text:
Page 1
Involvement of membrane protein GDE2 in retinoic acid-induced
neurite formation in Neuro2A cells
Noriyuki Yanaka*, Yoshihito Nogusa, Yuichiro Fujioka, Yosuke Yamashita, Norihisa Kato
Department of Molecular and Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 4-4, Kagamiyama 1-chome,
Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
Received 27 December 2006; revised 15 January 2007; accepted 15 January 2007
Available online 24 January 2007
Edited by Ned Mantei
terase homolog, GDE2, is widely expressed in brain tissues
including primary neurons, and that the expression of GDE2 in
neuroblastoma Neuro2A cells is significantly upregulated during
neuronal differentiation by retinoic acid (RA) treatment. Stable
expression of GDE2 resulted in neurite formation in the absence
of RA, and GDE2 accumulated at the regions of perinuclear and
growth cones in Neuro2A cells. Furthermore, a loss-of-function
of GDE2 in Neuro2A cells by RNAi blocked RA-induced neurite
formation. These results demonstrate that GDE2 expression
during neuronal differentiation plays an important role for grow-
ing neurites.
? ? 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of the Federation of
European Biochemical Societies.
We show that a glycerophosphodiester phosphodies-
Keywords: Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase; GDE2;
Retinoic acid; Neuro2A cells
1. Introduction
Escherichia coli (E. coli) glycerophosphodiester phosphodies-
terases (GP-PDEs), GlpQ and UgpQ, are periplasmic and cyto-
solic proteins, which play an important role in the hydrolysis of
deacylated glycerophospholipids to glycerol phosphate and
phate in E. coli [1,2]. In contrast, two novel mammalian GP-
PDEs, GDE1/MIR16 and GDE3, were recently identified, and
considered to be involved in several physiological functions
[3,4]. GDE1/MIR16 was identified by yeast two-hybrid screen-
signaling [3].Arecent study has shown thatGDE1 isanintegral
membrane-bound glycoprotein that selectively hydrolyzes glyc-
cells can be regulated by stimulation of G protein-coupled a/b-
adrenergic andlysophospholipid receptors [5].Also, GDE3was
recently identified to be differentially expressed during specific
stages of differentiation in mouse osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1
cells using a differential display method [4]. GDE3 encodes a
protein with seven putative transmembrane regions and an
extracellular loop containing a GP-PDE domain. We demon-
strated that GDE3 protein accumulates at the cell periphery,
a spread to a rounded form [4]. Moreover, endogenous GDE3
ing that GDE3 is involved in the morphological change of cells
lian GP-PDEs are considered to be involved in numerous
physiological functions including signal transduction and cyto-
skeletal regulation.
Very recently, six mammalian GP-PDEs have been virtually
cloned by an approach using bioinformatics [5,6]. In particular,
we showed that GDE2 contained 607 amino acids with seven
putative transmembrane regions, and that it was 43.7% identi-
cal to GDE3at the amino acid level. Although GDE3mRNA is
restrictedly expressed in bone tissue and in the spleen, GDE2
mRNA was highly expressed in mouse brain, suggesting that
GDE2 might have distinct roles in the nervous system. The
physiological function of the nervous system is tightly associ-
ated with the highly specific pattern of connections formed be-
tween neurons. The specificity of these connections requires
neurite extension toward their targets guided by the growth
cone [7–9]. Ever since we showed that GDE3 protein was local-
ized at the cell periphery and played a critical role for morpho-
logical change of cells, we have been particularly interested in
the biological functions of mammalian GP-PDEs in neurons.
These observations led us to hypothesize that GDE2 might play
critical roles for neurite formation and/or neurite retraction.
Neuro2A cells are neuroblastoma established from the mouse
spinal cord, and are widely used for studies on neurite growth
that is induced by retinoic acid (RA) treatment. Although sev-
eral molecules have been reported to be involved in retinoid-in-
duced neuronal differentiation of Neuro2A cells [10–12], our
understanding of the mechanisms involved in the control of
neuronal differentiation of Neuro2A cells remains limited. In
this study, we demonstrated that the expression of GDE2 was
dramatically upregulated during neuronal differentiation in re-
sponse to RA, and that GDE2 played a critical role for neurite
outgrowth of Neuro2A cells.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Materials
Restriction endonucleases and DNA-modifying enzymes were pur-
chased from Takara Shuzo (Kyoto, Japan). Murine neuroblastoma
Neuro2A cells were obtained from Health Science Research Resources
Abbreviations: GP-PDE, glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase;
RA, retinoic acid; GFP, green fluorescent protein; DMEM, Dulbecco's
modified Eagle's medium; FCS, fetal calf serum
*Corresponding author. Fax: +81 82 424 7916.
E-mail address: email@example.com (N. Yanaka).
0014-5793/$32.00 ? 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies.
FEBS Letters 581 (2007) 712–718
Page 2
Bank (Japan). Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) and fetal
calf serum (FCS) were purchased from Invitrogen. Antibodies specific
for ERK1 and ERK2 were products of Santa Cruz Biotechnology.
Anti-phospho-ERK1/2 antibody was obtained from Cell Signaling.
Anti-GDE2 antibody was generated as we previously described [6].
2.2. Cell culture and transfection
Neuro2A cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10%
FCS, 100 units/ml penicillin, and 100 lg/ml streptomycin under a
humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2in air at 37 ?C. The cells were
seeded at 3.0 · 104and incubated for 24 h in a 90 mm-diameter plastic
Petri dishes. Then induction of neuritogenesis was performed as previ-
ously described [13,14]. Briefly, differentiation was initiated by admin-
istration of 20 lM RA (Nacalai Tesque, Japan) in DMEM
supplemented with 2% FCS. The open reading frame of GDE2 was
digested with BamHI, followed by blunting with T4 DNA polymerase.
pEGFP-N1 (Clontech) was digested with XhoI, followed by blunting
with T4 DNA polymerase. The resultant two DNA fragments were
digested with KpnI and ligated, generating pEGFP-GDE2. Neuro2A
cells were transiently transfected with pEGFP-GDE2 using Lipofect-
AMINE 2000 (Invitrogen), according to the manufacturer's instruc-
tions. After transfection into Neuro2A cells, the cells were treated
with 500 lg/ml of G418 for 14 days. After G418-resistant colonies were
isolated, independent colonies were re-seeded in the growth medium,
respectively. The morphology of each cell line was observed under a
microscope, and photographs were taken at 100· magnification. To
quantitatively evaluate neuritogenesis, the 80 differentiated cells were
counted in five randomly chosen fields of each dish. Cells bearing neu-
rites at least 1.5-fold longer than the soma diameter were regarded as
being differentiated. pGFP-GDE2 was digested with both EcoRI and
NotI, and insert fragment was ligated to EcoRI and NotI sites of the
pMX retrovirus vector. High titer retroviruses harboring GDE2-
GFP were produced in Phoenix 293 cells, and used to infect Neuro2A
cells, as reported previously [15]. After Neuro2A cells were grown on
glass slides with chamber polystyrene vessels in DMEM containing
10% FCS, they were directly fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde in phos-
phate-buffered saline (PBS) for 30 min. Subsequently, the cells were
washed for 10 min in PBS with 0.1% Tween 20, treated with rhodamine
phalloidin (Molecular Probes) for 1 h, and visualized by fluorescence
Primary cortical neurons and primary glial cells from mouse fetuses
were isolated as we described previously [16]. Expression of GDE2
mRNA in these cultures was examined using RT-PCR with primers
50-CCGCCATGCTGGCGCTCATCTC-30and 50-AGGTCTCAGC-
2.3. Small Interfering RNAs (siRNAs)
Duplex siRNAs with a two nucleotide overhang at the 30-end of the
sequence were designed at iGENE Therapeutics and synthesized at
Hokkaido System Science Co., Ltd. The target sequence was as
follows: GDE2, CCUGCAUCAUGGAGAAAAAAGACCU. Neu-
ro2A cells were transfected with siRNAs in a final concentration of
20 nM and pEGFP-N1 using LipofectAMINE 2000. At 8 h post-trans-
fection, differentiation was initiated by administration of 20 lM of
RA. The morphology of the cells was observed under a microscope,
and photographs were taken at 100· magnification. To quantitatively
evaluate neuritogenesis, neurite lengths of eighty GFP-positive cells in
five randomly chosen fields of each dish were measured.
2.4. Western blot analysis
Neuro2A cells were washed with ice-cold PBS, and scraped in ice-
cold RIPA buffer (10 mM Tris–HCl, pH 7.4, 1% NP-40, 0.1% sodium
deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS, 0.15 M NaCl, 1 mM EDTA). The homoge-
nates were centrifuged at 10000 · g for 10 min. Protein concentration
of the supernatant was determined using the Bio-Rad protein assay kit
(Bio-Rad) with BSA as a standard. Ten micrograms (protein equiva-
lents) of the supernatant were subjected to SDS–PAGE and trans-
ferred to an Immobilon P filter (Millipore). The filter was blocked
for 18 h at 4 ?C by soaking in 4% non-fat dried milk (Nacalai Tesque,)
in PBS and was incubated for 18 h at 4 ?C with anti-GDE2 antibody
(diluted 1:1000). Signals were detected using horseradish peroxidase-
conjugated anti-rabbit IgG and the enhanced chemiluminescence sys-
tem (Amersham Bioscience).
2.5. Northern blot analysis
Total RNAs were isolated using ISOGEN (Nippon gene, Toyama,
Japan), and fractionated in a 1% agarose gel containing 0.66 M form-
aldehyde and 0.02 M MOPS (pH 7.0). Fractionated RNAs were
transferred onto a nylon filter by capillary blotting and then cross-
linked by ultraviolet irradiation.32P-labeled cDNA fragments encod-
ing mouse GDE2, human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
(GAPDH), and human b-actin were used as probes for Northern blot-
ting hybridization. Hybridization was performed in 6· SSC, 0.5% SDS,
Fig. 1. Expression of GDE2 mRNA in a variety of brain regions and neuronal cells. (A) Ten lg of total RNAs from brain regions were subjected to
Northern blot analysis. Expression of GDE2 mRNA was observed in adult mouse brain regions, including the cerebral cortex, cerebellum,
hippocampus, and hypothalamus. (B) Expression of GDE2 mRNA in primary neurons (Neuron) and glia cells (Glia). GDE2 mRNA was
particularly abundant in primary neuronal cells. (C) Neuronal differentiation of Neuro2A cells was initiated by administration of 20 lM RA. 10 lg of
total RNA from Neuro2A cells cultured at the indicated time was subjected to Northern blot analysis. The total densities of the GDE2 mRNA bands
were normalized by that of the b-actin. Results are expressed as the fold-increase in GDE2 mRNA relative to Neuro2A cells in the absence of RA.
(D) GDE2 protein is upregulated during differentiation of Neuro2A cells. Membrane fraction of Neuro2A cells were subjected to SDS–PAGE. The
gels were analyzed by Western blot with anti-GDE2 antibody. Expression of GDE2 protein is upregulated during differentiation of Neuro2A cells.
N. Yanaka et al. / FEBS Letters 581 (2007) 712–718
Page 3
5· Denhardt's solution, and 100 lg/ml salmon sperm DNA at 65 ?C
for 16 h with the probe. The membrane was washed with 0.1· SSC
and 0.5% SDS at 65 ?C for 1 h and exposed to an imaging plate.
3. Results
3.1. Expression of GDE2 mRNA in mouse brain and
Neuro2A cells
Northern blot analyses were performed using total RNAs
from mouse brain and Neuro2A cells, and the GDE2 cDNA
fragments as probes. A 3.7 kb GDE2 mRNA was widely
expressed in the adult mouse brain, including the hippocampus,
cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and hypothalamus (Fig. 1A). Fur-
pressed, we isolated primary cortical neurons and primary glial
cells from mouse fetuses. The expression of GDE2 mRNA in
these cultures was examined using RT-PCR with primers spe-
cific to GDE2 cDNA, showing that GDE2 mRNA was particu-
larly abundant in primary neuronal cells (Fig. 1B). Mouse
tem for the study of neuronal differentiation and morphology.
When Neuro2A cells are exposed to RA for 1–2 days, they ac-
quire many features of sympathetic neurons, such as an
outgrowth of neurites. To investigate the role of GDE2 in
neuronal cell morphology, we examined whether RA influ-
ences the GDE2 mRNA expression in Neuro2A cells. Total
RNA was extracted from Neuro2A cells cultured in the
presence of 20 lM of RA for 0, 1, 2, 6, 14, and 26 h. Fig. 1C
showed that treatment of Neuro2A cells with RA resulted in a
significant increase in the GDE2 mRNA level, and that GDE2
mRNA levelpeaked at3–6 handdecreased thereafter. Two dis-
crete GDE2 mRNA species (3.7 and 2.9 kb) were observed in
Northern blot analyses. We have previously isolated two differ-
ent sized cDNAs corresponding to mouse GDE2 mRNA (data
not shown), revealing the presence of two different species of
mouse GDE2 mRNA. The long transcript of GDE2 was dom-
inant in mouse brain tissues. When using GDE3 cDNA as a
probe, no hybridization signal was observed with and without
RA treatment (data not shown). Western blot analysis showed
thattheGDE2proteinlevelwasupregulatedat24 hinthemem-
brane fraction of Neuro2A cells (Fig. 1D).
Next, we were interested in the mechanism underlying the
upregulation of GDE2 mRNA expression in Neuro2A cells. A
previous report showed that differentiation and neuritogenesis
of Neuro2A cells were induced by exogenously added
ganglioside GM1 [17]. A previous report by Prinetti et al. [18]
demonstrated that c-src protein was accumulated in a
glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomain of Neuro2A cells by
GM1 treatment, suggesting that the molecular mechanism of
neuronal outgrowth is different for treatment with RA vs.
GM1. Todetermine whethertheupregulationofGDE2mRNA
expression is dependent on neuronal differentiation per se, we
examined the effect of exogenously added GM1 on GDE2
mRNA expression. In this experiment, GM1 was shown to be
able to induce neurite formation (data not shown), but showed
Fig. 2. Expression of GDE2 mRNA in Neuro2A cells. Differentiation
and neuritogenesis of Neuro2A cells were induced by administration of
20 lM of RA (A), 10 lM of ganglioside GM1 (B), or 10 lM of
cytosine arabinoside (C). 10 lg of total RNA from Neuro2A cells
cultured at the indicated time was subjected to Northern blot analysis.
Fig. 3. Intracellular localization of GDE2 protein in Neuro2A cells. Retroviruses harboring GDE2 with green fluorescent protein fused to the C
terminus (GDE2-GFP) were used to infect Neuro2A cells (A). Actin filaments were stained with rhodamine phalloidin (B), followed by analysis using
fluorescence microscopy. GDE2-GFP accumulated at the regions of perinuclear and growth cones (arrows) in Neuro2A cells.
N. Yanaka et al. / FEBS Letters 581 (2007) 712–718
Page 4
was again induced as expected in the control experiment with
RA (Fig. 2A). Moreover, because RA-primed neural differenti-
um, we could not exclude the possibility that GDE2 mRNA
expression is upregulated by growth arrest of Neuro2A cells.
However, arabinosylcytosine (Fig. 2C) or cultivation without
sion, indicating that the increased expression of GDE2 mRNA
RA. In order to address the intracellular localization of GDE2
protein, we infected Neuro2A cells with retroviruses harboring
GFP-fused GDE2. Analysis using fluorescence microscopy
after visualization of actin filaments with rhodamine phalloidin
demonstrated that GDE2-fused GFP was concentrated at the
perinuclear region and also observed at growth cones (Fig. 3).
in Neuro2Acellswhentransfected withplasmid DNAencoding
the wild-type GFP (data not shown).
3.2. Constitutive expression of GDE2 dramatically promotes
neuronal outgrowth of Neuro2A cells
Because both GDE2 mRNA and protein were expressed
during RA-induced differentiation of Neuro2A cells, we
Ratio of Neuro2A cells
bearing neurite (%)
Neurite length ( m)
μ μ
β β
Fig. 4. Overexpression of GDE2 promotes neuronal outgrowth. After transfection with pGFP-GDE2 into Neuro2A cells, Neuro2A cells stably
expressing the full-length protein were constructed as described in Section 2. (A) 10 lg of total RNA from two positive clones (G5 and G8) and empty
vector-transfected cells (M) cultured in the absence of RA were subjected to Northern blot analysis. (B) The morphology of each cell line cultured in
the absence of RA was observed under a microscope, and photographs were taken at 100· magnification. (C) Cells bearing neurites at least 1.5-fold
longer than the soma diameter were regarded as being differentiated cells as described in Section 2.*P < 0.05,**P < 0.01 compared with mock cells
(M). (D) Neurite lengths were measured in each cell in randomly chosen fields of each dish. In this experiment, neurite lengths were measured in each
mock cell treated with RA for 24 h (M + RA).*P < 0.05 compared with those of mock cells. Values are expressed as means ± S.E. Statistical
significance was determined by unpaired Student's t test.
N. Yanaka et al. / FEBS Letters 581 (2007) 712–718
Page 5
investigated whether Neuro2A gene expression could alter the
program of neuronal differentiation. These cells were stably
transfected with the full-length coding region of GDE2 or with
the mock vector. As shown in Fig. 4A, a significant elevation
of GDE2 mRNA was observed in two stably transfected
clones, G5 and G8, in the absence of retinoic acid, but not
in the mock clone M. After neurite lengths were measured in
each cell in randomly chosen fields of each clone, cell number
bearing neurites at least 1.5-fold longer than the soma diame-
ter was counted. Constitutive expression of GDE2 increased
the number of cells bearing neurites in the absence of RA (with
1.8- and 2.8-fold increases, respectively) and also increased
neurite lengths (with 1.9- and 2.4-fold increases, respectively),
compared with the mock M clone (Fig. 4B–D). These results
were consistent with the expression level of GDE2.
3.3. Effects of GDE2 siRNA on neurite formation of Neuro2A
To investigate roles of GDE2 in neurite formation, we finally
tried to examine the effects of GDE2 siRNA on RA-induced
neuronal outgrowth of Neuro2A cells. These cells were trans-
fected with GDE2 siRNA or scrambled siRNA (scramble)
together with a plasmid carrying GFP cDNA and then stimu-
lated with RA. After treatment with 20 lM of RA for 24 h or
48 h, neurite lengths were measured in each GFP-positive cell
in randomly chosen fields of each dish. GDE2 RNAi gene
silencing, which resulted in a strong reduction of mRNA
expression (Fig. 5A), significantly reduced the extent of neurite
outgrowth in Neuro2A cells after RA treatment for 24 h and
48 h (by 50.4% and 34.2%, respectively) (Fig. 5B and C). Pre-
vious work by Singh et al. has shown that a MAP kinase path-
way including ERK1/2 was activated during RA-induced
neuronal differentiation of neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells
[19]. Although the current study showed that RA could pro-
mote ERK1/2 activation in Neuro2A cells (Fig. 6A), knock-
down of GDE2 in Neuro2A cells by RNAi did not influence
ERK1/2 activation by RA, as shown in Fig. 6B.
4. Discussion
RA is well known to play critical roles in nervous system
development, including neuronal patterning and neurite out-
growth [20]. In particular, RA is demonstrated to induce neu-
rite outgrowth from spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia neurons,
and neuroblastoma cells [13,21,22]. One mechanism whereby
RA affects neurite extension was previously shown to be by
regulating the expression of neurotrophin receptors including
GDE2 RNAi
0 24 48
Total Neurite length ( m)
GDE2 RNAi
μ μ
Fig. 5. Effects of GDE2 siRNA on neurite formation of Neuro2A
cells. Neuro2A cells were transfected with scrambled siRNA (scram-
ble) or GDE2 siRNA (GDE2 siRNA) with pEGFP and then
stimulated with 20 lM of RA. After treatment with RA for 24 h,
10 lg of total RNA was subjected to Northern blot analysis. (B) The
morphology of these cells cultured in the presence of RA for 48 h was
observed under a microscope, and photographs were taken at 100·
magnification. (C) After treatment with RA for 24 or 48 h, neurite
lengths were measured in each GFP-positive cell in randomly chosen
fields of each dish.*P < 0.05 compared with those of cells transfected
with scramble siRNA. Values are expressed as means ± S.E. Statistical
significance was determined by unpaired Student's t test.
Fig. 6. Effect of GDE2 siRNA on the activation of ERK induced by
RA in Neuro2A cells. (A) Total lysates from Neuro2A cells were
prepared after stimulation with RA for the indicated time, and
subjected to Western blot analyses using antibody specific for
phosphorylated form of ERK1/2 (upper panel). The same membrane
was re-blotted with anti-ERK1/2 antibody (lower panel). (B) Neuro2A
cells were transfected with scrambled siRNA (scramble) or GDE2
siRNA (GDE2 siRNA), and then stimulated with 20 lM of RA. Cell
lysates from Neuro2A cells were prepared after stimulation with RA
for the indicated time, and subjected to Western blot analyses as
described above.
N. Yanaka et al. / FEBS Letters 581 (2007) 712–718


text:
Enroll before September 12, and attend at no cost.
Beauty Packaging celebrates its 20th anniversary this month, so we asked a esteemed industry experts for their thoughts.
MakeUp in NewYork closed on September 10th, and organizers say it was a success despite the venue.
It will be an additional five years for the partnership.
Very—especially when it comes to Asia Pacific and Middle East regions
This singer's lipstick launches online in December.
Clarisonic Alpha Fit is the brand's new at-home beauty device for men.
DERMAdoctor has named Gabrielle Bridges as its new executive VP of Sales.
Students and their teachers or parents can win $10,000 in prizes.
Breast Cancer Awareness Month begins today.
Allure magazine is featuring the 260 winners of its Best of Beauty Awards 2015.
Opportunities in at-home hair color kits can boost sales.
Sign up now to receive the free weekly newsletter, and more!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Airborne Internet Might Bring Major Turbulence
AP | ANICK JESDANUN | Posted 05.25.2011 | Business
Read More: Planes, Airborne Internet, Airport, Airline Internet, Internet in the Sky, Plane Internet Access, Business News
Seat 17D is yapping endlessly on an Internet phone call. Seat 16F is flaming Seat 16D with expletive-laden chats. Seat 16E is too busy surfing porn si...


text: Whats love got to do with it - Tina Turner (Bastille edit) by bastilleedits published on 2011-12-26T17:31:14Z Comment by Getdownonit Wow! Sick!! How can I get this??? 2013/04/26 04:28:12 +0000 Comment by GavinSyndicateMiller this is dope any chance of a dl? 2012/04/05 15:12:37 +0000 Comment by budser BIG! wheres the download links though home slice!? 2011/12/27 17:35:52 +0000


text:
Ronald Killebrew wants to
#BringBackOurGirls: stop the kidnapping of girls in Nigeria
Any attack on one human, is an attack on humanity.
Any attack on one human, is an attack on humanity.
Pledge to support organic farming practices that have the potential to reverse global warming!
Stop the Killings of Indigenous Peoples is made into a campaign network in defense of indigenous peoples' rights to land
Monsanto's minions in the Obama Administration include: Tom Vilsack, Michael Taylor, Rajiv Shah and Islam Siddiqui
Please sign the petition asking the EPA stop the frackers from discharging their waste water where it will be drunk by
Fat Chance: Diet Coke Fights Obesity?


text:
KS Ravikumar
65 KS Ravikumar Articles
KS Ravikumar's body double causes Twitter row on next superstar!1 year ago 0
An impersonator of Lingaa director had tweeted Ajith to be next superstar over Vijay Thala Ajith and Illaya Thalapathy Vijay may maintain that… Read Article ▶
Rajinikanth turns diamond thief for Lingaa?1 year ago 0
Rumour has it that superstar Rajinikanth will pull off daredevil heist in Lingaa After creating unparalleled fan frenzy among the folks with… Read Article ▶
Rajinikanth plays dual avatar in Lingaa1 year ago 0
After double role in Kochadaiiyaan, the superstar is set for yet another in Lingaa Superstar Rajinikanth, who is currently busy shooting for Tamil… Read Article ▶
No punch lines for Rajinikanth in Lingaa?1 year ago 0
Rumour has it that iconic superstar, who is widely popular for his stylised dialogue delivery, would not spout heroic punch lines The… Read Article ▶
Rajinikanth's Lingaa to hit screens on superstar's birthday!1 year ago 0
Sources claim that Rajinikanth-Sonkashi Sinha starrer is set to release on Thalaiva's 64th birthday With Kochadaiiyaan's success, Narendra Modi's… Read Article ▶
Rajinikanth-Shankar gear up for Enthiran sequel?1 year ago 0
Rumours are rife that the ace filmmaker is undergoing discussions with superstar Rajinikanth for Enthiran 2 India's biggest style icon Rajinkanth… Read Article ▶
Rajinikanth's Lingaa signs up Hollywood action man Lee Whittaker1 year ago 0
The Hollywood stunt director joins the long list of celebrities in Lingaa bandwagon After the performance capture avatar seen in Kochadaiiyaan… Read Article ▶
Sonakshi Sinha-Rajinikanth starrer Lingaa to release this Diwali!1 year ago 0
The widely publicised superstar Rajinikanth starrer Lingaa is running on full steam and is expected to hit the screens this year Soundarya… Read Article ▶
Is Sonakshi Sinha the new spice girl of South movies?1 year ago 0
The Holiday actor is slowly and surely consolidating her position down South. Read on to know what makes Sonakshi so hot in the Southern film… Read Article ▶
Rajinikanth's Lingaa co-star Lauren Irwin becomes a hit on Twitter!1 year ago 0
The British actor became an internet sensation as soon as the news of her co-starring with superstar Rajinikanth broke out Rajinikanth is not just a… Read Article ▶
Lingaa director turns 57! Happy Birthday KS Ravikumar!1 year ago 0
KS Ravikumar, Tamil cinema's hit machine celebrates his birthday today Born on May 30, 1957, iconic story-teller, KS Ravikumar turns 57 today. One… Read Article ▶
Deccan Chronicle
Did Rajinikanth scare Sudeep? Find out!1 year ago 1
Recently the Eega actor changed his schedule after he received a call from the Thalaiva. Read on to know what we are talking about A little birdie… Read Article ▶
Rajinikanth's next after Kochadaiiyaan, KS Ravikumar's Lingaa!1 year ago 0
It is finally confirmed Fans of Superstar Rajinikanth thirsting to see a live action movie of their idol (Kochadaiiyaan is motion capture) will… Read Article ▶
Rajinikanth to team with KS Ravikumar, Shankar again2 years ago 1
The Superstar is gearing up for his next after Kochadaiiyaan While the world waits eagerly for April 11, the day on which India's first motion… Read Article ▶
Rajinikanth, Aishwarya, Shankar pay their last respects to Manjula Vijayakumar: View pics2 years ago 0
The superstar was seen mourning the loss of the veteran actor at her funeral Actors, directors, producers and others visited the Alapakkam residence… Read Article ▶
India Syndicate


text:
Fall 2015 Registration Begins April 6, 2015
*First Day of Instruction/Late Registration Begins Thursday, September 3, 2015
TO REGISTER for FALL 2015
Please fill out the CRCD Registration form and fax to DANSRD at (907) 474-6325 or email to Crystal Frank at email@example.com. You can also register on UaOnline.
- CRCD Registration Form (Fillable PDF) - updated 4/9/15
- Other CRCD Student Forms
DANSRD Course Schedule Links
For additional CRCD course listings see:
Note: The CRCD Cross-Regional Schedule will no longer be printed as a hard copy.Ā All course schedules will be available online.
How to Schedule an Appointment with our Academic Advisor/Student Success Coordinator
Advising is by appointment only.
To meet with our undergraduate advisor Ellarae Miner, please go to the following link https://dansrd.appointlet.com or call (907) 474-5948.
Advising sessions can be set via audio conference or in-person.
UAF Campus Links
Fall 2015 DANSRD Course Flyers
ANS 202 Asthetic Appreciation of Alaska Native Performance (3 cr)
ANS 251 Practicum in Native Cultural Expression (1-3 cr)
ANS 350 Cultural Communication: Alaskan Perspectives (3 cr)
ANS 351 Practicum in Native Cultural Expression (3 cr)
ANS 401 Cultural Knowledge of Native Elders (3 cr)
ANS 425 Federal Indian Law and Alaska Native (3 cr)
ANS 475 Alaska Native Social Change (3 cr)
ANS 493 Native Women Surviving Violence: Societal Attitudes & Response (3 cr)
RD 600 Circumpolar Indigenous Leadership Symposium (3 cr)
RD 601 Political Economy of the Circumpolar North (3 cr)
RD 625 Community Development Strategies (3 cr)
RD 110 Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act: Land Claims in the 21st Century (1 cr)
RD 300 Rural Development in a Global Perspective (3 cr)
RD 325 Community Development Strategies (3 cr)
RD 350 Community Research in Indigenous Contexts (3 cr)
RD 450 Managing Rural Projects and Programs (3 cr)
RD 460 Women and Development (3 cr)
RD 465 Community Healing and Wellness (3 cr)
RD 492 Rural Development Circumpolar Indigenous Leadership Symposium (3 cr)
RD 693 Native Women Surviving Violence: Societal Attitudes & Response (3 cr)


text:
Junior watches as the team prepares the area for load-in.
This entry was posted on Thursday, January 12th, 2012 at 6:07 PM and is filed under .
You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed.
Both comments and pings are currently closed.
Copyright 2015 Woodstock Farm Animal Sanctuary
2 Rescue Road - High Falls NY 12440
(845) 247-5700


text:
Got it!
We'll remember your season preference for the rest of your visit.
You are viewing reviews from a season you previously selected.
Show all reviews
No reviews are available for the season you selected.
The Oak Motel is a modest but friendly and clean motel in a great location and it's unbeatable value. It was the perfect place to lay our heads for the evening in La Grainge and we would definitely choose it again!
The owners are adorable and take great care of their home and rooms. Every time we stay at the Oak Motel the room is always clean and the neighborhood is quaint and quiet. I like to see what Patty has growing in the garden, too! We stay twice a year for a girl's trip at Warrenton's Antique Weekend, but I'll...
The smell was horrid. Visually duct tap and packing tap that holding furniture together was little to be desired, plastic wrapped box springs with cardboard boxes in between.We looked at a trailer before the rooms and there was rat trap and stale urine on the toilet seat. Place hadn't been dusted in a few months. Concierge was rude when we...
I discovered this motel by accident, driving late one night looking for a place to camp. I've stayed there several times over the last few years and have always enjoyed it. 1 block from the town square of La Grange, it's a nice location, situated off the main roads in a residential neighborhood. It's very dated, (think sixties), but clean...
During our recent shopping weekend in Warrenton/Round Top, my daughter and I spent 2 nights at the Oak Motel. The room was very quiet, clean, comfortable and the bathroom spotless. The owners were very friendly and charming. I arrived much earlier than normal check-in time, but was given access right away. This is the perfect place to stay when visiting...
I always enjoy staying at the Oak Motel. Nothing fancy, but a clean room at a great price!!!
Owner is a nice man. I travel to La Grange for music at the Bugle Boy approximately 3 times a year. Nice to have an inexpensive place to count on!
After reading a few reviews about the motel i decided to try it, I am in town working and had planat time I could possiblened on staying awhile, Went in around 9:15 a.m. Asked when i could check in, i needed to do some work, There was only one car in parking lot,ou So I asked him if i wait...
I apologize for the inconvenience you encountered regarding your recent visit with us. As the original operators of this motel for the past 34 years, we have certain practices that we follow each day and one of these items is that we prefer to rent rooms to guests after 11 AM. During the morning hours (8 AM to 12 PM),...
This was my second stay at The Oak Motel, and it was very nice again.
As usual, the room was clean and the bathroom very clean too.
Service at the desk was friendly and efficient. The staff is always helpful too.
Sure, this place is on the older side, but it is well maintained, and always much lower priced than...
We were very pleased with our room . It was the little special touches that made it special. First upon entering I spotted flowers though artificial it still was nice, A calendar hanging above the bed, and the sheets were so neat and crisp they looked to have been ironed . There was an extra blanket and pillow available, and...
Finally stayed at The Oak Motel after years of passing through La Grange and noticing it near the center of town.
We were lucky to get a room at the spur of the moment due to events in a near by town. The Oak Motel does not have the perks of higher priced chain hotels / motels but our greatest...


text:
Coral Al Khoory Hotel Apartments
This outlet has not yet been reviewed by Time Out Dubai.
Have you been there?
Leave a comment and tell us what you think!
- No. of Rooms: 144
- Hotel Rating: Hotel apartment
Is this your establishment? Want to update any details? Please send your updates here.
- Activities:
- Sauna,
- Fitness centre/gym,
- Outdoor pool
- Family services:
- Babysitting
- Hotel services:
- 24 hour front desk,
- Laundry
- Room amenities:
- In-room safe,
- Mini bar,
- Television
User reviews
- Users voted this restaurant most suitable for: Business trips
User reviews:
Posted by: adviemyn Mallari on 12 May ' 10 at 14:13
- Best for: Business trips
- Would you go back to this hotel? Yes
Metro Station is just a walking distance from the hotel. I attended conferences in World Trade Center and its only takes 7 mins. I saved a lot on my transportation. The room was always kept clean and housekeepeer is very helpful and cheerful. I feel at home.Very spacious room, gym is fantastic, also the steam and sauna. Highly recommended for business traveller like me.
Posted by: Cenon Arthur Lirio on 12 May ' 10 at 14:07
- Best for: Family holidays
- Would you go back to this hotel? Yes
It was really nice to stay at Coral Alkhoory Hotel Apartments. The hitel provides great service to its guest always I can do attitude. Receptionist are excellent they know how to listen to your concern. Mall of th emirates is very near and just a 5 to 10 mins walk. Attraction like Beac, Dubai Zoo Burj Khalifa is just a short distance.
I will go back to this hotel in the future. Thanks for your GREAT Service.
Posted by: Mark Johnson on 14 Nov ' 09 at 10:42
- Best for: Business trips
- Would you go back to this hotel? Yes
Having stayed in a few hotels in Dubai over the years and having lived in dubai for 5 years I feel I'm quite well qualified to comment on accomodation in this amazing city. Coral alkhoory Hotel apartments is the one of the best in the city. However as far as rooms and service goes it's excellent. The rooms and beds are very large clean and well serviced. My room had a huge walk in shower as well as a bath with a second shower over it. Also there were tea / coffee facilities, an in room safety deposit box and a good sized wardrobe. Internet access was included and worked without problem for the whole days I stayed at the apartment. The hotel is located in easy walking distance (10 minutes) of the Mall of the Emirates and is about a 15 minute walk from the Mall of the emirates METRO station. Also within easy reach of the hotel are supermarkets (there's one below the hotel),
- Al Quoz(1)
- Arabian Ranches(1)
- Barsha(37)
- Bur Dubai(75)
- Business Bay(2)
- Deira(115)
- Discovery Gardens(2)
- Downtown Dubai(10)
- Dubai Internet City(1)
- Dubai Investments Park(1)
- Dubai Marina(25)
- Dubai Media City(4)
- Dubailand(2)
- Emirates Hills(2)
- Festival City(3)
- Garhoud(8)
- Ghusais(8)
- Green Community(2)
- Hatta(1)
- International City(1)
- Jadaf(1)
- Jebel Ali(2)
- Jumeirah(9)
- Jumeirah Lakes Towers(5)
- Karama(3)
- Knowledge Village(2)
- Nad Al Sheba(1)
- Others(18)
- Oud Metha(8)
- Palm Jumeirah(11)
- Satwa(4)
- Sheikh Zayed Road(22)
- Silicon Oasis(1)
- The Gardens(1)
- Umm Suqeim(5)
- Airport transfer(208)
- Babysitting(176)
- Business centre(276)
- Children's club(29)
- Room service(314)
- 24 hour front desk(372)
- ATM on site(74)
- Ballroom(74)
- Car rental(198)
- Credit cards accepted(1)
- Currency exchange(280)
Most viewed hotels
Our favourite features
Selfie-worthy Dubai hotel lobbies Which Dubai hotel lobbies look so great you just have to take a picture?
Dubai's celebrity fans Pictures that show how much the stars love Dubai
Travel: Great summer holidays 20 trips within six-and-a-half hours flying time from Dubai
29 burgers you have to try in Dubai Dubai burgers that are way more than just a patty and bun
Do something different in Dubai Ride the Seabreacher, enjoy a desert safari or book a table at a club in...
Dubai's best restaurants 2015 The 67 best restaurants in Dubai - this is where to eat out in Dubai
50 delicious recipes from Dubai chefs Learn how to whip up a food feast in the kitchen thanks to great Dubai c...
70 sunglasses you NEED to buy in Dubai Looking for some cool shades to get your through the Dubai summer?


text:
Starway Rundu Hotel
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
How has this hotel rated in the past?
- Free High-Speed Internet
- Restaurant
- Room service
- Business Services
- Fitness/Health center
Travelers also recommend:
TripAdvisor Reviews Starway Rundu Hotel Guangzhou
Travel Blogs from Guangzhou
Caution: Contains Toilet Humor
... paid for my hotel. I left with this lady from Ghana who was on a delayed flight from Dubai. We figured that if we had to take a taxi, it was better to do it together for safety and financial reasons (I'm sure my mom will be so proud when she reads this). Anyway, the hotel had no idea what I was talking about when I showed them the paper from the airline, and I ended up paying 200RMB for the room. I guess $32 isn't bad anyway.
Eighteen hour layover in Guangzhou
... of the chinese buffet and after a refreshing shower managed to get about seven hours sleep. My room was on the 20th floor so I was able to get a good view of the area around the hotel. Some places look better from on high, this wasn't one of them. It was a warm 30 degrees but the sun didn't appear through the heavy layer of smog ( probably industrial air pollution ) that lay over the place. The blocks ...
... in China, so all that made in china stuff you see, it comes from here. So alongside the manufacturing also comes the shopping. Guangzhou is shopping central. Huge malls, huge wholesale stores. As well as handmade street markets too. There is a huge jade, jewelry and clothing market. Finding quality jade here is a shopper's dream. Finding quality hemp or bamboo clothes for cheap here was impossible for me ...
Dialou Watchtowers
... mango trees everywhere, not ripe yet though.
The sun was very overbearing this day. 2 of the 3 of us got some bad sunburns. I never even thought of it so I opened my shirt up because I was hot, and at the end of the day my entire chest was red, but not very painful. We unfortunately did not have time or energy for one of the bigger sites, even though we walked 3+ km to close to the entrance gate.
Day 8: Guangzhou (in transit), China
... before using the excellent local metro system to transfer to Guangzhou main train station to collect the tickets for our onward journey to Guilin. This was supposed to be a quick process which would allow us to spend the afternoon exploring the city, but unfortunately turned into a five hour nightmare due to the sheer weight of people buying tickets, the stringent security at the ...


text:
We love to see attitudes changing in Afghanistan. As you are likely aware, under the rule of the Taliban, women and girls were not permitted to attend school. It has been quite an adjustment for some Afghan men to accept the idea of an educated or skilled woman. We received these comments from Mohammad, the father of one of the Sewing Class students at Nasir Khisraw Learning Center:
"I would like to thank the A.I.L office for its effective support. My daughter has learned sewing very well. Now she can skillfully sew her and family members' cloth. Through this skill, she has rendered a great contribution to herself and her family as she economically supports her family and is engaged in an efficient occupation. It is all because of Nasir Khisraw's teacher's hard work. I really appreciate their hard work, and I am also thankful for the A.I.L office who has hired skillful teachers to provide efficient services to the society."
Please keep in mind that Wednesday, March 14, 2012 is Bonus Day through GlobalGiving. Donations up to $1,000.00 will be provided with a 30% match. The bonus allotment is $50,000.00 and the period runs from 12:01 AM EST until the funds are exhausted. So, if you would like your donation to go a little further with the help of GlobalGiving, give early on March 14th. Thank you!
Project Reports on GlobalGiving are posted directly to globalgiving.org by Project Leaders as they are completed, generally every 3-4 months. To protect the integrity of these documents, GlobalGiving does not alter them; therefore you may find some language or formatting issues.
If you donate to this project or have donated to this project, you will get an e-mail when this project posts a report. You can also subscribe for reports via e-mail without donating or by subscribing to this project's RSS feed.
United States
Founder & CEO
United States


text:
Comment guidelines: Please be respectful to other people when making comments on this page. Bullying and abuse will not be tolerated and may result in your account being banned. Due to feedback from our user community, comments are now only available to registered users.
Caddyshack is a 1980 American sports comedy film directed by Harold Ramis and written by Brian Doyle-Murray, Ramis and Douglas Kenney. It stars Michael O'Keefe, Chevy Chase, Rodney Dangerfield, Ted Knight, and Bill Murray. Doyle-Murray also has a supporting role.
List of links to Caddyshack fansites:
Register to update information, save favorites, post photos, news stories and comments.


text:
I am trying to center a WPF Window on the current position of the mouse cursor. Getting the mouse coordinates is no problem, but I need to determine the width and height of the window in order to calculate the offset for setting the 'Left' and 'Top' properties.
Is there a way to determine the width and height of a window before showing it (calling the 'Show' method)?
I have 'SizeToContent' set to true on my window so that the content determines the actual window size. I have already tried calling 'Measure' and was expecting this to set 'DesiredSize' but it didn't.


text:
Opinion Journal: Putin's Spreading Power10/2/2015 1:22PM
Opinion Journal: Stopping the Christian Genocide10/2/2015 1:19PM
Opinion Journal: EPA Into the Ozone10/2/2015 12:51PM
Opinion Journal: Hillary's Version of Transparency10/1/2015 2:16PM
Opinion Journal: Hiking Wages, Hurting Workers10/1/2015 2:14PM
Opinion Journal: The False Income-Inequality Narrative10/1/2015 2:09PM
Opinion Journal: Elizabeth Warren's Democratic Purge9/30/2015 1:12PM
Opinion Journal: The GOP Spending Fight9/30/2015 1:09PM
Opinion Journal: End of a Crony Capitalist9/30/2015 1:05PM
Opinion Journal: Afghanistan's Fallujah9/29/2015 1:38PM
Opinion Journal: Donald Trump, Tax Cutter9/29/2015 1:34PM
Malware Targets Apple Users in China10/5/2015 6:38AM
Cyber security researchers have identified ad-focused malware that targets users of Apple's iOS mobile operating system in China and Taiwan, just two weeks after a different breach was discovered. Photo: Palo Alto
Hundreds Rescued From Hurricane Joaquin Flooding10/5/2015 6:22AM
Dan Marino: The Most Popular Man in London10/5/2015 5:31AM
Deadly Mudslide Leaves Hundreds Missing in Guatemala10/5/2015 3:23AM
Typhoon Mujigae Unleashes Destructive Tornadoes in China10/5/2015 12:41AM
Recommended for you
4 Ways to Get Investment Income10/1/2015 7:01AM
Financial advisor Marvin McIntyre on fixed-to-floating rate notes and other income providers. Plus: How to keep a lid on the tax hit.
China Completes World's Longest Glass Walkway9/30/2015 5:41PM
After 80 Years, the Bowlus Trailer Rides Again9/16/2015 3:13PM
Oregon Shooter's Weapons Purchased Legally10/2/2015 3:39PM
Obama: Putin Defending Assad 'Out of Weakness'10/2/2015 4:59PM
Amazon Flex App Demonstration9/29/2015 4:56PM
Jeb Bush Defends 'Stuff Happens' Comments10/3/2015 12:14PM
Opinion Journal: Hillary's Version of Transparency10/1/2015 2:16PM
Startups Shake Up Mattress Industry9/30/2015 11:51AM
Just How Bad Is Sitting for Your Health?9/28/2015 11:40AM
Obama on Oregon Shooting: Thoughts And Prayers Not Enough10/1/2015 8:08PM
Hurricane Joaquin, Other Systems Cause Flooding in South Carolina10/4/2015 2:51PM
President Obama declared a state of emergency in South Carolina Sunday, where Hurricane Joaquin, combined with other storm systems, is dumping rain that has caused flooding throughout the state. Photo: AP
Wingsuit Fliers Compete in National Championship10/3/2015 9:16AM
Amazon Bans Google and Apple Streaming Devices10/3/2015 6:38PM
China's Make-or-Break Cities10/4/2015 10:42PM
Peeple App Causes Media Firestorm10/2/2015 6:49PM
U.S. Airstrike Hits Doctors Without Borders Hospital10/3/2015 4:27PM
Doctors Without Borders said at least 19 people were killed when its trauma center in Kunduz, Afghanistan "was hit several times during a sustained bombing" early Saturday morning. Photo: AP
Obama Pushes Political Action on Gun Laws10/2/2015 6:00PM
Ukrainian Soldier on Trial in Russia10/2/2015 6:56PM
Obama: Putin Defending Assad 'Out of Weakness'10/2/2015 4:59PM
Oregon Governor: Focus Must Be on Healing First10/2/2015 3:32PM
MediaMath is reshaping online marketing2/11/2015 2:37AM
The New What's News App8/27/2015 6:03PM
Bringing affordable healthcare to everyone12/9/2014 5:54PM
Dealer Socket, automotive CRM software maker2/25/2015 1:43AM
Ridley Scott on His Next Projects10/2/2015 3:42PM
"The Martian" director Ridley Scott talks with WSJ's Christopher J. Farley about some of the projects he is currently pursuing, including the chances of a "Blade Runner" sequel.
Scientists Develop Rubber That Can Heal Itself10/2/2015 6:43PM
'The Martian': Matt Damon 'Bold and Beautiful'10/2/2015 12:00PM
At Work, Dress Like Mark Zuckerberg or Steve Jobs?10/2/2015 11:41AM
Weekend Sip: 106-Proof Hong Kong Baijiu10/2/2015 11:50AM
Samsung's New Smartwatch: Five Things to Know10/2/2015 12:46PM
The Samsung Gear S2 goes on sale today in the U.S. The device will compete with the Apple Watch and similar smartwatches from other rivals including LG and Motorola. Here are five things you need to know about the Gear S2. Photo: Samsung
Parrot Hydrofoil Review: One Crazy Boat-Copter10/2/2015
New Software Mines Visual Data for Eye Candy10/1/2015 8:48PM
Facebook Gives Mobile Profile Pages a Facelift10/1/2015 6:07PM
Four Things Dating Teens Do With Technology10/1/2015 12:47PM
'Sanjay's Super Team': The Backstory10/2/2015 10:42AM
Pixar's Sanjay Patel and Nicole Grindle discuss the story behind Disney Pixar's newest short, "Sanjay's Super Team," in an interview with WSJ's Christopher J. Farley. Photo: 2015 Disney Pixar


text: Chevy Silverado Super Bowl Commercial by Hilton Hater at February 5, 2011 6:43 am. Comments This is a pretty funny commercial Chevy Silverado. Aired during Super Bowl XLV, it makes a car out to be Lassie. This video is no longer available. Please check below for related videos. Edit Delete Follow The Hollywood Gossip? Facebook Disqus Related Post: What was the Best Commercial of Super Bowl XLV? Uploaded by: Hilton Hater Uploaded: February 05, 2011 Duration: 33 seconds


text:
Thanks for helping us associate the correct Pornstars to this video!
Help Us: Do these Pornstars appear in this video?
Pornstar Name:
Thanks for helping us sort this video!
All Comments (41)
what da hell was the strap on for than?!
fucking horny as hell but would love to have seen one of them dp'd with cock and strap-on
Absolutely brilliant...
Great !
What a lucky guy .. Must be every man's fantasy to do this !
What an awsome cum shot, damn those girls are the best.
super hot butt fucking!!!
HOw can you watch 21:12 without coming in your pants.
He has an incredibly sexy cock.... wish they would have used that strap-on though
names of both girls..?
I love him! Me next!
With the strap on thats laura lion
absolutely not laura lion
Thats vica ryder, formaly known as nikky ryder
wishing they would stop moaning for like two seconds and have a realistic sexual experience, but that's me.
all three are hot! would love it if they fuck the shit out of all my holes!!!
Great A2M action. Love it when a girl licks your balls while buttfucking another bitche. Vinyl outfit makes it even sexier.
and the other girl?
other girl is Lilith. it flashes at the start for a sec, you can pause it
mmmm fuckkk this is awesome...luv seeing hot slutty girls eat ass, get pounded, and clean cocks fresh from holes...ive cum to this a dozen times mmm
The girls know to fuck anal.Great ass to mouth !Clean the cock !And the vinyl outfits with the (overknee) boots are excellent !
...so rocks...
Thats my dream right their. I've had two women at once be for, yet neither one would let me fuck em in the ass. shame
Lucky bastard with two hot women.....no wonder he shot a huge load on her ass!
i want dat cork in my ass n pussy
Definitely in the top 10
It just kept getting better and better!
one of the best ive seen on here
@hornygirl: ----ONE of the best? i thought this one was THE best on here. --Any other title names to share??
I just wanted the girl with the strap on fuck that guy's sexy ass :P
This is so fucking hot - that is one lucky guy!
omg those girls made my pussy sooo wet , sooo fucking hot
Are those horny girls twins?
Shitty video quality
A liitle bit too much ass 2 mouth... But(t): The last ten minutes - when she licks hist monster load of the other gisl asshole - are the best.
How, with a cock and a strap on, was there no action in a pussy? Poor neglected pussies, bring em here and Ill make it all better.
a big cock and a strapon in her ass ,but no dp ??? what a pity...
Such a theme park, these two asses...
Assooo's..fine B..ches babes!
Das video ist schwer zu toppen. Zwei verhurte drecksnutren mit lederstiefeln und strapon lassen sich in den arsch ficken, vollspritzen und die bitch leckt ihr due soße aus dem arschloch ultrahot !!


text:
|Inside Story
|Barcalounger Direct
|Barcalounger Custom
|Warranty Information
|About Us
|Contact Us
In the history of superior reclining furniture, Barcalounger® has a storied reputation. In fact, we've been two steps ahead of the competition ever since the first Barcalounger's were produced in 1940 due to our construction elements and the benefits they provide you, the customer.
Features Benefits Hardwood plywood frames, with mortise & tenon construction, glued joints & corner blocks Promotes Stability, durability and longevity Leggett & Platt mechs, are ACTIVATED not operated. Requires only 2.5 lbs of pressure to release. Mechanisms feature delrin bushings wherever metal meets metal Seamless motion, promotes logevity, never squeaks Mechanisms are attached to the frame with bolts and t-nuts Prevents screw "back-out", increases stability and durability Five No Sag sinous springs w/tie wires Greater seating continuity, maintains shape and comfort level 1.8 HR (high resiliency) foam High performance foam promotes stability, durability and longevity Higher than average stitch count per inch, plus, reinforced seams with baseball stitch accents Enhances seam integrity and increases aesthetic appeal Padding all around the chair (outside arms & back) Highest quality standard in the industry Upholstered handles Allows the handle to diappear into the background cover Fully upholstered underneath A statement of high quality; above, and beyond, and even underneath! Contiguous velcro application Prevents hit or miss connections and surpasses industry standard
Our Barcalounger® engineers realize their products will probably receive more use than any other piece of upholstered furniture in the home. That's why we set standards of quality and excellence that are higher and more demanding than most upholstery manufacturers.
Barcalounger style numbers have two (2) distinct components:
Example: 6-4525 (Rocker Recliner - Oliver)
5 - Recliner - wall proximity
6 - Recliner - rocker
7 - Recliner - Push through the Arm with Legs
8 - Recliner - swivel/glider
9 - Recliner - wall proximity w/power
15 - Chair - Pedestal Recline with Ottoman
17 - Chair - office/task
24 - Loveseat - recliner w/console w/power
25 - Loveseat - recliner
29 - Loveseat - recliner w/power
35 - Sofa - recliner (3 seat)
39 - Sofa - recliner (3 seat) w/power
56 - Armless - stationary
57 - Table - straight console
59 - Chair - wedge corner
60 - Recliner - LAF one arm
61 - Recliner - RAF one arm
62 - Recliner - LAF one arm w/power
63 - Recliner - RAF one arm w/power
67 - Recliner - armless w/power
70 - Loveseat - LAF one arm w/recliner w/power
71 - Loveseat - RAF one arm w/recliner w/power
74 - Chair - pedestal recline w/power/swivel/massage 78 - Chaise - LAF one arm w/power
Copyright 2015 Barcalounger® Corporation
All rights reserved


text:
BitDefender Antivirus
Quick Specs
Total Downloads:640,845
Date Added:Oct. 10, 2006
Price:Free to try (30-day trial); $39.95 to buy
File Size:2.74MB
Downloads Last Week:524
Product ranking:#32 in Antivirus Software
From Bitdefender: BitDefender Antivirus 10 uses the ICSA Labs certified scanning engines for Microsoft Windows XP allowing users to enjoy their virus protection as they head towards the future's technologies. BitDefender Antivirus 10 is a powerful antivirus and antispyware tool with features that best meet your security needs. Features as easy to use and automatic updating make BitDefender Antivirus 10 an "install and forget" antivirus product.
read more +
see all reviews +
read more +
More Products to Consider
- Protect your PC against threats, shield your privacy, keep c...Detect and quickly remove malicious threats to your computer...Scan and remove the deepest malware that your antivirus/anti...Protect PC against e-threats, shield your privacy, recover y...
- Protect your PC and data from hackers and thieves.Protect your computer from viruses and malicious programs.Search your hard disk and Registry for threats to your secur...Protect your PC against viruses, spyware, Trojans, worms, ro...
- Protect your personal computer against virus and spyware att...Detect and eliminate viruses, get free protection for home u...Detect and remove spyware, malware, rootkits, trojans, hijac...Unblock Web sites to access videos, movies, and social netwo...
- Download and exchange files safely, enjoy games and Web surf...Login everywhere automatically, so you'll never need to reme...Modify locked Microsoft PowerPoint 2007/2010/2013 presentati...Store your credentials securely with commercial level encryp...
- Secure desktops and lock computers on the network.Offer Web services capabilities for COM components and appli...Protect PC from viruses, Trojans, worms, buffer overflows, z...Protect yourself from infected sites.


text:
Edit hours
The Rendezvous has been serving ribs in a downtown Memphis alley since 1948. It has been owned and operated by the Vergos family for three generations. If you want to eat like a local Memphian, start with a pitcher of beer & cheese/sausage plate and soak in the atmosphere.
Ghost River and the dry rubbed ribs
Ghost River Golden Ale is a delicious complement to the ribs served here
The ribs are out of this world. Fall off the bone finger lickin good!
everything is awesome
The ribs! The pork shoulder! Must get the sausage and cheese platter for your app! Everything is Devine!
Good bbq but not as good as Corky's
Get the dry ribs! Small plate is half a rack. Beans and slaw is also amazing!!
Ribs are awesome. Brisket is delish!
It was good, but the ribs were a little dry. I prefer Corky's.
Thrillist Top BBQ List: go to this eclectic, awesome resto, and eat all that history in rib form. "What you're getting: Large order of the charcoal-broiled pork ribs, & sausage and cheese appetizer"
The ribs were ok, honestly my husbands are better. But the brisket! Oh, my! The best I've ever had! Also, get the cheese and sausage plate & red beans & rice to share!
Memphis classic. Get the dry rub rack of ribs. I promise you won't regret it.
Grabbed a Ghost River beer while waiting for our table. Good Memphis style ribs- seasoned well and very meaty. Potato Salad, Sweet Tea, and Baked Beans were off the chain!
Cheese and sausage plate were great. Ribs were okay, but not my cup of tea. Glad I can say I tried them, but won't be back.
One word.... Ribs
Greek Salad with chicken is amazing!! The chicken is beyond flavorful and the homemade dressing tastes as good (if not better) than what I had in Greece.
Its legendary. Its the ultimate dry rub destination.
The ribs are pretty good. Don't get me wrong, I'd order them again, but they're a bit overhyped after reading all the other tips.
Go for a full order.
They should have trademarked 'finger-lickin good'!
I always start with a cheese and sausage plate, they put their famous rub on the sausage
Ribs, Ribs, Ribs
The dry-rub ribs are the best anywhere.
Great ribs & brisket!!!!
I've heard the ribs aren't cooked from start to finish at the original location any more... But they're still damned fine.
I've eaten plenty of great ribs at the MIM BBQ Festival. These are not my favorite. I absolutely love their BBQ Nachos. Red Beans & Rice are fantastic as well!
Get the ribs. The coleslaw is on the spicier side.
Check out Rendezvous as seen on Best Thing I Ever Ate , Man vs Food Read more
#realbbq #authentic #tradition
All you need to know is...RIBS
Dry rub ribs!
Ribs, pork shoulder and brisket are awesome
For any BBQ enthusiast, it's worth making the pilgrimage. Get the ribs, since that's what they're famous for. Also try the cheese plate, sprinkled with their special seasoning.
Go hungry.
Best ribs in Memphis! Get them dry!
If you like BBQ, a must, if you don't, it's overhyped.
Get the ribs and brisket
You can't wait anywhere for a table even outside. You called on a speaker. Ribs and sausage so good
Ribs. Try them plain ("dry") first before asking for sauce. The charcoal-broiled lamb riblets—another nod to the place's Greek ownership—are also a tasty change of pace from the pork onslaught Read more
Their world-famous loin back ribs (Elvis loved 'em) are grilled, naked, over a charcoal pit for 2 hours and then basted with vinegar, water, and a blend of Greek and Canjun seasonings. Read more
You can't beat the food best place in town
Go with the brisket. Leave the ribs!
Despite the location in a dark alley and the name, it's actually not a gentleman's club, they serve BBQ.
9000 lbs of ribs a week. You can't go wrong with this rib joint
Great rub on ribs so dry I couldn't eat them. Better BBQ in New England. Go once just to say you did and then never go back.
Sit at the bar if you're dining alone. Good conversationalists.
Go here!!!!!!!!!!
You can smell it from blocks away. That's not a bad thing.
Preorder the Shrimp!
Go early and plan on waiting for an hour for a table. You'll have plenty of time to grab a couple beers while you wait.


text:
- Following Apple, Samsung and Microsoft, Micromax Planning to Develop Android OS
- Samsung Galaxy Folder flip phone with Android 5.0 Lollipop unveiled
- Android mobile operating system bug affects `billion` smartphones
- Oh Great, New Android Flaw Lets Hackers Into Your Phone With Just a Text
- Ouya, video-game console startup, gets scooped up by Razer
- Samsung event invite teases the Galaxy S6 Edge Plus
Download iConcierge Android App
iConcierge informs you about all the services of the hotel/hospitality you select. Only Hotels or Hospitalites registered in the iConcierge directory can be selected.
The iConcierge is now available for for Android owners. The application is supporting English language. It weighs in at only 10MB to download. It is highly advisable to have the latest app version installed so that you don`t miss out on the fresh new features and improvements. The current app version 1.02 has been released on 2014-11-03.
More Info: Find more info about iConcierge in Neves Parrottino `s Official Website : http://mobile.bluepal.com
Click4more: Related apps iconcierge
Tags : iconcierge
Related apps
Android App iConcierge 1.02
R:4.5 - 2 Ratings- Everyone
Related apps - like iConcierge 1.02
More in Travel - like iConcierge
More by Neves Parrottino - for iConcierge 1.02


text:
Thousands rally for Russia in Crimean capital
Thousands of supporters of Russia gathered at Simferopol's Lenin square in Ukraine's Crimea on Sunday in support of an annexation of the region by Russia. Rough Cut (no reporter narration).
See all Video
Next Up
LSU Talk: Basball Wrap 5m10s
CWS Pregame: LSU vs UCLA 2m16s
More Videos
Recent Videos
1-8 of 30 results


text:
MMA manager Mike Kogan received an unexpected phone call from UFC President Dana White.
One day before, he had sent an email to Strikeforce CEO Scott Coker and CC'd a high-ranking Zuffa executiv read news >>
Not all fight hype is created equal, but when it comes to altercations between fighters outside the cage, King Mo says perception lies with name value. Two things happened recently, under somewhat di read news >>
SAN DIEGO - After Jon Jones and Daniel Cormier got into their infamous Las Vegas hotel lobby brawl in August, general consensus was that while such incidents probably shouldn't happen too often, in t read news >>
In a sport that never stops moving, even MMA junkies can struggle to keep up with all the latest news. If you missed any of Tuesday's biggest headlines, catch up with "The Comeback."Filed under: Bell read news >>
Muhammed Lawal faces Linton Vassell in the Bellator MMA & Glory: Dynamite 1 light heavyweight tournament and is confident he'll win the whole thing. read news >>
Conor McGregor is the king of the UFC's featherweight division, at least temporarily after he won the interim title from Chad Mendes in the main event of Saturday night's UFC 189 fight card in Las Ve read news >>
UFC middleweight champion Chris Weidman sees a superfight with pound-for-pound king Jon "Bones" Jones in his future. During a feature on AXS TV's Inside MMA, Weidman chatted about the possibility of read news >>
Twelve days ago, former UFC lightweight champion Benson Henderson vaulted up a weight class and challenged a goliath blue-chip prospect on a whim. The size difference was immense from the outset, but read news >>
Jiu-jitsu ace, Rolles Gracie discusses his upcoming wrestling match with King Mo Lawal, why he signed with WSOF and his thoughts on the class action suit against the UFC. Being a Gracie pretty much g read news >>
UFC and Bellator standouts Gray Maynard, 'King' Mo Lawal and Joe Warren come to the world's most famous arena today, Sunday November 21, 2014 for a series of wrestling matches. The Grapple at the Gar read news >>
Bellator star, "King" Mo Lawal weighs in on the UFC lawsuit, why he left AKA, "Black Rob" and his opponent in today's Grapple at the Garden event, Rolles Gracie. Today, the third annual Grapple at th read news >>
Bellator light-heavyweight competitor Muhammed Lawal delves into the reasons why he does not think the UFC and Bellator are rivals. read news >>
Bellator is bringing out its big guns for September 5th's unofficial battle for Connecticut. In an effort to keep pace with UFC Fight Night 50, Bellator officials announced on Wednesday that Bellator read news >>
If you thought Bellator MMA was just going to roll over on Sept. 5, you better think again. Bellator MMA is not going down without a fight. Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) scheduled its upcoming read news >>
Bellator's first pay-per-view lost its highly anticipated trilogy at the top of the bill, but it gained a pretty heated grudge match. Check out the "Rampage" vs. "King Mo" preview inside.Filed under: read news >>


text:
Gift Premium Subscription To bwomp313
Join Date:04-11-2009
Last Activity:09-02-2015 9:27 PM
Age:31 years old
Likes Given: 28
29 Likes on 22 Posts
- Glens Falls, NY
- registered nurse
- Lenny
- metal
- star wars
- true blood, chopped, iron chef, dexter, house
- always changes
- Married
Posted in thread: Albany breweries? on 07-29-2015 at 05:16 AM
Umm druthers is in saratoga springs which is a good half hour or so north of albany not
downtown albany. Although I would definitely recommend them
Posted in thread: Albany breweries? on 07-27-2015 at 05:50 PM
The Albany pump station is a great place for some food and beer as jafo pointed out. Also
theres a fairly new one in troy called rare form which is supposed to be good. And browns
brewing is another g...
Posted in thread: Florida to NY - Good breweries to hit on 05-21-2015 at 11:23 PM
I'm making the exact opposite in August so I'm curious as well. Unfortunately can't stray too
far from i-95 personally
Posted in thread: Any Diabetic homebrewers out there ? on 12-04-2014 at 07:28 AM
For a nondiabetic, fasting glucose should be 60-100.
Posted in thread: Fricking gross! on 09-01-2014 at 09:12 PM
Why don't i see a pic?Sent from my iPad using Home Brew
Posted in thread: Beer related venues near Salem, MA? on 08-19-2014 at 05:08 PM
Posted in thread: Beer related venues near Salem, MA? on 08-18-2014 at 08:57 PM
The wife and I are going to be in Salem, MA for a few days. Any highly recommended beer related
places? Breweries, craft beer bars, bottle shops? Night shift brewing looks interesting however
appears ...
Posted in thread: Heady Topper: Drink from the can or from the glass on 07-16-2014 at 03:38 AM
I bought a case a couple months ago and I tried in glass and can and I'll say for some reason I
did enjoy it better out of the can. Maybe it was all the floaties but it tasted harsher in the
Posted in thread: Share my new project on 05-18-2014 at 09:26 PM
Awesome!!!Sent from my iPad using Home Brew
Posted in thread: Lord of the Rings....... on 05-12-2014 at 08:41 PM
I also like to watch LOTR whilst brewing. However I probably watch Star Wars more
frequently.Sent from my iPad using Home Brew


text:
The UT Dallas Chess Program
The University of Texas at Dallas takes chess seriously.
You can see it in the fierce competitiveness of our chess team . The UT Dallas Chess Team has won national and international titles and regularly represents the University in the Pan American Intercollegiate Championship, the National Collegiate Chess League team championship and the Final Four of Chess. The team competes internationally in annual Internet matches with the University of Belgrade, and has traveled to Beijing and to Havana for exhibition matches.
Chess is also a part of recreation and education at the University. The UT Dallas Chess Program offers the open-access chess club and chess in education initiatives, including online instruction for academic credit and summer camps.
If you enjoy playing chess and are looking for a university, consider UT Dallas. We would like to hear from you!
Our Top News
Special Events
Intramural Chess Tournament
October 15, 2015, 7 p.m.
Have lunch and play chess at the Women's Center on 9/29
UT Dallas Women's Center (SSB 4.300)
2015 UTD Fall FIDE Open
Dallas, TX November 20-25, 2015
2015 Southwest Open Tournament
Dallas, TX Sept. 4 or 5 -7, 2015


text:
The two cameras you're looking at are equivalent. I don't use either but have sold both. Canon has the price advantage when you get to adding lenses & tend to be more innovative in lens design. Nikon seems to be resting on it's laurels as a historically pro tool and is more conservative when it comes to introducing new lenses.
Physical size may be a deciding factor too, Nikon is just slightly more compact than the Canon.
When it comes to lens choice both mfrs. will give great results from prime lenses but I would stay away from the "G" lenses from Nikon primarily from a durability standpoint(plastic mounts).
For what it's worth, in 35mm I use mainly Pentax MX & KX after using Nikon for years.


text:
Stay up-to-date on the latest Parkinson's news from local sources and the national foundation. Moving Day® 2015 is approaching fast and we encourage you to learn more, here: www.movingdaytwincities.org
Stay up-to-date on the latest Parkinson's news from local sources and the national foundation. Moving Day® 2015 is approaching fast and we encourage you to learn more, here: www.movingdaytwincities.org
Get ready for Moving Day® 2015 by attending our annual kickoff breakfast on Friday, February 27!
The event will be held at the Metropolitan Ballroom in Golden Valley from 7:30-9 a.m.
The event is free and will feature several guest speakers to help raise excitement for Moving Day® on May 2.
A continental breakfast will be served.
A RSVP is required for the event. Get your spot now by emailing email@example.com or calling 763.545.1272.
MIAMI, Jan. 14, 2015 — The National Parkinson Foundation (NPF) announced the election of two new members to its Board of Directors: Erin R. Borger and Paul R. Blom.
"We are pleased to add individuals with diverse backgrounds and geographies to NPF's Board—our goal is to have NPF be truly representative of the Parkinson's community," stated John W. Kozyak, Esq., NPF Chairman of the Board. "Erin and Paul's combined experience will help move the mission of NPF forward to make life better for people with Parkinson's and their families."
Erin R. Borger was elected to the board in December 2014. Mr. Borger is in charge of Wealth Management in Northern California for UBS Financial Services. He serves as the Complex Director, overseeing $15 billion in assets in eight offices. He has served with UBS Financial since 2008, including his previous roles as Director, Branch Manager based inFlorida and Management Training Advisor based in New York and New Jersey. Mr. Borger began his career with Morgan Stanley in 2003 as a Financial Advisor. Mr. Borger has long held an interest in neurological conditions and has supported various philanthropies personally and through his family foundation. He serves on the Board of Trustees: Visiting Committee and Neurology Committee for the University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine. He is also currently on the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Advisory Board and F.I.N. Sea Foundation's Board of Directors.
Paul R. Blom was elected to the board in November 2014, as an ex officio member. Mr. Blom recently served as the president of the NPF Minnesota Board of Directors for the past ten years and is the current Chair of NPF's Chapter Advisory Council, working to strengthen the NPF Chapter network. A strong advocate for the Parkinson's community, he has served as a member of the Community Advisory Board for Struthers Parkinson's Center, an NPF Center of Excellence. Mr. Blom and his husband, Bob White, are the owners of the Right at Home franchise in Bloomington, MN, and were instrumental in helping to secure the Right at Home franchise's national sponsorship of Moving Day®, NPF's signature fundraising walk. Additionally, Mr. Blom serves as Vice-Chair of Training to Serve, a Minnesota non-profit that provides training for senior service providers regarding the unique needs and barriers of the aging LGBT community. He also serves on the boards of Avenues for Homeless Youth and the Twin Cities Gay Men's Chorus, and he is Treasurer of the Minneapolis Area Senior Workers Association.
Alan M. Slewett, who has been on the NPF board since 2001, became a member of the NPF Emeritus board as of January 2015. Mr. Slewett is the former President of Valentine Liquors, Inc., a Miami area chain of retail liquor and grocery stores. He is the son of Nathan Slewett, the longtime, former President and Chairman Emeritus of the National Parkinson Foundation.
"Alan Slewett has been a dedicated Board member and valued supporter in his own right," stated John W. Kozyak, Esq."We are honored to have his continued involvement as an Emeritus member of the Board."
View a complete list of the NPF Board of Directors.
About the National Parkinson Foundation (NPF)
Founded in 1957, the National Parkinson Foundation's mission is to improve the quality of care for people with Parkinson's disease through research, education and outreach. NPF has funded more than $182 million in care, research and support services. For more information about NPF, visit www.parkinson.org, or call the NPF Helpline at 1-800-4PD-INFO (473-4636).
About Parkinson's Disease (PD)
Affecting an estimated one million Americans and four to six million worldwide, PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's and is the 14th leading cause of death in the United States. It is associated with a progressive loss of motor control (e.g., shaking or tremor at rest and lack of facial expression) as well as non-motor symptoms (e.g., depression and anxiety). There is no cure for PD and 60,000 new cases are diagnosed each year in the United States alone.
Media Contact:
Leilani Pearl
Vice President, Marketing and Communications
SOURCE National Parkinson Foundation
Twin Cities Moving Day® was a huge success!
This exciting day filled with movement, education and camaraderie for those living with and impacted by Parkinson's was the most successful yet. All proceeds benefit the National Parkinson Foundation Minnesota's mission to improve the lives of those living with PD through education, outreach and grant work. In 2014 we raised over $231,000 and we set the bar even higher for 2015 with a goal of $250,000.
Although the website will not be updated until the fundraiser closes, our current total is $266,341!
Donations will be taken until May 31st, and then the official final tally will be announced. Stay up to date, here: www.movingdaytwincities.org
Continuing to explore the topic of symptoms and diagnosis, watch this short video which was part of our partnership with TPT in 2014.
All through the month of January we will continue to explore symptoms and diagnosis of PD, so keep checking back!
With the start of 2015 NPFM is launching a new initiative, addressing issues surrounding Parkinson's disease. The articles and videos used during the year-long campaign will open a conversation about the disease and its affects on individuals and families living with PD.
Each month will feature a new topic. If you have an issue you would like to see addressed, please contact our office.
For the month of January NPFM will focus on early symptoms and diagnosis.
We have two features this month: a video regarding the topic from our partnership with TPT in 2014 and a written piece from Dr. Martha Nance of the Struther's Parkinson's Center in Golden Valley.
By Dr. Martha Nance
The four "cardinal features" of Parkinson's disease that lead doctors to make the diagnosis are:
Slowness or smallness of movement
Stiffness of the limbs
Changes in posture, gait, and balance
An occasional person might use exactly these words to describe the symptoms that they have noticed, but some may use a variety of other words, or notice more specific or different symptoms.
"Tremor" refers to rhythmic, repetitive movements, often in the finger, hand, or arm, and often just on one side. Some people may use the word "shaky" or "shakiness". Some people can make the tremor go away by clenching the fist or moving the hand to a different position. The typical tremor of Parkinson's disease is most noticeable at rest (a "resting tremor") and improves or goes away with activity. Tremor can involve the chin or mouth or the leg, less often the trunk or neck.
"Slowness" and "smallness" of movements may manifest as slower walking, a shortening of the stride length ("shuffling gait"), or slowness doing usual activities like dressing or preparing meals. Smallness of movements in the hands may lead to small handwriting, inaccuracy or slowness of keyboarding, sewing, playing the piano, or other hand activities that require a high degree of coordination. If movements of the tongue and lips and throat are slow or small, the voice may become quiet, raspy, slurred, or stammering in nature. Family members and friends may notice a lack of facial expression or slowed blink rate.
"Stiffness" may present as cramping, tightness, charley horses, or aching—often in the same limb or limbs that have tremor or smallness of movement. The hand or arm may be held in a stiff posture when a person is walking. It can be hard to separate the stiffness due to Parkinson's disease from stiffness due to arthritis or other causes. Stiffness occasionally results in pain.
Changes in posture and gait are often more noticeable to the viewer than to the person who has the problem. Family members may repeatedly urge the person to "stand up straight" or "quit slouching" or "hurry up". A stooped or forward-leaning posture, shortened stride length or arm swing, and reduced confidence about a person's balance are common.
In addition to these core symptoms, people with Parkinson's disease may experience—or may have experienced—a host of other symptoms in the years leading up to the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Constipation, loss of sense of smell, changes in mood, and a variety of disturbances of sleep are common and may begin years (possibly decades!) before the motor symptoms start. Of course, there are many other causes of constipation, loss of smell, mood and sleep disturbance that have nothing to do with Parkinson's disease. Therefore, doctors do not make a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease until the motor symptoms are present.
So, how does a doctor diagnose Parkinson's disease? Usually just by recognizing those core motor features. The more of the features a person has, the more confident the doctor is about the diagnosis. If only one or two features are present, the doctor may be reluctant to call it Parkinson's disease. If there are additional or atypical symptoms (prominent changes in thinking or memory right away, hallucinations, falling as an early symptom, and abrupt onset of symptoms are some atypical symptoms), the doctor may suspect a variant of Parkinson's disease rather than the usual condition we described above. If the doctor is unsure whether a person has Parkinson's disease or not, he may ask the patient to return in a few weeks or months for a second neurological exam.
Researchers are working to develop a "test for Parkinson's disease", but that hasn't quite happened yet. The FDA has approved a kind of brain scan called a DAT Scan (different from a CT scan or MRI scan), which measures the availability of dopamine in the brain, but the test is expensive (and may not be covered by insurance), not necessary in clearcut cases of obvious Parkinson's disease, and hard to interpret in cases that are unusual or atypical. If your doctor has ordered a DAT scan, check to make sure your insurance will cover the cost of the test!
Depending on the situation, the doctor may order a regular brain imaging test (CT or MRI), to rule out other things that can cause symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease, or do blood tests to look for other medical conditions that can cause stiffness, tremor, or pain.
For many years, doctors have said that "the best test for Parkinson's disease is to see how well the person's symptoms respond to levodopa." In a sense, taking a levodopa pill determines just about the same thing that a DAT scan measures—the need for more dopamine in the brain—but in a way that is often quite obvious to the person with Parkinson's disease, the family, and the physician. You should discuss with your doctor whether you should take levodopa, or any other Parkinson medication.
The time of diagnosis is a difficult time for a person with Parkinson's disease. If the diagnosis comes as a surprise, it is difficult. If the diagnosis is slow in coming, or different doctors disagree about the diagnosis, that is equally difficult. Make sure that your doctor has told you what you need to know about the diagnosis, any medications that you might receive, and any rehabilitation therapy that has been recommended. Seek out accurate information, as available through the National Parkinson Foundation pamphlets and books. And don't be afraid to ask questions! There is life after a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease!
For more about Parkinson's disease, early symptoms and useful information visit the national website: www.parkinson.org.
Who is looking forward to Moving Day® 2015?
We sure are! Here at NPFM, we love highlighting all of the great teams that will be participating in the walk. If you are interested in having your team featured, please email firstname.lastname@example.com for more information.
Our spotlight team today is Team Chloe, led by Karen Anderson and her granddaughter Chloe Anderson. This will be their first walk with the National Parkinson Foundation, and they have already raised over $1,000. Read more about Karen and Chloe and why they decided to walk for Parkinson's, below.
The inspiration behind the team is Chloe, Karen's young granddaughter. She overheard her grandparents talking about a friend of theirs from Florida who has a Parkinson's related illness and wanted to learn more about the disease and how she could help.
Their friend lives in Florida and is an active man, biking 70 miles on his 70th birthday and 71 miles on his 71st birthday. When Chloe learned that he would be unable to make the trip this year, she was determined to help. "Chloe wanted to go biking for him" Karen explains, but "considering the unfavorable weather conditions of Minnesota, we began researching other events." Karen and Chloe searched the web to learn more about his diagnosis of Corticobasal degeneration, which is within the same family as Parkinson's. Although there were no events for this specific illness, they found the Parkinson's Moving Day® 2015 walk at the top of the search results. "She really wanted to participate in [the walk]" says Karen, "so we started a team and it became Team Chloe because she was the inspiration for it."
Karen also discussed the importance of supporting NPFM and raising awareness. Before this year, she had not taken a lot of time to understand the disease but after the passing of two friends she began to look into it more. "I think raising awareness and getting more money out there to help with research [are great reasons to support the National Parkinson Foundation by participating in Moving Day® 2015.]" stated Karen.
Karen and Chloe are looking forward to enjoying this fun experience with family and raising awareness for Parkinson's. We are excited to have Team Chloe walking for NPFM this year!
Stay tuned for more team profiles and be sure to submit your own.
You don't have to look far to find lights in neighborhood yards to celebrate the holiday season.
But for a man in Plymouth, the yard display goes beyond helping his neighborhood brighten for the holidays.
Mike Justak, founder of PD Shimmers, lights up his neighborhood each year with a special message: 58,000 lights shining bright, representing the number of people newly diagnosed with Parkinson's each year.
Mike was diagnosed with PD several years ago, which is why the lights and number are important to him. After seeing a video online about light presentations he was hooked, and started making plans to create his own.
Year one saw just 8,000 lights in his presentation. It is now 58,000 and eight neighbors joining in the fun. The entire presentation is synchronized to music, broadcast on its very own radio station. Mike has even set up a live stream so those unable to attend can still enjoy the show.
The show runs daily from 5-10 p.m. at 4320 Ithaca Lane North in Plymouth.
For more information or to watch the live stream, visit www.pdshimmers.com.


text: Tyler, the Creator's Wolf album has just been made available for stream officially through the Odd Future SoundCloud page. The album has already received critical acclaim and positive reviews all around (even before its release), but you can press play below and see what you think about it yourself. Wolf drops on April 2 with a pre-ordering option available now through iTunes. Leave thoughts below.


text:
APS Response to CDC Draft Guidelines
We were a Stakeholder Review Group for the draft CDC Opioid Prescribing Guidelines and that the Opioid Issues Workgroup of the Public Policy Committee reviewed the document. We have elected to honor the request of the CDC in temporarily keeping both the Guidelines and our comments confidential in order to NOT create unnecessary dismay at a draft guideline that we have been assured is a first draft.Read More »
Register for Pain Research Forum Webinar
Register now for upcoming Pain Research Forum webinar, "Targeting Unusual Voltage-Gated Sodium Currents for Pain Therapy."Read More »
Remembering Dr. Willis
William D. Willis, Jr., M.D., Ph.D.
On September 15, 2015, the field of Neuroscience lost a giant and colleagues around the world mourned the passing of a friend, a gentleman and a scholar. After a long and very productive research career, William Darrell "Bill" Willis, Jr MD, PhD, 81, passed away, leaving behind a legacy of trainees and colleagues who were better scientists and better people for having known him.Read More »
Danger in co-prescribing of opioid pain medications and sedatives
Co-prescription of opioids and benzodiazepines or other sedating medications remains common, and unlike long-term opioid prescribing, has not peaked in the US.Read More »
Webinar: Chronic Low Back Pain: Preclinical and Clinical Perspectives
On Friday, September 25, Laura Stone will discuss some of the latest research that is advancing the understanding of chronic low back pain.Read More »
IASP Award for Excellence in Pain Research and Management in Developing Countries
IASP will present an award at the IASP World Congress on Pain to an individual or to a team who has achieved a level of excellence in programs of either: (1) Basic science research in pain or pain management OR (2) Clinical research or practice and/or policy changes in pain management in the developing world. Deadline is October 15.Read More »


text:
NorthEdge hires Phoenix Equity executive Rastrick
NorthEdge Capital hired John Rastrick as a partner in its Leeds, England office. Rastrick will lead the firm's focus in Yorkshire and the North East. Rastrick most recently worked as a partner at Phoenix Equity Partners, where he worked for eight years. He also worked at 3i.


text:
Public Choice III / Edition 3by Dennis C. Mueller
This book represents a considerable revision and expansion of Public Choice II (1989).See more details below
This book represents a considerable revision and expansion of Public Choice II (1989).
Product Details
- 9780521894753
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
- Publication date:
- 02/28/2003
- Edition description:
- Third Edition
- Pages:
- 788
- Product dimensions:
- 5.98(w) x 8.98(h) x 1.65(d)
Table of Contents
1. Introduction; Part I. Origins of the State: 2. The reason for collective choice - allocative efficiency; 3. The reason for collective choice - redistribution; Part II. Public Choice in a Direct Democracy: 4. The choice of voting rule; 5. Majority rule - positive properties; 6. Majority rule - normative properties; 7. Simple alternatives to majority rule; 8. Complicated alternatives to majority rule; 9. Exit, voice and disloyalty; Part III. Public Choice in a Representative Democracy: 10. Federalism; 11. Two-party competition - deterministic voting; 12. Two-party competition - probabilistic voting; 13. Multiparty systems; 14. The paradox of voting; 15. Rent seeking; 16. Bureaucracy; 17. Legislatures and bureaucracies; 18. Dictatorship; Part IV. Applications and Testing: 19. Political competition and macroeconomic performance; 20. Interest groups, campaign contributions and lobbying; 21. The size of government; 22. Government size and economic performance; Part V. Normative public choice: 23. Social welfare functions; 24. The impossibility of a social ordering; 25. A just social contract; 26. The constitution as a utilitarian contract; 27. Liberal rights and social choices; Part VI. What Have We Learned?: 28. Has public choice contributed anything to the study of politics?; 29. Allocation, redistribution, and public choice.
Customer Reviews
Average Review:
and post it to your social network
Most Helpful Customer Reviews
See all customer reviews >