text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|28 Aug 2001
|Filing date
|29 May 1998
|Priority date
|30 May 1997
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Satoshi Maruyama, Masato Kurihara, Akira Kakinuma
|Original Assignee
|Tdk Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (17), Classifications (26), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an electrode structure having a current collector of a lithium secondary battery, electric double-layer capacitor or the like, and a lithium secondary battery and electric double-layer capacitor using the electrode.
2. Background Art
Secondary batteries for use in notebook size personal computers, video cameras and the like are required to have a high energy density and a satisfactory charge/discharge cycle life. The secondary batteries which have been used heretofore include lead acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, and nickel-hydrogen batteries. Lithium secondary batteries were proposed and have been used in practice as a secondary battery having a higher energy density.
In the prior art, liquids are used as the electrolyte of such secondary batteries. If the electrolyte is made solid, it is attractive as batteries of the next generation type because solid electrolytes can prevent liquid leakage and enables sheet structuring. In particular, if lithium ion secondary batteries which now enjoy rapid widespread use in notebook size personal computers and the like can be structured into a sheet form or multilayer compact size, they are expected to find a wider range of application.
In order that such solid electrolytes be used, it is proposed to construct them as ceramic materials, polymeric materials or composite materials. Among others, gel electrolytes which are plasticized using a polymeric electrolyte and an electrolytic solution are considered promising in the development of electrolytes because they have both the high conductivity of liquids and the plasticity of polymers.
An example of utilizing a gel electrolyte in a battery is already disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,985,574. This patent includes examples in which a polyacetal which has been gelled by incorporating therein a supporting electrolyte such as ammonium perchlorate and a solvent such as propylene carbonate is used as a separator or positive electrode. A battery is constructed using lithium as the negative electrode. The positive electrode is prepared by bonding a honeycomb grid to a metal such as silver under heat and pressure and applying the gel thereto. Further, U.S. Pat. No. 5,296,318 discloses a practical system.
Specifically, U.S. Pat. No. 5,296,318 discloses that a copolymer of poly(vinylidene fluoride) with hexafluoropropylene is used as polymeric matrices of a positive electrode, negative electrode and separator of a lithium intercalation battery. The key feature of this disclosure is the use of the specific copolymer. The reason why characteristics can be improved is believed to be that since not only a binder alone is added to the electrode, but a gel electrolyte composition is also mixed during formation of the electrode, the electrode well matches with the electrolyte so that the internal resistance can be reduced. That is, unlike the solution system, an electrode composition inherent to the gel electrolyte system (referred to as gel electrode composition, hereinafter) is constructed.
Further, U.S. Pat. No. 5,470,357 discloses an electrode structure wherein a metal grid of aluminum or copper is used as the current collector. The method of making electrodes involves forming a film of a gel electrode composition and then bonding a metal grid thereto by the application of heat and pressure. The electrode composition cannot be applied to the grid during formation of the electrode because when a practical slurry is used, it cannot be fully held by the grid. Also, the results of our study showed that the use of a copolymer of poly(vinylidene fluoride) with hexafluoropropylene as the gel electrolyte was impractical because adhesion between the electrode and the collector metal was weak. Accordingly, it is believed that the manufacturing process described in Examples of U.S. Pat. No. 5,470,357 is used in practice. More particularly, it is necessary to previously coat the collector with a paint in which a conductive aid is mixed with a polymeric matrix component in a gel electrolyte, a paste in which a conductive material is added to a hot-melt paint as shown in the above-referred patent, or a conductive paint for use in electrolytic capacitors. Usually, the electrode (film+collector) is prepared by bonding the thus obtained grid to the gel electrode composition film under heat and pressure. It is thus apparent that a special step is necessary during formation of the electrode, leading to a reduced mass productivity and an increased cost.
An object of the invention is to provide an electrode capable of increasing the retaining force of a gel electrolyte component to a collector for enabling direct coating of the gel electrolyte component to the collector and thus featuring improved mass productivity and a reduced cost; and to provide a lithium secondary battery and an electric double-layer capacitor using the electrode.
The above object is achieved by the following construction.
(1) An electrode comprising a porous metal member in sheet form having a three-dimensional skeleton structure and a solid polymer electrolyte.
(2) The electrode of (1) wherein said solid polymer electrolyte comprises a gelled polymer matrix containing an electrolytic solution.
(3) The electrode of (1) wherein said porous metal member has a porosity of 80 to 98% and a mean maximum pore diameter of 100 to 800 μm.
(4) A lithium secondary battery comprising the electrode of (1).
(5) An electric double-layer capacitor comprising the electrode of (1).
With the above-described problems borne in mind, we made investigations on the electrode which is easier to manufacture. We have found that the desired electrode can be obtained by tailoring the electrode structure using a porous metal member having a three-dimensional skeleton structure. That is, a porous metal member having a three-dimensional skeleton structure is used as the collector instead of the grid, thereby increasing the retaining force of a gel electrolyte component to the collector for enabling direct coating or printing of the gel electrolyte component to the collector. Further, as will be described later, since the porous metal member having a three-dimensional skeleton structure is contained within the electrode, the internal resistance of the electrode is reduced and rated properties are improved. This advantage is attributable to the porous metal member having a three-dimensional skeleton structure as used herein, and becomes more prominent when a gel electrolyte favored by the invention is used.
It is already disclosed in JP-A 315768/1992 to apply to the collector a porous metal member having a three-dimensional skeleton structure. In this patent, the porous metal member is used in a nickel-oxygen battery for the purpose of preventing the active material from separating from the collector surface. As opposed to this, in the present invention, the porous metal member having a three-dimensional skeleton structure plays not only the role of holding the active material, but also the role of holding the gelled electrolyte.
When the gelled solid polymer electrolyte favored by the invention is used, mere contact of the active material with the collector surface is not important, but the co-presence of three phases which are the collector, the gelled solid polymer electrolyte and the active material is important. Herein, the active material must be in contact with the collector, with a conductive aid interposed therebetween. In the case of a solution system, a three-phase coexisting region is generally formed even when the active material is not in contact with the collector because the solution fully penetrates internally. Therefore, a three-phase interface is formed even when it is not positively intended to form such an interface, and direct coating to a foil is possible. However, in the even where the solid electrolyte is used, if the active material is in direct contact with the collector surface, the formation of a three-phase interface becomes difficult and electrode reaction is extremely obstructed. Therefore, the collector/conductive aid/solid polymer electrolyte joint is necessary as described above, for which the porous metal member having a three-dimensional skeleton structure must be used.
Now the illustrative construction of the present invention is described in detail.
The electrode of the invention comprises a porous metal member in sheet form having a three-dimensional skeleton structure and a solid polymer electrolyte. By combining the porous metal member having a three-dimensional skeleton structure with the solid polymer electrolyte, there can coexist the three phases of a collector, a gelled solid polymer electrolyte and an active material. It then becomes possible to directly coat the gelled solid polymer electrolyte to the collector, and hence, to produce an electrode of high performance at a high efficiency.
Porous Metal Member
To prepare the porous metal member having a three-dimensional skeleton structure used herein, a spongy plastic foam having a three-dimensional reticulated skeleton structure or synthetic fiber sheet is coated with a metal or alloy by such methods as plating and thermal spraying, obtaining a porous metal. Examples of the metal to be applied include copper, nickel, aluminum, iron, chromium, zinc, tin, lead, silver, cadmium, cobalt, gold, and platinum. When the electrode is applied to lithium secondary batteries, copper, nickel, stainless steel or the like is preferred for the negative electrode, and aluminum or the like is preferred for the positive electrode. Examples of the spongy plastic foam having a three-dimensional reticulated skeleton structure or synthetic fiber sheet to be coated include foams of plastics such as polyesters, styrene, vinyl chloride, polyacrylonitrile, polyisocyanate, polypropylene and polyethylene, and synthetic fibers of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyesters, polyvinyl alcohol, polyurethane, polyamides, regenerated cellulose, etc. Preferred are foams of polyurethane (urethane foams).
After the metal or alloy is applied to the spongy plastic foam or synthetic fiber sheet, the foam or sheet is heated and roasted whereby the foam or sheet is removed. This is followed by annealing treatment, leaving a porous metal member having a three-dimensional skeleton structure.
The porous or cellular metal member preferably has a porosity of about 80 to 98%, especially about 90 to 95%, and a mean maximum pore diameter of about 100 to 800 μm, especially about 250 to 500 μm, as calculated from equivalent circles to surface-exposed pores. The porosity and mean pore diameter can be determined by observing the surface under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The porous metal member is of sheet form, preferably having a thickness of about 0.1 to 3 mm, more preferably about 0.3 to 1 mm, and especially about 0.4 to 0.6 mm.
Polymer for Solid Electrolyte
The polymer used herein for the solid electrolyte is not critical. The intended use in electrochemical application requires that the polymer be stable against voltage and have satisfactory thermal and mechanical properties. For this reason, well-known gel type SPE polymers are preferable. Exemplary polymers include chemically crosslinked gels obtained by polymerizing an acrylate containing ethylene oxide which is a photo-polymerizable monomer with a polyfunctional acrylate, polyacrylonitrile, polyethylene oxide, and polypropylene oxide; and physically crosslinked gels based on fluorinated polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymers, vinylidene fluoride-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymers P(VDF-CTFE), vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene fluoro-rubber, vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene fluoro-rubber, and vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether fluoro-rubber. The preferred vinylidene fluoride base polymers contain at least 50% by weight, especially at least 70% by weight of vinylidene fluoride (VDF). Of the above-mentioned polymers, polyvinylidene fluoride, abbreviated as PVDF, copolymers of vinylidene fluoride (VDF) with hexafluoropropylene (HFP), and copolymers of vinylidene fluoride (VDF) with chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) , abbreviated as P(VDF-CTFE), are preferred.
These polymers are commercially available. For example, VDF-CTFE copolymers are commercially available under the trade name of Sefral Soft G150 and G180 from Central Glass K.K. and Soref 31508 from Nippon Solvay K. K. VDF-HFP copolymers are commercially available under the trade name of KynarFlex 2750 (VDF:HFP=85:15 wt %) and KynarFlex 2801 (VDF:HFP=90:10 wt %) from Elf Atochem and Soref 11008, Solef 11010, Solef 21508 and Solef 21510 from Nippon Solvay K.K.
Solvent of Electrolytic Solution
As the solvent of the electrolytic solution, those solvents which do not undergo decomposition under a high voltage applied are preferred when the intended application to lithium secondary batteries and capacitors is taken into account. Exemplary solvents used herein are non-aqueous solvents and include carbonates such as ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate, and ethyl methyl carbonate; and tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxolan, 4-methyldioxolan, γ-butyrolactone, sulfolane, 3-methylsulfolane, dimethoxyethane, diethoxyethane, ethoxymethoxyethane, and ethyl diglyme. Although the quantitative ratio of the solvent to the polymer depends on the type of the solvent and the polymer used, it is preferred to add about 40 to 100% by weight of the polymer to the solvent. Also although the quantitative ratio of the polymer-mixed solvent to the electrolyte depends on the type of the polymer-mixed solvent and the electrolyte used, it is preferred to add about 0.5 to 2 mol/liter of the electrolyte to the polymer-mixed solvent.
Active Material
When the electrode of the invention is used in lithium secondary batteries, it is preferred to use such an active material as carbon, lithium metal, lithium alloy or oxide materials as the negative electrode active material and to use such an active material as oxide or carbon capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium ions as the positive electrode active material.
The carbon used as the active material may be properly selected from natural or artificial graphite, resin fired carbon materials, and carbon fibers. They are used in powder form. Preferred among these is graphite desirably having a mean particle size of 1 to 30 μm, especially 5 to 25 μm. A smaller mean particle size tends to reduce the charge/discharge cycle life and to increase the variation of capacity (between individual cells). A larger mean particle size would lead to a significantly greater variation of capacity and a lower average capacity. It is believed that a variation of capacity results from a larger mean particle size because the contact of graphite with the collector and the contact between graphite particles become inconsistent.
Composite oxides containing lithium are preferred as the oxide capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium ions. Such oxides are, for example, LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, LiNiO2, and LiV2O4.
Also, where the electrode of the invention is used in electric double-layer capacitors, it is preferred to use the above-described activated carbon as the active material.
The active material is preferably added to a mixed solution of the polymer and the electrolyte in a ratio of the active material to the mixed solution of from about 97/3 to about 40/60 although the ratio varies with the type of the active material.
The electrolyte is preferably selected from electrolyte salts in dissolved form such as LiPF6, LiClO4, LiBF4, LiAsF6, LiSO3CF3, and (CF3SO2)2NLi when the application to lithium batteries is taken into account. Also, quaternary ammonium salts such as tetraethylammonium perchlorate and tetraethylammonium fluoroborate are useful as well as the foregoing alkali metal salts containing lithium when the electrolyte is used in electric double-layer capacitors. An appropriate electrolyte salt compatible with the solvent may be selected from these and other examples depending on the electro-chemical device to which the invention is applied. These electrolyte salts may be used alone, or a plurality of salts may be used in a predetermined mix ratio. The concentration of the electrolyte salt in the electrolytic solution of non-aqueous solvent system is preferably about 0.1 to 5 mol/liter. Maximum conductivity is generally available at a concentration of about 1 mol/liter.
Now it is described how to prepare the electrode of the invention.
First, there is furnished a spongy plastic foam having a three-dimensional reticulated skeleton structure or synthetic fiber sheet as the skeleton member. In the case of a urethane foam, for example, a sheet-shaped urethane foam is used as the skeleton member, and is given conductivity, for example, by immersing in a solution having graphite dispersed, followed by drying and solidification, or by electroless plating.
The foam is further provided with a layer of a metal or alloy such as copper, nickel, stainless steel or aluminum by such techniques as electrolytic plating, electroless plating and thermal spraying. At this point, the metal or alloy preferably builds up to a thickness of about 50 to 100 μm
The skeleton member having the metal or alloy layer coated thereon is heat treated for removing the skeleton member. Preferably the heating temperature is equal to or above the temperature at which the skeleton member burns or gasifies, but below the melting point of the metal or alloy layer and especially about 450 to 600� C. If desired, the porous metal member from which the skeleton member has been removed is subject to heat treatment for annealing purpose. The annealing temperature is preferably about 600 to 1,200� C. although it varies with the type of the metal or alloy layer. The porous metal member is then cut to the predetermined shape, obtaining a collector.
Next, a coating solution is prepared by dispersing the electrode material such as carbon material in a polymer solution. The solvent used for the coating solution may be selected as appropriate from various solvents in which the polymer is soluble. For example, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and methyl isobutyl ketone may be used.
The dispersing/dissolving step may be carried out by adding filler particles to the polymer solution, and mixing the mixture for dispersion and dissolution at room temperature or elevated temperature using a mixer such as a magnetic stirrer or homogenizer or a dispersing apparatus such as a ball mill, super sand mill or pressure kneader.
The concentration and viscosity of the coating solution may be determined as appropriate depending on the coating means. Usually, the concentration of the polymer in the solvent is preferably 3 to 30% by weight. The amount of the polymer added is preferably about 3 to 20 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the electrode material. For example, where the electrode material is a carbon material, the ratio of the carbon material to the polymer is preferably in the range from 85/15 to 94/6% by weight. A less amount of the polymer would lead to insufficient adhesion whereas an excessive amount of the polymer would lead to a reduced battery capacity or capacitor capacitance.
The means for applying the coating solution to the collector is not critical and may be determined as appropriate depending on the material and shape of the collector. In general, doctor blade coating, electrostatic painting, dipping, spraying, roll coating, metal mask printing, gravure coating and screen printing techniques are used. Thereafter, rolling treatment is carried out by means of a platen press or calender roll, if necessary.
The coating solution is coated to the collector and dried, forming a coating. The coating solution is preferably applied to such an extent that all the pores in the collector are filled with the coating solution and the entire surface of the collector (excluding connections to lead terminals) is covered with the coating solution.
Where the electrode of the invention is used as the electrode of a lithium secondary battery, the electrolytic solution is prepared by dissolving a lithium-containing electrolyte in a non-aqueous solvent. The lithium-containing electrolyte may be selected from LiClo4, LiBF4, LiPF6, LiCF3SO3, LiN(CF3SO2) and LiAsF6, for example. The non-aqueous solvent may be selected from ethers, ketones, carbonates, and organic solvents as exemplified in JP-A 121260/1988, for example.
The use of the above-described polymer binder leads to a substantially improved charge/discharge cycle life. If the above-described polymer is not used as the binder for the active material, the battery capacity would gradually decrease upon repetitive charge/discharge cycles because the polymer can be gradually dissolved in the electrolytic solution.
The lithium secondary cell using the electrode according to the invention is not particularly limited in structure although it is generally comprised of a positive electrode, a negative electrode, an optional separator, and a gel electrolyte or electrolytic solution and applicable to sheet-shaped batteries and cylindrical batteries. It is noted that liquid electrolytes can be used as the electrolyte although the use of solid polymer electrolytes is especially preferred. In this case, the above-described fluorinated rubber polymeric resins such as P(VDF-CTFE) are preferably used as the polymer of the gel electrolyte.
It is also acceptable to use the electrode of the invention as one electrode while the other electrode is constructed from a commonly used collector. As the collector in this embodiment, it is a common practice to use aluminum etc. for the positive electrode and copper, nickel, etc. for the negative electrode. The collector may be either a foil or a mesh (or grid).
The electrode of the invention is also useful in electric double-layer capacitors.
In the electric double-layer capacitors, a gel solid electrolyte containing an electrolytic solution is preferably used in addition to polarizable electrodes as described above. The electrolytic solution is preferably of organic solvents. It is especially preferred to use polymeric electrolytes and in this case, the P(VDF-CTFE) according to the invention can also be used as the polymer of the gel electrolyte.
Included in the electrolyte salt are (C2H5)4NBF4, (C2H5)3CH3NBF4, and (C2H5)4PBF4.
The organic solvent may be selected from well-known various solvents, preferably electrochemically stable non-aqueous solvents such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, γ-butyrolactone, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, sulfolane and nitromethane, alone or in admixture.
In the electrolytic solution of such organic solvent, the electrolyte may have a concentration of about 0.1 to 3 mol/liter.
The structure of the electric double-layer capacitor in which the electrode of the invention is used is not critical. Usually a separator is interleaved between a pair of polarizable electrodes while electrode layers on the polarizable electrodes and the separator are impregnated with the electrolytic solution. An insulating gasket is disposed at the periphery of the polarizable electrodes and the separator. Such an electric double-layer capacitor may be any of the so-called coin, sheet and cylindrical types.
It is also acceptable to use the electrode of the invention as one electrode while the other electrode is constructed from a commonly used polarizable electrode. The collector in this embodiment may be conductive rubber such as conductive butyl rubber, or it may be formed by thermal spraying of metals such as aluminum and nickel or by attaching a metal mesh to one surface of the electrode layer.
Examples of the present invention are given below by way of illustration.
Preparation of gel electrolyte source solution
A source solution was prepared by weighing a copolymer of poly(vinylidene fluoride) with hexafluoropropylene (P(VDF-HFP) KynarFlex 2801 by Elf Atochem, HFP proportion ˜6 mol %, molecular weight Mw=380,000) as the polymer, a solution of 1M LiClO4 in ethylene carbonate/propylene carbonate (EC:PC=3:1) as the electrolytic solution, and acetone as the solvent so as to give a weight ratio of P(VDF-HFP):1M LiClO4/propylene carbonate:acetone=3:7:5, agitating and mixing them in a homogenizer at room temperature to 50� C. for about 1 to 5 hours.
Preparation of gel electrolyte film
A film of gel electrolyte was prepared by applying the source solution onto a quartz substrate as a thin layer, followed by drying and peeling.
Preparation of gel electrode slurry
A slurry was prepared by mixing the source solution and graphite as the negative electrode active material in a weight ratio of 2:1, and dispersing at room temperature for 60 minutes by means of a magnetic stirrer.
Fabrication of battery
A porous metal member having a three-dimensional skeleton structure was furnished by dipping a urethane foam (HR-50 by Bridgestone K. K.) in a graphite slurry, followed by drying and solidification, thereby imparting conductivity to the foam. Copper plating of 100 μm was applied to the foam, which was heated and burned at 500� C. for 10 minutes and then subjected to chemical reduction at 800� C. for 20 minutes. The resulting porous metal member had an average porosity of 95% and a mean maximum pore diameter of 500 μm. It was cut to the predetermined dimensions, obtaining a collector.
To the collector, the electrode-forming slurry prepared above was applied so as to give a dry thickness of 0.2 mm by a doctor blade technique, and dried in a dry atmosphere to form a negative electrode. Separately, a positive electrode was prepared by mixing the gel electrolyte solution, LiCoO2 as the active material and acetylene black as the conductive aid in a weight ratio of 2:7.5:1.2, and agitating them into a slurry in the same manner as the above-described electrode slurry. As described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,470,357, a gel electrode composition membrane was prepared using the slurry, and bonded under heat and pressure to an aluminum grid of 60 μm mesh.
The thus obtained positive electrode, gel electrolyte film and negative electrode were laid in order, obtaining a lithium secondary battery.
A lithium secondary battery was fabricated as in Example 1 except that a copper grid of 60 μm mesh was used as the collector.
A lithium secondary battery was fabricated using a copper grid as the collector as in Comparative Example 1. As described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,470,357, a gel electrode composition membrane was prepared before it was bonded under heat and pressure to the copper grid.
A lithium secondary battery was fabricated as in Example 1 except that a copper foil was used as the collector.
A lithium secondary battery of the electrolytic solution system was fabricated using the negative electrode material used in Example 1 as the negative electrode, the positive electrode material used in Example 1 as the positive electrode, and the solution of 1M LiClO4 in ethylene carbonate/propylene carbonate (EC:PC=3:1) used in Example 1 as the electrolytic solution.
The lithium batteries thus obtained were examined for direct printing or coating of the gel electrode slurry, initial capacity, and capacity retention after 30 cycles. The results are shown in Table 1.
retention after
or coating
30 cycles (%)
A lithium battery was fabricated as in Example 1 except that a copolymer having a backbone consisting of vinylidene fluoride and chlorofluoroethylene and a poly(vinylidene fluoride) on a side chain ((P(VDF-CTFE), Sefral Soft G180F100 by Central Glass K. K., CTFE proportion ˜15 mol %, molecular weight Mw=120,000) was used as the polymer.
In Example 2, the same procedures as in Comparative Examples 1 to 4 were carried out. These are Comparative Examples 5 to 8.
The lithium batteries thus obtained were examined for direct printing or coating of the gel electrode slurry, initial capacity, and capacity retention after 30 cycles. The results are shown in Table 2.
retention after
or coating
30 cycles (%)
A porous metal member was furnished by evaporating aluminum onto a urethane foam and heat treating the aluminum-deposited urethane foam for removing the urethane foam, leaving a porous aluminum member. A slurry was prepared by mixing the gel electrolyte source solution, LiCoO2 as the positive electrode active material, and acetylene black as the conductive aid in a weight ratio of 2:7.5:1.2, and dispersing at room temperature for 30 minutes to 3 hours by means of a magnetic stirrer. As in Example 1, the slurry was applied to the porous aluminum member and dried, obtaining a positive electrode.
A battery was fabricated as in Example 1 with substitution of this positive electrode for the positive electrode of Example 1 and examined as in Example 1, finding further improvements in initial capacity and capacity retention.
A polarizable electrode and a gel electrolyte were prepared as in Example 1, but using activated carbon having a specific surface area of 1,500 to 2,000 m2/g as the active material, propylene carbonate as the electrolytic solution, and (C2H5)4NBF4 as the electrolyte salt, and changing the shape of the collector and gel electrolyte to conform to the 2016 type. They were received in a 2016 type coin-shaped cell, constructing an electric double-layer capacitor.
The electric double-layer capacitor thus obtained was subjected to a charge/discharge test between 0 V and 2 V, finding favorable characteristics. When the capacitance per gram of activated carbon was measured, a capacitance of 30 F/g was marked.
As described above, the present invention provides an electrode capable of increasing the retaining force of a gel electrolyte component to a collector for enabling direct coating of the gel electrolyte component to the collector and thus featuring improved mass productivity and a reduced cost as well as a lithium secondary battery and an electric double-layer capacitor using the electrode.
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|Tadashi Senoo
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|Sumitomo Electric Toyama Co., Ltd.
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|U.S. Classification
|429/233, 429/231.8, 429/231.1, 429/304, 429/245, 429/330, 429/236, 429/300
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|20 Oct 1998
Owner name: TDK CORPORATION, JAPAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:MARUYAMA, SATOSHI;KURIHARA, MASATO;KAKINUMA, AKIRA;REEL/FRAME:009524/0563
Effective date: 19980930
|11 Jun 2002
|Certificate of correction
|1 Feb 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|28 Jan 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|2 Oct 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


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One of my favorite things about the month of October is having a good excuse to read some horror in time for Halloween. It's not a genre that I read all the time but every once in a while I get in the mood for something a little creepy and dare myself to read a horror or dark supernatural story. Whether it's filled with ghosts, monsters, witches or murder, a good horror story will keep you turning the pages all night long despite your unease. I have picked out a selection of some of my favorite spooky stories that I would recommend for this time of year.
- Anna Dressed in Bloodby Kendra Blake
- Summer of Fear by Lois Duncan
- The Dead House by Dawn Kurtagich
- Hold Me Closer Necromancer by Lish Mc Bride
- Hysteria by Megan Miranda
- This Dark Endeavor by Kenneth Oppel
- Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children by Ransom Riggs
- Jackaby by William Ritter
- The Replacement by Brenna Yovanoff

subset: commoncrawl


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http://askubuntu.com –
Will it be possible to create apps/games in Java SE or Java ME on new Ubuntu phones?
In Ubuntu Software Center OpenJDK Java 6 Runtime Environment is recommended for me. I've certainly noticed that I've been having some problems with apps that look and feel like Java problems. Also, Java 7 which comes with 14.04 out-of-the-box has been poorly reviewed. So, should I try Java 6?
Hi. Having read about the security problems with java I am quite interested in uninstalling it. But I am worried that will break something I am used to depending on. Is there a list of apps that use java in the standard distribution, or a simple way to find out what depends on java? (The only one I know about is open office and that is ok to use without java.)


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Part III of Caves, Cloisters and TemplesPart I is here. Part II is here.I am an ordinance worker in the Provo Temple. I get to work with young women, and sometimes older women, who are going through the temple for the first time. I explain to them the meaning of their garments, and promise that they will be protected if they wear them. (I consider this protection to be more spiritual than physical.) I also pronounce supernal blessings on the living who represent the dead.Two … [Read more...]
I Speak to Dead People
A Gift for my Readers
I recorded this story, one I made up and told to my son on a cabin porch, as a "perk" for donating to the Heart of Africa film. I offer it here as a gift and/or an invitation. Feel free to download it or listen to it (best done on a cabin porch). If you choose to donate to the film, we will happily accept that. Donations are tax deductible. See the link above.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GPjl5hXdP_c … [Read more...]
Tamu Thomas-Smith: Speaker for Martin Luther King, Jr. Day
She was raised by her grandmother, Susie Mae Young Thomas, who was a civil rights leader. She grew up knowing Susie's history--of being denied classes other than those in domestic service, and knowing that a "sea of brown"--Hispanics, blacks, others who knew prejudice far too well--finally protested in favor of Susie and the others who were determined not to be held back.She raised her five sisters as well as the children she and her husband had.She portrayed Jane Manning James for a … [Read more...]
Blind Man Given Sight
In 1979, I was living with my first husband in Royal Oak, Michigan. I was expecting a child, a girl, and I loved the bigness of my body.I see my daughter now from an entirely different perspective, of course. I see her down the years as my naked newborn; my smiling 2-month-old with hair like wispy dandelion seeds; my three-year-old whose family was breaking up and who didn't want to live so far from her daddy; my four-year-old who wore a white-tiered formal when I married Bruce Young; my … [Read more...]
In LDS literature, we are talking about the Mormon concept of the pre-existence, and then comparing some of Joseph Smith's revolutionary concepts with their romanticized versions depicted in Saturday's Warriors.We begin with the King Follett discourse, given at the funeral of a man who was crushed in a well. Joseph Smith chose to speak about the nature of God and pre-existent spirits "capable of enlargement." … [Read more...]
I Am Jane–music script
This is my invitation to everyone in Utah Valley to help us produce I am Jane at BYU during Black History Month. Below is the music script. To read the actual script, purchase Saints on Stage, edited by Mahonri Stewart. I am working on getting support from the theatre and music departments so that participants can get credit. Those in my Mormon Lit class can also meet requirements by helping with the production. If you don't know Jane's story, you NEED to help with this! … [Read more...]
Mormon Lit Syllabus
Requirements •Regular quizzes on the readings (If you are absent the day a quiz is given, you may take it late, but for only half credit.) •Mormon literary events–you will attend one event besides the AML conference and write up a short response essay. These events may be author readings, LDS films (such as Nobody Knows: The Untold Story of Black Mormons or specifically LDS dance/music concerts or an LDS play.Participate in a group Presentation•Final Project Interview with modern Mo … [Read more...]


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Essential Anatomy & Physiology in Maternity Care
- Linda Wylie, BA, MN, RGN, RM, RMT, Lecturer, School of Health, Nursing and Midwifery, University of Paisley, Scotland, UK
Anatomy and physiology presented in a clear and accessible manner for the midwifery student. Well illustrated with numerous line diagrams, ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY IN MATERNITY CARE takes a system-approach to the physiological changes that occur throughout the childbearing year. Varied case studies reflecting the latest research findings ensure that theory is firmly rooted in midwifery practice. This is an excellent first textbook for those students needing to understand the anatomy and physiology of pregnancy and childbirth.View full description
Book information
- Published: March 2005
- Imprint: CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE


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Select Local Merchants
Afford MDRead MoreAfford MD corals a team of licensed, certified doctors and physicians into a virtual, online cache of health professionals. The team dispenses medical information vie telephone, secure email, and live streaming video, allowing customers to consult with a doctor without going to a doctor's office or crashing a med school graduation party. Afford MD is designed for non-urgent medical care, allowing doctors to discuss symptoms, diagnose conditions, and offer treatment options.onlineonline, NV US
Mandarin OrientalRead MoreProperty Location A stay at Mandarin Oriental, Las Vegas places you in the heart of Las Vegas, minutes from Crystals at City Center and close to University of Nevada-Las Vegas. This 5-star resort is within close proximity of Sands Expo Convention Center and The Shoppes at the Palazzo. Rooms Make yourself at home in one of the 392 air-conditioned rooms featuring iPod docking stations and LCD televisions. Your bed comes with down comforters, down blankets, and Egyptian cotton sheets. 42-inch high-definition televisions with cable programming provide entertainment, while CD players help you enjoy your music in the comfort of your room. Private bathrooms with separate bathtubs and showers feature handheld showerheads and double sinks. Rec, Spa, Premium Amenities Relax at the full-service spa, where you can enjoy body treatments and facials. You can take advantage of recreational amenities such as a sauna, a steam room, and a fitness facility. Additional amenities include a concierge desk, a hair salon, and wedding services. Dining Enjoy a meal at one of the resort's dining establishments, which include 2 restaurants and a coffee shop/café. From your room, you can also access 24-hour room service. Relax with your favorite drink at a bar/lounge or a poolside bar. Business, Other Amenities Featured amenities include a business center, limo/town car service, and business services. Event facilities at this resort consist of conference/meeting rooms, small meeting rooms, and a ballroom.3752 South Las Vegas BoulevardLas Vegas, NV US
Red Rock Fencing CenterRead MoreDirector of Red Rock Fencing Center Frank Van Dyke is a longtime expert when it comes to the sport, with more than 30 years as a fencer, coach, and referee. He trained under one Olympian and three Olympic coaches before becoming a certified member of the U.S. Fencing Coaches Association and ascending to the board of the United Fencing Federation. The energetic Van Dyke does not rest on his laurels, competing to maintain world-class A-rated abilities with an épée, which crowns his talent with foil and sabre. In both instruction and competition, he draws techniques from German, Russian, Chinese and American Olympic schools, and specializes in strip and team tactics. The fencing center embodies both Van Dyke's zeal for excellence and dedication to his community. Olympic and World Cup instructors teach skills in all three weapons to competitive and amateur students, who parry across custom flooring designed to absorb the shocks to joints and muscles caused by forceful lunges and sudden NASA landings. Every Saturday, the team hosts a public tournament for anyone who contributes to its accompanying potluck, and heads beyond the center to work with boy scouts and schoolchildren.8352 West Warm Springs Road Suite 220Las Vegas, NV US
PupparazziRead MoreHeather Brooks plays with dogs for a living. The results of these puppy-fests can be seen in her portfolio of candid portraits that capture each pooch's unique personality. After honing her photographic craft on human families, Heather decided to launch Pupparazzi, carting her equipment to canines' natural habitats to snap up-close and personal puppy pics in black and white and full color. Heather knows all the tricks of the trade, like eschewing flash for natural light and shooting under a tree for the kind of soft light that brings out a pup's true eye color. Her telephoto lenses and fast shutter settings are able to capture the quick flick of a puppy's tail or the moment before a dog realizes that the Frisbee he's about to catch is actually a miniature UFO. Heather snaps her shutter for cats and other animals, too, and when the flashbulb frenzy comes to a close, pet owners can decorate their homes and bodies with fine-art prints and custom jewelry featuring their furry friend's face.8120 Jade Harbor CourtLas Vegas, NV US
Just Like Home Doggie Hotel and GroomingRead MoreWhat services does your business offer and what makes your business stand out from the competition? Love your pet but not the shedding our D-Shed treatments offer a nice alternative to your pet shedding all over your home and offers a nice break from the heat during the summer. Our D-Shed solution and tools help reduce shedding up to 90%. Just Like Home also offers Boarding and Day Care What was the inspiration to start or run this business? For the love of dogs What do you love most about your job? The extra Indoor group and rest play and sleep rooms with couches, pet beds, TV's and toy boxes. The 1/2 acre outdoor splash park and pool. 24 hour web cameras and full service grooming that offers dogs a place just like home. What is the best reaction you've ever gotten from a customer? My dog loves it here its his home away from home and I have a peace of mind knowing my dog is safe and in a loving place.4872 West Lake Mead BoulevardLas Vegas, NV US
Tammy Harper GroomingRead MorePets are part of the family and Tammy Harper Grooming in Las Vegas understands completely. There is a wide selection of pet supplies that allow you to give your pet the best of what it needs. Stock up on great pet supplies, such as carriers, and be prepared for every situation. Looking to give your pet an awesome new toy? Tammy Harper Grooming has you covered with pet apparel and pet toys. Give your pet the meal of a lifetime with items such as bowls and other feeders, and watch them leap with joy. Your little guy or gal needs a place to call their own, so be sure to check out the great variety of pet apparel and pet toys. There are plenty of services available to ensure your pet's well-being, such as healthcare. At Tammy Harper Grooming, you won't have to worry about forgetting where you parked. There are plenty of parking spaces nearby for you to choose from. No matter what type of pet you have, you can find great savings on pet supplies at Tammy Harper Grooming in Las Vegas.4601 North Rancho DriveLas Vegas, NV US


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Maxim provides ICs that address all aspects of the sensor signal chain, from conditioning to capture, transmission to timing, power to precision. Find the right solution for the right application.
Enables PLC designers to reduce system cost, power demands, and overall footprint while providing the accuracy and reliability.
A positive voltage, low-noise, 1A, power filter suitable for quiet supply solutions.
Lets designers create and simulate circuits online.


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WAYNE, N.J., Dec. 2 /PRNewswire/ -- With the bright lights, sweet treats and beautifully wrapped gifts, the winter holidays may be an exciting time of year for any child, but the same can't always be said for adults,especially with today's tough economy. Whether it's standing in painfully long shopping lines, emptying their wallets, or spending hours traveling to the in-laws, many couples find little time to relax, and even less time to be alone and romantic with their spouse.
"It's been a crazy year with my practice and competition schedule, and then you add to that my husband's baseball practice and playing schedule and our active two-year-old. Every year we end up running around more than we relax, which leaves very little time for romance. My husband and I always look forward to the holidays as a time to reconnect with family, and most importantly with each other," said USA softball player and world champion Jennie Finch. "Even though our schedules as athletes may not be typical, trying to balance work and life - especially around the holidays - is something we share with most couples."
According to results from a recent survey of couples, 90 percent noted that they would like to be more intimate with their partner. Eight out of 10 couples feel so overwhelmed that they report feeling that intimacy has become more of a "to do" than a "to desire."
So what can couples do to keep the romance alive despite the roller-coaster schedule of holiday parties and family gatherings?
Experts say there are several things you can do to keep the romance alive - even during the holidays:
|SOURCE Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Copyright©2008 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved


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Like a sort of paint-by-numbers for weight loss, the Diet Center's four distinct dieting programs make shedding weight an easy step-by-step process. Each program includes detailed information about what to eat and makes food options accessible for every individual's daily routine. For instance, the Exclusively You program relies on structured and easy-to-follow meal plans that clients can create in their own kitchen, while the Instant Shape Up plan utilizes ready-made meal replacements and snacks, ideal for those who rarely have time to cook. Regardless of which program the client chooses, Diet Center's knowledgeable staff will answer all questions and inquiries along the way, just as they have for the past 40 years.
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Though you may want to shave a minute or two off your prep time by blow drying immediately post-shower, you should never skip the all-important step of applying a heat shield. Developed by hair pro Zaid Bakeer, this keratin-rich lotion makes for easier styling sessions by stopping frizz before it has the chance to ruin your day. It's great for those with unreliable curls or anyone who wants to improve their hair's texture.
just the way it feels when it lathers is amazing. I have really long, thick, curly hair and i never thought I would find a product that worked. This product makes my hair feel silky and soft instantly. I love it and cant live without it. I'm not one to buy products like this, but i need this one. using my birchbox points! Love you birchbox5


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It's not about babysitting. God, I fucking hate this term.
Is the lane gank-able and would it benefit your team to gank? Yes. FUCKING GANK. Ganking once is NOT babysitting. Ganking twice is NOT babysitting. Ganking three times is NOT babysitting. It simply means the opponent is a fucking retard and can't ward/control his lane properly.
And didn't you just say he gave firstblood at lv2 to a XinZhao gank? You said in your first post he was level 2. This means you're level 3. Especially when you're playing a very fast-clearer like Nocturne.
This is why everyone's all like "ermagerd my teams suck i cant carry blablabla"; well, you can. You SHOULD have gone up top and helped him. This is what soloqueue is about. Carrying your team through lanephase and then hope to god you've either snowballed the game too hard in your favour, or they'll listen to your calls. (This isn't aimed at you directly, by the way).
The point is: YOU COULD have prevented his death by counter-ganking Xin early, you saw he was pushing to his turret, should be obvious tell that Xin is going to gank (I would of). Or you could at the very least have scored one, or possibly two kills off of that gank. You'll be level 3 by 2:40 as Nocturne. Easily.
Anyways, it sucks the Teemo left the game indeed, I feel for you. But he was obviously in trouble and you should of focused on his lane, or let him know that the lane was beyond saving, so you're going to focus on other lanes instead, and to just play passive and wait for lanephase to end. Yes Teemo sucks if not played right, and every Teemo player suck at playing Teemo. Except enemy Teemos, ofcourse!
And Firebert; for the love of all that is fucking holy. Stop with AMR. It is beyond idiotic.
And yes, Teemo will derp all over Garen if played correctly. Garen pops Q? Well pop W and move away. Garen takes a CS? Hit him once or twice. The only the this guy should reach you as Teemo is if you fucked up, he flashed or their jungler ganked. IF however you let Garen near you, he will completely destroy you.


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Fort Lauderdale, FLUSA
August 21, 2013
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Bellydrum is a meetup dedicated to the teaching and performance of Middle Eastern, Turkish and Greek rhythms on the doumbek, riq, tar or zils. Beginners to advanced drummers are welcome as long as they are serious about learning and playing specific rhythms. Bellydrum is not a drum circle, but a place where you can actually learn to play specific rhythms on the doumbek.
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Here is a small video our son, who also guides for us, did up this past spring with his GO-PRO. Please enjoy…Rick
Hello To All of our Past and Present Guests of Agassiz Outfitters,
We are excited to finally be able to share with you the TV show that was taped during Larry Weishuhn's visit to Agassiz Outfitters in Manitoba, Canada. PLEASE NOTE that our "World Class Hunting Territory" for black bear has remained the same BUT our contact on the tv show has changed and is as follows:
Agassiz Outfitters
c/o Rick & Colleen Liske
Box 848
Lac Du Bonnet, MB
Phone: 1-204-281-1918
Toll-free: 1-888-468-3394
Agassiz Outfitters-Manitoba Moose Hunts
Agassiz Outfitters has exclusive rights to a large remote hunting area in beautiful Northern Manitoba. Situated approximately 110 air miles north of Thompson, this area is only accessible by float plane. This area is pristine and virtually untouched as far as hunting pressure. We take a small number of hunters every fall and offer both 1 0n 1 and 2 on 1 hunts. This is one of the best moose areas that Manitoba has to offer and we cater to rifle, muzzle and archery hunters.
Hunts are conducted from mid-September to the beginning of October and calling is the prime method of hunting. Boats are our main form of transportation to and from the hunting areas.
Sitting by the fire enjoying the northern lights, listening to the wolves howl, fishing and hunting in this remote and pristine part of Northern Manitoba is a hunting experience that memories are made of!
WE ARE CURRENTLY BOOKING INTO 2016 AND 2017 AND SPOTS ARE FILLING QUICK! 1-888-468-3394 OR EMAIL: email@example.com TO RESERVE YOUR SPOT!
Agassiz Outfitters-2015 Manitoba Spring Bear
We would like to take this opportunity to thank each and every guest who hunted with us during the 2015 Manitoba Spring Black Bear Season! We already look forward and cant wait to seeing everyone this fall for your upcoming Manitoba black bear, moose or waterfowl hunt with Agassiz Outfitters!!
Agassiz Outfitters Sportshow Updates
A big thank you to everyone who took the time to come down to the Northwest Sportshow in Minneapolis last week to visit us and talk about hunting, fishing and anything else the great outdoors has to offer! We are in Madison,WI on April 10,11 and 12 for the Deer and Turkey Expo and cant wait to see everyone there. The spring black bear season is right around the corner and for those who we didn't get a chance to see at the shows, we look forward to seeing real soon at camp…..Rick
Agassiz Outfitters 2015 Spring Black Bear Update
We are just 2 short months away from the start of the 2015 spring black bear season and we cant wait! As of right now, we have approximately 3-31/2 feet of snow up at our camp after yesterdays snow fall. The month of February has been a cold one but the deep snow that our area had, has helped our bears winter excellent once again. We look forward to seeing everyone this spring!
Agassiz Outfitters – 2015 Sportshow Dates
We will be attending both the Northwest Sportshow in Minneapolis, MN on March 25 – March 29, 2015 and the Field & Stream Outdoor Life Deer & Turkey Expo on April 10 – April 12, 2015 in Madison, Wisconsin.
Looking forward to seeing everyone real soon!
Agassiz Outfitters-New Ad In "Bear Hunting Magazine"
Hope everyone had the opportunity to check out our 1/2 page ad in the January/February edition of "Bear Hunting Magazine" which also featured a picture of one of our guests with a good black bear he took with his bow last spring in the photo gallery section of the magazine. Please watch for our "NEW" 1/2 page ad which will be out in the March/April edition of "Bear Hunting Magazine" also and another one of our guests will also be featured in the photo gallery section as well.
Manitoba Big Game Trophy Association Awards Banquet
The 2013 & 2014 46th Manitoba Big Game Trophy Association Awards Banquet will be held on this April 11,2015 @ the Victoria Inn, 1808 Wellington Ave, Winnipeg, Mb.
For tickets contact Sandy @ Telesky's 1-204-775-6796
Agassiz Outfitters 2015 Spring Black Bear Update
With the spring black bear season set to open on April 27 this spring, that means we are only 104 days away! And the countdown has begun!! As of right now, we have approximately 12-16 inches of snow up at camp and with the very late fall we had in 2014, all of the bears denned up in excellent shape and are wintering real good. We hope everyone is having a good winter and cant wait to see you this spring!


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The Glassy Sunhater Marc Johnson Signature wooden Sunglasses have been designed in conjunction with the legend himself and these really live up to the high standards of a former SOTY!
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Seismic Considerations
A series of five publications devoted to the seismic safety of special types of buildings with special occupancy and functional characteristics (i.e., schools, lodging faci1ities, health care facilities, office buildings, and apartment buildings). Its objective is simply to strongly encourage owners, developers, designers, and regulatory officials concerned with such buildings to become aware of their particular seismic vulnerabilities and of cost-effective means to alleviate such vulnerabilities through the selective use of the NEHRP Recommended Provisions.
|Publication Date
|Seismic Considerations: Elementary and Secondary Schools (FEMA 149)
|Seismic Considerations: Health Care Facilities (FEMA 150)
|Seismic Considerations: Hotels and Motels (FEMA 151)
|Seismic Considerations: Apartment Buildings (FEMA 152)
|Print Publication (Hardcopy)
FEMA 149 and 150 are available from the FEMA Distribution Center. To place your order by phone, call 1-800-480-2520 (M-F: 8:00 am - 5:00 pm EST). To place your order by fax or email, download this order form.


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This year, I revealed to my husband that I actually kind of like Valentine's Day. This is despite all the times I told him that I hated it, it's lame and stupid, and a made-up, over-commercialized saccharine-fest invented by Hallmark and Big Floral. For fourteen years, the poor man has been wondering why, every February 14, I would say I wasn't mad at him, while I was clearly mad at him.I was mad, you see, because everyone else was getting flowers and riding in heart-shaped hot a … [Read more...]
On Valentine's day, communication, and not getting kicked in the nuts
Autographed books about marriage for Valentine's Day
I'm not going to tell you to get your wife a book or two for Valentine's Day, but IF you are VERY SURE that she would want a book or two for Valentine's Day, here's a deal for you: I'm offering ... The Sinner's Guide to Natural Family Planning (OSV list price $9.95) and Catholic and Married: Leaning Into Love (OSV list price $14.95) with my chapter, called "Mirrors Around a Flame: The Gift of Children". This is a new book from OSV. You can read a nice review of it at Aleteia he … [Read more...]
My goober valentines
As requested, here are pictures of the finished valentines my kids prepared to give out today(although it turned out to be yet another snow day): And here is the valentine mailbox my son made:I'm so proud. Yes, we carefully screen and censor the few episodes of Futurama they're allowed to watch! I'm not altogether thrilled that Bender is such a captivating role model for them; but at least they laugh when my husband says, "OK, kids. It's 9:00. You know what that me … [Read more...]
In which my kids make Valentine's Day weird and creepy
We've been doing 3-D lollipop valentines for the last few years. Here is how it turns out when a normal family does this project:PIC 3D lollipop valentine Cute, eh? It is easy:1. Take a picture of your kid extending a fist toward the camera. Leave some blank space in the background for the lollipop and message.2. If you like, photoshop a greeting onto the image. If you are alert, you will remember how to paste things in with a transparent background; and if you care, yo … [Read more...]


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Jun 21
Nov 16
ODD CREW AND DOT THE EYE again together \m/
Oct 28
ODD CREW coming to Belgrade,they are on their EU tour \m/ this show is a must! \m/
Oct 28
May 20
Three bands are playing - Salvation Zer0 (promotes its first album in its entirety), Dot the Eye (also presents their first album, based on sound of American South), Testosteron (performs songs by Type O Negative, Motorhead and Sisters of Mercy) and Dilema (also presents their original material).
Sounds Like: Godsmack, Sevendust, Pantera, Slipknot, Drowning Pool
Label: Burned By God Records LLC, Burned By God Records LLC
Manager: Burned By God Records
Bio: The band "Dot The Eye" in early 2007 was originally started as a Pantera and Metallica cover band called Revolution. Formed by Mike Steel and Miloš Popović Shomie the band went through alot of member changes. Then in early 2009 Demian Lee Demianovich (bassist) joined the band. The band was pla...See Full Bio