used for the extreme "TTB" situation. I'd note that the first is probably not true, and as to the second, none of the pro-torture proponents are arguing for a "torture for TTBs only" law, but rather for a more general law allowing or excusing torture under far more 'debatable' circumstances (i.e., the MCA bill) ... and in the process, writing out any kind of independent review of the operation of the law in practise.
Not to get excessively academic, but one ought also to distinguish between morality and ethics just as I've distinguished utilitarianism as a political, not an ethical or moral, calculus. In our lives, obviously, they all interact, but as species of examination, they are categorically distinct.
Sometime in the Seventies, moral philosophers shifted from the "rational moral schemes" toward the interpersonal. It dawned on many that the dictates of reason (say, Kant's) is too demanding, too impersonal, and lacking contextuality, while utilitarianism (a calculus) leads to exorable consequences. At the same time, evolutionary biology (and later psychology) picked up the same perspective. Whatever our ethical and moral issues, at core, they must reflect our biological human nature.
Our language reflects this change of focus. Nearly every post here uses intuition or something similar to express the moral sense. The apotheosis of reason, Rawl's "veil of ignorance," the categorical imperative, the utilitarian calculus may be instrumental in developing our moral sense, but it is our moral intuition that operates, not some rigid rationality. Brian Tamanaha's example of his daughter has not been ignored, but rather has been behind this shift in focus. The absurd notion that I must care about equally some unkown individual in some far off country as a family member I know and love just is absurd. Sentimental humanism aside, our moral intuitions change as the individuals and contexts change, and the closer to home they come, the more significant our intuitions change. If an Iraqi thief kills another Iraqi in the commission of his crime, or if my mother is killed by a next-door neighbor, which is more likely to influence my moral sense? (The question is obvious and simply rhetorical.)
As obvious as this difference is, moral philosophers used to discount this (Utilitarian Peter Singer still does.) But it just is not human to apply the same moral intuition to those close to us and those worlds away. It might be noble, even rational, or it could be just as obviously absurd. Biologists Trivers and Hamilton (along with Sober and others) demonstrate that kin are more important in our altruism than some stranger across the street -- much less across the globe. Our altruism has a genetic profile and is colored by kin relations. The same dynamic applies to injustice. As much as I lament Jose Padilla's situation, if it were my brother, I'd be doing more -- far more -- than what I am doing for Padilla. A spouse or beloved would only intensify the interest and my redress of grievances. Still, my intuition tells me that if Padilla can be wronged "in our system" then too I can be wronged, and so his case has my interest and revulsion, but if he were family, I'd up the ante significantly. This is where "sympathy" or empathy enters our moral sense, a critical feature, but attenuated by distance.
The artifice of TTB, therefore, is clever for the rogue, but it has little correspondence to our moral intuitions in practice. Creating a dire situation in abstract is not how we function, nor much reflective of real life, although it may fine-tune some intuitions. As other writers have observed, TTB is a diversion or entrapment to justify what we morally know is wrong. Creulty can never be morally justified, and dressing it up in a utilitarian calculus only exposes the flaws of utilitarianism as a moral scheme, when at best, it is a political calculation (and not always the best or most reliable). But as Richard Posner, no intellectual slouch, demonstrates, the artifice is seductive -- dangerously seductive. But however it is dressed, is still immoral. It violates our moral sense and intuition. Not even "reason" can argue against that.
> [...] But surely it puts a slightly
> different spin on the situation to imagine
> that you are the one responsible for
> making sure the interrogation is
> effective. And you will have to live with
> the consequences if you turn out to be
> wrong. [...]
This is what sets apart academics who
talk and theorize, versus grunts who
actually carryout the work. You
personally may be unable to make such
choices, but thankfully there exist
non-pansy folks looking after safety
who are willing to answer your
rhetorical question with
"yes, if necessary".
Part of the argument in the TTB scenario is that it's justified to torture someone if it might produce some great benefit, saving many lives, or perhaps just one. Sometimes people like to change the word 'might' to 'will', but that is truly a hypothetical scenario, it is never the case that you know for sure that torture will produce the information you need.
Compare this argument with one which dictators often use: that some action (let's say, using chemical weapons on the Kurds on Iraq) is necessary to preserve the regime, and without the regime the resulting chaos will cause many (additional) deaths. The two arguments have the same flaw: that it is not possible to know in advance, and in this case perhaps not even in hindsight, whether the extreme action is actually necessary, and there is always some more moral action which could have been taken and which might have produced the same or better result.
In the TTB scenario, maybe the torturer would have found the bomb if he'd chosen to try to win the suspect's trust instead of using torture... or if he'd been helping the search for the bomb!
geoffk: yes, "might" works both ways.
There exist points though, when one must
take a stand despite the uncertainty:
make an educated judgement, estimate
likelihoods, and take action.
All of the moral revulsion to torture, and especially all of that in the TTB scenario which involves the purposeful torture of one individual assumes that torture is a fate worse than death.
Is it?
I think that despite the appeal or the non-appeal of torture, I think we all understand the moral equivocation of total and limited war. That is to say we more readily accept in these political times the real death of non-combatants as collateral damage, or as accepted damage.
My memory may be faulty, but I cannot recall such moral outrage over the battle known as Second Fallujah in which certainly innocents remaining in town were killed after recieving orders to leave the city. The moral outrage of Abu Graibh was much more pronounced.
And we clearly know that perfidious combatants encountered on the field of battle can be shot on sight. Mercenaries, under Geneva, are not afforded the protections of soldiers in uniform. If there are conditions which a life can be taken in the moral context of war, how can it be that torture
The answer, it seems to me, is that there are 1000 ways in which that which goes by the name of torture can be preferable to death, and likely another 1000 worse than death.
If there is ever a case in which torture in the context of war is not a fate worse than death, this is a question of enumeration, so long as killing is acceptable in the context of war.
TTB as exemplified gratuitously is not. The problem is not solved compeltely.
It seems to me that until you define what torture is, you have no point. How can you be opposed to something that you have not even defined? How can you definitively say that you would not do something when you haven't even said what that something is?
Would you define pinching someone as torture? Would you refuse to pinch someone to try to elicit information from them?
Until you define what torture is, your words are full of sound and fury signifying nothing.
No wonder you're breathless after such hyperventilation.
The only connection this post has with reality is the word 'torture', and only then because you and your political fellows have so consistently misapplied it!
Shooting detainee's children?! You're living in a fantasy world.
Alan Dershowitz, when arguing for "torture warrants," also used the TTB scenario. In 2002, William Schultz, the executive director of Amnesty International, said the following in his critique:
To see more clearly the shoals upon which the "torture warrant" flounders, consider this. There is no doubt that despite official efforts to eradicate it, police brutality is practiced in many US jurisdictions and probably always will be. Some police officers will claim, in their more candid moments, that the use of excessive force is often the only way to protect the lives of officers and the general public. Why ought the police not be able, therefore, to apply for "brutality warrants" in specialized cases? Why ought police officers who believe that a little shaving of the truth on the witness stand is worth sending a bunch of drug pushers to prison, thus protecting hundreds of youngsters from a life of drugs and crime, not be able to seek "'testilying' warrants"? Why ought correctional officers who argue that allowing dominant male prisoners to rape other prisoners helps preserve order among thugs and thus protects the lives of guards not be allowed to seek "warrants to tolerate prisoner rape" in particularly dangerous situations? The answer in all cases is the same: because the act itself (brutalizing citizens; committing perjury; facilitating rape) is itself abhorrent and illegal. Dershowitz's analogy to search warrants fails because, while a particular search may itself be illegal, the act of searching is not ipso facto unethical or a crime. For a society to start providing its imprimatur to criminal acts because they are common or may appear to provide a shortcut to admirable ends is an invitation to chaos.
A piece about this from 2004 might be useful for those who are unclear about "the definition of torture." It also shows how the hypothetically neat TTB scenario is not likely to translate well into reality:
The ticking bomb scenario assumes a situation where the authorities know the about a plotted crime, but still don't know enough to begin an effective investigation. Somehow, we are supposed to believe that there might be a situation where authorities have certain knowledge of a terrorist's guilt without knowing exactly of what he's guilty. In this case, the authorities know who with certainty (the terrorist leader they have in custody), they know what (a series of bombs set to go off around the city), they know when (within the next twenty-four hours), but they don't know exactly where. Does it seem realistic that they would know who, what and when, but not where? Wouldn't the same source of the information about the who, what and when not also know at least some specific locations of the bombs and some other possible ones? It seems unlikely that one would have information in such detail without knowing more than this scenario allows.
Even in the scenario as given, we are told that the bombs are planted in some undisclosed apartment buildings throughout the city. With so little time, the authorities' efforts might be better spent evacuating any potential target in order to save lives. Torturing the suspect won't help get people out of apartment buildings.
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I've argued elsewhere that the best response to the ticking time bomb argument for those who oppose the use of torture is to accept its conclusion. Anything less is intellectually dishonest, given that the TTB scenario can be imbellished to an arbitrary extent, such that the survival of the human race depends on torturing a single known terrorist.
Accepting its conclusion, which is exceptionally narrow even in its own terms, enables us to switch attention to the many difficult and practical questions which the argument ignores. These are where serious debate about the use of torture lie, and the ticking time bomb argument, precisely because it needs to be so abstracted in order to establish its conclusion, sheds no light on them at all.
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