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Gallery: Philly Goes Green with Moss Installation by Edina Tokodi
One of our favorite green public artists, Edina Tokodi, is at it once again with her shape-shifting moss graffiti and urban guerrilla tactics. Tokodi was recently commissioned by SEPTA (Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority) to encourage Philadelphia's commuters to 'Go Green' with her navigable moss icons and green walls in the Market East Station's passenger service area, ticketing area, and on the exterior of the station building and Transportation Museum. The initiative is part of SEPTA's mission to help commuters become more aware of the positive environmental impact of using mass transit regularly.
Philly's effort to 'Go Green' via 'moss transit' might be just the way to start another American Revolution. We hope that other cities nationwide will soon be eager to get on board and take the green express as well!
In a recent interview with Edina, the artist described that the 'Go Green' project took approximately one month of materials preparation. The installation's opening coincided with the Philadelphia Flower Show, a popular time for increased traffic to and from the city. The artist and her collaborator, Jozsef Valyi-Toth, used "100% natural sheet moss", turf-like plant matter grown explicitly for decoration and design purposes. Given that this material is already well-preserved, the exhibit's pieces will remain green for at least a month and a half. (Additional watering apparently makes the work brighter green and puffy in texture.) It is a goal of the artist to soon employ bio-matter that requires dedicated watering, nurturing, and ongoing cultivation.
The actual installation of the moss icons and signage took one week of working non-stop, around the clock. This included creating custom-fitted moss inserts for 32 SEPTA posters (10 inches by 10 inches) and 40 pieces that fit into the SEPTA logos throughout the site. Edina and Jozsef also made two 'Go Green' signs with each letter measuring 2 feet by 3 feet. Red Tettemer, the very hip advertising agency, also lent a hand in the communication design details for the project (check out the very cute video of the project's installation process on their website).
The 'Go Green' project seems to already have won over the hearts and minds of day-to-day commuters at East Market Station. According to SEPTA, the feedback thus far has been extremely positive with Tokodi's moss icons being one of the most creative projects they have helped sponsor in a very long time. It might be a while before we are able to grow vertical gardens and vegetable walls ala Patrick Blanc in 'the underground' or along the train tracks so to speak, but eco-minded public works are here to stay, and there may soon come a time when being on the 'go-green-go' may be one of the most-energy efficient and civic minded activities that we can collectively participate in.
+ Mosstika – Edina Tokodi
+ Urban Moss Graffiti by Edina Tokodi
+ SEPTA's 'Go Green' in the Philadelphis Inquirer
15 Comments
March 17, 2008 at 10:59 am
A Big Pacsi from Budapest to Edina & Co. for her awesome moss project. I do wish that someday the mindless scumbags responsible for running (sorry: ruining) the transportation networks of Hungary today will also realize that
a similar change in mindset is essential.
I can't wait to see moss on my beloved 4-6 tramline..
Goddamn these look soo cool!
March 15, 2008 at 10:52 pm
Looks nice, but if they really want to go green, it would be nice to see some of the old trolley and trackless trolley routes restored, to save fuel costs with the buses
March 15, 2008 at 4:48 am
Anything they can do to make Market East less ugly is a welcome step. The platform murals are a nice touch, but there's not a lot going on anyplace else in the way of visual splendor.
March 13, 2008 at 5:17 pm
Relax — it's Philly. It's a fun city that has a terrific partnership with the creative community. What's to complain about? It's a city with an excellent mass transit system and it's nice to give folks a pat on the back for their commuting habits.
March 13, 2008 at 1:52 pm
I used to catch the train at Market East all the time when I lived in Philadelphia. Beyond the greening message, I love that the station is greener in color too. It looks friendly and welcoming – not something I see in many train/subway stations.
March 13, 2008 at 12:10 pm
Lighten up people! I think it's great. A step in the right direction toward the green walls. The last thing this environmental "movement" needs is more bah humbug attitudes. You got a better idea, don't tell me, go DO it! Great way to move attitudes to thinking about the good they are doing. When is the last time someone pat a bus rider (or train rider) on the back for helping keep the planet less polluted? First time I've seen it. Go Philly! Better to do something that may not be enough yet than to do nothing or worse yet, criticize others while doing nothing.
March 13, 2008 at 11:45 am
What is so special about a guy selling some CDs? Really? CDs are terrible for the environment from their birth and through their entire lifespan. So actually, I guess it is special- he's noteworthy for failing to adopt modern practices of publishing music digitally, and through his ignorance he's perpetuating the pollution of our planet. Art that destroys! Great job, there. Really.
What's special about moss installations in an unlikely area such as this is that it's an uncommon practice, looks awesome, and people notice it because it's a new thing- don't you think that's kind of special, since it opens more people's eyes to thinking about our environment, and learning to enjoy it?
March 12, 2008 at 10:56 pm
[…] (more…) […]
March 12, 2008 at 8:41 pm
I am a SEPTA rider.
The station is called "Market East", not East Market.
I saw these displays firsthand.
What is so special about gluing plant matter on signs? Really?
The real story at Market East Station last weekend was the blues guitarist hustling some CD's. THERE is your East Market Artist.
March 12, 2008 at 5:59 pm
What is going on with their grammar there? They consume half the oil *of* a regular commuter, darn it. And do they mean oil, or gas? Or the oil that goes into making gas?!
Not to detract from what they are doing
March 12, 2008 at 11:08 am
[…] (more…) […]


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Hormone Replacement Therapy for Women (HRT)
- Pill or tablet
- Vaginal cream
- Vaginal ring insert
- Patch
- Skin gel
- Pill (can be combined with estrogen)
- Intrauterine device (IUD)
- Vaginal capsule
- Injection
- Implant
- Skin gel
What This Medication Is Prescribed For
To Ease Menopausal Symptoms
- Hot flashes
- Vaginal dryness
To Reduce the Risk of Osteoporosis and Related Fractures
How This Medication Works
- Reduce the symptoms of menopause
- Helps to slow or prevent the bone loss that occurs with aging and increases after menopause, in order to help delay osteoporosis
- Helps to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer
Precautions While Using This Medication
- Unexplained vaginal bleeding
- Pregnancy
- Liver disease
- Kidney disease
- High levels of triglycerides—a type of fat in the blood
- History of blood clots in the veins
- History of breast or uterine cancer
- History of cardiovascular disease
- History of stroke
- Other conditions—ask your doctor if any of your medical conditions increase the risks of taking HRT
Proper Usage and Missed Dose
- Cyclic or sequential—Pills are taken every day for a set number of days. A higher dose (than that used in continuous doses) of progestin is given for 10-14 days. One or both hormones are stopped for a specified period of time. This pattern is repeated every month, and it causes regular monthly bleeding like a light menstrual period.
- Continuous—Low-dose estrogen and progestin are taken together every day of the month without any break. Vaginal bleeding often occurs, sometimes for up to a year when this schedule is first started, and can vary from light spotting to irregular menstrual-type bleeding.
Missed Dose
- Pill form—If you miss a dose, take it as soon as possible. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not double doses.
- Skin patch—If you forget to apply a new patch when you are supposed to, apply it as soon as possible. Then go back to replacing the patch on the same day of the week as before. Do not apply more than one patch at a time.
Possible Side Effects
- Bloating
- Breast tenderness
- Cramping
- Irritability
- Depression
- Return of monthly periods
- Swelling of feet and lower legs
- Rapid weight gain
Endometrial Cancer
Breast Cancer
Blood Clots
Cardiovascular Disease
Ovarian Cancer
Other Uses for This Medication
- Osteoporosis caused by lack of estrogen before menopause
- Turner's syndrome—a genetic disease
American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists http://www.acog.org
Healthy Women—National Women's Health Resource Center, Inc. http://www.healthywomen.org
Canadian Women's Health Network http://www.cwhn.ca
Women's Health Matters http://www.womenshealthmatters.ca
Furie KL, Kasner SE, Adams RJ, et al. Guidelines for the Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2010 October 21. Available at: http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/STR.0b013e3181f7d043v1. Updated October 21, 2010. Accessed February 6, 2015.
Hormonal replacement therapy. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed. Updated May 2, 2014. Accessed February 6, 2015.
Hormonal replacement therapy doses and preparations. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed/what.php. Updated November 13, 2012. Accessed February 6, 2015.
Hormones and menopause. National Institute on Aging website. Available at: http://www.nia.nih.gov/HealthInformation/Publications/hormones.htm. Updated January 22, 2015. Accessed February 6, 2015.
Menopause. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed. Updated February 5, 2015. Accessed February 6, 2015
Menopause. Women's Health—US Department of Health and Human Services website. Available at: http://womenshealth.gov/menopause/symptom-relief-treatment/menopausal-hormone-therapy.html. Updated September 22, 2010. Accessed February 6, 2015.
Menopause and hormones. US Food and Drug Aministration website. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ByAudience/ForWomen/ucm118624.htm. Updated December 2, 2014. Accessed February 6, 2015.
Turner syndrome. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed. Updated January 20, 2015. Accessed February 6, 2015.
Schierbeck LL, Rejnmark L, Tofteng CL, Stilgren L, Eiken P, Mosekilde L, Køber L, Jensen JE. Effect of hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular events in recently postmenopausal women: randomised trial. BMJ. 2012 Oct 9;345.
9/30/2008 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed: Jacobson BC, Moy B, Colditz GA, Fuchs CS. Postmenopausal hormone use and symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:1798-1804.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: Michael Woods, MD
- Review Date: 01/2015 -
- Update Date: 02/06/2015 -
This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.
Copyright © EBSCO Publishing
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Hang tight!
Recipe by SWIMMERVI
"A treat for those who love poppy seeds, and a good way to use up left over bananas."
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1 1/4 cups
whole wheat flour
1 cup
wheat bran
1/2 cup
wheat germ
1 teaspoon
baking soda
1 teaspoon
baking powder
1/2 teaspoon
1/4 cup
1/4 cup
vegetable oil
1 cup
mashed bananas
1/2 cup
2 teaspoons
lemon juice
1/3 cup
poppy seeds
Excellent. I opted to go half whole wheat, half white flour -- based on reviews complaining of dry texture. Buttermilk was used in place of milk and lemon juice. I was low on poppyseeds so used 1/6 cup instead, which I thought was perfect. Keep an eye on your oven, my batch baked in 15 minutes. I was surprised how moist these were. and just the perfect amount of sweetness. These were great with a little pat of butter on top. The recipe is a keeper.
The recipe, AS-IS, is very moist, but completely lacking in sweetness or flavor. You can do without one if you have the other... but to have neither? I'm a person who digs the healthy hearty muffins, but this was no good. I should have paid more attention - so many positive ratings were to MODIFIED recipes. We'll smear these in cream cheese and honey and eat the dozen, but I'll never make these AS-IS again.
63 Ratings
Very good. I added vanilla, cinnamon, and nutmeg. Made them a bit sweeter and had great flavor. Next time I think I'll add some raisins.
I thought this turned out really well. Instead of putting into muffin tins, I made it like a cake in a large pan and cut into squares. It was moist and rich (though for some reason didn't rise a whole lot) but that didn't matter. It was perfect in little squares. It's not sweet.. just right and would make a nice thing for guests. Not being a banana lover, it didn't 'reek' of bananas.. it was just right! Thank you for sharing!
I like these muffins for healthy non-sweet breakfast. I used ground flax seed instead of wheat germ, maple syrup instead of honey just because I didn't have wheat germ and honey on hand. I added 1 tsp of vanilla. It turned out very good! It is not as moist as I expected but it's still good!
I only tried this recipe because I had some surplus wheat germ lying around and was looking for a way to use it up. And now I think I will never make any other kind of banana muffins again. These are just the best that I have ever tasted. I was actually worried that they might be too healthy - after all they are almost fat-free and very lightly sweetened with honey. But they don't taste like low-calorie muffins (and in fact, they aren't any lower in calories than regular muffins, though I'm sure they are healthier). I suppose they might not appeal to everyone, but if you're the type of person that likes bran muffins, try these - you will not be disappointed.
These are an excellent way to start off your day. I am going to make these again and maybe add some blueberries too. This is not a sweet muffin (if that is what you are looking for), but it is very satisfying.
These were good, but not fabulous. They were good enough to try again with alterations. Next time I would either reduce the oil or use vegan butter instead. Also, I would definitely add something to make them a touch sweeter, maybe just more honey or banana. Finally, I felt as though the recipe called for too many poppy seeds, I would use half that next time. Thanks for the submission, every recipe needs individual tweeking. :)
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Poppy Seed and Banana Muffins
Serving Size: 1/12 of a recipe
Servings Per Recipe: 12
Amount Per Serving
Calories: 186
Calories from Fat: 74
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See how to make simple but delicious banana muffins.
See how to make a sweet poppy-seed bread with almond and orange flavors.
The crumb topping makes these muffins extra yummy.


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My Ghoul Friday
Check back often!
Recent Moans from the Minions...
Here's the first group of Underbiters, waiting for touch ups before they are given a protective coating. They turned out differently than how I first imagined, but that's usually how it is with my creations. I might begin with certain plans, but they always end up telling me where we're actually going in the design process.
Besides, these guys were the test group for me to experiment on. No wonder they ended up looking like a gang of misfits.
When they are finished, I'll properly introduce you to each one individually. For now, I hope you enjoy the group shot.
By the way, getting them to line up nicely was a nightmare, but hearing them all say "cheese!" at the same time made my heart melt.
Faithful friends and online followers know I love creating an atmosphere. I think details are often overlooked even though it's those small elements that bring a bigger picture together.
The Obscure Hollow is a website that celebrates the unsung hero of horror: the setting. From vintage film to photography, you will find one of the best collections of images highlighting not just things but places that go bump in the night.
Some people make dream lists for football teams. I make mine listing artists. The Hi-Fructose "Overdose" group art exhibit has almost the exact lineup I would have come up with.
There are so many artists in this show whom I've blogged about, I couldn't fit them all in my tag list for this post. In addition to those great artists, you'll also find Brandt Peters and Travis Louie, and many, many more.
It will all take place at the Copro Gallery in Santa Monica, California. Far, far away from my city of Toronto.
To rub salt into the wound, they're having some fantastic happenings within the show:
Hi-Fructose Magazine and Copro Gallery are proud to showcase an incredible array of artists in 'Overdose' the Hi-Fructose group art exhibition at Copro Gallery in Santa Monica. Hi-Fructose Collected Edition box sets will be available in limited quantities at the show and Greg Craola Simkins, Gary Baseman, Joe Ledbetter, Brian McCarty, Attaboy, and more special guests will be signing them. Brooklyn's own, 'Hearts Challenger' the guerilla style good-time ice cream truck will be on hand to give out free ice cream and candy and Hi-Fructose Vol.11 will premier at the show before the issue goes on sale in stores or online. Limited numbers of free issues and a free poster will be available at the show only! More surprises TBA
The rain poured down so aggressively this morning it woke me up. Glad that Yetch and I had taken advantage of yesterday's sunny afternoon (and equally pleased in the knowledge there's leftover barbecue nosh in the fridge), I got up to face the drastic change in weather.
Grey. Pouring. Cold. Windy. Migraine pending.
I shuffled into my home office, determined to check my work emails first but as always I went straight for my Ghoul Friday Inbox.
Nothing too exciting. Better check the spam folder just in case.
And there it was.
I am happy to officially announce that I will have a table at Rue Morgue's Festival of Fear, Canada's largest Horror event and part of Hobby Star's Fan Expo. It takes place August 28 to 30, 2009 in Toronto.
How I would describe Alex McVey: fine artist, talented, dark, and elusive.
Why elusive? There is very little information to be gleaned on the Internet when it comes to this illustrator from Texas. Sure, he's famous and many a horror fan starts salivating just at the mention of his name, but the details of the man are hard to track down.
I did find out he has been illustrating since 2004.
His work has been featured on everything from comics, to album covers, to high-end limited edition books.
On his extensive list of clients, you'll see the names of people such as Stephen King and Edward Lee (you can see McVey's cover art for Lee's "Trolley No. 1852" pictured right).
And most importantly, he likes banana shakes (ok, I made that part up. But I felt the post needed more insider information).
Recently, someone asked me where they could find an artist who would transform their family portrait into something more monstrous. I've found a possible candidate.
Rob Sacchetto, a freelance artist living in Sudbury, Ontario, is the mastermind behind www.zombieportraits.com
For the price of $80 per person, you can submit a photograph to Rob and have him turn you and your loved ones into the undead.
Hello my dark little darlings. I'm in the midst of putting the second layers of paint on five of my Underbiters, but this post isn't about them. It's about another project that's been shelved for a while.
It's great that Max (Marmota Monax) and the fur coat experiment turned out well. But now, if I make him any friends, they will also need a touch of realism. I suppose this is why Aucellus, his bird buddy, has been shelved for a while.
I'll have to wait for a really ambitious day before I start trying to apply the feathers.
The world can never have enough monsters. Especially custom made ones.
Today I will be posting about two different sites that focus on finding inspiration from the masses.
First is The Monster Engine. Dave Devries, a comic book and Universal Studio monster artist, made the observation that his niece's drawings of monsters were far more interesting and unique than many of the creatures created by adults. From this, the Monster Engine Book project was born.
On a gloomy, rainy Sunday morning, I can't think of a way to spend my time than playing in the magical world of Coraline.
For weeks I've been planning on posting about Coraline the Musical which runs from May 7 to June 20, 2009 at the MCC Theatre in New York. It kept slipping my mind because I've found so many ghoulish topics to blog about lately.
Luckily, a post from Would You Like to See Something Strange showcasing Coraline collector cards also mentioned the Coraline Website. It prompted me to stop and finally blog about it (right after I created my picture of Ghoul Friday with buttons for eyes. You can make your own on the website).
Other highlights include free desktop wallpapers, movie poster postcards and of course watching the circus mice perform. Speaking of which...
Diane, a faithful visitor and friend to this website, has started a new blog calledWouldn't You Like to See Something Strange.
Yes. Yes I would. I always do.
She found this image showing that not all of us are still debating between brains and coffee.
My self-published book is still available!
Craving more Halloween goodness?
Here are some sites to satisfy the hunger.
All content copyright © 2007-2013 GhoulFriday.com (unless otherwise noted). And remember, safety first! Please read and understand our full disclaimer.


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VISIT DENVER is the premier source of information about Denver's hot spots, visitor attractions, cultural events, hotels, and more. For a comprehensive listing of things to do in Denver, visit www.visitdenver.com
Public art, theatre rentals, entertainment, and more.
Beginning on January 1, 2015, the city eliminated the 2.7 percent service charge on credit card payments for drivers renewing their vehicle registration with the city. Read more...
3698 W. 44th Avenue, Denver, CO
Parking in lot at front of bldg.
4685 Peoria Street, Denver, CO
Parking in front / back of bldg., also on Paris St.
3100 S. Sheridan Blvd., Denver, CO
Parking in lot at front of bldg.
2855 Tremont Place, Denver, CO
Parking in lot at back of the bldg on Glenarm St.
In order to pay for the cost of staff, custodians of public records within the City and County of Denver may charge for research and retrieval time necessary to respond to requests for records under the Colorado Open Records Act ("CORA"). Pursuant to C.R.S. §24-72-205(6), effective July 1, 2014, staff time may be charged at a rate not to exceed $30.00 per hour. There shall be no charge for the first hour of time for research and retrieval of records.


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DDT leaves behind a legacy of long-lasting contamination and harm to both humans and ecosystems. Banned in the U.S. nearly 40 years ago, DDT and its breadown products were found in the blood of 99% of people recently tested by the CDC. USDA found DDT breakdown products in 60% of heavy cream samples, 42% of kale greens, 28% of carrots and lower percentages of many other foods.
Human Health Harms
The science on DDT's human health impacts has continued to mount over the years, with recent studies showing harm at very low levels of exposure. Studies show a range of human health effects linked to DDT and its breakdown product, DDE:
- Cancer: Girls exposed to DDT before puberty are 5 times more likely to develop breast cancer in middle age, according to the President's Cancer Panel. DDT has also been associated with liver and pancreatic cancer. The International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies DDT as "possible carcinogenic to humans."
- Reproductive Effects: DDT is linked to male infertility, impaired semen quality, miscarriages, early menopuase, birth defects, and low birth weight.
- Endocrine Disruption: DDT's estrogenic effects have been known for some time. Studys suggest DDT can interefere with a mother's ability to lactate and elevate risk of testicular cancer.
- Neurological effects: Research suggests that women's exposure to DDE in early pregnancy is linked with changes in thyroid hormone levels, which in turn affects fetal brain development. Observed effects include reduced motor skills and a decrease in verbal, memory, and quantitative and perceptual performance skills among preschoolers. People exposed to higher levels of DDT experience immediate neurotoxic effects such as tremors and seizures, as well as nausea, vomiting, and dizziness.
[Text Box: Childhood Exposure & Body Burden: Research shows that childhood exposure to DDT begins before birth.
- Pregnant women pass DDT to their unborn baby through the placenta, while nursing infants receive doses of DDT though their mother's breastmilk.
- Children are exposed to higher levels of DDT than adults due to their smaller body size. Studies show infants consume 4 times as much DDT as the average adult.]
DDT & Ecotoxicity
DDT's toxic effects on ecosystems are well known. DDT concentrates up the food chain, reaching high levels in fish and marine mammals. DDT can travel long distances in the atmosphere, which is why it is found on almost every corner of the earth and in places where it has never been used. In the Arctic and Antarctic regions, research shows DDT and its breakdown products in the atmosphere, snow, and wildlife.
[Text Box: Environmental Persistence: Despite bans, DDT can persist in the environment for decades:
- Concentrations of DDT near a former manufacturing facility at McIntosh, Alabama still represent a significant risk to fish and piscivorous birds in the area--- even though the plant ceased production over 40 years ago, says a recent study.
- Despite dropping DDT levels in the Arctic's birds, whales, and seals, Adélie penguins in the Antarctic continue to have the same levels of DDT in their bodies as they did 30 years ago. Heidi Geisz of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science and her colleagues found that the birds were being exposed to DDT that was previously locked up in glaciers. See also: Antarctic Melt Releasing DDT, Tainting Penguins]
Experience tells us that eliminating DDT generally improves the health of ecosystems. Since DDT was banned in the U.S., bald eagles have made a dramatic recovery, along with a several other bird species. An Environmental Defense Fund article summarizes:
- Since 1963 the bald eagle population has rebounded, increasing from less than 500 pairs to over 5,000 nationwide.
- Peregrene falcons totaled only 39 breeding pairs in 1975. By 1996 however, their population multiplied to 993 pairs.
- Ospreys have also made a comeback---increasing from less than 8,000 breeding pairs to 14,246 pairs.
Malaria Control and Mosquito Resistance
Wiping out malaria with DDT is an unrealistic goal. Mosquito resistance among malaria carrying mosquitos forced governments years ago to adopt a more diverse, integrated approach to malaria control.
Long before the United States banned DDT, mosquito populations evolved defenses to DDT's toxins. Mosquitos showed signs of resistance to DDT as early as 1947---only one year after the insecticide was introduced for mosquito control (See: Insecticide Resistance in Insect Vectors of Human Disease). By 1972, nineteen species of mosquitos were resistant to DDT in Africa alone.
[Text Box: Malaria Eradication in the United States:
Once endemic in the United States, malaria decreased rapidly in the first half of the 20th century, without the insecticidal powers of DDT. According to the CDC, from 1920 to 1946, malaria cases decreased from 400 out of 100,000 inhabitants to only 30 cases per 100,000. Malaria deaths likewise decreased from 60 deaths per million to only 2 deaths per million. In 1947 the U.S. commenced the National Malaria Eradication Program which included drainage, removal of mosquito breeding grounds, and some DDT in areas where malaria was still prevelant. ]
Research & Factsheets
- ASTDR Factsheet and full Toxicologica Profile for DDT.
- CDC Chemical Information on DDT
- The Pine River Statement: Human Health Consequences of DDT Use. A comprehensive assessment of the science behind DDT's health effects.
- CDC 4th Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals
President's Cancel Panel Report Reducing Environmental Cancer Risk: What We Can Do Now.
- DDT and Breast Cancer in Young Women: New Data on the Significance of Age at Exposure.
DDT & other POPs in the blood of pregnant women in South Africa.
- Developmental Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Wildlife and Humans. Theo Colburn's 1993 article discusses the estrogenic effects of DDT.
- Insecticide Resistance in Insect Vectors of Human Disease
- Global Status of DDT & Its Alternatives for Use in Vector Control to Prevent Disease,
News Archive
Scientists say: DDT use should be curtailed, left only as 'last resort' in some malaria-plagued areas, Marla Cone, Environmental Health News, May 2009
- Study: Insecticide-treated net coverage in Africa: mapping progress in 20007, The Lancet, January 2009
- Cost and consequences of large scale vector control for Malaria, Malaria Journal, December 2008
- Technology to eradicate malaria, BBC News, November 2008
- War Against Malaria Can Be Won, Without DDT, Dr. César Chelala,The Epoch Times, October 2008
- Rwanda: Lessons learnt from 2007 Spraying Campaign, September 2008
- China's Pearl River tainted with DDT, January 2008
Additional Health Research: Reproductive Harm:
- Exposure of Mother - Child and Postpartum Woman - Infant Pairs to DDT and its Metabolitescience of the Total Environment.
- Impaired Semen Quality Associated With Environmental DDT Exposure in Young Men Living in a Malaria Area in the Limpopo Province.
Addition Health Research: Infants and Breastmilk
- Nonmalarial Infant Deaths and DDT Use for Malaria Conrol Emerging.
- DDE and Shortened Duration of Lactation in a Northern Mexican Town.
- Transfer of DDT used in malaria control to infants via breast milk.
- Polychlorinatedbiphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene (DDE) in human milk: Effects on growth, morbidity, and duration of lactation.


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Frigid temps, festive food, and too many parties: They can all extinguish your desire to work out. In fact, women are 30 percent less active at this time of year than when the days are long and the temps are balmy, according to the American College of Sports Medicine. But new research on the psychology of motivation suggests that when your drive to sweat is at an all-time low, the fix may be as simple as changing up your approach. "We're talking about easy but incredibly effective ways to achieve goals," says Ian Ayres, Ph.D., an economist and a professor at Yale Law School, who examines successful motivation techniques in his recent book Carrots and Sticks: Unlock the Power of Incentives to Get Things Done.
Make a Commitment Contract
In a perfect world, you work out regularly because you actually like all the heart-pumping, endorphin boosting, waist-slimming benefits that come with it. Researchers call that intrinsic motivation, and it's a critical factor for staying with a long term routine. But when your inner drive is thwarted—say, by the obligation marathon that is the holidays—external incentives can give you the boost you need, says Ayres. It's an idea grounded in behavioral economics, a tool used by many corporations to motivate their employees and improve their bottom lines.
Incentives work like a charm for some (a 30-minute jog each day for a month = a new Marc Jacobs tote), but behavioral economists such as Ayres say that the flip side—penalties for missing a sweat session—are even more effective...especially when they involve your hard-earned cash. "People will work twice as hard when money is at stake compared with relying only on their willpower," he says. Try it: Register your goal and credit-card info at stickk.com. If you don't do a predetermined number of workouts, the charity of your choice gets a payday, courtesyof you. "This is even more effective if you give money to something you don't like," adds Ayres. Diehard liberal? Set up your account to donateto a conservative group, and watch your sweat fly.
Or make a friendly wager among coworkers or friends: Everyone ponies up $10 and whoever logs the most workout sessions over three months wins the pot. This is an ideal commitment device because you have a financial prize and punishment in place simultaneously. "Just make sure the group is large enough," warns Ayres. "If you have fewer than three people, you give each other room to slack off."
In behavioral economics, these tactics are called commitment contracts; they work by removing and reducing choices. And you don't have to dole out dollars to feel the pressure, adds Ayres. Let's say you register for a walkathon. You're signing your name to that goal. Elevate that sense of duty by sharing the plan with friends or walk for a cause that requires you to raise funds. You're far less likely to bail if you've already hit up friends and coworkers for donations.


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|News » Archives
Caleb Moore earns Southern Conference Player of the Week
Tuesday, April 19, 2005
Wednesday against the Golden Eagles, Caleb went 2-for-5 with two runs scored and five RBIs. In the first game of the Wofford series
Moore also had the 200th hit of his ETSU career against Wofford on Friday, only the second player to accomplish the feat in school history. It was the second accolade of the week for
For the season,


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- George Holevas
- Oakland Gardens, NY
- United States
Student in Chemical Engineering, Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art
This conversation is closed.
Do you believe the human brain will continue to increase its capabilities?
According to neuroscientist Vilayanur Ramachandran's TED talk, "The neurons that shaped civilization", a sudden emergence and rapid spread of a number of skills that are unique to human beings occurred 75k to 100k years ago. These defining skills include the use of tools, fire, shelter, language, and the ability to interpret a person's behavior.
He attributes the rapid development of these skills to a sudden emergence of a sophisticated mirror neuron system. Mirror nuerons are a relatively recent discovered set of neurons that fire when an animal either performs an action or observes that same action performed by another, essentially allowing us to emulate and imitate each other's actions.
Ramachandran speculates that this brain development was incredibly beneficial to the progression of mankind because it allowed an accidental discovery by one member of the group, such as use of fire or a particular kind of tool, to spread horizontally across the population and then transmit vertically down the generations. This temporarily made evolution Lamarckian instead of Darwinian, meaning that acquired traits over a lifetime could be passed down to offspring via emulation instead of relying on Darwinian evolution which could take hundreds of thousands of years.
The question I would like to pose is, might our brains (collectively as a species) soon experience such a new type of development once again? If so, what new skills could this more sophisticated neuron system facilitate our ability to perform, considering trends in globalization, collaboration etc (e.g. collaborative tasks across geographies, learning multiple languages more quickly etc )? Has the brain's full potential already been unleashed? Or will it perpetually continue to develop more complex neural permutations?
Mar 10 2013: An interesting book I read recently had the title BIg Brain. It discusses other humans than Neanderthals and Cro Mag...which had larger brains in their groups than modern man. From undergrad days I remember the first "cave man' cited beat us by 100cc's The second wins by 250. The village idiot doesn't get eaten by a big furry varmit now. The "N" man - Many of us know he really didn't disappear when we rub the back of our head above our necks and feel that ridge. Just because some scientists don't want to think Don't believe that structure developed twice in the development of man. Think. Read Big Brain and decide on your own. But if intelligence is not rewarded - Why would we continue to evolve? When you look at the world's condition do you really believe that the current generation of fat cats are an evolutionary advance? Also, the Knowledge Based Revolution by Taki Sakiya is helpful. Okay, he is Japanese, and I don't do conji. It is available in English, and he contended last millinium that knowledge would become more common and be rewarded less.
Kyung Lee
Mar 12 2013: Hi,
- +2
You bring up an interesting point, and I also think that with the convenience of technology, the human brain requires less work, and it sees little incentives to evolve. As much as the human brain has come closer to excellence, I feel that the brain evolves less now that the technology allows the brain to work less.
Mar 12 2013: I tend to agree with you Kyung.
The evolution of technology has been exponentially faster in the recent centuries than it has in the past.. as far as I know. I truly believe that technology has almost replaced the inventive to evolve the human brain when computer brains can evolve at a much faster rate.
However, I think as humans with lifespans that last a short time when compared to time humans have been around, it is hard for us to speculate how and when human brains will evolve. If there really was a huge sudden evolution 75-100k years ago, how do we know how sudden these evolutions actually were? Has the human brain not evolved much since then? I think this is a subject that is truly hard to tell. With technological advancements going at the rate they have been, I think human brain evolution will not come anytime soon.Mar 7 2013: "...it allowed an accidental discovery by one member of the group, such as use of fire or a particular kind of tool, to spread horizontally across the population and then transmit vertically down the generations."
The kind of attention we give to the world you describe only exists in the present and the past - what is known - and is thus not creative and speculative. In other words, 'what is' exists predominantly in one part of the brain, while the creative, speculative 'what could be' exists predominantly in another. It is open to question therefore, whether such discoveries as fire and the use of tools were accidents, or whether an element of creative input was present.
Creativity is the key to increasing capability, in my humble opinion. The more we confuse knowledge retention and 'what is already known' with intelligence - and go on to prime our children through education on that basis, the less we are likely to increase our capability.
The plasticity of the brain is such that it will develop in the direction of the information that feeds it. If we feed it certainties only, then we will all develop into stagnation. If we feed it 'possibility' and 'what could be', we are more likely to make significant leaps forward.
The brain is potentially a balanced organ of thought, and so our development should reflect a similar balance, and logic and creativity should both be present. Crucially though, knowledge and logic should be the servant of creativity - not the other way around, as it appears to be so in the modern mind.
edward long
Mar 7 2013: I do not believe the human brain has increased its capability, so my answer is "NO".
- +2
Mar 7 2013: Hi Edward,
To clarify, you do not believe the human brain has increased its capability since when? Do you believe that the human brain's capabilities have remained the same since our primal ancestors and the differences in behavior are solely due to environmental influence? If that's the case would a caveman baby be able to function harmoniously in today's society if the baby was somehow raised in modern environmental and societal conditions? It is an interesting point, that I did not originally consider, to ponder whether our primal ancestors were just as smart as us, however, not given the same opportunities to flourish as we are now given. Thank you for your input!
edward long
Mar 7 2013: I consider it a justified true belief that the first healthy human brain, the last healthy human brain, and all healthy human brains in between share identical capability. I do not accept that variations in human behavior are attributable to changes in healthy brain capability.Based on archaeological evidence we know that some humans who came long before us accomplished feats of engineering which we cannot explain, or duplicate, today. The "opportunities to flourish" you mention are no more abundant today than at any time in the past. Putting a man on the Moon is no more impressive, capability wise, than adapting to local environmental conditions, or learning to communicate thoughts and ideas.Mar 10 2013: From a purely biological evolution point of view, I think the question of brain increasing it's capabilities as a whole is unimportant. It's rather a question of brain adapting to new environments, just like the whole organism. For example modern human brains possibly have lost capabilities of reading weather, hunting or night vision. But it has increased capabilities for reading, memorizing more data and abstract reasoning. Human brain to body mass ratio has increased over evolutionary time scales but whether that increase is a true expression of excellence as a social animal is debatable.
- +1
Moreover, human brain is undergoing a more rapid change in the horizontal direction as we are increasing the sensory inputs to brain aided by technology. Consider how vastly neural networks of human brain will change if we implant a chip inside human brain that can enable us to see in the infrared or ultraviolet.
There is another important development taking place in the realm of human brain capabilities. Just like we can download data in extended hard drives to free up memory for a processor to run better in a computer - we have created huge repositories of information that can be accessed almost instantaneously now relieving the human brain to expend more power in the critical analyses or abstract thinking. So a social brain has certainly increased its capabilities in modern times.
Raam Anand
Mar 10 2013: I believe that the Brain can develop even further. It is part of evolution and that's the progression... leading to even more development of mankind.
- +1
To quote an example, when I look at my 12-year old son's school books, they are being taught (and they get to know) way more knowledge, insights and skills than us at the same age. What we were knowing at, probably, 16, they already know at 12.
Technology, communication, language and many other factors are responsible for even more brain development.Mar 10 2013: So apparently finding the brain is not the sole holding vessel for information. On cellular level in fact each and every one holds variables and cross related bits indicating yes another mirror neuron like discovery OR evolution is at a cusp in time. Environmentally significant perhaps is a stalling of the expansion of the universe allocating easier perception (to scale) of information or absorption at that cellular level.? A strange reach probably yet cosmology demands a connection to physics and brain mapping shows the aforementioned as the reality. So why?
We also come to understand more with the machine we have and recognize it as having biological origins from 3 different places. reptile, animal and a modern dual hemisphere structure all doing different things primary tasks are bodily operation. The modern brain will confound us with its own analysis of itself.Mar 8 2013: Every brain keeps improving its capabilities as long as it learns new things. Though, I do not mean that learned skills of former generations are automatically integrated into latter generations.
Imagine the act of painting for an instance. If a new painting is painted on a canvas with some predrawn image, it would introduce limitations to what the painting could become. On the contrary, if started with a blank canvas, a painting could take any form, without any limitations.
The brain is analogous to a multidimensional bio-chemical canvas that draws on itself continuously. Where every "brush stroke" is a newly formed or destroyed connection/structure, corresponding to a learned skill. Thus, the brain with less embedded knowledge has less restrictions to what it may become and has more potencial to become greater, than a brain that already has a embedded framework of ancestoral knowledge.
Therefore, if a brain was intelligent enough to realize the above, and if its goal was to become more intelligent, it would not chose to evolve into something with restrictons upon its existence.Mar 7 2013: There are some physical limitations involved in this question.
First of all, the brain is about as big as the human birth canal allows unless there is some evolution in this area.
The complexity in the brain structure (number of folds etc) can probably increase although I expect there is a reciprocity issue here.
The amount of energy the brain takes about 20% of our oxygen and glucose to run
Also, where are the evolutionary pressures that would force the brain to function "better" than it currently does.
Some people say that our exposure to technology and the quick pace of change is changing us.
Other people say that our exposure to technology is giving us shorted attention spans and smaller memories.
It is also not clear that intelligence was the primary goal that evolution had in mind when the brain project was started. Certainly cleverness in dealing with our environment surviving when surrounded by predators but not having much in the way of built in weaponry. Intelligence may just be an emergent behavour.
Is this mirror system unique to mankind or has it been in the brain design for many species?
If there is a jump in neuron evolution, it probably will not be a straight line advancement on the current structure.
Hadar Cohen
Mar 7 2013: Hi George!
- +1
Your question is quite complicated and definitely raises mixed responses from me.
On the one hand, I think that, as Edward Long has stated, our brains have always had the same capabilities. The product of what our brains can achieve is dependent on the time we live in and how well we uncover our subconscious minds. But not on our brain development. The more knowledge and ideas that are fed to it, the more advanced our creations will be.
However, on the other hand, I am drawn to the idea that our brains are constantly evolving. Which raises the question, when will this stop? Will our brains ever reach an ideal state of being or rather are they capable of infinite development? I do like to think that our world is limited, which would mean that our brain advancement is also limited.
So this is my long way of responding that I am don't know. Though if we did know the future of our brains, wouldn't it diminish the challenge of exploring the powers of them?
Mar 11 2013: Hi Hadar,
I liked the point you brought up about the abilities of our brain depending on the time we live in. I feel there are two ways to look at this situation. Our brain definitely has evolved over the last couple centuries in terms of the knowledge we have gathered. We learn more in school now than people may have a generation above us. As our society, and scientific community develops, there are constantly new ideas being brought forward, new innovations, new data. The time we live in is more advanced than say 50 years ago, and the fact that we can understand more could be viewed as our brain's development and progress. The other way of interpreting this question is to think about the actual biological processes that show that our brains are changing. The emergence of a mirror neuron system was a very significant, physical change that can be measured and understood. Whether another visual development like that will occur is difficult to predict. But I personally believe it could happen. We simply do not have the capability to imagine it or understand it until it does.
Mar 12 2013: Nicely said,
I agree on both counts. I think there is much evidence and reasoning to support the biological and cultural evolution that you just mentioned. That seems to be the path of history, always evolving and developing. If it did not happen in this way I do not think we would know what we know now.
As for the human brain, I think it will continue you to grow and I think this is evident by the examples Nemma pointed outMar 7 2013: What I feel is that our collective brain is living in 'the present' it continues to absorb and grow depending upon the time it is in. 3000 years in the past it acquired and evolved to absorb all that was needed for its growth and grappling with the than realities of living. 3000 years in to the future, it will be performing in the same manner. We as humans are mere 'observers' of a wondrous phenomena.
kelly crespo
Mar 7 2013: Not necessarily increase but change it function. I think that the human capabilities have adapted for relying on computers.
- +1
For example instead of your brain memorizing 20 phone numbers, your brain keep the knowledge of how to access it in a cell phone, and does not keep that data. If we continue this trend it the brain will adapt to using it functions for more hands on and analytical task, and let the computer store data.
(Pictures of the Mind: What the New Neuroscience Tells Us about Who We Are by:Miriam Boleyn-Fitzgerald)
Mar 12 2013: Hi Kelly,
you bring up an interesting point about our brain learning new functions based on the technologies. I would like to expand this to include even making discoveries. One can ask why didn't our brain discover the internet, electricity and all of the other common technologies we have today thousands of years ago - what took so long? I believe a big part of it could be the fact that man started learning more. We started using the parts of the our brain that store memory and that can think of creative ideas and formulate expression. Utilizing this part of the brain allowed us to make new discoveries and develop new technologies. I think that as we continue to learn and experience different parts of our world, our brain will continue to develop and we'll continue to learn new tasks. Other tasks can get weaker as well. I bet that our brain's ability to control our farming abilities and survival skills on a lost island are much weaker than they were thousands of years ago. It all comes down to our environments and how man decides to spend his time, which determines the underlying circuitry and strengths of the brain.
Comment deleted
Mar 7 2013: Hi Chris,
I'm not sure if I completely agree with you when you say the physical brain is no more able to generate thought than the physical heart generates emotions. In brain activity studies, certain neural networks in deferent parts of the brain were observed to be more active during a particular thought or emotional experience, suggesting that the brain does play a role in generating thought, or at least processing it.
Many people believe that the brain is the source of our consciousness because it is the least understood organ of our body. Every other organ can be identified as performing some mechanical function crucial to the proper function of our bodies. The brain has been said to contain more possible neural permutations than elementary particles in the universe so its complexity may never truly be understood. If our consciousness does not live in and originate from our brain, then where does it originate from?
Barry Palmer
Mar 6 2013: There is absolutely zero reason to believe that natural human evolution has stopped and a few reasons to believe it is continuing and possibly accelerating.
- +1
On the other hand, genetic manipulation might take over and essentially end natural human evolution.
Either naturally or artificially, there is every reason to believe our brain functions will eventually improve.
An outside factor that could bring human brain evolution to a halt would be the development of super human artificial intelligence. If artificial intelligence becomes vastly superior to human intelligence, we might rely solely on artificial intelligence for decision making. If you don't use it, you lose it.Mar 13 2013: I'm not a specialist in neurobiology but I'm afraid that apart from the contribution of the sophisticated mirror neuron system to spread civilisation and its usefulness related to skills developing and sharing for the progression of Mankind, explained in such a wonderful way by Ramachandran, I thinks that there must be many others sorts of neurons which can explain not the spreading of knowledge but our own mind discovery itself. How can we access to this discovery is the first step before spreadin it to the rest of the human beings .Mar 12 2013: What I think is that human brain is getting lazy .Mar 12 2013: Hey George!
I was actually just having a similar conversation with one of my friends the other week. He claimed that, in the future, humans will evolve to seek fulfillment rather than happiness, allowing humankind to be a more productive species. (I argued that fulfillment and happiness are abstract concepts that don't necessarily exist in mutually exclusive planes, but that's another argument for another time.)
I think that evolution in general is an inevitability. The world around us is constantly changing (Moore's law postulates that technology doubles in power every 18 months), and those that cannot adapt will have a lesser chance of furthering their genes. Our brains are adapting to this new technologically-based world, and we don't yet know the true impact. For example, apparently reading text on a computer screen and reading text on a piece of paper is a completely different experience for a brain (even more so for a developing brain), and we don't yet know the effect that will have on the minds of children that are growing up reading on devices like the Kindle.
(A series of really interesting essays/debates on this concept: http://roomfordebate.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/14/does-the-brain-like-e-books/ )
There's obviously no way in knowing with any accuracy how our brains will evolve in the future, but I do believe that the evolution will happen, and that technology will play a role in it in some form.Mar 12 2013: Singularity has the POTENTIAL to increase brain capacity. Though, like TV, it may drastically and insanely REDUCE brain capacity.........we can see this phenomenon in our world today.....on a daily basis...sometimes in ourselves.Mar 12 2013: Yes,, if the brain is healthy.Mar 12 2013: our brain capacity is very much that we still cant understand it .but I dont think our brain can increase its capability ,increasing refer to more using. for example if someone miss a part of his or her brain the other parts try to work more and more until can use more capacity, same if you dont use of your hand for some days,it will be weakness.
so if use it more, earn more, if you use it less, you earn nothing also you lose prefer capability.Mar 12 2013: I suggest how we use the brain we has and will continue to improve as we understand it's evolutionary weak points such as hyperactive agency assumption etc.
This is potentially a greater benefit or change in the medium term than further evolutionary changes.
How we use the brain also reinforces certain neural pathways, so the raw material may not change much, but the wired network and associated behaviours may.
I'm not sure how natural selection is working these days given low mortality rates. Gene frequency may be impacted more by which groups have the higher birth rates and I doubt this has much to do with brain advantages.Mar 12 2013: Question: (and correct me if I'm wrong)
Isn't the existence of mirror-neruon's speculative? I remember reading something that the neurophilosopher Patrica Chruchland said about its possible functions. Being that I am no scientist there is no way for me to articulate this but I found the reading interesting. She states that complex mental activities, such as having intentions, would be hard would have to have the right functionality and be in the right place to produce complex mental thoughts.
As for the this evolution and brain development I would say yes but there is perhaps no way of knowing when. I like to relate evolution and development to sports. You learn from the players before your time and develop your own path. That's how anyone improves and get better. You have to learn from somewhere. I guess its all amazing how our brain does this naturally.Mar 10 2013: Joke as part of my preceding post;
A man appeared in court facing charges for bicycle theft claiming it to be his own. When asked how long he had the bicycle he replied. "Your honor, I had this bicycle from the days when it was still only a tricycle. Fortunately for him the judge was an avid believer in evolution and the man was set free to go despite the lack of evidence to justify his acquittal.Mar 10 2013: Brains are there to emulate the perceived realities across the different levels of existence of the species. Every perceived reality can only be achieved within specific constraints of our environment. It's not the species that evolve across the different levels of evolution but rather consciousness that evolves through the different levels of evolution. All matter across all levels has been created to be specie specific, successively upholding the pillars of creation. As such each level has been designed with its set limitations having boundaries that cannot be crossed. Once the boundaries are reached it cannot be crossed and will self destruct to once more fall back to its lower limitations.
The Lost city of Atlantis which I would like to refer to as "The lost civilization of Atlantis" is a perfect example thereof. What is was and will be again, now where did I read that. A tricycle can no more become a bicycle than a bicycle can become a motorcycle. All levels of evolution is just that, being there as the supporting pillars to uphold and sustain the different levels for the manifestation of unified consciousness working its way up through the levels to eventually attain the highest level of consciousness. The only way to escape this eternal loop called humanity is to attain and become part of the unification of a higher level of consciousness. This is only possible through the realization that you have to give up your egocentric individualistic self.
To answer your question.
The human brain has once again almost reached the limitations it was intended for.
No more than an eagle can become a rabbit, than a rabbit can become a fox will mankind be allowed to become something else. It would defy the whole purpose of upholding the different impassable levels of evolution by means of purposeful creation. No link ever was nor ever will be found to link the different cycles of evolution.Mar 9 2013: No,evolution takes time and we have run out of it.Mar 9 2013: The truth is that brain size plays a very significant role in the very existence of man and amongst all the species including that at microscopic level which certainly also has a driving force behind it. The question to ask is how far you would need to dissect a brain before you can claim it no longer to be a brain. Brain size can be considered to be the mother of all of our perceived realities without which all species and organisms would have been totally lost amongst a world of matter.
As yet it is also still not clearly understood, if understood at all, why the duration for the development of brains from birth to adulthood differs so vastly amongst all the species of which humans is no exception. The complete development of a human's brain for example takes much longer than that of animals. By Googeling on the internet you will be inundated with thousands of speculations and well conducted research as to why, but sadly none capable of solving the mystery. I can go into this much more deeply, and there are limits to brain capacity as well as we are headed to a collective change. Feel free to study my website and you will understand in a new way. BushyMar 8 2013: If the brain will evolve in this way on it's own is likely impossible to answer. Technology would likely affect this type of change long before natural biological mutation and selection would. There are amazing things being done right now in the sciences. Genetic decoding and manipulation, bioinformatics could cut down on negative environmental factors, Stem cells and more and more precise surgical tools could help mitigate chronological damage by replacing dead neurons and cure Alzheimer's. Better diets attribute to gains in IQ. Computer brain interfaces? Well that tech is still pretty crude when applied to the kind of enhancements you are talking about but we have replaced limbs with robotic ones controlled through by electrical signals sent through the nervous system. I have even heard that there is some feedback, but that is probably attributable to the same phenomena that created the idea of ghosts. We have definitely not reached our peak yet.
Mar 11 2013: George, if I'm interpreting your question correctly, you're asking whether humans will ever experience another advancement through natural selection. Because the development of the mirror neuron was something that came about through natural selection, and the reason that it was so fit for survival was that it enabled a new kind of evolution.
- 0
Natural selection only happens if an environment is significantly better for some than others. But humans have made so much progress that we've almost removed ourselves from nature. We have medicine and transportation that enable us to survive harsh conditions. We are supporting each other's survival instead of competing for survival.
An advancement in our brain structure won't spread through future generations unless it were *much* better for survival than what we already have. Maybe there are people alive right now with advanced brain structures, but they're regarded by the people around them as abnormal, and they're discouraged from reproducing.
Like Tom said, natural evolution is such a slow process. We'll probably learn to force evolution sooner than nature can (by learning how to give someone dominant traits that can be passed on?), or we might advance digital technology so much that a development in brain structure is unnecessary.
Mar 12 2013: Jay, I highly recommend you watch the sci-fi comedy "Idiocracy". It portrays a future world, exactly how you describe, where natural selection no longer is applicable because human's rely on technology rather than intelligence to make decisions. I agree with you that we will probably learn to force evolution faster than nature can.Mar 8 2013: Our brain is limitless in its abilities. The Evolution of Human intellingence is not in the continued physical growth of the brain but now in the process of filling it with the experience of continued learned knowledge. The Neuron and Synaptic patterns are so large that its size will serve the purpose of the evolution of Human Intelligence to far beyond our present understanding.
Teo Teo
Mar 7 2013: We all believe that there is progress, because the mind and the brain is composed of various sub-systems are interconnected, also developed with one another. Factors affecting the development of it: not only related to genetic, but also the will try to think of several things simultaneously, to know what you want to achieve, be flexible. If you wish, please can visit -> http://www.psikotesonline.com , Maybe there is inspiration in there. Thank you for your trust.Mar 7 2013: I believe we will "wake" up it's already innate muted capability'sMar 7 2013: There is an argument that our brain sits in a kind of 'sweet spot' evolutionarily. Ie, that if it gets much bigger it's networks would begin to lose efficiency. This is corroborated by the fact that intelligent animals seem to all have brains converging on the size of ours, either bigger or smaller.
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However, seems to me that we could gain a new part of the brain, maybe something that did something new that the cerebral cortex doesn't do, or it might augment it in some way.
To me the main question is whether it will be an apple device or an android one ;)Mar 7 2013: We write our own script. My believe will help me continue to increase its capabilities. It will be an example for others and it is the process how human evolve. Engineering of Psychoware & Somatoware is going to be industry of Future. It will change education, religion, politics, health, finance and whole dimension of life. It is total solution for all walks of life and beyond. We are gifted bio computer.
Nature proposes and disposes us.
Untouchable part of existence is psychoware and touchable part of existence is somatoware.
Life energy, emotion, wisdom, skill, attitude are untouchable part of life, it is psychoware. Body and whole touchable existence is somatoware.
Religion, Philosophy, Tradition and Culture are operating system of life, same as windows or linex in computer.
Five sensory organs are our input and output device, same as monitor or keyboard etc in computer.
Mind works as information transformator, it convert information time and information space in real time and real space.
Orgon energy, say PRAN in Indian mysticism is power to the bio computer.
It is blend of our emotional expression and bio electrical charges on the surface of our skin at the time of emotion.
Miracles happen in our life when we are full of this energy and mind is working on something creative information to convert it in reality.
We are living in a connected human network globally, it is more powerful then www network.
We are constantly and continue changing or upgrading own bio computer through eye contacts, skin contacts, ear contacts, nose contacts, tongue contact.
Our teachers in school, parents at home, friends while we feel alone, media attack all are responsible for what we are today.
Mar 7 2013: Hi Suresh,
Your analogy is incredible to think about. Every aspect of our physical and non physical bodies can be paralleled by man made computer terminology. But, are we really upgrading our own bio computer through the sensory input we receive from the environment? Or just downloading new information? I can download a new advanced software on my computer and one might call it "smarter", however, my computer had the ability to run that software from the day I bought it. Is it really possible to upgrade for instance, the motherboard, or processor of our bio-computers? Thank you for your comment! The analogy presents a pathway for a new and fresh way to look at the question posed.
Mar 8 2013: George Holevas,
Software installation and data input are to different activity in computer. Software installation is extension/expansion of capacity. Development of hardware like speed of processor or invention of 3D printer or New dimension of Computing like electrochromic technology is revolution in hardware. These all are interdependent. Human interface is a greatest venue of development. Same is here in Psychoware and Somatoware, some installation depends upon our configuration of somatoware. It take generations to develop some capacities. Mutants and superhuman are an example on this planet. And sure it is possible to change your configuration of somatoware and psychoware with some Technics it is real spirituality. In india we call religion "Sanatan Dharam". It means constant up-gradation of psychoware and somatoware unto ultimate freedom from time and space.Mar 7 2013: Continuing my thought, I believe, discovery of new tools and behaviors cause changes in the brain which, in turn, lead to discovery of even more new tools and behaviors. E.g. I've heard argument that discovery of cooking food on fire significantly increased the amount of nutrients absorbed by human body which, in turn, accelerated brain development. I'm sure, computers and mobile devices change our brains too increasing the ability to process information. So, perhaps, it's the same "positive feedback system" which causes hurricanes, economic booms and crashes, flu epidemics, and popularity of funny cat videos.Mar 7 2013: After reading Julian Jaynes' " The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind" where he argues that there have been considerable changes in human brain since the times of Homer's Iliad (that's only about 3000 years ago), I believe that our brain changes continuously, perhaps every few generations. Consider that children in today's high schools easily absorb information that took humanity many centuries or even millennia to acquire.
I believe, development of computer technology - games, internet, video, audio, Facebook, Google, etc. changes our brain. I realize this just watching how fast a teenager types on a phone with 2 thumbs. That requires using a different brain area than I did when I was a kid. Consider today's sports. Watch what today's teenagers do on skate boards, bicycles, or snowboards. When I was a kid, this stuff could be only seen in a circus. Now they do it in the streets.
The changes are very gradual. Perhaps, my children are still very much like me. But, I am sure, today's environment makes them use different brain areas than I did when I was a kid. Over a few generations, this, definitely, will cause the brain to change.
It occurred to me in a conversation about artificial intelligence that if humans ever create a machine thinking like a human, our own brains will advance by that time, and this AI will never be quite like human brain.
But that, of course, is just my opinion. I'm not a neuroscientist and don't have research data to support what I say. MRI is used for just a few years. I'm sure, when someone analyzes the data over a few decades, your question will have a scientific answer.
Mar 7 2013: Hi Arkady,
You bring up an interesting point when you speculate on the different skills possessed within a single generation gap. The prospect of humans developing a certain part of their brain just from continued use in order to interact with their environment is amazing. People have understood the fact that we can manipulate our bodies and lose fat or gain muscle by exercising. It is not common knowledge, however, that we can physically alter the neural pathways of our brain by thought and action. Given the fast paced change in modern society, maybe we aren't far off after all from a major worldwide neural development which would benefit the continued success of mankind in some unforeseen way.Mar 7 2013: Well my answer depends on if you mean within the current framework of the brain or outside it via natural or artificial evolution.
If the question is inside the current framework, I don't think so because that locks our brains down into basically their current capacity. While we may develop a higher ability with a particular skill or something similar, the way the average brain develops precludes anything fundamentally new I think. With that said, if something freaky happened while a brain was being formed, it might actually do something useful instead of causing death or migraines, seizures, etc. But that's one case and is also in a sense outside the current framework.
If we're taking artificial or natural evolution into account, I think that the brain could emulate anything that can be represented purely with circuits or programming. Bio-control could be done too. Other technology like radios could be emulated if organs formed to make up the hardware parts.Mar 6 2013: The old saw that Einstein only used a quarter of his brain power, while most of us are lucky to get half of that, springs instantly to mind, but I have no idea if that is true or not...
But I do not see how it could be otherwise. Has evolution stopped suddenly?
Mar 7 2013: Hi Scott,
I agree with you that evolution has most likely not suddenly stopped in the Darwinian sense. Do you think it is possible, however, for another rapid development in our brain capabilities to occur, that is so powerful that it would allow us to essentially "jumpstart" our evolution, just as the skills of empathy and emulation allowed our ancestors long ago? Something to ponder... Thank you for your comment!


text:
This page states
"You may need to enable the PDO driver for your database of choice; consult the documentation for [database-specific PDO drivers] to find out more about that."
With the term "database-specific PDO drivers" being a link to this information. However you will no find this information on that or any of the pages that it in turn links to.
The appropriate config options seems to be only available by running ./config --help from the source directory after running autoconf.
Here is the related output from running that command:
--with-pdo-dblib[=DIR] PDO: DBLIB-DB support. DIR is the FreeTDS home directory
--with-pdo-firebird[=DIR] PDO: Firebird support. DIR is the Firebird base
install directory [/opt/firebird]
--with-pdo-mysql[=DIR] PDO: MySQL support. DIR is the MySQL base directoy
If mysqlnd is passed as DIR, the MySQL native
native driver will be used [/usr/local]
--with-zlib-dir[=DIR] PDO_MySQL: Set the path to libz install prefix
--with-pdo-oci[=DIR] PDO: Oracle OCI support. DIR defaults to $ORACLE_HOME.
Use --with-pdo-oci=instantclient,prefix,version
for an Oracle Instant Client SDK.
For Linux with 10.2.0.3 RPMs (for example) use:
PDO: Support for 'flavour' ODBC driver.
include and lib dirs are looked for under 'dir'.
'flavour' can be one of: ibm-db2, iODBC, unixODBC, generic
If ',dir' part is omitted, default for the flavour
you have selected will used. e.g.:
will check for unixODBC under /usr/local. You may attempt
to use an otherwise unsupported driver using the "generic"
flavour. The syntax for generic ODBC support is:
When build as shared the extension filename is always pdo_odbc.so
--with-pdo-pgsql[=DIR] PDO: PostgreSQL support. DIR is the PostgreSQL base
install directory or the path to pg_config
PDO: sqlite 3 support. DIR is the sqlite base
install directory [BUNDLED]
So if you wish for instance to install the PostgreSQL PDO driver, then you should add the --with-pdo-pgsql config option before compiling PHP. I may have made mistakes in my explination, however it appears to work and was my best guess given the absence of the mentioned documentation.


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Panasonic PTDX500U
PTDX500U 4500 Lumens XGA 1024 x 768 DLP Projector
The Panasonic PT-DX500U XGA Projector is flexible and powerful enough to thrive in a variety of working conditions. With a brightness of 4500 Lumens and a contrast ratio of 2000:1, the PT-DX500U uses a single lamp and ...
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Hitachi CPX807W
CPX807W CP X807 - LCD projector
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Sanyo PLCWM5500S
PLCWM5500S 5500 Lumens Multimedia Projector
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The InFocus IN5108 is a premium digital projector that offers world class power and integration flexibility, with SXGA+ resolution. This projector is ideal for applications which require display of highly detailed inform ...
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HD8200 Home Theater Series HD8200 1920 x 1080 DLP projector - HD 1080p - 1300 ANSI lumens
The Optoma HD8200 represents the finest in home theater technologies. Utilizing a 1080p DLP DMD chipset from Texas Instruments and Optoma's exclusive PureMotion technology, the HD8200 delivers excellent color saturation ...
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Eiki LC-XL100L
LC-XL100L LCD Projector With 5000 ANSI Lumens & XGA 1024x768
Combining large venue projection features with durable components and reduced maintenance, here�s a projector that delivers big screen performance on a budget. The EIKI LC-XL100 comes complete with a wide-range power zoo ...
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X95I 5000 Lumens 1024 x 768 XGA 1000:1 LCD Multimedia Projector
The 3M Digital Projector X95i offers a brightness of 5,000 ANSI lumens, a 1000:1 contrast ratio and XGA resolution. It uses inorganic LCD panels, which feature a higher resistance to light. This translates into longer op ...
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Christie Digital Systems LW400
LW400 WXGA Inorganic 3-LCD 4000 LUMEN PROJECTOR
The Christie LW400 offers all the features you have been looking for in a business projector, native wide resolution with perfect brightness for a small to medium sized room, in an unobtrusive size, at an affordable pric ...
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Vivitek D5500
D5500 5500 Lumen XGA Dual Lamp High Definition DLP Projector
The Vivitek D5500 XGA projector is a powerful, professional series projector with dual lamp technology, meaning your presentation will not go dark if a lamp fails. The D5500 offers ultra brightness with an incredible 550 ...
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Sanyo PLCXT35L
PLC-XT35L LCD Multi-Media Projector
The Sanyo PLC-XT35L projector with its high-tech optical system and the NSH330W lamp delivers an impressive 5000 ANSI lumens brightness level. This along with a high 1000:1 contrast ratio allows you to show impressive pr ...
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Christie Digital Systems LX500
LX500 XGA 5000 LUMEN LCD Projector
The Christie LX500 XGA LCD 5000 LUMEN Projector delivers high brightness and contrast in a compact, easy to use package. With 3000 hours lamp life (eco mode) , a unique airflow design and easy cleaning filter, high ...
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Sanyo PDGDXT10L
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The Sanyo PDG-DXT10L projector provides an exceptionally bright, high contrast image. Delivering a radiant 5200 ANSI Lumens, the PDG-DXT10L delivers first class brightness. The projector boasts a contrast ratio of 2100:1 ...
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Mitsubishi HL2750U
HL2750U LCD projector
The HL2750U is an affordable SXGA+ projector choice that adds installation flexibility with support for selected lenses. Your portable projector can move from short throw (distance from projector to screen) for smaller s ...
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InFocus IN5318
IN5318 DLP HD Projector With 4000 Lumens, Three Lens Choices, WUXGA (1920 x 1200) Resolution, 24/7 Rated, AMX Device Discovery, Single Lamp Design & Fits Easily Into a 2 x 2 Ceiling Tile
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Christie Digital Systems LX380
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Sanyo PDGDWT50LB
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Network ControlSANYO's standard RJ45 LAN feature allows for control and administration of a projector via a network. Projector status can be monitored and projector functions can be controlled through a web browser. A no ...
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Dell 7609WU
7609WU Projector 1920 x 1200 WUXGA native resolution 3850 lumens maximum brightness
Featuring an astounding 1920 x 1200 WUXGA native resolution, the 7609WU Projector offers a consistent viewing experience across widescreen laptop or widescreen flat panel monitors.With high brightness of 3850 ANSI Lumens ...
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Sanyo PLCXT35
PLC-XT35 5000 ANSI Lumens XGA (1024 x 768) LCD Multi-Media Projector
The Sanyo PLC-XT35 projector with its high-tech optical system and the NSH330W lamp delivers an impressive 5000 ANSI lumens brightness level. This along with a high 1000:1 contrast ratio allows you to show impressive pre ...
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Mitsubishi WD3300U
WD3300U WXGA (1280 x 800) DLP Projector - HD 720p - 4000 ANSI Lumens
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Sanyo PLCWM5500L
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Sanyo PLCXM150L
PLC-XM150/L 6,000 ANSI Lumens Portable Projector
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Mitsubishi XD3200U
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The XD3200U XGA projector is an installation projector that introduces a new lamp drive and color wheel systems that reduce operating costs and extend the life of your presentation projector�helping you stretch your budg ...
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Mitsubishi XD3500U
XD3500U DLP Projector 5000 ANSI Lumens XGA (1024 x 768)
Taking brightness to the next level, the new XD3500U XGA projector shines at a brilliant 5000 lumens with a 2500:1 contrast. An excellent choice for projecting bright, crisp images even in large rooms that are not comple ...
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Hitachi CPX809
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