text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Dec 13, 1960
|Filing date
|May 13, 1958
|Priority date
|May 13, 1958
|Publication number
|Neuworth Martin B
|Original Assignee
|Consolidation Coal Co
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (5), Classifications (13)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Dec. 13, 1960 M. NEUWORTH LIQUID CARBON BLACK FEEDSTOCK Filed May 15, 1958 RAw f20 TAR HIGH BOILING SOLIDS FREE TAR HEATER 22 HIGH BOILING SOLIDS FREE TAR SOL- VENT RAW TA R DECANTER DECANTER I AT ORNEY LIQUID CARBON BLACK FEEDSTOCK Martin Neuworth, Pittsburgh, Pa., assigner to Consolidatlon Coal Company, Pittsburgh, Pa., a corporation of Pennsylvania Filed May 13, 1958, Sel'. No. '735,053
Claims. (Cl. 208-8) The present invention relates to carbon black feedstocks derived from coal and analogous naturally occurring hydrocarbonaceous solids and to the method for preparing such feedstocks.
BACKGROUND The term carbon black is applied to iinely divided particles consisting essentially of carbon which are produced by incomplete combustion of hydrocarbonaceous fuels, both liquid and gaseous. The carbon black industry has seen many varied processes for producing its products. The product carbon black frequently is identified by designating the method of preparation, eg. channel black, lamp black, furnace black. The present invention is concerned with `a feedstock for preparing furnace black which predominates the present day industry.
The carbon black industry has confronted the problem of procuring satisfactory feedstock in suiiicient supply. In the early days of the industry, channel black produced from natural gas comprised the bulk of the carbon black market. As the industry developed, new uses for natural gas were uncovered and the price of natural gas gradually increased. At the present time, the majority of the carbon black market is supplied through furnace blacks produced from oil. The oils which are used in the preparation of carbon black must possess special qualities which are frequently diiicult to reproduce. At the present time carbon blacks are produced almost exclusively from petroleum derived feedstock.
Some lamp black has been produced in the past from coke oven tar fractions. Creosote oil distillate boiling from about 230 to 400 C. has been employed as a lamp black feedstock in the United States. Anthracene oil boiling from about 230 to 400 C. is employed in Europe as a feedstock for furnace black.
Anthracene oil, obtained as a distillate from coke oven tar, is 'an excellent liquid carbon black feedstock, according to European reports and tests conducted in the United States. However there is no commercial carbon black production from anthracene oil in the United States because of its higher cost in contrast with petroleum-derived liquids.
There have been several attempts to prepare a liquid carbon black feedstock from low temperature carbonization tar distillates which have been discouraging because the yield of carbon black was low in comparison with the yield from petroleum-derived feedstocks at the same furnace conditions. The quality of carbon black obtained from low temperature carbonization tar distillates has been poor in comparison to that obtained with petroleum-derived feedstocks.
Furnace black production has become a highly developed art. Furnace technology is well understood. A liquid hydrocarbonaceous feedstock is sprayed in an atomized stream into a highly lheated chamber where the droplets are vaporized virtually instantaneously and decomposed to carbon particles which are collected as product. Many advances have been made in furnace design and denition of optimum furnace conditions l 2304,46@ Patented ec. i3, i960 since the introduction of the liquid furnace process in the early 1940s.
LOW TEMPERATURE COAL PYROLYSIS Pyrolysis of coal at 10W temperatures is a recognized ant which yields products distinct from the product of high temperature pyrolysis. By low temperatures, the range of about 800 to 1400 F. is intended as opposed to temperatures above about l800 F. comprehended by high temperature pyrolysis. The outstanding example of high temperature pyrolysis is the conventional coke oven. The outstanding example of low temperature pyrolysis is low temperature coal carbonization although low temperature coking of liquid coal products also is comprehended. Such liquid coal products include, for example, low temperature carbonization tar and extracts obtained by treating coal with a suitable solvent. Tar and solvent coal extract may be pyrolyzed at low temperatures by delayed coking, contact coking and iluidized coking, for example. The condensed coker vapors possess properties corresponding to those of low temperature coal carbonization tar. The present invention will be described by specic reference to low temperature coal carbonization.
Low temperature coal carbonization envisages heating coal to a temperature of 800 to 1400 F. whereby devolatilization occurs to yield as product a low volatile solid termed char, vaporized liquids condensible as tar, and non-condensible gases. Tar yields ranging from about 15 to 50 gallons per t0n of coal can be achieved depending upon the starting coal and `the specific carbonization conditions. The tar is a heterogeneous mixture of hydroca-rbonaceous materials in combination with organic compounds containing oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. The condensible tar has an initial boiling temperature `as low as about C. and includes materials boiling above about 500 C. The tar is predominantly less aromatic in character than the highly aromatic conventional coke oven tar.
Tar from low temperature carbonization comprises vaporized materials which are generated from coal at the relatively low temperatures of 800 to 1400 F The tar is recovered without exposure to more elevated temperatures which would tend to crack, decompose and reform the material. When tar is produced in a high temperature carbonization process (e.g., above about 1400 F.) such as a conventional coke oven, the similar primary materials are cracked, decomposed and reformed to yield a more highly aromatic tar in significant lower quantity (based on gallons per ton of coal) along with substantially increased quantities of gases and light oils. Thus low temperature carbonization tar has a higher hydrogen-to-carbon ratio, a higher molecular weight and a higher oxygen content than coke oven tar.
A further gross distinction between low temperature tar and conventional coke oven tar exists in the analytically dened properties of benzene insolubles and quinoline insolubles. These materials are those tar ingredients which are not soluble in the stated solvents. With coke oven tar, they comprise finely divided carbonaceous particles which are quite similar to carbon black. These particles are formed during the extremely high temperature treatment which the coke oven tars experience in coke ovens from the instant of generation out of a coal particle until removal from the coke oven.Y The materials in low temperature tar which are insoluble in benzene and quinoline are not similar to carbon black, but instead, are high molecular weight hydrocarbonaceous materials. There ris no exposure of low temperature tar to very high temperature conditions between its instant of generation and its recovery.
Virtually every known materials handling technique has been suggested for use in low temperature carbonization processing systems. The most promising systems have employed some formV of agitation, eg., rotating kilns, moving belts, 'and the like. The advent of the fluidized solids contacting technique in the past decade developed substantial interest in fluidized low temperature carbonization systems.
All of these agitated systems develop clouds of fine particles of coal and partially devolatilized coal within the carbonization zone. These ne particles are entrained in the evolved carbonization vapo-rs including tar vapors and noncondensible gases. The solid particles are condensed from the vapor stream and appear as Acontaminants in the raw product tar. Y Y
A typical analysis of raw tar Yfrom a iluidized low temperature carbonization system is set forth in Table l'.
Table 1.-Raw tar composition Component: Weight percent Solids 28.4
Moisture 4.4 Tar- Boiling below 230 C 11.0 230-300 C. 4.9 30D-400 C. 16.1 Boiling above 400 C V35.2
Total 100.0
According to the present invention, elimination of the solid particles from the raw tar can be accomplished by the same treatment which results in the preparation of a suitable carbon black feedstock.
The tar fraction boiling below about 230 C. comprises principally volatile tar acids (phenol, cresols, Xylenols) and neutral oils along with small quantities of tar bases (nitrogenous compounds) and sulfur compounds. The tar fraction boiling between about 230 and 300 C. comprises higher boiling ta-r acids (i.e., phenolic compounds) and neutral oils which are useful in creosote. The tar fractions boiling between 300 and 400 C. and boiling Iabove 400 C. represent about half of the raw tar product from low temperature carbonization. These are the fractions toward which the present application is principally directed.
OBJECTS The principal object of this invention is to provide a carbon black feedstock from low temperature carboniz-ation tar from which carbon black can be produced in high yield.
A further object is to provide a carbon black feedstock from low temperature carbonization tar from which carbon black can be produced in a yield and quality which is comparable to that of acceptable petroleum-derived feedstocks. Y
Another object of this invention is to provide an outlet for a susbtantial portion of low temperature carbonization tar.
A Still further object is to provide a process for preparing carbon black feedstock from the liquid products of pyrolysis of naturally ocurring hydrocarbonaceous solids such as coal.
CARBON BLACK FEEDSTOCK According to the present invention, the highest boiling fractions of coal pyrolysis products are incorporated into a liquid feedstock suitable for carbon black manufacture. I-Iitherto carbon black manufacturers have imposed stringent specifications on carbon black feedstock which have been predicated upon the properties of petroleum-derived feedstocks empirically found to be acceptable. Since low temperature carbonization tar products have not conformed to the empirical and artificial specifications, there has been little interest in low temperature carbonization tar'products as carbon black feedstocks. One disturbing feature has been the high oxygen content of Ilow temperature tar fractions. Another disturbing feature has been the high asphaltene content of low temperature carbonization tar products. I have found that neither of these features is necessarily limiting on the'suitability of a low temperature tar product as a carbon black feedstock.
I have yfound that the lack of success Vin previous attempts to prepare carbon black from low vtemperature tai products has resulted fnot lso much from whathas been included in the material (e.g., oxygenated materials and asphaltenes) as from what has been removed from the material, specically the very high boiling constituents of the high boiling fractions. Previous carbon black tests have been made with distillate lfractions of the low temperature tar to assure avoidance of nozzle plugging in carbon black furnaces. Distillation of the high boiling fractions of 'low temperature tar necessarily leaves a residue of highest boiling portions in the distillation equipment. Furthermore, there is some thermal degradation of the very highest boiling constituents which are vaporized during distillation. Thus, when distillation is employed to produce a high boiling fraction of low ternperature tar as distillate product, the very best ingredients for carbon black production are either left behind in the still or are destroyed. Hence the carbon black yields (based on gallons of feedstock entering the carbon black furnace) have been low where low temperature tar distillates have been tested. g
This has not been the result with tar distillates obtained from coke oven tar. `Coke oven tar distillates boiling in the ran-ge from about 250 to 400 C. are quite suitable as carbon black feedstock from the standpoint of carbon black yield.
According to the present invention, I produce a selective solvent-soluble solids-free low temperature tar lproduct having an initial boiling temperature in the range of about 300 to 425 C. which contains nearly all of the selective solvent-soluble raw tar constituents boiling above 425 C. in the original tar. VThe prefer-red selective solvent comprises a parainic hydrocarbon having from 5 to 9 carbon atoms. The highest boiling tar constituents which are eliminated by my process are selectively those which adversely affect carbon black yield. Thermal degradation is avoided in my process. The carbon black yield from the tar product of my invention is comparable to that obtained from petroleum sources.
I accomplish this result by separating entrained solids from the high boiling portions of low temperature tar via 4a solvent treatment process. The solvent which I employ serves to dissolve a substantial portion of the liquid constituents leaving an insoluble residue which combines with the entrained solids .to facilitate their complete removal from the solution of solvent and tar. Elimination of the solvent from the remaining solids-free tar solution leaves behind all of the high boiling tar liquid except for those constituents which are combined with the separated solids. The solids-free high boiling liquid is suitable as a premium carbon black feedstock.
Fortuitously, the portions of high boiling tar rejected by the solvent are selectively those which interfere with carbon black yield and quality. Thus the tar which is soluble in the selective solvent includes the constituents which are beneficial in carbon black production.
The solvent treatment may be carried out with the whole tar product. The soluble tar portions boiling below the desired initial boiling temperature (between 300 and 425 C.) thereafter are ashed and recovered. Preferably, the whole :tar is preliminarily flat vaporized to remove all constituents boiling below the desired initial boiling temperature (between 300 and'425" C.). The contaminating solid particles in the whole tar `are thereby concentrated in the liquid phase high boiling residue which is subjected to the solvent treatment.
ascenso?? l By employing solvent treatment of the high boiling portions ot' the tar and avoiding distillation, the carbon black yield from the product is substantially increased.
The preferred solvent for treating the tar comprises a paratinic hydrocarbon having from to 9 carbon atoms.
The present invention will be more fully described by reference to the following description Iand accompanying drawings in which:
Figure 1 :is a schematic illustration of apparatus adapted to the practice of one embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 2 is a schematic illustration of apparatus adapted to the practice of an alternative preferred embodiment of the invention;
Figure 3 is a graphical representation of the eifect of a parainic solvent upon solids-free low temperature tar; and
Figure 4 is a schematic illustration in cross-section of a typical carbon black furnace for liquid carbon black feedstock.
Referring to Figure l, I have there illustrated one embodiment of the present invention for treatment of raw low temperature tar. Briey, the illustrated process serves to remove iine'ly vdivided solids consisting of coal and partially carbonized coal from raw llow temperature tar. Raw low temperature tar is introduced into a mixing vessel 11 along with about 0.75 to 3.0 parts of a paraiinic solvent 12. The tar and solvent are maintained under 'agitatedy conditions in the mixing vessel 11 at a temperature above the melting point of the tar, preferably in the range of 2O to 120 C. for raw tar. A solution is formed comprising the solvent and a major portion of the low temperature tar. A portion of the low temperature tar is insoluble in the solvent. insoluble constituents of the tar coalesce with the inely divided particles of coal and partially carbonized coal which are maintained in agitation Within the mixing vessel 11 and segregate from the solvent solution of soluble tar.
Solvents having from 5 to 9 carbon atoms will leave substantial quantities of undissolved tar as a tacky liquid phase in which the solvents are coalesced. A supernatant solution of such solvent and soluble tar is recoverable by simple decantation.
The solution and agglomerate particles are withdrawn from the mixing vessel 11 through a valved conduit 13 and introduced into a decanter 14. The tacky insoluble phase and solid particles are removed through a conduit 15. The solids-free supernatant phase of solvent and soluble tar is recovered through a conduit 16.
The solvent and tar solution is introduced from the conduit 16 into a distillation vessel 17 for separation of the solvent and `substantially all of the tar constituents boiling below a iinal distillation temperature in the range 300 to 425 C. The solvent and distillate tar are recovered from an overhead conduit 18. The solvent may be reused in the process. The distillate tar fraction contains all of the valuable low boiling tar acids and neutral Oils and also the intermediate boiling tar acids and neutral oils which are useful as creosote.
The high boiling residue is recovered as a distillation bottoms product through a conduit 19. The distillation residue comprises all of the solvent-soluble original low temperature tar constituents boiling above the distillation temperature in the range of 300 :to 425 C. Preferably, the distillation vessel 17 is operated under vacuum to volatilize the low boiling constituents at relatively low temperatures. Thus thermal degradation of the high boiling residue is avoided. Y
The distillation residue recovered through the conduit 19 may be employed directly as `a carbon black feedstock. High quality carbon black4 can be produced in high yield from this distillation residue.
Referring to Figure 2, a preferred embodiment of the present invention is illustrated wherein the tar is pre- 'liminarily freed of solids-free constituents boiling above a temperature between 300 and 425 C. Only the high boiling residue along with occluded solid particles is treated by solvent contact.
According to the process illustrated in Figure 2, the raw low temperature tar may be subjected to an initial iiash vaporization to remove as a vapor product those tar constituents boiling below a iinal `distillation temperature in the range 300 to 425 C. Thereby the nely divided solids consisting essentially of coal and partially devolatilized coal are concentrated in the high boiling tar residue from whichvthey may be separated by a solvent treatment. Because of the preliminary removal of the low boiling constituents, only the high boiling residue requires thro-ugh a conduit 2.4. The distillate contains substantially lall of the tar constituents boiling below a nal distillation temperature in the range 300 to 425 C.
The Vaporization lresidue is recovered from the flash vaporization vessel 21 through a conduit 25. This residue includes substantially all of the tar constituents boil- The` ing above a final temperature in the range 300 to 425 C. in admixture with the finely divided particles of coal and partially carbonized coal which are present in the original low temperature tar. The vapolization residue is introduced into a mixing vessel 26 along with about 0.75 to 3.0 parts of a solvent 27. The contents of the mixing vessel 26 are maintained under agitation at a temperature above the melting point of the vaporization residue, preferably in the range of 504150 C. A major portion of the :liquid constituents of the vaporization residue are dissolved in the solvent.
The parainic hydrocarbon solvent having from 5 to 9 carbon atoms rejects an appreciable quantity of tar to form an insoluble tacky liquid phase in which the solids are coalesced.
The contents of the mixing vessel 26 are recovered through a valved conduit 28 and introduced into a decanter 29 tfor separation. The tacky insoluble phase and solid particles `are withdrawn through a conduit 30. The solids-free supernatant phase of solvent and soluble tar is recovered through a conduit 31. The solvent is sep-arated from the soluble high boiling tar in a solvent stripping vessel 32 and is recovered through a conduit 33 for reuse in the process. The high boiling, solids-free tar constituents are recovered through a conduit 34 for use as the carbon black feedstock of this invention. If desired, this material may be further treated to improve the quality of the resulting carbon black as will be hereinafter described in connection with Figures 3 and 4.
By employing the process of Figure 2, any thermal degradation of the tar resulting from distillation occurs prior to the solvent precipitation treatment. Thus thermal degradation products can be eliminated from the residue tar inthe solvent precipitation treatment. Hence the process of Figure 2 is the preferred embodiment.
Where the liquid pyrolysis products are similar to low temperature carbonization tar, i.e., contain substantial quantities of occluded solid particles, the embodiments described in connection with Figures l and 2 will serve to eliminate the occluded solid particles as well as to prepare a premium carbon black feedstock. When the liquid pyrolysis products are solids-free materials, the processing is otherwise identical. However, the tacky, insoluble constituents recovered from the conduit 15 (Figure l) or the conduit 30 (Figure 2) will then be solids-free hydrocarbonaceous liquids well suited as a i J feedstock for pitch coking processes. Where a solidsfree tacky, insoluble phase is desired from a starting material containing occluded solid particles, pressure filtration may be employed to remove the solid particles prior to the processing herein described. The occluded particles usually are in such a fine state of. subdivision that iiltration (even pressure filtration) will accomplish the solid removal only at low throughput rates.
ln either embodiment of this invention (Figure 1 or Figure 2) it may be preferable to conduct the solvent treatment in more than one stage. That is, the tar may be contacted with the solvent to recover a iirst soluble tar portion, which thereafter -is recontacted with the solvent `to improve the selectivity of the treatment.
Countercurrent contacting of the tar and solvent may provide Va multi-stage solvent treatment on a continuous basis.
SOLVENT The solvent of this invention may comprise parafhnic or naphthenic hydrocarbons boiling in the range of 80 to 300 C., i.e., well below the boiling range of the solidsfree tar. ln generah'paraiinic hydrocarbons having from 5 to 9 carbon atoms are preferred. A heptane distillate fraction of paraflinic hydrocarbons is particularly preferred because of its relatively low cost, availability and effectiveness.
Paraliinic hydrocarbons having less than 5 carbon atoms do not dissolve suicient tar constituents. Hence their yield of carbon 'black feedstock is low. Those parat-linie hydrocarbons having more than 9 carbon atoms will dissolve large quantities of the tar constituents and thus do not selectively eliminate the tar constituents which must be removed to produce ia feedstock yielding premium quality carbon black.
The general eects of a paraiiinic solvent on the liquid constituents of low temperature carbonization tar are illustrated in Figure 3. The block of Figure 3 represents a sample of low temperature carbonization tar. A vertical scale is provided to represent the weight percentage of the tar as distillate reading from top to bottom. A horizontal line A extends across the block representing a 300 C. distillate. A second horizontal line B extends across the block representing a 450 C. distillate. That portion of the block above the line A represents the tar distilling below 300 C., i.e., about one-fourth of the tar. That portion :of the block between lines A and B represents the tar distilling between 300 and 450 C. That portion of the `block below the line B represents the tar distiliing above 450 C., i.e., nearly half of the tar.
Where the total tar (represented by the entire block) is contacted with heptane, that portion of the tar represented by the cross-hatched area is insoluble in the heptane. The unshaded portion of the block represents the tar which is soluble in the heptane.
For a particular carbon black feedstock having an initial distillation temperature represented by the wavy,
line C in Figure 3 (between 3,00 and 450 C), the unshaded portion of the block below the line C represents the product of the processes of Figure l or 2 except for that quantity of Itar rejected along with solid particles during processing. The line C is presented in a wavy form =to indicate that residues obtainedvia dlash vapo-rization do not achieve a precise vdistillation separation. The premium carbon black feedstock of this invention is represented generally by the unshaded portion of the block below the wavy line C in Figure 3.
The block representation concept employed in Figure 3 is 'a convenient means for illustrating the difference in eiiect between a solvent treating process and a distillation process. A horizontal line through a block designates a distillation, i.e., a separation of the material on the basis of boiling temperature without regard to the chemical characterization of the materials. Vertically extending lines, on the other hand, describe a separation of material on the basis of chemical characterization which occurs throughout the boiling range of the material. 1
CARBON BLACK FURNACES The preparation of carbon black from the feedstock of the present invention follows the teachings of the carbon black furnace art. Figure 4 illustrates schematically in cross-section a typical furnace for preparing carbon black from liquid feedstocks. A refractory lined heated chamber has a throat 101 at one end and a conveying conduit itZat the other end. A conduit 103 is positioned in the throat 101 terminating in a nozzle 104. The liquid carbon black feedstock is introduced along with a sup ply of air into the conduit Y103. The air to feedstock ratio is maintained so that some portion of the liquid feedstock is burned and the balance is pyrolyzed in the chamber 100 to produce carbon black. Secondary air and heating fuel are introduced into the heated chamber 100 through a conduit 105 at the throat v101 and/or through tangential openings i106 in the chamber 100. The secondary air and heating fuel maintain the charnber 100 at the desired feedstock pyrolysis temperature.
SUMMARY il have found that a hydrocarbonaceous feedstock for preparing furnace carbon black in acceptable yield and quality can be prepared from liquid products of coal pyrolysis by recovering without vaporization thereof those materials which have not been exposed to temperatures above about 1400 F. and which (1) Boil above an initial distillation temperature between vabout 300 and 425 C. and
(2) Are soluble in a paraflinic solvent having from 5 to 9 carbon atoms.
The feedstock thus deined comprises from about 2O to about 60 percent of the total liquid products of coal pyrolysis.
Example 1.--Low temperature tar was obtained by iluidized low temperature carbonization of Arkwright coal at 925 F. Arkwright coal is a highly caking Pittsburgh Seam coal mined in northern West Virginia. The tar was freed of occluded solid particles of coal and partially devolatilized coal by pressure iiltration. The solids-free whole tar had the kproperties listed in column A of Table II.I
The solids-free tar was contacted with 2.2. volumes of hexane as a paraiiinic solvent as described in connection with Figure 1. The hexane extract was distilled to remove materials boiling below 400 C. The properties of the hexane extract components boiling above 400 C. are set forth in column B of Table Il.
The solids-free tar also was contacted at 100 C. with 2.1 volumes of pentane as a parainic solvent as described in connection with Figure 1. The pentane extract was distilled to remove materials boiling below 400 C. The properties of the pentane extract boiling above 400 C. are set forth in column C of Table II.
Table lI.-Analyss of whole tar (solids-free) and carbon black feedstocks prepared therefrom A B C Material Whole Hexane Pentane tar Extract Extract Initial boiling point, O 160 400 400 Benzene Insoluble 6. 44 0. 15 0. 0 Ring and Ball, C 108 83 73 Conradson Carbon 11. 76 7. 21 5. 80 Ultimate Analysis:
H, wt. percent 6. 86 7. 33 7. 44 C, Wt. percent- 85. 16 85. 85 86. 11 N, wt. percent- 1. 41 0. 86 0.72 O, wt. percent 5.05 4. 50 4. 47 S Wt. percent 1.52 1.46 1. 26 H/O atio 0. 968 1. 024 1.037 Wt. Percent of Whole Tar 100 47. 1 40. 2 Wt. Percent Boiling Above 400 C 62. 8 100 100 II are premium carbon black feedstocks. The yield and quality of carbon black obtained by processing these feedstocks in a carbon black furnace is comparable to those obtained from petroleum-derived liquid feedstocks. They are readily volatilizable. They represent a useful product which comprises about 40 percent and more of the total liquid components of the whole tar.
Note that the yield of carbon black feedstock is 40.2 percent when pentane is used as solvent and 47.1 percent when hexane is used as solvent. The yield of suitable feedstock generally increases as the number of carbon atoms in the solvent is increased. With solvents having more than about 9 carbon atoms, the extraction selectivity decreases.
Note further the increased H/ C ratio of the materials in columns B and nC of Table II. The H/C ratio of the hexane extract is 1.024; of the pentane extract is 1.1037. The increase over the value of `0.968 for the whole tar represents an increase in volatility which is desirable in carbonvblack feedstocks. The-sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen content of the product is desirably decreased fromV that of the starting material.
Example 2,-Low temperature tar was obtained by low temperature carbonization at about `900 .F. in a rotary kiln of Pittsburgh Seam coal mined in southern Pennsylvania. The tar was processed generally ias dcscribed in connection with Figure 2. The tar had the following analysis on a moisture-free basis:
Fraction: Wt. percent Solids 19.0 Boiling below 160 C 3.2 160-230 C 12.1 230-300 C 7.7 Boiling above 300 C 58.0
Tar components boiling below 300 C. were recovered by distillation whereby the solids were concentrated in the distillation residue. The solids-laden distillation residue was contacted at 245 F. with 1.75 volumes of heptane.
A solution comprising about 70 percent heptane and 30 percent soluble tar was recovered by decantation. This solution was distilled at 120 C. at atmospheric pressure to strip out most of the :heptane solvent. The stripped tar, containing about 16-20 percent heptane, was contacted with about 1.35 volumes of heptane and the resulting solution of tar contained about 60-65 percent heptane and 35-40 percent soluble tar.
The properties of the soluble tar are tabulated in column B of the following Table III. The corresponding properties of the starting low temperature tar (including the components boiling below 300 C.) Vare tabulated in column A of Table III.
Table IIL- Properties of low temperature tar and of carbon black feedstock prepared therefrom 1 Solids-free basis.
The carbon black feedstock described in column B of Table III was tested in a carbon black furnace similar to that illustrated in Figure 4. A typical acceptable carbon black feedstock was tested in the same furnace under identical operating conditions.
The yield of carbon black from the low temperature tar feedstock of this invention was `94.5 percent of that obtained from the petroleum-derived feedstock, based on pounds o-f carbon black per gallon of feedstock. The product carbon black showed the following values when tested by customary determinations.
Table I V.-Carbon black analysis Product of Petroleum- Example 2 Derived Loose Black:
Oil absorption 1. 32 1. 45 Tint, percent... 90 94 Iodine number. 79 76 Photomete 81 75 Dried Pelletized Black Density 23. 6 22. 6 Packing number.- 63 36 -100 mesh fines 2.1 4.6 DH 8.1 8.o
When compounded into rubber formulations, customary properties of the resulting rubber were determined. These results are tabulated in the following Table V for comparison with corresponding results obtained from petroleum-derived feedstocks.
Table V.-Propertes of rubber formulations with carbon black Petroleuni- Product of Derived Example 2 Smoked Sheet Recipe:
Tensile, p.s.i. 3, 980 4,000
Modules, p.s,i. 3, 440 3, 280 Crepe Rubber Reci Tensile, p.s.i--- 3, 900 3,910
Modules, p.s.i 2, 580 2, 440
Heat Build-up, F 235 235 GR-S Recipe:
Tensile, p.s.i. 3, 250 3,280
Modules, p.s.i..-- 2, 200 2, 030
Extrusion, G./met 37.4 39.3
Abrasion loss, g. 2. 9 3. 5
Example 3.-Low temperaturecarbonization tar was distilled to remove its components boiling below 230 C. and thereafter contacted with 0.7 volume of heptane to remove solids and insoluble tar. The soluble portion, after removal of the heptane solvent, was introduced into Ia carbon black furnace. The yield of carbon black was only 73 to 80 percent of that obtained from ac- DISPOSITION OF (20-PRODUCTS OF THE PROCESS When a carbon black feedstock Ais produced from coal pyrolysis products according to this invention, various novel companion products are recovered. These coproducts may be proiitably utilized in an integrated renery.
Referring to Figures l and 2, the low boiling solids-free tar recovered at 18 (Figure l) and 24 (Figure 2) contains the valuable low boiling tar acids and neutral oils as Well as middle boiling tar fractions useful as creosote. Each of these materials has a recognized commercial market.
The stream of occluded solids recovered at 1S (Figure 1) and 30 (Figure 2) comprises the solid particles originally in the raw low temperature carbonization tar coalesced in the insoluble tar. These streams comprise a tacky slurry of solids in tar which may be blended into road tars or may be sprayed onto coal prior to or during low temperature carbonization. The slurry may be pyrolyzed to yield a coke product and cracked tar vapors which can be condensed and reintroduced into the present process.
While all of the examples herein have been derived from products of bituminous coal, it is within the scope of this invention to include pyrolysis products from analogous naturally occurring hydrocarbonaceous materials such as sub-bituminous coal, lignite, peat, oil shale, tar sands and the like.
According to the provisions of the patent statutes, I have explained the principle, preferred construction and mode of operation of my invention and have illustrated and described what I now consider to represent its best embodiment. However, l desire Vto have it understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated and described.
.I claim: Y
1. A hydrocarbonaceous carbon black feedstock derived from liquid products obtained by pyrolysis naturally occurring hydrocarbonaceous solids at a temperature between 800 and 1400 F., said products having been exposed only to temperatures below about 1400 F., comprising substantially all of the selective solvent-solubile solids-free hydrocarbonaceous liquid constituents thereof boiling above an initial boiling temperature in the range of 300 to 425 C., said selective solvent consisting essentially of paraflinic hydrocarbons having from to 9 carbon atoms.
2. The method for preparing carbon black from coal which comprises pyrolyzing said coal at a temperature below 1400 F. to produce condensible liquid products, recovering from said liquid products at a temperature below about 14GO F. substantially all of the selective solvent-soluble constituents thereof which boil above an initial boiling temperature between 500` and 425 C., said selective solvent consisting essentially of parainic hydrocarbons having from 5 to 9 carbon atoms, introducingsaid constituents into a heated chamber as a spray along with a quantity of oxidizing gas sucient to burn only a portion thereof and pyrolytically convert the remainder thereof to carbon black, and recovering carbon black from said heated chamber.
3. The method for preparing a carbon black feedstock from coal which comprises subjecting said coal to pyrolysis at a temperature below 1400 F. and recovering the liquid products of pyrolysis, and recovering as a carbon black feedstock from said liquid products at a tern- 'I perature below about 1400 F. substantially all selective solvent-soluble constituents thereof which boil above an initial boiling temperature between 300 and 425 C., said selective solvent consisting essentially of parafnic hydrocarbons having from 5 to 9 carbon atoms.
4. The method for preparing a carbon black feedstock from the liquid products obtained by pyrolysis of coal, said products having been exposed only to temperatures below about 1400 F., which comprises removing from said liquid products by distillation substantially all liquid constituents boiling below a temperature between 300 and 425 C., contacting the distillation residue with about 0.75 to 3.0 volumes of `a solvent consisting essentially of parafnic hydrocarbons havingfrom 5 to 9 carbon atoms, recovering a solids-free solution of soluble liquids in said solvent, removing the solvent by distillation and recovering the distillation residue as a carbon black feedstock.
5. The method for preparing a carbon black feedstock from the liquid products obtained by pyrolysis of coal, saidl products having been exposed only to temperatures below about 1400 F., which comprises contacting said liquid products with about 0.75 to 3.0 volumes of a solvent consisting essentially of paraiiinic hydrocarbons having `from 5 to 9 carbon atoms, recovering a solids-free solution of soluble liquids in said solvent, removing by distillation said solvent and the liquidvv components boiling below a temperature between 300 and 425 C., and recovering `the distillation residue as a carbon black feedstock.
6.*The method according to claim 5 wherein said paraffinic hydrocarbons consist essentially of a heptane distillate fraction thereof.
7. A hydrocarbonaceous carbon black feedstock according to claim l wherein the lliquid products are obtained by pyrolysis of coal.
8. A hydrocarbonaceous carbon black feedstock according to claim 1` which is derived from low-temperature coal carbonization tar.
9. The method according to claim 2 wherein said parafnic hydrocarbons consist essentially of a heptane distillate fraction thereof.
10. The method for preparing carbon black which comprises pyrolyzing naturally occurring carbonaceous sol-ids at a temperature between 800 and 1400 F. to produce condensible liquid products, recovering from said liquid products at a temperature below about 1400 F. substantially all of the selective solvent-soluble constituents thereof which boil above an initial boiling ternperature between 300 and 425 C., said selective solvent consisting essentially of praflinic hydrocarbons having from 5 to 9 carbon atoms, introducing said constituents into a heated chamber as -a spray along with a quantity of oxidizing gas sufficient to burn only a portion thereof and pyrolytically convert the remainder thereof to carbon black, and recovering carbon black from said heated chamber.
References Cited in the iile of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,438,032 Frost Dec. 5, 1922 2,631,982 Donegan Mar 17, 1953 2,774,716 Kulik Dec. 18, 1956 FOREIGN PATENTS 130,362 Great Britain Aug. 7, 1919 695,492 Great Britain Aug. 12, 1953 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATION OF CORRECTION Patent No. 2,964,460 December 13, 1960 Martin B. Neuworth fed that error appears n the above numbered pat- It is hereby cert that the said Letters Patent should read as ent requiring correction and corrected below.
lines 22 and 23, for "pyrolyss naturally" read Column 11,
column 12, line 42, for "prafflnlc" pyrolysis of naturally read paraffnc Signed and sealed this 16th day of May 1961.
(SEAL) Attest:
ERNEST W. SWIDER Attesting Officer DAVID L. LADD Commissioner of Patents UNITED STATES PATENT oEEIcE CERTIFICATION OF CORRECTION Patent N0. 2,964,460 December 13, 1960 Martin B. Neuworth hat error ppears n the above numbered pat- It is hereb;r certified t that the said Letters Patent should read as ent requiring correction and corrected below.
"'pyrolyss naturally reed Column 11, lines 22 and 23, for
line 42, for "prafflnlc" pyrolyss of naturally column 12, read paraffinc Signed and sealed this 16th day of May 1961.
(SEAL) Attest:
ERNEST W. SWIDER Attesting Officer DAVID L. LADD Commissioner of Patents
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 21, 1921
|Dec 5, 1922
|Wilckes Martinwilckes Company
|Process of making lampblack
|Jul 1, 1949
|Mar 17, 1953
|Celanese Corp
|Method for making emulsions of polymethyl vinyl ketone
|Jan 29, 1954
|Dec 18, 1956
|Consolidation Coal Co
|Process for removing finely divided solids from raw low temperature carbonization coal tars
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 28, 1962
|May 18, 1965
|Cabot Corp
|Method of producing carbon black
|Apr 5, 1973
|May 11, 1976
|Director-General Of The Agency Of Industrial Science And Technology
|Process for producing micro-beads and product containing the same
|Oct 26, 1976
|May 15, 1979
|Deutsche Gold- Und Silber-Scheideanstalt Vormals Roessler
|Process for the production of high qualtiy carbon black
|Nov 20, 1978
|Sep 30, 1980
|Deutsche Gold- Und Silber-Scheideanstalt Vormals Roessler
|Process for the production of high quality carbon black forming material
|Jan 4, 1980
|Aug 4, 1981
|Deutsche Gold- Und Silber-Scheideanstalt Vormals Roessler
|Process for the production of high quality carbon black
|U.S. Classification
|423/451, 208/14, 208/337, 423/450, 208/434, 208/427
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
To try the thousands of add-ons available here, download Mozilla Firefox, a fast, free way to surf the Web!Close
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If so, it displays how many times and clicking the widget opens a list of those submissions.
Note: this is a recreation of an old Opera (<13) widget, but doesn't have all the same features yet.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Automakers to Speed Parts-Validation Process
Automakers led by General Motors Co. and Volkswagen AG drafted a plan to expedite their parts validation processes as the industry tries to counter a shortage of resin used for making fuel and braking components.
GM, Volkswagen, Ford Motor Co. and Chrysler Group LLC were among the automakers that developed and support the plan to speed the use of alternate materials as the industry runs short of PA-12, also called Nylon-12, according to an e-mailed statement yesterday by the Automotive Industry Action Group. A follow-up meeting to approve the plan is scheduled for April 30.
Automakers and their suppliers are studying ways to find and test alternative materials and avoid losing vehicle output after the March 31 explosion at chemical maker Evonik Industries AG, which halved global capacity to make Nylon-12. Evonik's Marl, Germany, factory made a base ingredient used in the resin called Cyclododecatriene, or CDT, and supplied the material to other makers of Nylon-12 such as France's Arkema SA.
Hyundai Motor Co., Kia Motors Corp., Honda Motor Co., Harley-Davidson Inc. and Paccar Inc. also support the plan to speed validation of parts, according to yesterday's statement.


text:
Telestial International Cell Phone for No-Roaming Calls
Business GearGeneral GearTravel Light June 13, 2012
Unless you've been living under a rock or never read financial or travel advice, you should know by now that using your regular cell phone overseas can cost you a small fortune. Some unlucky travelers have found their data bill to be even more than their vacation cost them.... Read more
Goal Zero Guide 10 Adventure Kit and Solar Charger
Adventure GearBusiness GearTravel Light April 21, 2011
What's the most irritating thing that can happen to you when you're on the road? Okay, well there can be lots of answers here. But, one of the most irritating things that can happen to me is not having a place to plug in my iPhone charger when the... Read more
P-Flip Foldable Solar Power for iPhone
Adventure GearBusiness Gear January 28, 2011
It's a drag to find yourself hunting around for a place to charge your phone when there are no outlets in sight, when you should have known better and charged up before you left the house. And while I'm not so phone dependent that I freak out when juice... Read more
PodFlexPro for Watching Video on Small Screens
General GearKids and Family November 24, 2010
Want to watch video on your small media player in multiple places and positions? Sure, there are already all kinds of accessories out there that will hold your iPod, iPhone, or Touch on a little stand, but this new PodFlexPro holder is a different animal. The "flex" part has... Read more
Now that you've got that shiny and expensive new gadget in hand, how are you going to keep it from getting all scratched up and smudged? Do you really think your electronics are any match for the rigors of the road? A protective skin from Wrapsol can be a... Read more
If we're not all charging up our music players and cell phones with solar power, it's not for lack of trying on the part of device manufacturers. Some of these solar devices actually work quite well too, like this portable power supply from Brunton. The first idea here is... Read more
DROID ERIS by HTC Smartphone
General Gear February 26, 2010
Here's my disclaimer right off the bat: I'm a relatively new smartphone adapter. I just got a Blackberry in the fall of 2009. I don't regularly review "tech" items; I leave that to my in-the-know colleague John, who is great at writing about phones, apps and netbooks. (Me? I... Read more
Phone Home, Save Money: Vonage Mobile
Business GearGeneral Gear February 9, 2010
If you're heading to the Vancouver Winter Olympics and want to make inexpensive calls back to the U.S., the solution could be as near as your portable MP3 player. Vonage Mobile offers inexpensive worldwide calling—anywhere there's a Wi-Fi signal—by turning an iPod Touch into a phone. It also works... Read more
A Cell Phone Booster that Works: Wilson Sleek
Business GearGeneral GearTravel Light February 8, 2010
One of the world's most important wetland areas might seem like an unusual place to test a cell-phone booster. But swampy Caddo Lake, surrounded by moss-draped cypress trees and straddling the Texas-Louisiana border, is mighty tough on mobile phones. So that's one of the places I went to test... Read more
Best and Worst Travel Gear of 2009
Adventure GearBusiness GearKids and FamilySunglassesTravel ClothingTravel LightTravel ShoesWomens Travel Clothing January 1, 2010
We've been cranking out first-person reviews of travel gear on a daily basis and trying out lots of things as we hike, backpack, explore new cities, and navigate airports. Some items disappoint, some thrill, some defy expectations, so here's a list of what worked and what didn't in 2009.... Read more
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text:
This one too, in horrific detail.
This one too, in horrific detail.
Wrong thread, this is not the "what are you listening?" thread.
Chatter Box.
The 'gtfo Clockhand' thread is thattaway.
Back to Antiwar songs.
Not anti-war, but you'll get the point if you watch the video heh.
Last edited by GunZet; 12-12-2011 at 07:40 PM.
But I don't wanna, it looks creepy! :P
Here's some punk for you Bacon
Actually, I just put it in spoilers, cause it is a bit graphic, but it's the truth lol.


text:
YIELD: Makes about 1/2 cup
- 4 teaspoons curry powder
- 1/2 cup peanut or vegetable oil
Preheat oven to 300°F.
In a 1-cup metal measure or very small metal bowl combine curry powder and oil. Set measuring cup or bowl on a baking sheet and cook in lower third of oven 40 minutes. Cool on a rack 30 minutes.
Line a small strainer with several layers of cheesecloth and strain oil into a glass jar. Flavored oil keeps, covered loosely and refrigerated at all times, 1 month.
my notes
Nutritional Info
- Calories245
- Carbohydrates1 g (0%)
- Fat27 g (42%)
- Protein0 g (1%)
- Saturated Fat5 g (23%)
- Sodium1 mg (0%)
- Polyunsaturated Fat9 g
- Fiber1 g (4%)
- Monounsaturated Fat13 g
- Cholesterol0


text:
Health-Education Package to Prevent Worm Infections in Chinese Schoolchildren
ABSTRACT Soil-transmitted helminths are among the most prevalent sources of human infections globally. We determined the effect of an educational package at rural schools in Linxiang City District, Hunan province, China, where these worms are prevalent. The intervention aimed to increase knowledge about soil-transmitted helminths, induce behavioral change, and reduce the rate of infection.
We conducted a single-blind, unmatched, cluster-randomized intervention trial involving 1718 children, 9 to 10 years of age, in 38 schools over the course of 1 school year. Schools were randomly assigned to the health-education package, which included a cartoon video, or to a control package, which involved only the display of a health-education poster. Infection rates, knowledge about soil-transmitted helminths (as assessed with the use of a questionnaire), and hand-washing behavior were assessed before and after the intervention. Albendazole was administered in all the participants at baseline and in all the children who were found to be positive for infection with soil-transmitted helminths at the follow-up assessment at the end of the school year.
At the follow-up assessment, the mean score for the knowledge of helminths, calculated as a percentage of a total of 43 points on a questionnaire, was 90% higher in the intervention group than in the control group (63.3 vs. 33.4, P<0.001), the percentage of children who washed their hands after using the toilet was nearly twice as high in the intervention group (98.9%, vs. 54.2% in the control group; P<0.001), and the incidence of infection with soil-transmitted helminths was 50% lower in the intervention group than in the control group (4.1% vs. 8.4%, P<0.001). No adverse events were observed immediately (within 15 minutes) after albendazole treatment.
The health-education package increased students' knowledge about soil-transmitted helminths and led to a change in behavior and a reduced incidence of infection within 1 school year. (Funded by UBS Optimus Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland; Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry number, ACTRN12610000048088.).
Full-textDOI: · Available from: Franziska Andrea Bieri, Oct 15, 2014
- SourceAvailable from: Peter Steinmann
- "Magic Glasses " (Bieri et al., 2013). Promising results, particularly in terms of reduced A. lumbricoides incidence, had been achieved when a first version of the video was tested in Hunan province. "
Article: Control of soil-transmitted helminthiasis in Yunnan province, People's Republic of China: Experiences and lessons from a 5-year multi-intervention trial[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The current global strategy for the control of soil-transmitted helminthiasis emphasises periodic administration of anthelminthic drugs to at-risk populations. However, this approach fails to address the root social and ecological causes of soil-transmitted helminthiasis. For sustainable control, it has been suggested that improvements in water, sanitation and hygiene behaviour are required. We designed a 5-year multi-intervention trial in Menghai county, Yunnan province, People's Republic of China. Three different interventions were implemented, each covering a village inhabited by 200-350 people. The interventions consisted of (i) initial health education at study inception and systematic treatment of all individuals aged ≥2 years once every year with a single dose of albendazole; (ii) initial health education and bi-annual albendazole administration; and (iii) bi-annual treatment coupled with latrine construction at family level and regular health education. Interventions were rigorously implemented for 3 years, whilst the follow-up, which included annual albendazole distribution, lasted for 2 more years. Before the third round of treatment, the prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides was reduced by only 2.8% in the annual treatment arm, whilst bi-annual deworming combined with latrine construction and health education resulted in a prevalence reduction of 53.3% (p<0.001). All three control approaches significantly reduced the prevalence of Trichuris trichiura and hookworm, with the highest reductions achieved when chemotherapy was combined with sanitation and health education. The prevalence of T. trichiura remained at 30% and above regardless of the intervention. Only bi-annual treatment combined with latrine construction and health education significantly impacted on the prevalence of Taenia spp., but none of the interventions significantly reduced the prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis. Our findings support the notion that in high-endemicity areas, sustainable control of soil-transmitted helminth infections necessitates measures to reduce faecal environmental contamination to complement mass drug administration. However, elimination of soil-transmitted helminthiasis will not be achieved in the short run even with such a rigorous approach, and probably requires improvements in living conditions, changes in hygiene behaviour and more efficacious anthelminthic drugs and treatment regimens.Acta Tropica 10/2014; 141(Pt B). DOI:10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.10.001 · 2.27 Impact Factor
[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
- "We reported recently on the development and testing of a health education package that included a 12-minute animated narrative cartoon video entitled "The Magic Glasses" (accessible at: http://www.nejm.org/action/showMediaPlayer?doi=10.1056%2FNEJMoa1204885&aid=NEJMoa1204885_attach_1&area) to prevent STH infections in Chinese primary school students. The cluster randomized controlled trial, conducted in Linxiang City District, Hunan province, and involving 1718 children aged 9–10 years in 38 rural schools over the course of 1 school year (September 2010 through June 2011), resulted in the health education package having a 50% efficacy in preventing STH infections [11]. The trial established the proof of principle that health education can increase knowledge and change behavior, resulting in fewer intestinal worm infections. "
ABSTRACT: Background The transmission of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) is associated with poverty, poor hygiene behaviour, lack of clean water and inadequate waste disposal and sanitation. Periodic administration of benzimidazole drugs is the mainstay for global STH control but it does not prevent re-infection, and is unlikely to interrupt transmission as a stand-alone intervention. Findings We reported recently on the development and successful testing in Hunan province, PR China, of a health education package to prevent STH infections in Han Chinese primary school students. We have recently commenced a new trial of the package in the ethnically diverse Xishuangbanna autonomous prefecture in Yunnan province and the approach is also being tested in West Africa, with further expansion into the Philippines in 2015. Conclusions The work in China illustrates well the direct impact that health education can have in improving knowledge and awareness, and in changing hygiene behaviour. Further, it can provide insight into the public health outcomes of a multi-component integrated control program, where health education prevents re-infection and periodic drug treatment reduces prevalence and morbidity.Parasites & Vectors 07/2014; 7(1):344. DOI:10.1186/1756-3305-7-344 · 3.43 Impact Factor
[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
- "Overall, our strategy (see Recommendations below) for the development of the cartoon The Magic Glasses and its incorporation into a health education package proved successful [8]. An educational video provides an ideal basis for health education at school since it can be readily disseminated and reused several times, which may substantially increase cost-effectiveness. "
ABSTRACT: With more than two billion people infected worldwide, soil-transmitted helminths (STH) are the most widespread infections. To date, STH control efforts rely predominantly on recurrent mass drug administration (MDA), which does not prevent reinfection. Additional public health measures including novel health educational tools are required for more sustained integrated control of STH. We describe the development of an educational cartoon video (The Magic Glasses) targeting STH infections in Chinese schoolchildren and its pilot testing in China.We applied an extensive community-based mixed methods approach involving input from the target group of 9--10 year old schoolchildren and key informants, such as teachers, doctors and parents, in order to identify potential STH infection risks in the study area and to formulate key messages for the cartoon. The development of the educational cartoon included three major steps: formative research, production, and pilot testing and revision. We found that most adults and approximately 50% of the schoolchildren were aware of roundworm (Ascaris) infection, but knowledge of transmission, prevention and treatment of STH was poor. Observations in the study area showed that unhygienic food practices, such as eating raw and unwashed fruit or playing in vegetable gardens previously fertilised with human faeces, posed major STH infection risks. It was crucial to assess the intellectual, emotional, social and cultural background of the target population prior to video production in order to integrate the key messages of the cartoon into everyday situations. Overall, our strategy for the development of the cartoon and its incorporation into a health education package proved successful, and we provide a summary of recommendations for the development of future educational videos based on our experiences in China.Infectious Diseases of Poverty 12/2013; 2(1):29. DOI:10.1186/2049-9957-2-29 · 4.11 Impact Factor


text:
Cains Photography Photographer
Missfit BettyModel Female Kingman, Arizona, US
My Website: Model FacebookMy MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/missfitbetty
Mayhem # 1860801
About MeI love all different photography and modeling aspects of life... it is an art in it's own form!
I have experience pin-up modeling, but i am willing to try all aspects of it. If I seem like a person you think you could shoot or want to work with please let me know.
I am also a HMUA
I am willing to do implied nudity, and fetish. I will not do full nudity. I am willing to travel with compensation.
CreditsPhotojenic Photography
Jillian Danielson Photography
Cherry Club Photography
Big Photo Show 3405090
Cains Photography Photographer
Chollyfoto Photographer
thecolorso... Photographer
jimiphotog... Photographer
JordanWorthy Photographer
Xzone9 Photographer
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text:
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Reeded Brass Floor Lamp
Item Added to Basket
Reeded Brass Floor Lamp is rated out of 5 by 26.
Rated 4 out of 5 by pat8 from Good value This is the second reeded floor lamp that I have purchased. The stitch holding the pleats in place was undone or loose in a few places but it only took a few minutes to repair those by hand with matching cotton. We are very pleased with these lamps
Date published: 2015-09-26
Rated 1 out of 5 by David from On- line ordering of lamp I bought this lamp on -line, would never do that again. Packaging disgraceful, lampshade missing , rest of order several items smashed/damaged.. Had to go to shop at Sunderland to get complete order. Lamp itself is great
Date published: 2015-09-14
Rated 5 out of 5 by james johnston from excellent purchase Very pleased with it and would recommend it no problem with that
Date published: 2015-09-07
Rated 4 out of 5 by jr137 from Perfect choice Although cautious about this purchase I have no regrets as it sits perfectly in the room I bought it for. Speedy delivery and easy to assemble. Ideal and the right price for me.
Date published: 2015-08-18
Rated 4 out of 5 by Tina h from Pleased with the Lamp I am so happy with the purchase and would recommend anyone to buy.
Date published: 2015-08-15


text:
Close to nature
Travel Africa, Glamping Safari, Safari Lodges, Tanda Tula, Africa Favorite, Tula Safari, South Africa, Safari Camps, Safari Tent
Haute Honeymoons: South Africa | HK Tatler
Situé sur les bords de la rivière Nharalumi, dans la réserve naturelle du Timbavati, Tanda Tula Safari Camp repose à l'ombre d'arbres majestueux, face à un point d'eau régulièrement fréquenté par une grande variété d'animaux. C'est un des camps de tente les plus luxueux d'Afrique du Sud et le plus ancien de Timbavati.
Tanda Tula safari tents
To make an outdoor room out of an empty space, simply put up a freestanding canopy.
Outdoorroom, Gardens Ideas, 15 Cozy, Favorite Places, Outdoor Living, Outdoor Rooms, Rooms Ideas, Cozy Outdoor, Outdoor Spaces
15 cozy outdoor room ideas - from bhg.com
Vintage Outdoor Living Ideas
Beautiful outdoor space.
Outdoor rooms have gone beyond a quirky trend and are now an essential part of our living space. Check out these 'next level' ideas for you to try this summer. #outdoorrooms
Love the quaint house & the lovely hydrangeas in the tubs ! I will have to think about tist idea as I have 5 whiskey barrel planters in my farmhouse garden ----
Storybook Cottages, Red House, Sweet, Little Red, Little House, Whiskey Barrels, Red Cottages, Cottages Life, Little Cottages
Sweet little red cottage
Sweet little house
Cozy Cottage Life - hydrangeas in whiskey barrels. May be good way to get blue blooms
red cottage | Made In Persbo So...maybe I need to live in a little red house by a ...
Little red cottage by the lake. I'm looking to buy a little cottage someone near a lake... :)
perhaps we can turn a storybook cottage into a little red school house! This would be perfect!
How I would love to have this garden in our yard!
Gardens Ideas, Gardens Beds, Picket Fence, Vegetables Gardens, Kitchens Gardens, Beautiful Gardens, Veggies Gardens, Dreams Gardens, Gardens Sheds
I love everything about this. The white picket fence, the beautiful garden shed, and the awesome garden setting. So pretty!
Garden shed with gorgeous kitchen garden in #garden interior #garden interior design #garden decorating before and after #garden design #modern garden design| http://garden-design-7066.blogspot.com
Lovely lovely! Fenced in garden beds! vegetable garden, formal garden, garden shed, cutting garden
my dream garden: brick, beds, gorgeous potting shed, white picket fence and sprawling lawn and view-my fantasy land
veggie garden idea
Do's and don'ts of foundation plantings. Photos, drawings and an abundance of suggestions to guide how best to enhance and frame your home's exterior and connect it to the land it is built on.
Gardens Ideas, Img314, Curb Appeal Front, House Ideas, Foundation Landscape Ideas, Appeal Front Yard, Homes, Foundation Plants Ideas How To, Foundation Planting
bistro seating and striped runners.
Ideas, Black And White, Parties, Stripes Tables, Tables Runners, Outdoor Gardens, Table Runners, White Stripes, Flower
cute idea for table runner on deck table!
Outdoor garden party decor ; Black and white striped table runner !
Monochrome meets floral. Color and pattern inspiration. Solid blue seat cushions, black and white striped table runners, and flowers.
Dirt Simple | Gardening and Landscape Blog by Deborah Silver - Part 58. I love this
Winter Container Gardens, Deborah Silver, Christmas Decor, Christmas Outdoor, Landscape Blog, Flower Pots Christmas Gardens, Gardens Urn, Christmas Ideas, Christmas Planters Outdoor
Christmas decoration - outside
Christmas Garden Urn | Deborah Silver
Gardening and Landscape Blog by Deborah Silver - Part 58.
window box for winter
Gardens Ideas, Deborahsilv Com, Deborah Silver, Winter Window, Gardens Yard, Winter Gardens, Gardens Fantasy, Window Boxes, Holidays Window
Holiday window box, deborahsilver.com.
window box for winter, Deborah Silver, Detroit Garden Works, Branch Studio
Sharps Farm: Christmas Decorating Inspiration
Decor Ideas, Birdbaths, Diy Fashion, Front Doors, Diy Gifts, Christmas Decor, Christmas Window, Outdoor Christmas, Window Boxes
outdoor Christmas decor
Christmas Window Boxes & Urns
Topiary#diy decorating ideas #diy gifts #creative handmade #diy fashion
For front door
cute Christmas decor idea for both sides of steps
urn or birdbath with lighted grapevine ball and mixed greens! lovely and elegant
wintergreen plants with red berries
Old House, Photo
Wintergreen | Cold-Weather Plantings | This Old House
Photo: Keller & Keller | thisoldhouse.com | from Cold-Weather Plantings
spray plants with antidesiccant
To keep greenery looking fresh all season even if the roots are frozen or you're using cut branches, spray foliage with an antidesiccant. | Photo: Keller & Keller | thisoldhouse.com
Winter window box
Old House, Boxes Photo, Weather Window, You, Winter Plants, Window Boxes Winter, Winter Window Boxes, Window Boxes Plants, Cold Weather
Cold Weather Window Box
Don't retire your gardening gear just because the temperature's dropped. Pot up some cold-weather plantings to brighten your home's exterior—and your spirits. | Photo: Keller & Keller | thisoldhouse.com
Cold Hardy Winter Plantings
Take a look at our list of cold-weather plantings for winter window boxes (Photo: Keller & Keller) winter moss basket
Choose a cold-hardy container | Cold-Weather Plantings | This Old House
Replant entry pots with winter-hardy specimens, such as dwarf evergreens or boxwood (shown here), and ring the base with English ivy and a few faux berries for a festive shot of color. To give plants the best chance of surviving the winter, pot them in a container at least 4 inches taller and wider than the root ball. You can transplant them to your yard from spring until fall, says This Old House landscape contractor Roger Cook.
This Old House, Evergreen Planters, Flower Pots, Old Houses, English Ivy, Front Doors Planters Winter, Thisoldhouse With, Front Doors Pots Plants, Front Porches
Love the house :Replant entry pots with winter-hardy specimens, such as dwarf evergreens or boxwood (shown here), and ring the base with English ivy and a few faux berries for a festive shot of color. To give plants the best chance of surviving the winter, pot them in a container at least 4 inches taller and wider than the root ball. You can transplant them to your yard from spring until fall, says This Old House landscape contractor Roger Cook.
Replant entry pots with winter-hardy specimens, such as dwarf evergreens or boxwood, and ring the base with English ivy and a few faux berries for a festive shot of color. | Photo: John Gruen | thisoldhouse.com front porch
evergreen planter
Finally found good tips on evergreen plants for winter flower pots and planters
Red geraniums won't look so bad in my flower boxes. They are very low maintenance - the only kind of flower I can handle
Kitchens Window, Windowbox, Flower Boxes Window, Yvestown Blog, Gardens, Pink Geraniums, Planters Boxes, Cottages Window, Window Boxes
╰⊰✿ Window boxes ✿ Lovely window box of geraniums — The Yvestown Blog
Window box overflowing with geraniums | Yvestown #windowbox #geraniums #garden #gardening #jardin #garten
Window box overflowing with pink geraniums
Planter box
pretty cottage window box
kitchen window box
Serendipity Refined: Fall Porch and Urn Decorations
Fall Front Porches, Urn Decor, Hollow Cottages, Serendipity Acne, Urn Planters, Fall Inspiration, Fall Porches, Fabulous Urn, Foxes Hollow
Serendipity Refined Blog: Fall Porch and Urn Decorations
Fall Front Porch and Fabulous Urn Planter - Fox Hollow Cottage
Serendipity Refined: Fall Porch and Urn Decorations
Fall Front Porches, Fall Decor, Urn Decor, Serendipity Acne, Urn Planters, Front Yard, Fall Porches, Fabulous Urn, Foxes Hollow
Fall Front Porch and Fabulous Urn Planter - Fox Hollow Cottage
Maybe for my front yard
Plants Can, Decor Ideas, Porches Decor, Front Porches Design, Clock, Porches Ideas, Back Porches, Dreams Porches, Flowerpot
front porch ideas | front porch design ideas 300x225 front porch design ideas Interior ...
front porch decorating ideas | potted plants on the front porch
Front porch decorating ideas for spring are should be bright, colorful, and cheerful. It is time for you to clean your porch from remaining snow, and get prepare for sunny day. Or for the back porch.
FRONT PORCH IDEAS from 'Rate My Space'. I like the clock, potted plants, the swing and comfortable seating.
Front porch decorating ideas for spring are should be bright, colorful, and cheerful. ...my dream porch!
CT Private Garden
Flagstone Path, Gardens 026, Gardens Paths, Side Yard, Garden Paths, Stones Paths, Gardens Pathways, Evergreen Gardens, Private Gardens
CT Private Garden. This landscape works because the designer used several different shades of green. A yellow-green growing between the pavers, white-and-green for the border plants, and deep green for the shrubs. The stone path is a colorless grey which contributes to the monochromatic look.
CT Private Garden lovely side yard
This private garden pathway looks naturally lush but not too wild.
Private Garden, garden path #stone #stonepath #gardenPath #garden #outside
Flagstone path boarders with irregular planting.
Lovely design CT Private Gardens 026 by KarlGercens.com GARDEN LECTURES, via Flickr
Faux / false / fake window with shutters in closed position to balance facade of house. Azek trim, wood shutters from shuttercraft.com, Thermatru fiberglass door, Northeast Lantern light fixtures. Durham, NH.
Fake Windows, Yard Window
dreamy out door space
Courtyards Gardens, Brick House, Outdoor Living, Black And White, Terraces, Backyard, Stripes, Outdoor Spaces, Stones Patio
#outdoor #living: lovely terrace; love the striped fabric
Gorgeous stone patio, brick house, stripes. I need stripes in my backyard
lovely courtyard garden
outdoor space. Levels. Stone patio.
Gorgeous stone patio, brick house, black and white stripes cushions.
This step-down gravel patio, framed by pavers and planting beds, appeals for both its low-maintenance and inviting charm. | Photo: Karen Bussolini | thisoldhouse.com
Peas Gravel Patio, Easy Back Yard Ideas, Outdoor Rooms, Outdoor Living, Side Yard, Area Backyard, Gravel Patio Ideas, Dining Spaces, Back Yard Gravel Patio
Pea gravel patio by leah
outdoor "room"
Outdoor Living and Dining Space | Lawn-Less Yard Solutions | Photos | Garden Planning | Landscaping | This Old House
Yes! I want something similar in the side yard.
Geraniums in window box
Gardens Ideas, Windowbox, Blue Lobelia, Color Combos, Lace Curtains, Window Flower Boxes, Blue Flower, Red Geraniums, Window Boxes
obsessed with window flower boxes
bright windowboxs and lace curtains
container flower gardening ideas | Beautiful Window Box Geraniums!
window box red and blue flowers. Nice color combo
Red geraniums with blue Lobelia #flower #windowbox
Window Box - red geraniums and blue lobelia.
10 No-Fuss Wireless Outdoor Lighting Solutions - ELLE DECOR
Ulterior Votive, Campfires Votive, Campfires Candles, Candles Holders, David Weeks, Teas Lights, Weeks Studios, Weeks Votive, Fire Pit
1-campfire-by-devid-weeks-studio (cute campfire candle!)
David Weeks votive holders
David Weeks' Ceramic Candle Holder Tea Light Set (Ulterior Votives). I love the campfire piece!
Why isn't the fire pit still available?
Ulterior Votive Collection | David Weeks Studio
If you crave the open look of a lush lawn, low-growing groundcovers may be your best alternative. Foot-traffic-friendly groundcovers that compete well with weeds and stay relatively short without mowing include mat-forming creeping thyme, grasslike blue sedge (Carex glauca), and mounding moss phlox (a good choice on hillsides where mowing is difficult).


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Kahlid Wooten
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Height: 5-11 Weight: 210 lbs.
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Could Michigan State coach Tom Izzo have a hand in Marcus Smart's return to OSU?
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Atlanta Hawks v Phoenix Suns
Luis Scola of the Phoenix Suns drives for a shot against Josh Smith... Nieuwsfoto'sAtlanta Hawks - Basketbalteam,Basketbal,Basketbal - NBA Pro,Driverslag,Josh Smith - NBA-speler,Luis Scola,Phoenix - Arizona,Phoenix Suns,Schieten,Sport,Treffer,US Airways Center,Verenigde Staten,VerticaalPhotographer Barry GossageCollection: National Basketball Association 2013 NBAEPHOENIX, AZ - MARCH 1: Luis Scola #14 of the Phoenix Suns drives for a shot against Josh Smith #5 of the Atlanta Hawks on March 1, 2013 at U.S. Airways Center in Phoenix, Arizona. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and or using this photograph, user is consenting to the terms and conditions of the Getty Images License Agreement. Mandatory Copyright Notice: Copyright 2013 NBAE (Photo by Barry Gossage/NBAE via Getty Images)


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8 Ways to Save Your Hair Color
When Robert Frost wrote that "nothing gold can stay," he clearly left out hair color and highlights: Bottled reds, blondes, and browns will inevitably fade, too. These tricks keep color looking fresher, longer.
- Jessie J's New Haircut Looks Exactly Like Ruby Rose's
- Jennifer Aniston Is Just as Lazy About Washing Her Hair as We Are
- Why This Vibrating (!) Flatiron Is a Curly-Hair Game-Changer
- Your Favorite Summer Hair Color Trend Just Got an Awesome Fall Makeover
- This Former Disney Star Just Dyed Her Hair Bright Red
- 10 Fall Coats That Will Instantly Update Your Look
- 13 Witch-Inspired Beauty Products to Celebrate the Halloween Season
- 5 Beauty Picks We're Obsessed With This Week
- The Jem and the Holograms Beauty Collection Is Here (and It's So Good)
- The Bravest Thing Lake Bell, Jared Leto, and Laverne Cox Have Ever Done


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Office supplies go galactic in a series of "Star Wars" character murals created out of blocky pieces of paper.
Employees of UK office supply company Viking create a series of murals of Darth Vader, Yoda and other "Star Wars" favorites using sticky little pieces of paper.
Stop, collaborate and listen: 3M's universal iOS app lets you capture a wall of sticky notes, organize them and share them with your collaborators.
From the Cheapskate: This 8-inch tablet is a far better deal than Amazon's new Fire HD 8. Here's why.
Each Apollo astronaut was equipped with a specially modified Hasselblad camera, resulting in thousands of iconic space images that are now collated in one place.
Specs for Microsoft's anticipated pair of flagship handsets, the Lumia 950 and 950 XL, were accidentally posted online by the company itself.
Technically Incorrect: The Dunwoody Police Department in Georgia believes that humor might put people off doing things that are against the law.
US Environmental Protection Agency will use random spot checks to expose technologies that may allow cars to skirt emissions standards.
The smartphone landscape has shifted since the last iPhones emerged, and Apple is about to transform it even more.
Technically Incorrect: Florida police decide to post to Facebook a texting exchange between a man trying to sell drugs to, oh, a narcotics captain.


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This report analyses different types of mobile payments currently used by motorists,the average mobile payment spend and frequency used per motorist across 14 European markets and potential barriers to mobile payment usage that retailers face.
The market for digital wallets remains rich in opportunity, with the buzz surrounding the space gathering pace. This brief provides detailed insight into consumer behaviors and attitudes towards digital wallets.
Digital Wallets: Six Key Lessons objectively explores the main obstacles in the provision of digital wallet services going forward. It crucially highlights the steps digital wallet providers can take to build strong, long-lasting propositions.
Gain a deep insight into which consumer demographics hold prepaid cards, how they came to hold them, and how they are used. Identify the key trends in 29 markets to better position and sell prepaid card products.
Gain a deep insight into what customers want from their credit cards, which cards they have, and how they use them. Identify customers looking to switch cards and see exactly which product and service features will win their business.
Contactless cards are one of the hottest topics in the payment space. This analytics tool provides global market size and forecasts for contactless card issuance, covering 2010-16 for 20 countries.
ING Groep N.V. (ING or 'the group') is an international financial institution that provides banking, insurance, and asset management services. The group's product offering includes life and general insurance, commercial and retail banking, asset management, corporate finance, and leasing. ING operates in the Americas, Europe, and Asia Pacific. It is headquartered in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and employed 83,690 people as on December 31, 2013.
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The Passenger Innovation Awards aims to ignite new ideas in the passenger world.
Why closing gaps in the Tokyo Convention will be a deterrent to unruly passenger behavior.
The trusted source to prepare and document dangerous shipments in compliance with international regulations.
Gain strategic insights on trends and opportunities with customized global passenger flow data.
We're adding new IATA training centers, partner locations and distance learning options to bring our training closer to you.
Join us on 20-22 October in Hamburg & meet high level industry professionals to discuss industry transformation.
Tony Tyler's address to the 1000 delegates from industry and media who gathered in Miami 7-9 June for IATA's 71st AGM
Press Release No.:
Date: 30 August 2006
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) released traffic results for the first seven months of the year showing growth of 6.4% for passenger traffic and 5.3% for freight over the same period last year. The average load factor for the period was 76%.
"The load factors are amazing. For the first seven months of the year passenger demand grew by 6.4% while capacity expanded by 4.7% pushing the average load factor to 76%. The result is a strong revenue environment that is helping to combat the increasing price of fuel. But recent shocks in the UK and the Middle East remind us that there is no room for complacency on efficiency," said Giovanni Bisignani, Director General and CEO of IATA.
In July 80.8% of seats were filled worldwide with North American carriers achieving 85.9%.
The conflict in the Middle East led to a slowdown in the region's growth rate. "For the first time in two years, Middle Eastern carriers were not the leaders in cargo or passenger growth," said Bisignani. Middle Eastern carriers posted July growth of 12.9% for passenger and 15.2% for cargo. This was behind African carrier growth of 13.1% for passenger and 20.6% for cargo. Middle Eastern traffic accounts for 7.7% of global traffic. "The slowdown was isolated with little impact even to the region's dominant carriers," said Bisignani.
"While we expect to see another isolated dip in August due to the UK terror alert, overall, improved efficiency and high load factors will help to mitigate the impact of the high oil prices and bodes well for the bottom line. A disciplined focus on efficiency throughout the value chain is the tool that will return the industry to profitability," said Bisignani.
IATA will release a revised industry profitability forecast on Thursday 31 August.
Full July traffic results (pdf)
Editors Notes:
Corporate CommunicationsTel +41 22 770 29 67Fax +41 22 770 26 41e-mail: email@example.com
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Eisenhower Real Estate Holdings, LLC
B-402807: Jul 27, 2010
Additional Materials:
- Full Report:
Ralph O. White
(202) 512-8278
(202) 512-4800
(202) 512-8278
Office of Public Affairs
(202) 512-4800
Eisenhower Real Estate Holdings, LLC, of Washington, DC, protests the terms of solicitation for offers (SFO) No. 8DC2175, issued by the General Services Administration (GSA), Public Buildings Service (PBS), for the lease of office space to house portions of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The protester asserts that the SFO's geographic restriction exceeds the government's requirements and is therefore unreasonable.
We deny the protest.
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This is not a promotion. It's always available free.
Citrix GoToMyPC is a service that allows customers to connect to their PCs remotely. With this service, users can access their desktops whenever they want from their smartphones, tablets or home computers. This also allows individuals to work from home, as they can remotely log in to their office computers 24/7, even when they are traveling or working out at the gym. For new customers, GoToMyPC offers a free 30-day trial, which gives customers the opportunity to test out the service and see if it's right for them.


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You will receive an E-Ticket for your tour/activity within 72 hours (if your tour/activity is in less than 10 days). If your tour/activity is within the next 72 hours, your E-Ticket will be processed as quickly as possible. Learn more
The comprehensive Nashville City Tour & Homes of the Stars Tour is the best combination tour value in Nashville. Discover Nashville in the morning, and take the Stars Homes Tour in the afternoon.
Your day begins with a tour of the city, admission to the Country Music Hall of Fame, and admission to the Ryman Auditorium. You'll have time for lunch on your own in historic downtown Nashville.
The second portion of your sightseeing tour will take you past the homes of Nashville's elite including Alan Jackson, Dolly Parton, Trisha Yearwood, Martina McBride and many more!
This tour includes round-trip transportation to and from your hotel, as well as admission to the Ryman auditorium and more.