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Perfect Ab Carver Pro
Product Information:
Get an intense ab workout at home or at the gym with the Perfect Ab Carver Pro. It's kinetic engine provides resistance as you roll it away and assistance on the way back up. This motion works all your abdominals as well as the muscles in your arms. The ultra-wide wheel and performance grips offer stability throughout the completion of your effective core workout.
- Ideal for core workouts
- Kinetic engine with carbon steel spring charges abdominal and arm workouts
- Ultra-wide wheel provides stability as you carve left, right, or center
- Rubberized non-slip ergonomic grips
- Includes foam kneepads
- Includes downloadable 21 day workout
- Weight: 5.52 lbs
- Style: 31042Y
- Perfect Fitness
Country of Origin: ChinaWeb ID: 13243145
Customer Reviews:
Rated 4.6 out of 5�by 75 reviewers.
Rated 5 out of 5�by Von You Will Suck in That Gut! I wanted to tone my abs and have seen all the gimmicks on television that costs substantially more. This roller is fierce. It?s wide and strong enough to support me at 6'2" H 215 W which was important. I can do 3 sets of 50 sit ups fairly easily but wasn't getting much by way of results. Try 2 sets of 20 with this and you are done! Don't get overly cocky and try to max out when you first get it as it will punish your abs and lower back (no seriously - please take your time). This simple to use machine is a b-e-a-s-t! Your core will be sore and you will also gain upper body strength. Pound for pound it is a still for the results it provides. Rock on Mr. Navy Seal and great job to whoever packaged the product and set up the in store display. Appearance matters and yours is quite impressive. April 30, 2013
Rated 4 out of 5�by Ray Rips the Abs Well I've used ab wheels in the past, but I never could get the stability thing down enough to really reap the benefits. This however has excellent stability, the grips on this wheel are awesome & very easy on the wrists. You can go for full extension or partial or mix it up. You can also go to either left or right. Overall it's very effective and don't take a whole lot of time before you notice positive results. May 16, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5�by ma Rock N Roller! This device will not disappoint. It's a high quality product, which was a great surprise considering some of the other poorly made devices in this sector. It does EXACTLY what it promises and does it well. On the box it says "Simple, But Not Easy" and that is the truth. I don't know how well it's targeting the other areas it mentions (chest, arms, back), but there's no doubt about it hitting the abdominal area...HARD. I highly recommend this product! March 7, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5�by lax this is a great product this is amazing not only does it give you a killer workout in the abs but also the triceps and on your sides. go buy this. June 3, 2014
Rated 5 out of 5�by tonyw Tighten muscles Only had the Ab Roller for a week and can already feel stomach and back muscles tightening. Very pleased. March 4, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5�by MauzMarine Great product, Great company I am a 28 year old male, former Marine and workout enthusiast. First of all, I want to say Dick's shipped this item extremely quick. I selected standard shipping on a Wednesday and the item arrived Friday before noon. The product itself is great. I use it daily and it really hits those lower abs. I have a bad left shoulder and this product defiantly eases that pain in comparison to the standard straight handlebar grips of "simpler" ab rollers. In conclusion, I recommend this product, it works well and I recommend that interested shoppers look no further and purchase from this company. February 15, 2014
Rated 4 out of 5�by Rexford very good workout far an old guy Really liked the width and stability of the wheel. It makes going left and right very easy and you can really feel the difference compared to straight out and back. The handles on it give a very secure and comfortable grip. Not so sure about the "spring assist" as I really don`t notice any "push back" on return. Should come with better work out booklet or DVD. A little concerned about long term quality as I already hear some creaking from handles and spring.Overall it is way better than the old "lawn mower wheel on a bar" devise which I used years ago! January 1, 2014
Rated 5 out of 5�by salzburg a great ab workout tool I bought this ab workout tool to replace the older version. This one doesn't hurt my elbows and back anymore when I am working out. It is a better design than the older version. In addition, it is more sturdy to use. I like it. May 21, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5�by greenman34 Great Value Product not only works the abdominal muscles, also works arms & shoulders. March 22, 2013
Rated 3 out of 5�by BossMan Good, but hard on the knees The knee pads are what sold me on this product, knowing that I would be using it on hard wood floor. However, after utilizing them I realized that they're not really padded at all. They slide on the floor, which interrupts my work out, and my knees get very sore. Would be worth the money with some improved knee padding. July 14, 2014


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33 CFR 115.20 - Transfer of permits.
Permits express merely the assent of the Federal Government so far as concerns the public rights of navigation. Although issued to a specific party, the assent is not limited to execution of the work by that party and may be availed of by the assignees or purchasers of the property affected, provided the terms of the instrument are strictly complied with.
Title 33 published on 2014-07-01.
No entries appear in the Federal Register after this date, for 33 CFR Part 115.

subset: commoncrawl


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Pool Cue Accessories
Find all the accessories for your pool cues here at PoolDawg.com. Whether its pool cue chalk, cue tips, tip tools or shaft cleaners, PoolDawg has the billiards accessories you're looking for. We have gloves, joint protectors, bridges, training books and much more are all in stock and ready to ship.
Action Deluxe Pool and Billiard Gloves
Our Price: $9.95
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Take your game to the next level with Action Deluxe gloves. Available in multiple sizes and colors, these gloves feature an adjustable touch fastener strap on the wrist for a perfect fit.Learn More


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|Football Archive » News » Roster » Schedule » Season Archives
Buccaneer Football enjoys record setting afternoon as they defeat Chattanooga, 68-7
Saturday, November 15, 2003Click here for a complete boxscore. JOHNSON CITY, Tenn. (Nov. 15, 2003) - The East Tennessee State Buccaneer football team snapped a 11-game losing streak in Southern Conference games Saturday afternoon as they pounded in-state rival Chattanooga, 68-7, from Memorial Center in Johnson City. The Bucs broke the school record for most points in a game, previously set in a 62-0 win over Charleston Southern in 1992. The Bucs (4-7, 1-6 Southern Conference) scored 68 unanswered points after the Mocs (3-8, 3-4 SoCon) took a 7-0 lead on a Kyle Oden one-yard touchdown plunge. The East Tennessee State offense caught fire when redshirt freshman quarterback Carl Meadows (Cumming, Ga.) came into the game in relief of starter Michael George (Alcoa, Tenn.). ETSU tied the game on a one-yard run by sophomore fullback Andre Brooks (Greenville, S.C.) then senior tailback Gaven Varner (Summerville, S.C.) put the Bucs on top with a seven-yard jaunt just four seconds into the second quarter. It was the beginning of an amazing second quarter for the Bucs as they scored 41 points to blow open the game. Varner rushed for two touchdowns in the quarter, Meadows threw for touchdowns to senior Andrew Nuckolls (Dalton, Ga.) and sophomore tight end Justin Cruze (Knoxville, Tenn.), junior tailback Austin Smiley (Memphis, Tenn.) got in the end zone on a seven-yard scamper and sophomore wideout James Rainer (Alcoa, Tenn.) scooped up a punt blocked by senior safety Montreal Harkley (Hanahan, S.C.) in the end zone for a score. The Buccaneer defense stepped it up in the second quarter, allowing just 21 yards of total offense to the Mocs. In addition to Harkley's blocked punt, junior safety Gerald Sensabaugh (Kingsport, Tenn.) blocked his fifth punt of the season. Harkley also picked off a Vinnie Miroth pass just four seconds after his blocked punt to go along with an interception by sophomore safety Primus Glover (Springfield, Ga.) and a fumble recovery by junior linebacker Scott Brumett (Pioneer, Tenn.), all in the second stanza. ETSU scored twice in the third quarter on a 10-yard quarterback draw by Meadows and a 90-yard interception return by junior cornerback Allen Davis (Mullins, S.C.). Davis' return was the third-longest in ETSU history, outdistanced only by a 100-yarder by Rick Harris in 1986 and a 96-yarder by Charlie Wells in 1976. The Bucs capped the afternoon's scoring with a nine-yard run by sophomore running back Joseph Gosman (Norfolk, Va.). Gosman's score came on the first carry of his Buccaneer career. With 116 yards rushing on just 16 carries, Varner passed the 1,000-yard mark in rushing this season. He becomes the first ETSU back since Brandon Walker in 1999 to pass the milestone. Varner ran for 94 yards in the first half, and was in on only a handful of plays in the second half. All told, the Bucs ran for 271 total yards on this afternoon's game, 45 more than in any other game this season. ETSU had 226 yards on the ground against Georgia Southern on Nov. 1. Tyrone Baisden led the Mocs with 69 yards on the ground on 12 carries. The Bucs held Miroth, the Southern Conference's leading passer, in check, as he finished the day 12-of-26 for 84 yards and three interceptions. Kurtis Koester finished out the game and led the Mocs with 110 yards on 8-of-11 passing. Meadows was almost flawless for the Bucs, going 7-of-10 for 97 yards and two touchdowns while running for another score. Nuckolls was the favorite target of the Buccaneer quarterbacks, hauling in three passes for 63 yards and a score. Jeremy Grier paced the UTC wideouts, catching seven passes for 56 yards. Alonzo Nix and Kwento Ikwuezunma caught four passes on the afternoon for the Mocs. The Buccaneer defense again turned in an outstanding effort with three sacks, three interceptions, nine tackles for losses and seven pass breakups. The unit was led by senior outside linebacker Matt Palmer (Summerton, S.C.) who had eight tackles and two sacks. He also tallied three tackles for losses in the game, giving him 22.5 this season, breaking the ETSU single-season record held by James Russell in 1994 and Derek Fudge in 1996. Sophomore cornerback Jeff Mitchell (Knoxville, Tenn.) has seven tackles, while Sensabaugh and senior nose tackle Brandon Calton (Pennington Gap, Va.) each had six stops. Calton also had two tackles for losses, a sack and a fumble recovery. Harkley and Davis each broke up three passes on the day. Defensive end Bernard Snowden led the Mocs with a game-high 10 tackles. Defensive tackle Leonard Mays had two tackles for losses and also blocked an extra point. East Tennessee State will play their final game in program history Saturday at 1 p.m. as the Bucs host SoCon rival The Citadel from Memorial Center in Johnson City.
Football Archives
2003-04 Football


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European Union law
|Wikisource has original text related to this article:
European Union law is a body of treaties and legislation, such as Regulations and Directives, which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of European Union member states. The three sources of European Union law are primary law, secondary law and supplementary law. The main sources of primary law are the Treaties establishing the European Union. Secondary sources include regulations and directives which are based on the Treaties. The legislature of the European Union is principally composed of the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, which under the Treaties may establish secondary law to pursue the objective set out in the Treaties.
European Union law is applied by the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union. Where the laws of member states provide for lesser rights European Union law can be enforced by the courts of member states. In case of European Union law which should have been transposed into the laws of member states, such as Directives, the European Commission can take proceedings against the member state under the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The European Court of Justice (part of the Court of Justice of the European Union) is the highest court able to interpret European Union law. Supplementary sources of European Union law include case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law.
- 1 History
- 2 Constitutional law
- 3 Conflict of laws
- 4 Administrative law
- 5 Social and market regulations
- 6 Free movement and trade
- 7 Public regulation
- 8 See also
- 9 Notes
- 10 References
- 11 External links
Part of a series on the
|History of the
European Union
|European Union portal
While the idea of international, and European integration of national polities has been voiced since the ancient world, the European Union is the modern version of organisations established after the Second World War. Because of the failure of the Treaty of Versailles' system of reparations and the collapse of the League of Nations after the First World War, it was decided that integration of national economies and political institutions was necessary to ensure that war would become unthinkable. Along with the framework of the United Nations and the Bretton Woods agreements, the original European Coal and Steel Community was created in 1950 to unify mining and manufacturing industries among France and Germany particularly. The first move to comprehensive economic integration was made in the Treaty of Rome.
As of July 2015, the member states of the European Union are (dates in brackets is the year entered into the EU):[2]
|Austria (1995)
|Italy (1958)
|Belgium (1958)
|Latvia (2004)
|Bulgaria (2007)
|Lithuania (2004)
|Croatia (2013)
|Luxembourg (1958)
|Cyprus (2004)
|Malta (2004)
|Czech Republic (2004)
|Netherlands (1958)
|Denmark (1973)
|Poland (2004)
|Estonia (2004)
|Portugal (1986)
|Finland (1995)
|Romania (2007)
|France (1958)
|Slovakia (2004)
|Germany (1958)
|Slovenia (2004)
|Greece (1981)
|Spain (1986)
|Hungary (2004)
|Sweden (1995)
|Ireland (1973)
|United Kingdom (1973)
As of July 2015, there are also five countries recognized as candidates for future membership: Turkey, Albania, Montenegro, Serbia and Macedonia.[3]
Constitutional law[edit]
Although the European Union does not have a formally codified constitution,[4] similar for example to the United Kingdom,[5] it does have a set of rules which necessarily constitute the procedures for making law. The primary sources are the Treaties establishing the European Union, which stipulate the functioning of the European Union, list its competences and determine the relations between the EU and its member states. These also contain the rules for generating new laws, particularly Directives and Regulations, through the European Commission, the Council of Ministers and the European Parliament. The European Commission is in charge of a series of departments, and ultimately oversees the EU's various agencies. Ultimately the European Council, composed of the Prime Ministers or executive Presidents of the member states, as it appoints the Commissioners and the heads of the European Central Bank. The European Court of Justice is the supreme judicial body which interprets EU law, and has developed the progression of EU through its decided cases. It is able to review the legality of the European Union's actions, in compliance with the Treaties, as well as the actions of member states in their compliance with EU law.
The primary law of the EU consists mainly of the founding treaties of the European Union, the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), which are together named Treaties of the European Union. The Treaties contain formal and substantive provisions, which frame policies of the European Union institutions and determine the division of competences between the European Union and the 28 member states. The TEU establishes that European Union law applies to the metropolitan territories of the member states, as well as certain islands and overseas territories, including Madeira, the Canary Islands and the French overseas departments. European Union law also applies in territories where a member state is responsible for external relations, for example Gibraltar and the Åland islands. The TEU allows the European Council to make specific provisions for regions, as for example done for customs matters in Gibraltar and Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon. The TEU specifically excludes certain regions, for example the Faroe Islands, from the jurisdiction of European Union law. Treaties apply as soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise, and are generally concluded for an unlimited period. The TEU provides that commitments entered into by the member states between themselves before the treaty was signed no longer apply.[vague] All EU member states are regarded subject to the general obligation of the principle of cooperation, as stated in the TEU, whereby member states are obliged not take measure which could jeopardise the attainment of the TEU objectives. The Court of Justice of the European Union can interpret the Treaties, but it cannot rule on their validity which is subject to international law. Individuals may rely on primary law in the Court of Justice of the European Union if the Treaty provisions have a direct effect and they are sufficiently clear, precise and unconditional.[6]
The principal Treaties that form the European Union began with common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy, but more complete and formal institutions were established through the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 (now: TFEU). Minor amendments were made during the 1960s and 1970s.[7] Major amending treaties were signed to complete the development of a single, internal market in the Single European Act 1986, to further the development of a more social Europe in the Treaty of Amsterdam 1997, and to make minor amendments to the relative power of member states in the EU institutions in the Treaty of Nice 2001 and the Treaty of Lisbon 2007. Since its establishment, more member states have joined through a series of accession treaties, from the UK, Ireland, Denmark and Norway in 1972 (though Norway did not end up joining), Greece in 1979, Spain and Portugal 1985, Austria, Finland, Norway and Sweden in 1994 (though again Norway failed to join, because of lack of support in the referendum), the Czech Republic, Cyprus, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia in 2004, Romania and Bulgaria in 2007 and Croatia in 2013. Greenland signed a Treaty in 1985 giving it a special status. Norway remains the only Scandinavian power not to have joined the European Union, having rejected membership in two referenda, in 1972 and 1994.
The legislature of the European Union is principally composed of the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. European Union treaties allow for the adoption of legislation and other legal acts so as to allow the EU to pursue the objective set out in the treaties. These are secondary European Union law. The treaties have not established any single body as a legislature. Instead legislative power is spread out among the Institutions of the European Union, although the principal actors are the Council of the European Union (or Council of Ministers), the European Parliament and the European Commission. The relative power of a particular institution in the legislative process depends on the legislative procedure used, which in turn depends on the policy area to which the proposed legislation is concerned. In some areas, they participate equally in the making of EU law, in others the system is dominated by the Council. Which areas are subject to which procedure is laid down in the treaties of the European Union.
The Commission, Council and Parliament can all create secondary law, which includes unilateral acts and agreements by the Legislature of the European Union. Unilateral acts can be done under Article 288 of the TFEU, including regulations, directives, decisions, opinions and recommendations. Unilateral acts not falling under Article 288 TFEU are atypical acts such as communications and recommendations, and white and green papers. Agreements can include international agreements, signed by the European Union, agreements between Member States; and inter-institutional agreements, for example between European Union institutions.[6]
Directives, regulations, decisions, recommendations and opinions constitute European Union legislation, which must have a legal basis in specific Treaty articles, or primary European law. Directives set (sometimes quite specific) objectives but leave the implementation to the EU's member states. Regulations are directly applicable to member states and take effect without the need for implementing measures.
The Commission of the European Union is the executive body, in the sense that it carries out the work of implementing and enforcing EU law. Although there have been proposals to require that the Commissioners are drawn from elected members of the European Parliament, members remain chosen in bargaining among the various heads of member states.
Aside from its legislative functions, the European Commission's most important role is managing the bureaucracy of the EU's various departments.
While EU law is applied also by the 3 courts of the Court of Justice of the European Union, it is mainly applied by all courts of the member states of the European Union.
The Court of Justice of the European Union is established through article 19 of the Maastricht Treaty and includes the Court of Justice, the General Court and specialised courts. Its duty is to "ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed". The Court of Justice consists of one judge from each European Union member state, and the General Court includes at least one judge from each member state. Judges are appointed for a renewable six-year term. It is the role of the Court of Justice to rule, in accordance with the Treaties, on cases brought by a member state, a European Union institution or a legal person. The Court of Justice can also issue preliminary rulings, at the request of a member state's courts or tribunals, on the interpretation of European Union law or the validity of acts by European Union institutions. The Court of Justice can rule in other cases if they are provided for in the Treaties.[8]
Supplementary sources of EU law are uncodified sources, including Court of Justice of the European Union case law, international law and the general principles of law. Supplementary sources are generally of judicial origin and are used by the Court of Justice of the European Union in cases where the primary and/or secondary legislation leave gaps or do not settle the issue. Since the 1970s fundamental rights, recognised as general principles of European Union law, have become part of primary legislation in European Union law. The European Union and its member states must abide by international law, including its treaties and customary law, and has particularly influenced the development of general principles of European Union law. However, the Court of Justice of the European Union can excluded certain principles of international law that it considers incompatible with the structure of the European Union, such as the principle of reciprocity in the fulfilment of state obligations.[9]
Conflict of laws[edit]
European Union law is applied by the courts of member states and where the laws of member states provide for lesser rights than European Union law, European Union law can be enforced by the courts of member states. In case of European Union law which should have been transposed into the laws of member states, such as Directives, the European Commission can take proceedings against the member state under the EC Treaty. The Court of Justice of the European Union is the highest court able to interpret European Union law.[10] European Union law which can be directly enforced by courts in member states is said to have direct effect.[11]
Simon Hix argues that direct effect and the supremacy doctrine has transformed the EU from an international organisation to a "quasifederal polity".[12] According to J.H.H. Weiler, parallels to the architecture of the European Union can be found only in the internal constitutional order of federal states.[13] Sergio Fabbrini argues that the European Union developed after the two world wars as Europe moved towards supernationalism with a multi-level system of governance. Vertical federalisation is mixed with horizontal separation of powers between the European Community institutions and therefore the EU does not conform to the structures of a conventional federal system.[14]
Effect of EU law[edit]
In Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen (1963),[15] the European Court of Justice (ECJ) ruled that the provisions of the then EEC treaty were capable of having direct effect before the national courts of EEC member states. The result was to create an alternative manner of enforcing the obligations undertook by member states in the treaties, to the more traditional method of state enforcement in the form of enforcement actions taken by the European Commission at a supranational level. Individuals could now use national courts to invoke EU treaty provisions against member state governments. The pre-conditions for direct effect are that the provisions on which an individual wishes to rely are sufficiently clear and unconditional, and that there is no scope for member states to exercise discretion in implementation. Thus, a regulation that allows member states to privatise roads would not have direct effect and could not be enforced in the courts, because it provides that states may privatise roads, not must privatise roads. While direct effect was first developed in relation to treaty articles, the ECJ subsequently ruled that regulations and decisions could also have direct effect as well.[16] In Marshall v Southampton and South West Area Health Authority (Teaching) (No 1),[17] the ECJ ruled that while directives could also have direct effect, they could only do so in respect of public bodies. However, the ECJ has taken a broad view of what constitutes a public body and has found that a state-owned gas company was a public body subject to direct effect.[18] In contrast treaty articles, regulations and decisions can have direct effect against private entities.[19] Recommendations and opinions were held to not have direct effect, as they were not intended to be binding, though they should be taken into consideration when interpreting the European Union law they supplement or the national law they implement.[20]
Indirect effect describes a situation where the courts in member states use European Union law to interpret national laws, as oppose to direct effect where European Union law is applied directly. Treaty articles, Regulations and Decisions can all have direct effect except where they are unclear or conditional. In such cases they may have indirect effect, but are unlikely to be of much use for interpreting national laws. Recommendations and Opinions cannot have direct effect, but may have indirect effect, when interpreting the European Union law they supplement or national laws, as established in Grimaldi v Fonds des Maladies Professionnelles [1989] ECR 4407 Case C-322/88. Von Colson and Kamann v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen [1984] ECR 1891 Case 14/83 established that Directives can have indirect effect in where an individual takes action in a national court against another individual, where a Directive can never have direct effect, or where the provision of the directive is not sufficiently clear and unconditional to have direct effect.[21]
Francovich v Italy (1990)[22] requires that the state pays compensation to individuals if it fails to properly implement a Directive.
In Costa v ENEL [1964] ECR 585 the European Court of Justice held that in situations where there is a conflict between the laws of member states and European Union law, European Union law prevails, because "a subsequent unilateral act incompatible with the concept of the Community cannot prevail". However, according to the 1993 Maastricht Accord the European Union does not prevent member states from maintaining or introducing more stringent laws on working conditions, social policy, consumer protection and the environment, so long as these laws are compliant with the Treaty of Rome, which has relevant provisions in these areas. Some courts in member states have resented the supremacy doctrine though it is not commonly challenged and the European Court of Justice has encouraged legal interpretation in light of European Union law by courts in member states as alternative to repealing or amending laws of member states which conflict with European Union law. A source of tension has historically been the relationship between the constitutions of member states and European Union law. Unlike the UK, most continental European member states have written constitutions and some have constitutional courts with the exclusive power to interpret the national constitution. The European Court of Justice has rules that such courts must apply European Union law in its entirety, to avoid any conflicting provisions of national law. Until recently the French constitutional court has regarded itself not empowered to review administrative measures, as it did not recognise the review power and duty provided to it by European Union law. The German and Italian constitutional courts initially refused to strike down national laws which conflicted with European Union law. The legal system of the European Union depends heavily on the courts in member states to acknowledge and uphold European Union law, and to follow the interpretation of the European Court of Justice if there is one. The supremacy doctrine has found widespread acceptance, though the direct and indirect application of European Union law still needs to fully establish itself.[23]
International law[edit]
The European Court of Justice, although technically autonomous, is practically required to take account of international law in its decision making.
- Jus cogens norms
- European Convention on Human Rights
Administrative law[edit]
Judicial review[edit]
- Preliminary rulings
- Standing to claim judicial review
- Grounds of review
General principles[edit]
The principles of European Union law are rules of law which have been developed by the European Court of Justice that constitute unwritten rules which are not expressly provided for in the treaties but which affect how European Union law is interpreted and applies. In formulating these principles, the courts have drawn on a variety of sources, including: public international law and legal doctrines and principles present in the legal systems of European Union member states and in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. Accepted general principles of European Union Law include fundamental rights (see human rights), proportionality, legal certainty,[24] equality before the law and subsidiarity.[25]
Proportionality is recognised one of the general principles of European Union law by the European Court of Justice since the 1950s.[26] According to the general principle of proportionality the lawfulness of an action depends on whether it was appropriate and necessary to achieve the objectives legitimately pursued. When there is a choice between several appropriate measures the least onerous must be adopted, and any disadvantage caused must not be disproportionate to the aims pursued.[26] The principle of proportionality is also recognised in Article 5 of the EC Treaty, stating that "any action by the Community shall not go beyond what is necessary to achieve the objectives of this Treaty".[27]
The concept of legal certainty is recognised one of the general principles of European Union law by the European Court of Justice since the 1960s.[28] It is an important general principle of international law and public law, which predates European Union law. As a general principle in European Union law it means that the law must be certain, in that it is clear and precise, and its legal implications foreseeable, specially when applied to financial obligations. The adoption of laws which will have legal effect in the European Union must have a proper legal basis. Legislation in member states which implements European Union law must be worded so that it is clearly understandable by those who are subject to the law.[29] In European Union law the general principle of legal certainty prohibits Ex post facto laws, i.e. laws should not take effect before they are published.[28] The doctrine of legitimate expectation, which has its roots in the principles of legal certainty and good faith, is also a central element of the general principle of legal certainty in European Union law.[30] The legitimate expectation doctrine holds that and that "those who act in good faith on the basis of law as it is or seems to be should not be frustrated in their expectations".[29]
Human rights[edit]
Fundamental rights, as in human rights, were first recognised by the European Court of Justice in the late 60s and fundamental rights are now regarded as integral part of the general principles of European Union law. As such the European Court of Justice is bound to draw inspiration from the constitutional traditions common to the member states. Therefore, the European Court of Justice cannot uphold measures which are incompatible with fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states. The European Court of Justice also found that "international treaties for the protection of human rights on which the member states have collaborated or of which they are signatories, can supply guidelines which should be followed within the framework of Community law."[31]
None of the original treaties establishing the European Union mention protection for fundamental rights. It was not envisaged for European Union measures, that is legislative and administrative actions by European Union institutions, to be subject to human rights. At the time the only concern was that member states should be prevented from violating human rights, hence the establishment of the European Convention on Human Rights in 1950 and the establishment of the European Court of Human Rights. The European Court of Justice recognised fundamental rights as general principle of European Union law as the need to ensure that European Union measures are compatible with the human rights enshrined in member states' constitution became ever more apparent.[32] In 1999 the European Council set up a body tasked with drafting a European Charter of Human Rights, which could form the constitutional basis for the European Union and as such tailored specifically to apply to the European Union and its institutions. The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union draws a list of fundamental rights from the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the Declaration on Fundamental Rights produced by the European Parliament in 1989 and European Union Treaties.[33]
The 2007 Lisbon Treaty explicitly recognised fundamental rights by providing in Article 6(1) that "The Union recognises the rights, freedoms and principles set out in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union of 7 December 2000, as adopted at Strasbourg on 12 December 2007, which shall have the same legal value as the Treaties." Therefore, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union has become an integral part of European Union law, codifying the fundamental rights which were previously considered general principles of European Union law.[34] In effect, after the Lisbon Treaty, the Charter and the Convention now co-exist under European Union law, though the former is enforced by the European Court of Justice in relation to European Union measures, and the latter by the European Court of Human Rights in relation to measures by member states.[35]
Remedies for breach[edit]
- Damages actions
- Money claims
- No specific performance?
Social and market regulations[edit]
Consumer protection[edit]
- Product Liability Directive 85/374/EEC
- Unfair Commercial Practices Directive 2005/29/EC
- Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Directive 93/13/EC
- Consumer Rights Directive 2011/83/EC
- Payment Services Directive 2007/64/EC
- Small business protection
- Late Payments Directive 2011/7/EU
Labour law[edit]
The Social Chapter is a chapter of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam covering social policy issues in European Union law.[36] The basis for the Social Chapter was developed in 1989 by the "social partners" representatives, namely UNICE, the employers' confederation, the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) and CEEP, the European Centre of Public Enterprises. A toned down version was adopted as the Social Charter at the 1989 Strasbourg European Council. The Social Charter declares 30 general principles, including on fair remuneration of employment, health and safety at work, rights of disabled and elderly, the rights of workers, on vocational training and improvements of living conditions. The Social Charter became the basis for European Community legislation on these issues in 40 pieces of legislation.[36]
The Social Charter was subsequently adopted in 1989 by 11 of the then 12 member states. The UK refused to sign the Social Charter and was exempt from the legislation covering Social Charter issues unless it agreed to be bound by the legislation. The UK subsequently was the only member state to veto the Social Charter being included as the "Social Chapter" of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty - instead, an Agreement on Social Policy was added as a protocol. Again, the UK was exempt from legislation arising from the protocol, unless it agreed to be bound by it. The protocol was to become known as "Social Chapter", despite not actually being a chapter of the Maastricht Treaty. To achieve aims of the Agreement on Social Policy the European Union was to "support and complement" the policies of member states. The aims of the Agreement on Social Policy are:[36]
"promotion of employment, improving living and working conditions, proper social protection, dialogue between management and labour, the development of human resources with a view to lasting high employment and the combating of exclusion"[36]
Following the election of Tony Blair as UK Prime Minister in 1997 the UK formally subscribed to the Agreement on Social Policy, which allowed it to be included with minor amendments as the Social Chapter of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam. The UK subsequently adopted the main legislation previously agreed under the Agreement on Social Policy, the 1994 Works Council Directive, which required workforce consultation in businesses, and the 1996 Parental Leave Directive.[36] In the 10 years following the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam and adoption of the Social Chapter the European Union has undertaken policy initiatives in various social policy areas, including labour and industry relations, equal opportunity, health and safety, public health, protection of children, the disabled and elderly, poverty, migrant workers, education, training and youth.[37]
Company law[edit]
- Institutions for Occupational Retirement Provision Directive
- Shareholder Rights Directive
- Societas Europaea
- Employee Involvement Directive
- Insolvency Directive
Competition law[edit]
EU Competition law has its origins in the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) agreement between France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany in 1951 following the second World War. The agreement aimed to prevent Germany from re-establishing dominance in the production of coal and steel as members felt that its dominance had contributed to the outbreak of the war. Article 65 of the agreement banned cartels and article 66 made provisions for concentrations, or mergers, and the abuse of a dominant position by companies.[38] This was the first time that competition law principles were included in a plurilateral regional agreement and established the trans-European model of competition law. In 1957 competition rules were included in the Treaty of Rome, also known as the EC Treaty, which established the European Economic Community (EEC). The Treaty of Rome established the enactment of competition law as one of the main aims of the EEC through the "institution of a system ensuring that competition in the common market is not distorted". The two central provisions on EU competition law on companies were established in article 85, which prohibited anti-competitive agreements, subject to some exemptions, and article 86 prohibiting the abuse of dominant position. The treaty also established principles on competition law for member states, with article 90 covering public undertakings, and article 92 making provisions on state aid. Regulations on mergers were not included as member states could not establish consensus on the issue at the time.[39]
Today, the Treaty of Lisbon prohibits anti-competitive agreements in Article 101(1), including price fixing. According to Article 101(2) any such agreements are automatically void. Article 101(3) establishes exemptions, if the collusion is for distributional or technological innovation, gives consumers a "fair share" of the benefit and does not include unreasonable restraints that risk eliminating competition anywhere (or compliant with the general principle of European Union law of proportionality). Article 102 prohibits the abuse of dominant position, such as price discrimination and exclusive dealing. Article 102 allows the European Council to regulations to govern mergers between firms (the current regulation is the Regulation 139/2004/EC).[40] The general test is whether a concentration (i.e. merger or acquisition) with a community dimension (i.e. affects a number of EU member states) might significantly impede effective competition. Articles 106 and 107 provide that member state's right to deliver public services may not be obstructed, but that otherwise public enterprises must adhere to the same competition principles as companies. Article 107 lays down a general rule that the state may not aid or subsidise private parties in distortion of free competition and provides exemptions for charities, regional development objectives and in the event of a natural disaster.
Financial market regulation[edit]
- Markets in Financial Instruments Directive 2004/39/EC
- Undertakings for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities Directives
- Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive 2011/61/EU
- European Securities and Markets Authority
- European Banking Authority
- European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority
Obligations and property[edit]
Generally, there is no EU regulation of private law, rather than a collection of various initiatives. The main exception is in intellectual property rights.
- Rome I Regulation
- Rome II Regulation
- Principles of European Contract Law
- Principles of European Tort Law
- D Leczykiewicz and S Weatherill, The Involvement of EU Law in Private Law Relationships (2013)
- Copyright Directive
- Copyright Duration Directive
- Copyright Term Directive
- European Union patent
- Trade Marks Directive
Free movement and trade[edit]
The core of European Union economic and social policy is summed up under the idea of the four freedoms - free movement of goods, capital, services and persons. Sometimes, they are also counted up as five freedoms, namely the free movement of goods, capital, services, workers and the freedom of establishment, but the difference is merely in denomination, they both refer to the same areas of substantive law.
As a customs union and a single market, the EU aims at the elimination of customs duties and measures having an equivalent effect to customs duties between its members. Thus, to ensure this fundamental aim of the EU, the ECJ interprets the relevant TFEU articles, 28-30, rather strictly. For example, the ECJ emphasized that the Treaty provisions can be applicable even if the state measure was not intended to be protectionist by design.[41]
|This section requires expansion. (January 2012)
Workers and citizens[edit]
Free movement of economically active workers is guaranteed under TFEU article 45.
|This section requires expansion. (January 2012)
Services and establishment[edit]
|This section requires expansion. (January 2012)
|This section requires expansion. (January 2012)
Public regulation[edit]
Fiscal and monetary policy[edit]
- Treaty Establishing the European Stability Mechanism
- TFEU art 119-133
- Pringle v Government of Ireland (2012) C‑370/12
- Gauweiler v Deutsche Bundestag (2015) C-62/14
- European Union value added tax
- European Union withholding tax
- European Union financial transaction tax (proposal)
Environmental law[edit]
Natural resource management[edit]
Data and information[edit]
- Data Retention Directive
- Database Directive
- Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications
- Directive on the re-use of public sector information
Foreign policy[edit]
Criminal law[edit]
In 2006, a toxic waste spill off the coast of Côte d'Ivoire, from a European ship, prompted the Commission to look into legislation against toxic waste. Environment Commissioner Stavros Dimas stated that "Such highly toxic waste should never have left the European Union". With countries such as Spain not even having a crime against shipping toxic waste, Franco Frattini, the Justice, Freedom and Security Commissioner, proposed with Dimas to create criminal sentences for "ecological crimes". The competence for the Union to do this was contested in 2005 at the Court of Justice resulting in a victory for the Commission.[42] That ruling set a precedent that the Commission, on a supranational basis, may legislate in criminal law – something never done before. So far, the only other proposal has been the draft intellectual property rights directive.[43] Motions were tabled in the European Parliament against that legislation on the basis that criminal law should not be an EU competence, but was rejected at vote.[44] However, in October 2007, the Court of Justice ruled that the Commission could not propose what the criminal sanctions could be, only that there must be some.[45]
See also[edit]
- Area of freedom, security and justice
- Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
- Community patent
- Corpus Juris or Acquis
- Directive 95/46/EC on the protection of personal data
- EudraLex
- EUR-Lex
- European Case Law Identifier (ECLI)
- European Company and Cooperative Statutes
- European Legislation Identifier (ELI)
- European NAvigator
- Gold-plating (European Union law)
- Home state regulation
- Host state regulation
- Incidental effect
- List of European Court of Justice rulings
- Master of European Law
- Maximum harmonisation
- Minimum harmonisation
- Supranational law
- ^ Distinct from the idea of conquest or empire, examples include Pierre Dubois proposing a standing committee of princes in 1306, Quaker William Penn proposing a Parliament in 1693, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Jeremy Bentham and Henri Saint-Simon.
- ^ http://europa.eu/about-eu/countries/index_en.htm
- ^ http://europa.eu/about-eu/countries/index_en.html
- ^ This remains true because of the failure of the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe after its rejection in 2005 by referenda in France and the Netherlands.
- ^ See AW Bradley and KD Ewing, Constitutional and Administrative Law (2012) ch 1 and W Bagehot, The English Constitution (1867)
- ^ a b "Primary law". Europa. 12 August 2010.
- ^ Additional Treaties amending the founding treaties are the Merger Treaty on the merger of the executive institutions 196, the Budgetary Treaty amending certain budgetary provisions of the Community treaties 1970, the Treaty of Brussels amending certain financial provisions of the Community treaties and establishing a Court of Auditors 1975, and the Act on the election of members of the European Parliament by direct universal suffrage in 1976.
- ^ Chalmers, Damien; Davies, Gareth; Monti, Giorgio (2010). European Union Law: cases and Materials. Cambridge University Press. pp. 143–144. ISBN 978-0-521-12151-4.
- ^ "The non-written sources of European law: supplementary law". Europa. 20 August 2010.
- ^ Berry, Elspeth; Hargreaves, Sylvia (2007). European Union law (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-19-928244-9.
- ^ Berry, Elspeth; Hargreaves, Sylvia (2007). European Union law (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-19-928244-9.
- ^ Hix, Simon. The Political System of the European Union (2nd ed.). p. 123. ISBN 0-333-96182-X.
- ^ J. H. H. Weiler (June 1991). "The Transformation of Europe". The Yale Law Journal 100 (8): 2403. JSTOR 796898.
- ^ Fabbrini, Sergio (2005). Democracy and federalism in the European Union and the United States:exploring post-national governance. Routledge. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-415-33392-4.
- ^ [1963] Case 26/62 ECR 1
- ^ Berry, Elspeth; Hargreaves, Sylvia (2007). European Union law (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-19-928244-9.
- ^ [1986] Case 152/84 ECR 723
- ^ Case-188/89, Foster v British Gas [1990] ECR I-3313.
- ^ Berry, Elspeth; Hargreaves, Sylvia (2007). European Union law (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-19-928244-9.
- ^ "The national courts are bound to take recommendations into consideration in order to decide disputes submitted to them, in particular where they cast light on the interpretation of national measures adopted in order to implement them or where they are designed to supplement binding Community provisions". — Case C-322/88, Grimaldi v Fonds des Maladies Professionnelles [1989] ECR 4407 at para 18.
- ^ Berry, Elspeth; Hargreaves, Sylvia (2007). European Union law (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 63–64. ISBN 978-0-19-928244-9.
- ^ Haughwout Folsom, Ralph; Lake, Ralph B.; Nada, Ved P. (1996). European Union law after Maastricht: a practical guide for lawyers outside the Common Market (2nd ed.). Kluwer Law International. pp. 23–25. ISBN 978-90-411-0971-2.
- ^ Kent, Penelope (2001). Law of the European Union (3rd ed.). Pearson Education. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-582-42367-1.
- ^ Davies, Karen (2003). Understanding European Union law. Routledge. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-85941-848-2.
- ^ a b Chalmers, Damian (2006). European Union law: text and materials. Cambridge University Press. p. 448. ISBN 978-0-521-52741-5.
- ^ Kaczorowsky, Alina (2008). European Union law. Taylor & Francis. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-415-44797-3.
- ^ a b Chalmers, Damian (2006). European Union law: text and materials. Cambridge University Press. p. 454. ISBN 978-0-521-52741-5.
- ^ a b Kaczorowsky, Alina (2008). European Union law. Taylor & Francis. p. 232. ISBN 978-0-415-44797-3.
- ^ Chalmers, Damian (2006). European Union law: text and materials. Cambridge University Press. p. 455. ISBN 978-0-521-52741-5.
- ^ Kent, Penelope (2001). Law of the European Union (3rd ed.). Pearson Education. pp. 41–43. ISBN 978-0-582-42367-1.
- ^ Giacomo, Di Federico (2011). The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights: From Declaration to Binding Instrument. Volume 8 of Ius Gentium Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice. Springer. p. 147. ISBN 978-94-007-0155-7.
- ^ Horspool, Margot (2006). European Union law. Butterworths core text series (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-19-928763-5.
- ^ Giacomo, Di Federico (2011). The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights: From Declaration to Binding Instrument. Volume 8 of Ius Gentium Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice. Springer. p. 38. ISBN 978-94-007-0155-7.
- ^ G Di Federico, The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights: From Declaration to Binding Instrument (Springer 2011) Volume 8 of Ius Gentium Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice, 41–42
- ^ a b c d e Archer, Clive (2008). The European Union. Volume 21 of Global institutions series. Taylor & Francis. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-415-37012-7.
- ^ Archer, Clive (2008). The European Union. Volume 21 of Global institutions series. Taylor & Francis. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-415-37012-7.
- ^ Papadopoulos, Anestis S (2010). The International Dimension of EU Competition Law and Policy. Cambridge University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-521-19646-8.
- ^ Papadopoulos, Anestis S (2010). The International Dimension of EU Competition Law and Policy. Cambridge University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-521-19646-8.
- ^ Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 of 20 January 2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings (the EC Merger Regulation)
- ^ Craig, Paul; Búrca, Gráinne de (2011-08-18). EU Law: Text, Cases, and Materials. OUP Oxford. p. 611-614. ISBN 9780199576999.
- ^ Case C-176/03 Commission v Council
- ^ Charter, David (2007). "A new legal environment". E!Sharp (People Power Process). pp. 23–5.
- ^ Gargani, Giuseppe (2007). "Intellectual property rights: criminal sanctions to fight piracy and counterfeiting". European Parliament. Retrieved 30 June 2007.
- ^ Mahony, Honor (23 October 2007). "EU court delivers blow on environment sanctions". EU Observer. Retrieved 23 October 2007.; Case C-440/05 Commission v Council
- Books
- A O'Neill, EU Law for UK Lawyers (Hart 2011)
- P Craig and G de Búrca, EU Law: Text, Cases and Materials (5th edn OUP 2011)
- G Beck, The Legal Reasoning of the Court of Justice of the EU (Hart 2013)
- C Barnard, The Substantive Law of the EU: The Four Freedoms (2nd edn OUP 2007)
- C Tobler / J Beglinger, Essential EU Law in Charts (3rd edn HVG-Orac 2014)
External links[edit]
- EUR-Lex - online access to existing and proposed European Union legislation
- Treaties
- Summaries of EU legislation
- Evolution of European Union legislation


text:
Difference between revisions of "HttpUploadProgressModule"
(version 0.9.0 and info about it)
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The JSON and mechanism idea are based on [http://blog.lighttpd.net/articles/2006/08/01/mod_uploadprogress-is-back Lighttpd's mod_uploadprogress]
The JSON and mechanism idea are based on [http://blog.lighttpd.net/articles/2006/08/01/mod_uploadprogress-is-back Lighttpd's mod_uploadprogress]
= Downloads =
'''Download version''': [
'''Download version''': [://github.com/masterzen/nginx-upload-progress-module//v0.8.v0.8.]

'''Source code''': http://github.com/masterzen/nginx-upload-progress-module/tree/master
'''Source code''': http://github.com/masterzen/nginx-upload-progress-module/tree/master
= Installation =
After extracting, add the following option to your Nginx ./configure command:
After extracting, add the following option to your Nginx ./configure command:
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When compiled with --with-debug, this module will produce high number of log messages.
When compiled with --with-debug, this module will produce high number of log messages.
= Directives =
* [[#upload_progress|upload_progress]]
* [[#upload_progress|upload_progress]]
* [[#track_uploads|track_uploads]]
* [[#track_uploads|track_uploads]]
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= Configuration Example =
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= Usage on pure JavaScript =
(based on Lighttd mod_uploadprogress module example):
(based on Lighttd mod_uploadprogress module example):
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= Usage with jQuery Upload Progress =
You can use jQuery plugin to work with Nginx upload-progress-module - https://github.com/drogus/jquery-upload-progress
You can use jQuery plugin to work with Nginx upload-progress-module - https://github.com/drogus/jquery-upload-progress
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* ''dataType:'' 'json'
* ''dataType:'' 'json'
= Companion Software =
This software can also work with Valery Kholodkov' Nginx Upload Module:
This software can also work with Valery Kholodkov' Nginx Upload Module:
Latest revision as of 19:31, 5 November 2012
Nginx Upload Progress Module
Note: this module is not distributed with the Nginx source.
nginx_uploadprogress_module is an implementation of an upload progress system, that monitors RFC1867 POST upload as they are transmitted to upstream servers.
It works by tracking the uploads proxied by Nginx to upstream servers without analysing the uploaded content and offers a web API to report upload progress in Javascript, JSON or configurable format. It works because Nginx acts as an accelerator of an upstream server, storing uploaded POST content on disk, before transmitting it to the upstream server. Each individual POST upload request should contain a progress unique identifier.
The JSON and mechanism idea are based on Lighttpd's mod_uploadprogress
Download version: v0.8.4
Source code: http://github.com/masterzen/nginx-upload-progress-module/tree/master
Download version: v0.9.0
Source code: http://github.com/masterzen/nginx-upload-progress-module/tree/master
WARNING - in version 0.9.0 there is INCOMPATIBLE CHANGE:JSONP is now the default output of the progress probes. If you rely on this module serving the deprecated java output use:
upload_progress_java_outputin the progress probe location.
After extracting, add the following option to your Nginx ./configure command:
WARNING: When compiled with --with-debug, this module will produce high number of log messages.
- upload_progress
- track_uploads
- report_uploads
- upload_progress_content_type
- upload_progress_header
- upload_progress_jsonp_parameter
- upload_progress_json_output
- upload_progress_jsonp_output
- upload_progress_template
syntax: upload_progress <zone_name> <zone_size>
default: n/a
context: http
This directive enables the upload progress module and reserve zone_size bytes to the zone_name which will be used to store the per-connection tracking information.
syntax: track_uploads <zone_name> <timeout>
default: n/a
context: location
This directive enables tracking uploads for the current location. Each POST landing in this location will register the request in the zone_name upload progress tracker. Since Nginx doesn't support yet RFC 1867 upload, the location must be a proxy_pass or fastcgi location. The POST must have a query parameter called X-Progress-ID (or an HTTP header of the same name) whose value is the unique identifier used to get progress information. If the POST has no such information, the upload will not be tracked. The tracked connections are kept at most timeout seconds after they have been finished to be able to serve unseful information to upload progress probes. WARNING: this directive must be the last directive of the location. It must be in a proxy_pass or fastcgi_pass location. Repeating the directive in a location will results in segfaults.
syntax: report_uploads <zone_name>
default: n/a
context: location
This directive allows a location to report the upload progress that is tracked by track_uploads for zone_name. The returned document is a Javascript text with the possible 4 results by default:
- the upload request hasn't been registered yet or is unknown:
new Object({ 'state' : 'starting' })
- the upload request has ended:
new Object({ 'state' : 'done' })
- the upload request generated an HTTP error
new Object({ 'state' : 'error', 'status' : <error code> })
One error code that can be of use to track for the client is 413 (request entity too large).
- the upload request is in progress:
new Object({ 'state' : 'uploading', 'received' : <size_received>, 'size' : <total_size>})
It is possible to return pure json instead of this javascript (see upload_progress_json_output). It is also possible to configure completely the response format with the directive: upload_progress_template
The HTTP request to this location must have a X-Progress-ID parameter or HTTP header containing a valid unique identifier of an inprogress upload.
syntax: upload_progress_content_type <content_type>
default: test/javascript
context: location
This directive allows to change the upload progress probe response content-type.
syntax: upload_progress_header <progress-id>
default: X-Progress-ID
context: location
This directive allows to change the header name of the progress ID.
syntax: upload_progress_jsonp_parameter <callback_parameter>
default: callback
context: location
This directive allows to change the name of the GET parameter with the jsonp callback name.
syntax: upload_progress_json_output
default: n/a
context: main,sever,location
This directive sets everything to output as pure json.
syntax: upload_progress_jsonp_output
default: none
context: location
This directive sets everything to output as jsonp (like json output, but with callback).
syntax: upload_progress_template <state> <template>
default: n/a
context: location
This directive can be used to install a progress response template. The available list of state is:
- starting
- uploading
- error
- done
Nginx will replace the value of the following variables with their respective value for the upload:
- $uploadprogress_length: total size of the upload
- $uploadprogress_received: what the server has received so far
- $uploadprogress_status: error code in case of HTTP error
- $uploadprogress_callback: jsonp callback name if provided as a GET query parameter with name callback
For instance to return XML (instead of the default Javascript or json):
upload_progress_content_type 'text/xml'; upload_progress_template starting '<upload><state>starting</state></upload>'; upload_progress_template uploading '<upload><state>uploading</state> <size>$uploadprogress_length</size><uploaded>$uploadprogress_received</uploaded></upload>'; upload_progress_template done '<upload><state>done</state></upload>'; upload_progress_template error '<upload><state>error</state> $uploadprogress_status</upload>';
Example of jsonp response:
upload_progress_template starting "$uploadprogress_callback({ 'state' : 'starting'});"; upload_progress_template error "$uploadprogress_callback({ 'state' : 'error', 'status' : $uploadprogress_status });"; upload_progress_template done "$uploadprogress_callback({ 'state' : 'done'});"; upload_progress_template uploading "$uploadprogress_callback({ 'state' : 'uploading', 'received' : $uploadprogress_received, 'size' : $uploadprogress_length });";
Configuration Example
http { # reserve 1MB under the name 'proxied' to track uploads upload_progress proxied 1m; server { listen 127.0.0.1 default; server_name localhost; root /path/to/root; location / { # proxy to upstream server proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1; proxy_redirect default; # track uploads in the 'proxied' zone # remember connections for 30s after they finished track_uploads proxied 30s; } location ^~ /progress { # report uploads tracked in the 'proxied' zone report_uploads proxied; } } }
Usage on pure JavaScript
(based on Lighttd mod_uploadprogress module example):
First we need a upload form:
<form id="upload" enctype="multipart/form-data" action="/upload.php" method="post" onsubmit="openProgressBar(); return true;"> <input type="hidden" name="MAX_FILE_SIZE" value="30000000" /> <input name="userfile" type="file" label="fileupload" /> <input type="submit" value="Send File" /> </form>
And a progress bar to visualize the progress:

(progress)

Then we need to generate the Unique Identifier and launch the upload on submit action. This also will start the ajax progress report mechanism.
interval = null; function openProgressBar() { /* generate random progress-id */ uuid = ""; for (i = 0; i < 32; i++) { uuid += Math.floor(Math.random() * 16).toString(16); } /* patch the form-action tag to include the progress-id */ document.getElementById("upload").action="/upload.php?X-Progress-ID=" + uuid; /* call the progress-updater every 1000ms */ interval = window.setInterval( function () { fetch(uuid); }, 1000 ); } function fetch(uuid) { req = new XMLHttpRequest(); req.open("GET", "/progress", 1); req.setRequestHeader("X-Progress-ID", uuid); req.onreadystatechange = function () { if (req.readyState == 4) { if (req.status == 200) { /* poor-man JSON parser */ var upload = eval(req.responseText); document.getElementById('tp').innerHTML = upload.state; /* change the width if the inner progress-bar */ if (upload.state == 'done' || upload.state == 'uploading') { bar = document.getElementById('progressbar'); w = 400 * upload.received / upload.size; bar.style.width = w + 'px'; } /* we are done, stop the interval */ if (upload.state == 'done') { window.clearTimeout(interval); } } } } req.send(null); }
Usage with jQuery Upload Progress
You can use jQuery plugin to work with Nginx upload-progress-module - https://github.com/drogus/jquery-upload-progress (based on it's documentation).
Some html:
<form id="upload" enctype="multipart/form-data" action="index.html" method="post"> <input name="file" type="file"/> <input type="submit" value="Upload"/> </form>

Then some css:
.bar { width: 300px; } #progress { background: #eee; border: 1px solid #222; margin-top: 20px; } #progressbar { width: 0px; height: 24px; background: #333; }
And a bit of javascript:
$(function() { $('form').uploadProgress({ /* scripts locations for safari */ jqueryPath: "../lib/jquery.js", uploadProgressPath: "../jquery.uploadProgress.js", /* function called each time bar is updated */ uploading: function(upload) {$('#percents').html(upload.percents+'%');}, /* selector or element that will be updated */ progressBar: "#progressbar", /* progress reports url */ progressUrl: "/progress", /* how often will bar be updated */ interval: 2000 }); });
If you need to update the progress bar from a different domain or subdomain (cross domain), like if your upload server is different from your normal web server, you can try the JSONP protocol, like this:
$(function() { $('form').uploadProgress({ /* scripts locations for safari */ jqueryPath: "../lib/jquery.js", uploadProgressPath: "../jquery.uploadProgress.js", /* function called each time bar is updated */ uploading: function(upload) {$('#percents').html(upload.percents+'%');}, /* selector or element that will be updated */ progressBar: "#progressbar", /* progress reports url in a different domain or subdomain from caller */ progressUrl: "uploads.somewhere.com/progress", /* how often will bar be updated */ interval: 2000, /* use json-p for cross-domain call */ dataType: 'jsonp' }); });
- interval: 2000
- progressBar: "#progressbar"
- progressUrl: "/progress"
- start: function() {}
- uploading: function() {}
- complete: function() {}
- success: function() {}
- error: function() {}
- uploadProgressPath: '/javascripts/jquery.js'
- jqueryPath: '/javascripts/jquery.uploadProgress.js'
- dataType: 'json'
Companion Software
This software can also work with Valery Kholodkov' Nginx Upload Module: http://www.grid.net.ru/nginx/upload.en.html
You can also use the following javascript libraries client side: http://drogomir.com/blog/2008/6/30/upload-progress-script-with-safari-support


text:
...concussion prevention.
Anything that can prevent head injuries is fine by me. Your thoughts?
Admin: If you can allow this thread to remain in this part of the board would indeed be a good thing. Why? Because here - this section of the forum - is where most of the members congregate and I want most to comment on this issue. Keep this thread here for a good while before switching it to another area please. Just this once. Thank you.


text:
RI National Guard Open House And Air Show Returns
It was a total bummer when the RI National Guard Open House and Air Show was cancelled because of budget cuts last year. Good news this year though, the Air Show is back!
The Air Show typically happens in June, but this year it's being bumped up to May, the 17th and 18th to be exact, and held as usual at the Quonset Air National Guard Base


text:
Arcadia DSLR Camcorder Case
The Arcadia case will accommodate most DSLR and camcorders to date.
Authentic, Simple, and Innovative.
Carry your camera with confidence with our Arcadia DSLR case. This customizable carry solution is perfect for SLR cameras and compact camcorders. It features a variety of pockets and movable walls that provide plenty of accessory storage in a customizable layout.
A plush-lined, high-visibility interior pampers, protects and makes it easy to find the tiniest of memory cards and accessories. Attach the strap to your belt or another bag. Padded shoulder strap included.
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Constitution Unit Council
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in the House of Lords as well as the House of Commons, and our links with
Whitehall. We are grateful to all members of the Council for their interest in
the Unit's work and their continued support.
|Lord Alderdice
|Lord Lester
|Graham Allen MP
|Lord Lipsey
|Vera Baird QC
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Alan Beith
Baroness Morgan of Ely
|Prof Lord Paul Bew
|Prof Lord Morgan
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36 CFR 1121.2 - Definitions.
For the purpose of these regulations—
(a) The term individual means a citizen of the United States or an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence.
(c) The term record means any item, collection or grouping of information about an individual that is maintained by the Board, including, but not limited to, his or her employment history, payroll information, and financial transactions and that contains his or her name, or the identifying number, symbol, or other identifying particular assigned to the individual, such as social security number.
(d) The term system of records means a group of any records under control of the Board from which information is retrieved by the name of the individual or by some identifying number, symbol, or other identifying particular assigned to the individual.
(e) The term routine use means, with respect to the disclosure of a record, the use of such record for a purpose which is compatible with the purpose for which it was collected.
Title 36 published on 2014-07-01.
No entries appear in the Federal Register after this date, for 36 CFR Part 1121.


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Nb: infants must be under the age of 2 and
children must be under the age of 12 at the time of
Chalet "au Bisse", 2 storeys. On the outskirts, 350 m from the centre, in a quiet position on a slope. Private: garden with lawn. In Winter: please take snow chains. 20 m stepped path to the house. Shop 350 m, indoor swimming pool 400 m. Tennis 400 m, gondola lift 1 km, ski bus stop 350 m. 4-room chalet on 2 levels: living/dining room with Scandinavian wood stove, cable TV and hi-fi system. Exit to the garden. Open kitchen (oven, dishwasher). Shower/WC. Upper floor: 2 rooms, each room with 2 beds. 1 room with 1 x 2 bunk beds. Bath/WC. Balcony, west facing position, large garden, south facing position. Terrace furniture. Very beautiful view of the mountains and the valley. Facilities: washing machine.
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All bookings are subject to a £5 per person Passenger Admin Fee charged by Iglu.com.


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I didn't have any issues putting broccoli in the freezer and warming it up again. Worked great. Can you do that with cauliflower, though?
Take the 2-minute tour ×
Seasoned Advice is a question and answer site for professional and amateur chefs. It's 100% free, no registration required.
Yes. Just chop the cauliflower into florets, blanch for a few minutes, then run under the cold tap to cool quickly, dry thoroughly, and place in a freezer bag.
When I buy packets of frozen veggies, it always has cauliflower in it. So, you can definitely do it. After a quick search on google and checking a couple of links, which all have the same method, here's how.


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- Independent
- The Enterprise
- The Recorder
A new fiscal year begins in less than a month for federal defense workers at Patuxent River Naval Air Station and, most likely, so will another stint of uncertainty about furloughs and layoffs.
Frank Kendall, a Navy undersecretary for acquisition, technology and logistics, visited Pax River on Sept. 3 and said defense leaders are prepared to begin additional sequestration-related changes in October. He called the odds of avoiding job loss "not so good," according to a summary of the event published on defense.gov.
Sequestration, which Congress allowed to go into effect this spring, requires $52 billion be cut from the upcoming 2014 defense budget.
"Kendall presented an honest and realistic perspective of the current budgetary situation to an audience of approximately 600," NAVAIR spokeswoman Amy Behrman said. Kendall also talked about a better buying power initiative, she said. "It was a very productive exchange and well received by the NAVAIR workforce."
Any layoffs, which the Navy calls RIF — or reduction in force— would take place after officials have a better idea of next year's funding. "No decisions have been made regarding personnel actions at this time," Behrman explained, adding that in the meeting, Kendall said defense leaders are researching alternatives to avoid a RIF and more furloughs.
This fiscal year, federal workers at Pax River lost 20 percent of their pay for six weeks. During that time, the air station shut down most operations, including rounds of flight tests, on Fridays. Some contractors lost jobs in the shuffle and county businesses said they saw reductions in customer spending.
And there's no clear end in sight.
Capt. Heidi Fleming, executive officer at Pax River, said a RIF was launched this fiscal year within the Commander, Naval Installations Command, a part of the Navy that oversees some of Pax River's operations. Changes associated with the RIF would be scheduled to be complete in the next fiscal year, Fleming said in an email. So far, no federal workers have been laid off, according to her office.
"Eliminating jobs is a last resort in an austere fiscal environment, but we must live within budget given," Fleming said. The number of people impacted by the RIF will be determined once it is clear who will take voluntary separation incentives or early retirement and which employees can be placed in other vacancies.
But this approach would allow the base to continue essential work, such as air and port operations and fleet and family support programs.
"We have faced unprecedented fiscal uncertainty this year and it looks like that may continue in the coming year," Fleming said. However, she said, the Department of the Navy has taken and continues to take steps to address current and projected budget reductions.
"Despite these uncertainties," Fleming said, "we all continue to perform our jobs as always because the fleet depends on all of us; our first duty is to support them."


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The Community of Disc Golfers and About All Things Disc Golf
A. When the disc is released, a player must:
(1) Have at least one supporting point that is in contact with the playing surface on the line
of play and within 30 centimeters directly behind the marker disc (except as specified in
803.04 E); and,
(2) have no supporting point contact with the marker disc or any object closer to the hole than the rear edge of the marker disc; and,
(3) have all of his or her supporting points in-bounds.
B. Stepping past the marker disc is permitted after the disc is released, except when
putting within 10 meters.
My question is can I grab a tree that is behind me and my lie for balance? From part 2 it says nothing closer to the hole and the tree I grabbed onto was further away then my lie.
Views: 17
This changes everything! I coulda been pro by now if I knew that.
seriously, I always thought you could not lean on anything behind you even if it was solid.
© 2015 Created by Terry "the Pirate" Calhoun.


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One Moment Please.
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Sandy Villere III, co-manager of the Villere Balanced Fund /quotes/zigman/334054 VILLX says "it's almost too late to play defense," given market and economic conditions, and that "it's time to find some good growth companies and buy them at reasonable prices."
In the MoneyLife Market Call interview with Chuck Jaffe, MarketWatch senior columnist, Villere noted that while he does not expect to see a significant increase in interest rates until late 2014, he is reducing the bond exposure in his five-star balanced fund in part out of worry about what could happen next.
"If you just look back to March of '09, you have seen about a trillion dollars come into bond funds and have seen $138 billion come out of equity funds," Villere said. "The herds have rushed into bond funds and I don't want to be around when the herds rush out."
His other reason for minimizing bond exposure is the ability to cash in on stocks.
"With the fiscal cliff issues, the election and all this uncertainty, there are a lot of opportunities," Villere said. "If you are careful and consider yourself a stock picker, you can really dig through the rubble and find some unbelievable companies trading at really reasonable prices given their growth profile."
Among the stocks that fit that bill, Villere singled out Sotheby's /quotes/zigman/241211 /quotes/nls/bid BID and Carnival Cruise Lines /quotes/zigman/322132 /quotes/nls/ccl CCL as stocks that have big positions in their industry and that are stocks that other investors have "discarded" for economic and headline reasons.
During "Hold It or Fold It," when guests give their appraisal of stock requests made by the MoneyLife audience, Villere noted that he would sell Facebook /quotes/zigman/9962609 /quotes/nls/fb FB , Google /quotes/zigman/93888 /quotes/nls/goog GOOG , Hewlett-Packard /quotes/zigman/229301 /quotes/nls/hpq HPQ and Westar Energy /quotes/zigman/307110 /quotes/nls/wr WR , and said he would be a buyer of Leggett & Platt /quotes/zigman/231993 /quotes/nls/leg LEG and Flowers Foods /quotes/zigman/278520 /quotes/nls/flo FLO .
You can listen to the interview at www.moneylifeshow.com
– Chuck Jaffe
Follow The Tell on Twitter @thetellblog
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'Ghostbusters' Gets New Recruits This February In IDW's Ongoing Series
Some days you bust the ghost, some days the ghost busts you. Starting in February at IDW, a new Ghostbusters team must deal with the ramifications of the later after the core GB crew of Peter, Ray, Egon and Winston get trapped in a hellish dimension by a mysterious demonic force. Rising to the occasion will be a mix of familiar and fresh faces, as the ongoing series by Erik B


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Tremblant is proud to offer you some of the best skis available on the market. Rental centres let you enjoy many models of skis for the day or all along your stay.
Whether you are a first-time skier looking to have some fun or an experienced skier seeking new challenges, enjoy the mountain at its best!
Long endurance performance. The 24 Hours Max is a solid, stable, precise ski for medium to long radius turns with carve rocker and semi-twin tail profile that make it playful and fun for skiing fast all day.
Rockered, playful high performance slalom ski. X-kart Max is a performance slalom ski that is more playful and versatile. Feel the power and edge grip of a slalom ski, but with carve rocker for turn and terrain options.
Lively, strong all-mountain ski for women. Bamboo is a reliable and playful performance ski, designed to explore the whole mountain with a bit more pop.
BBR tailored to women, providing more confidence and new skiing experiences. Limelite weight construction, forgiving tail and big tip build confidence in every type of snow condition.
Unrivaled directional versatility for the adventure skier, Q-98 NA is stable yet playful, with semi sandwich construction and Utility Rocker.
Power, precision and versatility for everywhere in the resort. Enduro XT 800 NA provides the power and tip-to-tail precision of traditional piste skis, but with all terrain rocker and a slightly wider waist width for fast skiing everywhere in the resort.
Unrivaled directional versatility for the adventure skier, Q-98 NA is stable yet playful, with semi sandwich construction and Utility Rocker.
All mountain confidence and exploring inspiration for women. Rockette 90 is for skiers looking to start exploring new terrain and develop their off-piste skills, with a light weight core and forgiving early rise tail.
Combination of on-piste precision and maneuverability like never before.the carbon x-chassis and rks strategically reinforce the light weight construction of the x-drive 8.0 fs, while all-terrain rocker 2.0 adds a whole new level of versatility to this high performance all-mountain carver.
On-piste stability and confidence with all-mountain possibilities. Enduro LX 750 give skiers confidence on groomers and the possibility to ski the whole resort.
More on-snow confidence for women. Origins Sun R is a predictable, forgiving ski for women looking for added confidence.
Junior All-mountain ski for rapid progress. Just a matter of time before you pass your dad!
Here are some important facts you need to know when you rent equipment at Tremblant's Rental Centres. Please note that location costs are based on the arrival date, so period overlapping is not permitted.
Never leave your equipment unattented or unlocked. Lost, stolen or incomplete rental equipment will be charged to the lessee at the full detail price.
Many spaces are provided on site to lock your equipment. Protect yourself and your vacation happiness... never leave equipment unattended, always lock up your gear.
Take notice of your identification ski number which is on your rental contract. It is important to always carry with you a copy of the contract.
For any modification or cancellation of products 3 days or more prior to your arrival, products can be entirely refunded.
For any modification or cancellation of products within 2 days of your arrival, the products can be exchanged for other products of equivalent or superior value, but cannot be refunded.
For any modification or cancellation of products or private (or semi-private) lessons, fees of $25 per person plus royalty and taxes will be applied.
No refund after taking possession of the rental equipment.
If you do not return your rental equipment according to the date indicated on your contract, the value of the equipment will be charged on your credit card as follows:
It is included with all equipment rentals, protect yourself from costs of damage to our rental gear with our 'Damage Waiver Protection Plan'. Purchase this protection before you ride and all the little nicks, cuts and core shots will be taken care of by our Tuning Centers.
Please ski inbounds. The 'Damage Waiver Protection Plan' does not include damage caused by reckless skiing. In addition, a penalty of $75 will be charged.
For all rental bookings completed in advance and if you completed the online rental form, you should take possession of your equipment at the Centre Aventure of the Sommet des Neiges. Present your rental contract copy given by your hotel front desk as well as a credit card for the deposit guarantee.
Simply make your way to the rental centre of you choice.
Our Ski Valet Service is located on the South Side at the bottom of the gondola and will allow you to store your equipment safely. If you are lodging on site,this service will be offered by your hotel.


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During the Cold Snake Classic I brought 4 traveler disc golf baskets to the course for all to practice and set 2 of them up outside the ballfield and 2 in the outfield.
When the tourney was over, we went to get the baskets and the one that was out in left field (Blue) was missing! Did anyone go home with an extra basket as a helper may have misplaced it? Or did anyone see someone walk off with it? The baskets were in the outfield at 3pm and Chappy said he saw them just prior to ending his round.


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Customer Reviews
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"Great Item, Great Price"
By Barbara Schaefer
Comments: This is a very nice personalized item for the price. The font I chose was the Old English and it looks very classy. The shipping time was fast and the item came boxed.
"Silver Sphere Key Chain"
By Nancy Whyte
Comments: This is a beautiful, yet relatively inexpensive personalized gift. We gave them to high school seniors with the school logo on one side and their name or initials on the other. They turned out very nice.
"Very nice quality"
By Catherine Berey
Comments: I ordered two of these for my twin sons' 16th birthday. They are a nice weight, the engraving came out great, and I am very pleased with my purchase. I think they make a nice memento for the occasion.


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NBM Turns 30 AT Comic-Con
NBM Publishing will celebrate its 30th anniversary at Comic-Con International: San Diego. The fun will include:
• An NBM panel with artists and writers Rick Geary (A Treasury of Victorian Murder), Chad Michael Ward (Autopsyrotica), Rob Vollmar (Bluesman and The Castaways), David Axe (the award-winning War Fix), superstar artist Bryan Talbot, and maybe some surprise guests! During the panel, NBM publisher Terry Nantier plans to announce upcoming projects. Plus, NBM will serve birthday cake to con-goers who attend the panel. It's all on Saturday, July 28, from 5 to 6 p.m. in the convention's Room 8 (on the upp


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TKO's Cardio Pump Group Rack holds 20 of the Cardio Pump Sets and includes 20 Cardio Pump sets. Specially designed rack keeps equipment clean, organized and maximizes the floor space. The unit allows for easy access and weight selection.
Shipping Info:
Shipping Included
Shipping cost included within the lower 48 states only
Ships via one of our various freight carriers on a wooden pallet. This delivery is considered a curbside delivery only and will be delivered to a location at your address that is acceptable for a tractor trailer at the drivers discretion. Customers are required to be home at the time of delivery to sign the delivery receipt. On most deliveries, customers will receive a 24-hour notification call and lift gate service.


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Find a Location:
St. Nick Meal Deal
December 2005
During the 2005 holiday season, participating San Diego County Rubio's Fresh Mexican Grill locations offered this special meal. For every St. Nick Meal ordered, Rubio's contributed one dollar in support of Volunteer San Diego's A Visit From St. Nicholas program, which provides backpacks, toys and books to local schoolchildren. The meal-a World Famous Fish Tacosm, a cheese enchilada, pinto beans, rice, chips and a drink was one that made our guests feel good both inside and out.
Supporting Girl Scouts One Taco at a Time
November 2005
Throughout November 2005, participating San Diego and Imperial County Rubio's Fresh Mexican Grill locations created a partnership with the Girl Scouts. Every Wednesday night, Girl Scout supporters with flyers had 20% of their bill donated to the San Diego-Imperial Council of Girl Scouts.
Wild Animal Park Wednesdays
August 2005
During the month of August 2005, Rubio's Fresh Mexican Grill Restaurants throughout San Diego County hosted fundraisers every Wednesday night to benefit the San Diego Zoo's Wild Animal Park. Rubio's donated 20% from every guest who brought in a flyer, and made a generous contribution toward the park's worldwide conservation efforts.


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A classic beautiful princess cut diamond pendant setting crafted in 14K white gold. A simple and very elegant setting.
Setting Price:$779.00
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We have an initial version of the new thepokerdb online at Bluff Magazine.
Important things to note!
1. We haven't synchronized the two databases yet. Bluff uses a separate collection system, which means that some tournaments might be missing from there that are in the current thepokerdb and vice versa. We are aware of this and the databases will be synchronized soon.
2. If you were a thepokerdb user prior to Feb 12th, your account should work on the Bluff site. If you signed up after that point, your account will not exist on the Bluff site until we shut down registration here and transfer our user list over. That should happen in the next few days.
The bottom line is that we want you to take a look around the Bluff site. Tell us if you notice something incorrect, but PLEASE do not report missing tournaments because we are aware that the sites, individually, are not running with 100% precision — yet.


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The Community of Disc Golfers and About All Things Disc Golf
For me this disc is a perplexer. In calm conditions it's the Fuse- does anything you ask w tons o' glide. In the wind it's the conFuse: But that's probably my fault (bad form etc...)
Views: 75
Picked up a Fuse today at lunch. My initial feel, was that it has a really nice feel in the hand, it gripped well, and had ver y nice look to it. Mine weighs in at 176g, and is Opto plastic. I put in some field work for about 45 minutes with it after work. I threw it along side the Pain, QMS, Star San Marino and KC Roc.
Accu wether said the was an 8-10 mile an hour wind. Into the wind there wasn't much air bounce at all, I thought it would go crazy. About 125-150 feet out the Fuse starts a slow turnover that it doesn't come out of all the way to about 250 feet, very sweet.
With the wind the disc bounced more, but right at the last 50 feet of travel. It had a little less turnover, and was about 10 feet shorter. (??????)
The flight was nice, I worked in and around some trees on shorter shots and it really holds a line. It grabs the grass extremely well, like the Rocs. It's isn't anywhere near as overstable as the Pain, but they really are two completely seperate use discs. It was longer than the QMS, but holds a line like the QMS but with a little more turnover.
Overall i like, it's in the bag for some long term testing on the course.
yours doesn't sounds as understable as mine?! must be the opto plastic.
in my experience, the fuse and wind don't mix well. disc golf logic says this understable disc will be good for downwind, but it's not. into the wind, that hyzer flip turnover sounds like as good of a shot you can have with it.
enjoy your fuse! when are you gonna replace that roc with a core?! ha ha
nope i'm a righty. i won't miss left with this disc because it goes right everytime. i would like to try the core. i am more than content with my spider though.
if you were a lefty, it'll go left everytime.
i am a lefty and thats why it flies left for me
I have been really giving the Fuse a work out and I love that it turns over even on the easiest of throws, but without crashing and burning. I have a buddy who throws these amazing flex shots with his Pain that he just launches almost straight up over trees. I don't have that shot with my pain, but I threw one on Monday with my Fuse when I was playing, i could here him yelling from out by the basket, "Nice upshot Dude".
Given enough heighth, the Fuse will fight back and fade, just have to play to the discs strengths
© 2015 Created by Terry "the Pirate" Calhoun.


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This conversation is closed.
What about the job market?
While I see the validity of Robinson's talk, I am concerned that if we encourage the youth to pursue artsy careers they may end up in financial trouble. I am currently a freshman in college and I see firsthand that the majors such as dance, music, etc., are extremely hard to become successful in. The best paying jobs lie within engineering, technology, and mathematics.
Questions to consider: Can there be a balance between academics and arts? Is fulfilling your passion more important than financial security?
Mar 6 2013: While we wait to move it; I'll say that as an adult you can pursue whatever thing you want, within limits. However, you need to know that you'll probably have to wait tables while becoming the next Picasso and probably will never be financially independant at your craft.
To be honest, I am torn....I know a couple people who left well-paying jobs tp "follow their dream", leaving their partner to suddenly pick up the slack and causing a downward shift in their lifestyle. I find that very selfish. On the other hand, I think killing all your dreams forever is a horrible way to live...
Mar 6 2013: Thanks for your comment Michael! I completely agree with you. And this is my concern with Robinson's arguments. I feel that academics should still have a precedence over the arts because when our kids are entering the work force, its a cruel reality awaiting them. Perhaps picking up a hobby on the side could help with the balance?Mar 6 2013: When we look at average weekly wages in America since 1972 and adjust for inflation - they have been consistently falling. Average weekly wage is a number compiled by the federal government. Ravi Batra talks about this in his book which was first titled - The Pooring of America. Because of the low interest rates and low inflation, it has become obvious the last few years. Probably the politicians don't want to talk about it. Also, with the increase in college costs and student loans your age group has an almost trillion dollar problem we didn't. In addition, many of our good jobs have been off-shored. There are also still body shops. Although there are problems in employment for engineers and computer guys, people are still imported to do these jobs. I was talking to one in my volunteer work who was not being paid what he should have been paid. I assume that is the reason for some of the H1B visas. Godspeed - I hope everything works out, but be careful.Mar 6 2013: robinson's point is that we have no idea what kind of jobs will be needed in 5 years, let alone 20. we will need more computer guys? managers? engineers? biologists? we don't know, and therefore we should not have a one-size-fits-all generalized schooling system that is 500 years old. we need to teach kids to be flexible and dynamic. it is not art vs science.
Mar 6 2013: Of course. The best thing to do is therefore to follow one's intuition, not listen to some job-market specialists.Mar 6 2013: Krisztián Pintér, I understand what you are saying. However, even in the title of the talk, "Schools kill creativity", he is comparing the two side by side... I also don't feel that our schooling system is "one size fits all". While I do agree that it needs tweaking, we should not chastize the system that has brought us to where we are today.
Mar 6 2013: this conversation is closing, so as sorta closing statement, i recommend these talks
http://www.ted.com/talks/sugata_mitra_build_a_school_in_the_cloud.htmlMar 6 2013: Briana- My observation about the job market in America is I feel uncomfortable about suggesting how anyone might make a living. I enjoyed college - That's what one should want, but not everyone may want what I did which was to be a physics person. Also, it didn't put a student in debt for his life like it does now. We have collapsed the wage structure of the country, and I don't see the attitude of the people doing that having improved. Owing a bunch of money in a Depression is not a good thing. Godspeed
Briana Adams
Mar 6 2013: Thanks for your comment George! Would you care to explain what you mean by "we have collapsed the wage structure"?Mar 6 2013: I think the frame work you want to think within is about goals not as much your life's purpose, as this can be ambiguous.
- +1
Goals are concrete that you can aim at.
Mar 6 2013: Pat you make a good point. But what if you set a goal such as being the next Picasso?
pat gilbert
Mar 6 2013: A goal like that seems like it is more about being interesting than interested?
- +1
What about setting a goal based on your interest and steps that will get you closer to that goal? What steps have to be taken how many hours do you have to practice in order to improve. Remember it takes 10,000 hours of practice to get good at something. This is REAL work not posturing but actually DOING the work in order to achieve the goal.
In other words set yourself up to succeed and win, follow your genuine interest leave being interesting to others.
Stephen Jobs made the comment that one of the most useful classes he took was in calligraphy and how it influenced his thinking and the Macintosh and Apple. Don't sell art short.
Briana Adams
Mar 6 2013: By no means am I selling art short. In fact, I am a lover of the arts. I just feel that it is important to communicate to people exactly what you said: that in order to be successful in these careers one must put in the time and dedication necessary to make a substantial income.Mar 6 2013: Working on it... Thanks John!Mar 5 2013: Hi Briana,
- +1
Can you move this conversation to the questions category?