text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 22, 1991
|Filing date
|Nov 8, 1988
|Priority date
|Apr 18, 1988
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Stuart T. Spence, Harry L. Tarnoff
|Original Assignee
|3D Systems, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (83), Classifications (31), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 182,830, filed Apr. 18, 1988. Related applications filed concurrently on that date are U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 182,823; 183,016; 183,015; 182,801; 83,014; and 183,012, all of which are hereby fully incorporated herein by reference. Continuations-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 182,830, 183,016; 183,014; and 183,012, are being concurrently filed herewith, all of which are hereby fully incorporated herein by reference. These concurrently filed applications are U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 269,801; 268,837; 268,408; 268,428; and 268,429.
This invention relates generally to apparatus and methods for correcting for drift errors in production of objects by stereolithography.
In recent years, "stereolithography" systems, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,575,330 entitled "Apparatus For Production Of Three-dimensional Objects By Stereolithography," have come into use. The disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 4,575,330 is hereby incorporated by reference, as if fully set forth herein. Basically, stereolithography is a method for automatically building complex plastic parts by successively printing cross-sections of photocurable polymer or the like on top of each other until all of the thin layers are joined together to form a whole part. With this technology, the parts are literally grown in a vat of liquid plastic. This method of fabrication is extremely powerful for quickly reducing design ideas to physical form and for making prototypes.
Photocurable polymers ("photopolymers") change from liquid to solid in the presence of light and their photospeed with ultraviolet light (UV) is fast enough to make them practical model building materials. The material that is not polymerized when a part is made is still usable and remains in the vat as successive parts are made. An ultraviolet laser may be used which generates a small intense spot of UV light. This spot is moved across the liquid surface with a galvanometer X-Y mirror scanner. The scanner is driven by computer generated vectors or the like. Precise and complex patterns can be rapidly produced with this technique.
The laser scanner, the photopolymer vat, and an elevator, along with a controlling computer, combine together to form a stereolithography apparatus, referred to as an "SLA." An SLA is programmed to automatically make a plastic part by "drawing" one cross-section at a time, and building it up layer by layer.
Stereolithography represents an unprecedented way to quickly make complex or simple parts without tooling. Since this technology depends on using a computer to generate its cross-sectional patterns, a natural data link to CAD/CAM exists.
To be effective, a stereolithography system must have information about the focus, laser beam oscillation mode, beam power, intensity distribution or profile, and scanning system drift of the drawing laser beam in order to carry out the accurate and efficient production of parts (objects made by stereolithography are known as "parts"). The beam must be in relative focus at the surface of the working photopolymer fluid. The laser mode, intensity distribution, and beam power are important to the depth and width of cure of the working fluid, as well as the scan speed. The "drift" of the scanning system must be measured and corrected periodically.
Beam profile (a profile of the intensity of the beam) measurements provide useful information about the beam because they can help accomplish the following purposes: 1. focus optics and correct astigmatism and other aberrations; 2. measure the power of the beam (needed on a day to day basis); 3. study the laser mode and changes of the mode; 4. compensate for drift of the laser scanning system; 5. allow recording of the drift for later analysis of changes; 6. automatically calibrate the scanners; 7. allow easy control of beam position for making other measurements (e.g. to independently measure the beam power in order to find the system's power calibration factor); and 8. permit the prediction of the size and shape of the cured plastic trace.
Accordingly, a need exists for an apparatus and method to correct for the drift of the mirror positioning system, particularly in connection with a stereolithographic apparatus.
Briefly, and in general terms, the present invention provides a new and improved apparatus and method for correcting for drift of a mirror positioning system so as to provide improved accuracy and repeatability.
In a stereolithographic device, a three dimensional object or "part" may be produced from a medium capable of solidification upon exposure to a reaction means operating in a preselected manner upon a designated surface of the medium. In this manner successive adjacent laminae are built up of solidified medium to form the part.
Thermal effects, wear effects and other effects can cause the positioning means for positioning the reaction means to "drift" so that the reaction means can no longer be repeatably directed to the same location. In order to alleviate such drift errors, the present invention utilizes at least one sensor means capable of detecting application of the reaction means to the sensor means, said sensor means being mounted in a predetermined location fixed with respect to the designated surface of the medium. Positioning means position and apply the reaction means and can apply the reaction means to said sensor means. Current sensor location output means provide current sensor location information indicating the location of the sensor means when the reaction means is applied to the sensor means. Likewise a memory means is utilize to contain past sensor location information which includes a prior apparent location of said sensor means. Means for comparing said current sensor location information and said past sensor location information is provided and is capable of determining a drift correction for use in adjusting the positioning means so as to eliminate drift error effects in the pointing of the reaction means.
The above and other objects and advantages of this invention will be apparent from the following more detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings of illustrative embodiments.
FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 are flow charts illustrating the basic concepts employed in practicing the method of stereolithography;
FIG. 4 is a combined block diagram, schematic and elevational sectional view of a stereolithography system;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a stereolithography system;
FIGS. 6 and 7a and 7b are exploded perspective views of the major component groups in a stereolithography system;
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the laser and optical system in a stereolithography system which utilizes the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9A is a cross-sectional schematic view of a beam profiler sensor of the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9B is a top plan view of a pinhole plate for a beam profiler sensor of the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing the apparatus of a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 11A is a functional block diagram of the preferred embodiment of the method of generating an intensity profile of a beam according to the present invention;
FIG. 11B is a functional block diagram of a method of moving a beam in carrying out the method described in FIG. 11A;
FIG. 11C is a functional block diagram of a method of reading the intensity of a portion of a beam in carrying out the method described in FIG. 11A;
FIG. 12 is a functional block diagram showing process and analyses which may be coupled with the method described in FIG. 11A;
FIG. 13 is a chart showing a sample intensity profile for a beam generated by a preferred embodiment of the invention.
The stereolithographic system with which the apparatus and method of the preferred embodiment of the present invention is used generates three-dimensional objects by creating a cross-sectional pattern of the object to be formed at a selected surface of a fluid medium, e.g., a UV curable liquid or the like, capable of altering its physical state in response to appropriate synergistic stimulation such as impinging radiation beams, or electron or other particle beam bombardment. For example, radiation solidifiable powders could be used such as plastic powders and sinterable metal powders. Successive adjacent laminae, representing corresponding successive adjacent cross-sections of the object, are automatically formed and integrated together to provide a step-wise laminar or thin layer buildup of the object, whereby a three-dimensional object is formed and drawn from a substantially planar or sheet-like surface of the fluid medium during the forming process. The technique is generally described in the flow charts and diagrams of FIGS. 1-5.
A stereolithographic system is shown in elevational crosssection in FIG. 4. A container 21 is filled with a UV curable liquid 22 or the like, to provide a designated working surface 23. A programmable source of ultraviolet light 26 or the like produces a spot of ultraviolet light 27 in the plane of surface 23. The spot 27 is movable across the surface 23 by the motion of mirrors or other optical or mechanical elements (not shown in FIG. 4) used with the light source 26. The position of the spot 27 on surface 23 is controlled by a computer control system 28. The system 28 may be under control of CAD data produced by a generator 20 in a CAD design system or the like and directed in PHIGS format or its equivalent to a computerized conversion system 21 where information defining the object is specially processed to reduce stress, curl and distortion, and increase resolution, strength and accuracy of reproduction.
A movable elevator platform 29 inside container 21 can be moved up and own selectively, the position of the platform being controlled by the system 28. As the device operates, it produces a three-dimensional object 30 by step-wise buildup of integrated laminae such as 30a, 30b, 30c.
The surface of the UV curable liquid 22 is maintained at a constant level in the container 21, and the spot of UV light 27, or other suitable form of reactive stimulation, of sufficient intensity to cure the liquid and convert it to a solid material is moved across the working surface 23 in a programmed manner. As the liquid 22 cures and solid material forms, the elevator platform 29 that was initially just below surface 23 is moved down from the surface in a programmed manner by any suitable actuator. In this way, the solid material that was initially formed is taken below surface 23 and new liquid 22 flows across the surface 23. A portion of this new liquid is, in turn, converted to solid material by the programmed UV light spot 27, and the new material adhesively connects to the material below it. This process is continued until the entire three-dimensional object 30 is formed. The object 30 is then removed from the container 21, and the apparatus is ready to produce another object. Another object can then be produced, or some new object can be made by changing the program in the computer 28.
The light source 26 of a stereolithography system according to a preferred embodiment of the invention is typically a helium-cadmium ultraviolet laser such as the Model 4240-N HeCd Multimode Laser, made by Liconix of Sunnyvale, Calif.
A commercial stereolithography system will have additional components and subsystems besides those previously shown in connection with the schematically depicted systems of FIGS. 1-5. For example, the commercial system would also have a frame and housing and a control panel. It should have means to shield the operator from excess UV and visible light, and it may also have means to allow viewing of the object 30 while it is being formed. Commercial units will provide safety means for controlling ozone and noxious fumes, as well as conventional high voltage safety protection and interlocks. Some commercial units will also have means to effectively shield the sensitive electronics from electronic noise sources.
The commercialized SLA is a self-contained system that interfaces directly with the user's CAD system. A commercialized SLA containing the preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention, as shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, consists of four major component groups: the SLICE computer terminal, the electronic cabinet assembly, the optics assembly, and the chamber assembly. A block diagram of the commercialized SLA is shown in FIG. 5.
The electronic cabinet assembly includes the process computer, keyboard, monitor, power supplies, ac power distribution panel, and control panel. The computer assembly includes plug-in circuit boards for control of the terminal, high-speed scanner mirrors, and vertical (Z-stage) elevator. Power supplies for the laser, dynamic mirrors, and elevator motor are mounted in the lower portion of the cabinet.
The control panel includes a power on switch/indicator, a chamber light switch/indicator, a laser on indicator, and a shutter open indicator.
Operation and maintenance parameters, including fault diagnostics and laser performance information, are also typically displayed on the monitor. Operation is controlled by keyboard entries. Work surfaces around the keyboard and computer are covered with formica or the like for easy cleaning and long wear.
Turning to FIG. 8, the helium cadmium (HeCd) laser 100 and optical components are mounted on top of the electronic cabinet and chamber assembly 102. The laser and optics plate may be accessed for service by removing separate covers. For safety reasons, a special tool is required to unlock the cover fasteners and interlock switches are activated when the covers are removed. The interlocks activate a solenoid-controlled shutter to block the laser beam when either cover is removed.
As shown in FIG. 8, the shutter assembly 104, two ninety degree beam-turning mirrors 106, 108, a beam expander 110, an X-Y scanning mirror assembly 112, and precision optical window 114 are mounted in the optics plate. The rotary solenoid-actuated shutters are installed at the laser output and rotate to block the beam when a safety interlock is opened. The ninety degree beam-turning mirrors 106, 108 reflect the laser beam to the next optical component. The beam expander 110 enlarges and focuses the laser beam on the liquid surface. The high speed scanning mirrors direct the laser beam to trace vectors on the resin surface. The 2-mirror, 2-axis galvanometer scan heads sold by General Scanning Inc. of Watertown, Mass. have been found to be satisfactory for this purpose and in a preferred embodiment their model DX-2005 servo and model XY-0507 galvanometer X-Y scanning heads are used. A quartz window 114 between the optics enclosure and reaction chamber allows the laser beam to pass into the reaction chamber, but otherwise isolates the two regions.
The chamber assembly contains an environmentally-controlled chamber, which houses a platform, resin vat, elevator, and beam profilers.
The chamber in which the object is formed is designed for operator safety and to ensure uniform operating conditions. The chamber may be heated to approximately 40� C. (104� F.) and the air is circulated and filtered. An overhead light illuminates the reaction vat and work surfaces. An interlock on the access door activates a shutter to block the laser beam when opened.
The resin vat is designed to minimize handling of the resin. It is typically installed in the chamber on guides which align it with the elevator and platform.
The object is formed on a platform attached to the vertical axis elevator, or Z-stage. The platform is immersed in the resin vat and it is adjusted incrementally downward while the object is being formed. To remove the formed part, it is raised to a position above the vat. The platform is then disconnected from the elevator and removed from the chamber for post processing. Handling trays are usually provided to catch dripping resin.
Two beam profiler sensors 116, 118 of FIG. 7 (sensor 35 of FIG. 9a) according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention are mounted at the sides of the resin vat and the focal length of the laser is adjusted to match radial sensor positions (i.e., they are mounted 0.3 inches below liquid level as measured along the radial distance from galvanometer scanner). (See FIG. 7). The scanning mirror is periodically commanded to direct the laser beam onto the beam profiler sensors, which measure the beam intensity profile. The data may be displayed on the terminal, either as a profile with intensity contour lines or as a single number representing the overall (integrated) beam intensity. This information is used to determine whether the mirrors should be cleaned and aligned, whether the laser should be serviced, whether the scanner mirrors have drifted, and what parameter values will yield vectors of the desired thickness and width.
The beam profiler sensors 116, 118 are symmetrically placed relative to the center of the resin vat. (See FIG. 7). They should preferably have similar X and Y offsets as measured from the vat center (of opposite values) although this is not required; that is to say, they are on a diagonal of the stereolithographic apparatus. In FIG. 7, the beam profiler sensors 116, 118 are seen in the corners of the chamber assembly. The distance from the second scanning mirror on the optical plate above the chamber assembly to each beam profiler sensor is the focal length which equals the desired liquid to scanning mirror length plus a small increment. In the SLA-1 sold by 3D Systems, Inc. (which is shown in FIGS. 6 and 7), this liquid to scanning mirror length is 27 inches and the small increment is an additional 0.3 inches, therefore the focal length is 27.3". The distancing of the beam profiler sensors 116, 118 from the second mirror by the desired focal length has the effect of detecting the best average focus for the designated surface of the photopolymer in the SLA- 1 resin vat. At the center of the resin vat, when the photopolymer is at the desired level, the focal length of the laser beam will be 0.3 inches below the surface of the photopolymer. The focus of the beam at the surface of the photopolymer in the center of the resin vat will not vary much. At the corner of the 12 inch resin vat of the SLA-1, the focal length will be approximately 1 inch above the surface of the photopolymer. The focal length will be at the surface of the photopolymer at a circle with a 4.2 inch radius about the center of the surface of the photopolymer. The placement of the beam profiler sensor at the focal length is intended to obtain an optimal beam profile considering that the surface of the photopolymer will mostly not be at the focal length of the laser.
FIG. 9A is a cross-sectional view of a beam profiler sensor 35 of a preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention and FIG. 9B is a top plan view of a pinhole plate used in the beam profiler sensor. The beam profiler sensor has a thin stainless steel metal plate 40 having four etched pinholes 45 of varying size. In a preferred embodiment these holes have diameters 0.0005", 0.001", 0.002", and 0.004". The pinholes each permit a small fraction of the laser beam 50 incident upon the pinhole to fall on a photodetector 55 underneath the plate 40. The purpose for providing several pinholes is to permit profiling of beams having a wide range of incident power. One of the pinholes will be best suited for measuring the intensity profile of a beam of a given incident power. For the HeCd lasers used in the SLA-1, a pinhole of 2 mil (0.002 inch) diameter has been found to be satisfactory. The beam is scanned across a selected pinhole in an X Y array to build up a two dimensional profile of the beam intensity.
As may be seen in FIGS. 7 and especially 9A, the beam profiler sensor 5 has a two part housing 60. Light beam 50 enters from the light and moves toward the left in FIG. 9A. The beam profiler sensor is mounted in the corners of the chamber assembly compartment in such a way as to prevent the resin vat from hitting the beam profiler sensor when it is moved into and out of the compartment (see FIG. 7).
Turning to FIG. 9A the beam profiler sensor 35 comprises a split two part housing 60, pinhole plate 40, ultra-violet transmitting filter 70 that absorbs visible light and prevents spurious readings due to visible light. Filter 70 is a two millimeter thickness of Schott UG-11 filter glass which has been found to be acceptable for this purpose in a preferred embodiment. The characteristics of this filter provide reasonable transmission of light in the 300-370 nanometer wavelength region with considerably less transmittance at other wavelengths. A one-millimeter thickness of HOYA U-350 filter material would also be acceptable.
Underneath the filter 70 in the beam profiler housing is a photodiode sensor 55 which detects the ultraviolet light which passes through the filter 70 from the pinhole 45. An EEG Vactec VTS 3072 super blue enhanced photodiode has been found to be acceptable. The output from this photodiode is passed to a current to voltage amplifier (not shown). An OPO7 current to voltage amplifier whose implementation is well known to those skilled in the art has been found to be acceptable.
The pinhole plate 40 of the beam profiler sensor 35 is covered with a quartz filter (not shown). The quartz filter is cleanable and protects the beam profiler sensor from dust and photopolymer drips. The quartz filter should be coated to prevent internal reflections when the photosensor is not perpendicular to the beam, in order to prevent false shape measurements. Otionally a diffuser (not shown) can be used between the pinholes and the sensor to aid the filter to protect the optical components from damage.
FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing the apparatus of the preferred embodiment of the present invention. Fundamental to the invention is a control and analysis computer. This computer receives inputs from a program, a keyboard or the like and may display results through a printer or terminal or the like. The control and analysis computer sends positioning commands to a mirror positioning system which controls the X Y scanner mirrors. The laser beam is focused by the optics shown in FIG. 8 to reach the X Y scanner mirrors and is directed by those mirrors to one of the beam profiler sensors. The use of two beam profiler sensors is recommended for the purpose of drift correction. The sensor signal from the beam profiler sensors is converted to a signal readable by the computer which is then sent back to the control and analysis computer to be manipulated as described hereafter.
In physical terms, the beam profile method according to the present invention causes the beam to be moved to each of the points of an array on the pinhole plate centered on the best known position of the pinhole. As a result, different sectors of the beam will fall on the pinhole and will be transmitted through the same to be detected by the photodiode and converted into a numerical signal that can be analyzed by the computer. A profile of the intensity of different sectors of the beam will be built up by the computer (see FIG. 13). This is the "intensity profile" of the beam.
FIG. 11A is a functional block diagram showing how a beam profile is developed according to the preferred embodiment of the invention. The best known location of a pinhole on the beam profiler sensor is called up from memory by the control and analysis computer and sent to the mirror positioning system to position the X Y scanner mirrors to direct the beam at this best known location. The control and analysis computer, through the beam positioning system, moves the beam to the first row in the first column of a square array centered on the best known location. The intensity of the portion of the beam entering the pinhole as detected by the beam profiler sensor is then read and is saved as well as the mirror position commands which are associated with that intensity. The beam is then moved in sequence from the first to the last array points on a particular row or column and the reading and saving intensity value steps are repeated. The beam is then moved in sequence from the first to the last array columns or rows and the moving and reading steps are then performed down each column or row. The result is that beam intensity readings are taken for each of the positions on the array (a "position" is known to the computer as a set of mirror positioning commands). A standard analysis, performed by the control and analysis computer of the array of intensity values is usually performed to generate a new best known location of the pinhole (for use in performing the first step of the scan profile the next time) regardless of the detailed function actually being analyzed (see FIG. 12).
FIG. 11B is a functional block diagram of a method of moving a beam and carrying out the method described in connection with FIG. 11A. To move the beam, the first step is to send the beam positioning information to the servomechanism of the X Y scanner mirrors concerning the desired location. The servomechanism which may be analog or digital) then sends a signal to the mirror drivers to position the X Y scanner mirrors to a new location. The servomechanism of the X Y scanner mirrors measures the actual position of the mirror drivers and compares the actual position with the intended position and adjusts the drive signals accordingly. The adjustments are continued within specification values of the intended location.
FIG. 11C is a functional block diagram of a method of reading the intensity of a portion of a beam and carrying out the method of the preferred embodiment of the present invention. The first step is to convert the total amount of light which passes through the pinhole into a signal which is proportional to that amount of light. In the preferred embodiment, this process is performed by the photodiode which measures the light coming through the pinhole and the filter. The current from the photodiode is sent to a current to voltage amplifier which generates a signal proportional to the amount of light received by the photodiode. Amplification of the signal (which will be proportional to intensity) is important to obtain small but significant readings for the edge of the beam which would otherwise be lost. The next step is to measure the signal, which is proportional to the amount of light received, after the signal is converted into a digital form for numerical analysis.
FIG. 12 is a functional block diagram showing the processes and analyses which may be coupled with the method described in FIG 11A. As may be observed from that figure, a number of different processes and analyses may be selected from a menu, the first five of which are connected to the scan profile routine of FIG. 11A. The first step is to scan the intensity profile of the beam according to the method described in connection with FIG. 11A. The intensity profile may be displayed numerically or in the form of a graph. As an option, the power may be calculated from the intensity profile as well as a new best known location of the pinhole used. Another possible process is to add the data generated in connection with the beam intensity profile to a history file with an option of displaying the history file. A further possible process is to calculate and display drift information for the mirror positioning system which generally involves scanning a second separate sensor (in the case of the preferred embodiment, another beam profiler sensor) and then calculating and displaying the offset and gain terms of the drift. Another process is to calculate and display the power of the beam, which involves summing up the intensities of a profile and multiplying by a power conversion factor. The power conversion factor can be determined, for example, by utilizing the process with a beam of known power or by comparing calculated power to that of a calibrated sensor and determining the required gain factor. A further function is to calculate and display focus information, with a possible option of using a special transformation of the intensity data used to calculate focus information and the use of known resin properties to predict the shape and size of the cured traces of photopolymer. Another possible function is to move the beam to the desired location for set up (to make parts), tests and so forth with an option for searching for the sensor or scan profile from this new location. A useful function is to search for sensor pinholes in a spiral move-read format. This may be necessary if the best known location of the pinhole is not accurate, in case when the array is traced over the best known location the pinhole is not detected. A further step may be to verify findings (of pinhole location) by test or scan profile. A still further function is the use of the beam profilers in calibration, which involves the measurement of the drift while obtaining a calibration map for the surface corresponding to the surface of the photopolymer. A final function is to store in the machine the parameters of best known location, scale factors, resin properties, and so forth.
FIG. 13 is a chart showing a sample intensity profile for a laser beam as generated by a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The numerical values correspond to the measured intensity of a beam from a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
The intensity profile generated by the present invention may be used to calculate the power of the beam and to predict the shape and dimension of a cured trace of photopolymer (the solidified photopolymer due to exposure to the beam of UV light), as the following discussion will demonstrate.
The intensity of the beam is measured by the beam profiling apparatus when the beam is directed at each point of an array on the pinhole plate, which is a surface generally perpendicular to the optical path taken by the beam. The X and Y directions on this surface correspond to the directions taken by the beam when one or the other of the scanning mirrors rotate.
A description of the operation of the beam profile sensor and of beam profiling in general is contained in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 182,830 and 268,816 incorporated herein by reference.
Drift correction is a procedure which compensates for drift of, inter alia, the mirror positioning system by periodically checking on the apparent position of one or more beam profile sensors (herein referred to as "sensor means"). Measurements of changes in the apparent position of a single sensor allow for compensation for drift of the "zero setting" of the mirror system, two separate sensors allow additionally for correcting for otherwise uncompensated gain in the system and/or otherwise uncompensated changes in size of parts of the SLA due to thermal and other effects. Other errors can be corrected by utilization of even more sensors although in a preferred embodiment of the present invention two beam profile sensors are deemed sufficient.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a calibration operation is periodically performed. In the calibration procedure, a plate having a number of holes and sensors is utilized to generate in system memory a table of mirror position settings which correspond to fixed predetermined locations on the plate.
During the time a calibration is being run, the system periodically checks on the apparent locations of two sensors. These measurements are used to correct the calibration measurements for this amount of drift, so that the values are all normalized to a "standard" pair of apparent positions of the two sensors. When later building a part, the same two sensors are again scanned periodically, and the apparent positions can be used to correct for changes in the zero and gain of the mirror system relative to the time at which the calibration was made. This procedure has been found to remove 90% of the error caused by drift of the mirrors.
A description of the calibration procedure is contained in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 182,830 and 268,837 incorporated herein by reference.
In the drift compensation method and apparatus of a preferred embodiment of the present invention two beam profile sensors capable of detecting when the laser beam is directed toward them by the mirror positioning system are mounted fixedly in predetermined locations fixed with respect to a designated surface of the solidifiable working medium upon which the reaction means impinges to solidify said medium.
Periodically the laser beam is directed toward the sensors and sensor location output means provide a readout of the apparent location of the sensors. The current apparent location of the sensors are compared with a past apparent location of the sensors which is stored in memory and a difference indicates the need for a drift correction.
For example, when a single sensor No. 1 is in use, this sensor No. 1 had a past apparent position of X=20, Y=20 and a current apparent position of X=22, Y=22 then a drift of +2X and +2Y has occurred and the mirror positioning system can apply an appropriate correction factor in order to point the beam in the desired location. As another example when in addition to this first sensor, a second sensor is used, then the second sensor might be read at calibration to be X=64000, Y=64000 and have a current apparent position of X=64004, Y=64003. Were this the case, in addition to a linear shift of +2X, +2Y across the entire system (the two sensors conveniently being located on a diagonal) there would also be a gain or stretching of +2X, +1Y of the apparent distance between sensors No. 1 and No. 2 and we expect and correct for proportionately different stretching for different locations relative to the sensor No. 1. In compensating, linear interpolation could be used to help the mirror positioning system compensate for the gain term in the drift error.
To achieve more accurate part-building using stereolithography, a special computer software algorithm was developed. This algorithm, known as the Drift Correction algorithm, can be considered having two parts.
The first part is code that determines the value of the variable used in drift correction. The second part is code for the application of these variables to correct for drift.
The drift correction variables are:
the X-axis gain: called DriftGainX in our examples
the X-axis offset: DriftOffsetX
the Y-axis gain: DriftGainY
the Y-axis offset: DriftOffsetY
The variables are used to compute a correction factor that is applied to all X,Y coordinate positions of the laser mirrors. This correction is applied to each axis separately and has a gain (multiplier) and offset (addition) term for each axis. It is in the form:
corrected axis value=(gain * desired axis distance from first sensor)+offset of first sensor
where the gain and offset variables map the ideal desired axis position to the corrected real-world position based on measurements.
The drift correction variables are determined at the start of each laser through the use of Beam Profiling algorithms very similar to hose found in the Beam program. The position of two beam profile sensors at opposite corners of the vat is measured and calculated and compared to the ideal positions remembered in a disk data file. The differences between these two sets of profile sensors positions determines the value of the drift correction variables. Placement of the two profile sensors at the corners of the scanning field optimizes the baseline along both X and Y axes from which to measure changes in gain.
The Pascal function below is a sample for computing the values of the drift correction variables. The `Ref` variables are the reference positions of the two beam profile sensors read from the disk data file. The `Now` variables are the most recently determined positions of the two profile sensors. Because of dynamic changes in the physical characteristics of the laser scanning system, the positions held in the `Now` variables will differ slightly from the ideal reference positions. The goal is to use these position differences to adjust upcoming mirror positions
______________________________________CorrectForDrift -- compute value of drift correctionvariables}procedure CorrectForDrift;varquotient: Float Type;beginDriftGainX := (Sensor2-- NowX - Sensor1-- NowX) / (Sensor2-- RefX - Sensor1-- RefX;)DriftOffsetX := Sensor1-- NowX;DriftgainY := (Sensor2-- NowY - Sensor1-- NowY)/ (Sensor2-- RefY - Sensor1-- RefY;)DriftOffsetY := Sensor1-- NowY;end;______________________________________
The Pascal procedure below shows how a coordinate pair can be corrected for drift once the drift correction variables have been determined. Note that the correction for each axis is separate from the other.
______________________________________DriftCorrect -- correct coordinate pair for drift}procedure DriftCorrect(oldX,oldY: FloatType;var newX,newY:FloatType);beginnewX := (oldX - Sensor1-- RefX) * DriftGainX + DriftOffsetX;newY := (oldY - Sensor1-- RefY) * DriftgainY + DriftOffsetY;end;______________________________________
The DriftCorrect procedure is used to correct the start and the end of each drawing vector before it is converted to a "feature" which is a highly optimized form of a laser drawing used within 3D Systems software. The CorrectForDrift is used only once per laser, after the new position of the two beam profilers has been determined.
In practice, these routines are located within a special memory resident driver (known as STEREO) that different stereolithography application programs can use. The application program is responsible for finding the profiler location, and it passes this information along to the special device driver.
______________________________________BUILD STEREO______________________________________an applications program the memory-resident driverused to build parts; it → that performs several Stereo-passes along profile lithography related tasks, oneposition info for each of which is drift correctionlayer______________________________________
An equivalent drift correction procedure is performed on all of the calibration points during the calibration of the SLA. In a presently preferred embodiment, drift is determined at the end of a scan of each row of predetermined fixed positions and the correction is applied through linear interpolation for that row. A method of actual software implementation of such a routine for compensation would be well within the capabilities of one of ordinary skill in the art and therefore will not be further described herein although actual software for drift correction in an actual embodiment of the SLA-1 is included in the Technical Appendix to patent application Ser. No. 182,830 already incorporated herein by reference.
It will be apparent from the foregoing that, while particular forms of the invention have been illustrated and described, various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the invention be limited, except as by the appended claims.
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|Calibrating a focused beam of energy in a solid freeform fabrication apparatus by measuring the propagation characteristics of the beam
|May 3, 2001
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|Jun 8, 2000
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|Aug 22, 2002
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|Method and apparatus for determining characteristics of a laser beam spot
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|Methods for packaging a plurality of semiconductor dice using a flowable dielectric material
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|Methods and systems for laser calibration and eye tracker camera alignment
|Mar 11, 2005
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|Apparatus for three dimensional printing using image layers
|Aug 26, 2003
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|Microlenses including a plurality of mutually adhered layers of optically transmissive material and systems including the same
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|Methods of fabricating a microlens including selectively curing flowable, uncured optically trasmissive material
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|Thermoplastic powder material system for appearance models from 3D printing systems
|May 9, 2000
|Nov 17, 2009
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|Method and apparatus for synthesizing and analyzing patterns utilizing novel "super-formula" operator
|Aug 28, 2008
|Jan 26, 2010
|Amo Manufacturing Usa, Llc.
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|Aug 20, 2007
|Aug 24, 2010
|Rolls-Royce Corporation
|Method and apparatus for production of a cast component
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|Dec 7, 2007
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|Three dimensional printing material system and method using peroxide cure
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|Micron Technology, Inc.
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|Feb 22, 2008
|Jun 28, 2011
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|Aug 22, 2008
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|Automatic geometric calibration using laser scanning reflectometry
|Dec 6, 2007
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|Rolls-Royce Corporation
|Method and apparatus for production of a cast component
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|Jan 10, 2008
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|Three dimensional printing material system and method using plasticizer-assisted sintering
|Dec 6, 2007
|Oct 8, 2013
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|Jul 8, 2014
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|Method and apparatus for synthesizing and analyzing patterns
|Mar 25, 2005
|Oct 7, 2014
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|Adamovics John A.
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|Dec 15, 2005
|Hembree David R
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|Wood Alan G
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|Jun 1, 2006
|Wood Alan G
|Methods of forming conductive elements using organometallic layers and flowable, curable conductive materials
|Jan 20, 2006
|Jun 22, 2006
|Wood Alan G
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|Sep 7, 2006
|Farnworth Warren M
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|Adamovics John A
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|Michael Christopher Maguire
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|Soane Technologies Inc
|Rapid prototype three-dimensional stereolithography
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|Mar 27, 2014
|The Antenna Company International N.V.
|Lens antenna, method of manufacturing and using such an antenna, and antenna system
|Mar 15, 2013
|Mar 27, 2014
|The Antenna Company International N.V.
|Lens antenna, method of manufacturing and using such an antenna, and antenna system
|U.S. Classification
|356/121, 264/401, 264/482, 356/398, 264/406, 356/614, 425/174
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 10, 1989
Owner name: 3D SYSTEMS, INC., A CA CORP., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:SPENCE, STUART T.;TARNOFF, HARRY L.;REEL/FRAME:005004/0377
Effective date: 19881215
|May 30, 1995
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jun 2, 1995
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jun 2, 1995
|Surcharge for late payment
|Mar 29, 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Mar 31, 2003
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Listen to Rich Rocka's latest recording, "Only Luv." Another one released for the internet and streets. Ya Boy Rich Rocka has recently been named, "Top, Up & Coming Emcees in LA" by LA Weekly. He's not letting any time pass by and announces his upcoming project, Alien & The Fix 3 scheduled to be dropped later 2015. Let us know what you think!
Listen to Curtiss King's new project, Raging Waters. The 14-track project includes features from Bee Tarver, WalterFRENCH, Daylyt and others. The project is available for purchase and for free download. Be sure to listen to, Raging Waters in its' entirety. Let us know what you think!
You can stream the project below!
Killa Kyleon is determined to cement his stature in the game. The visual's theme is the Purge as Killa vocally assaults the popular "CoCo" track by OT Genesis. From his #30days30deaths mixtape. Much more is promised from Kill Million Dollar Bill, stay tuned. View all 15 of his video releases at DavidStunts.com.
Watch Sincerely Collins' new visuals for, "Soul." These classic black and white visuals showcase the rapper's emotions. Let us know what you think!
The game gets ugly when there's a mole in the team. Watch Kidd Kidd's new visuals for, "The Game". The track is found off Kidd's recent, Fuk Da Fame tape. Let us know what you think!
Watch as BJ the Chicago Kid takes you to "Church" in his new visuals! Featuring, Chance The Rapper and Buddy on, "Church". Let us know what you think! BJ The Chicago Kid's In My Mind is coming soon.
Watch Ty DOlla $ign's new visuals highlighting his life on the road. This vintage video features Rae Sremmurd and Future. Let us know what you think. Ty's upcoming album, Free TC drops November 18th.
An Anti Society produced film, watch David Sabastian's new visuals for his latest single, "Shit Just Got Real". The video highlights the harsh truth about our current times. Let us know what you think!
Jamal Wade has released his highly anticipated single, "Stay On Point". Jamal Wade is a Florida native based out of Tampa Bay, he recently released a free project back in November, 2014 under the name of "Molly Mal". Fast forward now he has decided to grow with his birth name, "Jamal Wade Johnson". Listen to his new single as he gives you an insight for what's to come! Let us know what you think!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Though holding a mountain pose yields comfort and serenity, holding a mountain goat yields a lifelong friendship. Embrace tranquility with this Groupon.
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text:
Kurna ChataDecember 29, 2013Diner • Wrocław, Poland
If in Wroclaw, have dinner here! But make sure you reserve or come early!
The future will be better tomorrow
If in Wroclaw, have dinner here! But make sure you reserve or come early!
Beautiful, quiet cafe/bookshop in the heart of the place-to-be when in Wrocław. The book (and graphic novel) selection is simply wonderful.
Great little pub in Nürnberg, comfy seats (crowded in the evening!) and nice terrace outside. Friendly and alternative, a good contrast with the more conservative surroundings.
Nice crowd of friendly locals from St. Johannis and a Spanish theme. A good stop in the heart of this neighborhood.
Small, poor selection of food and drinks, but it's a crappy terminal overall anyway. At least the chairs are relatively comfortable.
You have to come here when in LA, no doubt about it.
A great place in Santa Monica - watch sports and enjoy great food, beers and friendly locals. A timeless favorite.
Actually the Burgers are amazing. And you get to look at Felix The Cat.
Cheap and cheerful - the neighborhood looks worse than it really is. People do actually live here. Gotta love LA.
One of the best cafes in Wroclaw, you can buy old records and enjoy a great coffee or an unfiltered beer from a small brewery :) also, board games and a friendly atmosphere!
Really nice place to have breakfast or brunch. The big tête-á-tête for two includes everything: delicious fresh bread, butter and a selection of sausages and French cheese. Wonderschön.
A fantastic place with traditional Indian food and excellent, outstanding service. Wonderful music and friendly atmosphere. Very nice lamb and chicken as well as vegetarian cuisine, perfectly spiced.
Ask for a Flammkuchen and a beer, and relax while the city life carries on around you.
Friendly atmosphere, great garden and nice music. One of the best places to go in Nürnberg.
Super-friendly staff and fantastic burguers. Sweet potato fries a real treat. Can't go wrong here. Highly recommended!
Go for a nice jar of mead (Honigwein or Mett) Simply perfect.
When here early in the morning go to one of the first shops as you enter from the taxi stop and get a sausage sandwich with pickled cucumber. It's delicious and cannot get any more German than that!
Ask for piwo jasne nie klarowane and enjoy! Also the "beer table" with 20l of beer, smalec toast and pickled cucumbers is a winner for company parties or birthdays!


text: Home Recipes Course Desserts Trifle Recipes Berry Trifle Share: Berry Trifle Looking for recipes for berry trifle? Taste of Home has the best berry trifle recipes from real cooks like you, featuring reviews, ratings, how-to videos and tips. Recipe Spotlight Berry-Marshmallow Trifle My guests say that this is almost too pretty to eat! I like the way it can be made a day ahead for convenience, and neither taste nor appearance is compromised. —Shannon Aldridge, Suwanee, Georgia View Berry-Marshmallow Trifle Recipe More Berry Trifle Sort: Highest Rated Alphabetical Contest Winning Newest < prev | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | next > Strawberry Trifle Strawberry Trifle I won first prize in a dairy recipe contest with this tasty trifle. You can double the recipe and make two for large groups. —Norma Steiner, Monroe, Wisconsin View Recipe Angel Berry Trifle Angel Berry Trifle I usually serve this in summer when fresh berries are bountiful, but I recently prepared it with frozen cherries and light cherry pie filling instead. It was a delicious glimpse of summer-to-come! —Brenda Paine of North Syracuse, New York View Recipe Strawberry Cheesecake Trifle Strawberry Cheesecake Trifle For a dessert that looks as great as it tastes, this one can't be beat! Layers of rich pound cake, luscious cream and sweet strawberries make this treat very inviting. —Marnie Stoughton, Glenburnie, Ontario View Recipe Advertise with us ADVERTISEMENT Cheesecake Strawberry Trifle Cheesecake Strawberry Trifle "The only drawback to this lovely dessert is that there's never any left over," laughs Lori Thorp from Frazee, Minnesota. "For a patriotic look, replace one of the layers of strawberry pie filling with blueberry...or use whatever filling you prefer." View Recipe Strawberries 'n' Cream Trifle Strawberries 'n' Cream Trifle My mother-in-law gave me this recipe, which I lightened up by using less milk, reduced-fat whipped topping and angel food cake instead of pound cake. It's good made with fresh peaches or blueberries, too. —Pamela Gainer of Sand Ridge, West Virginia View Recipe Strawberry Angel Trifle Strawberry Angel Trifle I always get compliments when I bring this attractive and tasty trifle out of the refrigerator. Not only does it serve a big group nicely, I can make it ahead of time, too. —Lucille Belsham, Fort Fraser, British Columbia View Recipe Strawberry Banana Trifle Strawberry Banana Trifle No matter where I take this dessert, the bowl gets emptied in minutes. It's fun to make because everyone "oohs" and "ahhs" over how pretty it is. —Kim Waterhouse, Randolph, Maine View Recipe Chocolate Strawberry Punch Bowl Trifle Chocolate Strawberry Punch Bowl Trifle "I threw this dessert together when I needed something quick to take to my in-laws' house," explains Kristi Judkins of Morrison, Tennessee. "Because it's beautiful, everyone thought I fussed, but it's very easy." And since it makes a bot, it's perfect for potlucks and large get-togethers. View Recipe Makeover Cranberry Trifle Makeover Cranberry Trifle You'd never guess that this showstopper fruit trifle recipe has been lightened up because it boasts all of the original's festive flavor, but only half the fat and way fewer calories! Sonya Labbe - Santa Monica, California View Recipe Cranberry-Orange Trifle Cranberry-Orange Trifle I make this showstopper for many occasions, slightly changing—or adding—ingredients. I sometimes add toasted coconut between the layers. —Raymonde Bourgeois, Swastika, Ontario View Recipe Potluck Strawberry Trifle Potluck Strawberry Trifle This recipe is a great way to serve dessert to a crowd. Frozen pound cake, strawberries and whipped topping add to the ease of preparation for this trifle, which is made in a jelly roll pan. —Celia Clark, New Tazewell, Tennessee View Recipe < prev | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | next > Advertise with us ADVERTISEMENT Advertise with us ADVERTISEMENT


text:
Nashville Pet Expo & Snakes - 07/11/14
The Pet Expo is taking place this weekend at the Nashville Fairgrounds! Admission is free and it sounds like it's going to be a fun time.
To kick everything off, we had some exotic animals on Fox 17 This Morning. Brendan (@ReptileGuyTN) came in with 2 really awesome snakes! He's going to be at the pet expo with some unique reptiles. I attempted to hold a 30 lb snake during a Steer Clear Traffic report, but it was so heavy Brendan had to help. I was a little bit scared- not gonna lie! However, it was a lot of fun! Make sure you check em out at the pet expo this weekend!
For more info visit the Pet Expo website!
North Nashville Experiencing County's Real Estate Boom
Ascend Ampitheather Noise Complaint Concerns
FOX Football Frenzy Live: Week 8 Preview
Metro Police Arrest Man Wielding Hammer, Threatening to "Kill White People"
Nashville Mom Leaves Kids in Car While Shopping, Points Gun at Witnesses
Mid-State Air Force Veteran Gets Help From Home Depot Volunteers
Craigslist Ad Leads to Arrest of Goodlettsville Man Selling Stolen Trailers
Portland Teen Placed on Life Support After Asthma Attack
One dead & 3 injured in Northern Arizona University Shooting
Driver crashes car into a Murfreesboro jail
Predators blow by Hurricanes in season opener 2-1
Stem Cells Help a Local Blind Man See
Cell Phone Found at Nashville Park Reveals Disturbing Crime
TBI Adds Winchester Man to Top Ten Most Wanted List
Netflix Will Raise Prices for New Customers
All Clay County Schools To Close Friday Due to Budget Issues
Berry Hill Asking Residents and Workers What Could Make the City Better
BREAKING: North Charleston settles with Walter Scott family for $6.5 million
Metro officer rear-ends car on I-40
Bill would allow Florida churches to say no to gay marriages
Detectives Working to Identify Armed Robbery Suspects
Homeless man brings human skull into grocery store
Mobile Home Mystery Solved - Eric Alvarez
Making Strides Against Breast Cancer in Nashville
City Says Greer Stadium Is Not Worth Saving, Future Plans Unclear
Mother Chases Man, Allegedly Fires Weapon With 9-Month-Old Before Crashing
Tennessee Senators Issue Statement on Making School Islam Materials Available to Parents
Winchester Man Charged in Murder of Shelbyville Woman
Clarksville Police Search For Missing Teen
General Motors Recalling 32k 2016 Models Due to Windshield Wiper Issue
Get This
Last Update on October 09, 2015 07:10 GMT
LEE'S SUMMIT, Mo. (AP) -- The Royals could have used Mickey Cobb's ring last night. Cobb was Kansas City's long-time athletic trainer. He says some crooks have ripped-off his 1985 World Series Championship ring. Cobb tells WDAF-TV the ring is a good luck charm. He had hoped to wear it as the Royals opened the American League Division Series against Houston. The Royals lost to the Astros in Game 1, 5-2.
LOS ANGELES (AP) -- That's a wrap -- for filming at L.A. public schools. The Los Angeles Unified School District has temporarily banned movie and TV filming on campuses. The move follows a report that a porno was shot at Hamilton High School, including a scene featuring public nudity in the school's front parking lot. KNBC-TV also reports some productions caused parking problems for teachers and led to classes being relocated or cancelled sports practices. The district has earned an estimated $10 million from filming over the past five years.
TACOMA, Wash. (AP) -- Hey buddy, can you spare some pandas? That was the gist of a message sent by Washington state lawmakers to Chinese President Xi Jinping (shee jihn-peeng). The Chinese leader visited the U.S. last month, including a stop in Washington state. State lawmakers gave the Chinese president a letter asking that his nation consider lending pandas to the Pacific Northwest. One state senator tells the News Tribune in Tacoma that it could take a year or more for pandas to arrive if the Chinese want to proceed. Only four zoos in the U.S. have pandas, including the National Zoo in the nation's capital.
ORLANDO, Fla. (AP) -- In this case, Elvis isn't the king of rock-and-roll. He's a king cobra snake and now Elvis is back. A woman in the Orlando, Florida, area heard hissing coming from under a clothes dryer in her garage. The sound was from a king cobra snake that had been missing for more than a month. Three animal control officers used special tongs to capture the 10-foot-long serpent. The snake was returned to owner Mike Kennedy, who lives about a-half mile from where it was found. Kennedy has also pleaded not guilty to a misdemeanor charge for failing to immediately report the snake missing.


text:
Awake - Supernova
Credits & Info
- Date
- 12/15/2009
- File Info
- Song
- 3 min 25 sec
- Score
- 4.44 / 5.00
Related Content
Heard in 3 Entries!
View all submissions featuring this audio file.
Licensing Terms
You may not use this work for commercial purposes without making specific arrangements with the artist UNLESS your work is a web-based game or animation, in which case you may use this freely.
- Score:
- Rated 4.44 / 5 stars
- Plays & Downloads:
- 42,081 Plays | 18,581 Downloads
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- Genres:
- Electronic - Drum N Bass
- None
Author Comments
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Oh gawd O_O
How can someone NOT like this SONG?!?!?!?!!!?!?!????!11ectectectect ect....
Surprised me there
Rated 5 / 5 stars
your cousin is right
brings me memories of the old games cept the ending bit reminds me of when they broke q_q
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Its like an epic ear-gasmn
this reaps of pure awesome, so throwing this on my mp3 player to run to. I hope you produce more like this
Rated 5 / 5 stars
I don't think I need to say much more than that.... I found this song playing particle wars extreme.... fun game
Rated 5 / 5 stars
I heard this from ArmorGames
I heard it from a game off there and i looked for it here and found it. I', so excited i found it too, its rly good music.


text:
2619 Irwin Dr., Bellingham, WA 98226
- $48,700
- 67 Days on site
- Est: $180/month
Estimate Your Monthly Payment
- Mortgage Center
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Awesome price per acre not to be found anywhere nearby. Beautiful, secluded 5 acres off of mission road. With a little clearing you can have the privacy of the forest surrounding your own peaceful meadow & plenty of room to build your dream home. Lots of wild raspberries & blackberries. Magnificent views of Mt Baker as you drive up your dead-end private road. Close to Mt. Baker but just a short drive into town. Dont miss this opportunity to own a very desirable piece of land at a great price! For more information or a private showing, please call Seth Pike at 360-610-4826. Click here to learn more about this listing.
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- 67 Days on site
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Nearby Elementary Schools
- Harmony Elementary
- 5060 Sand Rd
- Irene Reither Primary School
- 954 E Hemmi Rd
- Ten Mile Creek Elementary
- 960 E Hemmi Rd
Nearby Primary Schools
- Educational Resource Center
- 4888 Deming Rd
- Meridian Special Programs
- 214 W Laurel Rd
- Lynden Special Services
- 205 South Bc Ave
Nearby Middle Schools
- Meridian Middle School
- 861 Ten Mile Rd
- Mount Baker Junior High
- 5100 Mitchell Rd
- Nooksack Valley Middle School
- 404 West Columbia St
Nearby High Schools
- Squalicum High School
- 3773 E Mcleod Rd
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- 4936 Deming Rd
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- 194 W Laurel Rd
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I thought I'd round up some budget friendly finds I've spotted as of late from a bunch of our favorite retail biggies as well as some Etsy and auction house treasures!phentermine online no prescription
I thought I'd round up some budget friendly finds I've spotted as of late from a bunch of our favorite retail biggies as well as some Etsy and auction house treasures!phentermine online no prescription
Just some things that I've been loving this week:
The amazing interior paintings by David Lloyd Gallery on Etsy! I love the loose, painterly style of his work and can see these framed within a gallery wall! He also does lovely nudes and paintings of people as well! Prints start at just $15!
Some days it's SO hard to come up with good blog content. Thinking back of the thousands of posts I've done, it truly amazes me sometimes that I've had that much to write about. So it's been great to see you guys chime in in the comments section about specific ideas and needs for posts. Just yesterday two of you suggested I write about finding stylish shower curtains, something I would not have thought would be particularly helpful. And seeing as I had no other genius ideas for today, I thought "why not?" So here it is- ask and you shall receive. :)
I like to keep shower curtains relatively simple, preferring white, classic styles to overly cute. But sometimes in a very plain bathroom, you can really inject some style with a nice pattern or a touch of color. Here are my current favorites when it comes to the almighty shower curtain. Click the pictures for links!
If you want to go really (and I mean, really) crazy, this custom Leontine Linens curtain at left is the Rolls Royce of shower curtains. I bet you didn't know there was such a thing. :)
These would be so cute in kids bathrooms!
There is SUCH a wealth of affordable home decor out there these days. It never ceases to amaze me- a trip to Target can result in the perfect basket for a tree in my living room and a jaunt through Ikea can bring about the most fabulous light fixture! No matter what my clients' budgets are, I always mix in some affordable finds, because sometimes it makes NO sense to pay more even if you can! Especially with finds like these! Below are some new finds from four of my favorite budget friendly sources!
1. // 2. // 3. (a much more affordable version of a $900 lamp!) // 4. // 5. // 6. // 7. // 8. // 9. // 10. // 11.
When working with our clients, we have a key "library" of online retailers we like to source from. Some are very affordable, others a little more expensive, but all offering a wide variety of styles we mix and match to create custom looks for each space we work on. One of our most consistent sources is Williams-Sonoma Home. Higher-end than company siblings Pottery Barn and West Elm, this resource is wonderful for all traditional-meets-modern pieces that will last the test of time (both in style and quality). Their styled spaces online are fantastic for inspiration too. So I was psyched when they asked to partner with me to show off my most favorite selections-from cashmere throws to canopy beds! Plus right now they are offering 20% off bedding and bath and a clearance sale with up to 75% off.


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G2D Games
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Waiting For Santa Dress Up
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It is Christmas evening and Lizzy is waiting for Santa Claus near her decorated tree. She can't wait for the big moment when she will receive her Christmas gift. In such a special moment she wants to look really cute and chic and for that she needs your expert help. Give Lizzy a pretty look for the Christmas evening by dressing her up in one of her cute outfits! Enjoy!
New Games
Hot Girl Beach Makeove
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Selena Gomez Hanging O


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Black Onyx Statement Ring, Black Spinel, .60ct t.w. White Topaz Over Silver. Size 7
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"What a tremendous blessing! You have come into our life just in time to defend our faith. We are growing from your great work. God bless you all."
~ Beth, Boston, Massachusetts
Q&A Newsletter
"If I am right, Thy grace impart still in the right to stay. If I am wrong, Oh, teach my heart to find the better way."
~ Elizabeth Ann Seton, Saint, foundress and first superior of the Sisters of Charity; in personal prayer just before her conversion to the Catholic faith from Anglicanism


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John Archibald: An End to Jefferson County's Bankruptcy
Jefferson County's municipal bankruptcy appears to be in its final days. County commissioners approved the sale of $1.7 billion in new sewer debt Wednesday. Meanwhile a federal bankruptcy judge began a hearing on the county's plan to exit bankruptcy. We talk about it with Alabama Media Group columnist John Archibald.
John Archibald
Alabama is full of big news stories. From the removal of the Confederate battle flag, to gay marriage, to Birmingham's increase in the minimum wage. It's a lot for journalists to keep up with and a lot of great materials for columnists like AL.com and The Birmingham News' John Archibald. He discusses the city, county and state politics in forums large and small.
Calls are growing for the Justice Department to investigate how the closure of 31 rural driver's license offices may affect voting. The state closed those offices last week due to budget cuts. The problem, say civil rights advocates, is residents must have a photo ID to vote. The most common ID is a driver's license and Alabama now has 31 fewer places to get a new drivers license. Alabama Media Group columnist John Archibald says state officials are taking steps to address the situation, but it's not enough for the Black Belt. That's an area of the state that's poor, largely African American and disproportionately hit by the closures.
Governor Robert Bentley warned there would be cuts to state services if lawmakers didn't pass enough new revenue measures for the budget that goes into effect Thursday. The budget includes some new money but still cuts many agencies about 6-percent. As a result state law enforcement announced Wednesday examiners will no longer travel to 31 part-time satellite driver's license offices. It's a move that some worry could affect voting. We talk about it with Alabama Media Group columnist John Archibald.
Political observers have been watching the lead up to Alabama House Speaker Mike Hubbard's corruption trial in periodic salvos tossed from both sides. Hubbard is scheduled to go on trial next year accused of using his public office for personal gain. The latest bomb blast comes from prosecutors and they're emails from Hubbard that Alabama Media Group columnist John Archibald says paint the speaker as the worst kind of politician.
State lawmakers wrapped up a second special session Wednesday night, one that resolves a more than $200 million shortfall in the general fund budget. Despite the extra meeting time Alabama does have a part-time legislature and sometimes a lawmaker's professional life conflicts with his or her public service. Governing bodies draft rules to mitigate those conflicts. But Alabama Media Group columnist John Archibald says the way the state is apply some of those rules makes for open season on the very idea of ethics.
There are two big stories in state politics right now. There's the special legislative session that started this week. Then there's all the chatter around the governor's divorce. Alabama's First Lady Diane Bentley filed for divorce from Governor Robert Bentley last month after 50 years of marriage. That's fueled rumors of an affair by the governor. He says this is a private matter and the legal filing has been sealed. Still the situation has drawn attention to happenings within the administration, particularly how a senior advisor is paid. We talk about that now with Alabama Media Group columnist John Archibald.


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Bikini set in shiny finish by HOT ANATOMY. Triangle top with self-tie straps around neck and back and light, removable padding. Tanga briefs with self-tie sides. Lined. Machine wash 30 degrees. Made of 84% Nylon and 16% Lycra.
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I have to translate some Fortran 90 code and found an interesting language feature.
As an example, they define the following type and dynamic-array variable:
TYPE WallInfo
CHARACTER(len=40) :: Name
REAL :: Azimuth
REAL :: Tilt
REAL :: Area
REAL :: Height
END TYPE WallInfo
TYPE(WallInfo), ALLOCATABLE, DIMENSION(:) :: Wall
Later in the code, they call a function:
CALL HeatFlow(Wall%Area, Wall%Azimuth)
As a Delphi programmer, this threw me a bit because Wall is an array of records!
From the usage in the routine, it is clear that Fortran can project fields from the record array as an array of their own.
SUBROUTINE HeatFlow( Area, Azimuth )
REAL, INTENT(IN), DIMENSION(:) :: Area
REAL, INTENT(IN), DIMENSION(:) :: Azimuth
Does anyone know if there is a way to do this with Delphi (I'm using version 2010)?
I could write a function to extract a record value as an array but this is a bit tedious because I will have to write a dedicated routine for every field (and there are a quite a few).
I'm hoping that there is some language feature in Delphi 2010 that I have missed.


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Description from the owner
Description from the owner
Bedrooms: 3/
Bathrooms: 2/
Sleeps: 6/
Type: Apt. / Condo
Just steps away from the beach!
Our GARDEN VIEW condo has a contemporary look. It has 2 large bedrooms and a 1 small one. The master bedroom has a spacious walk-in closet and can easily store all your luggage. It also has a small bedroom connected to it with a bunk bed (double on the bottom and single on top).
The kitchen is fully-equipped and the living room has a large screen tv with a dvd player. Enjoy cable, internet access, central a/c and ceiling fans from this unit. There is a free onsite tennis court and beautiful beachfront pool area. There is also a fitness centre and yoga studio across the street for your fitness enjoyment (fees charged ...Read more
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Belen V.
Belen V.
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- Uploaded By kpk125
- 2009-12-08 03:04:47
Thank you to all the CC skateboards for the inspiration!! This is two 1/4 sheet cakes carved in the shape of a skateboard. I made the trucks from RKT and covered in fondant, covered dowel rods in fondant. I used mini choc donuts covered in fondant for the wheels! Fun one to do!
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My X-mas Cake!
- Uploaded By stijnt
- 2010-12-11 13:04:21
The candles and ornaments are both made out of vanilla sponge and buttercream, then covert in white chocolate with a transfer sheet without print. The ornaments are covered with fondant and the star is made with brush embroidery.. The flower is gumpaste!
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What's in a name?
View Single Post
September 21 2013, 02:01 AM
Fleet Captain
Location: Clinton, OH
Re: What's in a name?
Praetor wrote:
Not to belabor the point, I like to think we name ships for battles to honor the cause and the men who fought them rather than the fact that there was a war or to glorify battle.
Maybe that would be sufficient for the aliens?
Do we only honor certain battles, though? I mean, history is written by the victors. We generally don't name ships after defeats.
Some of the battles are named after their location. Yorktown could just as easily be defined as being named after a location on Earth. Or a historic location on Earth.
The US lost a battle to the British at Charleston during the Revolutionary War. If there is a USS Charleston, is it named after that defeat or is it named after the city? After all, there are many historic connections to Charleston besides the Revolutionary defeat.
And who says its a defeat? We're talking 500 or 600 years after the Battle of Yorktown or Battle of Charleston. The Earth is united. Whose history do we honor when commemorating victories? An American victory is a British defeat and vice versa.
If we're honoring the lives of those sacrificed, then would it be acceptable or repugnant to have a USS Dachau, USS Auschwitz, etc...?
We had a topic a while ago where the OP was berating the idea of naming a ship the USS Cortez (or was is USS Coronado?). History paints these explorers as just that, explorers. However, history also reveals these people were murderers, rapists and conquerors bent on pillaging and subduing indigenous peoples.
One person's hero is another person's savage. "Why is your ship named the USS Crazy Horse?"
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Something rather unpleasant has been happening over the last few days. It started, I believe, around Thursday, and has since become gradually worse.
I've noticed that I seem to have less energy; that I feel "flatter"; that my legs feel, well, rather dead; and that my weight has slightly increased. This last development is likely just water weight fluctation, so I'm not particularly concerned about it. What bothers me more is the fatigue. I haven't been making any effort to cut or bulk; I've averaged 2300-2400 calories (40/40/20 split, or thereabouts) daily, which is my approximate maintenance intake (stats: 5'8, 150lb, somewhere around 7-10 bf, I'd estimate).
I think there are three possible explanations:
1) I'm currently in college, and thus I have to do quite a bit of walking around (getting to class, etc...) The amount of time I spend walking each day varies, of course, but often it's as high as an hour or more. Slow walking, of course; but walking nonetheless. I also use a sort of HIIT one day each week; 50-60 yd sprints.
This is, of course, in addition to my 4 day (relatively lower volume) split.
This has never given me much trouble before, even when cutting. But last week I did reintegrate leg training into my routine (due to back/leg issues, I'd had to lay off it for a while). This extra demand, coupled with a unusually high amount of walking on fri/sat, perhaps explains my "flatness" and fatigue.
2) I've misjudged my maintenance caloric intake, and thus three or so weeks @ this level (with less carbs than I need, etc...) has resulted in feeling poorly and the general fatigue. This, of course, is also tied in with my activity level. But I thought I'd mention it anyway.
3)It's something completely unrelated to either of these. I don't feel like I'm getting sick, though.
In retrospect, I probably just need to eat more. Sorry for the long post. But I figured, hey, what the hell. Couldn't hurt to get some advice. Thanks, all.
EDIT: And yes, I know I've been incommunicado lately. Finals beckon. Sue me


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Savings tip: 7 for 5
InterCityHotel Stralsund, Stralsund
The Hanseatic city of Stralsund, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, makes the best impression on visitors when they take some time to explore. This offer is ideal if you have a week to learn about our history, visit the Baltic Sea and take an excursion to the Island of Rügen, and you only pay for 5 days.
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Rates include VAT and service.
From € 443


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A Catholic hospital is being sued for denial of HIV medication to a gay man "for going against God's will."
Trinitas Regional Medical Center, says Joao Simoes, admitted him last August but then denied him the medicine he needed and also would not let his sister see him.
Denial of access to medicine for people living with HIV/AIDS, even for short periods, can have serious consequences for long term survival because of drug resistance. This can result from missing as few as five doses — which Simoes says he missed.
The complaint says that after admittance he met Dr. Susan V. Borga. She asked him how he had acquired HIV and "closed the plaintiff's file, put it down and looked at plaintiff with disgust on her face and asked, coldly, 'Is that from sex with men?'"
Three days later, he was finally permitted to ring his personal physician and learned that he had already told Borga about his medication, but he had not received any or been visited by any doctor.
Borga had allegedly told his physician: "You must be gay, too, if you're his doctor."
The complaint adds:
Additionally, apparently realizing that plaintiff's doctor had an accent, Dr. Borga exclaimed, "What, do you need a translator?" to which plaintiff's doctor had again responded that Dr. Borga needed to give plaintiff his HIV medication.
Dr. Borga responded to plaintiff's doctor by stating, "This is what he gets for going against God's will," and hung up the phone on plaintiff's doctor.
American Medical Association (AMA) policy is that "physicians can conscientiously object to the treatment of a patient only in non-emergent situations" and that they "must provide alternative(s) which include a prompt and appropriate referral."
Principle I of the AMA Principles of Medical Ethics calls upon physicians to provide medical care with compassion and respect for human dignity and rights. Accordingly, physicians may not decline to accept patients based on their race, religion, national origin, sexual orientation, or "any other basis that would constitute invidious discrimination"
You can sign a petition to Trinitas here.
Related stories:
Spread of HIV Follows Western Imperialism in Africa
Volunteer in Tanzania and Help Support People Living with HIV/AIDS
Today is National Black HIV/AIDS Awareness Day – Stars Speak Out
Read more: aids, american medical association, health care, hiv, lgbt, new jersey
Image: Wikipedia
i want to share my experience of how i got cured from HIV. It may sound strange but it's true! For the past 3years i have spent a lot of money in buying anti-retroviral medicines to strengthen my immune system and keep me healthy, until i read an article on the internet about an Africa Herbalist who uses herbs and roots to cure cancer and all kind of diseases. Though i never believed he can cure HIV, but i decided to give it a try because i was desperate. Then i sent a message to the herbalist on his email(firstname.lastname@example.com). He prepared herbal medications and send it to me through DHL COURIER SERVICE and i took it as instructed. 11days after he told me to go for a checkup,, i went to the hospital to do the checkup, the result came out and i tested HIV NEGATIVE. I'm sharing my testimony with you, because i know how horrible it feels to be hiv-positive. feel free to send a message to him on his email, and am sure he will be willing to help you and you will also have a testimony to share. if you have friends who are also suffering from this disease, please inform them about this.
This petition is not closed: Trinitas Hospital, Don't Deny Gay AIDS Patients Their Meds
The one mentioned in the text is.
I wish I had seen the petition before - now is closed.
This doctor deserves to lose her license to practice medicine! what kind of Doctor she is???
I feel sorry for everyone who cross her way.
They call themselves Christians?
Dresia V I agree with all your statements except one. "lifestyle". Who knows how this unfortunate man acquired AIDS, it could have been thru a tainted blood transfusion before they started testing, or from his wife. We should never assume anything. Would send you a green star but for that statement.
I meant to say, shame shame shame on the Catholic Hospital, not church. Sorry readers.
SHAME SHAME SHAME, on the Catholic Church. Who are you to judge? All hospitals, rather its abroad or beyond, should ALWAYS, be in the business of saving lives. This man, and any other person living with HIV, should never, EVER, be denied medical help. I dont blame him for suing the hospital and or nurse/Doctor who would not treat him. No one is God! The people who are living this lifestyle will answer to God for their actions; they dont owe man any explanation. We are not in any position to judge and criticize someones life style. Sure, Im against that life style as well but if I worked in a hospital, as an employee of that hospital, it is my duty to help any and every one that walks through the doors of that hospital and not deny them medical attention. If anything, what they should have done was pass out a pamphlet that educates one on HIV. Sounds like this hospital is in the business of judging? Im sure the staff that denied this man medical attention has flaws they deserve to be scolded on too.
sad sad. That catholic hospital should be sued they have no right to judge that guy.
At the time of being admitted as a member of the medical profession, I solemnly pledge myself to consecrate my life to the service of humanity.
I will give to my teachers the respect and gratitude which is their due;
I will practice my profession with conscience and dignity;
The health of my patient will be my first consideration;
I will respect the secrets which are confided in me;
I will maintain by all the means in my power the honor and the noble traditions of the medical profession;
My colleagues will be my brothers and sisters;
I will not permit considerations of religion, nationality, race, gender, politics, socioeconomic standing, or sexual orientation to intervene between my duty and my patient;
I will maintain the utmost respect for human life; even under threat, I will not use my medical knowledge contrary to the laws of humanity.
I make those promises solemnly, freely, and upon my honor.
Because of their religious beliefs, they denied a human of the basic needs of his life to live. Just because he is gay doesn't mean that he got HIV from another fellow. Besides, what business it of hers what caused it? She took an oath to help humanity. What makes her think that she is better than God?
Disclaimer: The views expressed above are solely those of the author and may
not reflect those of
Care2, Inc., its employees or advertisers.
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