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The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has shared some upsetting news: Over the past few years, thousands of dogs and at least 10 cats have become sick after eating various forms of jerky for pets—and around 580 pets have died.
Some of the effected pets have grown ill within hours of eating the treats, sold as jerky tenders or strips made of chicken, duck, sweet potatoes or dried fruit, and primarily made in China. These pets have exhibited decreased appetite, decreased activity, vomiting, diarrhea, increased water consumption and/or increased urination.
The FDA has tested more than 1,200 jerky treat samples over the past few years, but has not determined the cause of the illnesses. If your pet has experienced these symptoms as a result of eating jerky treats, or to find out more information, please visit the FDA's website. The FDA has set up a reporting form to lodge complaints about jerky pet treats.
For other pet poison emergencies, please contact the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center (APCC) by calling (888) 426-4435.
This summer, the Governor of New Jersey vetoed an ASPCA-backed bill to ban the use of gestation crates. Gestation crates are small cages (about 2' × 7') industrialized farms use for confining pregnant pigs.
We were very disappointed by Governor Christie's veto, but we were also shocked. It doesn't often happen that 91% of a state's residents and an overwhelming majority of a state's legislators—Democrats and Republicans alike—agree on anything. But in New Jersey, the plight of pregnant pigs gave rise to an overwhelming consensus that no animal should be confined in this intolerably cruel manner.
Thankfully, there is still an opportunity to pass the bill to ban gestation crates: State Senator Raymond Lesniak is spearheading an effort to override the governor's veto.
The override effort has been endorsed by New Jersey's leading animal protection groups, national groups, industry experts, and major New Jersey news outlets. Press of Atlantic City called gestation crates "the very definition of cruelty." Banning them, in the words of the Star-Ledger, is "basic decency." The Times of Trenton asked us to "imagine the outcry if dogs and cats were subjected to such treatment."
If you live in New Jersey, please join us in calling on your state legislators to stand by their principles and override the veto. Visit the ASPCA Advocacy Center today to be a voice for New Jersey's pigs.
Piccolo has come a long way since her rescue from a hoarding situation by the ASPCA. After joining Siheun S. in her family's country home, Piccolo has finally had the chance to experience life with a loving forever family. Siheun shared the following story with us:
Piccolo was adopted in September and is living with our family in North Stamford, Connecticut. I had been fostering another cat, but his pet parent came back to the country and reclaimed him. So, Piccolo was adopted to join our family in his place!
I adopted Piccolo at the ASPCA Adoption Center because I have great faith in your organization—and it was my first adoption from ASPCA! In particular, I chose to adopt Piccolo because I was touched by how she head-butted me during my first visit to the Adoption Center.
I thought Piccolo would need some time to get accustomed to her new surroundings, but she is curious, fearless and loves meeting new people. She also loves cuddling and tries to sleep on top of me at night.
Piccolo looks pretty calm and serene in pictures, but she is actually quite energetic and doesn't sit still for too long. She also loves biting my ankles and chasing after people to follow them around the house; you have to be careful not to trip on her.
I wonder how her personality will develop as she matures!
Want to receive more adoption stories like this?
Sign up to receive our weekly newsletter, ASPCA News Alert - you'll receive important updates on what's going on and how you can make an impact to save animals' lives!
The ASPCA is saddened by the loss of one of Congress' most dedicated animal welfare advocates: Representative C.W. Bill Young (FL-13). As the longest serving Republican in the U.S. House of Representatives, Rep. Young led a career filled with compassionate actions for animals.
Rep. Young was well known for his dedication in the fight to stop the brutal practice of horse slaughter. In addition to his consistent support of authorizing legislation, like the SAFE Act, to ban horse slaughter, Rep. Young was also a staunch ally to horses on the House Appropriations Committee. In June of this year, Rep. Young cosponsored an amendment to the Agriculture Appropriations bill for 2014 that would prevent federal dollars from being spent on horse meat inspections, language that would keep horse slaughter plants from reopening in the United States. Thanks to his leadership, the amendment was swiftly adopted into the FY 14 Agriculture Appropriations bill by the committee.
Rep. Young, a member of the Congressional Animal Protection Caucus, advocated for many animal welfare issues during his 42-years of service in Congress. A longtime leader on legislation to combat puppy mills, Rep. Young joined as an original cosponsor of the PUPS Act this Congress, legislation that would close loopholes in the existing law and improve conditions for dogs in commercial breeding establishments.
In addition to his leadership on these key efforts, Rep. Young supported many other animal welfare initiatives over the course of his career, including legislation to combat animal fighting, stop horse soring, and protect America's wild horses.
The ASPCA is grateful to Rep. Young for his many years of compassionate service in Congress, and remembers him for standing up in defense of our nation's animals. His memory and legacy will long be cherished.
Guest blog by Louise Murray, DVM DACVIM, Vice President of the ASPCA Animal Hospital and author of "Vet Confidential: An Insider's Guide to Protecting Your Pet's Health"
This story begins when Vanessa Jacobs, a licensed veterinary technician at the ASPCA Animal Hospital, spotted a young cat on a rooftop. Vanessa was concerned that the cat was stuck on the roof. She threw food down to the cat, and notified her coworkers at the ASPCA's Animal Hospital.
Michelle Falcon, the Hospital's Internal Medicine Department Manager and "cat wrangler extraordinaire," rushed to the location. Once at the site, Michelle and Vanessa met up with NYC Animal Care & Control Field Supervisor Kevin Sexton, who gained access to a nearby building to survey the roof. But there was no cat to be found.
The assembled group conferred: Perhaps the little cat had climbed down via a nearby tree? But Vanessa was worried–she really felt the cat had been in distress. That's when the FDNY got involved. Gallant firefighters from the local firehouse used their ladder to climb up to the roof and conduct a thorough search.
A firefighter's sharp eyes spotted the maiden in distress. She was crouched behind a ledge with big frightened eyes. Her knight in firefighting gear gently lifted her into a carrier and delivered her safely to those waiting below.
Next stop: the ASPCA! The now-safe feline waif was assessed by the medical staff at the ASPCA's headquarters on 92nd Street in Manhattan.
Dr. Anna Whitehead performed a thorough exam and blood work, and found the kitten to be around six months old, dehydrated and much too thin, with fleas and ear mites, but otherwise healthy. The sweet kitten, thrilled to be in caring hands, purred gratefully. She was treated with intravenous fluids and anti-parasite medications, dewormed, vaccinated, and given plenty of nutritious food.
After a few days of hydration, square meals, and plenty of pampering, "Vanessa," as she had been dubbed in honor of the persistent technician who saved her life, was pronounced ready to move to the ASPCA's Adoption Center and await that special family to start the next chapter of her life! Our guess is that Vanessa has had more than her share of excitement, and will be happy to be a lap kitty for the rest of her days.
Interested in adopting our brave Vanessa? Please call the ASPCA Adoption Center at (212) 876-7700, ext. 4120. To make an appointment at the ASPCA Animal Hospital, please fill out this form or contact us at (646) 259-4080.


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Ana and Novak Djokovic will represent Serbia and Montenegro in next year's Hopman Cup - international mixed teams event.
It will be the first time that Ana, ranked No. 18 in the world, will compete in the tournament. The Hopman Cup will start on the second of January 2005 in Perth.
Stay informed about our latest news!
Legal notice © 2015 by DH Management design & development: etonDIGITAL

subset: commoncrawl


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I took the AutoIt3 engine I had for monitoring when Explorer opens a folder and just converted it to a complete application. FolderCache.
This implementation is much simpler than others I've done. Leave it run in the system tray. Hit Shift-PgUp to open the launch window. The GUI is no great shakes but I made it wide to avoid the need for horizontal scrolling to see all of the folder name. It should be usable in screen res 800x600 or higher.
Right now there are no user configurable options. It's hard-wired for a max of 24 folders. There's no install needed. To have it start with Windows just make a shortcut in the Startup folder.
(One note, the launch window is created dynamically when opened and destroyed with each close. While it is open, the folder monitor function is paused. No folders will be added to the cache while the launch window is open. For this reason there is no minimize button on the window frame. If you change your mind about opening a folder in the window, just click the close 'x' on the window frame or click the Open Selected Button with nothing selected, to close it.)


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Oil Recovery news and technical articles from Oil & Gas Journal. Search Oil Recovery latest and archived news and articles
applications illustrates the improved oil recovery potential of this technology ..... since the late 1970s. Improved oil recovery (IOR) horizontal well applications ..... challenges in conventional enhanced oil recovery (EOR), and many failures are
from its Norne development in the Norwegian Sea through the pioneering use of a "bacteria-aided" method of improved oil recovery , the Norwegain operator said Thursday. Kjell Arne Jakobsen, staff engineer for petroleum technology on Norne, said
X-plot technique can predict oil recovery and obtain the permeability ratio ..... linearization of the relationship between oil recovery and water cut. Once obtained ..... cut to obtain the corresponding oil recovery . Before running a linear regression
and helping operators maximize oil recovery from U.S. reservoirs. Goal ..... to be overcome before enhanced oil recovery can be widely used, says a DOE ..... stored in the DOE's Tertiary Oil Recovery Information System (Toris) data
each of a $2.8 million project headed by American Oil Recovery Inc., Decatur, Ill., a $2.9 million Oklahoma ..... shallow shelf carbonate reservoirs. THE PROJECTS American Oil Recovery , Sigma Consultants, Mattoon, Ill., and Bretagne
at six universities to improve oil recovery technologies. DOE's Office of ..... interactions that occur during heavy oil recovery affect reservoir fluid flow and ..... improving well placement and enhanced oil recovery projects in naturally fractured
and development proposals in the third round of its oil recovery demonstration program. The latest round will seek ways ..... DOE's oil reservoir data base, part of the Tertiary Oil Recovery Information System (Toris) its Bartlesville, Okla
Wider use of enhanced oil recovery in the US could contribute significant additional revenue to the federal budget, a new report by the US Chamber of Commerce's Institute
By OGJ editors HOUSTON, Nov. 2 -- A doubling of oil recovery efficiency worldwide is possible through effective use of technology and wise management, according to former head of reservoir
Producers should seek to double oil recovery efficiency worldwide and pursue the target through effective use of technology and wise management, says a former head of reservoir


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|News » Archives
ETSU volleyball falls to Kennesaw State 3-1
Saturday, November 06, 2010
KENNESAW, Ga. (Nov. 5, 2010) - Sabrita Gulley and Grace Hoyt combined for 25 kills to lead Kennesaw State past ETSU 3-1 (25-22, 22-25, 15-25, 22-25) Friday night in Atlantic Sun volleyball action at the KSU Convocation Center.
With the victory, Kennesaw State moves to 15-9 overall and 7-1 in the Atlantic Sun. ETSU falls to 23-7 and 6-2 in the A-Sun. In addition, KSU extends their winning streak to seven straight, while snapping ETSU's eight match winning streak.
"I thought that Kennesaw State was just very consistent all night long," said ETSU head coach Lindsey Devine. "They were also very composed and it is just extremely difficult to win when committing so many errors."
The Bucs committed 30 attack errors on the night, while Kennesaw State recorded just 18 errors. KSU also outhit the Bucs .204 to .166. ETSU also had 13 service errors on the night, while the Owls committed just four.
Lauren Baufield (Plymouth, Minn.) and Megan Devine (Kingsport, Tenn.) led the way for the Bucs as each recorded a double-double. Baufield recorded 14 kills and 11 digs, while Devine had 10 kills and 18 digs. Erin Ryan (Davie, Fla.) was the third member of the Bucs in double figures as she finished with 10 kills. Alyssa Long (Romulus, Mich.) recorded nine kills and five blocks, while hitting .300 on the night.
Kiley Tamblyn (Torrance, Calif.) recorded 17 digs to go along with two aces and five assists. Whitney Cogburn (Kingsport, Tenn.) had a solid all-around night with 44 assists, six kills, and eight digs, and five blocks.
Both teams traded points for much of the opening set until a Kennesaw State attack error put the Bucs up 12-11. ETSU won the next three points thanks to two blocks and a Cogburn kill that put ETSU up 15-11, and forced a KSU timeout. The Owls crawled back and eventually tied the set on four separate occasions. Then, with the scored knotted at 22, ETSU got back to back kills from Long and Devine followed by a Tamblyn service ace to close the set for the 25-22 victory.
The Bucs could not keep the momentum as the Owls rallied back to win the next three sets to earn the victory. With the victory, Kennesaw State moves into the number two spot in the A-Sun standings with two matches to play, while ETSU shares the third spot with Belmont with two matches to play. ETSU does own the tiebreaker with Belmont, however.
ETSU closes out the road trip tomorrow against Mercer at 3 p.m. inside the University Center. The Bucs return home on Wednesday for the regular season finale against USC Upstate. The match is set for 7 p.m.


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RIVERSIDE, Calif. – Once thought to be lost, a film reel containing clips of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, was discovered in a military visual information storage facility here and turned over to Jeff Sotzing, Carson's nephew, Oct. 1.
The clips, dating back to 1963, were found on an archived 16mm film reel stored at the Defense Imagery Management Operations Center just outside March Air Reserve Base.
In the past, the Armed Forces Radio and Television Service would receive film reels from the production studios and distribute the programming to service members around the world. After the footage was shown and no longer needed, it was returned to the studios, destroyed, or sometimes kept on site at the AFRTS facility, now called the American Forces Network Broadcast Center (AFN-BC).
"Somebody had the brains or historical foresight to save this reel," said Pedro Loureiro, Ph.D., archivist at DIMOC.
According to Loureiro, the television industry previously reused its tapes. Newer episodes were recorded over the older material without much thought of archiving what is now thought of as part of the "golden age" of television.
"Everything from the 1960's is considered lost," he said.
"That's what they did with everybody's show," said Sotzing, Chief Executive Officer of the Carson Entertainment Group, the owners of Carson's archives. Besides being related to the late Johnny Carson, Sotzing even worked on the show from 1977-1992, working his way up from runner to producing the show.
"I'm really looking forward to adding this film to the collection. Almost everything [the Carson Show] from 1962-1973 is gone," said Sotzing.
Mary Carnes, a retired program support manager at AFN-BC, discovered the reel as she was sorting through a box of old items that had been overlooked for years.
"As soon as I saw it, I knew it was a gem," Carnes said. "Giving it back to the family and the Carson archives will be like a birthday or Christmas for them."
"This is one of the great parts of the job here; we can do the work we do to entertain our troops and document history at the same time," she said. "It's really great."
Great is an understatement. In all, The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson highlighted nearly 23,000 stars in 4,351 episodes over a 30-year span. Carson won six Emmy Awards, the Peabody Award, the Presidential Medal of Freedom and Kennedy Center Honors and is a member of the Television Academy Hall of Fame.
"Johnny would make an on-air plea (for lost footage)," Sotzing said. "He would be thrilled to get this."
"A lot of young people don't know who Johnny Carson is," he said. "This helps show them."
The DIMOC facility contains vast amounts of still photos, video footage and even correspondence letters dating back to WWII.
The found footage will be digitally recorded, transcribed and then made available for users of the Carson Entertainment Group's searchable online archives. The physical footage will be stored at a former salt mine in Hutchinson, Kan., which currently houses the Carson archives as well as many other Hollywood film archives, according to Sotzing.


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Laser Therapy for BirthmarksSkip to the navigation
Topic Overview
Laser therapy only works on birthmarks that are close to the surface of the skin. It commonly is used to lighten the appearance or reduce the bumpiness of port-wine stains. Laser therapy is used to treat a superficial hemangioma only in rare cases, because this type of birthmark generally goes away on its own.
Laser therapy for birthmarks can be an effective treatment. Ask your doctor to show you photographs of birthmarks that have been treated and photographs of birthmarks that have not been treated.
- Laser therapy involves aiming short bursts of laser light at the birthmark to lighten the color of the birthmark, shrink the birthmark, or cause it to stop growing.
- Laser therapy can cause pain. Young children may need to be given a general anesthetic or other medicines so they do not move during the treatment.
- After laser therapy, the treated skin becomes dark purple for about 7 to 10 days. After that time, the skin should return to its normal color. But the purple area sometimes can take 6 to 8 weeks to completely disappear.
- A child may need more than one treatment with laser therapy, depending on his or her tolerance for the procedure and the size of the birthmark.
- Laser therapy for port-wine stains has better results when it is done at a young age.
Related Information
ByHealthwise Staff
Primary Medical Reviewer Kathleen Romito, MD - Family Medicine
Specialist Medical Reviewer John Pope, MD - Pediatrics
Current as ofMarch 12, 2014
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Bryce Canyon Area Lodging
Grand Staircase Inn & Country Store
Grand Staircase Inn & Country Store
105 North Kodachrome Dr.
Cannonville, UT 84718
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Grand Staircase Inn & Country Store
Your vacation headquarters
- Star Rating
Nestled in Bryce Canyons Back Yard, sandstone vistas and scenic hills surround the Grand Staircase Inn & Country Store. At the Gateway to the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, we offer a great location for all visitors to Bryce Canyon and the many Canyons, Arches and Parks in Utah's Color Country.
Amenities & Services
Property Amenities
- Wheelchair accessible property
- Business center
- Fax services available
- Picnic area
- Complimentary wireless Internet
- Complimentary parking
- Oversized vehicle parking (fees may apply)
- 100% non-smoking
- Air-conditioned public areas
- Cribs available (fees may apply)
- Express check-out
- General store
- Gift shop
- No pets allowed
- Non-smoking rooms available
- Wake-up service
In-Room Amenities
- Air conditioning
- Complimentary coffee
- Jetted bathtub (availability varies by room)
- Refrigerator
- Television
- Complimentary toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Separate bath and shower
- Shower/tub combination
- Rollaway beds available
- Desk
- Microwave
- Cable or satellite TV
- Complimentary local phone calls
- Flat-screen Television
- High-speed Internet (complimentary)
- Internet access (complimentary)
- Voicemail
- Wireless Internet (complimentary)
- Complimentary daily housekeeping
Dining and Attractions
Location Description
Located just off Highway 12, and only 15 miles from Bryce Canyon National Park.
Grand Staircase Inn & Country Store
Cancellation Policy
If cancellation occurs outside 24 hours or more prior to the arrival date no fee will apply. Reservations cancelled within 24 hours are subject to 100% of the amount first nights stay. No-Show Policy: No- shows will be charged 100% of the amount of a one-night stay.
Deposit Policy
A valid credit card is required for reservation and will be charged upon arrival.


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Basketball Coach Fired After Abuse & Homophobic Language Exposed
Rutgers fired basketball coach Mike Rice on Wednesday after a videotape aired showing him shoving, grabbing and throwing balls at players in practice and using gay slurs during practice.
The videotape, broadcast Tuesday on ESPN, prompted sharp criticism from Gov. Chris Christie, and the head of the New Jersey Assembly called for Rice to be fired.
With mounting criticism on a state and national level, the school decided to take action, relieving Rice of his duties after three largely unsuccessful seasons at the Big East school. There will be a national search to replace him.
Rutgers athletic director Tim Pernetti was given a copy of the video in late November by a former employee. After hiring independent investigators to analyze the tape, he suspended Rice for three games, fined him $75,000 and ordered him to attend anger management classes. University president Robert Barchi saw the tape and signed off on the initial punishment.
But in a Wednesday email, Rutgers referred to new information and "a review of previously discovered issues" as the reasons for Rice's termination.
"I am responsible for the decision to attempt a rehabilitation of Coach Rice," Pernetti said. "Dismissal and corrective action were debated in December and I thought it was in the best interest of everyone to rehabilitate, but I was wrong. Moving forward, I will work to regain the trust of the Rutgers community."
Less than an hour after the dismissal, Barchi released a statement.
Viral Video Sparks Outrage
"Rutgers University has a long and proud history as one of the nation's most diverse and welcoming academic institutions. Coach Rice's abusive language and actions are deeply offensive and egregiously violate the university's core values," the statement said.
"When video excerpts of basketball practices were reviewed last fall by athletic director Tim Pernetti, he immediately notified me and sought the advice of internal and outside counsel. The university hired an independent investigator to look into this matter thoroughly. Based on the external investigator's findings and recommendations, Tim and I agreed that Coach Rice should be suspended, penalized $75,000 in fines and lost salary, ordered to undergo anger management counseling, and put on notice that his behavior would be closely monitored. Tim Pernetti also made it clear to Coach Rice that there would be zero tolerance for additional infractions. Tim kept me fully apprised and I supported his actions."
Rice, who helped Robert Morris to two NCAA tournament appearances, was one of the hot coaching candidates in the spring of 2010. He interviewed with Fordham, where he played as a guard, only to not get the chance to return to his alma mater. Eventually, there was a difference in opinion in the school's search committee, and Rice's fiery, in-game behavior was a sticking point.
But Rutgers, and Pernetti, took a chance on him not long after that. The Scarlet Knights had an opening because of the unexpected dismissal of Fred Hill, Jr., and Rice, who has strong New Jersey recruiting roots, seemed like a fit.
But he wasn't able to push Rutgers into the upper echelon of the conference, and went just 44-51 at Rutgers. Rice posted just a 16-38 mark in the Big East, after going 73-31 in three seasons at Robert Morris. The Scarlet Knights went 15-16 this season and 5-13 in the league.
But his success - or lack thereof - on the court is all secondary now. The school is no longer dealing with an issue of wins and losses, but of right and wrong.
"Yesterday, I personally reviewed the video evidence, which shows a chronic and pervasive pattern of disturbing behavior. I have now reached the conclusion that Coach Rice cannot continue to serve effectively in a position that demands the highest levels of leadership, responsibility and public accountability," Barchi wrote. "He cannot continue to coach at Rutgers University."


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Resources for Patients and Caregivers
Facing Lung Cancer: Support from Day One, a new online resource designed to guide and support those living with lung cancer and their loved ones during every stage of their disease. In addition to providing general lung cancer education, the site allows users to design a customized guide to use during conversations with their lung cancer care team. Visit Facing Lung Cancer.
The Lung HelpLine is staffed by registered nurses and respiratory therapists, and offers free counseling and support to callers seeking information about lung cancer. Here patients and family members can talk with our trained medical professionals to get the questions answered that help them better understand CT screening, recommend a physician or facility for screening, and then if diagnosed, can help answer questions about treatment options. Of course, the HelpLine does much more than that. It's a resource for those with any kind of lung disease and can offer smoking cessation assistance as well. Call the American Lung Association's Lung HelpLine at 1-800-LUNG-USA, option 2, or Chat with a Counselor.
Lung Cancer Clinical Trials Matching Service is specially designed for lung cancer patients and their families. This free service provides personalized education and matching to quickly identify clinical trials options that match each person's specific diagnosis, stage and treatment history. To find out more about studies you may be eligible for, visit our Lung Cancer Clinical Trial Call to Action.
My Fighting for Air Community is a free, online volunteer and caregiving coordination service for lung cancer patients and their families who are coping with acute or chronic lung cancer issues. This service is a simple, immediate way for friends, family, colleagues and neighbors to stay in communication and support loved ones in need. Visit My Fighting for Air Community


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Lord of the Rings as Property Law
by Omar Ha-Redeye and Jacob Kaufman
(from the March Issue of Nexus, Western Law's Student Newspaper)
The novel The Lord of the Rings was a phenomenon. The movie trilogy based upon it has grossed over a billion dollars and won a slew of Oscars.
But what's really interesting about the work is that it is about property law.
Seems Like a Property Exam
Consider the following facts which seem ripped from a first year property law exam:
- Sauron holds ownership in the Ring through accession, by working one thing (base metals) into a new thing (a ring of power)
- He is dispossessed by Isildur, who now holds possession in the Ring.
- Isildur loses the Ring (he has a manifest intent to exclude others but no physical control) when it slips off his finger as he was swimming in the Anduin river to escape from Orcs.
- Déagol finds the Ring.
- He is dispossessed by Sméagol (a.k.a. Gollum).
- Gollum loses the Ring and it is finally found by Bilbo.
- Bilbo gifts the Ring to Frodo. Later, Aragorn (the heir of Isildur) tells Frodo to carry the ring to Mordor, making Frodo his bailee.
- Sam, assuming that Frodo is dead, takes the Ring according to instructions to help Frodo with the Ring in grave circumstances. Sam is acting here as a (fictional) bailee and he returns possession to Frodo after finding him still alive.
- At the end of the book, Gollum restores his possession of the ring. Seconds later, he and the Ring are both destroyed. At this point all property held in the Ring disappears.
Hierarchy of Ownership and Possession
The Lord of the Rings story is that of a property hierarchy with one owner and a series of possessors.
Bilbo states,
[The Ring] is mine isn't it? I found it.
He seems to be laying a claim of ownership through finding. But finding only lets a finder hold possession in a thing. It does not extinguish the rights of those higher up on the hierarchy.
In Anderson v. Gouldberg it was found that "possession is good title against all the world except those having better title." It does not matter that several of the possessors of the Ring like Isildur and Sméagol obtained possession by violently dispossessing others. That circumstance does not change the dispossessor's rights vis-à-vis a third party.
The fact that all parties subsequent to Sauron hold only possession in the ring is acknowledged in the text. When Gandalf forces Bilbo to give up the Ring, he tells him to,
[s]top possessing [the Ring].
After discovering that Aragorn is the heir of Isildur Frodo exclaims that the Ring really belongs to Aragorn. Aragon corrects him:
It does not belong to either of us, but it has been ordained that you should hold it for a while.
Frodo later elaborates that the Ring,
does not belong to any mortal – though if any could claim it, it would be Aragorn.
Here he demonstrates his understanding of the property hierarchy – with Sauron at the apex as owner and Aragorn as next highest as a descendent of the first possessor after Sauron.
Aragorn's Claim
What claims can Aragorn make that he is the rightful owner?
Isildur claimed the Ring as weregild for the death of his relatives at Sauron's hand.
As Professor Gwen Seabourne notes this is,
compensation for the kin of the slain in respect of a (wrongful) killing.
If a claim in weregild is upheld then Aragorn would hold ownership of the Ring. The Ring, however, is shown to have Animus Revertendi as it seeks to return itself to Sauron.
Would this cut against a transfer in weregild? Canadian Courts have, so far, not ruled on how the intrinsic characteristics of magical items demonstrate who holds what property in them.
Another claim that Aragorn could make is that Sauron's ownership of the ring elapsed due to abandonment.
Simpson v. Gowers defines abandonment as a "giving up, a total desertion, and absolute relinquishment." Sauron did believe that the Ring was gone forever, which would support the idea that an abandonment occurred.
Asessing a Claim of Abanonment
Stewart v. Gustafson sets out four factors to further help determine if property has been abandoned:
- Passage of Time: As the years go by, the likelihood of abandonment increases. In this case 3000 years passed, which is a not insignificant lapse of time.
- Nature of Transaction: Certain transactions lend themselves more to assuming abandonment, having objects cut off your hand does not appear to be one of them.
- Property Holder's Conduct: Abandonment can be inferred if a property holder does not try to require possession a reasonable time after receiving notice. After finding that the Ring was still attainable, not only is Sauron trying to retake possession but he is described as "seeking it, seeking it, and all his thoughts [are] bent on it."
- Nature of the Thing: As the value of a chattel increases, the likelihood of inferring abandonment decreases. The extreme value of the Ring (it could be used to conquer all Middle Earth) cuts against an abandonment. The specific nature of the Ring also cuts against abandonment. Gandalf specifically states that "[the Ring's] keeper never abandons it".
It appears to be that the evidence points to no abandonment having occurred.
However, it seems likely that 3,000 years well exceeded the limitations period.
Therefore, Sauron has lost his right to legal recourse.
As far as Canadian law goes however he would still have a self-help remedy, which he apparently exercised by sending the Nazgûl to seize the ring.
- Ilya Somin, Assistant Professor who teaches property at George Mason University School of Law, adds some notes to this story at the Volokh Consipracy,
In addition to the primary property dispute over the ownership of the Ring, there are several other conflicts over property in the Lord of the Rings, such as the claim of Rohan's neighbors that the Riders wrongfully disposessed them of their land, the conflicting claims to ownership of Moria as between the Dwarves and the Balrog, and Aragorn's claims to inherit the lands and other property of his ancestor Isildur. The chapter on "The Scouring of the Shire" with its scathing portrayal of Saruman's "Gatherers and Sharers" and Saruman's nationalization of industry is a thinly veiled attack on socialism. None of this is to say that Tolkien was some kind of libertarian. He hated modern industry and capitalism. But he did have a conservative traditionalist's attachment to private property, and it comes through in the book at many points.
- Be sure to check out the comments on his page as well, including IP claims laid by the Elves.
- Although David Colborne says this post is "geeky as hell," Avierra of The Floating World retorts, "hot nerds are so very hot" (you should see us in wool suits in the summer). She then point out that Heidi Bond, a Michigan law student, has reviewed offer and acceptance in the LOTR context.
- John C. Wright raises issues of intestate and inheritors.
- K-wat raises international jurisdictional issues (we use Canada because that's where we live, though common law principles are similar)
This is a reformatted article from a previous post. Acknowledgement is provided to Prof. Adam Parachin, who teaches first-year Property at the University of Western Ontario for the initial inspiration of these posts.
97 Responses to "Lord of the Rings as Property Law"
The Volokh Conspiracy on
March 30th, 2008 2:45 am
Property Law in the Lord of the Rings:…
Canadian law student Jacob Kaufman has posted this interesting article about property law in the Lord of the Rings. I actually once created a handou……
Property law in Lord of the Rings « Addafication on
March 30th, 2008 9:26 am
[…] those of you who share my juvenile obsession with all things Tolkien, an interesting post by a couple of law students on property law in Lord of the Rings. And a follow-up at Volokh […]
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March 30th, 2008 9:37 am
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March 30th, 2008 9:54 am
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March 30th, 2008 11:16 am
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March 30th, 2008 11:41 am
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March 30th, 2008 3:03 pm
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March 30th, 2008 3:17 pm
[…] law student Jacob Kaufman has posted this interesting article about property law in the Lord of the Rings. I actually once created a handout for my Property […]
Power Line Forum | So who owns The One Ring ? - A property law discussion on
March 30th, 2008 3:57 pm
Lou Gots on
March 30th, 2008 7:03 pm
Oh no! Smeagol took the ring by an act or robbery, accompanied by a felony-murder, no less. Isldur, on the other hand, siezed the ring, a weapon, from the enemy in a war, which was totally lawful. Isildur, remember, after the death of Elendil was both king and commander. Did we really need to wait for a retired JAG to remind us of the difference between war and private violence?
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Olorin on
March 31st, 2008 6:45 am
You have some typos in this article. In point 3 of the "ripped from a first year property law exam" section, Anduin is misspelled "Audiun". In the "Hierarchy of Ownership and Possession" section, Bilbo is twice misspelled "Biblo".
LawIsCool: Thanks, will fix.
Jacob Kaufman on
March 31st, 2008 1:36 pm
Mr. Gots–
Good point!
I agree with you that there is definitely a distinction between murder and war (and I hope I didn't come off as suggesting otherwise).
However, I disagree with you that Isildur's seizure of the ring is per se lawful. Under Canadian law there is no right to property by conquest. In fact, s. 77(g) of the National Defence Act forbids such conduct ("every person who… steals from, or with intent to steal searches, the person of any person killed or wounded, in the course of warlike operations … is guilty of an offence.") The status of the ring as a weapon might change things but I believe that Isildur's conduct precludes him from taking advantage of that.
Under the law of Middle Earth, Isildur chose to frame his seizure of the ring not out of a generic right of conquest but in wereguild. As I noted if the Court accepted that claim, he would hold ownership of the Ring.
[This comment was eaten last night, I'm reconstructing from memory but it may be slightly different]
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March 31st, 2008 7:21 pm
Two things:
1. There's no "u" in my last name. Don't feel too bad about that, though – you're certainly not the first person to throw one in there. *grin*
2. I meant "geeky as hell" in a good way! If we live in a world where "geeky" is an insult, well, stop the world – I want off!
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- Nerdom Cubed: LOTR Property Law Brief on March 31st, 2008 10:00 pm
Sauron, The Lidless Eye on
March 31st, 2008 10:15 pm
Though I am but an impotent shadow wandering in the wastelands to the east , I would like to speak tagainst those who so brazenly claim my property now that I have fallen so utterly.
However, as I am still pursuing action against the heirs of Isildur for dispossesion and housebreaking (not to mention loss of a finger), upon the advice of counsel, I am unable to comment further………until the age of man is over and the age of the Orc begins.
Mark on
March 31st, 2008 11:29 pm
"It appears to be that the evidence points to no abandonment having occurred.
However, it seems likely that 3,000 years well exceeded the limitations period.
Therefore, Sauron has lost his right to legal recourse."
I think it could be argued that 3,000 years is not relatively a long time if, indeed, the original owner is still around.
Yvonne on
April 1st, 2008 4:50 am
There IS a lot of property law in the LoTR – I never really thought about it before.
How about mathoms – is there a legal angle on those?
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Bill Woods on
April 1st, 2008 2:43 pm
"Sauron did believe that the Ring was destroyed, …"
No he didn't — the effects of the Ring's destruction are unmistakable. He knew it was lost, perhaps irretrievably so (washed down the Anduin to the bottom of the sea).
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John Wright on
April 2nd, 2008 10:45 am
I would point out the hierarchy of property claims against the One Ring is complicated by the fact that Sauron the Great perished at the hands of Elendil and Gil-Galad, or, at least, was reduced to a shadow. If so, did he die with a will? If he died intestate, who is his nearest relative? The race of the Maiar, angelic beings, do not seem to have family relations, as fathers, sons, and cousins, so the disposition of property through the probate court would be problematical.
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Jacob Kaufman on
April 2nd, 2008 3:38 pm
True, 3,000 years probably wouldn't be that long for someone who lives as long as Sauron. However, the limitations period is purely objective and not based on the lifespan of the people involved.
Hmm… I guess just the standard rules on ownership apply to mathoms. Some of them are frequently regifted, some just collect dust in the equivelents of attics (what's the name of an underground attic?) but in all cases someone holds ownership of them. I guess you could use them to discuss the law of gifts.
Mr. Woods–
Good catch! I meant something like "gone forever" but yeah destroyed is definitely not the word to use– fixed in the text. The good thing about being a blawger is that the internet is your editor!
Mr. Wright–
Fascinating point. Personally I don't think that Sauron died that day. However, if he is considered dead and if there is no will (which as you point out, there is no evidence for) then in Canadian law it seems that then property in the ring would go to Eru (as Sauron's father, if you accept him as father as opposed to, say, creator). As you point out, it's hard to say what the relationship of the Maiar are to Sauron. If they are cousins (or second cousins) as you guess then Sauron's property will be distributed to next of kin of equal degree of consanguinity equally. So it seems that all five Istari would hold joint ownership in the ring equally. If we can't identify any Maiar as relatives, then it looks like property in the ring would escheat to the State. Which I guess would be Isildur. So that's another way to give ownership to Isildur.
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April 2nd, 2008 9:56 pm
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Mark on
April 3rd, 2008 12:40 am
True, 3,000 years probably wouldn't be that long for someone who lives as long as Sauron. However, the limitations period is purely objective and not based on the lifespan of the people involved."
The assumption of limitations that would be in place for that "realm" needs to consider that the limitations on "real" Earth are based on our lifespans, while the limitations on Middle Earth would be based on the lifespans of those making the law (immortals?). Perhaps it could be hashed out to our satisfaction on "The Big Bang Theory" on CBS? If we are considering only the law as it stands in reality, I humbly and geekily concede the point.
Steve on
April 3rd, 2008 7:57 am
Mightn't common law suggest that the Crown has ownership of treasure trove? Would that be Aragorn, then? Does the concept of treasure trove still exist?
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April 3rd, 2008 8:32 am
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Fordham Law Student on
April 3rd, 2008 11:09 pm
I think that the author overlooked one issue. Deagol finds the ring in the Anduin River in 1263. South Staffordshire v. Sharmon held that property found in a lake was "attached" to the land and belonged to the possessor of the property.
The part of Anduin River, where the Ring was left for thousands of years before being re-discovered, was in Rhovanion, which was later conquered by agents of Sauron in 1260. So it looks like Sauron might have yet another claim for the ring since he was in possession of the land at the time the Ring was re-discovered.
Also, since the One Ring is a chattel (arguably even a piece of art), the "Rule of Discovery" from O'Keefe v. Snyder, Sauron is probably not precluded from asserting his claim until he actually discovers that Frodo is in possession of the Ring. This puts a big cloud on Bilbo's title by adverse possession.
So perhaps Sauron has another cause of action to retrieve the One Ring.
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Jacob Kaufman on
April 6th, 2008 4:47 pm
Setting a middle earth wide statute of limitations is difficult for the reasons you mention. There's lots of entities with very long lifespans (maiar, elves, ents…) But the majority of the popluation is composed by beings like dwarves, elves, men and orcs who live quite shorter lives. If the statute of limitations catered to immortals then it would effectively not exist for the majority of residents.
I don't think that law of treasure troves would apply. As Weeks v Hackett states treasure-trove applies where "the owner of the discovered treasure being unknown."
Great point! Plus both this case and South Staffordshire are about property in gold rings which is pretty cool. Ultimately though, I think it's just guilding the lily. Sauron has a perfectly good claim in ownership without having to jump through the hoops of proving that the ring was a fixture (there is a difference in the type of water) and that he actually had control over that part of the Anduin River at that time.
Green Lensman on
April 7th, 2008 10:58 am
someone mentioned orcs as grouped under 'short' lifespan poeples. I believe that orcs live nearly as long as Elves, providing they are not killed, which admittedly happens alot-but I thought that that Bolg, the son of Azog, who conquered Moria, was leading the orcs at the Bttle of Five Armies. since there are certainly more orcs than anything else, and since they appear to be long-lived, wouldnt that mean that time periods of less than 10,000 years should be considered relatively short? also, there is the similar case of possession of the rule of Minas Tirithe by the Stewards. Boromir once asked his father how long the stewards would have to wait until they could claim to be a new line of Kings. Denethor stated something like 'for a lesser fieifdom, 1000 years would suffice, and more, but for a realm as great as Gondor, not even ten 10,000s would be even close to enough. Since the value of the Ring would be at least as much as the value of Gondor, even when it was ruled by Isildur at the height of its greatness, then wouldn't the Ring probably need to be 'lost' for close to 100,000 years before someone other than Sauron could Claim it? Even supposing the 'weregild' claim of Isildur, I think that the value of the life of a great King would not be worth more than the deed to Barad-dur, which was destroyed in the war of the Last Alliance, so the next best thing would be something like the Ring of the Witch-King.
But before I digress into all the possible substitutes for a weregild, isn't this enough, especially considering the ownership laws implied in the Stewardship of Gondor, to prove that 3000 years is not enough time for the Ring to be lost for someone else to Claim it?
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Jacob Kaufman on
April 11th, 2008 1:39 am
Green Lensman–
I think that Tolkein went back and forth on the livespan issue for orcs. There are some statements that hint at Orcs having the possibility of long lifespans and others that are the reverse. But regardless, the life of the average orc is going to be nasty, brutish and short. Therefore even if its possible some orcs live a long time (though Bolg was only, like, what a few hundred years old?) the average does not approach the 10,000 range (I would guess not even the 1000 year range or 100 year range). So I still think the statute of limitations should not cater to immortals.
The analogy with Gondor is a neat one– it seems that we agree that no abandonment occured and that's another good reason why abandonment should not be inferred.
I'm sure that when contesting the weregild claim Sauron would bring up that giving something as valuable as the Ring would overcompensate Isildur for the deaths of a couple of mortals. Though, is the Witch-King's ring really the next best thing? Going from a Ring to rule them all to a ruled ring seems like a bit of a demotion. Personally, I'd rather take something like a herd of mûmakil and a lot of gold.
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reece's on
May 6th, 2008 5:03 pm
I Googled for something completely different, but found your page…and have to say thanks. nice read….
Travels and Thoughts on
May 8th, 2008 10:33 pm
[…] A Year Ago, This Week, 2007 Saturday 29 March 2008 Saturday – finished a few things, not as much as hoped. So it goes. No lawn mowing. I did meet up with some friends, by happenstance in the Von's parking lot and we went out to dinner together.This after doing some work on their PC, replacing a CMOS battery and attempting and then abandoning a try at extending a FAT32 partition. I had forgotten about the old 2GB limit after years of using NTFS. Ugh. But we got their new external USB drive working and offloaded some personal data onto that.Poor Phoebe – they brought their children over to the house, an infant and a two year old. Traumatized, he hid out for hours – I had to hunt for him later in the evening just to make sure he hadn't escaped outside or something. He didn't even join me at bedtime, but came to visit some time after midnight. Well, there's another night and then I have to head off to work again. Book #11 was the final book in Kage Baker's Company series, The Sons of Heaven. Umm. Sort of a disappointment, like a lot of authors the finale and wrap up doesn't quite live up to the earlier books. Lord of the Rings as Property Law. […]
Evaine on
May 15th, 2008 10:50 am
Good post. You make some great points that most people do not fully understand.
"In Anderson v. Gouldberg it was found that �possession is good title against all the world except those having better title.�� It does not matter that several of the possessors of the Ring like Isildur and Sm�agol obtained possession by violently dispossessing others. That circumstance does not change the dispossessor�s rights vis-�-vis a third party."
I like how you explained that. Very helpful. Thanks.
Jared's One Blog: I Got Fooled Again on
July 12th, 2008 6:59 pm
[…] Item #3: I've read many analyses of what J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings is about, but this is the first time that I've heard it's about property law. […]
Jason on
October 10th, 2008 3:54 pm
I would like, if I may, to offer a comparative case from Texas as to the cause of self help. Though frequently allowed, it is limited in that there must be no breach of the peace in the action taken and that if there is any such breach by any party involved, that the fault is laid against the party initiating the self help action (MBank El Paso v Sanchez 836 S.W. 2d 151 (Tex. 1992)). Levying war against Gondor and Rohan and the world in general, and the pursuit of Frodo in particular, would thus count as breach of the peace. While not necessarily severing Sauron's right to the Ring, it would mean that he would be liable for all damages accrued in its pursuit.
As to the question of Sauron's death, he was merely deprived of his physical body for a time. The Maiar race does not need a body in order to exist or even to act, they merely clothe themselves with bodies as we humans do in raiment (see Silmarillion). Further, Maia can have children and spousal relations as is evidenced by the case of Melian and Thingol, Maia and Eldar, respectively, parents of Luthien, one of the ancestresses of Aragorn. When Thingol died, Melian cast off her physical form and returned to the West, still very much alive in all senses that mattered to a Maia. Mere deprivation of a physical form is not death in this case. I am not sure if such a spirit can really be destroyed in Middle Earth or in this Earth, and this will undoubtedly complicate testamentary law if ever brought forward.
Sauron is indeed a Maia and all the other Maiar are considered his brothers and sisters, though we do not know which is eldest or who would be closest. His own master, Melkor, was dispossessed long before the events in question, thrust out of the world, and so likely could not even make a claim as feudal overlord on purely jurisdictional ground. As such, the putative father/creator, Eru, is likely the most proper testator. If it did escheat to the Crown, it would not necessarily be a mortal Crown but that of the immortals, Sauron's race, Manwe being the chief among them. Manwe, though of the Vala, still holds dominion because the Maia are of the same sort as the Vala, merely lesser in stature.
I would think that after 1000 years, Denethor could logically claim to have the right to assume the kingship. Consider the case of the start of the Carolingian dynasty wherein the pope ruled that whoever acted the part of the king should be the king, thus leading to the recognition of Pepin the Short. So, if Gondor is a much greater realm, then the analogy should still apply and the kingship should be assumable after the passage of 10000 years. But then the story is largely treated as apocryphal, and may not be considered binding.
pourya on
February 3rd, 2009 3:37 pm
hi , im from iran , when i saw this fiml [the lord of the ring ], i was going to be crazy ,i never have seen better than this film ,i just can say to director your work is fantastic and i love you,good luck ,bye
Darth Raukrist on
March 30th, 2009 8:30 pm
I used to post as Green Lensman. In case that interests anyone. :?
Anyway, it seems pretty obvious to me that the ownership claim of abandonment must be… abandonned (rimshot).
Sauron most certainly didn't abandon it, it was cut off his hand. Isildur didn't abandon it, he was killed and it *dropped itself, but he didn't intend to lose it- he is quoted by Gandalf as having left a record in Gondor's archives that it would be 'an heirloom of his house- weregild for the deaths of Elendil his father and Anorien his brother'
That shuts down Gollum's claim, and the moreso Bilbo's after Gollum's reaction: going EVEN insaner and beating the freakin' NAZGUL @ finding it and RETRIEVING IT!!! Sure he got burned up and sent to hell yadayada, but come on- if YOU'D just beaten the 9 Undead Kings of the Lord of the Rings at Hide and Seek and Rule the World, wouldn't you celebrate? ;D
That leaves the weregild claim of Isildur- and Aragorn's claim as his heir. Only if Isildur's claim stands can Aragorn justify passing it to Frodo, or permit Gandalf to permit Elrond to permit…etc. the point is, The Fellowship itself is illegal, since its purpose was to protect a right that was not justly held (possession of the Ring by Frodo)
As far as a weregild claim goes- not only could Isildur claim simple relationship, but as the leader of a world power, and member of the Last Alliance-which means he could easily also claim weregild on GILGALAD the HIGH KING OF THE NOLDOR, the Highest Elves in Middle Earth.
That might qualify for compensation as great as a Ring of Power; but in my opinion still not the One, since that would imply an extension to ownership of ALL the Rings: "One Ring to Rule Them All…"
But the lives of at least 2 Numenoreans of Gondor's Royal Family, the Leaders of BOTH elven races that had kings- (Oropher fell at the Black Gate-he was Legolas' grandfather; Rivendell and Lorien would have been subject to Gilgalad)…
that would be worth, at least one of the Seven, and definitely the return of the Palantir of Minas Ithil…and throw in the absolvment of any claim made any ally or servant of Sauron to lands outside the Mountains of Mordor, exempting those held by the Haradhrim and the Easterlings (targeting Orcs here)
Isildur, though, definitely has some justification in claiming some sort of Weregild from Sauron for the deaths of the nobles of the Alliance during that war; Sauron has a greater right to keep the ring, and in case anyone wants to ask about corporeal stewardship during his 'shadow years'- it can only be either the Mouth of Sauron, who would have replaced Sarumaan had the Ring been recovered (see ROTK), or the Witch-King himself-slain on the Pelennor Fields, then it passes to the next highest Ringwraith, who was actually of all the Nine given a name-Khamul:he was a Haradrim, and called the 'Shadow of the East'
It seems implied by including both the character of Khamul in supplemental writings, and the Mouth of Sauron at the Black Gate, that indeed Tolkien MEANT to show a full line of succession/heirs for Sauron's claim! But I just realized that since either way Sauron gets the Ring, then all the other thousands of words I wrote dont matter because we should all be under the Dominion of the Land of Shadow.
Does Mordor's Constitution have the Right to Free Speech?
Does it HAVE a Bill of Rights?
Do the orcs even get a Constitution?!?!
It's possible that this forum has justified its own destruction, which would mean that it might have been ironically better if we had never spoken up. lmao.
good thing Middle-Earth is not the real world, or we would all be screwed –> Sauron has the right to own a thing which he invented that allows him the rule the world. Right to revolt now translates to right to commit suicide if he regains the Ring, since no revolt could possibly succeed. Unless somehow abuse of power could justify a legal injunction, like a Declaration of Independence. only written in Elvish?
Jonathan B. Wiener on
April 21st, 2009 3:59 pm
"seem ripped from a first year property law exam."
In fact, I gave this question – – disputes over property rights in the One Ring – – on my actual Property Law exam at Duke Law School back in April 2004. My question was designed to be answerable based on the key events it recounted, without further knowledge of Tolkien's Lord of the Rings books. Students enjoyed it, and they offered creative answers.
Maybe the authors of this entry "borrowed" their idea from my exam? Or perhaps it's a case of independent inspiration.
Law is Cool: As noted in the original linked article, inspiration for this post came from one of our own Properly law professors who mentioned it in class. It is quite possible that he got the idea from you. Thanks for letting us know.
Dennis Brennan on
May 12th, 2009 2:21 pm
This came up in a Usenet discussion thirteen years ago:
Christopher Carrie on
May 17th, 2009 10:19 am
Fans are flooding to the official jtolkien.com website.
Robert Bexley on
November 25th, 2009 2:44 pm
First Published in October 2008 edition of The Docket, the Georgia State University College of Law Student Newspaper:
By: Robert Bexley
Frodo Baggins v. Sauron, (Mrdr. App. Ct. 2008).
The case at bar is one between the estate of Mr. Sauron, Plaintiff and Mr. Frodo Baggins, Defendant. Plaintiff brought suit alleging that Defendant had intentionally destroyed a valuable family heirloom of the decedent. The trial court denied demurrer for Defendant, and the jury awarded Plaintiff $200,000 in nominal and punitive damages. Defendant appealed, stating trial court error in denying demurrer.
The facts go back 650 years. Mr. Smeagol Gollum, a hermit and schizophrenic, misplaced his gold ring. While spelunking in a cave, Bilbo Baggins, Appellant/Defendant's uncle, found the ring.
Upon returning home, Mr. Baggins kept the ring safe and on his nephew's eleventy-first birthday, conveyed the ring to him. Appellant, Frodo Baggins, learned that the ring in fact belonged to Mr. Sauron of Golgoroth and instead of returning the ring, Appellant was told by his counsel, Mr. Gandalf Mithrandir, Esq., to destroy it in Mount Doom. The facts of the trial court are unclear as to why this course of action was necessary.
Appellant snuck into Mordor and ascended Mount Doom. Upon reaching the summit, however, Mr. Gollum approached Appellant insisting upon the return of the ring. Appellant refused and hit Mr. Gollum on the head. Immediately before throwing the ring into the fiery depths of Mount Doom, Appellant had a change of heart and put on the ring so he could safely return it to Mr. Sauron. Mr. Gollum awoke furious and bit off the finger of Appellant on which the ring was placed. Appellant then pushed Mr. Gollum over a cliff into molten lava, destroying the ring, Mr. Gollum, and oddly enough, Mr. Sauron.
Despite the horrors of Appellant's actions, the case at bar is only concerned with the destruction of Plaintiff/Respondent's property.
There is a doctrine in Torts that justifies the actions of a person, when acting in good faith; he may destroy another's property in the best interest of the community as long as the necessity is clearly shown. In Surroco v. Geary, it was necessary to raze a house in order to save adjoining homes and thus the city from an oncoming blaze. The court found the defendant not liable for destroying the plaintiff's home because he was acting in the public interest, even by good faith mistake.
Mr. Baggins was under the impression that he was protecting the public interest by destroying the so-called "One Ring to Rule Them All." We hold that pushing an ancient malnourished lunatic into magma to destroy a ring is conduct reasonably necessary to protect all of humanity. As such, we find that the trial court erred by denying Appellant's demurrer. We reverse the trial court's ruling and hold Appellant not liable for damages to Respondent's property.
(omitted, Saruman, J., dissenting.)
Charles Carreon on
November 30th, 2009 1:51 am
*Maybe the authors of this entry "borrowed" their idea from my exam?*
As their is no ownership in an idea, there is no possibility of theft, no need for the fiction of borrowing. Information wants to be free.
Law is Cool: As noted, this is an entirely original entry, aside from the idea being brought up in in property law class. It was researched and drafted without any knowledge of others who have attempted a similar analysis in the past.
Any resemblance to existing property law exams is coincidental – but we encourage those who have done similar work to share it here.
Lord of the Rings: A Property Law Analysis | Lawyerling on
December 9th, 2009 11:36 pm
[…] so cool. (WARNING: Toxic amounts of geekiness lie ahead). Find the original and all the comments here, courtesy of LawIsCool. I will say right now that this was not my work and I had nothing to do with […]
Tim R. on
February 22nd, 2010 9:23 pm
It seems we would also have a severe conflict-of-laws dispute here.
A few of the possible issues this would give rise to:
If decided under the Law of Mordor, a realm generally recognized (if loathed) by the other realms of Middle-Earth. As dictator, he could serve as judge and jury in his own case, and the counsel for the opposition would be at a disadvantage as the fairer races consider it an ill omen for the words of the Black Tongue (the official language of Mordor) to be spoken aloud. Of course, following his defeat, Sauron and the Realm of Mordor exist only in pretense.
Aragon, as King Elessar of Arnor, Gondor, and High King of the Reunited Kingdom, could claim sovereign immunity if suit was brought under the laws of these realms.
Additionally, the One Ring traveled and changed possession in a variety of realms – including various modern States, city-states, and private domains (Principalities? I doubt any state would presume to claim Tom Bombadil's land, yet his "country" consists solely of his home and the surrounding environs) – and the various claimants and the locations where possession begin and end occur in different countries as well.
This is complicated by the fact that the legal schemas vary widely from place to place – consider, for instance, the nature of the inhabitants of such varied locales as the Shire, Rivendell, Fangorn Forest, and the Lonely Mountain (either before or after the return of the King Under the Mountain and the demise of Smaug) and how the legal regimes would reflect such varying natures.
Tim R. on
February 22nd, 2010 9:32 pm
@Robert Bexley. Very nice! However, while it notes the role of Gandalf as counsel, it forgets to mention his recusal from the deliberations in this case.
That Saruman would dissent rather than likewise recusing himself only goes to show what kind of person he is. Hopefully he's impeached before he further damages the court's credibility.
filiusdextris on
February 23rd, 2010 7:51 pm
Have you made any inquiries to the forging of the rings? Wasn't Sauron at the time of the Ring's creation an employee or independent contractor of the Elven smiths of Eregion? Does its design count as intellectual property? If so, should the smiths, or their heirs, be the rightful owners? What would happen if the smiths could produce a Sauronian promise not to compete? Again, if so, would they become the rightful owners? At the time of this relationship, Sauron disguised as Annatar, "Lord of the Gifts", thus working under false pretensions. Furthermore, I'm guessing Sauron didn't have a work visa since he had broken his parole from the Valar and fled that realm. Also, since Sauron's intent was to defraud from the outset, can he gain/profit from his illegal activities? This would seem to be against the public interest. For reference, the Three were completed c. S.A. 1590, with the One bieng completed ten years or so later c.1600.
Daniel on
July 8th, 2010 5:16 am
Wow. Not sure how I dint come across this conversation when was reading the lord of the rings. Awesome book. Frodo, Sam, Aragon, Gandalf….
And sorry for interrupting but this was an interesting read :)
DUI Guy on
September 23rd, 2010 12:19 pm
Wow, that is impressive. I must say I am going to have to sit down and watch the Lord of the Rings again and view it from your perspective. I'm curious, how many times did you watch the movie before coming up with this idea?
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Rob on
June 23rd, 2011 11:11 am
An interesting way of looking at things! I dont think I will watch the film in quite the same way!
Pro on
December 4th, 2012 5:52 am
I don't think any of this matters. The ring is a living organism, with a mind of its own- giving it a right to freedom.


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Collection. Each alpha comes in individual PNG files (separate file for
each letter) in lowercase, uppercase, numbers and punctuation.
I Do: Polka Dot Papers includes 12 papers in coordinating neutral shades:
I Do: Polka Dot Papers
You can see the creative inspiration over on my Facebook Page!
Also, tomorrow is the FINAL day you can grab my September Template Grab Bag!
September Template Grab Bag
And my Deal of the Week is still 50% for each of the parts and the bundle as well!
Just click the links to visit my stores!
Bump in the Night: Collection
Bump in the Night
Bump in the Night: Add on Alphas
Bump in the Night: Polka Dot Papers
Bump in the Night: Wordy Bits
Re: New Releases (I Do), Fall Sale & Last Chance from Jen C Designs
Lovely collections and a steal of a deal!
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Permits & Fees
There are a number of permits or fees that may be required by the City when you open a business. Several are associated with doing physical changes to a building. The list below should be used as a reference point to ask the staff if you are going to need to obtain one of the permits or be subject to the noted fees.
Business License Fee
Liquor License Application Fee
Rezoning Fee
Use Permit Fee
Development Review Board Fee
Parking in Lieu Fee (an issue especially associated with Downtown parking requirements)
Sign Plan Review and Permit Fees
Final Plan Review and Permit Fees


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Submission + - Dennis Ritchie is dead->
drwho writes: "Dennis Ritchie, co-creator of Unix and C, has died of natural causes. There has been no official confirmation. This is the passing of a much more influential person than Steve Jobs in the geek world"
Link to Original Source
Link to Original Source