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User Tip: If you're unsure of your vehicle type, you may skip the machine type selection box.
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Comments On Jun 21, 2015:Good quality and decent price
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Comments On Jun 10, 2015:The oil is great and all, but the container is what makes it. Easy to pour and no mess. Great price and service from Rocky Mountain...again.
Additional Comments On Jun 10, 2015:This kit has just about everything in it. All the o-rings and bushings you need. if you're going to do the seals on an old bike like I did, you might as well do the bushings and o-rings while you have the forks apart. This kit is the best way to do it.
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Comments On Apr 21, 2015:Easy install, had everything needed in kit. The seals just don't seal good tho. They leaked after afew rides, cleaned them an they stopped intill next ride. I'll only go for oem seals from now on!
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Comments On Jan 05, 2015:I rebuilt the forks on my friends 450 for him and this kit was amazing. It had every single oring and bushing you could ever need. Everything went right on and the end result was perfect. Pivot works products are amazing
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Comments On Dec 08, 2014:5 races on the new seals and still good. Oil level has remained the same and made the forks come back to life.
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Comments On Nov 10, 2014:Great option with quality parts when it's time to service those forks
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Comments On Oct 13, 2014:they work
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Comments On May 31, 2014:Very happy with the product, includes everything needed and perfect fit.
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Comments On Apr 25, 2014:Complete kit with all of the bushings and seals. With the right tools install was not too hard. The seals started leaking after 1 year. Upon dis-assembly I found no cuts in the seal. There was no dirt contamination that got by the dust seal. No nick in my tubes. The guarder spring was in place. The seal just failed prematurely. I would not buy this brand again. The bushings seem to be holding up ok.
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Comments On Apr 24, 2014:Complete kit.. Everything matched what was removed.
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subset: commoncrawl


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White Noise: News on Slipknot, Saviours, Black Sabbath, Poison the Well and More
On Friday, we were in Camden, N.J., all afternoon, for the Rockstar Mayhem tour. But being members of the illustrious fourth estate, we spent much of our time backstage. While you were out there watching the bands slay, or perusing glass pipes and T-shirts with cuss words emblazoned across 'em, the real action was happening behind the scenes. So


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The Eyes of Laura Mars
Horror, Suspense/Thriller
A shutterbug is haunted by psychic visions of the killer who is murdering all of her friends in this hit thriller. Intense and driven, successful photographer Laura Mars (Faye Dunaway) has made a name for herself by juxtaposing sex and violence in her glamorous photos. But at the height of her success -- and just as a media backlash is brewing -- she begins to experience daydreams from the point of view of a serial killer as he relentlessly stalks and murders her associates. Her unbalanced ex-husband (Raul Julia) seems like an obvious suspect, especially when his new girlfriend is murdered and he goes on the lam. But Laura is shocked by the prospect that the killer could be somebody out to discredit her work, which she views as an artistic commentary on the degradation of the modern world. Under the protection of police detective John Neville (Tommy Lee Jones), Laura is unable to save even one of her friends from a violent end. Soon, she finds herself inside the mind of the killer as he marches down a familiar hallway: the one outside her own door. Co-written by Halloween director John Carpenter, Eyes of Laura Mars also features character actors Brad Dourif and René Auberjonois.~ Brian J. Dillard, All Movie Guide
Cast: Faye Dunaway, Tommy Lee Jones
Produced by:
Directed by: Irvin Kershner
Written by: John Carpenter
Running time: 1hr 43min
Opens: Aug 02, 1978
|Theaters for Today
Pick a day


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Hanoi to Laos Mountain Bike Epic
Vietnam & Laos, Bike - Semi Slick, 14 days - from £1,995 (land only) - from €2,795 (land only) - from $3,125 (land only)
Visa Information
A valid passport (with at least 6 months remaining validity) is required for this trip.
Nationals of EU countries, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa & Switzerland require visas. Visas must be obtained from the embassy of Vietnam in your home country prior to travel.
Important note: The Vietnamese government advises that a Visa On Arrival service is offered at 4 Vietnamese international airports, including Hanoi and Saigon. We suggest that you DO NOTchoose to obtain your visa in this way. Many international airlines dont recognise the Visa On Arrival system for Vietnam, and we have experienced situations where clients have been denied boarding because they do not have a visa stamped in their passport.
UK Passport Holders
An entry visa to Vietnam can be applied for in person at the Embassy of Vietnam or by post up to six months prior to the date of travel.
Applying for your Vietnamese Visa by post
You will need the following:
Your passport (which must have longer validity than the visa by at least one month)
The completed application form, together with one passport photograph taken no more than one year ago.
The visa fee in the form of a POSTAL ORDER or CERTIFIED CHEQUE payable to "THE EMBASSY OF VIETNAM".
Unless you are collecting your passport in person you must add £6 to the visa fee and supply a self-addressed envelope.
Send (BY SPECIAL DELIVERY) to: Embassy of Vietnam, 12/14 Victoria Road, London W8 5RD
Visa Fees
Tourist Visa: single entry = £54, multiple entry = £85
An express service is available for a higher charge.
Please check the visa fee when you make your application, as this can change without warning.
Processing Schedule
Five working days are required to process normal visa applications or two working days for express service after the Embassy receives the applications. You should not make telephone inquiries prior to these time limits.
Alternatively you can apply for your visa in person at the above address. The opening hours of the visa section are 9am to 12.30pm Monday-Friday. Phone: 020 7937 1912, Fax: 020 7937 6108,
US Passport Holders
You will require:
Your passport, a completed Vietnam Visa Application Form, Passport Size photo (2x2), $65.00 in Visa Fees, to be paid as explained below, a self-addressed and postage paid US Express Mail return envelope. The Embassy does not permit UPS, FedEx or DHL.
Payment must be made by TWO separate money orders payable to the Embassy of Vietnam. The first money order should be for $25.00 and should say VISA FEE on the memo line. The second money order should be for $40.00 and should say Regular Processing Fee on the memo line.
The application form is self explanatory. Do not use a post office box for your address. Staple or glue your photo in the space provided. You do not have to fill in Question10 Name and address of contact in Vietnam.
Your passport, application form, two money orders and a prepaid return envelope should be sent by US Express Mail or Certified Mail ONLY to:
Consular Section
1233 20TH Street, NW
Suite 400
Washington, D.C. 20036
Consulate General of Vietnam
1700 California Street, Suite 430
San Francisco, CA94109
Phone: (415)922-1707 ext 100,101, 102, 108
Hot line: 415-317-7932, 415-317-7051
We do keep our information up to date but be advised visa requirements are subject to change. It is recommended that you contact the relevant commission in the case of recent alterations.
Most nationals require a visa for Laos. Visas can be obtained on arrival at the border for this trip. You must have the correct US$ (approx $35) and 2 x passport photos. For non-UK passport holders we recommend checking Laos entry requirements.
Visas are not required for Thailand for stays up to 15 days by British, Australian, Canadian, USA or EU citizens travelling as tourists with a return air ticket.
We do keep our information up to date but be advised that visa requirements are subject to change. It is recommended that you contact the relevant commission in case of recent alterations.Print Page


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My customer just bought a used 953 Cat loader. Came as an open top with no rops. He wanted something to keep the rain off as well as any errant tree limbs etc. He picks & sells stone to the supply yards. It's not meant to replace the rops but just some protection mainly from the weather.
Main hoop is 3x3 tube & the rest is 2x2 tube with 1/8" sheet on top. All open tube ends were capped. I determined the height by measureing two other machines with cabs & they were about 5' 2" from the floor to inside of the roof. The roof overall is about 5' square. There were already pads on the machine to bolt it to so I just had to retap the holes as they had not been used in a long time. Painted with spray cans because if I didn't the owner most likely never would have.
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Thread: Roof for a 953 cat
Roof for a 953 catMM250
Trailblazer 250g
22a feeder
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MM200 black face
Whitney 30 ton hydraulic punch
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05-16-2013, 07:28 AM #2Senior Member
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Looks good, I had a freind that did the same on a 941.
05-21-2013, 01:07 AM #3Member
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Roof for a 953 cat
As some one who grew up in the heavy equipment industry I'd have to say that looks **** good could almost pass as original


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Sacred Duty
Discussing contemporary religion and culture with Ken Chitwood
Posts filtered on Tag
Houston Sikh community reacts to shooting
A gurdwara is a peaceful place where Sikhs learn spiritual wisdom and gather for prayer, food and companionship. It is the last place where tragedy is supposed to strike. But on Sunday August 5 around 10:30am at a gurdwara in Oak Creek, Wisconsin a lone gunman, Wade Michael Page, entered this peaceful place of prayer […] [Read More]


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INTERVIEW: Landscape Architect James Corner On NYC's High Line Park
NYC's High Line is a project that exemplifies effective adaptive urban re-use in a city that is littered with structures and spaces that have since reached the end of their useful life. By turning an abandoned, elevated freight train track into a public park, this project has redefined the New York experience, affording never-before seen views of the city's surrounding natural landscape as well as an expansive and intimate look into one of the world's most dynamic urban environments. With the completion of the rest of the High Line currently in the works, we couldn't think of a better time to catch up with one of the brilliant minds behind the design of this beautiful public space. I recently sat down with landscape architect James Corner, the lead designer behind the High Line, to get his personal perspective on the what it was like to take an abandoned train track and turn it into one of NYC's best loved spots of greenery. Read on for my exclusive interview with James Corner below…
Jill: What originally attracted you to the High Line project?
James: The High Line had its own mythology long before we came along. In particular, the 'Friends of the High Line' were instrumental in creating this distinct image around the High Line – they established an aura that projected an idea that this was in fact a post-industrial artifact maintaining a sense of melancholy and other-worldliness in a city context that, by contrast, was ever-evolving and modernizing. But to take that detail and to actually instill and transform it into a public landscape where people can stroll, sit and enjoy amazing vistas across the city was too great an opportunity to pass up.
Jill: I think part of the inspiration that people around the world found in the original, untouched High Line was that there existed this unusual piece of wilderness in New York. How much of this aspect have you incorporated in your design?
James: Well, there were several influences from the beginning. One would be the post-industrial railroad character of the site – the rail tracks, the linearity, and the fact that it really is a thin, narrow ribbon that happens to be quite extensive. The entire High Line really cuts through blocks and buildings, and I sought to create a distinct juxtaposition where there is this green ribbon existing against the stoic grid of the city.
There is also this almost sad, melancholic, silence that permeates the place. As a visitor you can assume this mood and feel like you've come across a found object in a vast cityscape. You can stroll through the space and become a little bit of a voyeur, or a little bit of an observer, rather than being so visible.
These were the sorts of experiential or phenomenal characteristics we wanted the design to embody. We wanted to make sure that every detail from the paths to seating down to the trashcans, lighting and water features would make this a generous, safe and secure space, but also give people the feeling that they've come across a secret, magic garden in the sky. That they're almost surprised and delighted by how long it is, by the twists and turns it takes, by the views it affords, and ultimately that they are engaged in some of the delight in discovering these moments.
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12 Comments
July 25, 2011 at 8:01 am
Jill –
Has there been any review of the change in property values adjacent to the Highline Park?
April 17, 2011 at 4:06 pm
I love this !!
April 16, 2011 at 10:32 am
Easily my favorite urban park. Or any park for that matter. And for me the value is more than doubled because the referential design approach lost nothing of the original derelict. That aspect was kept and amplified and enhanced and there's such a richness to this space. New Yorkers are indeed lucky and I hope to have an opportunity to visit the park in person one day.
November 8, 2010 at 2:47 pm
And, I wish they would start using the street ampitheater for performing arts events — what a perfect venue!
November 8, 2010 at 2:46 pm
I love this park so much! I had the chance to sneak in in 2004, pre development, and will always feel like a supersleuth when I visit the public version now. What a great reclamation.
September 22, 2010 at 12:39 pm
[…] of the highlights of the proposed plan include lowering the I-70 as it runs downtown and creating a rooftop park that will connect the memorial to both the downtown area and the Old Courthouse. Moreover a larger […]
August 26, 2010 at 12:06 pm
[…] the tracks 12 meters below the surface and open up the space for a 42,000 sq meter public park. The new urban park will also extend into the adjacent "Schlossgarten" or castle gardens, which act as the […]
August 23, 2010 at 12:21 pm
Thank you for providing this interview! I would like to visit the park at some point. I have only ever seen it as The Bolt Bus I was riding drove by it. I live in Philly and I am waiting for this city to step it up and start innovating with these unique green renovation projects. I am a believer that many of the sustainable efforts that are going to happen in the future will involve upgrading existing infrastructure rather than new construction.
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Earlier this week, we presented the 14 rules of global events, a Quartz algorithm for making sense of international news and creating your own scenario of what comes next. Now, we apply the rules to some of the biggest issues of 2013 and take a stab at predicting what lies ahead. (If you're really keen, read this with the rules open in a separate window.)
We do not claim divining powers, only a vantage point on the news based on history and the observation that events seem generally to follow a set of rules. Send along your own rules and 2013 forecasts (firstname.lastname@example.com), and we will publish the best and most interesting.
Latest from Quartz:
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Japan and China won't go to war
The signs are troubling. Japan's new government, led by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, is decidedly revisionist when it comes to World War II, seeking to tidy up local histories of the era. It's also nationalist, opposing constitutional pacifism. And both Abe and China's new leadership, led by Xi Jinping, stridently defend their respective claims to uninhabited islands in the East China Sea.
So what do the rules say about happens next? National leaders tend to become overwrought over territory (Rule 8), and are swayed by their populations (Rule 14), who get easily jingoistic too. Yet however hard the sabre-rattling, war is unlikely. Nations will walk up to a precipice but only very rarely plunge over the edge (Rule 2). War between the two Asian giants would be a frightening leap. Both are pragmatic and know they have much to lose from hostilities veering out of control.
Iran will stop building a bomb
Over a two-week period this summer, two important things will happen: Iran will elect a new president, and U.S. financial sanctions against already-struggling Teheran will tighten considerably. Since incumbent president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad cannot run for a third term, there is a plausible opening for a face-saving deal in which Iran stops enriching uranium, and the sanctions regime is loosened, thus lifting one of the greatest perceived threats to global peace.
Arguably, there has not been a more favorable time in memory for a thaw in U.S.-Iranian tensions. Yet hopes have been thwarted many times.
Rules 11 and 12 might tend to suggest a pessimistic outcome–Iran is a country of true-believers with an exaggerated sense of self-importance as a perceived great power. Yet other rules contradict that conclusion: Rule 2 (the Precipice rule) suggests that, given Iran's dire economy, whoever is the country's new president should plead for a deal. And supreme leader Ali Khamenei, who will take the ultimate decision on Iran's nukes, wants to stay in power (Rule 7). He may fear how the population will react (Rule 14) to tighter sanctions—another Green Revolution, perhaps. That might override his deep distrust of the U.S. and lead him to stop enrichment. The weight of the rules appear to favor a deal.
Afghanistan will begin to fall apart
U.S. forces are scheduled to withdraw in 2014. Afghan presidential elections are also scheduled, and President Hamid Karzai is constitutionally barred from serving a third term. As the time nears, the Taliban will position itself to dominate. The recipe for a brutal 2013 and 2014 combines the fervor of true believers (Rule 11) with the surpassing potency of local politics (Rule 14), and adds an Afghan history of violent rejection of foreign forces and perceived collaborators. Karzai is no doubt mindful that the last time the Taliban had a chance at power—when they seized control in 1996—their fighters dragged former President Najibullah through the streets of Kabul and hung him and his brother from lampposts. It did not save Najibullah that he was no longer in power. Not that it matters in terms of the coming bloodletting, but we believe that the U.S. and NATO ultimately will leave no troops behind in Afghanistan. It will be both a result of choice—U.S. President Barack Obama long ago made clear a desire to be rid of both Afghanistan and Iraq as U.S. military theaters—and circumstance, as they will not be welcome in the post-Karzai environment.
If Assad falls in Syria, it will be by betrayal
The Syrian uprising follows the familiar lines of Rule 4 (injustice breeds rebellions) followed by Rule 7 (rulers want above all to stay in power). Opposition forces have captured large swaths of the country, and created insecurity in Damascus, while President Bashar Assad has scorned them and said he will stay put. Short of unlikely military intervention from the outside, we do not foresee rapid-fire territorial success by the opposition. Unless, of course, someone invokes Rule 6—the Caesar rule. It states that power often can only change when a ruler's vital ally or set of allies defects, critically undermining his power structure, or assassinates him. Some 74 senior government officials and diplomats have already defected, but none has been the pivotal actor who can bring down the house.


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This Christmas
This year, Christmas with the Whitfield's promises to be one they will never forget. All the siblings have come home for the first time in years and they've brought plenty of baggage with them. As the Christmas tree is trimmed and the lights are hung, secrets are revealed and family bonds are tested. As their lives converge, they join together and help each other discover the true meaning of family.
Cast: Columbus Short, Idris Elba, Regina King, Laz Alonso, Sharon Leal
Produced by: Paddy Cullen
Directed by: Preston Whitmore
Written by: Preston A. Whitmore II
Running time: 2hr 0min
Opens: Nov 21, 2007 Nationwide
|Theaters for Today
Pick a day
on this day.


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PLEASE: Post your ideas to add on to this in the comments section, for everybody else, and me, to do. There's never too much music or speakers to blast while biking!
Step 1: THE INFAMOUS PARTS LIST
A cheap mp3 player, it will be alot easier if it takes a disposable battery...
A bike
A ton of duct tape
An old speaker... I used a speaker from a broken amp
Some batteries, the bigger (D) the better
A speaker cable
NOTE: You're mp3 player might break, thats why the cheaper the better...
2 X 8 ohm speakers that share the same + & - (parallel) on an amp = 4 ohm load. when you wire the same speakers with one's + to the amp +, and then it's - to the next speaker's + and THAT speaker's - to the amp - (series), you double impedance to 16 ohms. by combining BOTH techniques with 4 speakers, you can get 6 free dB with the same exact load on an amp. that's like doubling your power twice.
as mentioned too, putting speakers in a cabinet will help you get deeper bass by canceling the sound's out of phase back wave. it doesn't make as much difference at higher frequencies.
you don't really need to build a big heavy wood box either. sometimes car stereo installers test subwoofers in cardboard boxes which are much easier and lighter to work with. really, a little bit of box resonance might help "warm" the sound of your small speakers. it would sound cleaner with a solid box though.
if you can find them, some people have built really nice speaker cabinets using the heavy cardboard tubes used inside carpets shipped to carpet stores. that thick cardboard makes for a really good enclosure that isn't resonant.
more speakers = louder
a box = deeper bass
other than that, you need more power


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If you can dream it, you can do it. -Walt Disney
Quality is a great business plan. -John Lasseter
Let's make some funny pictures. -Tex Avery
I never considered a difference of opinion in politics, in religion, in philosophy, as cause for withdrawing from a friend. -Howard Zinn
When critics sit in judgment it is hard to tell where justice leaves off and vengeance begins. -Chuck Jones
And what do you benefit if you gain the whole world but lose your own soul? -Jesus
A man should never neglect his family for business. -Walt Disney
What's most important in animation is the emotions and the ideas being portrayed. -Ralph Bakshi
Once you have heard a strange audience burst into laughter at a film you directed, you realize what the word joy is all about. -Chuck Jones
Before enlightenment: chop wood, carry water. After enlightenment: chop wood, carry water. -Buddhist Proverb
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Americas Productivity Climbs But Wages Stagnate
News and events from around the world
1 post • Page 1 of 1
Americas Productivity Climbs But Wages Stagnate
Why is it that if there's any news at all, it's probably going to be bad? It's obviously a very dark and depressing future we are headed for because there's always more information that shows it. It may take a while before it starts getting really bad but the path has been decided upon and set. The underlying mindless greed and coldheartedness that has infested the human world is going to create a kind of future where we should be kicking and screaming as we are being sent into it. If we keep headed in this direction, we will all get to experience some of the darkest times we have ever known...and I'm pretty sure things will keep on going just as they have been because....no one seems to care, and those that do are so few or already trying to keep their heads above water. Ultimately, even if someone is ultra rich they will probably not be able to avoid what's coming. Some people may believe they are untouchable for whatever reason, but the fallout will most likely be all encompassing. The funny thing is that I keep hearing more and more people saying that humans have basically started "going mad" and it's probably just a matter of time before they lose control of everything and wipe themselves and most everything out. Well, it's definitely caused by something in the mind, and not by money as a lot of people might say. Money is not particularly a great idea but it's just a sideshow fiction to the main event.
FEDERAL income tax rates will rise for the wealthiest Americans, and certain tax loopholes might get closed this year. But these developments, and whatever else happens in Washington in the coming debt-ceiling debate, are unlikely to do much to alter one major factor contributing to income inequality: stagnant wages. For millions of workers, wages have flatlined. Take Caterpillar, long a symbol of American industry: while it reported record profits last year, it insisted on a six-year wage freeze for many of its blue-collar workers.
Wages have fallen to a record low as a share of America's gross domestic product. Until 1975, wages nearly always accounted for more than 50 percent of the nation's G.D.P., but last year wages fell to a record low of 43.5 percent. Since 2001, when the wage share was 49 percent, there has been a steep slide.
"We went almost a century where the labor share was pretty stable and we shared prosperity," says Lawrence Katz, a labor economist at Harvard. "What we're seeing now is very disquieting." For the great bulk of workers, labor's shrinking share is even worse than the statistics show, when one considers that a sizable — and growing — chunk of overall wages goes to the top 1 percent: senior corporate executives, Wall Street professionals, Hollywood stars, pop singers and professional athletes. The share of wages going to the top 1 percent climbed to 12.9 percent in 2010, from 7.3 percent in 1979.
Read More: Americas Productivity Climbs But Wages Stagnate
A detailed comment about this on reddit:
And More: Can't Save? Here's Why
1 post • Page 1 of 1


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World Economic Forum
The World Economic Forum (WEF) is a Geneva-based non-profit foundation best known for its annual meeting in Davos, Switzerland, which brings together top business leaders, international political leaders, selected intellectuals and journalists to discuss the most pressing issues facing the world, including health and the environment. Beside meetings, the WEF produces a series of research reports and engages its members in sector specific initiatives.[1] WEF also organizes the "Annual Meeting of the New Champions" in China and a series of regional meetings throughout the year. In 2008 those regional meetings included meetings on Europe and Central Asia, East Asia, the Russia CEO Roundtable, Africa, the Middle East, and the World Economic Forum on Latin America. In 2008 it launched the "Summit on the Global Agenda" in Dubai.
Are you a member of this organization? Click here to have your profile added to this Partner Page.


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If you can dream it, you can do it. -Walt Disney
Quality is a great business plan. -John Lasseter
Let's make some funny pictures. -Tex Avery
I never considered a difference of opinion in politics, in religion, in philosophy, as cause for withdrawing from a friend. -Howard Zinn
When critics sit in judgment it is hard to tell where justice leaves off and vengeance begins. -Chuck Jones
And what do you benefit if you gain the whole world but lose your own soul? -Jesus
A man should never neglect his family for business. -Walt Disney
What's most important in animation is the emotions and the ideas being portrayed. -Ralph Bakshi
Once you have heard a strange audience burst into laughter at a film you directed, you realize what the word joy is all about. -Chuck Jones
Before enlightenment: chop wood, carry water. After enlightenment: chop wood, carry water. -Buddhist Proverb
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Summer Thread
Showcase your drawings, illustrations, video and media.
Summer Thread
Today was my last day of school and since I'll have more time to draw now, I thought I might as well make a new thread and update it throughout summer.
I'll update this thread frequently.
Please leave some feed back on my sketches!
Larry the Bird
A lanky yet intelligent bird
Re: Summer Thread
Here's a few suggestions on how to approach the character from a basic design standpoint predicated upon the approach you're taking. Click on the image for a better view.
Incorporate fundamentals into your work. You'll get the hang of developing appealing characters.
Keep at it and good luck!
Re: Summer Thread
Thanks for the re-draw charles! I'll redraw that today!
WARNING: i do not know how to shrink images in Photobucket so some of the picture will be off screen. I will attach direct link as well underneath image
Some of the drawings from yesterday:
Some gesture
http://i1261.photobucket.com/albums/ii5 ... 71EB-1.jpg
A moose head
http://i1261.photobucket.com/albums/ii5 ... B3E815.jpg
Redue of Larry the Bird
http://i1261.photobucket.com/albums/ii5 ... 43CDC9.jpg
Farmer Bear
http://i1261.photobucket.com/albums/ii5 ... DF7BF2.jpg
Farmer Bear frightened
http://i1261.photobucket.com/albums/ii5 ... 9-orig.jpg
Re: Summer Thread
You've got the right idea. Work on your approach on a basic level. There's good lessons available on the Web. Check out Pete Emslie. He was on AN years ago. He has instructional videos on YouTube that'll help you grow.
Re: Summer Thread
In general you're on the right track. Let me pose this question to you. If you were at Pixar and these drawings were a job you had to do, would you be comfortable showing them to John Lasseter?
Take your time. Finish each drawing. Bring it to a sense of completion. Be thorough and professional. Frankly this would not fly in my class. It would not be acceptable work. Spend more time on each sketch without leaving it looking like it's half done. That's the main thing ya gotta do. Bring it on home and finish it. Hope you can appreciate my comments, they're meant to encourage.
Re: Summer Thread
those sketches were made on an iPad so its tremendously hard to do clean up.
However, from now on when I sketch on paper or in SBP, I'll do clean up
My first attempt to do perspective
when i upload the IMG to AN, it makes it too big and it doesnt fit in the screen so here's the direct link
http://i1261.photobucket.com/albums/ii5 ... PERSP1.jpg
heres the IMG even though
Re: Summer Thread
Anyone remember IronDuck?
PLEASE CLICK LINK. Image will get cutoff on AN
http://i1261.photobucket.com/albums/ii5 ... rawing.jpg
Re: Summer Thread
Iron Duck drawing is looking okay but again... Where's the construction and your attention to fundamentals. You're not taking the time you need to get this right. Look at the lettering for example. Would you show this to Lasseter if you worked for him?
Look at how Pete Emslie is drawing in the videos above and thoroughly emulate that approach in your work.
The perspective drawing can be improved as well. Start with 1 point perspective and work on establishing solid compositions. Establish a perspective grid when you initiate the process of drawing a background like this. Here's a recent example from our BG Design class at the Academy.
Discipline yourself to incorporate basic fundamentals into your work and strive to be professional in the presentation of your art. You'll improve faster, your skills will get stronger and you'll attract peers and develop fans.
Re: Summer Thread
Here's some facial expressions:
what do you think? I will work on persp. again soon. Busy day today
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Re: Summer Thread

Re: Summer Thread
A giant mouth
http://i1261.photobucket.com/albums/ii5 ... 5a47ae.jpg
Mario the plumber!
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Re: Summer Thread
Sorry for my lack of posts, I've been real busy. I'll start posting again tomorrow!
Re: Summer Thread
Re: Summer Thread
hands, anatomy, fruit practice

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Re: Summer Thread
http://i1261.photobucket.com/albums/ii5 ... /Goofy.png
I remember I used to be able to draw Goofy real well. It's been a while, time to get back into it!


text:
Taj Mahal: An Eternal Love Story
The pristine marble walls of the Taj Mahal tell tales of a family -- the royal family of the Moghuls -- driven by an overpowering passion of love and hate. At the center of this drama are the young lovers, Prince Khurram, son of Emperor Jahangir and Arjumand, the niece of Empress Noor Jahan. Amidst burning ambitions, a power struggle and a dark conspiracy, the budding romance of the two teenagers blossoms as Prince Khurram goes on to ascend the throne as Emperor Shah Jahan. Their relationship lasts 19 long years, until 1631, when the Empress passes away giving birth to her 14th child. Deeply struck by this tragedy, Shah Jahan devotes 22 years to perpetuate her memory. When it was completed, the Taj Mahal becomes Mumtaz Mahal for him, and when his body is interred alongside hers, together they became the Taj Mahal.
Cast: Kim Sharma, Manisha Koirala, Arbaaz Ali, Pooja Batra, Kabir Bedi
Produced by: Akbar Khan
Directed by: Akbar Khan
Written by: Akbar Khan
Running time: 2hr 40min
Opens: Nov 18, 2005 Limited
|Theaters for Today
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on this day.


text:
In response to traffic flow challenges brought up at the recent town hall meeting, beginning Monday, Oct. 22, there will be a new process in place at the Branch Elementary gravel parking lot in order to increase student safety.
Parents will notice barricades positioned in this parking lot to prevent the cross-flow of cars and people, and two designated lanes of traffic upon entering the parking lot off of Forbes Ave.
There will only be one designated entry point to the campus which all children will be entering the campus from this parking lot.
As parents are entering the parking lot, the right lane is designated as the through-traffic lane for quick drop off. This lane is also known as the "kiss and go" lane. Parents utilizing the "kiss and go" lane will need to pull as far forward as possible within the Drop Off Area (see map) and only allow their children to exit the vehicle from the passenger side of the car.
Once all school children in the Drop Off Area have safely exited their vehicles, this group of vehicles will be directed to leave the parking lot and the next vehicles in the lane will pull as far forward as possible within the Drop Off Area and the process will be repeated. Please remember if you are utilizing the "kiss and go" lane to have your child ready to exit the vehicle to ensure effective traffic flow.
Parents that choose to park their vehicles will need to be in the left lane upon entering the gravel parking lot and immediately turn left at the first, and only, opening in barricades. (See map.) Please remember if you choose to park, you must also assist your child to the designated crossing point. Children must be escorted in the parking lot to the designated crossing point.
As a reminder, as stated in the Branch Elementary Student Handbook, the campus is open and children will be supervised beginning at 7:30 a.m. Please do not drop students off earlier than 7:30 a.m.
During afternoon pickup, parents are expected to park and use the crosswalk to retrieve their children as they are released from school.


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text:
Science Competition
April 29 - May 1, 2016 - High School Students
The Dr. Nelson Ying Science Competition encourages students to help humanity through scientific research. High-schoolers submit research papers to be reviewed by a distinguished panel of judges who select five finalists. Finalists are invited to participate in a three-day, expenses-paid event, concluded by an awards luncheon to announce the "Ying Prize" of $5,000 to the top student, $1,000 to their teacher and $1,000 to their principal!
Every year for over a decade, Dr. Nelson Ying hosts this competition in collaboration with the Orlando Science Center. Ying is a philanthropist, scientist, and entrepreneur. He wants to inspire tomorrow's science leaders today, so he has worked with the Science Center to create this elite competition. This competition not only honors innovative student science research but also exemplary teens.
Dr. Ying Competition 2016 Information
Papers Due: 5:00 p.m. April 1. 2016
Finalists Notified: April 12, 2016
Competition Weekend: April 29 - May 1, 2016
Papers will be submitted through our DROPitTOme Account - simply click on the link and type in "ying" for the password. More detailed information on how to submit your papers is located here: DROPitTOme Instructions.
Please download and return the necessary completed forms:
Project Certification
Guidelines For Papers
18 April 2014
Posted in Dr. Ying Competition
Alexandra Gabrielski is a freshman at Viera High School in Brevard County. Since third grade, Alexandra has competed in science fairs and her projects have all focused on the environment.
Her current three-year project on algae biofuel demonstrates her commitment to sustainability. Alexandra has been fortunate to receive many awards for her science fair projects, including first place at regional, state and Orlando Science Center fairs as well as receiving multiple special awards.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 1, 2010
|Priority date
|Jun 19, 1995
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Alastair McIndoe Hodges, Thomas William Beck, Oddvar Johansen
|Original Assignee
|Lifescan, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Classifications (13), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims priority as a continuation application to a utility application entitled "Electrochemical Cell" having Ser. No. 10/624,795 filed on Jul. 22, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,608,175, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/035,924, filed Dec. 21, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,960,289, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09,618,515, filed on Jul. 18, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,413,410, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/981,385, filed Apr. 17, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,284,125, which is the national phase filing under 35 U.S.C. �371 of PCT International Application No. PCT/AU96/00365, which has an International filing date of Jun. 19, 1996, which designated the United States of America, which was published by the International Bureau in English on Jan. 3, 1997, and which claims priority to Australian Provisional Application No. PN 3639, filed Jun. 19, 1995.
This invention relates to a biosensor and more particularly to an electrochemical biosensor for determining the concentration of an analyte in a carrier. The invention is particularly useful for determining the concentration of glucose in blood and is described herein with reference to that use but it should be understood that the invention is applicable to other analytic determinations.
Electromechanical biosensors generally comprise a cell having a working electrode, a counter electrode and a reference electrode. Sometimes the function of the counter and reference electrodes are combined in a single electrode called a "counter/reference" electrode or "pseudo reference electrode". As herein used the term "counter electrode" includes a counter/reference electrode where the context so admits.
The sample containing the analyte is brought into contact with a reagent containing an enzyme and a redox mediator in the cell. Either the mediator is reduced (receives at least one electro) while the analyte is oxidised (donates at least one electrode) or visa versa. Usually it is the analyte which is oxidised and the mediator which is reduced. The invention will be herein described principally with reference to that system but it is also applicable to systems in which the analyte is reduced and the mediator oxidised.
Electrochemical glucose analyzers such as those used by diabetics to monitor blood glucose levels or such as are used in clinics and hospitals are commonly based upon the use of an enzyme such as glucose oxidase dehydrogenase (GOD) and a redox mediator such as a ferricyanide or ferrocyanide. In such prior art system, the sample (e.g. blood) containing the analyte (e.g. glucose) is brought into contact with the reagents in the cell. Glucose is oxidised to gluconic acid and the glucose oxidase is thereby reduced. The mediator then re-oxidizes the glucose oxidase and is reduced in the process. The reduced mediator is then re-oxidized when it transfers electrons to the working electrode. After allowing passage of a predetermined time, sufficient to obtain an accurate estimate of the Faraday current, the concentration of glucose is estimated from the magnitude of the current or voltage signal then measured.
Prior art electrochemical cells consist of two (or three) adjacent electrodes spaced apart on one side of an insulator and adapted for connection to a measure device. A target area on which the blood sample is placed is defined on or between the electrodes. Co-pending Application PCT/AU95/00207 describes a cell in which electrodes are disposed on opposite sides of a porous membrane, one of the electrodes having a liquid permeable target area.
In the prior art there is a need to separate the working electrode from the counter (or counter/reference) electrode by a sufficient distance to avoid products of electrochemical reaction at one electrode from interfering with those at the other. In practice a separation of the electrodes of more than 500 μm is required to achieve acceptable accuracy.
Each batch of cells is required to have been previously calibrated and leads to inaccuracies during use because of variations within the batch, in sample composition, and in ambient conditions.
It is desired to improve the accuracy and reliability of such biosensors. Achievement of these objective is made difficult in the case of sensors intended to determine the concentration of analytes in blood because blood contains dissolved gases, ions, colloids, complex micelles, small scale cellular debris, and living cellular components in a predominantly aqueous medium. Any of these may interfere in the determination. Existing sensors are also susceptible to influence from other interfering substances that may be present in the sample and which may be oxidised at the working electrode and mistakenly identified as the analyte of interest. Alternatively, the interfering substances may reduce the oxidised form of the redox mediator. These effects will give artificially elevated estimates of the analyte concentration. Additionally there is always some reduced redox mediator present before the analyte is added and its concentration needs to be known and subtracted from the measured value or reduced mediator to tive an accurate concentration of the analyte. Moreover, oxygen in the blood may act as a redox mediator for glucose oxidase dehydrogenase (GOD) in competition with ferrocyanide. Thus high oxygen concentrations can lead to low estimates of glucose concentration. In addition the measurements are sensitive to factors such as changes in humidity, temperature, solution viscosity and haematocrit content.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method of analysis and apparatus for use in the method which avoid or ameliorate at least some of the disadvantages of the prior art. It is an object of preferred forms of the invention to provide a biosensor of improved accuracy, and/or reliability and/or speed and a method for its use.
According to one aspect the invention consists in a method for determining the concentration of a reduced (or oxidised) form of a redox species in an electrochemical cell of the kind comprising a working electrode and a counter electrode spaced from the working electrode by a predetermined distance, said method comprising the steps of:
(1) applying an electric potential difference between the electrodes,
(2) selecting the potential of the working electrode such that the rate of electro-oxidation of the reduced form (or electro-reduction of the oxidised form) of the species is diffusion controlled,
(3) selecting the spacing between the working electrode and the counter electrode so that reaction products from the counter electrode arrive at the working electrode;
(4) determining current as a function of time after application of the potential and prior to achievement of a steady state,
(5) estimating the magnitude of the steady state current, and
(6) obtaining from the change in current with time and the magnitude of the steady state current, a value indicative of the diffusion coefficient and/or of the concentration of the reduced form (or the oxidised form) of the species.
The concentration measured in this way is substantially independent of variation if any in the diffusion coefficient of the reduced form, and therefore is compensated for variations in temperature and viscosity. The concentration so measured is independent of variations in haematocrit and other substances which affect the diffusion coefficient of the reduced form of the redox species.
It will be appreciated that the method of the invention is equally applicable for determining the concentration of a reduced form of a redox species or an oxidized form of a redox species in the cell. In the case that the concentration of the reduced form is to be determined the potential of the working electrode must be maintained such that the rate of electro oxidation of the reduced form is diffusion controlled in step (2) and it is the concentration of the reduced form that is obtain in step (5). In the case that the concentration of oxidized form is to be determined, the potential of the working electrode must be maintained such that the rate of electro reduction of the oxidized form is diffusion controlled in step (2) and it is the concentration of the oxidized form that is obtained in step (5).
The redox species may be an analyte or may be a redox mediator.
In preferred embodiments of the method a mediator is used and the concentration of the reduced (or oxidized) form of the mediator is in turn indicative of the concentration of an analyte and a measure of the diffusion coefficient of the reduced (or oxidized) form of the mediator is determined as a precursor to the determination of the concentration of the analyte.
For preference the cell comprises a working electrode and counter/reference electrode. If a reference electrode separate from a counter electrode is used, then the reference electrode may be in any convenient location in which it is in contact with the sample in the sensor.
In contrast to prior art, when conducting the method of the invention, the electrodes are sufficiently close that the products of electrochemical reaction at the counter electrode migrate to the working electrode during the period of the test. For example, in an enzyme ferricyanide system, the ferrocyanide produced at the counter electrode diffuses to the working electrode.
This allows a steady state concentration profile to be achieved between the electrodes leading to a steady state current. This is turn allows the diffusion coefficient and concentration of the redox species (mediator) to be measured independently of sample variations and therefore greatly improves accuracy and reliability.
The method also permits the haematocrit concentration of blood to be determined from the diffusion coefficient by use of look-up tables (or by separation of red cells from plasma and measurement of the diffusion coefficient of the red cell fraction) and the plasma fraction, and comparing the two.
According to a second aspect, the invention consists in apparatus for determining the concentration of a redox species in an electrochemical cell comprising:
an electromechanical cell having a working electrode and a counter (or counter/reference) electrode,
means for applying an electric potential difference between said electrodes, means for measuring the change in current with time,
an characterised in that the working electrode is spaced from the counter electrode by less than 500 μm.
In preferred embodiments the cell has an effective volume of 1.5 microlitres or less. Apparatus for use in the invention may comprise a porous membrane, a working electrode on one side of the membrane, a counter/reference electrode on the other side, said electrodes together with a zone of the membrane therebetween defining an electrochemical cell, and wherein the membrane extends laterally from the cell to a sample deposition area spaced apart from the cell zone by a distance greater than the thickness of the membrane.
Preferably the porous membrane, the distance of the target area from the cell portion, and the membrane thickness are so selected in combination that when blood (comprising plasma and red cells) is placed on the target area a plasma front diffuses laterally words the electrochemical cell zone in advance of the red cells.
It is thus possible to fill a thin layer electrochemical cell with plasma substantially free of haematocrit which would cause a variation in the diffusion coefficient of the redox mediator and which would affect the accuracy of the test as hereinafter explained.
In preferred embodiments of the biosensor according to the invention a second electrochemical cell zone of the membrane is defined by a second working electrode and a second counter/reference electrode of the opposite side of the membrane from the second working electrode. The second electromechanical cell zone is situated intermediate the first cell zone and the sample deposition or "target" area, or is situated on the side of the target area remote from the first electrochemical zone. In these embodiments the plasma comes into contact with enzyme in, or on route to, the first electrochemical cell while plasma reaching the second cell does not. The first cell thus in use measures the concentration of reduced mediator in the presence of plasma (including electrochemically interfering substances), and enzyme while the second electrochemical cell measures it in the presence of plasma (including electrochemically interfering substances) and in the absence of enzyme. This allows determination of the concentration of the reduced interfering substances in the second cell and the concentration of reduced interfering substances plus analyte in the first cell. Subtraction of the one value from the other gives the absolute concentration of analyte.
In a highly preferred embodiment of the invention a hollow cell is employed wherein the working and reference (or counter/reference) electrodes are spaced apart by less than 500 μm and preferably by from 20-200 μm.
The invention will now be more particularly described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings wherein:
With reference to
In some cases it is preferable to locate the enzyme and mediator and/or the buffer in different zones of the membrane. For example the mediator may be initially located within electrochemical zone 4 while the enzyme may be situated below target area 7 or in diffusion zone 8.
Haemoglobin releases oxygen at low pHs, but at higher pHs it binds oxygen very firmly. Oxygen acts as a redox mediator for glucose oxidase dehydrogenase (GOD). In a glucose sensor this competes with the redox mediator leading to low estimates of glucose concentration. Therefore if desired a first pH buffer can be contained in the vicinity of target area 7 to raise the pH to such level that all the oxygen is bound to haemoglobin. Such a pH would be non-optimal for GOD/glucose kinetics and would consequentially be detrimental to the speed and sensitivity of the test. In a preferred embodiment of the invention a second pH buffer is contained as a reagent in the vicinity of the working electrode to restore the pH to kinetically optimal levels.
The use of a second buffer does not cause oxygen to be released from the haemoglobin as the haemoglobin is contained within the blood cells which are retained near blood target area 7 or are retarded in diffusion in comparison with the plasma and therefore not influenced by the second buffer. In this manner, oxygen interference may be greatly reduced or eliminated.
In use of the sensor a drop of blood containing a concentration of glucose to be determined is placed on target zone 7. The blood components wick towards cell zone 4, the plasma component diffusing more rapidly than red blood cells so that a plasma front reaches cell zone 4 in advance of blood cells.
When the plasma wicks into contact with the reagent, the reagent is dissolved and a reaction occurs that oxidizes the analyte and reduces the mediator. After allowing a predetermined time to complete this reaction an electric potential difference is applied between the working electrode and the counter electrode. The potential of the working electrode is kept sufficiently anodic such that the rate of the electro oxidation of the reduced form of the mediator at the working electrode is determined by the rate of diffusion of the reduced form of the mediator to the working electrode, and not by the rate of electron transfer across the electrode/solution interface.
In addition the concentration of the oxidized form of the mediator at the counter electrode is maintained at a level sufficient to ensure that when a current flows in the electrochemical cell the potential of the counter electrode, and thus also the potential of the working electrode, is not shifted so far in the cathodic direction that the potential of the working electrode is no longer in the diffusion controlled region. That is to say, the concentration of the oxidized form at the counter electrode must be sufficient to maintain diffusion controlled electro oxidation of the reduced form of the mediator at the working electrode.
The behaviour of a thin layer cell is such that if both oxidized and reduced forms of the redox couple are present, eventually a steady state concentration profile is established across the cell. This results in a steady state current. It has been found that by comparing a measure of the steady state current with the rate at which the current varies in the current transient before the steady state is achieved, the diffusion coefficient of the redox mediator can be measured as well as its concentration. This is in contrast to the Cottrell current that is measured in the prior art. By measuring the Cottrell current at known times after the application of a potential to the sensor electrodes it is only possible to determine the product concentration times square root of the diffusion coefficient and therefore it is not possible to determine the concentration of the mediator independent of its diffusion coefficient.
In a cell according to the current invention, by solving the appropriate diffusion equations it can be shown that over a restricted time range a plot of ln(i/i∞−1) vs time (measured in seconds) is linear and has a slope (denoted by S) which is equal to −4π2D/12, where "i" is the current at the time "t", "i∞" is the steady state current, "D" is the diffusion coefficient in cm2/sec, "I" is the distance between the electrodes in cm and "π" is approximately 3.14159. The concentration of reduced mediator present when the potential was applied between the electrodes is given by 2π2i∞/FAIS, where "F" is Faraday's constant, A is the working electrode area and the other symbols are as given above. As this later formula uses S it includes the measured value of the diffusion coefficient.
Since 1 is a constant for a given cell, measurement of I as a function of time and i∞ enable the value of the diffusion coefficient of the redox mediator to be calculated and the concentration of the analyte to be determined.
Moreover the determination of analyte concentration compensates for any variation to the diffusion coefficient of the species which is electro oxidized or electro reduced at the working electrode. Changes in the value of the diffusion coefficient may occur as a result of changes in the temperature and viscosity of the solution or variation of the membrane permeability. Other adjustments to the measured value of the concentration may be necessary to account for other factors such as changes to the cell geometry, changes to the enzyme chemistry or other factors which may effect the measured concentration. If the measurement is made on plasma substantially free of haematocrit (which if present causes variation in the diffusion coefficient of the redox mediator) the accuracy of the method is further improved.
Each of electrodes 5,6 has a predefined area. In the embodiments of
Optionally, both sides of the membrane are covered with the exception of the target area 7 by laminating layers 14 (omitted from plan views) which serves to prevent evaporation of water from the sample and to provide mechanical robustness to the apparatus. Evaporation of water is undesirable as it concentrates the sample, allows the electrodes to dry out, and allows the solution to cool, affecting the diffusion coefficient and slowing the enzyme kinetics, although diffusion coefficient can be estimated as above.
A second embodiment according to the invention, shown in
The same benefit is achieved by a different geometry in the embodiment of
Although the embodiments of
In the embodiment of
In the embodiment of
It will be understood that the method of in the invention may be performed with a cell constructed in accord with co-pending application PCT/AU95/00207 or cells of other known design, provided these are modified to provide a sufficiently small distance between electrode faces.
The method of the invention will now be further exemplified with reference to
A membrane 130 microns thick was coated on both sides with a layer of Platinum 60 nanometers thick. An area of 12.6 sq. mm was defined by compressing the membrane. 1.5 microlitres of a solution containing 0.2 Molar potassium ferricyanide and 1% by weight glucose oxidase dehydrogenase was added to the defined area of the membrane and the water allowed to evaporate.
The platinum layers were then connected to a potentiostat to be used as the working and counter/reference electrodes. 3/0 microlitres of an aqueous solution containing 5 millimolar D-glucose and 0.9 wt % NaCl was dropped on to the defined area of the membrane. After an elapse of 20 seconds a voltage of 300 millivolts was applied between the working and counter/reference electrodes and the current recorded for a further 30 seconds at intervals of 0.1 seconds.
The steady state current is one in which no further significant current change occurs during the test. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, a minimum current may be reached after which there may be a drift due to factors such as lateral diffusion, evaporation, interfering electrochemical reactions or the like. However, in practice it is not difficult to estimate the "steady state" current (i∞). One method for doing so involves approximating an initial value for i∞. Using the fit of the i versus t data to the theoretical curve a better estimate of i∞ is then obtained. This is repeated reiteratively until the measured value and approximated value converge to with an acceptable difference, thus yielding an estimated i∞.
In practice, the measurements of current i at time t are made between a minimum time t min and a maximum time t max after the potential is applied. The minimum and maximum time are determined by the applicability of the equations and can readily be determined by experiment of a routine nature. If desired the test may be repeated by switching off the voltage and allowing the concentration profiles of the redox species to return towards their initial states.
It is to be understood that the analysis of the current v. time curve to obtain values of the Diffusion Co-efficient and/or concentration is not limited to the method given above but could also be achieved by other methods.
For instance, the early part of the current v. time curve could be analysed by the Cottrell equation to obtain a value of D1/2�Co (Co=concentration of analyte) and the steady state current analysed to obtain a value of D�Co. These 2 values can then be compared to obtain D and C separately.
It will be understood that in practice of the invention an electrical signal is issued by the apparatus which is indicative of change in current with time. The signal may be an analogue or digital signal or may be a series of signals issued at predetermined time intervals. These signals may be processed by means of a microprocessor or other conventional circuit to perform the required calculations in accordance with stored algorithms to yield an output signal indicative of the diffusion coefficient, analyte concentration, haematocrit concentration or the like respectively. One or more such output signals may be displayed by means of an analogue or digital display.
It is also possible by suitable cell design to operate the cell as a depletion cell measuring the current required to deplete the mediator. For example in the embodiment of
The depletion measurement may be made prior to, during or subsequent to, the measurement of diffusion coefficient by the method of the invention. This enables a substantial improvement in accuracy and reproducibility to be obtained.
In the embodiments described the membrane is preferably an asymmetric porous membrane of the kind described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,629,563 and U.S. Pat. NO. 4,774,039 both of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference. However symmetrical porous membranes may be employed. The membrane may be in the form of a sheet, tube, hollow fibre or other suitable form.
If the membrane is asymmetric the target area is preferably on the more open side of the asymmetric membrane. The uncompressed membrane desirably has a thickness of from 20 to 500 μm. The minimum thickness is selected having regard to speed, sensitivity, accuracy cost. If desired a gel may be employed to separate haematocrit from GOD. The gel may be present between the electrodes and/or in the space between the sample application area and the electrodes.
The working electrode is of any suitable metal for example gold, silver, platinum, palladium, iridium, lead, a suitable alloy. The working electrode may be preformed or formed in situ by any suitable method for example sputtering, evaporation under partial vacuum, by electrodeless plating, electroplating, or the like. Suitable non-metal conductors may also be used for electrode construction. For example, conducting polymers such as poly(pyrrole), poly(aniline), porphyrin "wires", poly(isoprene) and poly(cis-butadiene) doped with iodine and "ladder polymers". Other non-metal electrodes may be graphite or carbon mixed with a binder, or a carbon filled plastic. Inorganic electrodes such as In2 O3 or SnO2 may also be used. The counter/reference electrode may for example be of similar construction to the working electrode. Nickel hydroxide or a silver halide may also be used to for the counter/reference electrode. Silver chloride may be employed but it will be understood that chloridisation may not be necessary and silver may be used if sufficient chloride ions are present in the blood sample. Although in the embodiments described the working electrode is shown on the upper surface of the biosensor and the counter/reference electrode is on the lower surface, these may be reversed.
It is preferable that the working electrode and counter (or counter/reference) electrodes are of substantially the same effective geometric area.
If a separate reference and counter electrode are employed, they may be of similar construction. The reference electrode can be in any suitable location.
It will be understood that the features of one embodiment herein described may be combined with those of another. The invention is not limited to use with any particular combination of enzyme and mediator and combinations such as are described in EP 0351892 or elsewhere may be employed. The system may be used to determine analytes other than glucose (for example, cholesterol) by suitable adaptation of reagents and by appropriate membrane selection. The system may also be adapted for use with media other than blood. For example the method may be employed to determine the concentration of contaminants such as chlorine, iron, lead, cadmium, copper, etc., in water.
Although the cells herein described have generally planar and parallel electrodes it will be understood that other configurations may be employed, for example one electrode could be a rod or needle and the other a concentric sleeve.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the disclosure hereof the invention may be embodied in other forms without departing from the inventive concept herein disclosed.
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 14, 2009
Owner name: LIFESCAN INC.,CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:HODGES, ALASTAIR MCINDOE;BECK, THOMAS WILLIAM;JOHANSEN, ODDVAR;SIGNING DATES FROM 20091119 TO 20091120;REEL/FRAME:023650/0080
Owner name: LIFESCAN INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:HODGES, ALASTAIR MCINDOE;BECK, THOMAS WILLIAM;JOHANSEN, ODDVAR;SIGNING DATES FROM 20091119 TO 20091120;REEL/FRAME:023650/0080
|Jul 8, 2015
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4


text:
Ten minutes from downtown Atlanta. Agnes Scott provides a small town feel with big city opportunities.
Symbolized by the black onyx ring, Agnes Scott students share a rich history and
communal traditions that bind them together as students and alumnae.
Agnes Scott's 19th century architecture and Arcadian setting provide the perfect
backdrop for your wedding, film shoot or next conference or meeting.
This co-ed program allows previous college graduates to complete the necessary requirements for medical, dental, and veterinary school applications. This unique Agnes Scott College program is the only Post-Bacc program in Georgia.
Bringing together a variety of experiential learning opportunities ranging from study abroad to internships and mentored research.
Your professors will expect as much from you as the world expects from you. In other
words, a lot.
Schedule a visit to one of the most beautiful campuses in the nation, one that's hosted more than 30 film and television shoots. Meet our students and faculty.
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In the classroom, on the playing field or in a student organization, there is a
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Study, sleep, eat. Study, sleep, eat. See where you'll be spending two-thirds of your time.
The Greatness Before Us will support areas such as student and faculty
excellence, innovative programming, capital improvements and The Fund for Agnes
Your gift to The Fund for Agnes Scott helps meet immediate needs and has
a direct impact on the lives of students.
Put your gift to work immediately. Give online now.
This page is managed by the Office of Marketing and Public Relations


text:
I did make a few little changes, i used cotton balls and rubbing alcohol (instead of HEET and fiberglass) I used a candle to preheat for about 1 minute. At first it made a huge flame after about 5min or so it died down. While putting on the lid the top tore, adding another hole for flame to come out.
this is not an instructable nor is it intended to be thats why its a slide show
UP DATE (new pics posted may not be up for and couple hours)
I made a new lid, and further moded the inside. The new lid has fewer holes, using 3 different sizes. The inside has a thin layer of cotton at the bottom covered in a thin layer of steel wool (#0000) and then a cotton ring on top the idea is the bottom cotton layer will never need changed and the top ring will last for at least 3 full burns.
new use: ROAST MARSHMALLOWS!!!!
Hope this helped :)
Heet is antifreeze (alcohol)


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Weber Assist Lifts Penn State to Title Game
Michigan Rush alum Mallory Weber and Penn State have advanced to the Women's College Cup Championship after a 2-1 overtime win Friday night over Florida State.
Weber played a key part in the games first goal as she broke loose on the left side of the field attacking the goal. She dribbled into the box and took a decent angled shot on goal. The Florida State goal keeper made a great first save, but the ball deflected off her hands and Penn States Maya Hayes tapped in the rebound to give the Lions a 1-0 advantage. Weber was credited with an assist on the goal, her 3rd of the year.
Florida State would equal the game in the 90th minute to force overtime but Penn State would not be beaten on the night as Christine Narin scored her team leading 16th goal of the year less than a minute into overtime and Penn State would hold on for the win. They will meet North Carolina in the final on Sunday afternoon. Sunday will mark the first trip to the Championship game for Penn State while North Carolina will be looking for their 21st Women's soccer title.
Good luck Mallory!


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Test ID: HBABT
Hepatitis B Surface Antibody Monitor, Post-Transplant, Serum
Useful For Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful
Monitoring serum anti-hepatitis B surface levels during intravenous or intramuscular hepatitis B immune globulin therapy to prevent hepatitis B virus reinfection in liver transplant recipients with known previous chronic hepatitis B
Clinical Information Discusses physiology, pathophysiology, and general clinical aspects, as they relate to a laboratory test
For patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (hepatitis B surface antigen-positive), outcomes following liver transplantation for end-stage liver disease are poor. Recurrent HBV disease is common and associated with decreased liver graft and patient survival (approximately 50% at 5 years). Studies have shown administration of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) in the perioperative and early posttransplant periods could delay or prevent recurrent HBV infection in these transplant recipients.
Intravenous or intramuscular administration of HBIG has become the standard of care for these liver transplant recipients in most liver transplant programs in the United States since mid-1990. Most therapy protocols administer HBIG in high doses (10,000 IU) during the perioperative period and first week after transplantation, with the goal of achieving serum hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) levels of >500 mIU/mL. Serial levels of anti-HBs are obtained to determine the pharmacokinetics of HBIG in each patient to guide frequency of HBIG dosing.
There is a high degree of variability in HBIG dosage required to achieve desirable serum anti-HBs levels among transplant recipients during the first few weeks to months after transplantation. Patients who were hepatitis B envelope (HBe) antigen positive before transplantation usually require more HBIG to achieve the target anti-HBs levels, especially in the first week after transplantation.
Duration of HBIG therapy varies from 6 months to indefinite among different US liver transplant programs. Protocols providing <12 months of therapy usually combine HBIG with another effective anti-HBV agent such as lamivudine.
See HBV Infection-Monitoring Before and After Liver Transplantation in Special Instructions.
Reference Values Describes reference intervals and additional information for interpretation of test results. May include intervals based on age and sex when appropriate. Intervals are Mayo-derived, unless otherwise designated. If an interpretive report is provided, the reference value field will state this.
Not applicable
Interpretation Provides information to assist in interpretation of the test results
Please refer to health care provider's institutional hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) therapy protocol for desirable hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) levels.
Studies indicated that serum anti-HBs levels needed to prevent hepatitis B virus reinfection were >500 mIU/mL during the first week after transplantation, >250 mIU/mL during weeks 2 to 12, and >100 mIU/mL after week 12.
See HBV Infection-Monitoring Before and After Liver Transplantation in Special Instructions.
Cautions Discusses conditions that may cause diagnostic confusion, including improper specimen collection and handling, inappropriate test selection, and interfering substances
This test is not useful for determining past hepatitis B or immune status after hepatitis B virus vaccination and it does not provide interpretation of the anti-HBs level detected; order HBAB / Hepatitis B Surface Antibody, Qualitative/Quantitative, Serum for those situations.
Individuals who have received blood component therapies (eg, whole blood), plasma, or intravenous immunoglobulin infusion in the previous 3 to 6 months may have false-positive anti-HBs results due to passive transfer of anti-HBs present in these products.
Performance characteristics have not been established for the following specimen characteristics:
-Grossly icteric (total bilirubin level of >20 mg/dL)
-Grossly lipemic (triolein level of >3,000 mg/dL)
-Grossly hemolyzed (hemoglobin level of >500 mg/dL)
-Containing particulate matter
-Cadaveric specimens
-Heat-inactivated specimens
-Body fluids other than serum (eg, saliva, urine, CSF, amniotic, peritoneal, or pleural fluids)
Clinical Reference Provides recommendations for further in-depth reading of a clinical nature
1. Samuel D: Management of hepatitis B in liver transplant patients. Semin Liver Dis 2004;24(suppl 1):55-62
2. Terrault NA, Vyas G: Hepatitis B immune globulin preparations and use in liver transplantation. Clin Liver Dis 2003;7:537-550
3. Lok AS: Prevention of recurrent hepatitis B post-liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2002;8:S67-S73


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CMAQ 4.7 Release Notes
The Model Development Team is pleased to announce that CMAQ version 4.7 has been delivered to CMAS for public release. You can access the model from the CMAS. .
Below is a list of updates since the version 4.6 release:
- Aerosols
SOA Model Enhancements
- Updates: isoprene SOA, sesquiterpene SOA, polymerization, acid-catalyzed SOA, NOx-dependent SOA yields, and enthalpy of vaporization
- In-cloud SOA formation pathways (glyoxal, methylglyoxal)
- Changes in gas-phase chemistry mechanism, emissions speciation, and biogenic emmissions model, to represent SOA precursor
- Semi-volatile inorganic components (NO3-, Cl-, and NH4+) can condense and evaporate from the coarse mode, via dynamic mass transfer
- Nonvolatile sulfate can condense on the coarse mode
- Variable standard deviation of coarse mode size distribution
- Emissions of sea salt from the surf zone
- Heterogeneous reaction probability
- Re-derived parameterization based on Davis et al. (2008)
HONO enhancements
- Heterogeneous reaction on aerosol and ground surfaces
- Emissions from mobile sources
- In-line photolysis rate module, with aerosol feedback
- Photolysis rates adjusted using satellite-derived cloud information (currently table-approach only)
- Added two organic oxidation reactions (glyoxal, methylglyoxal)
- Updates to Henry's Law constants based on literature review
- Include HAPs and Hg in single modeling platform
- Moved calculation into CCTM
- Integrated BEIS into CCTM
- Incorporated Plume-rise into CCTM
- Bi-directional NH3 and Hg surface flux for NH3, fertilizer emissions will be applied through the fluxmodel (under development)
- Speciation changes for HONO and benzene
- added sesquiterpene emission
- Updated flux parameterizations & surf zone emissions
- Used spatial allocator to produce ocean file
Convective cloud model
- Revised to reduce layer configuration differences
- Changed the integration timestep
- Correction in precipitation flux calculation
- Direct Decoupled Method (DDM)
- Primary carbon source apportionment model
- Sulfate tracking model
- Plume-in-grid
- CB4 mechanisms
- Aero3 module and AE3 mechanisms
- RADM cloud module
- Stand-alone mercury version of CMAQ (capability is included in the multipollutant version)


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Truly an intimate portrait, this amazing print shows in precise detail what a Tour rider in the 1920s looked like - in this case, Belgium's perennial contender, Adelin Benoit. From the tattered clothes, to the aviator goggles, to the mud all over, the classic sepia-toned photography is a fascinating historical tribute to a more simple and innocent era in the sport of cycling. A classy, artistic addition to the wall of any road warrior - one of our all-time best-sellers!
Product Specifications:


text:
This week's episode saw the Belcher kids struggling to find something to do with themselves after Bob fired them so they could have the summer vacation he never had. http://www.tv.com/news/bobs-burger More »
Bob finally made good on his threat to fire the kids in tonight's episode of Bob's Burgers , but it didn't happen quite the way I would have expected. "Bob Fires the Kids" didn't feature Bob finally More »
Bob's Burgers season 3 episode 3 "Bob Fires the Kids " airs Sunday, Oct 21 2012 (8:30-9:00 PM ET/PT) on FOX. Episode Synopsis : Bob worries he's depriving his children of their summer vacation by ma More »