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1Hypohydration impairs endurance exercise performance in temperate but not cold air Samuel N. Cheuvront1, Robert Carter1, III, John W. Castellani1, Michael N. Sawka1 1U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA Running Head: Hypohydration and performance in temperate and cold air Corresponding Author: Samuel N. Cheuvront, PhD U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Kansas Street Natick, MA 01760-5007 Tel: 508-233-5607 Fax: 508-233-5298 firstname.lastname@example.com Articles in PresS. J Appl Physiol (July 14, 2005). doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00329.2005 Copyright © 2005 by the American Physiological Society.
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2This study compared the effects of hypohydration on endurance exercise performance in temperate and cold air environments. On four occasions, 6 men and 2 women (age = 24 ± 6 yr, ht = 170 ± 6 cm, wt = 72.9 ± 11.1 kg, VO2peak = 48 ± 9 ml/kg/min) were exposed to 3-hr of passive heat stress (45°C) in the early morning with (euhydration, EUH) or without (hypohydration, HYP, – 3% body mass) fluid replacement. Later in the day, subjects sat in a cold (2°C) or temperate (20°C) environment with minimal clothing for 1-hr before performing 30-min of cycle ergometry at 50%VO2peak followed immediately by a 30-min performance time trial. Rectal (Tre) and mean skin temperatures (Tsk), heart rate (HR), and RPE measurements were made at regular intervals. Performance was assessed by the total amount of work (kJ) completed in the 30 min time trial. Tsk was significantly lower in the cold compared with the temperate trial, but there was no independent effect of hydration. Tre in both HYP trials was higher than EUH after 60-min of exercise, but the difference was only significant within the temperate trials (P<0.05). HR was significantly higher at 30-min within the temperate trial (HYP > EUH) and at 60-min within the cold trial (HYP > EUH) (P<0.05). RPE increased over time with no differences among trials. Total work performed during the 30-min time trial was not influenced by environment, but was less (P<0.05) for HYP than EUH in the temperate trials. The corresponding change in performance (EUH – HYP) was greater for temperate (-8%) than for cold (-3%) (P<0.05). These data demonstrate that 1) hypohydration impairs endurance exercise performance in temperate but not cold air, but 2) cold stress per se does not. Keywords: dehydration, thermoregulation, environment
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3INTRODUCTION: Persons exercising in cold weather can incur substantial fluid losses (6) and are commonly advised to maintain hydration to avoid cold injury and sustain performance. Despite these assertions, recent research shows that hypohydration (reduced body water) does not increase the risk of hypothermia or peripheral cold injury (23, 24). Similarly, hypohydration in excess of 2% body mass impairs endurance exercise performance in hot and temperate environments with the magnitude of effect largest in the heat (4, 30). The extent to which this is true in cooler environments is unknown, but there is evidence that the mechanisms for hypohydration-mediated fatigue in warmer environments are blunted in the cold and may therefore have less impact. Hyperthermia and cardiovascular strain are two major factors implicated in the genesis of hypohydration-mediated endurance exercise fatigue in hot and temperate environments (4). Both the independent and combined effects of hyperthermia and hypovolemia on cardiovascular strain dynamics in the heat have been elegantly described (9 – 11, 28). Recent examination of the same parameters during exercise in cooler environments (3 – 8°C) indicates that core temperature elevations associated with hypohydration are significantly reduced (9, 17). Tachycardia is also attenuated and stroke volume and cardiac output better preserved during progressive dehydration up to – 4% of body mass during both moderate (50%VO2max) (17) and more intense (72%VO2max) (9) exercise-cold stress. Taken together, cardiovascular strain attributed to hyperthermia and hypovolemia in warm and hot climates is blunted in cooler conditions, which may preserve endurance exercise performance.
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4 Although multiple meteorological variables can influence endurance exercise success (32), performances typically improve as air temperatures decline (32, 33). Laboratory (7) and field data (32, 33) support an "optimal" air temperature threshold near 12°C; above or below this temperature, performance is relatively impaired (7). Endurance performance limitations in hot environments are well documented (21, 31), but evidence during exercise-cold stress is complicated by the comparison reference temperature (7), wearing heavily insulated clothing (25), and possibly the choice of an open-ended endurance exercise task (1, 7, 25). The best explanation for fatigue offered by cold performance studies also implicates factors other than cardiovascular strain or oxygen uptake as performance limiting. Competitive endurance athletes appear to perform at a high level coincident with significant body water losses in cool environments (4), but few studies have manipulated hydration state to experimentally compare the impact of hypohydration on performance in cold versus more temperate conditions. Those that have are difficult to interpret due to the absence of true control conditions (18) or wearing heavily insulated clothing (27). The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of hypohydration on endurance exercise performance in temperate and cold air. Our hypothesis was that cold air would mitigate the decrement in performance attributable to hypohydration in a temperate environment. A combination of air motion and low air temperatures was used to induce cold stress beyond previous studies, but without exceeding cold injury thresholds. In
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5addition, a close-ended exercise task was selected to reduce the influence of cold stress tolerance on performance. METHODS: Subjects. Eight healthy volunteers (age = 24 ± 6 yr, ht = 170 ± 6 cm, wt = 72.9 ± 11.1 kg, body fat 22 ± 6 %) participated in this study and completed all phases of experimentation. Subjects (6 men, 2 women) were physically active and moderately fit (VO2peak = 48 ± 9 ml/kg/min). Subjects were provided informational briefings and gave voluntary and informed written consent to participate. Investigators adhered to AR 70-25 and USAMRMC Regulation 70-25 on the use of volunteers in research and the appropriate Institutional Review Boards approved this study. Preliminary Procedures. Each subject's VO2peak was measured using an incremental cycle ergometer protocol with continuous gas exchange measurements (TrueMax, ParvoMedics, Sandy, Utah). The calculated workload at 50% VO2peak was validated during 30-min of steady-state cycling one day later. The ergometer used (Lode Excalibur Sport, Lode, Groningen, The Netherlands) allows pedal-rate independent (hyperbolic) and dependent (linear) modes of cycling. Individual linear factors (LF) were calculated [W = LF × (rpm)2] for each subject to reflect a 50% VO2peak exercise intensity at a pedal cadence of 60 rpm. The linear factor setting provided room to increase work output during the time trial before reaching maximal sustainable workloads, which were estimated from VO2peak
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6testing at ~100 rpm. Practice trials included 30-min of steady-state cycling (50% VO2peak), followed immediately by a 30-min performance time trial. Three practice sessions were used to reduce training and learning effects (8, 13). Elapsed time was displayed and the total work (kJ) completed in 30-min was given as feedback for motivation to improve with each subsequent practice ride. Experimental test scenarios were the same as those used in practice except that subjects were blinded to all test parameters but elapsed time. Semi-nude body mass (shorts only) was measured after voiding and before breakfast each morning for 10-days to establish a normal individual baseline body mass for euhydration assessment on test days. All experimentation began within 3-days of completing preliminary procedures. Experimental Procedures. A counterbalanced 2 x 2 (hydration x environment) experimental design was employed. Each was separated by at least 48-hrs. Experiments were conducted at the same time of day and women were tested in the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle to control for circadian and ovulatory fluctuations in body temperature. On the morning of each trial, body mass was measured with an electronic precision balance scale (Toledo 1D1 accuracy ± 20 g, Worthington, OH) for comparison against within subject 10-day averages, and a 10-ml venous blood sample was collected for serum osmolality determination. A standardized breakfast was provided, after which subjects rested in a seated position for ~1-hr before moving to a hot room (45°C, 50%rh, 1 m/s air speed) for 3-hrs of passive heat exposure with (euhydration, EUH) or without (hypohydration, HYP) fluid replacement. A 2-hr recovery period followed in which a shower was
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7permitted and a small snack was provided (200 ml water and 250 kcal). The precise fluid deficit incurred was calculated from the acute change in body mass from pre to post heat exposure, corrected for snack, and expressed as a percentage of pre-exercise body mass. In the afternoon, subjects sat in a cold (2°C, 50%rh, 2.2 m/s air speed) or temperate (20°C, 50%rh, 1 m/s air speed) environment with minimal clothing (t-shirt, shorts, socks, shoes, cotton gloves and head band) for 1-hr before performing 30-min of cycle ergometry at 50%VO2peak followed immediately by a 30-min performance time trial. No motivation was provided during the time trial and subjects performed without distraction from any data collection measurements. Time trial performance was assessed by the total amount of work (kJ) completed in 30-min. Rectal (Tre) and mean skin temperatures (Tsk) (26) and heart rate (HR) were collected remotely at regular intervals throughout testing. RPE was assessed at 30-min and again immediately following the completion of exercise. Gas exchange measurements were made once in the initial 10-min of exercise using an automated system and workloads adjusted to reflect a 50%VO2peak intensity. Statistical Analysis. Following tests for normality of distribution and equality of variances, treatment effects were analyzed using a paired t-test, one-way or two-way ANOVA for repeated measurements. A one-sample t-test was also used to compare performance effects against a hypothetical value of importance (20). When appropriate, Tukey's HSD
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8procedure was used to identify pairwise differences among means following significant main and/or interaction effects. The primary outcome variable of interest in this experiment was time trial performance. An analysis selecting conventional α (0.05) and β (0.20) parameters showed that 8 subjects would provide sufficient power to detect a 5% change in time trial performance (~15 kJ) using the mean total work (295 kJ) and coefficient of variation (CV = 2.5%) calculated from trials of negligible difference (i.e., practice trials 2 and 3, P>0.05) during two weeks of time trial practice. The desire to detect a two-fold change from the %CV was chosen based on the likelihood of experimental perturbations producing unique performance infidelity (12, 13, 15), thus increasing variability. A sample size of 8 allows detection of said differences with a CV up to 4.5%. The practical importance of hydration effects on performance within environments was also interpreted using 95% confidence limits of the true effect for % change in performance to include comparison against an a priori zone of indifference (2.5% coefficient of variation) using a one-sample t-test, which affords evaluation against an evidentiary standard other than zero (5, 14, 20). The spirit of this approach, most closely related to equivalence testing in the clinical sciences (5), has recently been championed as a performance interpretation tool for the exercise sciences (14). Graphical data are presented with unidirectional error bars and may be slightly juxtaposed for presentation clarity. All data are presented as means ± SD except where indicated.
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9RESULTS: Hydration. Euhydration was estimated on the morning of each trial by a body mass within 1% of the average 10-day baseline (3). Two subjects > 1% lower than 10-day baseline were given additional water with breakfast. Serum osmolality (289 ± 1 mOsmol/kg) confirmed euhydration (16). The fluid deficit achieved before the start of each HYP trial was – 2.9 ± 0.7% and – 3.0 ± 0.8% of body mass for Cold and Temp, respectively. Values for EUH trials were – 0.3 ± 0.6 (Cold) and – 0.4 ± 0.7% (Temp) of starting baseline. Differences were significant (P<0.05) between hydration levels (HYP vs. EUH), but not between environments (Cold vs. Temp). Thus, subjects were adequately matched for pre-exercise hydration status in EUH and HYP trials. Exercise performance. Table 1 presents individual and mean time trial performance data. Total work in Temp HYP was lower than Temp EUH (P = 0.012). There was no effect of hydration in the Cold (Cold EUH vs. Cold HYP) and no independent effect of environment on performance (Cold EUH vs. Temp EUH). Associated mean power outputs from Table 1 were 140 ± 30 (Temp HYP), 152 ± 30 (Temp EUH), 154 ± 36 (Cold EUH), and 150 ± 35 (Cold HYP) W. Viewed individually, all 8 subjects performed worse when hypohydrated in temperate air, while only 5 of 8 experienced the same from hypohydration in the cold. Figure 1 presents the % change in performance from EUH to HYP in Temp and Cold environments. The change was significantly larger for Temp (-7.6 ± 5.9%) than Cold (-2.7 ± 4.9%) (P = 0.021). The means and 95% confidence limits for performance (-12.6 to -2.7% Temp; -6.8 to 1.4% Cold) provide the likely range of the true change effects
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10and illustrate why there is a difference between HYP and EUH within Temp, but not within Cold (i.e., confidence interval crosses zero for Cold). In addition, only the range of the confidence interval for Temp falls entirely outside the a priori zone of indifference (P = 0.04, one-sample t-test), which provides evidence that the negative effect of hypohydration on performance in temperate air is also of practical importance. Physiological responses. Metabolic Rate. Metabolic rates during the initial 30-min of cycling were calculated from a 2-min gas sample made 5-min into exercise and adjusted to reflect ~50% of VO2peak. All measurements were similar (P>0.05) at 49 ± 6 (Cold EUH), 51 ± 5 (Cold HYP), 47 ± 2 (Temp EUH) and 48 ± 3% (Temp HYP) VO2peak. Subjects were therefore matched among trials for exercise intensity preceding the cycling time trial. Cardiovascular Strain and Thermoregulatory Strain. Figure 2 A and B represent HR and perceived exertion responses to exercise at 30 and 60-min of exercise. Data collected at rest were unreliable due to extreme shivering in the cold trials and were therefore excluded from the analysis. All 60-min HR exceeded 30-min values (P < 0.05). HR for Temp HYP at 30-min was higher than for Temp EUH and Cold HYP. Both Temp HYP and Cold HYP were higher than Temp EUH (~5 b/min, P>0.05) and Cold EUH (~11 b/min, P<0.05) at 60-min. RPE increased over time with no differences among trials (60-min > 30-min, P<0.05). Tre increased significantly over time in all trials (Figure 3A). At rest, Tre was higher in both Cold compared to Temp trials due to rigorous shivering. No differences among trials were seen at 30-min, but Temp HYP
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11was higher than Cold EUH (0.4°C, P<0.05) and Temp EUH (0.3°C, P<0.05) at exercise cessation. Tsk was significantly lower in the Cold (Fig 3B) and was independent of hydration status. DISCUSSION This study determined the effects of hypohydration on endurance exercise performance in temperate and cold air. In accordance with our hypothesis, the principal finding of this study is that hypohydration by – 3% body mass impaired cycling time trial performance in a temperate, but not a cold, environment. In addition, we found that cold stress per se did not reduce performance. The % change in performance (EUH – HYP) within cold (-2.7 ± 4.9%) and temperate (-7.6 ± 5.9%) environments was statistically different (Figure 1). The 95% confidence limits were plotted about the mean to provide insight into the likely range of the true change value (Figure 1). These limits were also applied in the traditional sense to examine the importance of the change relative to an evidentiary standard other than zero (5, 14, 20). This standard is the zone of indifference selected a priori as any value within the typical noise of the performance measurement (i.e., 2.5% coefficient of variation) (5, 14). While the choice of 95% confidence limits for this integrated analytic approach is admittedly conservative (14, 15), the fact that the entire Temp confidence interval lies outside this zone (Figure 1) strongly supports the conclusion that the performance impairment due to hypohydration in temperate environments is both statistically significant and of practical importance (5, 14, 20). No statistical difference in
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12performance was observed between EUH and HYP in cold air, but since half of the Cold interval lies outside the zone of indifference, the meaning of this effect is ambiguous at best (5, 14, 20). The preservation of endurance performance in cold air when hypohydrated may be explained by differences in cardiovascular and oxygen uptake dynamics. Although the present experiment was not designed to assess the mechanisms behind performance changes, reasonable explanations can be gleaned from our observations when combined with the work of others. For example, Gonzalez-Alonso et al. (9 – 11) demonstrated that tachycardia (via hyperthermia) and hypovolemia explain most of the reduction in cardiac output between EUH and HYP in hot environments, with similar effects of lesser magnitude in the cold (9). In addition, hypovolemia reduces VO2max and endurance capacity even in the presence of normothermia and cool skin (22). It is conceivable that hypovolemia and a higher Tre (~0.30°C) and HR (~5 b/min) in Temp HYP (Figure 2A) reduced stroke volume, cardiac output, and oxygen uptake enough to reduce performance (253 kJ) relative to Temp EUH (273 kJ) despite similar efforts (Figure 2B). However, the preservation of performance in Cold HYP (270 kJ) vs. Cold EUH (277 kJ) occurred with similar Tre differences and a larger HR disparity (11 b/min) between HYP and EUH (Figure 2A). It therefore remains possible that cold skin in Cold HYP (Fig 3B) maintained a larger central blood volume and better preserved stroke volume and cardiac output (9, 17, 19, 22, 29). Similar Tre and HR at exhaustion between Cold HYP and Temp HYP also seem to support this conclusion since
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13performance in Temp HYP, but not Cold HYP, was less than Cold and Temp EUH (Table 1). The finding that cold stress per se did not reduce performance (Temp EUH vs. Cold EUH) (Table 1) is in opposition to others (1, 7, 25), but comparisons are made difficult by several methodological factors. For example, Galloway and Maughan (7) found that time to fatigue at 4°C was reduced compared with 11°C, but no different from 20°C, or improved relative to 31°C. Patton and Vogel (25) compared -20°C and 20°C, but wearing heavily insulated clothing at -20°C limits the interpretation of reduced performance at the latter temperature. Both of these studies and that of Adolph and Molnar (1) also used open-ended endurance exercise tasks. Adolph and Molnar (1) suggested that the most important predictor of performance in the cold using this kind of task was exposure time and cold tolerance. Indeed, Cabanac and Leblanc (2) demonstrated that simultaneous exposure to cold and exercise fatigue produces a sensory conflict resolved by compromise toward the least displeasing input signal, but others (7, 25) implicate local muscle effects for accelerated fatigue under similar circumstances. Exposure time in this experiment was fixed, which may have alleviated motivation issues related to cold tolerance. Post-experiment interviews even suggest that total work in Cold EUH and Cold HYP may have actually been augmented by cold avoidance (2). It is inconclusive whether using time to exhaustion, rather than a time trial, would (1, 25), or would not (7) have altered the performance outcomes observed herein between 2°C and 20°C.
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14We conclude that moderate hypohydration impairs endurance performance in temperate, but not cold, air. Cold stress per se had no effect. Application of these findings to competitive endurance exercise contested in environments similar to those described herein is logical (13, 14), but tentative given the subject population tested. These findings are nonetheless of phenomenological importance. Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank Carrie Vernieuw, Lou Stephenson, Scott Robinson, Lenny Elliott, Walida Leammukda, Leslie Levine, Kaye Brownlee, Laurie Bronson, Lenny Souza, Eric Lammi, Mike Durkot, and Erik Lloyd for expert technical assistance. The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the authors and should not to be construed as official or reflecting the views of the Army or the Department of Defense. Approved for public release: distribution is unlimited.
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15REFERENCES 1. Adolph, E. F, and G. W. Molnar. Exchange of heat and tolerances to cold in men exposed to outdoor weather. Am. J. Physiol. 146: 507-537, 1946. 2. Cabanac, M. and J. Leblanc. Physiological conflict in humans: fatigue vs. cold discomfort. Am. J. Physiol. 244: R621-628, 1983. 3. Cheuvront, S.N., Carter, III, R., Montain, S.J., and Sawka, M.N. Daily body mass variability and stability in active men undergoing exercise-heat stress. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 14: 532-540, 2004. 4. Cheuvront, S.N., R. Carter III, and M.N. Sawka. Fluid balance and endurance exercise performance. Cur. Sports Med. Reports. 2: 202-208, 2003. 5. Ebbutt, A.F., and L. Frith. Practical issues in equivalence trials. Stat. Med., 17: 1691-1701, 1998. 6. Freund, B.J., and M.N. Sawka. Influence of cold stress on human fluid balance. In: Nutrient Requirements for Work in Cold and High Altitudes, edited by B.M. Marriott. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Sci., 1995, p. 161-180. 7. Galloway, S.D. and R.J. Maughan. Effects of ambient temperature on the capacity to perform prolonged cycle exercise in man. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 29: 1240-1249, 1997. 8. Gleser, M.A. and J.A. Vogel. Endurance exercise: effect of work-rest schedules and repeated testing. J. Appl. Physiol. 31: 735-739, 1971. 9. Gonzalez-Alonso, J., R. Mora-Rodrigueuz, and E.F. Coyle. Stroke volume during exercise: interaction of environment and hydration. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 278: H321-H330, 2000. 10. Gonzalez-Alonso, J., R. Mora-Rodrigueuz, and E.F. Coyle. Supine exercise restores arterial blood pressure and skin blood flow despite dehydration and hyperthermia. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 277: H576-H583, 1999. 11. Gonzalez-Alonso, J., R. Mora-Rodrigueuz, P.R. Below, and E.F. Coyle. Dehydration markedly impairs cardiovascular function in hyperthermic endurance athletes during exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 82: 1229-1236, 1997. 12. Hopkins, W.G., J.A. Hawley, and L.M. Burke. Design and analysis of research on sport performance enhancement. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 31: 472-485, 1999.
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Impact of extracorporeal shock wave therapy in the treatment of chronic lateral epicondylitis
; ; et al
in Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine (2012, September), 37(5 - Suppl 1), 263
Background and aim: radial shock wave therapy (RSWT) is a relatively new way to treat chronic tendinopathies, such as lateral epicondylitis. However, very few studies have been realized on this subject ... [more ▼]
Background and aim: radial shock wave therapy (RSWT) is a relatively new way to treat chronic tendinopathies, such as lateral epicondylitis. However, very few studies have been realized on this subject, and the results are very divergent. We aimed to observe the impact of this technique on chronic lateral elbow pain. Method: fifteen subjects who had a lateral epicondylitis for at least 3 months were included in the study. Two groups were formed: experimental (10 subjects) who received 6 sessions of physiotherapy and RSWT, and the control group (5 subjects) who received exclusively physiotherapy. Physiotherapy sessions were composed of massage, stretching, diacutaneous fibrolysis, and a muscular eccentric program of the wrist extensor muscles. We evaluated the subjects before the first session, and after 6 weeks of treatment with a pain visual analog scale (VAS), the painless wrist flexion amplitude, ant the "Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation" (PRTEE) questionnaire. Results: the difference between initial and final evaluations was significant (regarding to the wilcoxon test) for all of the parameters studied (p=0,028 for the VAS, p=0,005 for the wrist flexion amplitude, and p=0,005 for the PRTEE) in the experimental group. It wasn't significant in the control group (VAS p=0,144128, wrist flexion amplitude p=0,079617, and PRTEE p=0,067890). The comparison between the two groups was not significant, neither in the beginning, nor in the end of the treatment (regarding to the Umann and Whitney test) Conclusions: RSWT associated to physiotherapy is a more effective treatment for lateral epicondylitis than physiotherapy alone. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 179 (18 ULg)
Impact of extraction procedures on the chemical, rheological and textural properties of ulvan from Ulva lactuca of Tunisia coast
; ; et al
in Food Hydrocolloids (2014), (40), 53-63
The impact of the extraction conditions has been studied on the yield, chemical composition, rheological and textural properties of ulvan from the green seaweed Ulva lactuca. High ulvan yield was obtained ... [more ▼]
The impact of the extraction conditions has been studied on the yield, chemical composition, rheological and textural properties of ulvan from the green seaweed Ulva lactuca. High ulvan yield was obtained after combining enzymatic and chemical extraction but the lowest yield results at the drastic conditions (pH 1.5 and 90 C). Besides, solvent acidity was an important parameter controlling the ulvan extraction efficiency. The different extraction processes affected chemical composition of ulvan extracts and in particular, sulphate, ash and sugar contents. Low proportions of galactose, glucose and protein were also found in sulphated polysaccharides. The extract, which is resulted from combined enzymatic and chemical extraction, was mainly composed of high peak molecular weight polysaccharides. Ulvan hy-drocolloids demonstrated a pseudoplastic behavior. Viscoelastic behavior was carried out at a concen-tration of 1.6% (w/v) in the presence of 7 mM sodium tetraborate and at pH 7.5. However, polysaccharides formed a gel. It was not the case for the extract at pH 1.5 and 90 C under the same conditions. The results showed that a significant effect of the conditions of extraction on the textural characteristic (firmness, springiness and adhesiveness) of ulvan gels. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 49 (10 ULg)
The impact of factors related to retirement on cognitive functioning
Grotz, Catherine ; Adam, Stéphane ; et al
Conference (2015, October 15)
The impact of financial disclosure on the information asymmetry and the liquidity of French listed companies
Ajina, Aymen
Conference (2011, May)
This paper examines the relationship between the extent of financial disclosure, information asymmetry and stock-market liquidity in France. Based on a sample of 196 French listed firms over a period from ... [more ▼]
This paper examines the relationship between the extent of financial disclosure, information asymmetry and stock-market liquidity in France. Based on a sample of 196 French listed firms over a period from 2004 to 2007, we find that there is a positive and statistically significant relationship between the extent of information displayed through annual reports and market liquidity. This is explained by the negative effect of the disclosure on the adverse selection component of the bid-ask spread. This effect is confirmed by the commitment to IFRS by French-listed firms since 2005. This result should encourage French authorities to enhance their informational environment as a means to reduce information asymmetry and to prevent the risk of illiquidity. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 70 (10 ULg)
Impact of flexibility practices and changes in work environments on worker well-being
Hansez, Isabelle ; De Keyser, Véronique ; et al
in Sinangil, H.; Avallone, F.; Caetano, A. (Eds.) Convivence in organizations and society (2005)Detailed reference viewed: 15 (0 ULg)
Impact of flexibility practices and changes in work environments on worker well-being.
Hansez, Isabelle ; De Keyser, Véronique ; et al
Conference (2005, May 15)Detailed reference viewed: 10 (1 ULg)
Impact of follicular G-CSF quantification on subsequent embryo transfer decisions: a proof of concept study.
; Gridelet, Virginie ; RAVET, Stéphanie et al
in Human Reproduction (2013), 28(2), 406-13
BACKGROUND: Previous experiments have shown that granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), quantified in the follicular fluid (FF) of individual oocytes, correlates with the potential for an ongoing ... [more ▼]
BACKGROUND: Previous experiments have shown that granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), quantified in the follicular fluid (FF) of individual oocytes, correlates with the potential for an ongoing pregnancy of the corresponding fertilized oocytes among selected transferred embryos. Here we present a proof of concept study aimed at evaluating the impact of including FF G-CSF quantification in the embryo transfer decisions. METHODS: FF G-CSF was quantified with the Luminex XMap technology in 523 individual FF samples corresponding to 116 fresh transferred embryos, 275 frozen embryos and 131 destroyed embryos from 78 patients undergoing ICSI. RESULTS: Follicular G-CSF was highly predictive of subsequent implantation. The receiving operator characteristics curve methodology showed its higher discriminatory power to predict ongoing pregnancy in multivariate logistic regression analysis for FF G-CSF compared with embryo morphology [0.77 (0.69-0.83), P < 0.001 versus 0.66 (0.58-0.73), P = 0.01)]. Embryos were classified by their FF G-CSF concentration: Class I over 30 pg/ml (a highest positive predictive value for implantation), Class II from 30 to 18.4 pg/ml and Class III <18.4 pg/ml (a highest negative predictive value). Embryos derived from Class I follicles had a significantly higher implantation rate (IR) than those from Class II and III follicles (36 versus 16.6 and 6%, P < 0.001). Embryos derived from Class I follicles with an optimal morphology reached an IR of 54%. Frozen-thawed embryos transfer derived from Class I follicles had an IR of 37% significantly higher than those from Class II and III follicles, respectively, of 8 and 5% (P < 0.001). Thirty-five per cent of the frozen embryos but also 10% of the destroyed embryos were derived from G-CSF Class I follicles. Non-optimal embryos appear to have been transferred in 28% (22/78) of the women, and their pregnancy rate was significantly lower than that of women who received at least one optimal embryo (18 versus 36%, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Monitoring FF G-CSF for the selection of embryos with a better potential for pregnancy might improve the effectiveness of IVF by reducing the time and cost required for obtaining a pregnancy. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 62 (8 ULg)
Impact of forage legumes on nutritive value and growth performance in pigs reared in traditional farming systems in tropical Africa
Kambashi Mutiaka, Bienvenu ; ; et al
in Book of Abstracts (2015)
Forage legumes (FL) are used in tropical countries to feed pigs, either by reducing allowance of well-balanced diets and supplementing with FL or by incorporating FL in unbalanced fibre-rich diets. The ... [more ▼]
Forage legumes (FL) are used in tropical countries to feed pigs, either by reducing allowance of well-balanced diets and supplementing with FL or by incorporating FL in unbalanced fibre-rich diets. The impact of both strategies on animal and economical performances was studied in 2 growth experiments. In Exp. 1, 4 groups of 8 growing pigs (25.5 +- 4.2 kg) were fed under one of 4 dietary treatment: a well-balanced diet (CONTROL) ad libitum or 80% of the ad libitum level of CONTROL + ad libitum freshly cut foliage of one of 3 FL species (Vigna unguiculata, Stylosanthes guinanensis, or Psophocarpens scandens). Similarly, in Exp. 2, 4 groups of 6 pigs (22.6 +- 3.7 kg) were fed one of 4 experimental diets: the well-balanced diet (CONTROL), an unbalanced traditional diet rich in fibre and made of bran, brewers grain, and corn (TRAD) or 80% TRAD diet supplemented with 20% of one of 2 FL hays (V. unguiculata or S. guinanensis). Animals were regularly weighed and feed intake was monitored. After 90d, animals were slaughtered and carcass composition and economic traits were recorded to calculate production costs and economical value. In addition, nutritive value of the FL and the diets was assessed by means of an in vitro model of the pig digestive tract combining an enzymatic hydrolysis to a fermentation with a fecal inoculum. Results indicate that pigs fed diets with FL (Exp.1) and TRAD with and without FL (Exp.2) had reduced ADG, final live and carcass weights (P<0.05) compared to CONTROL pigs. Surprisingly , dry matter intake (DMI) was also reduced by 10% with those diets compared to CONTROL (P<0.001) in both experiments. In Exp. 1, FCR and carcass dressing were not affected by the 20% reduction in CONTROL diet and supplementation with fresh FL, while in Exp. 2 those parameters were negatively affected in TRAD with and without FL compared to CONTROL pigs. In vitro data showed that differences in nutritive values explained most differences in growth performances and carcass traits, but not the decrease in intake, since passage rate and voluntary intake are not taken into account in the in vitro model. Economical assessment showed that fresh foliage of FL could increase incomes, as long as their production costs remain marginal, but the incorporation of FL hays could not improve economical performances in pigs fed traditional unbalanced fibre-rich diets. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 22 (8 ULg)
Impact of forest transition on non-timber forest products in Centrak Africa
Gillet, Pauline ; Vermeulen, Cédric ;
Conference (2015, September)
The objective of the study is to evaluate the impact of deforestation on non-timber forest products (NTFPs) harvest in Central Africa. The most common vegetal NTFPs are fruits, barks and leaves used as ... [more ▼]
The objective of the study is to evaluate the impact of deforestation on non-timber forest products (NTFPs) harvest in Central Africa. The most common vegetal NTFPs are fruits, barks and leaves used as complements to the staple food (cassava or plantain). Animal NTFPs such as caterpillars, worms and bush meat represent a major source of animal protein in the villagers' diet. We analyzed the evolution of several parameters including NTFPs diversity, distance to the road, changes in land tenure rules, proportion in the alimentary bolus and in the villagers' incomes. The research is based on field surveys, participatory mapping and geolocation of activities held in 8 villages. Three study sites are located at different stages on Mather's forest transition curve (Mather, 1992). This curve shows the relationship between forest cover and population density. The sites represent the situations: (i) important cover of intact forest, (ii) forest partially degraded and under pressure of conversion to other land uses and (iii) small surfaces of degraded forest with a trend of plantation of useful trees on deforested land. Results show a reduction in NTFPs diversity along with the increase of deforestation. The maximum distance of collection sites to the road increases between the first and the second study site, as a consequence of the decrease in the quantity of NTFPs available. This distance decreases significantly in the third study site due to the contraction of villages' terroir. The diversity of bush meat decreases while the hunting bag evolves from big to small species along with the forest transition. Land tenure rules to access and extract NTFPs become stricter. As a consequence, the proportion of these products reduces in the alimentary bolus and in the family cash income. This analysis establishes a strong link between Mather's forest transition curve and the decline of the importance of NTFPs in the village production and livelihoods systems [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 17 (0 ULg)
Impact of formic/acetic acid and ammonia pre-treatments on chemical structure and physico-chemical properties of Miscanthus x giganteus lignins
Vanderghem, Caroline ; Richel, Aurore ; Jacquet, Nicolas et al
in Polymer Degradation & Stability (2011), 96(10), 1761-1770
Miscanthus x giganteus was treated with formic acid/acetic acid/water (30/50/20 v/v) for 3 h at 107 C and 80° C, and soaking in aqueous ammonia (25% w/w) for 6 h at 60 C. The effects of these ... [more ▼]
Miscanthus x giganteus was treated with formic acid/acetic acid/water (30/50/20 v/v) for 3 h at 107 C and 80° C, and soaking in aqueous ammonia (25% w/w) for 6 h at 60 C. The effects of these fractionation processes on chemical structure, physico-chemical properties and antioxidant activity of extracted lignins were investigated. Lignins were characterized by their purity, carbohydrate composition, thermal stability, molecular weight and by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H and quantitative 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), adiabatic broadband {13C-1H} 2D heteronuclear (multiplicity edited) single quantum coherence (g-HSQCAD). The radical scavenging activity towards 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was also investigated. Formic/acetic acid pretreatment performed in milder conditions (80° C for 3 h) gave a delignification percentage of 44.7% and soaking in aqueous ammonia 36.3%. Formic/acetic acid pretreatment performed in harsh conditions (107°C for 3 h) was more effective for extensive delignification (86.5%) and delivered the most pure lignin (80%). The three lignin fractions contained carbohydrate in different extent: 3% for the lignin obtained after the formic/acetic acid pretreatment performed at 107 C (FAL-107), 5.8% for the formic/acetic acid performed at 80°C (FAL-80) and 13.7% for the ammonia lignin (AL). The acid pretreatment in harsh conditions (FAL-107) resulted in cleavage of b-O-4' bonds and aromatic C-C. Repolymerisation was thought to originate from formation of new aromatic C-O linkages. Under milder conditions (FAL-80) less b-O-4' linkages were broken and repolymerisation took place to a lesser extent. Ammonia lignin was not degraded to a significant extent and resulted in the highest weight average 3140 g mol -1. Despite the fact of FAL-107 repolymerisation, significant phenolic hydroxyls remained free, explaining the greater antioxidant activity. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 111 (68 ULg)
Impact of freezing and thawing processes on wheat and potato starch gel syneresis
; Doran, Lynn ; Malumba Kamba, Paul et al
in Stärke = Starch (2013), 65
With the globalization of the market, food industries need to adapt their processes to establish their presence in far away countries. Long transports are problematic for fresh food products as they ... [more ▼]
With the globalization of the market, food industries need to adapt their processes to establish their presence in far away countries. Long transports are problematic for fresh food products as they drastically reduce the already short shelf life. To counter this problem, the idea to freeze food for ransport and thaw it on arrival could be an alternative solution to propose an acceptable shelf life to the consumer. This brings new challenges as although freezing is thoroughly mastered, thawing is not. The main visible alteration of thawing is a water syneresis phenomenon leaving the product unfit for consumption. Indeed, water affects foods at several levels such as safety, stability, quality, and physical properties [1]. To investigate this problem, starch, a common polymer encountered in a wide variety of food, seemed to be a good model in gel form considering the three main food complexity dimensions which are: compositional, structural, and dynamical complexity [2, 3]. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 25 (10 ULg)
Impact of future Greenland deglaciation on global weathering fluxes and atmospheric CO2
Munhoven, Guy ; ; et al
Conference (2007)
About 1.76×10^6 km2 of Greenland are currently covered by ice. It is expected that this large ice mass will melt away over the next 3000 years if anthropogenic CO2 emissions continue to rise (Alley et al ... [more ▼]
About 1.76×10^6 km2 of Greenland are currently covered by ice. It is expected that this large ice mass will melt away over the next 3000 years if anthropogenic CO2 emissions continue to rise (Alley et al., 2006). As a result, the bedrock currently covered by ice will lie free and become subject to chemical weathering. The resulting weathering fluxes will contribute to increase both the consumption rate of atmospheric CO2 and the production rate of riverine bicarbonate. Increasing these two fluxes will tend to decrease the atmospheric CO2 partial pressure, as a result of the modified ocean-atmosphere carbon cycle. Chemical weathering may thus possibly act as a negative feedback in the Greenhouse World. Other changes (e.g., vegetation cover and additional climate change) concomitant with the melting of the Greenland ice-sheet may either amplify or dampen, if not reverse the weathering effect. Here we use the intermediate complexity Earth System model CLIMBER-2 to quantify and analyse the weathering flux changes that result from the projected melting of the Greenland ice sheet and the implications for atmospheric CO2. The biogeochemical module of CLIMBER-2 has been extended to account for the consumption of atmospheric CO2 and the production of riverine bicarbonate by continental weathering processes, as a function of geographically distributed runoff (interactively provided by the CLIMBER-2 climate module) and lithology (derived from Amiotte Suchet et al., 2003). We find that the increased weathering processes alone would lead to a sustained 0.2 ppm/kyr decrease in atmospheric pCO2. The climate change resulting from the deglaciation of Greenland reduces the magnitude of this trend to 0.1 ppm/kyr. Only in the case where the effect of freshly comminuted bedrock is taken into account (Clark et al., 2006) does the weathering feedback help to reduce atmospheric pCO2 by about 10 ppm in 5000 years. Alley R.B. et al. (2005) Science 310, 456–460. Amiotte Suchet P. et al. (2003) Global Biogeochemical Cycles 17, 1139, doi:10.1029/2002GB001891. Clark P.U. et al. (2006) Quaternary Science Reviews 25, 3150–3184. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 55 (1 ULg)
Impact of gender difference in hospital outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention. Results of the Belgian Working Group on Interventional Cardiology (BWGIC) registry
LEMPEREUR, Mathieu ; ; et al
in EuroIntervention : Journal of EuroPCR in Collaboration with the Working Group on Interventional Cardiology of the European Society of Cardiology (2014)
Aims: To determine whether there are gender-based differences in in-hospital outcomes among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods and results: We studied a large cohort ... [more ▼]
Aims: To determine whether there are gender-based differences in in-hospital outcomes among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods and results: We studied a large cohort using clinical data from a registry of 130,985 PCI procedures in Belgium, from January 2006 to February 2011. Compared to males, females were significantly older (70.3 vs. 64.8 years), and were more frequently diabetic or hypertensive. Men smoked more and more frequently had previous myocardial infarction (MI), previous PCI or previous coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Coronary artery disease (CAD) was less severe in women, and PCI to the left anterior descending artery was more common in female patients. Unadjusted in-hospital mortality rates were higher in females versus males (2.5% for women and 1.6% for men, p<0.0001). After multivariable analysis, female gender remained an independent predictor of mortality (odds ratio 1.35, 95% CI: 1.22-1.49, p<0.0001). Conclusions: Gender-based differences in hospital mortality rates after PCI were observed in this large registry. Female sex remained an independent predictor of mortality after multivariable adjustment. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 39 (6 ULg)
Impact of general processing capacities on complex language processing in French SLI children
Leclercq, Anne-Lise ; ; Maillart, Christelle
Poster (2009, June 05)Detailed reference viewed: 119 (25 ULg)
Impact of genetic and environmental factors on development of atopy and allergic diseases.
Gusareva, Elena
Doctoral thesis (2009)Detailed reference viewed: 4 (1 ULg)
Impact of geomagnetic activity on high precision GNSS positioning. Galileo GALOCAD project
Warnant, René ; ; et al
Conference (2006)Detailed reference viewed: 18 (0 ULg)
Impact of geometry and viewing angle on classification accuracy of 2D based analysis of dysmorphic faces
; Maus, Bärbel ; et al
in European Journal of Medical Genetics (2008), 51(1), 44-53
Digital image analysis of faces has been demonstrated to be effective in a small number of syndromes. In this paper we investigate several aspects that help bringing these methods closer to clinical ... [more ▼]
Digital image analysis of faces has been demonstrated to be effective in a small number of syndromes. In this paper we investigate several aspects that help bringing these methods closer to clinical application. First, we investigate the impact of increasing the number of syndromes from 10 to 14 as compared to an earlier study. Second, we include a side-view pose into the analysis and third, we scrutinize the effect of geometry information. Picture analysis uses a Gabor wavelet transform, standardization of landmark coordinates and subsequent statistical analysis. We can demonstrate that classification accuracy drops from 76% for 10 syndromes to 70% for 14 syndromes for frontal images. Including side-views achieves an accuracy of 76% again. Geometry performs excellently with 85% for combined poses. Combination of wavelets and geometry for both poses increases accuracy to 93%. In conclusion, a larger number of syndromes can be handled effectively by means of image analysis. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 16 (0 ULg)
Impact of germline AIP mutations on tumor characteristics and Management in young acromegalic patients : results of an age-and tumor diameter matched cohort study
; ; Daly, Adrian et al
in Abstract book - Endo 2011 (2011)Detailed reference viewed: 17 (5 ULg)
Impact of global climate change and desertification on the environment and society in Southern Centre of Vietnam (a case study in Binh Thuan province). Climate today and tomorrow: state of play and perception.
Ozer, Pierre
Report (2012)
The Province of Binh Thuan is the driest area of Vietnam. It is felt as being affected by desertification processes that are mainly resulting from the ongoing "climate change", especially shortening ... [more ▼]
The Province of Binh Thuan is the driest area of Vietnam. It is felt as being affected by desertification processes that are mainly resulting from the ongoing "climate change", especially shortening rainfall. But has climate, and especially precipitations, really changed in recent years? Or is the recent increase of agricultural activities with higher water needs may explain such perception of a changing climate? In the collection of four papers presented hereafter, we try to answer to these questions. Yet, the first paper investigates recent trends in precipitation and temperatures using daily data from the weather station of Phan Thiet. It appears that the area did not experience any significant precipitation decrease (rainfall have, at the contrary, globally increased) but a very significant increase in temperature. The second paper focuses on future climate projections (that is 2046-2065 and 2081-2100 compared to historical data 1970-1999). It shows that the Province of Binh Thuan will face an increase of mean temperature of about 1.6°C (over 2046-2065) and 2.5°C (over 2081-2100) and an increase of extreme temperatures and extreme rainfall events. However, no significant changes about the evolution of the annual amount of precipitation were found. It also indicates that the dry season is likely to be longer in 2046-2065 owing to a delay in the onset of the rainy season (up to 15 days) accompanied by an earlier end of the rainy season (up to 30 days). The third paper explores recent land use and land cover changes in the Province of Binh Thuan. Comparisons of the land cover maps reveal that a steady growth in population has caused extensive changes of land cover throughout the area. The maps also indicate that the loss of woody land (forest) and the extension of irrigated area, combined with built-up encroachment, remains one of the most serious environmental problems today. Yet, results showed over the 12-year span, approximately 115,120 ha of forests were converted respectively to brush, irrigated area, cropland and built-up. This is an overall average decrease of approximately 9,594 ha of forested area per year. Based on the identified causes of these changes, we made policy recommendations for better management of land use and land cover. Such results show that water needs are always increasing due to the extension of irrigated areas. The last paper concludes with a case study of a fishing village disappearing as a result of shoreline erosion. It shows that the term "climate change" is misused probably because it is easier to blame a global issue rather than the local mismanagement of natural resources, the lack of land use planning and the nonexistence of policies focused on natural hazard management in the uncontrolled construction the seaside resort of Mui Ne. This reflexion about the wrong perception of climate change which may cause several economic problems could be extended to water availability which may not be sufficient to support recent developments of irrigated agriculture. Understanding current problems may help developing adaptation strategies in the next decades. Further research is needed to understand such perception of climate change, especially when knowing that future climate may be really affected by an increase of extreme rainfall events and an extended dry season. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 197 (6 ULg)
Impact of global left ventricular afterload on left ventricular function in asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis: a two-dimensional speckle-tracking study.
Lancellotti, Patrizio ; ; Magne, Julien et al
in European Journal of Echocardiography (2010), 11(6), 537-543
Aims: The present study sought to assess the effect of global left ventricular (LV) afterload on LV myocardial systolic function in patients with aortic stenosis (AS) and preserved LV ejection fraction ... [more ▼]
Aims: The present study sought to assess the effect of global left ventricular (LV) afterload on LV myocardial systolic function in patients with aortic stenosis (AS) and preserved LV ejection fraction. <br />Methods and results: We prospectively examined the LV myocardial deformation (i.e. longitudinal, radial, and circumferential) by two-dimensional speckle tracking in 173 patients with asymptomatic severe AS. Thirty-eight patients (22%) had lowflow as determined by a low stroke volume index (35 mL/m2). By multivariable analysis, four variables emerged as independently associated with low-flow AS: peak Ea velocity (P 1⁄4 0.01), left atrial area index (P 1⁄4 0.017), global LV afterload (P 1⁄4 0.024), and circumferential myocardial deformation (P 1⁄4 0.04). Forty-nine patients (28%) had an increased global LV afterload (5 mmHg mL/m2). Systemic arterial compliance (P 1⁄4 0.001), circumferential myocardial deformation (P 1⁄4 0.024), and left atrial area index (P 1⁄4 0.04) were independently associated with increased global LV load in multivariable analysis. <br />Conclusion: In asymptomatic patients with severe AS, LV ejection fraction markedly underestimates the extent of myocardial sys- tolic impairment. Intrinsic myocardial dysfunction is particularly common in patients with increased global LV after- load, and especially in the subset of patients with low-flow AS. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 35 (7 ULg)


text: POPSUGAR Celebrity Kellan Lutz Pictures of Kellan and the Dogs by Celebrity 7/15/10 0 Shares Like us on Facebook Sign up for our daily newsletter > Follow us on Pinterest Previous Photo 1 of 11 View on One Page ADVERTISEMENT ( more slides) Next Share This Link Copy 1 Pictures of Kellan and the Dogs Previous Photo 1 of 11 View on One Page ADVERTISEMENT ( more slides) Next Read More Kellan LutzCelebrity Pets Celebrity Pets Lady Gaga and Taylor Kinney Touch Down in NYC With Their Adorable Pup Meet LouAnn, the Newest Member of Reese Witherspoon's Family Kaley Cuoco's First Postsplit Instagram Snap May Surprise You Miley Cyrus's Dogs Are Having a Better Halloween Season Than You Kellan Lutz Kellan Lutz Finds Time to Work Out Even on a Cliff in Sydney 14 Celebs Who Can't Contain Their Muscles Kellan Lutz Gets Serious About His Acting The Weekend's Must-See Snaps POPSUGAR, the #1 independent media and technology company for women. Where more than 75 million women go for original, inspirational content that feeds their passions and interests. Be in the Know With OurCelebrity and Entertainment Newsletter Personalize TV A-Listers Young Hollywood Movies Sign up with facebook or By signing up, I agree to the Terms and to receive emails from POPSUGAR.


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Tutti Frutti in Port Jefferson Station is a business which objected employing me due to my skin disease, eczema. Eczema is a non-contagious disease which produces red spots on my arms and neck.
After finishing my first day on the job, I was called over to speak with my manager. I was then informed that I would no longer be able to work at Tutti Frutti due to my eczema. I was appalled at this news, but tried to find another solution, asking if I could wear long-sleeves to hide my condition. I explained my disease in-depth: seasonal, non-contagious, and sterile, thus it couldn't impact any working conditions. I was then told long-sleeves wouldn't be an acceptable alternative. The manager encouraged me to return in the Summer - when my skin is clear. This is unacceptable and blatant form of discrimination, based on my skin condition.
No form of discrimination is acceptable. My objective is to spread awareness through this petition, and as a result, expose the discrimatory business that is Tutti Frutti.


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Can The Stock Market Keep Its Momentum Throughout '13 0 commentsFeb 14, 2013 8:42 PM
During 2012, the stock market recovered handsomely from the effects of the usual demons - euro crisis, high oil prices, low oil prices, occupy Wall Street and political uncertainty. After a long downward slide between the first quarter and the third quarter, each of the major indexes rallied to finish the year near their first quarter highs. On the final session of the year, stocks posted a triple digit gain enabling the Dow Jones Industrial Average to post a 7.3% gain for the year.
On January 2, stocks jump-started 2013 with another triple digit rally of nearly 2.5% to bring the Dow within 5% off its all-time closing high (the Dow Jones Average all-time high is 14,164.53 posted October 9, 2007). The broader Standard & Poor's Index of 500 stocks out-paced the DJIA during 2012; however, the index remains nearly 7% from its peak. From a psychological perspective, the stock market still has a long way to go to overcome the damage caused by the 2008-09 bear market. Meanwhile, the U.S. economy continues to recover at a dilatory pace.
In 2013, investors can be more comfortable with the devils we know, perhaps because they are not getting worse. Besides the situation in Greece, most economic issues are pretty much the same as they were during the market corrections in the last two years. As per the Federal Reserve, we can continue to expect ultra-low interest rates and an ongoing flood of money from the government to prod consumer spending. Interest rates have dropped steadily throughout the last four years to historically low levels. Currently, the yield on the 10-year Treasury bond (often used as the benchmark for money market funds) sits below 2%.
After having endured a decade long roller coaster ride to inkle together modest returns, stock market investors recently faced a battery of assaults aimed at Wall Street and corporate America. The denigration of U.S corporations not only hurts investors, it hurts the country…..because if there isn't a strong and growing corporate America with profitable companies, there will be companies from another country that will happily fill that role.Themes: Stock Market, Fixed Income, Dividends, PIMCO, Bonds, Dollar Cost AveragingBack To ionBonds.blogspot.com's Instablog HomePage »
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Chain-Out Disc Golf Club
Club News
Mike Kemp 5 days ago
Thank You!
Big thank you to everyone who came out to play!!!! We hope you all had a great time and appreciate turnout. This was a fundraiser event and will help with overall course improvement. Thanks to Nick Simon again and Lumberjack discs and as always our primary sponsor Wright Way Carpet in Ionia. See you all out at the putting league Nov 7th!
Mike Kemp October 2 at 6:58am
Dubs this Sunday!
We've had a number of people inquire about wanting to play but not having a partner. IF THIS IS YOU, come out Sunday morning and get registered. We'll help you find a partner! Looking forward to seeing you all out at Bertha Brock on Sunday!
Mike Kemp September 23 at 2:45pm
BB Dubs!!!
Bertha Brock Doubles is less than two weeks away! Bring your own partner! Free coffee and donuts in the A.M. And free LUNCH! Get signed up today!!!
Mike Kemp August 30 at 7:16pm
Registration ends Tuesday!!! That's 2 days away. Get signed up now. Click on the register online button to get started.
Registration closes tonight at 11:59pm. This is your absolute last chance to get in on the fun!!!!! We are ordering player packs tomorrow.
Mike Kemp August 25 at 8:25pm
Ace Race
Registration ends September 1st! If you haven't paid or know someone else who hasn't paid. Do so now so you don't miss out!!
Mike Kemp August 17 at 7:40am
Summer League
Big thanks to everyone who played in the summer league/bag tag challenge this year! Thank you to everyone who put in time with course maintenance, it really makes a difference. Another big thanks to Dean for allowing us to play out at Buck Creek as well. Hope you all had a blast as we did and looking forward to seeing you all at Chain-Out Doubles, Putt for Dough and most importantly next year for leagues again.
I would like to thank Christina, Robert, Brandon, and Mike for all the time they put into the Chain-Out Club and the league this summer. You guys are very giving and are most definitely growing the sport!! Great league party!!
It's all about having a good time and most definitely...Grow the sport!!!
Mike Kemp August 17 at 7:36am
Chain-Out Dubs!
Make sure you all get registered for Chain-Out Doubles! Oct 4th, B.Y.O.P best shot doubles. Free breakfast and lunch! The link to register is below.
Mike Kemp August 3 at 9:34pm
Ace Race
Only about a month left to get registered for the Ace Race! Make sure you pay in the scene to secure your package! See you all out there in September! http://www.discgolfscene.com/tournaments/2015_Discraft_Ace_Race_hosted_by_Chain_Out_DGC
Mike Kemp July 8 at 9:57am
Ace Race
Online registration is now up for the Ace Race at Lincoln Park in Charlotte. If you plan to attend make sure you sign up and pay to secure your players pack as this guarantees you get an Ace Race package. Pre-Registering does not secure an ace race package. Looking forward to seeing you all out there on September 13th!
Cristina Crosby June 24 at 8:54pm
Course Clean Up
We will be out on Saturday 10am to do some clean up on the course. Anyone welcome to come out and help out. Lunch on us! Leaf blower, weed whackers, rakes are needed.
Cristina Crosby March 24 at 11:00am
It's that time of year again...time to do some clean up and get the course ready for this season of leagues and tournaments. Robert will be out at the course every Saturday unless noted to work on the course. Anyone willing to help out would be greatly appreciated! Our first tourney will be on May 3rd with leagues starting soon after. Please stop in at the office for a waiver or you may come out to Wright Way and pick one up.
Cristina Crosby January 28, 2014 at 8:52am
Pro putting clinic with Luna!
Ever want to get tips from a pro? Come out to our putting clinic on Saturday Feb 1st and ask Luna! Best of all it's FREE! Limited capacity since this is an indoor clinic held at Wright Way in Ionia. If you'd like to attend please post in the talk section. Clinic will start at 6:30. Snacks provided but byob.


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Red Roof Plus+ Washington DC-Rockville
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
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- Free High-Speed Internet
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TripAdvisor Reviews Red Roof Plus+ Washington DC-Rockville
Travel Blogs from Rockville
D.C. Day 2
... and aquatic animals included) we headed out back to the Capital Mall and stopped at the Smithsonian Castle. After a quick look in there, we headed straight to the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum. As soon as we stepped inside I saw an almost endless amount of planes and rockets that I could easily identify with just one glance...I really liked space as a kid and still do, so many of the things in the museum were making me "nerd out" just a little bit. ...
Cities Are Not So Bad
... by the sight of the White House. We then made our way to the Washington Monument, the Lincoln Memorial, the WW II and Vietnam War Memorials and the National Archives. Most of the time we spent walking from place to place, but things of historical significance were fairly close together. And the one place that we spent the most time in was the National Archives. It was by far the most interesting stop that we had made ...
Wonderful Washington
... skies and warm sunshine. What a bonus (thanks Mr Seagull!). We have explored most of the city today and I must say it is definitely up there as one of my favourites. Everywhere is clean, bright and white and it is full of the most beautiful and meaningfull monuments. We even had time to pop into the American Museum of History. Probably sounds boring, but anywhere that has exhibits of American film stars (incl. James ...
10 MEMORABLE MOMENTS, cont...
... Thanks Gabrielle for introducing us to your local pub. And thanks Andrea for producing a most unforgettable celebration!! Lider Pub will from now on be remembered as Andrea's spot!!
Memorable Moment # 2 – U.S. v Germany and the Torrential Rain Trek
There is no doubt that the U.S. v Germany game was the most anticipated game in Recife. Back in December when we found out that the tickets we had for the last game ...
Three days in Washington DC
... pretty good.
So Friday the 11th (today) was our last day in DC. No surprise another busy day - today tired us out as we done a LOT of walking in the heat. We began the day with heading to the white house, the location of the white house is awesome situated in a lovely park. Seeing the white house was of course good - however we did not think it was as impressive as we may have thought. We both said Buckingham palace is a lot ...


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Sold at Saratoga by a pair of Camden residents, purchased by a Camden resident who then sent the newest member of his stable back home, Amberjack continues to flourish in his native New York.
Different uniforms, same old Sumter.
MANNING -- It was an all too familiar early-season story for Manning-Santee Post 68 on Thursday in its home opener.
Usually, the fruits of summer start out as seedlings in the spring.
What did the Kershaw County Post 17 Senior American Legion team get for being the nice guy last year? A final 4-12 record in its first and only season in League IV.
One line, plenty of waiting.
What better time of year to clean up things around the house than spring?
In the days and weeks following the passing of Jimmy Creed Jr. last October, Camden County Club head professional, Matt McCarley, racked his brain as to what would be the most fitting tribute to his close friend and one of the club's most popular members.
There was hardly a word said as to last fall's 2-8 campaign before, during or after Camden's spring football practice for the 2013 season.
Both the Camden and Lugoff-Elgin varsity football teams will conclude their spring practice sessions with scrimmages on Friday night and the public is invited to attend both contests.
When Freedom Child was declared a non-starter in the Wood Memorial on April 6, the 3-year-old's shot at the Kentucky Derby went by the boards.
It was as gentle a demotion --- if there is such a thing --- as anyone could expect to receive when they were presented with the bad news.
New classification. Same results.
LEXINGTON -- It was a daring move which, when completed, a coach is greeted either by a jubilant team or, an angry group of second-guessers.
SUMMERVILLE -- Summerville scored two runs off three hits in the bottom of the first inning and then held off the visiting Lugoff-Elgin for a 2-1 win in Tuesday's 4A District 8 softball tournament elimination game.
Page 40 of 90
Even though her team may have jumped into the driver's seat when it comes to the Region 4-AAA volleyball standings, Camden head coach Paige ...
When you have multiple teams sharing a pair of stadiums, as do football programs in Richland Districts 21 and 2, you are bound to have ...
It was a trade-off over which Jimmy Neal had no control.
Call it the Chicago voting style of ailments.
By TOM DIDATO
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Might be nice to get an old & relatively neglected line revamped (again) - but personally, i'd have preferred they did Threnal & fix the existing heroic level version at the same time.
Might be nice to get an old & relatively neglected line revamped (again) - but personally, i'd have preferred they did Threnal & fix the existing heroic level version at the same time.
I don't mean to come across as unsympathetic - but I am, so I do.
I, for one, look forward to new riveting gameplay in Epic Guard Duty.
If we don't go back to the beach, how can DDO officially jump the shark?
Read the OP but not much else, so maybe somebody already said this, maybe not...
I agree, if the quests are simply "epicified" as is (which seems likely IMO) it won't feel very epic; but 3BC has at least one thing going for it many more suitable packs don't: volume. Of all the heroic quest packs, I think Three Barrel has more quests in it than any other - except maybe Threnal, and I'll take Epic 3BC over Epic Coyle any day! Not saying that makes this a great choice, but they could've done worse.
Now excuse me while I wander off to arm myself with Grilled Cheese Sandwiches and hunker down behind my Armored Beer Refrigerator, while I have the UFO's take control of the Congresional Wives with the help of the International Cocaine Smugglers and the Evil Geniuses for a Better Tomorrow
The Divine Cuisinart: khopesh wielding pure tempest in divine crusader/Hassan's Assassin: 77 DC/dps/survivability focused halfling assassin/The Count of Monte Cristo: dps/CC/survivability focused pure swashbuckler/Dubbell O'Seven: casting/ranged focused WF artificer
Abandoned builds: Totally Bass Ackwards/Santa's Little Slayer
I adore 3 Barrel Cove but I have been against every single suggestion to turn it into a High Level Pack!
It's Perfect where it is thank you very much {Maybe change Slayer to Max Lvl 9 to fit in with BB on Scoundrel's Run and Old Grey Garl}.
I would however like to see an Epic Raid in the Massive Arch out there - A Raid that Utilised Epic Opponents rather than the standard Mobs from Heroic Cove obviously!
There are Three Packs that are crying out to be Epicced:
Restless Isles
Threnal {Was End Game at one point, Was made to be End Game, NEEDS TO BE END GAME!}
Attack on Stormreach {Both Chains}.
When are we gonna get Epic Shroud and SubT Raids Devs?
epic vale, amrath
moar ghostbane
~~~ ~ ~~~ turning each thread into a p2w discussion since 2012 ~~~ ~ ~~~
Pretty easy to understand why they are doing it. Its likely the least selling of all packs, save for maybe restless isles. They have already revamped loot in it twice to entice more people to buy and run it. Id like to see epic vale first as well, but that pack is already likely the best seller or at least in the top three.
Advocating repeated nerfs in the name of "balancing the game" then complaining about how DDO is moving away from D&D, is a direct contradiction in logic - D&D 3.5 (what DDO is based on) is not a balanced game. We can either have a balanced clone MMO with homogenized classes, or we can have a D&D game. We cant have both.
I really like the idea of Three Barrel Cove getting a pass to be "epiced". And who is to say that a raid wouldn't be added to the pack? I don't see why the epic version of Three Barrel Cove couldn't include a raid. I'm not sure what the devs have in mind but I could see that as being a possibility to make the pack more of an interest to buy.
I have always liked Three Barrel Cove and I really enjoy running around the explorer zone. It is a beautiful landscape with quite a variety of different habitats: lagoons, high hills, rocky crevices, waterfalls, forest areas, etc. I hope when they make this pass they also add/convert the explorer zone to be an epic version as well.
I do agree that some of the other packs could definitely use some attention. I still think Threnal would also be a good pack to "epic", I can't just imagine having an Epic Retribution. But in the mean time, I will look forward to seeing how they handle Three Barrel Cove.
Leader of the Crypt Crawlers on Thelanis: http://cryptcrawlers.gamerlaunch.com...sso=1438483841
Erdrique's Blog
I've always enjoyed 3 barrel cove. I just dont go there due to the poor XP and difficulty(Time consuming) getting to quests.
As long as they fix those two things, it will be a huge success.
If they dont, it'll be a giant waste of time.
I happen to like 3BC and many of the poepl that I run with regularly do as well.
Epic 3BC, yes please.
However I realize that it is not everyone's cup of tea.
I certainly understand the decision to make it Epic before some of the more popular choices, it has lots of quests and is probably a pack that does not sell as well due to the number of competing quests in it's Heroic quest range.
I still want to see several other packs get the Epic treatment.
Shapshap, League of Extraordinary Ham, Sarlona and a bunch of alts that all have names begining with Sha or Sho. Of course Shapshap could be the alt and one of the others the main, it just depends on what day it is.
Last edited by axel15810; 12-06-2013 at 08:26 AM.
Everyone is saying they wished the Shroud or ToD or Abbott quests....the thing is, I am sure they looked at all the packs out there and they went with the one that nobody runs. They want to try and get people out there again. I think the last time I even bothered going out there was when they redid the whole area. How many years ago was that? The XP isn't that good. It takes forever to find the missions and get out to them. No really good items drop out there.
Officer - Eternal Wrath
Burne Level 20 Human Paladin
I wouldn't mind an epic version of 3BC, but not done like the other "just up the CR of the existing quests". That would be lame.
Reuse the explorer area base.
Maybe a great old thing has awakened ... 3BC has a number of crazy artifacts on the landscape that should be hallmarks of much bigger/badder foes.
Maybe a Disruptor-like series of giants invading from the water.
EDIT: I wouldn't say no to a giant kraken / sea creature attacking a beach with it's minions that had the feel of Weapon Shipment either.
Maybe the epic Fire Caves is not just CR boosted, but crazy like pre-ship-buffs-Taming-The-Flames-for-Permadeath.
Maybe there's an even older challenge AFTER Scoundrel's Run that makes you traipse through old trap-invested giant ruins.
Maybe Prove Your Worth creates the idol (boring pre-quest) and then a secondary really epic quest where you have to defeat the now animated idol/godling.
Maybe you have to defend the West Wind's Mistress from some sort of crazy attack (other Air Ships) bombarding it with cannon, etc. while it is at dock and you have to get to the other ships to destroy / disable them within 10 or 15 minutes.
I can totally see epic 3BC options ... but just upping the CR of existing monsters and traps would be supremely lame.
Last edited by voodoogroves; 12-06-2013 at 08:46 AM.
Ghallanda - now with fewer alts and more ghostbane
So, I'm in the middle of a quest and my guild leader pops in conversation with me in tells...
Guild Leader (GL): Hey, did you read the Producer's Letter over on the forums?
Me: Not yet, been all about my xp farming this am.
GL: They are announcing that the next set of epic quests will be Three Barrel Cove!
Me: What!?!
GL: Three Barrel Cove is going epic!
Me: Ugh...
GL: You don't seem excited.
Me: ...
/signed to the OP
Khyber: Evandus, Halfdeadd, Licoricewhip, Sawyn, Elkabongg, Brothanumsi, Soulbro, Cromix.
And an army of gimp experiments!
Personally, I think they should make a second explorer area for this. They have a whole island to explore. There is no reason why we would have to explore the same area as we explore at the lower levels. This would also give them the flexibility to create new places to hide the quest entrances. Yes, this would mean they would have to create all new quests, but I think that would be a good thing. Also, there is no reason why the enemies have to be only pirates, orcs, and kobolds. Don't forget there is a tiefling rare. So, they have the lore in place to make use of (at least) tieflings - and where there are tieflings, there are often devils and demons.
One thing I think would be really cool for a quest would be to have an airship battle - but instead of the ship just flying along like in Acute Delirium, make it so a player has to actually fly the ship. Then, force your party to board an enemy airship to do battle there. If the enemy airship moves about a bit, then that would continue to require attention and possibly skill in keeping the players' airship alongside the enemy airship. You could even give the airships weaponry, like cannons, which would give players a whole new kind of fighting to experience. Really, what would be cool is if *this* was the raid. You could then let players take over a few airships and enable them to engage in a larger airship battle, where they are required to use the airships' weapons rather than boarding and fighting hand to hand.
Point being that there is all kinds of ways they can go with this if they are allowed to get creative ("allowed" as in "given the time and resources required to make cool stuff happen").
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The Foxá Molino de Cantarranas features 13 rooms in building & 30 wood cabins equipped with all comforts such as air-conditioning, heating, television & hairdryer.
Location: the hotel is established in the only hotel existing nowadays out of the from the past. 40 Km. from the centre of Madrid.
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SOMETHING UNTO NOTHING to Release Debut Album 11/20
|Related Links
|New Rock Supergroup SOMETHING UNTO NOTHING (S.U.N.) Releases Debut Album
February 13, 2013
|Something Unto Nothing Releases Debut Album Today
November 20, 2012
New rock supergroup SOMETHING UNTO NOTHING (S.U.N.) is set to digitally release their debut full-length self-titled album Tuesday, November 20 on Robo Records. On Tuesday, January 15, 2013 the CD will be available physically with distribution through Fontana/ Universal Music Distribution. As the band's first single "I'm The One" continues buzzing at radio nationwide, S.U.N. has also announced a week-long string of West Coast promo tour dates, kicking off Friday, November 16 in Las Vegas. They'll also host a special record release party 11/20 at the Key Club in Los Angeles. Check out a video promoting the show here!
Legendary multi-platinum selling Canadian vocalist, Juno Award winner and "Canadian Idol" judge Sass Jordan, has teamed up with songwriter and multi-instrumentalist BRIAN TICHY, known for his tours of duty with Billy Idol, Foreigner, Ozzy and currently Whitesnake, to record an album of anthemic rock songs, under the band name S.U.N. Previously working together is what drove JORDAN and TICHY to collaborate on new music.
"I had played drums on Sass' RATS record" explains TICHY. "I knew she was one of the best rock singers out there. So after many years, we reconnected and tried a bit of writing together."
Both felt that in order to write the best, trend-free music they could, they needed to get away so they hunkered down for two weeks to write. "We didn't realize where we were going when we started out," says JORDAN. "As we continued the songwriting path from the quintessential rock tunes 'Burned' to 'Mobile Again' to 'Nomad' and on ... The whole thing started to take shape in the form of a 70's odyssey, a time travel trajectory."
Completing the all-star ensemble is bassist MICHAEL DEVIN (Whitesnake, Jason Bonham's Led Zeppelin Experience, Kenny Wayne Shepherd) and drummer TOMMY STEWART (Godsmack, Lo Pro, Everclear, Fuel).
JORDAN has an innate talent capable of conveying powerful emotion through heart-stomping, primal, rock-and-roll singing. S.U.N's debut album, self-produced by JORDAN and TICHY and recorded in Canyon Country, CA, is explosive, crushing, real and soulful with its natural fusion of blues and rock. JORDAN's vocal intensity proves a perfect match for the high-energy guitar playing of TICHY and her bandmates which provide the unique music palette that is S.U.N.
S.U.N. Tour Dates:
Fri 11/16 Las Vegas, NV Vamp'd
Sat 11/17 Costa Mesa, CA Venue TBA
Sun 11/18 San Diego, CA Brick by Brick
Tue 11/20 Los Angeles, CA Key Club
S.U.N Tracklisting
Crazy Head
Did Me No Good
Mobile Again
I'm The One
If I Was You
The Beginning of The End (Instrumental)
Wide Ocean
No Way Home
For more information, please visit:
About Author
- T.I., Fetty Wap & More Set for 2015 BET HIP HOP AWARDS
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The ECS Next Generation Data Center (NGDC) is a modular design concept that changes the dynamics of data center deployment. NGDC design concepts are a robust modular data center that can be deployed rapidly and at lower capital expense and operating cost than traditional data center projects.
NGDC - be it ISO Containers, site built modular units, factory constructed modules, or micro containers - have distinct advantages over traditional brick and mortar data centers.
Learn more about the benefits an ECS Next Generation Data Center can bring to your business by attending their NGDC Webinar Series.
ECS will show you the benefits behind the Next Generation Data Center.
During this webinar series you will learn:
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Visit http://thecontainerizeddatacenter.com/
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The Micro Containerized Data Center
Wednesday December 15, 2010 at 10:00 AM PST
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Learn How to Deploy a Data Center in 14 Weeks!
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MSI Radeon R9 270X 2GB Twin Frozr Gaming OC Edition Video Card Review - Power Consumption Test
Power Consumption Test
Using our PROVA Power Analyzer WM-01 or "Power Thingy" as it has become quickly known as to our readers, we are now able to find out what kind of power is being used by our test system and the associated graphics cards installed. Keep in mind; it tests the complete system (minus LCD monitor, which is plugged directly into AC wall socket).
There are a few important notes to remember though; while our maximum power is taken in 3DMark06 at the same exact point, we have seen in particular tests the power being drawn as much as 10% more. We test at the exact same stage every time; therefore tests should be very consistent and accurate.
The other thing to remember is that our test system is bare minimum - only a SSD hard drive is used with a single CD ROM and minimal cooling fans.
So while the system might draw 400 watts in our test system, placing it into your own PC with a number of other items, the draw is going to be higher.
Power draw is great, and you can see we're sitting towards the bottom of the graph here, with just under 350 Watt being used at load.
PRICING: You can find products similar to this one for sale below.
United States: Find other tech and computer products like this over at Amazon's website.
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- Page 1 [Introduction and Package]
- Page 2 [The Card and Specifications]
- Page 3 [Benchmarks - Test System Setup]
- Page 4 [Benchmarks - 3DMark 11]
- Page 5 [Benchmarks - 3DMark Fire Strike]
- Page 6 [Benchmarks - Unigine Heaven Benchmark]
- Page 7 [Benchmarks - Phantasy Star Online 2]
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- Page 10 [Benchmarks - F1 2012]
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- Page 12 [Benchmarks - Dirt Showdown]
- Page 13 [Benchmarks - Nexuiz]
- Page 14 [Benchmarks - Sniper Elite V2]
- Page 15 [Benchmarks - Sleeping Dogs]
- Page 16 [Benchmarks - Far Cry 2]
- Page 17 [Benchmarks - Hitman Absolution]
- Page 18 [Benchmarks - Tomb Raider]
- Page 19 [Benchmarks - BioShock Infinite]
- Page 20 [Benchmarks - Battlefield 4 Open Beta]
- Page 21 [Benchmarks - High Quality AA and AF]
- Page 22 [Temperature Test]
- Page 23 [Sound Test]
- Page 24 [Power Consumption Test]
- Page 25 [Pricing, Availability and Final Thoughts]
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