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For questions regarding a CDL cancellation letter from TDOSHS due to an expired medical card, please contact the Commercial Driver License (CDL) MedCert Section immediately at 615-687-2312.
Tennessee Department of Safety and Homeland Security
December 2011
What is changing? The Tennessee Department of Safety and Homeland Security (TDOSHS) will be adding your medical certification status and the information on your medical examiner's certificate to your Commercial Driver's License System (CDLIS) record.
When does this change start? This change starts on January 30, 2012.
What is not changing? The driver physical qualification requirements are not changing.
What are CDL holders required to do?
For more detailed information read the following:
Starting January 30, 2012 and no later than January 30, 2014, all CDL holders must provide information to TDOSHS regarding the type of commercial motor vehicle operation they drive in or expect to drive in with their CDL. Drivers operating in certain types of commerce will be required to submit a current medical examiner's certificate to TDOSHS to obtain a "certified" medical status as part of their driving record. CDL holders required to have a "certified" medical status who fail to provide and keep up-to-date their medical examiner's certificate with TDOSHS will become "not-certified" and they may lose their CDL.
New Medical Certification Requirements Frequently Asked Questions
Operators of larger and more complex vehicles will need to apply for a Commercial Driver License (CDL). These licenses include Class A, B, and C depending upon the Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR), Gross Combination Weight Rating (GCWR), and what is being transported. In general, state law defines a commercial motor vehicle (CMV) as any vehicle or combination of vehicles weighing more than 26,000 pounds. If hazardous materials are transported, or if the vehicle is designed to transport more than fifteen (15) passengers including the driver, or if the vehicle is used as a school bus, a CDL would also be required, regardless of the weight of the vehicle. Drivers who need a CDL should obtain the Commercial Driver License Manual which contains detailed information necessary to prepare for the tests. These manuals are available at all driver license stations.
The Temporary Driver License is not available to cover any type of commercial motor vehicle. An applicant for a CDL must be able to provide proof of U.S. Citizenship or Lawful Permanent Resident status in order to qualify for issuance of a Tennessee CDL.
See the Commercial Motor Vehicles Guide for more information.
NOTE: If a person holds a valid commercial driver license (Class A, B, or C license), this license is also valid for operating a Class D vehicle. No separate Class D license is required.
Commercial licenses include Class A, B, and C depending upon the Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR), Gross Combination Weight Rating (GCWR), and what is being transported.
Some drivers may require an A/57 license. This license applies to drivers who do not require a class A license, but who haul an excess of 10,001 pounds or more. Examples are: F450 pick-up truck hauling a 10,001 or more pound trailer, an electric department truck hauling a 10,000 pound forklift on a flatbed trailer, etc.
View the Endorsement Table in PDF format.
Under the provisions of the USA Patriot Act (Public Law 107-56, § 1012), rules of the federal Transportation Security Administration (TSA) (49 CFR Part 1572) and the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) (Title 49 of Code of Federal Regulation 383.71(a)(9)), the Tennessee Department of Safety and Homeland Security Driver Service Centers may not issue a hazardous materials endorsement (HME) until the applicant has first submitted to a fingerprint-based background check. TSA must determine that the applicant does not pose a security threat before the HME can be issued. No person applying for a first-time INITIAL, current RENEWING or current out of state TRANSFERRING HME after February 20, 2013, may be issued an HME until the TSA background check has been completed. The background check must have been completed within the last ninety (90) days.
Click Hazardous Materials Endorsement for more information.
Please bring the following documents with you when applying for a CDL license.
All documents must include a Tennessee residential address--the SAME residential address must be on each document presented. No photocopies accepted!
Acceptable Documents:
NOTE: (E-filed returns must include the W2 form AND confirmation page and are acceptable only if dated within the last 12 months.)
Unacceptable documents:
Domicile may also be established through proof of relationship to a spouse, parent/child, sibling, or grandparent.
A. The spouse, parent/child, sibling, or grandparent of a CDL applicant needing to use a relative's address and domicile documents MUST hold a valid Tennessee driver license or identification license.
B. The CDL applicant will be required to present two (2) items with a Tennessee residential address from the list of acceptable domicile documents in the name of the immediate relative. This relative must be present at the time of application! This is required for all transfers from out of state and for class D upgrades.
C. CDL applicants using items in the name of one of these immediate relatives as proof of domicile must also provide proof of the relationship such as:
To obtain your permit, you must take and pass the CDL general knowledge test. Full-Service Driver Service Centers throughout the state** offer the CDL general knowledge test and the knowledge tests for any endorsement needed.
No. The Temporary Driver License is not available to cover any type of commercial motor vehicle.
Per federal regulation §383.93, paragraph C:
The following tests are required for endorsements:
(c)(1) Double/Triple Trailers - a knowledge test;
(c)(2) Passenger - knowledge and a skills test;
(c)(3) Tank vehicle - a knowledge test;
(c)(4) Hazardous Materials - a knowledge test; and
(c)(5) School bus - knowledge and a skills test.
CDL knowledge tests can be taken at our Full-Service Driver Service Centers.
CDL skills tests can be scheduled for any of the Commercial Driver License Road Skills Test locations across the state by calling 615-251-5217 between the hours of 8 a.m. and 4:30 p.m. CST Monday through Friday.
The Commercial Driver License Manual is available online to download or is available for pick up at Driver Services Centers statewide.
New Tennessee Law - Effective 1/1/2011
Effective January 1, 2011, the State reporting requirement for commercial vehicle convictions was changed from 10 days to 5 days (Tenn. Code Ann. §55-50-409).
For more information and the new reporting requirements, visit our CDL Citations page.


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Bar Code Equipment › Bar code Printer › Thermal Transfer Bar code Printer › Zebra Printer › Zebra GX 430 t › Zebra GX43-102511-000
Thermal transfer printing, 305 dpi, 4" print width, Serial, USB, Parallel interfaces, Dispenser. Includes US power cord and 6' USB cable.
Free Shipping
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The Zebra GX 430 t Thermal transfer desktop printer includes a 300 dpi printhead to ensure high-quality, crisp, clear printing of 2D barcodes, fine text and complex graphics - ideal for high-density data on small labels. The GX 430 t has the widest range of features and the easiest ribbon-loading system of any desktop printer on the market. It prints up to 4 ips.
Full specifications (PDF)
Manufacturer part number: GX43-102511-000

subset: commoncrawl


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Brinton Eaton, a Madison, N.J., based wealth manager with $700 million in assets under management, has joined Chicago-based Mariner Wealth Advisors, bringing the latters AUM to $6.3 billion.
All On Wall Street articles are archived after 7 days. REGISTER NOW for unlimited access to all recently archived articles, as well as thousands of searchable stories. Registered Members also gain access to exclusive industry white paper downloads, web seminars, blog discussions, the iPad App, CE Exams, and conference discounts. Qualified members may also choose to receive our free monthly magazine and any of our daily or weekly e-newsletters covering the latest breaking news, opinions from industry leaders, developing trends and growth strategies.


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Here at the ASPCA we often chat about how two cats are better than one. However, for a solo kitty who is accustomed to being king or queen of your castle, er, house, introducing a new feline friend to your home can be a bit stressful.
If you decide to bring a second cat into your home, proceed slowly and with patience. It takes most cats 8 to 12 months to develop a friendship with a new cat. By following these three steps, you can make sure that the transition goes smoothly:
- Making the introduction: Allow the cats to smell and hear each other, without any visual or physical contact just yet. Give each cat his or her own food and water bowl, litter box, scratching post, and bed on separate sides of a door in your home. After a few days, switch the cats' locations so they can check out each other's scents. Try playing with the cats near the door. They might even reach under the door to play "paws" with each other!
- Seeing eye-to-eye: After a week or so, assuming neither cat has shown signs of aggression (hissing, growling, etc.), let the cats meet each other face-to-face. You might want to put a baby gate or screen door between them. Set each cat down a few feet away from the barrier. When the cats notice each other, call out their names and toss them some tasty treats. Over the next few days, continue to offer treats, meals and playtime close to the barrier.
- Together at last:Supervise your cats' initial interactions very carefully. Allow them to spend time together when things are low-stress, such as after strenuous play. Keep a spray bottle on hand in case they begin to fight. As the cats become more familiar with each other, allow them to gradually spend more and more time together.
For more information about introducing your resident cat to a new feline friend, please check out our full list of helpful tips from ASPCA experts.


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Adam Logan Bio
Adam Logan
Communications Officer
Adam attended Conifer High School in Colorado where he served as Team Captain and was a three time All-Conference defender and Honorable Mention All-State as a Senior. An alum of the University of Colorado in Boulder, Adam has a degree in Broadcast Journalism. While at Colorado, he was a member of the support staff for the CU Varsity Women's soccer program for 3 years and continues to be an avid supporter of the Buffs. He grew up playing club ball for the Evergreen Stingers. Outside of soccer, Adam likes to snowboard, golf and play hockey. He has coached in the club since 2008 and has his NSCAA National License. He has worked for Rush Soccer since 2009.


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OxyContin (Drug)
News about OxyContin (Drug), including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times.
Chronology of Coverage
Jan. 3, 2015
Michael Wilson Crime Scene column observes Dr Moshe B Mirilashvili of Washington Heights is accused in federal court with writing over 10,000 medically unnecessary prescriptions for oxycodone; notes authorities were tipped off by neighbors about possible drug operation, which involved two other doctors writing bad prescriptions. MORE
Jul. 9, 2014
Anthony D'Alessandro, former head pharmacist for Mount Sinai Beth Israel in Manhattan, is charged with stealing about 200,000 oxycodone pills, street value of $5.6 million, from his own pharmacy. MORE
Feb. 6, 2014
Federal indictment charges that corrupt doctors at Astramed Clinic in the Bronx were paid $300 in cash for fraudulent medical visits that lasted minute or two and led to writing of prescriptions for large doses of oxycodone; filing from federal prosecutors says that over three years, doctors wrote about 31,500 medically unnecessary prescriptions, encompassing about 5.5 million tablets with street value of up to $550 million. MORE
Sep. 11, 2013
Food and Drug Administration announces changes to labeling requirements for long-acting painkillers like OxyContin, in further effort to curb prescription drug abuse, which now takes more American lives than car accidents or gunshot wounds. MORE
Jul. 10, 2013
Kermit Gosnell, Philadelphia doctor serving life in prison for killing newborns delivered in late-term abortions, admits that he sold prescriptions for OxyContin and other drugs to addicts and dealers who lined up at his office. MORE
Jul. 3, 2013
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention analysis finds that prescription painkiller addiction, long seen as mainly a man's problem, is rising at a far faster rate among women; more women now die of overdoses from pain pills like OxyContin than from cervical cancer or homicide. MORE
Apr. 20, 2013
Editorial notes regulatory action by Food and Drug Administration has prevented generic version of painkiller OxyContin from being marketed; expresses hope that generic companies can find way to market abuse-deterrent formulations of drug, which would help keep prices down and prevent abuse by public. MORE
Apr. 17, 2013
Food and Drug Administration says that it will not approve generic versions of the powerful narcotic OxyContin, painkiller that symbolized a decade-long epidemic of prescription abuse; decision is victory for those saying generic versions would feed street demand, but will also likely result in higher prices. MORE
Mar. 29, 2013
Dr Hector Castro and office assistant Patricia Valera are arrested in Manhattan for illegally selling prescriptions for painkillers as part of a $10 million operation that involved dozens of people throughout the Northeast; officials say pharmacies in New York State dispensed about half a million oxycodone pills based on thousands of false prescriptions issued out of Castro's Lower Manhattan office. MORE
Jan. 12, 2013
Felix Lanting, 85-year-old former doctor accused of selling prescription painkiller oxycodone from his house on Staten Island, is sentenced to six months of house arrest and five years of probation out of deference to his advanced age and responsibilities caring for his ailing wife. MORE
Jan. 2, 2013
Purdue Pharma and Endo Pharmaceuticals, makers of brand name pain-relief drugs OxyContin and Opana, introduce versions that are more resistant to tampering techniques abusers use to release the pills' narcotics; companies hope that move will convince regulators to delay generic versions of the drugs that are not tamper-resistant, arguing that older designs will feed street demand for strong painkillers. MORE
Jul. 7, 2012
Purdue Pharma, maker of the widely abused narcotic painkiller OxyContin, is renewing a clinical trial of the drug's use in children; Purdue is hoping to use the study to obtain a lucrative six-month extension of OxyContin's protection from generic competition, making use of a 1990s law that rewards drug makers for conducting clinical studies involving children. MORE
There are no additional abstracts to display.
The Pain Medication Conundrum
A patient asks for oxycodone. How do you know if it's necessary?
August 13, 2015, Thursday
MORE ON OXYCONTIN (DRUG) AND: Doctors , Pain-Relieving Drugs , Drugs (Pharmaceuticals) , Pain , OxyContin (Drug)
Toyota Defends Diversity Hiring After American Is Arrested
After Julie Hamp was arrested on charges of illegally bringing a restricted painkiller into Japan, the company is defending its hiring initiative.
June 20, 2015, Saturday
MORE ON OXYCONTIN (DRUG) AND: Toyota Motor Corporation , Hamp, Julie A , Drug Abuse and Traffic , Pain-Relieving Drugs , Women and Girls , Japan , OxyContin (Drug)
Plea Deal in Case Tied to Derek Boogaard's Death
Boogard, a former left wing with the Rangers, died from an accidental overdose on alcohol and oxycodone.
June 13, 2015, Saturday
MORE ON OXYCONTIN (DRUG) AND: Hockey, Ice , Johnson, Oscar C (1955- ) , Boogaard, Derek , Drug Abuse and Traffic , Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy , Pain-Relieving Drugs , OxyContin (Drug) , Deaths (Fatalities) , Sports Injuries , New York Rangers
Painkillers Resist Abuse, but Experts Still Worry
As thousands of addicts still find ways to abuse OxyContin and similar painkillers, called abuse-deterrent formulations, some experts caution that the protections are misunderstood.
June 7, 2015, Sunday
MORE ON OXYCONTIN (DRUG) AND: Pain-Relieving Drugs , Drug Abuse and Traffic , OxyContin (Drug) , Drugs (Pharmaceuticals) , Food and Drug Administration
Doctors Among Dozens Held in Raids Against Illegal Sales of Prescription Drugs
The raids came after a 15-month investigation by the Drug Enforcement Administration, which focused on the illegal sale and distribution of painkillers including oxycodone and hydrocodone and the tranquilizer Xanax.
May 21, 2015, Thursday
MORE ON OXYCONTIN (DRUG) AND: Pain-Relieving Drugs , Doctors , Drug Abuse and Traffic , Drug Enforcement Administration , Arkansas , Alabama , Louisiana , Mississippi , Drugs (Pharmaceuticals) , Sedatives , OxyContin (Drug)
A Doctor Who Denies He's a Kingpin
Dr. Moshe B. Mirilashvili, 66, was charged in federal court with writing over 10,000 medically unnecessary prescriptions for oxycodone from his Manhattan office.
January 3, 2015, Saturday
MORE ON OXYCONTIN (DRUG) AND: Drug Abuse and Traffic , Mirilashvili, Moshe B (1948- ) , OxyContin (Drug) , New York City , Drugs (Pharmaceuticals) , Washington Heights (Manhattan, NY)
U.S. Arrests Manhattan Doctor in Oxycodone Ring
The arrest of Moshe Mirilashvili set off jubilation by activists in his neighborhood, who said his customers loitered nearby and appeared to be drug dealers.
December 12, 2014, Friday
MORE ON OXYCONTIN (DRUG) AND: Mirilishvili, Moshe , Drug Abuse and Traffic , Drug Enforcement Administration , Washington Heights (Manhattan, NY) , OxyContin (Drug)
Chicago and 2 California Counties Sue Over Marketing of Painkillers
Lawsuits by the City of Chicago and Orange and Santa Clara Counties in California contend that drug makers urged doctors to overprescribe painkillers, fueling an increase in abuse, addiction and fatal overdoses.
August 25, 2014, Monday
MORE ON OXYCONTIN (DRUG) AND: Drug Abuse and Traffic , Purdue Pharma , Actavis Group , Endo Pharmaceuticals Holdings Inc , Cephalon Inc , Pain-Relieving Drugs , Chicago (Ill) , California , Orange County (Calif) , Santa Clara County (Calif) , Drugs (Pharmaceuticals) , Suits and Litigation (Civil) , Liability for Products , Janssen Pharmaceutica
F.D.A. Approves Pain Drug Meant to Discourage Abuse
The Food and Drug Administration has approved a new combination pain pill from the maker of OxyContin that is meant to discourage abuse by painkiller addicts.
July 24, 2014, Thursday
MORE ON OXYCONTIN (DRUG) AND: Food and Drug Administration , Drug Abuse and Traffic , OxyContin (Drug) , Naloxone (Drug) , Pain-Relieving Drugs , Drugs (Pharmaceuticals) , Purdue Pharma
Missouri Alone in Resisting Prescription Drug Database
In declining to keep a prescription drug database, the state has hampered its ability to combat abuse and also drawn buyers from neighboring states.
July 21, 2014, Monday
MORE ON OXYCONTIN (DRUG) AND: Drugstores , Archives and Records , Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals , Logan, Richard , Missouri , OxyContin (Drug) , Drug Abuse and Traffic , Schaaf, Robert , Sedatives , Drugs (Pharmaceuticals) , Pain-Relieving Drugs , Drug Enforcement Administration
Related Web Sites
Information From Medline
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The Highland and Roscoe girls were big winners on the court in District 13-A, Division II basketball action Friday as they won by 54 and 49 points, respectively, against outmatched foes.
The Highland and Roscoe boys, however, lost games by a total of seven points.
Highland 72,
Hermleigh 18
Just how dominant have the Highland girls been in district play so far? The Lady Hornets ended the first half of the schedule Friday with an average winning margin of more than 41 points.
Highland led 26-0 after one quarter, 42-3 at half-time and 60-12 after three periods against Hermleigh as they improved to 22-3 overall and 5-0 in district.
Four players made it into double figures as Sierra Allen scored 19 points, Madison Moseley 13, Beth Richburg 12 and Hannah Allen 10. Sydny Helbert had six points, Stephanie Ashford four, Lora Stewart and Morgan Monroe three and Kelsi Johns two for the Lady Hornets.
Roscoe 72, Loraine 23
By beating Loraine, the Roscoe girls (3-2, 14-10) moved into a second-place tie and ended a two-game losing streak. Roscoe is tied with both Westbrook and Ira for the No. 2 spot.
Roscoe led 14-9 after one quarter and 35-20 at half-time, then completely shut down Loraine in the second half ŌĆö allowing just three points over that span.
Roscoe had three players in double figures ŌĆö Carolina Perez with 18 points, Shel-by Brown with 17 and Faith Boren with 16 ŌĆö against Loraine. Olivia Saddler scored eight points, Mirian Solis five, Olivia Rovig four, Sam Ortega three and Whitney Williams one.
Hermleigh 39,
Highland 36
HermleighŌĆÖs boys are tied with Highland (2-1, 8-12) for second place in the district after FridayŌĆÖs win.
Both teams are a game behind first-place Ira, which is 3-0 after winning Friday.
Highland led 8-7 after one quarter, but it was 14-14 at halftime and Hermleigh was ahead 28-20 after three periods before holding off HighlandŌĆÖs late rally.
Highland was paced by Ron Covington and Jacob Richburg with 10 points. Michael Hyde had six, Ethan Wilson five, Brandon Stevens three and and Kevin Box two.
Loraine 49,
Roscoe 45 (OT)
The Roscoe boysŌĆÖ bid for their first district win fell just short as Loraine outscored the Plowboys 8-4 in overtime to improve to 1-2 in district play, while also pulling out of a tie with Roscoe (0-3) for last place.
Loraine jumped out to a 12-6 lead after one quarter, but the second stanza saw Roscoe cut the lead to 21-20 at halftime.
Loraine led 32-28 after three periods, only to see Roscoe tie it at 41 at the end of regulation.
Jesus Leanos led Roscoe by scoring 19 points.
Also scoring for the Plow-boys were Kevin Lavalais and Shelton Toliver with six, Matthew Davila with five, Javier Leanos with three and Brant Burnett, Dillon Freeman and Luke Rovig with two.


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About LIM College
New Places and Spaces at LIM College
There are some new and exciting spaces on the LIM College campus for the start of the 2009 – 2010 academic year.
The College's new student lounge, bookstore and cafe are located on the first floor of Maxwell Hall (216 East 45th St.) LIM College has converted the entire first floor of Maxwell Hall into a modern, comfortable lounge space that includes Jittery Joe's Coffee Bar, a new LIM College Bookstore, and plenty of room to study, lounge, or catch up with friends.
LIM College is also proud to announce the opening of the Center for Career Development at 226 East 54th St. - 2nd floor (formerly known as the Office of Career Services and located at 216 East 45th St.). This facility is exclusively dedicated to offering career development services, and includes new offices, interview and meeting rooms, as well as state-of-the-art software -- including Simplicity (which allows employers to post jobs directly to LIM College), and Optimal Resume.
The Math Center is now located on the third floor of Maxwell Hall. This new spacious and tranquil environment is a multi-functional resource. It includes a quiet study area and a space for extended testing time, and continues to offer a range of math tutoring services and workshops.
LIM College also now has names for all four of its buildings. In addition to Maxwell Hall at 216 East 45th Street and The Center for Career Development at 226 East 54th Street, 12 East 53rd Street will now be called "The Townhouse" and 545 5th Avenue has been named "Fifth Avenue."


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Tuesday, June 15, 2004JOHNSON CITY, Tenn. (June 15, 2004) - The 2004 CoSIDA University Division Men's At-Large Academic All-America teams were announced Tuesday. East Tennessee State University's men's tennis team member Diego Iglesias (Mar del Plata, Argentina) was selected to the third team and was one of 45 student-athletes that were recognized nationally. A senior, Iglesias was named to the Academic All-District IV first team based on his athletic and academic performance earlier in the month to appear on the national ballot. This season as co-captain, Iglesias helped to lead the men's tennis team to a first-place finish in the Southern Conference with a perfect 10-0 SoCon record, and a 20-6 record in overall play. The team won the SoCon tournament to earn an NCAA berth, but was defeated in the first round by TCU. Individually, Iglesias finished the year with a 22-10 overall singles record at No. 3 and recorded an 18-12 record in doubles. For his outstanding performance throughout the season, he was named to the All-SoCon second team in singles and doubles. Iglesias is majoring in corporate finance with a minor in marketing and holds a cumulative GPA of 3.905. To be eligible, a student-athletes must be a varsity starter or key reserve, maintain a cumulative grade point average of 3.20 or higher, have reached sophomore athletic and academic standing at his current institution and be nominated by his sports information director. Since the program's inception in 1952, CoSIDA has bestowed Academic All-America honors on more than 14,000 student-athletes in Division I, Division II, Division III, and NAIA covering all NCAA championship sports.
|Copyright ©2015 East Tennessee State Athletics. All Rights Reserved.


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Corsica Stemware, Set of 4
- Overview
Crafted by hand by master glassblowers, our Corsica Stemware has the graceful curves, bell-shaped rims and crystalline clarity that bring elegance to holiday gatherings and other special occasions.
- Flute: 3" diameter, 10" high; 5 fluid-ounce capacity
- White Wine: 4" diameter, 7" high; 10 fluid-ounce capacity
- Red Wine: 4" diameter, 8.5" high; 14 fluid-ounce capacity
- Beautiful classic shapes feature thick stems with curving bases and rims.
- Set of 4. Choose flute, white wine glass or red wine glass.
- Dishwasher-safe.
- Handcrafted by master glassblowers in Poland.
- Monogramming is available at an additional charge.
- Monogram will be centered on the side of each glass.
- Dimensions & Care
- Dishwasher-safe.
- Shipping Info
This is a general shipping item.
View our Shipping Information
Customer Service - Shipping Information
Return Policy
At Pottery Barn, we take great pride in the quality and craftsmanship of our products. Attention to design, materials, safety and construction is our priority. We carefully inspect your order prior to shipment. Upon receipt, please inspect your purchase and notify us of any damage; we will arrange for a prompt replacement. If, within 7 days for Quick Ship upholstery and 30 days for all other products, you are dissatisfied for any reason, you may return your purchase for a refund of the merchandise value.
We cannot accept returns on monogrammed, personalized, special-order items, or on items damaged through normal wear and tear. We also cannot accept returns of final-sale items which are identified by a price which ends in .99.
For returns of items purchased from your Pottery Barn registry, we will gladly provide a refund or exchange for the merchandise within 90 days of your event or within 90 days of purchase, whichever date is later.
You may return merchandise through the mail for a refund or replacement. For detailed procedures for returning items through the mail, please contact Customer Service at 1.888.779.5176, 7 days a week, 5:00am - 9:00pm (PT).


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In the Blawg Directory:
Explore the ABA Journal:
A comprehensive directory of continually updated law blogs. If you don't see your blawg listed, click here to apply for inclusion within the directory.
If you need to update your existing listing, send us an email.
See the ABA Journal Blawg 100.
Posts explore the interaction between law and religion in the United Kingdom and elsewhere, touching on related human rights issues.
Author: Frank Cranmer is Secretary of the Churches' Legislation Advisory Service, an honorary research fellow at Cardiff Law School, parliamentary and synod editor of the Ecclesiastical Law Journal and joint casenotes editor of Law & Justice. David Pocklington's "interests remain with public policy issues ... and the dynamics of the involvement of faith groups in the development and application of new legislation, particularly in relation to the environment."
Related Categories: Law Professor | International | Europe | Religious Law | United Kingdom | Human Rights
Alternative Dispute Resolution
Harper Lee Prize for Legal Fiction
American University, Washington College of Law
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Atlanta's John Marshall Law School
Barry University, Dwayne O. Andreas School of Law
Brigham Young University, J. Reuben Clark Law School
California Western School of Law
Campbell University, Norman Adrian Wiggins Schoool of Law
Case Western Reserve University
Catholic University of America, Columbus School of Law
Cleveland State University Cleveland-Marshall College of Law
Detroit College at Michigan State University
Florida International University
Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago-Kent College of Law
Indiana University-Bloomington
Indiana University-Indianapolis
Inter American University of Puerto Rico
Judge Advocate General's School
Lewis and Clark College, Northwestern School of Law
Lincoln Law School of Sacramento
Lincoln Memorial University Duncan School of Law
Loyola Marymount University-Los Angeles
Mercer University, Walter F. George School of Law
National University of Juridical Sciences
North Carolina Central University
Northern Kentucky University, Salmon P. Chase College of Law
Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico
Roger Williams University, Ralph R. Papitto School of Law
Southern Illinois University-Carbondale
Southern Methodist University, Dedman School of Law
Staffordshire University School of Law
State University of New York at Buffalo
Temple University, Beasley School of Law
Texas A&M University School of Law
The Ohio State University, Moritz College of Law
Thomas Jefferson School of Law
Touro College, Jacob D. Fuchsberg Law Center
University of Akron, C. Blake McDowell Law Center
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
University of Arkansas, Little Rock, Bowen School of Law
University of California, Berkeley, Boalt Hall
University of California, Davis
University of California, Hastings College of the Law
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University of Florida, Levin College of Law
University of Hawaii, William S. Richardson School of Law
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University of the Pacific, McGeorge School of Law
University of the South Pacific
University of West Los Angeles
Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration
Western New England College School of Law
William Mitchell College of Law
Yeshiva University, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law


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Few things are as important to me � or as sacred � as stories. I listened to stories before I could walk, and I told my own before I could read. That�s one of the reasons I enjoy this time of year. We gather around the table and retell the story of our faith. We […]
The 2015 Golden Globe nominees were announced this morning. Among the leading nominees are the movie "Birdman," starring Michael Keaton, which got seven nominations, and the network HBO, which got 15 nominations. The 72nd annual show...
East Sveadahl--The Spirit of Christmas House Walk, which is put on by the board of directors of the St. James Opera House Project, was conducted this past Saturday and Sunday, with four homes and one church sanctuary on the docket.
The secret to a better cup of morning joe might simply be choosing the right colored coffee mug.
WEEK IN RELIGIONAn atheist group, American Atheists, has launched a controversial advertising campaign in the Deep South, putting up roadside billboards that invite viewers to question their religious values this holiday season.
Dear Christians,I try never to exclude people, but today I�d like to focus only on you, the people who share my faith � the people I know best.
By Melissa CrawleyMore Content Now
There's a new trend among viewers of television programs called binge watching.� This is when the viewer watches an entire season or perhaps the entire series of a program in a very condensed time period.� The way this is accomplished is usually...
Crushed peppermint candy, rich chocolate, and seasonal cookies dress up these festive cocktails.
You don't have to skip the milk and cookies this holiday season. We've got you covered with vegan, low sugar, and gluten-free options.
Rather than consigning yourself to the treadmill all winter long, get outside and hit the pavement with these five expert tips for braving the cold.
- Events Calendar


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Moderator: ADGO BOD
What time will y'all start and finish? Still 9-1?
jritger wrote:To clarify about upcoming workday dates:
Saturday Feb 11th 9am-1pm
No workday Saturday Feb 18th -- it will be on Sunday Feb 19th for the ADGO event
Saturday Feb 25th 9am - 1pm (mix of workday and course prep for tourney)
Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 2 guests


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Spicing up things at home? The Everything Kit, a magnetic spice rack that includes 24 best-selling organic herbs and spices: Allspice, basil, cayenne, chili powder, cinnamon, whole cloves, coriander, cumin, curry, dill, fennel seeds, garlic, ginger, mustard seed, oregano, paprika, parsley, white pepper, red pepper, rosemary, sea salt, sage, turmeric, and thyme. Secured to the fridge, this spice rack offers easy access, striking storage, and saves valuable cabinet space in small apartments.
Set of 24 spices in a gift box. Magnetic jars measure L 2" W 1.75" and hold 1.5 oz. Hexagonal shaped jars fit together in a honeycomb flower. Strong neodymium magnets keep jars from sliding. Caps are hand-stamped with salt flavors. Gold plastisol lids form an airtight lock, keeping contents fresh and dry. Jars can be reused for other salts or spices. Herbs and spices are natural, organic, and sustainably and ethically harvested; fair trade when possible. No preservatives or additives.
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Webb Institute Awards First Glosten Scholar
GLEN COVE, NY - On Sunday, March 18th Webb Institute presented its first Glosten Associates Scholarship Award to Mr. Robin S. Rose of Monroeville, PA. Mr. Rose is a member of the Class of 2009 and is ranked number one in his class. Webb Institute's President, RADM Robert C. Olsen, Jr., USCG (Ret.) along with Mr. William Hurley, President of The Glosten Associates, presented the award to Mr. Rose.
Dr. Lawrence R. Glosten (Webb '40) and Lois ("Pete") Glosten, founders of The Glosten Associates, Inc. of Seattle, WA along with many Webb Institute alumni employed at The Glosten Associates made generous donations to create this room and board scholarship. Since all tuition costs for Webb students are covered by the school, the only expense to the student is room and board along with books. The scholarship award covers room and board for a worthy student.
Dr. Larry Glosten Jr., the S. Sloan Colt Professor of Banking and International Finance, Chair of Finance and Economics Division at Columbia University, Graduate School of Business was there to represent his parents. During the ceremony, he stated that his father is indebted to the school for providing a free education in Naval Architect and Marine Engineering. For without this exceptional education, his father would not have gone on to found The Glosten Associates.
President Olsen stated during the award ceremony, "Webb Institute is fortunate to have the support of The Glosten Associates. This scholarship is a wonderful addition to Webb Institute in its Mission to educating the brightest students."
After the award was presented, Mr. Rose stated, "I am deeply honored to receive this award. It is nice not to have to worry about money while trying to studying - the burden has been lifted."
Webb Institute was established by William H. Webb in 1889. Webb provides all its students with a full-tuition scholarship thereby assuring highly capable students the opportunity to get an excellent education regardless of financial means. The students obtain a high quality engineering education while gaining professional competence in naval architecture and marine engineering through a series of industrial internships.
Graduating students earn a dual degree that requires the completion of 146 credit hours within four years of enrollment. You may view more information on Webb Institute at http://www.webb-institute.edu/.
Contact Information:
President Robert C. Olsen, Jr.
RADM, USCG (Ret.)
516-671-2277 ext 102


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Dry-erase products give you the flexibility to highlight important teaching points and announcements. Our selection of dry-erase supplies come in a surprising range of styles from traditional 9x12 boards to easel pads and assorted color markers. We have the products you need to fit your teaching style and class size.
Dry-erase supplies come in fun shapes and themes, making them irresistible to young learners.
Dry-erase markers make it easy to practice lettering, which can be particularly important when learning a foreign language.
Write-on/wipe-off sticks are a clever choice for taking attendance, developing craft projects, and helping direct students in group-oriented work.


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Skip the Line: Catacombs of Paris Small-Group Walking Tour
We've selected the best candid trip photos submitted by our users to help you decide if the Skip the Line: Catacombs of Paris Small-Group Walking Tour is right for you. Make the most of your next trip to Paris with Viator's exclusive Photo Galleries.
Click here for tour details, schedule and pricing
May 2011
My lovely girlfriend exiting the spiral staircase out of the Catacombs
Catacombs, Paris
October 2010
Catacombs, Paris
August 2010
Ana M L
estimated 6 million bones & skulls
Bones at the Catacombs in Paris
July 2010
Seth R
United Kingdom
Catacombs Paris
November 2013
Our tour guide.
October 2013
Sorry, I don't remember her name, but she was the best!
Catacombes of Paris
October 2013
Amy T
Catacombes of Paris
Skulls and Bones!!!
June 2013
People of Paris's past!!! Very impressive!!
Enjoying the Catacomb Tour!
June 2013
Admiring and reflecting on Paris and its past people! The walls that are decorated with the bones of the past is spectacular!!!
Sweet pic in the catacombs!
June 2013
a couple of skulls inside the Catacombs! This is a MUST SEE!!!
A few of my new friends!
June 2013
Catacombs of Paris
We took this photo and saw this in the Image
May 2013
Is it a trick of the light or perhaps the angry spirit of one of the Catacombs inhabitants....


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10 Aug 2007
|Printable version | Email to a friend
|The Great Perseids Meteor Shower
Perseids photo courtesy NASA
The Perseids (PURR-see-idz) meteor shower is going on now and is expected to peak between Sunday August 12 and Tuesday August 14 when there will be about a hundred visible meteors per hour.
This year should be an especially good time to view the streaking lights in the night sky because we will be in a New Moon period when there will be no moon visible. The best places to view the meteors are in rural locations where there is little or no light pollution from cities. A place like Vermont for instance, with the added benefit of cleaner, clearer air, plus some high elevations if you would like.
According to NASA scientist Bill Cooke, "It's going to be a great show."
The place to start looking is in a north easterly direction starting around 9:00 pm on Sunday. This is when "Earthgrazer" meteors will be approaching from the horizon and hit a glancing blow (a "grazing" type of hit, thus the name) against the earth's atmosphere. The friction will light them up like a match striking sandpaper. Earthgrazers are slower and more colorful than other types of meteors but they are rarer too.
As the constellation Perseus climbs higher in the night sky, the frequency of the meteors will increase and, at its peak a little before dawn, you will see one or two per minute.
Enjoy the show whether you can make it to Vermont or not
Sky map of the constellation Perseus courtesy of NASA
(c) 2007 Jeff Connor Grunberg Haus except the photo and map
|Nature , Unusual
|posted by grunhaus at 18:02


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Still others who possess the 'Green Thumb' for in the ground planting are frustrated by trying to satisfy their need to grow things when it comes to planting in containers.
Here is a simple yet inexpensive solution to the problem to successfully gardening in containers.
Step 1: Materials
I had several of those large plastic bins that slide under the bed and the deeper ones from Wally World, redwood planters that look like half barrels and have used 2 and 3 liter soda bottles (http://www.instructables.com/id/Go_Green_Upside_Down_Hanging_Planters/) and made a hanging herb garden on my patio! You need to determine container size by root depth and recommended spacing.
Get some potting mix, compost if you need it, garden bark or some kind of filler that won't pack down, pre-started plants or seeds, and a cardboard roll from either, toilet tissue, paper towels or gift wrap, depending on how deep your container is.
You will find that by adding drainage material that you are effectively reducing the size (volume) of your container, and effectively raising the water level that the soil holds. The equilibrium between capillary action (up) and gravitational flow (down) in the soil remains the same, just now in an effectively smaller container.
Just a tip. You don't need a hole/tube in the middle of a pot if your soil characteristics promote drainage.
If you need a creative method for even watering, then you are using the wrong soil. period. A soil for a container planting should take water straight through, that is, be very well draining and porous. If your water is only saturating the top of the container soil, then you really, really need to revisit your soil mix.
The epson salt are good source of magnesium (again, they are magnesium sulphate), but take care that not use bath salts. They contains chemicals that use to be toxic for plants.


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Terms & Conditions.
Some product exclusions may apply. See product page details for more information. Clearance items are final sale. Price matching does not apply to this or any promotion. Offer is valid until September 13 at 11:59 PM PST. May not be combined with any other offer/discount (unless specified), including invitation credits, promotional gift cards and/or special discount links. Discount applied upon checkout. Log in to your account to see your savings.
Proclaim your favorite karaoke song! This pretty little pendant is part of Erica Weiner's mucho popular musical series of necklaces (appropriately titled Heartbeats). The matte silver charm bears quotable lyrics from Zeppelin, strung on a short chain that's ideal for mixing with longer necklaces for a layered look.
Chain length 16". Charm width .75".
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|25 May 2006
|Filing date
|2 Nov 2005
|Priority date
|26 Mar 2003
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Dai Ton, William George, David Licata
|Original Assignee
|Ton Dai T, George William R, David Licata
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Referenced by (32), Classifications (24), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This filing is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application "Implant Delivery Technologies" (Ser. No. 10/550,707) filed Sep. 26, 2005, which is a continuation of PCT Patent Application, "Implant Delivery Technologies" (U.S. 2004/008909) filed Mar. 23, 2004, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Applications "Implant Delivery Device" (Ser. No. 60/458,323), filed Mar. 26, 2003 and "Implant Delivery Device II" (Ser. No. 60/462,219), filed Apr. 10, 2003 as well as U.S. Patent Applications "Implant Delivery Technologies" (Ser. No. 10/745,778), "Multiple Joint Implant Delviery Systems for Sequentially-Controlled Implant Deployment" (Ser. No. 10/746,452), and "Balloon Catheter Lumen Based Stent Delivery Systems" (Ser. No. 10/746,455), each filed Dec. 24, 2003, and "Sliding Restraint Stent Delivery Systems" (Ser. No. 10/792,684), filed Mar. 2, 2004. Each of the above-referenced applications is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
Implants such as stents and occlusive coils have been used in patients for a wide variety of reasons. One of the most common "stenting" procedures is carried out in connection with the treatment of atherosclerosis, a disease which results in a narrowing and stenosis of body lumens, such as the coronary arteries. At the site of the narrowing (i.e., the site of a lesion) a balloon is typically dilatated in an angioplasty procedure to open the vessel. A stent is set in apposition to the interior surface of the lumen in order to help maintain an open passageway. This result may be affected by means of scaffolding support alone or by virtue of the presence of one or more drugs carried by the prosthesis to aid in the prevention of restenosis.
Various stent designs exist and are in use today, but self-expandable and balloon-expandable stent systems and their related deployment techniques are now predominant. Examples of currently available self-expandable stents are the Magic WALLSTENT� stents and Radius stents (Boston Scientific). The Cypher� stent (Cordis Corporation) is a commonly used balloon-expandable stent. Additional self-expanding stent background is presented in: "An Overview of Superelastic Stent Design," Min. Invas Ther & Allied Technol 822: 9(3/4) 235-246, "A Survey of Stent Designs," Min. Invas Ther & Allied Technol 822: 11(4) 137-147, and "Coronary Artery Stents: Design and Biologic Considerations," Cardiology Special Edition, 823: 9(2) 9-14, "Clinical and Angiographic Efficacy of a Self-Expanding Stent" Am Heart J 823: 145(5) 868-874.
Because self-expanding prosthetic devices need not be set over a balloon (as with balloon-expandable designs), self-expanding stent delivery systems can be designed to a relatively smaller outer diameter than their balloon-expandable counterparts. As such, self-expanding stents may be better suited to reach the smallest vasculature or achieve access in more difficult cases. To realize such benefits, however, there continues to be a need in developing improved stents and stent delivery systems.
The present invention offers a stent and system having a space-efficient mode of stent delivery.
Variations of the invention hold a radially-expandable prosthesis (such as a stent) in a compressed configuration for delivery either with or without the use of a tubular restraint covering at least a portion of the prosthesis body. By employing a twist-down mode for collapsing the diameter of the stent, the system does not require a sleeve to retain the stent or, if a sleeve is provided, the stent does not strain against it as would otherwise be the case. As discussed herein, stents used in the inventive systems have projections that include interface features for mating or seating with complimentary features on the delivery device that allow for the stent to be delivered in a collapsed (twisted-down) state and, when desired, expanded for implantation.
Delivery systems according to the present invention may include use-manipulable element(s) that allow for actuation of the subject system. These elements may include handles, finger actuators, or other means as commonly known and used for such devices. They may allow for rotation, axial movement, withdrawal of a sheath, or other manipulations required to deploy or load a prosthesis as discussed herein.
Stents employed in the systems are tubular-type members (i.e., they are not coil stents). The stents are lattice, cage or successive linked ring type structures or they are mesh-like woven or assembled bodies. Most often, the stents are produced by cutting round tubing. However, other means or modes of manufacture are possible as well.
In one variation of the delivery system, a body or shaft of a delivery guide is provided in the form of a tube or sleeve that includes projections in the form of hooks at a distal end (where the hook portion extends out-of-plane). The body is advantageously made of hypotubing in order to manufacture hooks integral thereto. Complementary hooks may be formed distal thereto and supported by a core member over which the sleeve rides. The distal hooks may be formed in connection with a ring or be provided otherwise.
Similar construction may be employed in another variation of the invention, in which the hooks or hook-type projection features are oriented substantially circumferentially. In this fashion, interlocking ends of the stent and hooks lie next to one another or occupy the same circumferential region. In any case, the hooks (typically numbering at least two per side of the implant to balance forces) are dimensioned with a prong and recess suited for receipt of a stent. The hooks may be J-shaped, T-shaped or otherwise configured as elaborated upon below.
In yet another variation of the invention, one or more ends of the stent and interfacing delivery system may include axially-directed interface features. Rather than utilizing an interlocking interface, the projections employed in these variations of the invention provide lateral capture and axial disengagement without a requirement for out-of-plane movement.
Irregardless of the manner in which the respective interface or mating portions are configured, a twisting mode of stent compression and retention is employed. Stent release is accomplished by releasing the twist or torque (possibly tension as well) that holds a given stent in a collapsed profile or by other means including radial release and foreshortening of the stent to pull out of the interface member to allow it to then unwind from the twisted, collapsed profile.
The combination of interfacing stent and delivery system features may work alone, or in conjunction with supplemental hold-down features. Sleeve and band type members are discussed herein, though other options are possible as well. For example, generic concepts expressed herein may be supported and/or practiced employing variations of the invention as set forth in U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ (Attorney Docket No. CRMD-016), entitled "Indirect-Release Implant Delivery Systems," filed on even date herewith and incorporated by reference in its entirety for this or any other purpose.
Methodology described in association with the devices disclosed and implicit to their use also forms part of the invention. Such methodology may include that associated with completing an angioplasty, bridging an aneurysm, deploying radially-expandable anchors for pacing leads or an embolic filter, or placement of a prosthesis within neurovasculature, an organ selected from the kidney and liver, within reproductive anatomy such as selected vasdeferens and fallopian tubes or other applications.
The term "stent" as used herein includes any stent, such as coronary artery stents, other vascular prosthesis, or other radially expanding or expandable prosthesis or scaffold-type implant suitable for the noted treatments or otherwise. Exemplary structures include wire mesh or lattice patterns and coils, though others may be employed in the present invention.
A "self-expanding" stent as used herein is a scaffold-type structure (serving any of a number of purposes) that expands from a reduced-diameter (be it circular or otherwise) configuration to an increased-diameter configuration. The mechanism for shape recover may be elastic or pseudoelastic. While it is generally desireable to employ an alloy (such as nickel-titanium, or Nitinol alloy) set for use as a superelastic alloy, it may alternatively employ thermal shape memory properties to drive expansion upon release.
A "wire" as used herein generally comprises a common metallic member. However, the wire may be coated or covered by a polymeric material (e.g., with a lubricious material such as TEFLON�, i.e., PolyTetraFluoroEthelyne or PTFE) or otherwise. Still further, the "wire" may be a hybrid structure with metal and a polymeric material (e.g., Vectran™, Spectra™, Nylon, etc.) or composite material (e.g., carbon fiber in a polymer matrix). The wire may be a filament, bundle of filaments, cable, ribbon or in some other form. It is generally not hollow.
A "corewire" or "core member" may be use interchangeably and, as referred to herein, has a wire form and may be made from any biocompatible material including; but not limited to, stainless steel and any of its alloys; titanium alloys, e.g., Ni—Ti alloys; other shape memory alloys (i.e., SMAs); tantalum; polymers, e.g., polyethylene and copolymers thereof, polyethylene terephthalate or copolymers thereof, nylon, silicone, polyurethane fluoropolymers, poly (vinylchloride), and combinations thereof.
An "inner member" as disclosed herein includes a core member or a corewire and a cladding, cladding sections or a cladding layer which covers or surrounds at least a portion of the core member or corewire. The two may be bonded together or otherwise connected/interconnected.
A "cladding" as referred to herein means an outer layer of material which is bonded to a core member or a core wire. As with the "wire" discussed above, the material defining the cladding may be metallic, polymeric or a hybrid of thereof or a composite material. The cladding material may have the same flexibility or greater flexibility than the member to which it is bonded to so as not impeded the member's flexibility.
A "hypotube" or "hypotubing" as referred to herein means small diameter tubing in the size range discussed below, generally with a thin wall. The hypotube may specifically be hypodermic needle tubing. Alternatively, it maybe wound or braided cable tubing, such as provided by Asahi Intec Co., Ltd. or otherwise. As with the "wire" discussed above, the material defining the hypotube may be metallic, polymeric or a hybrid of metallic and polymeric or composite material.
A "sleeve" as referred to herein may be made of hypotubing or otherwise constructed. The sleeve may be a tubular member, or it may have longitudinal opening(s). It is an outer member, able to slidingly. receive and hold at least a portion of an inner member.
An "atraumatic tip" may comprise a plurality of spring coils attached to a tapered wire section. At a distal end of the coils typically terminate with a bulb or ball that is often made of solder. In such a construction, the coils and/or solder are often platinum alloy or another radiopaque material. The coils may also be platinum, or be of another material. In the present invention, the wire section to which the coils are attached may be tapered, but need not be tapered. In addition, alternate structures are possible. In one example, the atraumatic tip may comprise a molded tantalum-loaded 35 durometer Pebax™ tip. However constructed, the atraumatic tip may be straight or curved, the latter configuration possibly assisting in directing or steering the delivery guide to a desired intravascular location.
To "connect" or to have or make a "connection" between parts refers to fusing, bonding, welding (by resistance, laser, chemically, ultrasonically, etc.), gluing, pinning, crimping, clamping or otherwise mechanically or physically joining, attaching or holding components together (permanently or temporarily).
To "bond" or form a "bonding" between structures refers to forming an intimate contact between the structures, typically where the contanct is intended to be permanent. The bond or bonding may be achieved by any known means and process including, but not limited to, pressure rolling, extruding, drawing, swaging and adhesion.
"Radiopaque markers" are understood to be markers or features of the various delivery system components, corewire or implant that may be employed to facilitate visualization of the system components. As such, various platinum (or other radiopaque material) bands or other markers (such as tantalum plugs) may be variously incorporated into the system. Alternatively, or additionally, the stent may be made of radiopaque material or incorporate them. Especially where the stent employed may shorten somewhat upon deployment, it may also be desired to align radiopaque features with the expected location (relative to the body of the inner member) of the stent upon deployment. A filter used with the subject devices may also be made of radiopaque material for the same reasons.
"Releaseably locked" or "lockable" is understood to mean that the lockable components may be prevented from accidentally moving. For example, a handle may be releasably locked to a delivery guide by use of some mechanical stop or fitting (e.g., such as a collet that must be loosened, a latch that must be disengaged, a key that must be removed, etc.). Many common examples of mechanical stops or fittings are found in medical devices where pre-mature actuation of one or more components has the potential to cause trauma to a patient.
The Figures shown herein are not necessarily drawn to scale, with some components and features being exaggerated for clarity. Each of the Figures diagrammatically illustrates aspects of the invention. Of these:
Various exemplary embodiments of the invention are described below. Reference is made to these examples in a non-limiting sense. They are provided to illustrate more broadly applicable aspects of the present invention. Various changes may be made to the invention described and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation, material, composition of matter, process, process act(s) or step(s) to the objective(s), spirit or scope of the present invention. All such modifications are intended to be within the scope of the claims made herein.
In light of this framework,
Features of the present invention are uniquely suited for a system able to reach small vessels (though use of the subject systems s not limited to such a setting.) By "small" coronary vessels, it is meant vessels having an inside diameter from between about 1.5 to 2 mm and up to about 3 mm in diameter. These vessels include, but are not limited to, the Posterior Descending Artery (PDA), Obtuse Marginal (OM) and small diagonals. Conditions such as diffuse stenosis and diabetes produce situations that represent other access and delivery challenges that can be addressed with a delivery system according to the present invention. Other extended treatment areas addressable with the subject systems include vessel bifurcations, chronic total occlusions (CTOs), and prevention procedures (such as in stenting of vulnerable plaque).
It may be preferred to use a drug eluting stent (DES) in such an application to aid in preventing restenosis. A review of suitable drug coatings and available vendors is presented in "DES Overview: Agents, release mechanism, and stent platform" a presentation by Campbell Rogers, MD incorporated by reference in its entirety. However, bare-metal stents may be employed in the present invention.
Examples of various therapeutic agents that may be used in or on the subject prosthesis include, but are not limited to, antibiotics, anticoagulants, antifungal agents, anti-inflammatory agents, antineoplastic agents, antithrombotic agents, endothelialization promoting agents, free radical scavengers, immunosuppressive agents, antiproliferative agents, thrombolytic agents, and any combination thereof. The therapeutic agent may be coated onto the implant, mixed with a biodegradable polymer or other suitable temporary carrier and then coated onto the implant, or, when the implant is made from a polymeric material dispersed throughout the polymer. The agent can be directly applied to the stent surface(s), or introduced into pockets or an appropriate matrix set over at least an outer portion of the stent.
While some might argue that the particular role and optimal usage of self expanding stents has yet to be defined, they offer an inherent advantage over balloon expandable stents. The latter type of devices produce "skid mark" trauma (at least when delivered uncovered upon a balloon) and are associated with a higher risk of end dissection or barotraumas caused at least in part by high balloon pressures and related forces when deforming a balloon-expandable stent for deployment.
Yet, with an appropriate deployment system, self-expanding stents may offer one or more of the following advantages over balloon-expandable models: 1) greater accessibility to distal, tortuous and small vessel anatomy—by virtue of decreasing crossing diameter and increasing compliance relative to a system requiring a deployment balloon, 2) sequentially controlled or "gentle" device deployment, 3) use with low pressure balloon pre-dilatation (if desirable) to reduce barotraumas, 4) strut thickness reduction in some cases reducing the amount of "foreign body" material in a vessel or other body conduit, 5) opportunity to treat neurovasculature—due to smaller crossing diameters and/or gentle delivery options, 6) the ability to easily scale-up a successful treatment system to treat larger vessels or vice versa, 7) a decrease in system complexity, offering potential advantages both in terms of reliability and system cost, 8) reducing intimal hyperplasia, and 9) conforming to tapering anatomy—without imparting complimentary geometry to the stent (though this option exists as well).
At least some of these noted advantages may be realized using a stent 10 as shown in
In use, the stent will be sized so that it is not fully expanded when fully deployed against the wall of a vessel in order to provide a measure of radial force thereto (i.e., the stent will be "oversized" as discussed above). The force will secure the stent and offer potential benefits in reducing intimal hyperplasia and vessel collapse or even pinning dissected tissue in apposition.
Stent 10 preferably comprises NiTi that is superelastic at or below room temperature (i.e., as in having an Af as low as 15 degrees C. or even 0 degrees C.). Also, the stent is preferably electropolished to improve biocompatibility and corrosion and fatigue resistance. The stent may be a DES unit as referenced above. The stent may be coated with gold and/or platinum to provide improved radiopacity for viewing under medical imaging.
For a stent able to collapse to an outer diameter of about 0.012 inches and expand to about 3.5 mm, the thickness of the NiTi is about 0.0025 inch (0.64 mm). Such a stent is designed for use in a 3 mm vessel or other body conduit, thereby providing the desired radial force in the manner noted above. Further information regarding radial force parameters in coronary stents may be noted in the article, "Radial Force of Coronary Stents: A Comparative Analysis," Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 46: 380-391 (1999), incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
In one manner of production, the stent in
Regarding the finer details of the subject stent, as readily observed in the detail view provided in
In certain variations of the invention, however, the bridge sections can be strategically separated or opened as indicated by the broken lines in
As for the optional double-concave profile of each strut bridge 12 shown, this form is advantageous in that it reduces material width (relative to what would otherwise be presented by a parallel side profile) to improve flexibility and thus trackability and conformability of the stent within the subject anatomy while still maintaining the option for separating/breaking the cells apart. Whether cut to provide rounded end portions or adjoined by a bridge section 12, strut junction sections 28 connect circumferentially or vertically adjacent struts (as illustrated). Where no bridge sections are provided, the junction sections can be unified between horizontally adjacent stent struts as indicated in region 30.
Further optional features of stent 10 are employed in the strut junction sections 28 of the design. Specifically, strut ends 20 increase in width relative to medial strut portions 22. Such a configuration distributes bending (during collapse of the stent) preferentially toward the mid region of the struts. For a given stent diameter and deflection, longer struts allow for lower stresses within the stent (and, hence, a possibility of higher compression ratios). Shorter struts allow for greater radial force (and concomitant resistance to a radially applied load) upon deployment.
In order to increase stent compliance so that it collapses as much as possible, accommodation is made for the stiffer strut ends 20 provided in the design shown in
In addition, it is noted that gap 24 an angle β may actually be configured to completely close prior to fully collapsing angle α. The stent shown is not so-configured. Still, the value of doing so would be to limit the strains (and hence, stresses) at the strut ends 22 and cell end regions 18 by providing a physical stop to prevent further strain.
In the detail view of
Additional features of interest in the stent design include near and far delivery system interface mating portions 208 and 210, respectively. These elements are formed within-projections 212 that may be integral to the prosthesis 82 (e.g., when the prosthesis is constructed from a single tube of material, or when a number of wire-type elements are woven to form the body where the ends of the elements form the prosthesis). Alternatively, the projections may be affixed or connected to the stent (e.g., via welding, adhesive bonding, fastening, etc.). In another variation of the invention, the projections may comprise polymeric material that is coated onto the prosthesis 82. Other modes of construction are possible as well. Further details of the projections and respective mating portions are discussed in detail below. Suffice it to say here that elements are sufficiently "floppy" and/or rounded to offer an atraumatic interface with opposing tissue.
The stent pattern shown in
Furthermore, the bridge sections 42 of stent 82 can be separated for compliance purposes. In addition, they may be otherwise modified (e.g., as described above) or even eliminated. Also, in each design, the overall dimensions of the cells and indeed the number of cells provided to define axial length and/or diameter may be varied (as indicated by the vertical and horizontal section lines in
Like the previous stent design, strut ends 50 may offer some increase in width relative to medial strut portions 52. However, as shown in
The "S" curves defined by the struts are produced in a stent cut to a final or near final size (as shown in
For use in the present invention, it has been discovered that the design in
However derived, in order that the stent pack cleanly when twisted, it may be desired to pre-curve its shape. That is to say, the stent may be configured so that when it is twisted, its members go from a pre-twisted shape to a straightened configuration as shown. The amount of shaping to account for hold-down twist, may be in the form of a simple bias or helix, S-curves or other shape(s).
Since each of the above stent designs account for problematic strain (and in the latter case actually uses the same to provide an improved compressed profile), very high compression ratios of the stent may be achieved from about 5� to about 10� or above. Moreover, they can be twisted a number of times to maintain a compressed delivery profile. The number of twists required for such action will vary depending on stent diameter and length. For a 28 mm stent sized to treat 3.0 mm vessels, between three and four twists may be desired. Similar diameter, shorter stents will require proportionally fewer rotations, as will generally smaller diameter stents.
Regardless of the design selected, it is noted that each of them exhibit significant foreshortening when expanding from a compressed profile. Essentially, the angle change of the struts relative to the central axis of the tubular body accounts for change in length. The amount of foreshortening experienced will, thus, depend on a combination of factors: strut length and angle as well as the number of repeating units within the design. The manner in which the resultant foreshortening is put to use in the present invention is elaborated upon below.
Before this discussion, however, it is noted that systems according to the present invention are advantageously sized to correspond to existing guidewire sizes. For example, the system may have about a 0.014 (0.36 mm), 0.018 (0.46 mm), 0.022 (0.56 mm), 0.025 (0.64 mm) inch crossing profile. Of course, intermediate sizes may be employed as well, especially for full-custom systems. Still further, it is contemplated that the system sizing may be set to correspond to French (FR) sizing. In that case, system sizes contemplated range at least from about 1 to about 2 FR, whereas the smallest known balloon-expandable stent delivery systems are in the size range of about 3 to about 4 FR. In instances where the overall device crossing profile matches a known guidewire size, they may be used with off-the-shelf components such as balloon and microcatheters.
At least when produced in the smallest sizes (whether in an even/standard guidewire or FR size, or otherwise), the system enables a substantially new mode of stent deployment in which delivery is achieved through an angioplasty balloon catheter or small microcatheter lumen. Further discussion and details of "through the lumen" delivery is presented in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/746,455 "Balloon Catheter Lumen Based Stent Delivery Systems" filed on Dec. 24, 2003 and its PCT counterpart US2004/008909 filed on Mar. 23, 2004, each incorporated by reference in its entirety.
In larger sizes (i.e., up to about 0.035 inch crossing profile or more), the system is most applicable to peripheral vessel applications as elaborated upon below. Yet, even in "small vessel" cases or applications (where the vessel to be treated has a diameter up to about 3.0 mm), it may also be advantageous to employ a stent delivery system sized at between about 0.022 to about 0.025 inch in diameter. Such a system can be used with catheters compatible with 0.022 and/or 0.025 inch diameter guidewires.
While such a system may not be suitable for reaching the very smallest vessels, this variation of the invention is quite advantageous in comparison to known systems in reaching the larger of the small vessels (i.e., those having a diameter of about 2.5 mm or larger). By way of comparison, among the smallest known over-the-guidewire delivery systems are the Micro-Driver™ by Medtronic and Pixel™ systems by Guidant. These are adapted to treat vessels between 2 and 2.75 mm, the latter system having a crossing profile of 0.036 inches (0.91 mm). A system described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2002/0147491 for treating small vessels is supposedly capable of downsizing to 0.026 inch (0.66 mm) in diameter. Furthermore, because the core member of the subject device can be used as a guidewire (in one fashion or another) after stent delivery, the present invention offers further advantages in use as elaborated upon below.
As referenced above, it may be desired to design a variation of the subject system for use in deploying stents in larger, peripheral vessels, biliary ducts or other hollow body organs. Such applications involve a stent being emplaced in a region having a diameter from about 3.5 to 13 mm (0.5 inch). In which case, a 0.035 to 0.039 inch (3 FR) diameter crossing profile system is advantageously provided in which the stent expands (unconstrained) to a size between about roughly 0.5 mm and about 1.0 mm greater than the vessel or hollow body organ to be treated. Sufficient stent expansion is easily achieved with the exemplary stent patterns shown in FIGS. 2A/2B or 3A/3B.
Again, as a matter of comparison, the smallest delivery systems known to applicants for stent delivery in treating such larger-diameter vessels or biliary ducts is a 6 FR system (nominal 0.084 inch outer diameter), which is suited for use in an 8 FR guiding catheter. Thus, even in the larger sizes, the present invention affords opportunities not heretofore possible in achieving delivery systems in the size range of a commonly used guidewire, with the concomitant advantages discussed herein.
As for the manner of using the inventive system as optionally configured,
Turning to
As illustrated in
Next, for compatible systems (i.e., systems able to pass through a balloon catheter lumen) the balloon is at least partially deflated and passed forward, beyond the dilate segment 62′ as shown in
However, it should be appreciated that such an exchange need not occur. Rather, the original guidewire device inside the balloon catheter (or any other catheter used) may be that of item 80, instead of the standard guidewire 70 shown in
Alternatively, the exchange of the guidewire for the delivery system may be made before the dilatation step. Yet another option is to exchange the balloon catheter used for predilatation for a fresh one to effect postdilatation.
In addition, there may be no use in performing the step in
Once placement of the stent across from dilated segment 62′ is accomplished, stent deployment commences. The manner of deployment is elaborated upon below. Upon deployment, stent 82 assumes an at least partially expanded shape in apposition to the compressed plaque as shown in
Naturally, the balloon need not be reintroduced for postdilatation, but it may be preferred. Regardless, once the delivery device 80 and balloon catheter 72 are withdrawn as in
Furthermore, it is to be recognized that the subject invention may be practiced to perform "direct stenting." That is, a stent may be delivered alone to maintain a body conduit, without preceding balloon angioplasty. Likewise, once one or more stents are delivered with the subject system (either by a single system, or by using multiple systems) the post-dilatation procedure(s) discussed above are merely optional. In addition, other endpoints may be desired such as implanting an anchoring stent in a hollow tubular body organ, closing off an aneurysm, delivering a plurality of stents, etc. In performing any of a variety of these or other procedures, suitable modification will be made in the subject methodology. The procedure shown is depicted merely because it illustrates a preferred mode of practicing the subject invention, despite its potential for broader applicability.
Returning to
A given implant may have a number of projections 212, each having various shapes rather than having a single configuration. Typically, at least two projections will be provided on each side of the stent. When not every stent crown is capped by a projection, the projections are advantageously spaced substantially equally about the perimeter of the stent to evenly distribute loads upon the stent. In which case, the projections may be aligned with one another along the axis of the stent as shown in
The projections may vary in length, especially depending on the form of interface or mating portion they carry or form. The projections advantageously have a length that allow for efficiently transitioning or transferring the twisting load to the stent while occupying minimal space. Though not necessarily excluded from the invention, projections longer than about one cell's length may have a tendency either warp or twist about the delivery device body in attempted use. This feature can introduce undesirable sizing effects and/or difficulty in handling.
Turning to
In any case, there will be at least a sufficient number of projections 212 extending from each end of the prosthesis 82 to balance the force required to maintain the prosthesis 82 in a reduced diameter upon twisting. For smaller designs (i.e., delivery systems with 0.014 to 0.016 inch crossing profiles) in certain systems, as few as two mating features may be provided on each side of the implant. With an increased compressed size, space is made available for more projections/mating features.
The stent 82 may be secured on the delivery system by twisting (or at least partially twisting) the stent 82 prior to loading on the delivery system. Alternatively, the expanded stent 82 may be placed over a delivery system core member, and the ends of the stent 82 then twisted to constrict the stent 82 about the delivery system. Further, appropriate fixturing or preloading into a sleeve or multiple sleeve portions that may be twisted relative to one another may assist in loading of the stent about the delivery system as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ (Attorney Docket No. CRMD-016), entitled "Indirect-Release Implant Delivery Systems," incorporated by reference for this purpose. Naturally, the approach described there may be modified to accommodate differences between the system referenced therein and those of the present invention.
As for a general overview of the subject delivery systems as provided in
As elaborated upon below, alternative stent hold-down features or means may be provided in accordance with the present invention. Regardless, the delivery guide preferably includes/comprises a flexible atraumatic distal tip 108 of one variety or another.
On the other end of the delivery device, a handle 110 may be provided. A body 112 of the handle may include one or more of a lever or slider 114 or other means (such as a trigger, knob or wheel) for actuating optional sheath/restraint or core member withdrawal. The delivery device handle may include a lock 116 to prevent inadvertent actuation. Similarly, handle 110 may include various safety or stop features and/or ratchet or clutch mechanisms to ensure one-way actuation. The handle 110 further includes a knob 124 that permits twisting/untwisting of the stent. Of course, other alternative interface means may be provided to effect such action.
Furthermore, a removable interface member 118 may be provided to facilitate taking the handle off of the delivery system proximal end 120. The interface may be lockable with respect to the body and preferably includes internal features for disengaging the handle from the delivery guide. Once accomplished, it will be possible to attach or "dock" a secondary length of wire 122 on the delivery system proximal end, allowing the combination to serve as an "exchange length" guidewire, thereby facilitating changing-out the balloon catheter or performing another procedure. Alternatively, a core member within the system may be an exchange-length wire.
In support of such use, it is to be understood that various radiopaque markers or features may be employed in the system to 1) locate stent position and length, 2) indicate device actuation and stent delivery and/or 3) locate the distal end of the delivery guide. As such, various platinum (or other radiopaque material) bands or other markers (such as tantalum plugs) may be incorporated into the system. Especially where the stent employed may shorten somewhat upon deployment, it may also be desired to align radiopaque features with the expected location (relative to the body of the guide member) of the stent upon deployment. For such purposes, radiopaque features may be set upon the core member of the delivery device proximal and distal of the stent.
Prosthesis 82 further comprises projections that permit retention of the prosthesis 82 on delivery system 100 when the ends are rotated relative to one another. The projections shown comprise a near key, interface or mating portion 208 and a far key, interface or mating portion 210. The various structures described for the seats and mating portions that interface or compliment one another to retain the stent to the elongate member may be regarded as the various means for retaining the prosthesis to the elongate member disclosed herein. An exemplary representation of the stent-side mating/interface features is presented in
Complimentary seats are shown in the various delivery guide portions. For example, In
The near seat 162 includes a receptacle form 166 that is shaped to receive the near mating portion of the prosthesis. As illustrated, the near seat 162 is formed from the distal end of an outer member 174 that extends over at least a portion of the core member 170. In this variation, the core member 170 may be moveable relative to the outer member 174. In one variation, the core member 170 may be rotatable relative to the outer member 174. Alternatively, or additionally, the core member 170 and the outer member 174 may be axially moveable relative to each other. Such features are useful to retain and/or deploy the prosthesis as discussed below.
The core member 170 may be elongate and have a comparatively small effective diameter. It has the function of permitting delivery of the prosthesis to a selected site and supporting the prosthesis in a collapsed form during positioning and implantation. The core member may be solid, or may have a lumen extending therethrough, depending on such factors as the degree of flexibility required, the type of associated release mechanism, the constituent material, and the like. The tip of the core member (i.e., the distal end of the delivery system) may include an atraumatic tip and be tapered and/or straight, curved, or J-shaped, depending on factors such as physician preference the anatomy of the tubular organ or region of interest, degree of stiffness required, and the like.
As noted herein, the subject delivery system 100 employs a prosthesis 82 that reduces in diameter when the ends of the prosthesis are rotated relative to each other in a first direction. Accordingly, when the mating portions 208, 210 of the prosthesis are nested with the near and far seats 162, 164, the near and far ends 202, 204 of the prosthesis 82 are restrained or prevented from rotating in a second direction to expand the prosthesis until desired by the medical practitioner. To assist in restraining the prosthesis, the core member 170 may be releasably locked relative to the outer member 174 to prevent relative movement. Therefore, when desired, the core member 170 and outer member 174 may be released so that the prosthesis may untwist to expand in diameter (e.g., where the prosthesis self expands). In some variations of the invention, the medical practitioner may assist in expanding the prosthesis by rotating the core member 170 relative to the outer member 174.
The ability to axially move the outer member 174 relative to the core member 170 may assist in restraining or assist in deploying the prosthesis. For example, variations of the invention described herein may rely upon moving the far seat 164 distally relative to the near seat 162 to disengage the projections of the prosthesis from the seats. Alternatively, when the projections are hook or L-shaped, movement of the far seat 164 distally relative to the near seat 162 causes axial "extension" of the prosthesis which counteracts any internal bias within the prosthesis to expand. It should be noted that movement of the seats may be accomplished in any number of ways. For example, the core member may advance relative to the near seat. Alternatively, the near seat (or outer member) may be withdrawn relative to the distal seat.
As mentioned above, the near and far seats 162, 164 each define a receptacle form 166, 168 shaped to receive the mating portions 208, 210 of the prosthesis. The receptacle geometries may comprise a plurality of openings (as illustrated) shaped to receive one or more projection(s) of the prosthesis. The openings may extend partially to a certain depth (i.e., forming a pocket). Alternatively, the openings may extend through the entire member. As noted above with respect to the projections, the shapes of the openings may include, but are not limited to: "L" shapes, "T" shapes, "V" shapes, circular, rectangular, square, polygonal, diamond, triangular, and slot shapes.
Alternatively, region 216 may be left open in order to provide a mating portion defined by negative space. In such fashion, the mating portion of the projection comprises the receptacle for receiving a pin or another member (the seating interface on the delivery system). A similar approach is shown in
In addition, a single prosthesis or stent may have any number of projections of various shapes so long as the projections do not unacceptably interfere or contact on another when compressing the stent. Accordingly, it is understood that the shape and configuration of the projection may vary for any number of factors (e.g., the particular application, the size of the stent, the tortuousity of the vasculature, etc.). As a result, the projections may comprise any hook, prong, opening, socket, key, grasper, tooth, bar or slot shaped configuration (whether the shape is nearly planar or significantly extends in three dimensions) in addition to those shapes discussed herein. In accordance with the above, it follows that the corresponding seating features will be selected to accommodate the shape of the respective projection.
In any case, the shapes of the projections will be selected so as not to create undue risk of injury to the patient. For example, for vascular applications, the shape of the projections must be chosen so as not to create undue trauma to the vessel wall. On the other hand, non-vascular applications may not present the same risks. Accordingly, the design of the projections may be more aggressive in stents intended for such applications.
As discussed above, the invention contemplates the use of one or more sleeves completely covering the implant as shown in
The release may occur simultaneously between the ends, or it may be staged. To stage the release when using elongate members that pull out of their respective seats, the length of the projections may vary from one side of the implant to the other. Assuming an equal rate of withdrawal, this can cause the shorter one(s) to withdraw relatively sooner, leaving at least a portion of the longer members engaged. Alternatively, the longer one(s) may remain stationary due to higher static friction than the shorter one(s), while the shorter members are first withdrawn. In either case, the remaining side of the implant may be released by manipulating the position of the delivery system (e.g., moving it proximally to release a proximal side or distally to release a distal side). Alternatively, expansion of the stent from the first side released can cause foreshortening and/or an angle change at the second end of the stent causing it to self-deploy in sequential fashion. In yet another approach in support of sequential end release, the projections may differ in shape from one side to the other such that one side is retained by an interlocking interface while the other is withdrawn. Such systems are discussed further below.
Accordingly, the sleeves or caps in the variation show in
With the device shown in
Each of
In the alternative, delivery systems as shown in
In any case,
In another mode of operation, the everting portion 184 may evert when the sleeve 180 is withdrawn. As shown, the everting portion may comprise a plurality of separate members. Alternatively, sleeve 180 may be whole such that the outer sleeve portion and the everting portion roll past one another. Still further, it is contemplated that (especially for small-diameter delivery systems) that the everting portion tears open into individual segments as the near end of sleeve 180 is withdrawn. The material may be pre-scored or notched to facilitate such action as may be desirable for lowering forces or accommodating substantially inelastic material rolling from a smaller diameter to a relatively larger diameter.
Addition delivery system designs are shown in
Near and far mating portions of the stent may be provided in openings within the cell structure or recesses formed within stent projections (see, e.g.,
Regardless, in the configuration shown where the hooks have no overhang (so as to facilitate stent release), the system relies on friction between the stent and hooks to hold the stent in place when the stent is axially stretched. Still, interference features between the stent and hooks may be provided to facilitate hold-down. Whatever the case, stent release is accomplished by releasing the tension and/or torque holding the stent in its collapsed profile.
In the variation of the invention shown in
As shown in
As in other one of the subject delivery systems, the stent is collapsed or at least held in collapsed state for delivery by imparting a torque to the system. In addition, the stent may be placed under tension as indicated—pushing the core wire forward relative to the hypotube (or vice versa). Naturally, release will be effected upon removal of the wind-up and/or pull-down forces. In which case, the stent will be able to expand and free its keys 1314 from slots 1314 by way of radial expansion.
The final example of twist-based stent hold down provided herein is illustrated in
The number of extension for the seat will depend on the stent 1408 with which the member is designed to interface. As shown in
In more general terms, the invention includes methods that may be performed using the subject devices or by other means. The methods may all comprise the act of providing a suitable device. Such provision may be performed by the end user. In other words, the "providing" (e.g., a delivery system) merely requires the end user obtain, access, approach, position, set-up, activate, power-up or otherwise act to provide the requisite device in the subject method. Methods recited herein may be carried out in any order of the recited events which is logically possible, as well as in the recited order of events.
Exemplary aspects of the invention, together with details regarding material selection and manufacture have been set forth above. As for other details of the present invention, these may be appreciated in connection with the above-referenced patents and publications as well as generally know or appreciated by those with skill in the art. For example, one with skill in the art will appreciate that a lubricious coating (e.g., hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone-based compositions, fluoropolymers such as tetrafluoroethylene, hydrophilic gel or silicones) may be placed on the core member of the device, if desired to facilitate low friction manipulation. The same may hold true with respect to method-based aspects of the invention in terms of additional acts as commonly or logically employed.
In addition, though the invention has been described in reference to several examples, optionally incorporating various features, the invention is not to be limited to that which is described or indicated as contemplated with respect to each variation of the invention. Various changes may be made to the invention described and equivalents (whether recited herein or not included for the sake of some brevity) may be substituted without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. In addition, where a range of values is provided, it is understood that every intervening value, between the upper and lower limit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range is encompassed within the invention.
Also, it is contemplated that any optional feature of the inventive variations described may be set forth and claimed independently, or in combination with any one or more of the features described herein. Reference to a singular item, includes the possibility that there are plural of the same items present. More specifically, as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," "said," and "the" include plural referents unless the specifically stated otherwise. In other words, use of the articles allow for "at least one" of the subject item in the description above as well as the claims below. It is further noted that the claims may be drafted to exclude any optional element. As such, this statement is intended to serve as antecedent basis for use of such exclusive terminology as "solely," "only" and the like in connection with the recitation of claim elements, or use of a "negative" limitation.
Without the use of such exclusive terminology, the term "comprising" in the claims shall allow for the inclusion of any additional element—irrespective of whether a given number of elements are enumerated in the claim, or the addition of a feature could be regarded as transforming the nature of an element set forth n the claims. Except as specifically defined herein, all technical and scientific terms used herein are to be given as broad a commonly understood meaning as possible while maintaining claim validity.
The breadth of the present invention is not to be limited to the examples provided and/or the subject specification, but rather only by the scope of the claim language.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|14 Apr 2006
Owner name: CARDIOMIND, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:TON, DAI T.;GEORGE, WILLIAM R.;LICATA, DAVID;SIGNING DATES FROM 20060327 TO 20060407;REEL/FRAME:017474/0517
|6 Jul 2010
Owner name: BIOSENSORS INTERNATIONAL GROUP, LTD., BERMUDA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CARDIOMIND, INC.;REEL/FRAME:024640/0037
Effective date: 20100617
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