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Historic and Architectural Complex of the Kazan Kremlin
Historic and Architectural Complex of the Kazan Kremlin
Built on an ancient site, the Kazan Kremlin dates from the Muslim period of the Golden Horde and the Kazan Khanate. It was conquered by Ivan the Terrible in 1552 and became the Christian See of the Volga Land. The only surviving Tatar fortress in Russia and an important place of pilgrimage, the Kazan Kremlin consists of an outstanding group of historic buildings dating from the 16th to 19th centuries, integrating remains of earlier structures of the 10th to 16th centuries.
Ensemble historique et architectural du Kremlin de Kazan
Construit sur un site antique, le Kremlin de Kazan remonte à la période musulmane de la Horde d'or et du khanat de Kazan. Il fut conquis par Ivan le Terrible en 1552 et devint le centre chrétien des pays de la Volga. Seule forteresse tatare subsistant en Russie et lieu de pèlerinage important, le Kremlin de Kazan forme un groupe exceptionnel de bâtiments historiques datant du XVIe au XIXe siècle et intégrant les vestiges de structures plus anciennes du Xe au XVIe siècle.
المجموعة التاريخيّة والهندسيّة لكرملين قازان
شُيّد كرملين قازان على موقع قديم يرقى إلى الحقبة المسلمة الذهبيّة أيام خانات قازان ومروج الذهب. اجتاحها إيفان الرهيب عام 1552 وأصبحت المركز المسيحي لدول نهر الفولغا. وكانت كرملين قازان حصن التتر الوحيد القائم في روسيا وموقع حجٍّ مهم وهو يُشكّل مجموعة استثنائيّة من المباني التاريخيّة التي ترقى إلى القرنين السادس والتاسع عشر وفيه آثار الهياكل الأقدم من القرن العاشر وحتّى السادس عشر.
source: UNESCO/ERI
source: UNESCO/ERI
Историко-архитектурный комплекс Казанского Кремля
Возникший на обитаемой с очень давних времен территории, Казанский Кремль ведет свою историю от мусульманского периода в истории Золотой Орды и Казанского ханства. Он был завоеван в 1552 г. Иваном Грозным и стал оплотом православия в Поволжье. Кремль, во многом сохранивший планировку древней татарской крепости и ставший важным центром паломничества, включает выдающиеся исторические здания XVI-XIX вв., построенные на руинах более ранних сооружений X-XVI вв.
source: UNESCO/ERI
Conjunto histórico y arquitectónico del kremlin de Kazán
Asentada sobre vestigios de antiguas construcciones, esta fortaleza data del período musulmán de la Horda de Oro y el Kanato de Kazán. En 1552, fue conquistada por Iván el Terrible y pasó a ser la sede de la cristiandad de los territorios del Volga. El kremlin de Kazán, además de ser la única fortaleza tártara subsistente en Rusia, es un importante centro de peregrinaje. El sitio está formado por un conjunto de edificios históricos de los siglos XVI al XIX que integran vestigios de edificios más antiguos, construidos entre los siglos X y XVI.
source: UNESCO/ERI
source: NFUAJ
Historisch en architectonisch complex van het Kazan kremlin
Het Kazan kremlin is het enige overgebleven Tataarse fort in Rusland en een belangrijk bedevaartsoord. Het complex bestaat uit een groep historische gebouwen uit de 16e tot de 19e eeuw, waarin overblijfselen van structuren uit de 10e tot de 16e eeuw zijn geïntegreerd. Het Kazan kremlin dateert uit de islamitische periode van de Gouden Horde en het kanaat Kazan. Ivan de Verschrikkelijke veroverde het in 1552 en maakte er de christelijke hoofdstad van, in het Wolga gebied. Het complex is een mooi voorbeeld van een synthese van Tataarse en Russische invloeden in de architectuur en het toont de impact van de islam en het christendom.
Source: unesco.nl
Justification for Inscription
Criterion (ii): The Kazan Kremlin complex represents exceptional testimony of historical continuity and cultural diversity over a long period of time, resulting in an important interchange of values generated by the different cultures.
Criterion (iii): The historic citadel represents an exceptional testimony of the Khanate period and is the only surviving Tatar fortress with traces of the original town-planning conception.
Criterion (iv): The site and its key monuments represent an outstanding example of a synthesis of Tatar and Russian influences in architecture, integrating different cultures (Bulgar, Golden Horde, Tatar, Italian, and Russian), as well as showing the impact of Islam and Christianity.
Long Description
The complex of the Kazan Kremlin and its key monuments represents exceptional testimony of historical continuity and cultural diversity over a long period, resulting in an important interchange of values generated by the different cultures. It is exceptional testimony of the khanate and is the only surviving Tatar fortress with traces of the original town-planning conception. It is, furthermore, an outstanding example of a synthesis of Tatar and Russian influences in architecture, integrating different cultures (Bulgar, Golden Horde, Tatar, Italian and Russian), as well as showing the impact of Islam and Christianity.
Kremlin Hill was a fortified trading settlement surrounded by moats, embankments, and a stockade. A stone fortress was built in the 12th century and the town developed as an outpost on the northern border of Volga Bulgaria. It was demolished by the Mongols and a citadel was built as the seat of the Prince of Kazan. By the 15th century, the town had become the capital of the Muslim Principality of Bulgaria, with administrative, military, and trading functions. The inner space of the Kremlin is a medieval fortress containing buildings dating from the 16th-19th centuries
The fortifications, in stone and brick, were built in stages. In 1556-62 the masters of Pskov, headed by Postnik Yakovlev and Ivan Shiryai, generally replicated the earlier Tatar fortifications. There were originally 13 fortress towers, but some were pulled down in the 19th century.
The Governor's Palace complex, on the site of the Kazan Khan's palace, was built in 1845-48 to the design of the architect of the Church of Christ the Saviour and the Grand Kremlin Palace in Moscow. It comprises the brick two-storey main block and a low semicircle of outhouses. The symmetrical facade has motifs of late Russian Classicism, also found in the interior decoration. The 17th century Palace Church was refurbished and rededicated to the Descent of the Holy Spirit in 1852. Syuyumbeki's Tower is the architectural symbol of the city: its name goes back to a Tatar tsarina, wife of the last two khans of Kazan.
The Annunciation Cathedral complex evolved from the 16th century as the centre of the Orthodox Church administration. The cathedral is the largest construction of the Kremlin, built in 1561-62 as a five-dome, six-pillar, three-apse church with two chapels connected by a porch. In the 1930s the bell tower, the west porch and the domes were pulled down. The Bishop's House was built in 1829.
The Public Offices complex, including the three-storey Guard House, is situated in the south-eastern part of the Kremlin and has evolved historically as an administrative centre. The facades were rebuilt in the 1840s. The facades have sparse ornamentation, large windows, and a low-pitched roof. Comprehensive renovation work was carried out in 1998.
The Saviour-Transfiguration Monastery complex is situated next to the Spasskaya Tower, and the construction started in 1557. It was the centre of missionary work and the burial grounds for prelates, respected citizens, and nobility of Kazan. The cathedral in the centre of the area was built in 1595-1601 and demolished in the 1920s. The church of St Nicholas the Thaumaturgist and its refectory was rebuilt in 1815. The ground floor is in white stone.
The Cadets' School complex, built in the 19th century on the site of a mosque and a monastery, consists of two schools and the former barracks. It was originally two storeys high but a third floor was added in the Soviet period. The Riding School was erected in the 1880s, with a suspended ceiling.
The Artillery Cannon Foundry was built on the site of a military depot and the building of the khan's guards. The main building was rebuilt to correspond with the new orientation of the Great Street, following the 1768 plan. The cannon works was one of the largest in Russia: it was constructed to the design of the engineer Bétancourt. From 1825 to 1837 the former arsenal and foundry were refurbished as a school.Source: UNESCO/CLT/WHC
Historical Description
The first human occupation in the Kazan area goes back to the 7th and 8th millennia BCE; there are traces of the Bronze Age (2nd to 1st millennia, late Kazan area settlement), early Iron Age (8th to 6th centuries BCE, Ananin culture), and early medieval period (4th-5th centuries CE, Azelin culture). From the 10th to 13th centuries Kazan was a pre-Mongol Bulgar town. Today's Kremlin hill consisted then of a fortified trading settlement surrounded by moats, embankments, and a stockade. A stone fortress was built in the 12th century and the town developed as an outpost on the northern border of Volga Bulgaria. The so-called Old Town extended eastward, on the site of the former Kazan Monastery of Our Lady. The fortress was demolished on the instructions of the Mongols in the 13th century. A citadel was then built as the seat of the Prince of Kazan, including the town's administrative and religious institutions. By the first half of the 15th century, the town had become the capital of the Muslim Principality of Bulgaria, with administrative, military, and trading functions.
- Seat of the Kazan Khanate (1438-1552)
In the mid 15th century the state came under the rule of a dynasty of the Golden Horde Khans of the Ulug- Mukhammed branch. The former stone fortress was restored and extended to what is now the site of Kremlin and the territory was brought under organized control. By the mid 16th century the site had become a strong fortress built in wood and stone, with the Khan's Palace in the citadel and the Khan's Mosque with the tombs and necropolis of the Kazan Khans (possibly a site of pilgrimage). The Prince's Palace was rebuilt as the Khan's Court, while retaining its basic layout, and it also served as a treasury and depository of records and manuscripts. The Court dominated the townscape of Kazan and was surrounded by several walls at different levels, numerous pavilions, galleries, the Khan's Mosque, and other public buildings. The Western Gate was its most imposing structure.
- Seat of the annexed Volga Land (Kazan Kingdom, 1552-1708)
In 1552, Russian forces took Kazan by storm; as a result of Ivan the Terrible's Volga campaign, the town became the new Christian capital of the Volga Land. The new Russian Kremlin was similar to the Tatar fortress, keeping its old urban layout, its relation with the context, the location of towers, and its basic internal plan. The watchtower of the earlier Tazik moat survived and was converted into the belltower of the new Annunciation Cathedral. In the 16th and 17th centuries there were no large-scale constructions in the Kremlin; the surviving Tatar buildings were reused and the mosques were gradually converted into Christian churches. The Kremlin underwent some changes, reflecting its new status as a Orthodox Christian centre with two monasteries (the Saviour-Transfiguration and the Trinity) and as a military stronghold. The Khan's Court was converted into an arsenal and new administrative quarters were built in the southern part of the fortress, in the Tsar's Palace chambers. Throughout these times Kazan retained its commemorative function, reflected in the saint's tomb near the Transfiguration Cathedral, the churches of St Nicholas Ratny and Nikita Selunskii, the chapel of the Vernicle, and the Holy (Tainitskii) Spring.
- Seat of the first Kazan Province (1708 to late 18th century)
In the early 18th century Kazan became the capital of Kazan Province, including vast territories of the Volga and Ural lands. As a result Kazan was again rebuilt. The administrative centre of the former Kazan Kingdom, located in the south, was returned to the northern part, where it had been at the time of the Tatars. The Chief Commandant's House, occupying the former Khan's Palace area, became the new focus of the fortress, suggesting the dominance of the secular power. It was reinforced by the mass of the Annunciation Cathedral and its bell-tower, overshadowing the Saviour-Transfiguration Monastery.
- Centre of the second Kazan Province (late 18th century to 1920s)
The urban layout of the Kremlin was made more regular and some old streets from the Khanate Kazan were eliminated. The functions remained essentially the same as before. The street connecting the Spasskaya and Tainitskaya driveway towers along the north south axis was straightened, separating the fortress area into two distinct functional zones: (1) the eastern zone, including the Governor General's Palace, the Public Offices, the Consistory, the Annunciation Cathedral, and the Bishop's House and (2) the western zone, including the Cannon Foundry, Cadets' School, and Saviour- Transfiguration Monastery complexes. The loss of military significance and the emphasis on administration made the fortress merely an inner court of the provincial administration. This is seen particularly in the orientation of all the main elevations towards the city. Small-scale administrative buildings in different styles were added to the ensemble.
- Centre of the Tatar Autonomous Republic, 1922-92
During the Stalinist persecution most of the Kremlin's churches were demolished. This exacerbated the degradation of the ensemble, which lost many of its former compositional dominants - the belfries of the Annunciation and Saviour- Transfiguration Cathedrals, the church of Cyprian and Justinia, the Saviour-Transfiguration Monastery complex, the dome of Bishop's House, and the domes of the Annunciation Cathedral. Walls and towers have been renovated since the 1950s and the Annunciation Cathedral and Syuyumbeki's Tower since 1980. The Kremlin retained its status as a centre of state power and as garrison.
- Centre of the Republic of Tatarstan (since 1992)
On 22 September 1994 the Kremlin was established as the Historical, Architectural, and Artistic Museum "Kazan Kremlin," opening a new era for the historic ensemble. The garrison was removed and a museum function was introduced. The rehabilitation has emphasized the former fortress appearance and the commemorative and religious functions, which had been lost for a time. The renovation of the Cadets' School has been started and a project has been launched to rebuild the historic mosque of Kul-Sharif on the site of the destroyed main mosque of the Khanate period Kazan. The building should rehabilitate the lost townplanning integrity of the Kremlin ensemble, enrich the townscape, and symbolize the peaceful coexistence of the two main religions of Tatarstan, Islam and Christianity. The minarets of the new mosque should bring together the Kremlin's crumbling composition, and become the new dominant of the complex. Reconstruction work has started on the complex of the former Cannon Foundry in order to establish a museum. Some upper floors of the unsightly northern building will be pulled down and the elevations will be renovated in the form of the 18th and 19th centuries.Source: Advisory Body Evaluation
News (1)
- World Heritage Committee Inscribes 61 New Sites on World Heritage List Thursday, November 30, 2000
Events (1)
- 36th Session of World Heritage Committee Youth Forum: Kazan (Republic of Tatarstan) Jul 1, 2012-Jul 9, 2012


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Marshall and Lily once again take center stage tonight, as they decide who in the group is worthy to be baby Marvin's godparent. The search for a godparent begins when Marshall and Lily confront their More »
Remember that episode of Friends where Ross created his own game show for Joey and Chandler to compete with Rachel and Monica? It was an episode of television that fully encapsulated the spirit of the More »
I hate to say it, but I feel more and more like this season of How I Met Your Mother is going to be the last. Why? Because more and more I see the gang preparing for real life in some pretty profo More »
Someone tell Barney I need to borrow his Booty Call phone to ring Marshall and Lily because the problem I had with tonight's How i Met Your Mother definitely warrants an eight or higher. There sho More »
The only relevant thing in Marshall and Lily's lives on How I Met Your Mother recently has been their son, Marvin. While I appreciate that he's the only important thing in their lives at the moment More »
How I Met Your Mother "Who Wants To Be A Godparent" season 8 episode 4 airs Monday, Oct. 15 (8:00-8:30 PM, ET/PT) on the CBS Television Network Episode Synopsis: When Lily and Marshall can't decide More »

subset: commoncrawl


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The Community of Disc Golfers and About All Things Disc Golf
This area is for people to celebrate and commemorate their aces at the Black Butte Lake Disc Golf Course. There are a couple of potential ace holes on this course that I can think of, so let's see who will be next to join this elite group!
Please remember, never sign the Baskets, they are Federal Property (plus, it's considered very white trash)! Instead, have your friends sign and date your disc, and tell us about your ace here...
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© 2015 Created by Terry "the Pirate" Calhoun.


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Terms & Conditions.
Some product exclusions may apply. See product page details for more information. Clearance items are final sale. Price matching does not apply to this or any promotion. Offer is valid until September 13 at 11:59 PM PST. May not be combined with any other offer/discount (unless specified), including invitation credits, promotional gift cards and/or special discount links. Discount applied upon checkout. Log in to your account to see your savings.
This little piggy has had it up to here with kitchen accidents. More specifically, the Piggy Pot Holder keeps a pair of protective pigs by your side, whether guarding the counter or your hooves—er, hands. Like all Siliconezone products, this set of two puts durable, dense-yet-flexible, temperature-resistant silicone to the test.
Set of 2. Functions as a trivet and a potholder.
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Lake Erie Binational Site
Lakewide Management Plans
Lake Erie Binational Site
Status Report
May 1999
Dear Friend of Lake Erie:
We are pleased to announce that the Lake Erie Lakewide Management Plan (LaMP) Status Report (PDF 1.53Mb, 34 pages) is now available. The Status Report has been produced in partnership with the federal governments of Canada and the United States, the Province of Ontario, and the States of Michigan, New York, Ohio and Pennsylvania.
The Status Report reviews the progress the LaMP has made towards identifying problems, objectives and solutions. The LaMP provides a framework for agencies, organizations and individuals to coordinate activities that they are already working on, and to propose new activities to improve the environmental quality of Lake Erie.
The first edition of our Lake Erie Update (PDF 100Kb, 3 pages) attached. This edition provides background on Lake Erie, explains what the LaMP is, and highlights the components of the Status Report. We look forward to publishing future editions of the Lake Erie Update to keep you informed about the LaMP process.
Other documents pertinent to the Lake Erie LaMP include several Beneficial Use Impairment Assessment (BUIA) reports that are currently available. Each BUIA report is a technical analysis of a particular aspect of the Lake Erie ecosystem.
If you would like to obtain a copy of the Status Report and/or the BUIA reports, please complete the form on the reverse of this letter and fax or mail it in. Also, if you would like to have your name added to or removed from the Lake Erie LaMP mailing list, or to indicate your interest in joining the Binational Public Forum, please let us know by sending the attached response form back with the appropriate box checked or send an e-mail to one of our contact people. The Status Report and BUIA reports are available on the Internet at http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/erie.html.
Thank you for your interest in Lake Erie. We hope you will continue to follow the progress of the Lake Erie LaMP, and encourage you to pass this information along to others who share your interest in Lake Erie.
|Jo Lynn Traub
Acting Deputy Regional Administrator
U.S. EPA, Region 5
|Simon Llewellyn
Regional Director
Environmental Conservation Branch
Ontario Region, Environment Canada


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Test ID: PBGDW
Porphobilinogen Deaminase (PBGD), Washed Erythrocytes
Method Description Describes how the test is performed and provides a method-specific reference
Measurement of porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD) activity is based on the measurement of the rate of synthesis of uroporphyrin from porphobilinogen (PBG) in incubated, lysed erythrocytes. Low yield of uroporphyrin from PBG indicates a deficiency of PBGD.(Ford RE, Ou CN, Ellefson RD: Assay for erythrocyte uroporphyrinogen I synthase activity, with porphobilinogen as substrate. Clin Chem 1980;26:1182-1185)
PDF Report Indicates whether the report includes an additional document with charts, images or other enriched information
Day(s) and Time(s) Test Performed Outlines the days and times the test is performed. This field reflects the day and time the sample must be in the testing laboratory to begin the testing process and includes any specimen preparation and processing time required before the test is performed. Some tests are listed as continuously performed, which means assays are performed several times during the day.
Monday, Wednesday, Friday; 8 a.m.
Analytic Time Defines the amount of time it takes the laboratory to setup and perform the test. This is defined in number of days. The shortest interval of time expressed is "same day/1 day," which means the results may be available the same day that the sample is received in the testing laboratory. One day means results are available 1 day after the sample is received in the laboratory.
2 days (not reported on Saturday or Sunday)
Maximum Laboratory Time Defines the maximum time from specimen receipt at Mayo Medical Laboratories until the release of the test result
4 days
Specimen Retention Time Outlines the length of time after testing that a specimen is kept in the laboratory before it is discarded
14 days
Performing Laboratory Location The location of the laboratory that performs the test


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Need different wedinng invitation ideas? In this channel, you can find different sellers of different wedding invitation designs. Some of the ads offers different wedding invitation format, different wedding inivatation template, and unique wedding invitation designs. If you are making unique wedding invitations , you post your ads here for free and get known!
For more related wedding services, please feel free to browse other wedding sub categories - Bridal Cars, Catering, Churches and Wedding Venues, Flower Suppliers/ Florist and Event Stylists, Hair and Make up, Honeymoon Destinations, Reception, Suits and Wedding Gowns, Wedding Cakes, Wedding Coordinators and Planners, Wedding Host/ Bands and Signers, Wedding Invitations, Wedding Photographers and Videographers, Wedding Ring and Accessories, and Wedding Souvenirs and Giveaways.


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After 10 years in prison, Driver has a singular focus - to avenge the murder of his brother during the botched bank robbery that led to his imprisonment. Now a free man with a deadly to-do list in hand, he's finally on his mission...but with two men on his trail - a veteran cop just days from retirement, and a young egocentric hitman with a flair for the art of killing and a newfound worthy opponent. The hunter is also the hunted. It's a do or die race to the list's finish as the mystery surrounding his brother's murder deepens, and new details emerge along the way hinting that Driver's list may be incomplete.
Cast: Dwayne Johnson
Produced by:
Directed by: Phil Joanou
Written by: Tony Gayton, Joe Gayton
Running time: 1hr 38min
Opens: Nov 24, 2010 Nationwide
|Theaters for Today
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on this day.


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Stefano Mesa Roadracing World Young Guns Blog
NEWS August 16, 2013
Photo by Brian J Nelson
Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca AMA Pro SuperSport July 19-21
My weekend at Laguna Seca was good, we raced with MotoGP and I met a lot of cool people. First practice wasn't that great since the team had no data. For Qualifying 1 we had a close set-up but not good enough so we ended up seventh and we did the best we could, knowing that Qualifying 2 was going to be early in the morning and conditions would not be good to go fast.
After qualifying, we made a couple of changes to see if they were going to work in the morning warm-up but it was wet and foggy and the track wasn't fast so we decided to go back to the old set-up for the race.
I was nervous because I knew I could hang with the front pack but since we all went faster in the race the bike was feeling strange and wasn't handling right. I was going backwards then a red flag came out and when I went into the pits I sat down with my crew and we made a couple of changes. The changes weren't enough to battle in the front pack but I was able to have a good race and take home a fifth place.
Miller Motorsports Park AMA Pro SuperSport August 2-4, 2013
Miller is a very fast track and I've only been there once, last year. Practice went alright, track was grippy and we were remembering all the lines through that place. We went there with the set-up from Laguna so we had a couple of changes to make. The crew and I were working hard to get a good set-up fast so we could go fast right away but we struggled a bit and didn't get it quite right.
For qualifying we started to go a little bit faster and were up with the front group, we were getting close to a good set up and ended up fifth.
In Qualifying 2 everybody went faster and I did, too, but ended up ninth so I wasn't really happy with it. I was worried for the first race since I didn't go that fast but we were only 0.7-second off so we still had faith for the race. It went alright, my start was a killer and I was fifth going into Turn One. I had a good battle going on for fourth with a couple of local guys and we ended up fifth at the end.
In Sunday-morning warm-up we went out and the bike started to leak oil from the clutch cover so I had to go in and sit out for warm-up. I wanted to test couple of changes that we did to the bike, but I decided to leave it how it was for the race and that was a good idea. In the race, before the red flag came out the whole group was there and it was a good battle.
During the red flag we made a couple of changes to the bike and it was good, we went out for the restart and I was able to hang with the leaders through the whole race. On the last lap I tried passing Joe Roberts and Wyatt Farris on the inside going into Turn Five and I had it but we all started to get to close to each other and started hitting each other; I had nowhere to go so I went through the rumble strip and when my front wheel came off it I lost the front and crashed. I ran to the bike and picked it up and finished the race in 17th place, not what I wanted but I was happy I was able to run with the front pack.
See you at the next race!
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Nb: infants must be under the age of 2 and
children must be under the age of 12 at the time of
Chalet-Hotel Salana, most guests on our inclusive holidays reach for the word "cosy". Baqueria's nearest chair lift is only a five minute walk away and each bedroom has plenty of space in which to hang your ski kit and clothes. If Baqueria's vast skiing and snowboarding areas are renowned for one thing, it's the region's popularity with the Spanish royal family, but don't worry, Salana's bar prices won't require a regal wallet. Holidaymakers will be able to watch the sun go down on our spacious balcony with a reasonably priced drink in their hands. Cheers!
Salana's rooms are both large and luxurious; most guests will find an en suite bath as well as a shower to relax in after an exciting day with our ski guides, or alternatively our outdoor hot tub is an invigorating way to wind down in the evening. Each bedroom has plenty of space in which to hang your ski kit and clothes.Standard Rooms: Twin or double beds, bath & WC.Standard room with convertible beds that telescope into bunks. Triple room, bunk and single. Double bed with shower & WC.
The chalet host will have a day off during the course of the week, during which you will be required to eat out.
Our menu provides a selection of exquisitely prepared meals: hearty breakfasts and expertly cooked three course meals will satisfy the healthiest of appetites (save room for the cheese course at the end, though).
Iglu acts as a travel agent for disclosed principals/tour operators, further details
of which will be made available at the time of booking. Your holiday contract will
be bound by the tour operators terms and conditions.
Prices are shown for a basic room or unit, can be subject to change and are indicative
until time of booking. Please call on 020 8544 7114 for prices for other travel
and room options for this property.
Prices shown are per person per week based on maximum occupancy. Descriptions and
quality ratings are provided by the Tour Operator (or one of the Tour Operators
where similar holidays are offered by more than one supplier). We reserve the right
to make minor adjustments to the description or rating based on staff and customer
feedback. For payments by credit card, a 2.5% credit card charge (4% for AMEX) will
be added to your invoice. If you pay by a UK issued debit card, there is no charge.
All bookings are subject to a £5 per person Passenger Admin Fee charged by Iglu.com.


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Teaching Science in Tennessee
Last week, Tennessee legislators approved a bill on science education (the Teacher Protection Academic Freedom Act) that has stoked controversy around the country.
The Resource Finder has powerful filtering features — check out the tutorial to learn more.
Last week, Tennessee legislators approved a bill on science education (the Teacher Protection Academic Freedom Act) that has stoked controversy around the country.
Media-hungry atheist, creationist and religious fundamentalist provocateurs have dominated the science and religion narrative for the past decade. A recently published large-scale survey of college students, however, finds that the call to arms has fallen on deaf ears.
Congratulations to the 37 winners of the Evolution & Christian Faith (ECF) grants competition! ECF is a new BioLogos program designed to support projects and network-building among scholars, church leaders, and parachurch organizations.
In this video Conversation, Joel Hunter articulates the importance of raising a child that can garner knowledge from a variety of sources and to be able to study science with integrity—that is, to be able to pursue the truth to where it leads.
The BioLogos Foundation explains to the findings of the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project and responds to the claims that its discoveries challenge the theory of evolution, especially regarding so-called "junk DNA".
Resilient learners and a robust faith can handle challenges. But the faith of the students my professor described was different— strong, but brittle; it did not have the resilience that comes through testing.
How can it be that two things we love and treasure—two things that are absolutely central to ourselves and the lives we've built—seem so often to be at odds with each other?
The BioLogos Forum is pleased to present this infographic about evolution and public education in the United States. The graphic, titled "The State of Evolution", draws upon sources from USA Today, the National Center for Science Education, and Pew Forum, and shows two challenges to a widespread understanding of the science of evolution in the United States.
If they left their children in the public classroom, should they as concerned parents, as committed Christians, as agents of truth and light in this dark world, remain quiet or should they speak out?
Many Christians believe that they face a painful choice-- either life was designed by God or it is an evolutionary product of natural selection. Charles Darwin himself believed in this dichotomy, and people ever since have felt the need to "choose sides". However, looking back at history, we find that one of Darwin's chief scientific colleagues, Asa Gray, did not share this perspective. In this three-part essay, part 1 charts the relationship of Asa Gray and Charles Darwin. Part 2 describes Darwin's struggle with the problem of natural evil and design in nature, and part 3 explores how Asa Gray was able to embrace evolution without rejecting the idea of design.
Our desire to engage in gracious dialogue with fellow believers who reject biological evolution has been receiving increased attention in both the Christian and secular press. More importantly, we are being joined in this reconciling project by our brothers and sisters in Christ who have often been defined primarily as our "opponents".
Now that we have covered significant ground with respect to what various classes of pseudogenes are and how they arise, we are now able to properly evaluate antievolutionary arguments put forward in an attempt to discredit these lines of evidence for evolution.
It is easy to be confused about what science is and what scientists do. In part, this is because scientists do so many different things in so many different ways.
In this series, Dennis Venema describes his personal journey that took him away from the Intelligent Design arguments toward the evolutionary creation worldview. Through careful and honest research, he discovered ID scientific reasoning to be analogy-based, in sharp contrast to evolutionary science, which was supported by concrete data. After accepting this view, God's presence ever strengthened him as he explored the compatibility between the Bible and God's creative mechanism.
Providing the crutch for non-believers to lean on is a well-intentioned strategic error that has no benefit and likely does much harm. However, I am even more concerned about something else related to our construction of these crutches.
In this series, Oliver R. Barclay examines the idea of God as Designer. He concludes that God did indeed design creation, and that the "state of the world is evidence not only for the existence and power of God but for his kindness and care for his creation." Barclay then goes on to investigate the arguments for Intelligent Design which attempt to prove that certain examples of design necessarily imply direct intervention by a Great Designer. He points the flaws of such an argument and discusses its implications.
In this six part series, Karl Giberson discusses evolution with BioLogos founder Francis Collins as it relates to the scientific community and the church. Their conversation addresses Collins' scientific perspectives, his Christian faith, and the abundant evidence for evolution. Throughout, the two critique various unscientific approaches to evolution such as Young Earth Creationism and Intelligent Design. Overall, they both express the deep need for the Church in America to accept evolution as a valuable, true theory as well as to cultivate a richer understanding of the Bible among the people.
In this series, Ard Louis addresses concerns that Christians may have about the BioLogos view that stem from specific misconceptions. Among these are misunderstandings about the nature of science, God's action in the universe, and natural theology. In addition, there is unwarranted mistrust towards the academic world. Finally, he encourages the BioLogos team to carefully confront "the ways we in the church have all been shaped by the spirit of the age" and to patiently listen and speak about these issues.
In this video, Pastor Daniel Harrell encourages the Christian community to embrace science as an element which can harmonize and strengthen, rather than attack and undermine their understanding of theology.
Polkinghorne discusses the origins and aims of natural theology in this series. It does not offer truth, but rather a "best explanation" for the world, answering primarily meta-questions. Two such questions asked by Polkinghorne are, "Why is science possible at all?" and "What makes the universe so special?" To explore the answers, he looks at the ability of human minds to penetrate mysteries of the natural world as well as the fine-tuning of the universe necessary to produce the fruitfulness of life.


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- Myles Horton
- Sydney
- Australia
This conversation is closed.
Is population growth economically beneficial to a country and its people?
Feb 2 2013: Myles,
The growth of population all depends on the country we are talking about. In countries like India and China, a population growth is least beneficial. Population boom means more mouths to feed and the $1000 GDP of countries like India only puts a strain to the economy. Poverty will be one of the major factors to battle with. When the populace increases, every single aspect has to be considered like the medical benefits, education and other miscellaneous benefits.
You may,ofcourse ,argue that the increased population means more people work and hence more money. But some places have reached a point of saturation beyond which ,even a slight increase may affect the overall economy.
Case point: United States is the fastest-growing industrialized country in the world. They are also one of the worlds largest providers of food. They welcome tonnes of immigrants every day. Immigrants equal the natives in USA. It initially helped the economy. But studies show that, if the current trend continues, their economy will suffer as a result of the massive population.
So population growth is,not really, beneficial to the country.Feb 2 2013: Myles, Many factors involved in the answer. If it is a failing economic condition then no ... if there is no growth in the GDP then no ... if it increases the social program burden then no .... if there is no growth in the small business or hiring at the corporations then no .... if they do not contribute to the funding of the government structure then no ... if they do not fuel the housing need, then no .... if they arrive illegally they disrupt the flow of immigration quotas, law enforcement, and budgets for programs ... put a burden on food suplies ... burden municipal facilities such as water supplies and sewer treatment ... disrupt education by unplanned growth and make student to teacher ratios unacceptable ... out grow facilities .. etc ..
It would appear that growth is not always good .... however ... if growth is allowed to increase in controlled incriments through immigration quotas as established by law then it can help in a posative way.
Officials from the mayor to the president should ensure that growth is stabilized and planned. If not the national ability to house, feed, and care for the population as a whole is placed in jepordized.
That is why we have immigration laws and border controls and why they should be enforced. The USA is an example of cause and effect when the federal government turns a blind eye to promote political gains.
Bob.Feb 5 2013: I believe it comes down to one simple question: Are these people coming into the system to be well educated? If yes, then of course there are going to be beneficial outcomes.
W. Ying
Feb 3 2013: .
- +1
Yes, if it is below its OPTIAL POINT.
(For OPTIMAL POINT, see the 1st article, point 10, at https://skydrive.live.com/?cid=D24D89AE8B1E2E0D&id=D24D89AE8B1E2E0D%21283&sc=documents.)Feb 3 2013: G'day Myles
In Australia immigration has helped a great deal in the past but our infrastructure isn't able to keep up with our present living standards with too big of a population plus we do have a small problem with water in Australia.
If the infrastructure & the environment can't sustain a big population in any country the living standards will keep dropping as the population booms just like it has in other countries in the world today.
MathewFeb 5 2013: Definitely not. Unbridled growth results in environmental degradation and increasing pressure on natural resources. Living in a country with 1.2 billion people where you have to literally compete for a place to stand, is an awful experience as a human. In India, one thing which I have observed is, people with lesser skills multiply faster than ones who are endowed with better skills and earning capacity. Coming out of this tail spin will be a huge challenge for India and this will be closely studied by all countries and lessons drawn.Feb 5 2013: If you can assume a lack of constraints (like resources and power), then population growth and economic growth can grow in tandem. For each new citizen you have an additional labour resource plus an untapped consumer.
Our monetary system reflects this when capital is extended and paid back with interest. This assumes a growth in the part of the lenders client which ripples through the system.
However, simple inspection shows this to be an unstable pyramid because of changes in fertility, longevity, increasing health of an aging population, saving vs. investing rates and resource restrictions, you can easily get negative factors.
There are many positive and negative aspects on the subject, like economies of scale with a rapid population rise creates an extensive transportation system that leads to economic growth, and supply and demand curves shift when the population increase causes shortages of necessary products, a rise in prices with an associated limitation of purchasing power and hardship.
I don't think our understanding of the complex and dynamic systems we are trying to model is advanced enough to give more than a solid maybe as an answer.
Feb 5 2013: interest and growth is not related. get this right.
Feb 5 2013: I am referring to a debt based monetary system that requires economic growth to service debt. In the long term, this requires a population growth (somewhere in the world) to expand production to meet the debt servicing obligations.
If I can quote from the web site "Positive Money" (http://www.positivemoney.org/consequences/environment/)
One of the greatest pressures being placed on the environment today is due to the need to sustain the required economic growth that ensures the stable functioning of our current economic system. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution economic growth has been accompanied by increased resource use and pollution as well as more general environmental destruction.
One of the fundamental system drivers that force economic growth on us is the debt based money system. Under this system debt is not a choice – for there to be money, there has to be debt. The system is based on ensuring access to credit (i.e. debt) for government, business and individuals, who all borrow money from the banks. Currently the total debt owed to banks stands at £2.1 trillion. In order for a business or an individual to borrow they are required to present either collateral or evidence of future earnings.
To then service that debt requires future earnings over and above what is required merely to continue the existing level of economic activity. So economic growth, often in the form of more debt, must accompany debt service. In addition in order to ensure growth, anytime that the money supply contracts or declines, more borrowing is needed to create the additional money required to service the debt and enable economic growth.
Herman Daly, the eminent economist and environmentalist, expressed this perfectly when he said that:
We are accumulating more and more debt to finance economic growth, and we need more future growth to repay the debt
Herman Daly
Feb 5 2013: i'm still not sure what you are referring to. i heard the term "debt based" to describe fractional reserve and the money creation process of central banks. but it has nothing to do with growth. or you refer to the fact that governments empty their credit cards, do not plan to pay it back, and hope to grow out the interest servicing costs. these are two independent concepts, and i agree that both are terrible.
however, none of these are related to loan interest rates. even if we had solid hard money, and fiscal prudence, interest rate would still exist. and vice versa, interest rates do not cause new money creation. just for example, the problem today is that we have too low interest rates. they are artificially lowered by central banks.
and none of these are related to economic growth. governments promise growth, but that's it. they can't deliver, they are just riding the wave, if there happens to be a wave. currently, there is not. but that does not stop governments to borrow and to inflate. another "sorta" relation would be that inflation sometimes can be disguised as growth. but of course it is not growth in the sense of total produced stuff. it is only nominal, a boom that bursts sooner or later.
economy can be built on solid foundation. we could have hard money, we could have balanced budgets, we could have free and honest banking system. we could have unlimited growth in the quality of life. and to a certain limit, we can support much more people on this planet. all it takes is technology. and to have technology, all it takes is time and effort.Feb 5 2013: A debt based monetary system just means that money comes into existance with the issuing of credit and the acceptance of that credit to for a debt.
Fractional reserve banking is just a simplistic ponzi scheme and we can ignore it for now.
Interest rates require that the debt plus a little bit extra is paid back to the lender to discharge the debt. This is usually done by charging more for the product and reducing profit, becoming more efficient or assuming more debt.
Eventually you will run out of efficiencies and expansion is required. When you think about it, how many business say "we are just the right size and don't want to grow" There is always the desire to open a branch in a new city, franchise, expand the current plant, etc.
This type of expansion requires more workers to man the new business ventures which is reflected in population growth.
I don't mean anything that. Perhaps its wrong but I have always thought that in the long term, interest payments on debt would always drive up population but not by any funtional relationship (i.e. interest rates go down, the population falls, etc). Its just that the existance of interest drives population growth, either through fertility rates or by immigration.
Feb 5 2013: so you were talking about the fractional reserve. it is a legalized scam, no arguing here.
but interest rates mean nothing you imply. it is easy to simply simulate it with gold coins and imaginary participants, and you can see that it is all perfectly balanced and round.
of course there are many implications, for one, there has to be losses. some people will lose some, in order for others to earn more. all this, of course, is in money turns, because everyone wins additionally as the economy produces more stuff, so everything becomes cheaper.
also the desire to expand does not mean that everyone expands. some firms want to expand, but they are not able to, and shrink. the total number of employees, obviously, will not grow. you make the mistake to look only the successful companies, and overlook the failing ones.
it is advisable to look from the other side. we have X people willing to work, and let's assume that this number slowly increase due to population growth, and slowly decrease due to increased demand for leisure. the result is some slow time variation of X. meanwhile, standing capital grows, thus the product of one work hour grows, thus the consumable product per capita grows. and within these boundaries, we have the "creative destruction", that is, jobs, companies, products constantly appearing and disappearing.Feb 4 2013: If the nation is financed by Internal Revenue it is.Feb 3 2013: It depends on the country. Some nations need more people to work on the abundant natural resources; while some nations already have too many mouths to feed, so to speak.Feb 3 2013: in general yes, in a slow pace, as it increases the possibilities for division of labor. with some correction: it is not country-wide, it should be looked worldwide.Feb 3 2013: Kipling said it best. immense natural resources made Americans rich. Now our leadership are innumerate fools. This isn't the nineteenth century anymore.


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City of Verona
City of Verona
The historic city of Verona was founded in the 1st century B.C. It particularly flourished under the rule of the Scaliger family in the 13th and 14th centuries and as part of the Republic of Venice from the 15th to 18th centuries. Verona has preserved a remarkable number of monuments from antiquity, the medieval and Renaissance periods, and represents an outstanding example of a military stronghold.
Ville de Vérone
La ville historique de Vérone fut fondée au Ie r siècle av. J.-C.. Elle connut des périodes d'expansion sous le règne de la famille Scaliger aux XIIIe et XIVe siècles et sous la République de Venise, du XVe au XVIIIe siècle. Exemple exceptionnel de place forte, Vérone a préservé un nombre remarquable de monuments de l'Antiquité, de l'époque médiévale et de la Renaissance.
مدينة فيرونا
أُسِّست مدينة فيرونا التاريخية في القرن الأول ق.م. وعرفت فترات توسّع في عهد أسرة سكاليغر في القرنين الثالث عشر والرابع عشر وفي عهد جمهورية البندقية بين القرنين الخامس عشر والثامن عشر. وإذ شكلت فيرونا نموذجًا مميزًا للمدن المحصّنة، حافظت على عدد هائل من النصب العائدة إلى العصور القديمة وحقبة القرون الوسطى وعصر النهضة الأوروبية.
source: UNESCO/ERI
source: UNESCO/ERI
Город Верона
Исторический город Верона был основан в I в. до н.э. Его наибольший расцвет пришелся на время правления семьи Скалигеров в XIII–XIV вв. и на период, когда город был частью Венецианской республики в XV-XVIII вв. Верона сохранила большое число памятников античности, средневековья и эпохи Возрождения, а также выдающийся образец военной крепости-цитадели.
source: UNESCO/ERI
Ciudad de Verona
Fundada en el siglo I a.C., la histórica ciudad de Verona conoció dos períodos de auge: el primero bajo el gobierno de la familia Scaliger entre los siglos XIII y XIV, y el segundo bajo la dominación de la República de Venecia entre los siglos XV y XVIII. Verona es un ejemplo excepcional de plaza fuerte que ha conservado un número considerable de monumentos de la Antigüedad grecorromana, la Edad Media y el Renacimiento.
source: UNESCO/ERI
source: NFUAJ
Verona (stad)
De historische stad Verona werd gesticht in de 1e eeuw voor Christus. De stad floreerde in het bijzonder onder de heerschappij van de Scaliger familie in de 13e en 14e eeuw, en als onderdeel van de Republiek van Venetië van de 15e tot de 18e eeuw. Verona heeft een opmerkelijk aantal monumenten weten te behouden uit de oudheid, de middeleeuwen en de renaissance en vormt daarnaast een voortreffelijk voorbeeld van een militair bolwerk. Qua stedelijke structuur en architectuur is Verona een goed voorbeeld van een stad die zich geleidelijk en onafgebroken meer dan 2.000 jaar heeft ontwikkeld.
Source: unesco.nl
Justification for Inscription
Criterion (ii): In its urban structure and its architecture, Verona is an outstanding example of a town that has developed progressively and uninterruptedly over two thousand years, incorporating artistic elements of the highest quality from each succeeding period.
Criterion (iv): Verona represents in an exceptional way the concept of the fortified town at several seminal stages of European history.
Long Description
In its urban structure and its architecture, Verona is an outstanding example of a town that has developed progressively and uninterruptedly over 2,000 years, incorporating artistic elements of the highest quality from each succeeding period. It also represents in an exceptional way the concept of the fortified town at several seminal stages of European history.
The city is situated in northern Italy at the foot of Monte Lessini on the River Adige. It was founded by ancient tribes and became a Roman colony in the 1st century BC, rising rapidly in importance. It was occupied by the Ostrogoth Theodoric I (5th century), by the Lombards, and by Charlemagne (774). In the early 12th century, it became an independent commune, suffering during the wars of Guelphs and Ghibellines. It prospered under the rule of the Scaliger family and particularly under Cangrande I. It fell to Venice in 1405, was part of the Austrian Empire from 1797, and joined the Kingdom of Italy in 1866.
The core of the city consists of the Roman town in the loop of the river. The Scaligers rebuilt the walls, embracing a much larger territory in the west and another vast area on the east bank of the river. This remained the size of the city until the 20th century. The heart of Verona is the ensemble consisting of the Piazza delle Erbe (with its picturesque vegetable market) and the Piazza dei Signori, with their historic buildings, including the Palazzo del Comune, Palazzo del Governo, Loggia del Consiglio, Arche Scaligere and Domus Nova. The Piazza Bra has a number of classicist buildings.
In the north of Italy, Verona is one of the richest cities in Roman remains. These include the Porta Borsari, a city gate at the beginning of the decumanus maximus; the Porta Leoni, only half of which remains, attached to a later building; the Arco dei Gavi, dismantled in the Napoleonic period and rebuilt next to Castelvecchio in the 1930s; the Ponte Pietra; the Roman theatre, excavated in the mid-19th century and restored for use in spectacles; and the Amphitheatre Arena, the second-largest after the Colosseum in Rome (originally a wall of three orders surrounded it, but this collapsed in an earthquake in the 12th century).
In the Romanesque period (8th-12th centuries), the church of San Giovanni in Valle was built on the ruins of previous buildings. The interior has three aisles and there is pre-Romanesque crypt. The elevations of the church of San Lorenzo consist of a mixture of materials, tuff in the lower parts, and tuff and brick alternating in the upper part. The entrance has a Renaissance porch. The church of San Fermo was built from tuff and brick on the remains of an earlier basilica of the 8th century. The tombs are on the exterior; the church has small arches, tall windows, ample staircases, and a beautiful Romanesque porch. The cathedral (Duomo) was first built in the 6th century but rebuilt in the 12th century after an earthquake. The facade, completed in the 14th century, is in Verona marble and has bas-reliefs representing sacred and profane episodes of different types. There is a fine 12th-century cloister with arcades on double colonnades.
During the Scaliger period (13th-14th centuries), the church of Sant'Anastasia was built by the Dominicans; its facade remained incomplete. The Arche Scaligere is the cemetery of the Scaliger family, close to the Piazza dei Signori. Castelvecchio is the fortified residence of the Scaliger family, built at the time of Cangrande II over a previous fortification. The House of Juliet is a small genuine medieval palace; a balcony was added in the 1930s, inspired by Shakespeare's drama. The House of Romeo is a medieval complex, greatly transformed in later periods, and relatively little remains from the original building.
There are also numerous buildings that date from the Renaissance in the centre of Verona: the churches of Santi Nazaro e Celso, Santa Maria in Organo, San Giorgio, San Tomaso, San Bernardino, and Sant'Eufemia. There are the palaces of Canossa, Pompei and Bevilacqua, the gates of Porta Palio, Porta Nuova, Porta Vescovo and Porta San Zeno, as well as the Bishop's Palace and the Giusti Garden and Palace. From the Austrian period of the 19th century, notable buildings include the Castel San Pietro and the Caserma Santa Marta.Source: UNESCO/CLT/WHC
Historical Description
The city of Verona, today the capital of the province of Verona, is situated in northern Italy at the foot of Monte Lessini on the River Adige. It was founded by ancient tribes and became a Roman colony in the 1st century BCE, rising rapidly in importance. It was occupied by the Ostrogoth Theodoric I (5th century), by the Lombards, and by Charlemagne (774). In the early 12th century, it became an independent commune, suffering during the wars of Guelphs and Ghibellines. It prospered under the rule of the Scaliger family (the period of Romeo and Juliet) and particularly under Cangrande I, who protected the exiled poet Dante. It fell to Venice in 1405, was part of the Austrian Empire from 1797, and joined the Kingdom of Italy in 1866.
In the early period, the hillsides of the region of Verona were inhabited in fortified villages (castellieri). The name of Verona has been related to the root wehr (a defensive wall); the name could have meant a fortified site on the river. Ancient roads of communication may have crossed here as early as the 6th or 5th century BCE. One road led to the Adriatic, with an important Etruscan settlement, another followed the river in the direction of the vineyards of Valpolicella and the lower Trentino, and a third connected with the flourishing Cisalpine territories of Garda and Brescia (Via Claudia Augusta). The construction of the Via Postumia around 148-147 BCE opened the way to Genoa and Lombardy (Pavia, Piacenza, Cremona) in the west and to Oderzo and Aquileia in the east.
The construction of the Roman settlement began in the later Republican era, the second half of the 1st century BCE. To this period has been dated the construction of the decumanus maximus, which followed the trace of the Via Postumia, and the cardo maximus, which entered the town from the east. The town was built on a grid plan and surrounded by defensive walls with two gates, Porta Leoni and Porta Iova (later Portone Borsari). Of the walls and gates there are only archaeological remains. The discovery of an inscription has confirmed the date of the foundation of Verona as 49 BCE. The city soon grew in importance and wealth and various public buildings were constructed, including the amphitheatre, the Roman theatre, and the Ponte Pietra. Recent excavations have revealed considerable further remains, including decorated marble paving and prestigious structures and objects. In 265 CE, with the intensification of conflicts with the barbarians in the north, the Emperor Gallienus decided to rebuild the Republican defence walls further out, including also the amphitheatre. The town resisted the various invasions, while other cities were destroyed.
At the end of the Roman period (476 CE), Verona became the second capital of the Italic Kingdom of the Ostrogoths; Theodoric I had Verona as his principal residence. During the following centuries (domination by the Goths until 567, the Lombards until 774, and the Holy Roman Empire until the end of the millennium), Verona continued to play an important role, resulting in the construction of prominent buildings. Amongst the authorities, Bishop Raterio (from Belgium) merits a special mention because he prepared an illustration of the city, the only document surviving from this period. In its urban layout, the city preserved its Roman grid plan.
In the following period of independent communes in northern Italy, the continuous wars and armed conflicts forced Verona to rebuild its fortifications. The arrival of the Signoria of the Scaligers (1259-1387) favoured the development of the town, which had already extended its possessions to a large part of the Venetian territories in the north-west. Cangrande I de la Scala (1311-29) decided to further extend the city ramparts, and to reorganize the defence of the city so as to resist even long sieges. The strength of the defences was such that Verona remained a stronghold in the subsequent Venetian and Austrian periods. This decision also had an impact on town planning and the city initiated an active period of construction, especially large basilicas and administrative ensembles. In 1387, Giangaleazzo Visconti of Milan conquered Verona for a short period, building new ramparts, as well as a citadel in the southern part of the city.
From 1405 until 1797 Verona was a wealthy and active part of the Venetian Republic. Apart from a conflict in the early 16th century, this was a period of peace. The Venetians commissioned the Veronese military architect Michele Sanmicheli (1484-1559) to reinforce the medieval fortifications. He designed the series of polygonal bastions placed at regular intervals, as well as building three new city gates (Porta Nuova, Porta Palio, Porta San Zeno) of great architectural significance. The position of these gates favoured the development of the city in the area comprised between the communal and the Scaligerian walls further south. The Venetians prohibited extending the city beyond this limit for military reasons and the ban remained in force during the Austrian Empire. This forced all development to remain inside the walled area, thus contributing to unity in the development. For the city, the Venetian period was characterized by considerable economic autonomy, reflected also in administration and in culture. A great number of prestigious palaces of wealthy families and numerous religious and public buildings marked the period.
With the Austrian domination (1814-66), Verona strengthened its military role. Marshal Radetzki and his general-architect Franz von Scholl repaired the damages caused by the Napoleonic wars, and large military complexes were built inside the city, including the impressive Arsenal, close to the medieval bridge of Castelvecchio. In 1866, when the Austrians handed the city over to the Kingdom of Italy, there were 65,000 inhabitants but practically no industry. The city thus entered a period of some difficulty, which was aggravated by the terrible flood of 1882. The river rose some 8m and numerous buildings, watermills, and sawmills were wiped out. While the two main bridges were destroyed, the old bridges resisted the force of the river.
From this time on, the city's development changed. Its military role having come to an end, development now expanded outside the walls and new districts were established. It was also the beginning of industrial development. By 1927 the population had grown to 150,000, and the first competitions for urban plans were organized in 1931-32. World War II was devastating to the city: 40% of the building stock was destroyed, including all the bridges. There followed a long period of intense reconstruction and restoration, with the active participation of the Superintending Architect of Verona, Piero Gazzola (1908- 79), founding President of ICOMOS and one of the initiators and principal authors of the Venice Charter. The reconstruction period also led to the approval of the first urban master plan of Verona in 1958, amended in 1975.Source: Advisory Body Evaluation
News (1)
- World Heritage Committee Inscribes 61 New Sites on World Heritage List Thursday, November 30, 2000


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I'm now going on vacation and I won't be having internet connection there, I was thinking it would be a good time to browse throught the stackoverflow data dump. However its all in XML and I'd have to write a client to make it readable. Is there any existing client?
Take the 2-minute tour ×
Stack Apps is a question and answer site for apps, scripts, and development with the Stack Exchange API. It's 100% free, no registration required.
This app can help you in some way. Create some pdf's on the topics you're interested in and off you go.
You could try out StackStash . Its our iOS app that lets you browse and search stackoverflow offline.


text:
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The Affordable Care Act and HIV/AIDS (AIDS.GOV)
The Affordable Care Act and HIV/AIDS (AIDS.GOV)
June 2012
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
AIDS.GOV webpage on ACA and its impact people living with HIV/AIDS.
Features include:
- Improving Access to Coverage.
- Ensuring Quality Coverage.
- Enhancing the Capacity of the Health Care System.
- Increasing Opportunities for Health and Well-Being.


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Eric Boullier is hoping Lotus can sign Kimi Raikkonen's replacement on merit and not financial worth...
Eric Boullier is hoping Lotus can sign Kimi Raikkonen's replacement on merit and not financial worth.
As the costs of competing in Formula One continue to spiral, more and more teams are looking to pay drivers to make up the deficit in their budgets.
Although Lotus are fourth in the Championship, the Enstone outfit's financial troubles have been well documents especially after Kimi Raikkonen announced that he was leaving as he had yet to be paid.
The team, though, is confident there is light at the end of the tunnel as they are still waiting to reap the financial rewards from Infinity Racing acquiring a 35 percent stake in the team.
And with that money in hand, Boullier hopes Lotus can avoid signing a pay driver with Nico Hulkenberg believed to be leading the running to replace Raikkonen.
"When it comes to drivers, we are not simply looking for a short-term replacement for Kimi," said the team boss. "We are looking at where we are going to be in the next five years.
"We can afford to be patient - to ask the candidates to wait as we formulate our strategy for the coming years - and I hope not to have to take into account commercial considerations when making decisions on drivers because we have worked hard to build our financial strength without having to rely on sponsorship from a driver.
"We want the strongest line-up possible to continue the progress made in recent seasons; that is the priority."
Weighing in on his remaining driver, Romain Grosjean, Boullier believes if he continues to improve, the Frenchman could become Lotus' lead driver in 2014.
"With Kimi leaving Enstone at the end of the year, Romain knows he has the possibility to build the team up more around himself. If you look at the last five races, he has done a great job.
"Since Germany, everybody has noticed that he has clearly 'switched on' and you can see the highs in every race. Whether we've been fighting for the podium or struggling a little bit Romain has clearly been matching Kimi's performances, which is no small achievement when you consider the World Championship winning calibre of his team-mate.
"The Romain of the last two months is the one we all believed he would become, and I hope he keeps improving. If he continues in this way, it means he is 'on it' and delivering the results we all know he is capable of, which is very positive for his prospects in 2014."


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Caravan Beads
915 Forest Ave Portland, Maine 04103
800.230.8941 or 207.761.2503
We sell Japanese miracle beads to qualified wholesale customers only.6mm Japanese Miracle Beads in Apple Green. Each strand of 6mm miracle beads has 130 beads. Miracle beads are plastic beads from Japan. These beads have a wonderful optical-illusion effect. Multiple coats of expensive metallic spray paint are covered with a clear 'magic' coating containing UV inhibitors.
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Note that bag and tube weights may vary.
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Marion County Public Works is actively participating in the recovery of threatened steelhead and Chinook salmon through a number of projects designed to protect aquatic habitat. Marion County is working to increase the quality and availability of fish habitat through restoration projects and by making all county road culverts passable by all fish species. In addition, Public Works is assessing the impact that each of its activities has on salmon habitat and developing a Best Management Practices Guide to minimize any adverse impacts.
The purpose of the Marion County Salmon Recovery Plan is to enhance the recovery of native salmon and steelhead runs in Marion County, while maintaining a safe and efficient transportation system.
Related Links
OSU Watershed Extension, Marion and Polk Counties - Watershed Extension education programs and events


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Terms & Conditions.
Some product exclusions may apply. See product page details for more information. Clearance items are final sale. Price matching does not apply to this or any promotion. Offer is valid until September 13 at 11:59 PM PST. May not be combined with any other offer/discount (unless specified), including invitation credits, promotional gift cards and/or special discount links. Discount applied upon checkout. Log in to your account to see your savings.
This is the kind of image that transports you to the market and leaves you wishing you had a pain au chocolat for the stroll. Displaying a stack of freshly baked baguettes ready for the hordes of Sunday morning shoppers, this appetizing picture was taken at an open-air market near the Bastille. Snapped by Nichole Robertson of The Paris Print Shop, it comes as a giclée print and features a small white border around the image.
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Island of Gorée
Island of Gorée
The island of Gorée lies off the coast of Senegal, opposite Dakar. From the 15th to the 19th century, it was the largest slave-trading centre on the African coast. Ruled in succession by the Portuguese, Dutch, English and French, its architecture is characterized by the contrast between the grim slave-quarters and the elegant houses of the slave traders. Today it continues to serve as a reminder of human exploitation and as a sanctuary for reconciliation.
Île de Gorée
Au large des côtes du Sénégal, en face de Dakar, Gorée a été du XVe au XIXe siècle le plus grand centre de commerce d'esclaves de la côte africaine. Tour à tour sous domination portugaise, néerlandaise, anglaise et française, son architecture est caractérisée par le contraste entre les sombres quartiers des esclaves et les élégantes maisons des marchands d'esclaves. L'île de Gorée reste encore aujourd'hui un symbole de l'exploitation humaine et un sanctuaire pour la réconciliation.
جزيرة غوري
تمتد جزيرة غوري على عرض ساحل السنغال مقابل داكار، وقد شكلت من القرن الخامس عشر ولغاية القرن التاسع عشر المركز التجاري الأكبر لتجارة العبيد في الساحل الافريقي. وقد خضعت على التوالي لسيطرة البرتغال وهولندا وانكلترا وفرنسا، ما جعل هندستها تتميز بالتناقض بين أحياء العبيد المظلمة ومنازل تجار الرقيق الأنيقة. ولا تزال جزيرة غوري تجسّد حتى اليوم رمزاً للاستغلال البشري وموطناً للمصالحة.
source: UNESCO/ERI
source: UNESCO/ERI
Остров Горе
Остров Горе расположен вблизи берега Сенегала, напротив Дакара. В XV-XIX вв. он был крупнейшим центром работорговли на африканском побережье, находясь под властью сменявших друг друга португальцев, голландцев, англичан и французов. Для его архитектуры характерен контраст между мрачными кварталами для рабов и элегантными домами работорговцев. Сегодня остров продолжает служить напоминанием об эксплуатации человека и, вместе с тем, - символом примирения.
source: UNESCO/ERI
Isla de Gorea
Situada en las aguas litorales del Senegal, frente a la ciudad de Dakar, la isla de Gorea fue el centro de comercio de esclavos más importante de las costas africanas entre los siglos XV y XIX. Estuvo sucesivamente bajo la dominación de portugueses, holandeses, ingleses y franceses. La adusta arquitectura de los barrios destinados a los esclavos contrasta con la de las elegantes mansiones de los mercaderes que vivían de su tráfico. Hoy en día, Gorea es un lugar de memoria de la explotación del hombre por el hombre y un santuario para la reconciliación.
source: UNESCO/ERI
source: NFUAJ
Eiland van Gorée
Gorée is een klein eiland van 18 hectare en ligt voor de kust van Senegal tegenover Dakar. Van de 15e tot de 19e eeuw was dit het grootste centrum van de slavenhandel aan de Afrikaanse kust. Op het eiland staat een slavenhuis van waaruit meer dan 20 miljoen slaven zijn verscheept. Gorée is achtereenvolgens geregeerd door de Portugezen, de Nederlanders, de Engelsen en de Fransen. De architectuur kenmerkt zich door het contrast tussen de grimmige slavenwijken en de elegante huizen van de slavenhandelaren. Het eiland is tegenwoordig een symbool voor het uitbuiten van mensen, maar ook een plaats van verzoening met het verleden.
Source: unesco.nl
Outstanding Universal Value
Brief synthesis
The Island of Gorée testifies to an unprecedented human experience in the history of humanity. Indeed, for the universal conscience, this "memory island" is the symbol of the slave trade with its cortege of suffering, tears and death.
The painful memories of the Atlantic slave trade are crystallized in this small island of 28 hectares lying 3.5 km off the coast from Dakar. Gorée owes its singular destiny to the extreme centrality of its geographical position between the North and the South, and to its excellent strategic position offering a safe haven for anchoring ships, hence the name "Good Rade". Thus, since the 15th century it has been prized by various European nations that have successively used it as a stopover or slave market. First terminus of the "homeoducs" who drained the slaves from the hinterland, Gorée was at the centre of the rivalry between European nations for control of the slave trade. Until the abolition of the trade in the French colonies, the Island was a warehouse consisting of over a dozen slave houses. Amongst the tangible elements that reflect Gorée's universal value are, notably, the Castle, a rocky plateau covered with fortifications which dominate the Island; the Relais de l'Espadon, former residence of the French governor; etc…
The Island of Gorée is now a pilgrimage destination for the African diaspora, a foyer for contact between the West and Africa, and a space for exchange and dialogue between cultures through the confrontation of ideals of reconciliation and forgiveness.
Criterion (vi): The Island of Goree is an exceptional testimony to one of the greatest tragedies in the history of human societies: the slave trade. The various elements of this "memory island" – fortresses, buildings, streets, squares, etc. – recount, each in its own way, the history of Gorée which, from the 15th to the 19th century, was the largest slave-trading centre of the African coast.
The insular nature of Gorée and an arsenal of legal texts contribute to the physical integrity of the site. The Atlantic Ocean provides a natural buffer zone of nearly 4 km.
Listed as a historic site by the colonial administration in 1944, with specific safeguarding measures, Gorée has recorded no major construction since then that might adversely affect the authenticity of the site, the major components of which have remained almost intact. Moreover, the rehabilitations and restorations have been carried out essentially in accordance with the principles of the Convention.
Protection and management requirements
The Island of Goree was designated a historic site in 1944, with safeguarding measures in 1951 (under the colonial era). It was subsequently inscribed on the national heritage list in 1975 (Order No. 012771 of 17 November 1975) and on the World Heritage List in 1978.
In 1979, a Safeguarding Committee was created by Order, comprising all the stakeholders, to monitor compliance with the Convention (conformity of the rehabilitation works, security of the property, etc.). An Order for the appointment of a site manager has been drafted and is currently in the process of aoption.
The replica of the "Gorée Memorial" on the Castle is an eloquent example of what should be avoided when preserving the integrity of the site and, in agreement with UNESCO, a modification of this work will be undertaken.
Long Description
The Island of Gorée is a memorial to the African diaspora. It continues to serve as a reminder of human exploitation and as a sanctuary for reconciliation.
Gorée is a small (18 ha) land mass located off the coast of Senegal, opposite Dakar. From the 15th to the 19th centuries, it was the largest slave-trading centre on the African coast. An estimated 20 million Africans passed through the Island between the mid-1500s and the mid-1800s. Ruled in succession by the Portuguese, Dutch, English and French, its architecture is characterized by the contrast between the grim slave-quarters and the elegant houses of the slave traders.
The House of Slaves was built in 1776 by the Dutch, the last surviving slave house in Gorée; the earliest date back to 1536 and were built by Portuguese, the first Europeans to set foot on the Island in 1444. Cells, each 2.60 m by 2.60 m, were reserved for men and contained up to 15 to 20 people, seated with their backs against the wall, chained around the neck and arms. In the middle of the chain, there was a big iron ball which the slave had to carry between his two hands and two legs. They were released only once a day to satisfy their needs, generally within this house. The hygienic conditions were so revolting that the first pest epidemic which ravaged the island in 1779 originated here.
A small house contained between 150 and 200 slaves, who had to wait for very long periods - up to three months - before being carried away on board ship. Their departure to the Americas also depended on the buyers, and family separation was total. There were special cells where children were stored and in these the mortality rate was obviously the highest in the house.
The young girls were separated from the women because they were more expensive. All the houses situated on the edge of Gorée - even the actual presbytery - were former slave houses. Some slave traders had sexual relations with the young slave girls and when they got pregnant they were released in Gorée or in Saint-Louis. It was thus in the young girls' interest to give themselves to the slave traders in order to gain freedom. It was for these young girls the only way to salvation. The mixed-race girls in Gorée, commonly called 'Signare', a deformation of the Portuguese word senhoras, formed the aristocracy in Gorée, like the Creoles in the French West Indies.
There was a cell where they kept the temporarily unfit, because a man's value was based on his weight: the minimum weight for men was fixed at 60 kg. If they weighed less than this these men were placed in cells to be fattened with locally grown beans, very starchy, known in Senegal as niebe.
This sloping corridor is today known as the gate of 'the trip from which no one returned', because once the slaves left through this gate leading into the sea, it was their farewell to Africa. Just outside this gate, there was a wharf of palm wood, which served as a loading dock, and some of the slaves obviously awaited the loading to try to escape by plunging into the sea. They could not go far as they were either shot by the guards or devoured by the sharks, attracted because the sick and injured were thrown into the sea.
Leaning over the balcony on this staircase, the buyers and the European slave traders were able to observe the slaves and to discuss the muscular value of each, because each African ethnic group had its quoted value and specialization. The upper part of the building served as a residence for European traders.
The conservation of the Island of Gorée has as its objective the rehabilitation of the heritage and socio-economic revitalization. The preservation of the architectural heritage is linked to the protection of the natural environment (coastal areas) and the improvement of the infrastructure (water, sewers, refuse disposal, etc.).Source: UNESCO/CLT/WHC


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kaleidoscopic / theme
Whirling with patterns of color. A dizzy, sometimes vertiginous spinning of verticillate forms.
Themes represent basic categories of thought, emotion, or value. While our assignment of themes may at times seem arbitrary or whimsical, they serve to link together artists and movements along non- hierarchial pathways. Follow the themes to look for new disciplines that share qualities with those you already like, or to open up new worlds of Art and Culture.


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Here you go.
It always seemed, that no matter where I would tack a piece of tubing to hold the gun or torch, it would be in the way of a clamp. Also, it never failed that I would snag my shirt or pants on them too.
The round one is for the mig gun and the square one is for the torch.
Results 21 to 30 of 68
12-29-2007, 09:06 PM #21Junior Member
- Join Date
- Dec 2007
- Posts
- 7
12-29-2007, 09:07 PM #22Junior Member
- Join Date
- Dec 2007
- Posts
- 7
These clamps come in pretty **** handy. For those that don`t know, all you do is tack them to the table on the front of the base here:
The heavier of the two is made from 1" plate with an 1/2" x 2" base. The other consists of all 1/2" x 2" flat stock. They both use 3/4-10 all thread screws.
12-29-2007, 09:21 PM #23Junior Member
- Join Date
- Dec 2007
- Posts
- 7
Now granted, this on my table at work, it would be just as useful at home.
Here lately I`ve been building some large welding fixtures, the last one being 19 1/2 feet long and almost 10 feet wide on one end. Seeing as this one was made out of 4"x8"x1/2" and 8"x8"x1/2" tubing with 1" thick plates, keeping some of the parts in place on a 4'x10' table was a bit awkward to say the least.
So this is what I did:
Continued next post:
12-29-2007, 09:26 PM #24Junior Member
- Join Date
- Dec 2007
- Posts
- 7
Materials used were:
3"x3"x1/4" angle iron
2"x1/4" wall square tube
1 1/2"x1/4" wall square tube
5/8"-11 x 2" long bolts
5/8"-11 nuts
With these extensions the table is now just under 14 feet long. Hopefully I will be making some for the long side of the table in the near future.
If all else fails, I still have my adjustable height stands to fall back on.
12-30-2007, 08:01 AM #25Senior Member
- Join Date
- Jun 2006
- Location
- Killingworth,Ct.
- Posts
- 372
welding table features
I've seen all the different post and reply's about what you would use on your tables and I do say all of you have nice stuff and for each is a different use.
I think it all depends on what works best for you as the weldor and best fits your line of work.
For me I added a couple of things to my table at my work and for my line of welding, I have a 12'x5'x1/4" table (this top is all one piece) on 1 end I have a piece of 1"x40" tubing for all my hand clamp (20-25) and also large bessy clamps as well in the center I welded 2- 2"x4"aluminum tube for my tig rod which can hold 1 box per tube 1/8" & 3/32" then also I put a 6"x12" hollow tube for all my tig drops or scraps, then on the back side I welded a couple of 2"x2"tubeing 6" long for my bar clamps under the lip of the table then were I stand I put a bracket made out of 1/4"x2" flat stock aluminum bent in the shape of an L and for my mig gun I took a piece of 2"x2"x6"alum tubeing and put it at an angle wich works just great and then under my top I have a 40" bottom 13 drawer tool box with all my small hand tools (wrenchs,grinders,screwdrivers... ect) and YES IT IS LOCKED IF I'M NOT AROUND IN EYE SITE!!! becuase everybody wants to use my tools because I have the good stuff.
12-30-2007, 10:29 PM #27Junior Member
- Join Date
- Dec 2007
- Location
- Valemount B.C. Canada
- Posts
- 7
what do think of puting flat plate on the bottom.
My table has a full bottom and a middle shelf, great for my grinders and clamps.
I like the idea of the plug on the side I hate runing cords.
I'm also going to cut a slot 1" X 1' in the middle of my table so i can use a c-clamp to hold down and maybe stop some warping issues.Miller 225P ThunderBolt
Victor Oxy/Acc
Makita 5" grinder
Here is my torch holder design, based on an earlier design posted in the thread. I wanted to add a holder for my filler rod that I'm using (I like to cut my filler rod in half and keep 5 or 6 withing reach while I'm welding).
The ring for the torch would be tilted 45 degrees and the clamp for the table will likely be larger and have a clamping bolt like the design above.Miller Maxstar 200 DX
RMLS-14 Momentary Hand Control
Miller Syncrowave 180 SD
Porter Cable 14" dry metal saw
Hitachi 4.5" grinder
12-31-2007, 03:04 PM #29Senior Member
- Join Date
- Nov 2007
- Location
- West Georgia
- Posts
- 103
12-31-2007, 10:11 PM #30Senior Member
- Join Date
- Feb 2007
- Location
- Olive Branch Ms
- Posts
- 129
Rob G. Those clamps are exactly what I have been needing. Thanks for posting them. It is such a simple idea but it never dawned on me to build something like that. I have the all thread (1") and
plan to get some going asap. Here is my table I weld on. It is a piece of 1/2' 5x10 on a rect frame with 6' pipe for legs. It works pretty good.
Webb's Welding and Repair LLC
MM210 w/a 3035 spoolgun
Syncrowave 250
Spectrum 625
Trialbazer 302 w/HF


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Nb: infants must be under the age of 2 and
children must be under the age of 12 at the time of
St. Moritz-Bad: Very large small apartment house "Ova Cotschna 12/14", 9 storeys, renovated in 2011. In the resort 250 m from the centre of St.Moritz-Bad, in a quiet, sunny position. For shared use: children's playground. In the house: lift, storage room for skis, central heating system. Communal covered parking. Shop 500 m, grocery 800 m, shopping centre 450 m, restaurant, bar 20 m, bakery 600 m, bus stop "Sonne" 20 m, thermal baths "Heilbadzentrum" 450 m. Minigolf 400 m, walking paths from the house 200 m, cable car 700 m, mountain railway 1.5 km, ski bus stop, cross country ski track 20 m, ice field 500 m, children's playground 400 m. Well-known ski regions can easily be reached: Corviglia 1 km, Corvatsch 5 km, Diavolezza 12 km. Well-known lakes can easily be reached: St.Moritzersee 1 km. Please note: There are more similar properties for rent in this same residence. "Apt.304", 1-room apartment 32 m2 on 3rd floor. Partly renovated in 2014, comfortable and cosy furnishings: living/dining room with 1 double bed and TV. Open kitchen (3 hot plates, oven, electric coffee machine). Bath/WC. Small balcony. View of the mountains and the resort. Facilities: Internet (WiFi, free). 1 pet/ dog allowed. No garage space available.
Iglu acts as a travel agent for disclosed principals/tour operators, further details
of which will be made available at the time of booking. Your holiday contract will
be bound by the tour operators terms and conditions.
Prices are shown for a basic room or unit, can be subject to change and are indicative
until time of booking. Please call on 020 8544 7114 for prices for other travel
and room options for this property.
Prices shown are per person per week based on maximum occupancy. Descriptions and
quality ratings are provided by the Tour Operator (or one of the Tour Operators
where similar holidays are offered by more than one supplier). We reserve the right
to make minor adjustments to the description or rating based on staff and customer
feedback. For payments by credit card, a 2.5% credit card charge (4% for AMEX) will
be added to your invoice. If you pay by a UK issued debit card, there is no charge.
All bookings are subject to a £5 per person Passenger Admin Fee charged by Iglu.com.


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"It looked easy,Seb," said an inquisitive English journalist after Sebastian Vettel had mastered the damp and blustery conditions at Albert Park to seize pole here for the third time and for the 37th time in his Formula 1 career.
"Well then, you should do it next time!" was the World Champion's retort. "Definitely not easy in these conditions," he said firmly.
"I had two good runs, one on inters, one on dry tyres and on the dries I got into the groove. The car felt very similar in balance to what I had on Friday so I was happy and ready to push in the lap.
"It was tricky to find the limit in these conditions, especially around the fast bit, turns11-12, where it was still a bit wet. All in all, I was pretty happy with the lap. As soon as I got confirmation that it was enough I pulled in to save the tyres."
Mark Webber grabbed his second front-row starting point for his home race and said simply: "I'm ready, the team's ready and we're looking forward to it."
Webber's main concern is the question-mark over Pirelli's 2013 tyres and how they will stand up to the torture of lengthy stints in Grand Prix conditions – especially when Melbourne's capricious weather has meant the teams have been running in conditions similar to the cool Barcelona tests.
"There's got to be some calls made today on tyres and strategy," said the nine-time Grand Prix winner. "We'll see how the balance of the cars is – it's going to be a tight Grand Prix but also it's so early in the Championship for all of us on these tyres, working out how we're going to execute a long Grand Prix.
"It is a product which is very, very challenging for us – there are periods where the tyre isn't strong enough to handle the lap times a Formula 1 car can do. It's really us understanding how we can get the most out of a short run, then a long run. We will learn more today then pass the information on to Pirelli and maybe they can learn a bit more as well."
As for the revamped schedule, Webber, as always, took it in his stride.
"You've just got to take the moments as they are and take what's thrown at you," he shrugged. "Last night you regrouped very quickly but knowing that you've got a big day today, coming here a lot earlier than normal for a race weekend. Things have to be shuffled around a lot in terms of procedure in the garage and driver prep – it's really just like a Friday today but it counts!"
A delighted Lewis Hamilton revelled in what could be called a surprising second-row start for Mercedes in his first race weekend with the team, especially after sustaining rear wing damage in a minor 'off' in Q1 yesterday.
"The guys did a fantastic job to get us out on time," said the 2008 Melbourne winner. "It was very tricky out there, but I'm very happy we got the job done. I said yesterday it was a blessing that they'd moved it to today and it really worked."


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After spending just a few weeks at Caterham, Charles Pic is confident that the team have the potential to move up the field...
After spending just a few weeks at Caterham, Charles Pic is confident that the team have the potential to move up the field.
The 22-year-old made the switch from fellow backmarkers Marussia ahead of the 2013 season and has visited the team's factory in Leafield on a number of occasions already as he looks to familiarise himself with his new surroundings.
While he is yet to get into a Caterham car, the Frenchman has been impressed with what he's seen.
"For me the Caterham factory is great," Pic told the official Formula One website. We're doing everything we can to make a good car so now we have to work and start to prepare for next year.
"I think Caterham has big potential - I'm 100 percent confident of that. We just have to work very hard to improve ourselves to be better next year and to take a step forward."
There is always much talk of the failure of Caterham, Marussia and the now defunct HRT to score points but Pic does not believe that the team is under pressure to do so.
"Caterham have always been the first of the three 'new' teams so I think what they've produced so far has been good," he said.
"But for sure we can do better and our target is to do better next year. But I don't think we are under pressure. We know where we want to go and that is the most important thing for the team."
Pic's team-mate for the 2013 season has yet to be confirmed and he admits that having the experienced Timo Glock beside him at Marussia was a great help.
"Last year it was very good for me to have Timo as my team mate because it was my first year and I had a lot to learn," he explained.
"It was really good to be able to have a benchmark. I know I'll have plenty of things to learn in 2013 because I'm convinced that you can't learn everything in one year. I will try to improve myself as fast as possible, but it's not my job to choose my team mate. I'm sure Caterham will take the right direction."


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11 November 2013
Posted in Red Tail Pilots Monument
On Veterans Day, Orlando Science Center, Vision of Flight and the City of Orlando dedicated the first monument in the nation to honor the Red Tail pilots of the Tuskegee Airmen.
The monument celebrates the past and inspires the future. The Red Tail pilots battled adversity and prejudice and demonstrated that all things are possible.
Photo Credit: Roberto Gonzalez
Photo Credit: RF Photography
The event was attended by
- Half a dozen Red Tail pilots and their families
- Orlando Mayor Buddy Dyer
- Congressman John Mica
- Orlando City Commissioners Robert Stuart, Samuel Ings, Tony Ortiz
- Orange County Property Appraiser Rick Singh
- Orange County Public School Board Members Joie Cadle and Pam Gould
- Joe Adams, representing Senator Marco Rubio
- Frank DeToma, representing Senator Bill Nelson
- Cindy Adams, representing Congressman Daniel Webster
- Stella Lewis, representing Orange County Commissioner Tiffany Moore Russell
- Former state representative Allen Trovillion
Orlando Science Center and its community salute all of the men and women who have served in the U.S. armed forces.
Happy Veterans Day!