text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 24, 2012
|Filing date
|Nov 13, 2007
|Priority date
|Jan 23, 1998
|Also published as
|Publication number
|John D. Dobak, III, Juan C. Lasheras, Randell L. Werneth
|Original Assignee
|Innercool Therapies, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (102), Non-Patent Citations (99), Classifications (22), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/218,432, filed Aug. 13, 2002, entitled "Selective Organ Cooling Catheter With Guidewire Apparatus and Temperature-Monitoring Device", now U.S. Pat. No. 7,294,142, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/908,642, filed Jul. 18, 2001, entitled "A Selective Organ Cooling Catheter With Guidewire Apparatus and Temperature-Monitoring Device", now U.S. Pat. No. 6,905,509, which is a continuation patent application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/262,805, filed on Mar. 4, 1999, entitled "Selective Organ Cooling Catheter with Guidewire Apparatus and Temperature-Monitoring Device", now U.S. Pat. No. 6,312,452, which is a continuation-in-part patent application of the following U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 09/246,788, filed Feb. 9, 1999, entitled "Method and Device for Applications of Selective Organ Cooling", now U.S. Pat. No. 6,491,716; Ser. No. 09/232,177, filed Jan. 15, 1999, entitled "Method and Apparatus for Location and Temperature Specific Drug Action such as Thrombolysis", now U.S. Pat. No. 6,245,095; Ser. No. 09/215,039, filed Dec. 16, 1998, entitled "Method for Low Temperature Thrombolysis and Low Temperature Thrombolytic Agent with Selective Organ Control", now U.S. Pat. No. 6,251,129; Ser. No. 09/215,038, filed Dec. 16, 1998, entitled "Inflatable Catheter for Selective Organ Heating and Cooling and Method of Using the Same", now U.S. Pat. No. 6,261,312; Ser. No. 09/103,342, filed Jun. 23, 1998, entitled "Selective Organ Cooling Catheter and Method of Using the Same", now U.S. Pat. No. 6,096,068; Ser. No. 09/052,545, filed Mar. 31, 1998, entitled "Circulating Fluid Hypothermia Method and Apparatus", now U.S. Pat. No. 6,231,595; Ser. No. 09/047,012, filed Mar. 24, 1998, entitled "Selective Organ Hypothermia Method and Apparatus", now U.S. Pat. No. 5,957,963, which is a continuation-in-part patent application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/012,287, filed Jan. 23, 1998, entitled "Selective Organ Hypothermia Method and Apparatus," now U.S. Pat. No. 6,051,019, all of which are incorporated herein.
Not Applicable
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the modification and control of the temperature of a selected body organ. More particularly, the invention relates to guidewire apparatuses which may be employed to locate selective organ cooling devices at locations of interest, and guidewire apparatuses which may be further employed to determine the local temperature of a volume of blood or tissue in which the guidewire is disposed.
2. Background Information
Organs in the human body, such as the brain, kidney and heart, are maintained at a constant temperature of approximately 37° C. Hypothermia can be clinically defined as a core body temperature of 35° C. or less. Hypothermia is sometimes characterized further according to its severity. A body core temperature in the range of 33° C. to 35° C. is described as mild hypothermia. A body temperature of 28° C. to 32° C. is described as moderate hypothermia. A body core temperature in the range of 24° C. to 28° C. is described as severe hypothermia.
Hypothermia is uniquely effective in reducing brain injury caused by a variety of neurological insults and may eventually play an important role in emergency brain resuscitation. Experimental evidence has demonstrated that cerebral cooling improves outcome after global ischemia, focal ischemia, or traumatic brain injury. For this reason, hypothermia may be induced in order to reduce the effect of certain bodily injuries to the brain as well as other organs.
Cerebral hypothermia has traditionally been accomplished through whole body cooling to create a condition of total body hypothermia in the range of 20° C. to 30° C. However, the use of total body hypothermia risks certain deleterious systematic vascular effects. For example, total body hypothermia may cause severe derangement of the cardiovascular system, including low cardiac output, elevated systematic resistance, and ventricular fibrillation. Other side effects include renal failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and electrolyte disturbances. In addition to the undesirable side effects, total body hypothermia is difficult to administer.
Catheters have been developed which are inserted into the bloodstream of the patient in order to induce total body hypothermia. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,425,419 to Dato describes a method and apparatus of lowering and raising the temperature of the human body. Dato induces moderate hypothermia in a patient using a metallic catheter. The metallic catheter has an inner passageway through which a fluid, such as water, can be circulated. The catheter is inserted through the femoral vein and then through the inferior vena cava as far as the right atrium and the superior vena cava. The Dato catheter has an elongated cylindrical shape and is constructed from stainless steel. By way of example, Dato suggests the use of a catheter approximately 70 cm in length and approximately 6 mm in diameter. However, use of the Dato device implicates the negative effects of total body hypothermia described above.
Due to the problems associated with total body hypothermia, attempts have been made to provide more selective cooling. For example, cooling helmets or headgear have been used in an attempt to cool only the head rather than the patient's entire body. However, such methods rely on conductive heat transfer through the skull and into the brain. One drawback of using conductive heat transfer is that the process of reducing the temperature of the brain is prolonged. Also, it is difficult to precisely control the temperature of the brain when using conduction due to the temperature gradient that must be established externally in order to sufficiently lower the internal temperature. In addition, when using conduction to cool the brain, the face of the patient is also subjected to severe hypothermia, increasing discomfort and the likelihood of negative side effects. It is known that profound cooling of the face can cause similar cardiovascular side effects as total body cooling. From a practical standpoint, such devices are cumbersome and may make continued treatment of the patient difficult or impossible.
Selected organ hypothermia has been accomplished using extracorporeal perfusion, as detailed by Arthur E. Schwartz, M. D. et al., in Isolated Cerebral Hypothermia by Single Carotid Artery Perfusion of Extracorporeally Cooled Blood in Baboons, which appeared in Vol. 39, No. 3, N
Selective organ hypothermia has also been attempted by perfusion of a cold solution such as saline or perflourocarbons. This process is commonly used to protect the heart during heart surgery and is referred to as cardioplegia. Perfusion of a cold solution has a number of drawbacks, including a limited time of administration due to excessive volume accumulation, cost, and inconvenience of maintaining the perfusate and lack of effectiveness due to the temperature dilution from the blood. Temperature dilution by the blood is a particular problem in high blood flow organs such as the brain.
The invention provides a practical method and apparatus which modifies and controls the temperature of a selected organ and which may be used in combination with many complementary therapeutic techniques.
In one aspect, the invention is directed towards a guidable catheter for heating or cooling a surrounding fluid in a feeding vessel in a vasculature of a patient. The catheter includes a heat transfer element, the heat transfer element having a plurality of exterior surface irregularities shaped and arranged to create turbulence in a surrounding fluid. The surface irregularities have a depth at least equal to the boundary layer thickness of flow of the surrounding fluid in the feeding vessel. The catheter assembly also includes a supply catheter having a portion disposed within the heat transfer element to deliver a working fluid to an interior of the heat transfer element. The catheter assembly further includes a return catheter to return a working fluid from the interior of the heat transfer element. A guidewire tube is provided adjacent one of the supply catheter or the return catheter and runs substantially parallel to the axis of the guidable catheter to receive a guidewire disposed within the guidewire tube.
Implementations of the invention may include one or more of the following. The heat transfer element may have coupled thereto at least one eyelet configured to receive the guidewire threaded therethrough. The heat transfer element may be formed from at least two heat transfer segments, adjacent heat transfer segments joined by bellows or a thin tube, and wherein the eyelets are attached to the heat transfer element at the bellows or thin tube. In the case of a thin tube, the thin tube may be formed of a metal or a polymeric material. The surface irregularities may include a helical ridge and a helical groove formed on each of successive heat transfer segments; the helical ridge on each heat transfer segment has an opposite helical twist to the helical ridges on adjacent heat transfer segments. The return catheter may be coaxial with the supply catheter, and the return catheter has a larger or smaller radius than the supply catheter.
In another aspect, the invention is directed towards a guidable catheter for heating or cooling a surrounding fluid in a feeding vessel in a vasculature of a patient, and for determining the temperature of a fluid so heated or cooled. The guidable catheter has the features described above, and further has a temperature-monitoring device disposed at the distal tip of the guidewire. The temperature-monitoring device may be a thermocouple or a thermistor. If a thermistor is used, the same may employ a negative temperature coefficient of resistance. The thermistor may further have a working element made of ceramic, and may be encapsulated in glass.
In yet another aspect, the invention is directed toward a device including a guidable catheter for heating or cooling a surrounding fluid to a predetermined temperature in a feeding vessel in a vasculature of a patient. The device may have the features of the guidable catheter described above and may further include a temperature-monitoring device disposed at the distal tip of the guidewire, the temperature monitoring device having an output indicative of the sensed temperature. The device may further include a temperature-regulated source of working fluid having an inlet and an outlet, the supply catheter in pressure communication with the inlet and the return catheter in pressure communication with the outlet, the source of working fluid having a heat exchange device to change the temperature of the fluid therein upon input of a signal from the temperature monitoring device.
In a further aspect, the invention is directed towards a method for selectively controlling the temperature of a selected volume of blood in a patient. The method includes introducing a guidewire into a blood vessel feeding a selected volume of blood in a patient and introducing a catheter assembly into the blood vessel feeding a selected volume of blood in a patient by inserting the guidewire into a guidewire tube in the catheter assembly. A working fluid is delivered from a source of working fluid through a supply catheter in the catheter assembly and returned through a return catheter in the catheter assembly. Heat is transferred between a heat transfer element forming a distal end of the catheter assembly and the volume of blood in the feeding vessel. The temperature is monitored of the volume of blood in the feeding vessel by measuring the temperature with a temperature-monitoring device disposed at or near the distal tip of the guidewire.
Implementations of the invention may include one or more of the following. The method may further include creating turbulence around a plurality of surface irregularities on the heat transfer element at a distance from the heat transfer element greater than the boundary layer thickness of flow in the feeding vessel, thereby creating turbulence throughout a free stream of blood flow in the feeding vessel. The surface irregularities on the heat transfer element may be a plurality of segments of helical ridges and grooves having alternating directions of helical rotation. In this case, turbulence is created by establishing repetitively alternating directions of helical blood flow with the alternating helical rotations of the ridges and grooves. The guidewire may be inserted through at least one eyelet on the heat transfer element. The method may further include feeding back a signal indicative of the monitored temperature from the temperature monitoring device to the source of working fluid to alter the temperature of the working fluid.
Advantages of the invention include the following. The invention provides a highly efficient device and method for cooling or heating blood or other bodily fluids, and further provides a device and method to measure the temperature of the blood or other bodily fluids whose temperature has been so modified. A signal indicative of the temperature measured may be fed back into a control circuit coupled to a source of working fluid to provide an even more accurate control of temperature. The invention further provides a method and device to guide a catheter with a heat transfer element through tortuous vasculature.
The novel features of this invention, as well as the invention itself, will be best understood from the attached drawings, taken along with the following description, in which similar reference characters refer to similar parts, and in which:
The temperature of a selected organ may be intravascularly regulated by a heat transfer element placed in the organ's feeding artery to absorb or deliver heat to or from the blood flowing into the organ. While the method is described with respect to blood flow into an organ, it is understood that heat transfer within a volume of tissue is analogous. In the latter case, heat transfer is predominantly by conduction.
The heat transfer may cause either a cooling or a heating of the selected organ. A heat transfer element that selectively alters the temperature of an organ should be capable of providing the necessary heat transfer rate to produce the desired cooling or heating effect within the organ to achieve a desired temperature.
The heat transfer element should be small and flexible enough to fit within the feeding artery while still allowing a sufficient blood flow to reach the organ in order to avoid ischemic organ damage. Feeding arteries, like the carotid artery, branch off the aorta at various levels. Subsidiary arteries continue to branch off these initial branches. For example, the internal carotid artery branches off the common carotid artery near the angle of the jaw. The heat transfer element is typically inserted into a peripheral artery, such as the femoral artery, using a guide catheter or guidewire (see below), and accesses a feeding artery by initially passing though a series of one or more of these branches. Thus, the flexibility and size, e.g., the diameter, of the heat transfer element are important characteristics. This flexibility is achieved as is described in more detail below.
These points are illustrated using brain cooling as an example. The common carotid artery supplies blood to the head and brain. The internal carotid artery branches off the common carotid artery to supply blood to the anterior cerebrum. The heat transfer element may be placed into the common carotid artery or into both the common carotid artery and the internal carotid artery.
The benefits of hypothermia described above are achieved when the temperature of the blood flowing to the brain is reduced to between 30° C. and 32° C. A typical brain has a blood flow rate through each carotid artery (right and left) of approximately 250-375 cubic centimeters per minute (cc/min). With this flow rate, calculations show that the heat transfer element should absorb approximately 75-175 watts of heat when placed in one of the carotid arteries to induce the desired cooling effect. Smaller organs may have less blood flow in their respective supply arteries and may require less heat transfer, such as about 25 watts.
The method employs conductive and convective heat transfers. Once the materials for the device and a working fluid are chosen, the conductive heat transfers are solely dependent on the temperature gradients. Convective heat transfers, by contrast, also rely on the movement of fluid to transfer heat. Forced convection results when the heat transfer surface is in contact with a fluid whose motion is induced (or forced) by a pressure gradient, area variation, or other such force. In the case of arterial flow, the beating heart provides an oscillatory pressure gradient to force the motion of the blood in contact with the heat transfer surface. One of the aspects of the device uses turbulence to enhance this forced convective heat transfer.
The rate of convective heat transfer Q is proportional to the product of S, the area of the heat transfer element in direct contact with the fluid, ΔT=Tb−Ts, the temperature differential between the surface temperature Ts of the heat transfer element and the free stream blood temperature Tb, and
The magnitude of the heat transfer rate Q to or from the fluid flow can be increased through manipulation of the above three parameters. Practical constraints limit the value of these parameters and how much they can be manipulated. For example, the internal diameter of the common carotid artery ranges from 6 to 8 mm. Thus, the heat transfer element residing therein may not be much larger than 4 mm in diameter to avoid occluding the vessel. The length of the heat transfer element should also be limited. For placement within the internal and common carotid artery, the length of the heat transfer element is limited to about 10 cm. This estimate is based on the length of the common carotid artery, which ranges from 8 to 12 cm.
Consequently, the value of the surface area S is limited by the physical constraints imposed by the size of the artery into which the device is placed. Surface features, such as fins, can be used to increase the surface area of the heat transfer element, however, these features alone cannot provide enough surface area enhancement to meet the required heat transfer rate to effectively cool the brain.
One may also attempt to vary the magnitude of the heat transfer rate by varying ΔT. The value of ΔT=Tb−Ts can be varied by varying the surface temperature Ts of the heat transfer element. The allowable surface temperature of the heat transfer element is limited by the characteristics of blood. The blood temperature is fixed at about 37° C., and blood freezes at approximately 0° C. When the blood approaches freezing, ice emboli may form in the blood which may lodge downstream, causing serious ischemic injury. Furthermore, reducing the temperature of the blood also increases its viscosity which results in a small decrease in the value of
One may also attempt to vary the magnitude of the heat transfer rate by varying
The heat transfer rate Qno-flow in the absence of fluid flow is proportional to ΔT, the temperature differential between the surface temperature Ts of the heat transfer element and the free stream blood temperature Tb times k, the diffusion constant, and is inversely proportion to δ, the thickness of the boundary layer.
The magnitude of the enhancement in heat transfer by fluid flow can be estimated by taking the ratio of the heat transfer rate with fluid flow to the heat transfer rate in the absence of fluid flow N=Qflow/Qno-flow=
Stirring-type mechanisms, which abruptly change the direction of velocity vectors, may be utilized to induce turbulent kinetic energy and increase the heat transfer rate. The level of turbulence so created is characterized by the turbulence intensity θ. Turbulence intensity θ is defined as the root mean square of the fluctuating velocity divided by the mean velocity. Such mechanisms can create high levels of turbulence intensity in the free stream, thereby increasing the heat transfer rate. This turbulence intensity should ideally be sustained for a significant portion of the cardiac cycle, and should ideally be created throughout the free stream and not just in the boundary layer.
Turbulence does occur for a short period in the cardiac cycle anyway. In particular, the blood flow is turbulent during a small portion of the descending systolic flow. This portion is less than 20% of the period of the cardiac cycle. If a heat transfer element is placed co-axially inside the artery, the heat transfer rate will be enhanced during this short interval. For typical of these fluctuations, the turbulence intensity is at least 0.05. In other words, the instantaneous velocity fluctuations deviate from the mean velocity by at least 5%. Although ideally turbulence is created throughout the entire period of the cardiac cycle, the benefits of turbulence are obtained if the turbulence is sustained for 75%, 50% or even as low as 30% or 20% of the cardiac cycle.
One type of turbulence-inducing heat transfer element which may be advantageously employed to provide heating or cooling of an organ or volume is described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/103,342 to Dobak and Lasheras for a "Selective Organ Cooling Catheter and Method of Using the Same," incorporated by reference above. In that application, and as described below, the heat transfer element is made of a high thermal conductivity material, such as metal. The use of a high thermal conductivity material increases the heat transfer rate for a given temperature differential between the coolant within the heat transfer element and the blood. This facilitates the use of a higher temperature coolant within the heat transfer element, allowing safer coolants, such as water, to be used. Highly thermally conductive materials, such as metals, tend to be rigid. In that application, bellows provided a high degree of articulation that compensated for the intrinsic stiffness of the metal. In another application incorporated by reference above, the bellows are replaced with a straight metal tube having a predetermined thickness to allow flexibility via bending of the metal. Alternatively, the bellows may be replaced with a polymer tube, e.g., a latex rubber tube, a plastic tube, or a flexible plastic corrugated tube.
The device size may be minimized, e.g., less than 4 mm, to prevent blockage of the blood flowing in the artery. The design of the heat transfer element should facilitate flexibility in an inherently inflexible material.
To create the desired level of turbulence intensity in the blood free stream during the whole cardiac cycle, one embodiment of the device uses a modular design. This design creates helical blood flow and produces a high level of turbulence in the free stream by periodically forcing abrupt changes in the direction of the helical blood flow.
The use of periodic abrupt changes in the helical direction of the blood flow in order to induce strong free stream turbulence may be illustrated with reference to a common clothes washing machine. The rotor of a washing machine spins initially in one direction causing laminar flow. When the rotor abruptly reverses direction, significant turbulent kinetic energy is created within the entire wash basin as the changing currents cause random turbulent motion within the clothes-water slurry.
In the following description, the term "pressure communication" is used to describe a situation between two points in a flow or in a standing fluid. If pressure is applied at one point, the second point will eventually feel effects of the pressure if the two points are in pressure communication. Any number of valves or elements may be disposed between the two points, and the two points may still be in pressure communication if the above test is met. For example, for a standing fluid in a pipe, any number of pipe fittings may be disposed between two pipes and, so long as an open path is maintained, points in the respective pipes may still be in pressure communication.
The first heat transfer segment 20 is coupled to a second elongated heat transfer segment 22 by a first tube section 25, which provides flexibility. The second heat transfer segment 22 comprises one or more helical ridges 32 with one or more helical grooves 30 therebetween. The ridges 32 and grooves 30 have a right hand, or clockwise, twist as they proceed toward the distal end of the heat transfer segment 22. The second heat transfer segment 22 is coupled to a third elongated heat transfer segment 24 by a second tube section 27. The third heat transfer segment 24 comprises one or more helical ridges 36 with one or more helical grooves 34 therebetween. The helical ridge 36 and the helical groove 34 have a left hand, or counter-clockwise, twist as they proceed toward the distal end of the heat transfer segment 24. Thus, successive heat transfer segments 20, 22, 24 of the heat transfer element 14 alternate between having clockwise and counterclockwise helical twists. The actual left or right hand twist of any particular segment is immaterial, as long as adjacent segments have opposite helical twist.
In addition, the rounded contours of the ridges 28, 32, 36 also allow the heat transfer element 14 to maintain a relatively atraumatic profile, thereby minimizing the possibility of damage to the blood vessel wall. A heat transfer element may be comprised of two, three, or more heat transfer segments.
The tube sections 25, 27 are formed from seamless and nonporous materials, such as metal, and therefore are impermeable to gas, which can be particularly important, depending on the type of working fluid that is cycled through the heat transfer element 14. The structure of the tube sections 25, 27 allows them to bend, extend and compress, which increases the flexibility of the heat transfer element 14 so that it is more readily able to navigate through blood vessels. The tube sections 25, 27 are also able to tolerate cryogenic temperatures without a loss of performance. The tube sections 25, 27 may have a predetermined thickness of their walls, such as between about 0.5 and 0.8 mils. The predetermined thickness is to a certain extent dependent on the diameter of the overall tube. Thicknesses of 0.5 to 0.8 mils may be appropriate especially for a tubal diameter of about 4 mm. For smaller diameters, such as about 3.3 mm, larger thicknesses may be employed for higher strength. In another embodiment, tube sections 25, 27 may be formed from a polymer material such as rubber, e.g., latex rubber.
The exterior surfaces of the heat transfer element 14 can be made from metal except in flexible joint embodiments where the surface may be comprised of a polymer material. The metal may be a very high thermal conductivity material such as nickel, thereby facilitating efficient heat transfer. Alternatively, other metals such as stainless steel, titanium, aluminum, silver, copper and the like, can be used, with or without an appropriate coating or treatment to enhance biocompatibility or inhibit clot formation. Suitable biocompatible coatings include, e.g., gold, platinum or polymer paralyene. The heat transfer element 14 may be manufactured by plating a thin layer of metal on a mandrel that has the appropriate pattern. In this way, the heat transfer element 14 may be manufactured inexpensively in large quantities, which is an important feature in a disposable medical device.
Because the heat transfer element 14 may dwell within the blood vessel for extended periods of time, such as 24-48 hours or even longer, it may be desirable to treat the surfaces of the heat transfer element 14 to avoid clot formation. One means by which to prevent thrombus formation is to bind an antithrombogenic agent to the surface of the heat transfer element 14. For example, heparin is known to inhibit clot formation and is also known to be useful as a biocoating. Alternatively, the surfaces of the heat transfer element 14 may be bombarded with ions such as nitrogen. Bombardment with nitrogen can harden and smooth the surface and, thus prevent adherence of clotting factors to the surface.
It is important to note that the same mechanisms that govern the heat transfer rate between the exterior surface 37 of the heat transfer element 14 and the blood also govern the heat transfer rate between the working fluid and the interior surface 38 of the heat transfer element 14. The heat transfer characteristics of the interior surface 38 are particularly important when using water, saline or other fluid which remains a liquid as the coolant. Other coolants such as freon undergo nucleate boiling and create turbulence through a different mechanism. Saline is a safe coolant because it is non-toxic, and leakage of saline does not result in a gas embolism, which could occur with the use of boiling refrigerants. Since turbulence in the coolant is enhanced by the shape of the interior surface 38 of the heat transfer element 14, the coolant can be delivered to the heat transfer element 14 at a warmer temperature and still achieve the necessary heat transfer rate.
This has a number of beneficial implications in the need for insulation along the catheter shaft length. Due to the decreased need for insulation, the catheter shaft diameter can be made smaller. The enhanced heat transfer characteristics of the interior surface of the heat transfer element 14 also allow the working fluid to be delivered to the heat transfer element 14 at lower flow rates and lower pressures. High pressures may make the heat transfer element stiff and cause it to push against the wall of the blood vessel, thereby shielding part of the exterior surface 37 of the heat transfer element 14 from the blood. Because of the increased heat transfer characteristics achieved by the alternating helical ridges 28, 32, 36, the pressure of the working fluid may be as low as 5 atmospheres, 3 atmospheres, 2 atmospheres or even less than 1 atmosphere.
Thus, a large portion of the volume of warm blood in the vessel is actively brought in contact with the heat transfer element 14, where it can be cooled by direct contact rather than being cooled largely by conduction through adjacent laminar layers of blood. As noted above, the depth of the grooves 26, 30, 34 (
Referring back to
A working fluid is circulated up through an inner coaxial lumen 56 defined by an insulating coaxial tube 58 to a distal tip of the heat transfer element 50. The working fluid then traverses an outer coaxial lumen 60 in order to transfer heat to the exterior surface 52 of the heat transfer element 50. The inside surface of the heat transfer element 50 is similar to the exterior surface 52, in order to induce turbulent flow of the working fluid. The inner protrusions can be aligned with the outer protrusions 54, as shown in
Although the working fluid supply 10 is shown as an exemplary cooling device, other devices and working fluids may be used. For example, in order to provide cooling, freon, perflourocarbon, water, or saline may be used, as well as other such coolants.
The heat transfer element can absorb or provide over 75 Watts of heat to the blood stream and may absorb or provide as much as 100 Watts, 150 Watts, 170 Watts or more. For example, a heat transfer element with a diameter of 4 mm and a length of approximately 10 cm using ordinary saline solution chilled so that the surface temperature of the heat transfer element is approximately 5° C. and pressurized at 2 atmospheres can absorb about 100 Watts of energy from the bloodstream. Smaller geometry heat transfer elements may be developed for use with smaller organs which provide 60 Watts, 50 Watts, 25 Watts or less of heat transfer.
The practice of the present invention is illustrated in the following non-limiting example.
Exemplary Procedure
1. The patient is initially assessed, resuscitated, and stabilized.
2. The procedure is carried out in an angiography suite or surgical suite equipped with fluoroscopy.
3. Because the catheter is placed into the common carotid artery, it is important to determine the presence of stenotic atheromatous lesions. A carotid duplex (Doppler/ultrasound) scan can quickly and non-invasively make this determination. The ideal location for placement of the catheter is in the left carotid so this may be scanned first. If disease is present, then the right carotid artery can be assessed. This test can be used to detect the presence of proximal common carotid lesions by observing the slope of the systolic upstroke and the shape of the pulsation. Although these lesions are rare, they could inhibit the placement of the catheter. Examination of the peak blood flow velocities in the internal carotid can determine the presence of internal carotid artery lesions. Although the catheter is placed proximally to such lesions, the catheter may exacerbate the compromised blood flow created by these lesions. Peak systolic velocities greater that 130 cm/sec and peak diastolic velocities >100 cm/sec in the internal indicate the presence of at least 70% stenosis. Stenosis of 70% or more may warrant the placement of a stent to open up the internal artery diameter.
4. The ultrasound can also be used to determine the vessel diameter and the blood flow and the catheter with the appropriately sized heat transfer element could be selected.
5. After assessment of the arteries, the patients inguinal region is sterilely prepped and infiltrated with lidocaine.
6. The femoral artery is cannulated and a guidewire may be inserted to the desired carotid artery. Placement of the guidewire is confirmed with fluoroscopy.
7. An angiographic catheter can be fed over the wire and contrast media injected into the artery to further to assess the anatomy of the carotid.
8. Alternatively, the femoral artery is cannulated and a 10-12.5 french (f) introducer sheath is placed.
9. A guide catheter is placed into the desired common carotid artery. If a guiding catheter is placed, it can be used to deliver contrast media directly to further assess carotid anatomy.
10. A 10 f-12 f (3.3-4.0 mm) (approximate) cooling catheter is subsequently filled with saline and all air bubbles are removed.
11. The cooling catheter is placed into the carotid artery via the guiding catheter or over the guidewire. Placement is confirmed with fluoroscopy.
12. Alternatively, the cooling catheter tip is shaped (angled or curved approximately 45 degrees), and the cooling catheter shaft has sufficient pushability and torqueability to be placed in the carotid without the aid of a guidewire or guide catheter.
13. The cooling catheter is connected to a pump circuit also filled with saline and free from air bubbles. The pump circuit has a heat exchange section that is immersed into a water bath and tubing that is connected to a peristaltic pump. The water bath is chilled to approximately 0° C.
14. Cooling is initiated by starting the pump mechanism. The saline within the cooling catheter is circulated at 5 cc/sec. The saline travels through the heat exchanger in the chilled water bath and is cooled to approximately 1° C.
15. The saline subsequently enters the cooling catheter where it is delivered to the heat transfer element. The saline is warmed to approximately 5-7° C. as it travels along the inner lumen of the catheter shaft to the end of the heat transfer element.
The saline then flows back through the heat transfer element in contact with the inner metallic surface. The saline is further warmed in the heat transfer element to 12-15° C., and in the process, heat is absorbed from the blood, cooling the blood to 30° C. to 32° C.
The chilled blood then goes on to chill the brain. It is estimated that 15-30 minutes will be required to cool the brain to 30 to 32° C.
The warmed saline travels back down the outer lumen of the catheter shaft and back to the chilled water bath where it is cooled to 1° C.
The pressure drops along the length of the circuit are estimated to be 2-3 atmospheres.
The cooling can be adjusted by increasing or decreasing the flow rate of the saline. Monitoring of the temperature drop of the saline along the heat transfer element will allow the flow to be adjusted to maintain the desired cooling effect.
The catheter is left in place to provide cooling for 12 to 24 hours.
If desired, warm saline can be circulated to promote warming of the brain at the end of the procedure.
1. The invention may also be used in combination with other techniques. For example, one technique employed to place working lumens or catheters in desired locations employs guide catheters, as mentioned above. Referring to
2. The guide catheter 102 has a soft tapered tip 104 and a retaining flange 124 at a distal end 101. The soft tapered tip 104 allows an atraumatic entrance of the guide catheter 102 into an artery as well as a sealing function as is described in more detail below. The retaining flange 124 may be a metallic member adhered to the guide catheter interior wall or may be integral with the material of the tube. The retaining flange 124 further has a sealing function described in more detail below.
3. The guide catheter 102 may have various shapes to facilitate placement into particular arteries. In the case of the carotid artery, the guide catheter 102 may have the shape of a hockey stick. The guide catheter 102 may include a Pebax® tube with a Teflon® liner. The Teflon® liner provides sufficient lubricity to allow minimum friction when components are pushed through the tube. A metal wire braid may also be employed between the Pebax® tube and the Teflon® liner to provide torqueability of the guide catheter 102.
4. A number of procedures may be performed with the guide catheter 102 in place within an artery. For example, a stent may be disposed across a stenotic lesion in the internal carotid artery. This procedure involves placing a guidewire through the guide catheter 102 and across the lesion. A balloon catheter loaded with a stent is then advanced along the guidewire. The stent is positioned across the lesion. The balloon is expanded with contrast, and the stent is deployed intravascularly to open up the stenotic lesion. The balloon catheter and the guidewire may then be removed from the guide catheter.
5. A variety of treatments may pass through the guide catheter. For example, the guide catheter, or an appropriate lumen disposed within, may be employed to transfer contrast for diagnosis of bleeding or arterial blockage, such as for angiography. The same may further be employed to deliver various drug therapies, e.g., to the brain. Such therapies may include delivery of thrombolytic drugs that lyse clots lodged in the arteries of the brain, as are further described in an application incorporated by reference above.
6. A proximal end 103 of the guide catheter 102 has a male luer connector for mating with a y-connector 118 attached to a supply tube 108. The supply tube 108 may include a braided Pebax® tube or a polyimide tube. The y-connector 118 connects to the guide catheter 102 via a male/female luer connector assembly 116. The y-connector 118 allows the supply tube 108 to enter the assembly and to pass through the male/female luer connector assembly 116 into the interior of the guide catheter 102. The supply tube 108 may be disposed with an outlet at its distal end. The outlet of the supply tube 108 may also be used to provide a working fluid to the interior of a heat transfer element 110. The guide catheter 102 may be employed as the return tube for the working fluid supply in this aspect of the invention. In this embodiment, a heat transfer element 110 is delivered to the distal end 101 of the guide catheter 102 as is shown in
7. In
8. The supply tube 108 may connect to the heat transfer element 110 (the connection is not shown) and may be employed to push the heat transfer element 110 through the guide catheter 102. The supply tube should have sufficient rigidity to accomplish this function. In an alternative embodiment, a guidewire may be employed having sufficient rigidity to push both the supply tube 108 and the heat transfer element 110 through the guide catheter 102. So that the supply tube 108 is preventing from abutting its outlet against the interior of the heat transfer element 110 and thereby stopping the flow of working fluid, a strut 112 may be employed on a distal end of the supply tube 108. The strut 112 may have a window providing an alternative path for the flowing working fluid.
9. The heat transfer element 110 may employ any of the forms disclosed above, as well as variations of those forms. For example, the heat transfer element 110 may employ alternating helical ridges separated by flexible joints, the ridges creating sufficient turbulence to enhance heat transfer between a working fluid and blood in the artery. Alternatively, the heat transfer element 110 may be inflatable and may have sufficient surface area that the heat transfer due to conduction alone is sufficient to provide the requisite heat transfer. Details of the heat transfer element 110 are omitted in
11. A return supply catheter 202 is shown coupled to the heat transfer element 204. The return supply catheter may be coupled to the heat transfer element 204 in known fashion, and may provide a convenient return path for working fluid as may be provided to the heat transfer element 204 to provide temperature control of a flow or volume of blood.
12. A delivery catheter 216 is also shown in
13. For applications in which it is desired to provide drainage of the artery, e.g., laser ablation, the delivery catheter may be pulled upstream of the retaining flange 210, exposing an annular hole in fluid communication with the return supply catheter 202. The return supply catheter 202 may then be used to drain the volume adjacent the retaining flange 210.
14. The assembly may also perform temperature control of blood in the artery where the same is located. Such temperature control procedures may be performed, e.g., before or after procedures involving the delivery catheter 216. Such a device for temperature control is shown in
15. One way of using the same catheter as a delivery catheter and as a working fluid catheter is shown in
16. One method of disposing a heat transfer device within a desired artery, such as the carotid artery, involves use of a guidewire. Referring to
17. Numerous other therapies may then employ the return supply catheter and heat transfer element as a "guide catheter". For example, various laser and ultrasound ablation catheters may be disposed within. In this way, these therapeutic techniques may be employed at nearly the same time as therapeutic temperature control, including, e.g., neuroprotective cooling.
18. The use of an additional lumen was disclosed above in connection with passing a variety of treatments through the guide catheter. For example, an additional lumen may be employed to transfer contrast for diagnosis of bleeding or arterial blockage, such as for angiography. Such an additional lumen may be defined by a drug delivery catheter which forms an integral or at least integrated part of the overall inventive catheter assembly. The same may be employed to deliver various drug therapies, e.g., to the brain. The use of an additional lumen was further mentioned in connection with expansion of a balloon that may be used to occlude a drug delivery lumen outlet.
20. A drug delivery catheter 312 defines the third lumen 316 and as shown may be coaxial with the inlet lumen 318 and the outlet lumen 320. Of course, the delivery catheter 312 may be also be off-axis or non-coaxial with respect to the inlet lumen 318 and the outlet lumen 320.
21. For example, as shown in
22. The device may be inserted in a selected feeding vessel in the vascular system of a patient. For example, the device may be inserted in an artery which feeds a downstream organ or which feeds an artery which, in turn, feeds a downstream organ. In any of the embodiments of
24. The inflatable lumens 316′″A-B and 316′″D-N may be caused to inflate under influence of, e.g., an air compressor with a variable air delivery flow. Rapid pulses of air may be used to inflate the lumens 316′″A-B and 316′″D-N in a rapid and repeated fashion. By so doing, the outer walls defining these lumens move rapidly into and out of the bloodstream around the catheter, inducing turbulence. Preferably, the amplitude of the vibrations is large enough to move the outer walls defining the lumens out of the boundary layer and into the free stream of blood. This effect produces turbulence which is used to enhance heat transfer. As it is important to induce turbulence only near the heat transfer element, the area of appropriate wall thickness to allow for inflation need only be at, near, or adjacent the portion of the return catheter exterior wall adjacent the heat transfer element. In other words, the return catheter wall only requires reduction near the heat transfer element. The remainder of the catheter wall may remain thick for strength and durability.
25. The supply catheter 310 may be constructed such that the same does not contact the interior of the distal end 308 of the heat transfer element, which may cause a subsequent stoppage of flow of the working fluid. Such construction may be via struts located in the return catheter 302 that extend radially inwards and secure the supply catheter 310 from longitudinal translations. Alternatively, struts may extend longitudinally from the distal end of the supply catheter 310 and hold the same from contacting the heat transfer element. This construction is similar to strut 112 shown in
27. The supply catheter 310′ has a plurality of outlets 322. Outlets 322 are provided at points generally near or adjacent the distal end of the supply catheter 310′. The outlets are provided such that, when the supply catheter 310′ is in position, the outlets generally face the heat transfer element 304′. In this way, the working fluid, emerging from the outlets 322, more directly impinges on the interior wall of the heat transfer element 304′. In particular, the working fluid exits the interior of the supply catheter and flows into a volume defined by the exterior of the supply catheter and the interior of the heat transfer element.
28. For clarity,
29. In the embodiments of
30. In particular, the catheter may be placed as described above. In this procedure, however, the catheter is placed such that the tip of the protruding drug delivery catheter touches, is substantially near, or becomes embedded within the clot. An enzyme solution or other such drug is then delivered down the drug delivery catheter directly into the clot or into the volume of blood surrounding the clot. The enzyme solution may include tPA, streptokinase, urokinase, pro-urokinase, combinations thereof, and may be heated to enhance fibrinolytic activity. In a related embodiment, the solution may be a simple heated saline solution. The heated saline solution warms the clot, or the volume surrounding the clot, again leading to enhanced fibrinolytic activity.
31. In these procedures, it is advantageous to use embodiments of the invention in which the distal tip of the drug delivery catheter is substantially protruding, or is distal, from the remainder of the catheter assembly. In this way, the distal tip may be disposed adjacent to or within a clot without being obstructed by the remainder of the catheter assembly.
32. As mentioned above, the catheter and heat transfer element may be conveniently disposed in a predetermined position using a guide catheter. The predetermined position may be one in which blood flows past the heat transfer element towards an organ to be cooled.
34. The heat transfer element 401 is also shown schematically in
35. Adjacent segments may be coupled by thin tubes of metal or polymeric materials, or alternatively by metal bellows. Elements 414, 414′, 414″ are schematic in nature and are intended to demonstrate the location of such coupling segments.
36. An optional feature which may be employed is a spring-tip 434. The spring-tip 434 is a tightly wound spring of small radius which allows the cooling device to navigate tortuous vasculature easily and without damage to vessel walls.
37. At various locations, an eyelet or equivalent structure may be provided through which a guidewire may pass. The eyelet or equivalent structures need not be employed on the catheter 400, as the guidewire lumen 403 serves this purpose. However, the eyelet or equivalent structures may be especially advantageously provided on the heat transfer element and/or on the spring-tip 434. A break-out of the eyelet structure is shown in
38. In use, the guidewire 408 is placed into the vasculature of a patient. For an application of brain cooling, the guidewire may be run from the femoral artery through the vasculature into the internal carotid artery. The heat transfer element 401 may then be threaded onto the guidewire 408 by first threading eyelet 438 onto the guidewire 408. One or more of eyelets 424″, 424′, and 424 may then be threaded onto the guidewire 408 successively. Finally, the guidewire 408 may be run through the guidewire lumen 403 (defined by guidewire tube 406). The cooling device, defined by catheter 400 and heat transfer element 401, may then be inserted into the patient's vasculature along the path defined by the guidewire 408. The applications of the cooling device, which may alternatively provide heating rather than cooling, are discussed above.
39. The tip of the guidewire 408 may contain or be part of a temperature monitor. The temperature monitor may be employed to measure the temperature upstream or downstream of the heat transfer element and catheter, depending on the direction of blood flow relative to the temperature monitor. The temperature monitor may be, e.g., a thermocouple or thermistor.
40. An embodiment of the invention employing a thermocouple is shown in
41. In an alternative embodiment, a thermistor may be used as shown in
42. A signal from the temperature monitoring device may be fed back to the source of working fluid to control the temperature of the working fluid emerging therefrom. Referring to
43. The signal may advantageously be employed to alter the temperature, if necessary, of the working fluid from the source 452. For example, if the temperature-monitoring device senses that the temperature of the blood flowing in the feeding vessel of the patient's vasculature is below optimal, a signal may be sent to the source of working fluid 452 to increase the temperature of the working fluid emerging therefrom. The opposite may be performed if the temperature-monitoring device senses that the temperature of the blood flowing in the feeding vessel of the patient's vasculature is above optimal.
44. The invention has been described with respect to certain embodiments. It will be clear to one of skill in the art that variations of the embodiments may be employed in the method of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is limited only by the scope of the appended claims.
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|U.S. Classification
|607/105, 607/113, 607/104
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 5, 2008
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This poster features Moore's teammates hoisting him in the air with the Jules Rimet trophy, in front of a raucous, exctatic Wembley crowd. Now, finally, is your chance to own this image in giant living colour, as a poster for your wall! A historic piece, and an absolute must for the wall of any fan with the Heart of a Lion!
July 30, 1966 Team England Roster: Bobby Charlton, Geoff Hurst, Gordon Banks, Roger Hunt, Martin Peters, Nobby Stiles, Jackie Charlton, George Cohen, Ray Wilson, Alan Ball, Martin Peters.
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Corndawg13 wrote:Man I was waiting forever!!!! I'd like to be the second to say congrats and thank you for the efforts thus far! Let me know when and how I can assist on the new course!
Renoryn wrote:Ok... here is the 95% Course Map for LMP (follow the link below). This graphic will be on the sign when you walk up to hole #1, similar to Alexander Park. I included hole lengths, topography and pars on the plan so you can get a feel for the holes. Now we just have to wait on GwCo to move forward on this...
http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid= ... =1&theater
campbeck wrote:Will the heneral public be able to play on the day after the tournament?
CHAP Campbeck
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Description: TL881 20/40GB Ldr Rdy DLT Diff SCSI Option Part# TH5XB-CB
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Part NumberTH5XB-CB
Products ID13320
Tape TypeDLT
Native Capacity20GB
Interface TypeSCSI
Compressed Capacity40GB