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Without a doubt, you'll be the most stunning gal at the holiday banquet when you wear this dazzling sheath! Its bright red fabric wraps you in classic elegance, while the taupe, lace-paneled back serves up an unexpectedly striking surprise. Show off your excellent taste in fashion by pairing this cap-sleeved, V-necked dress with pearl earrings, brogue-style heels, and a cocktail ring. Don this dress, and dish out some dazzle!
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Ratings based on 997 Verified Reviews
They paid and stayed. We double-checked.
3.6 Room cleanliness
3.8 Service & staff
3.7 Room comfort
3.3 Hotel condition
They paid and stayed.
We double-checked.
We double-checked.
for Everyoneby A verified traveler from Japan
Affordable hotelPosted Oct 6, 2015
Stayed for three nights. Convenient location adjacent to highway.
for Everyoneby A verified traveler
No complaintsPosted Oct 5, 2015
Visiting the Ventura area for the night, didn't have plans to spend much time in the hotel room, so went for one of the cheaper options. For what we were looking for, the La Quinta was perfect. Room was clean and quiet, front desk staff were helpful and efficient, and the free breakfast was plentifully stocked.
for Business Travelersby A verified traveler from Orange County
Posted Oct 4, 2015
Pros: Yes, it was an enjoyable stay. Clean, comfortable.
Cons: The TV service was spotty. The signal would go out or lose connection every 35 seconds. It made it difficult to watch anything.
Nice stay, TV signal was spotty while there, but clean and comfortable. Much better than other places I've stayed for similar price.
for Everyoneby A verified traveler from stockton
Nice clean hotel friendly staffs .we love itPosted Sep 22, 2015
Went to visit my son in santa barbara hotels there are expensive and we decided to look something close and found la quinta inn in ventura is only 30 min away from santa barbara we loved the hotel, continental breakfast pet friendly friendly staffs my grandkids enjoyed the pool. I recomend this hotel i will stay again. :-)
for Everyoneby A verified traveler
Localização estratégicaPosted Sep 20, 2015
Hotel para poucos dias de estadia, local estratégico. Limpeza do quarto deixou a desejar, na primeira noite tinha muito cabelo nos lençóis. Informei na recepção e eles pediram desculpa, mas nada fizeram para melhorar a limpeza. O quarto é confortável, o homem nos corredores dos quartos são sujos. Café da manhã bom! Equipe atenciosa
for Everyoneby A verified traveler from New Zealand
Close to freeway, easy to findPosted Sep 18, 2015
Pros: Nice updated rooms.
Cons: Dirty concrete and railings in walkways wasn't that inviting on arrival.
Location: Close to the freeway but empty lots around the motel were off putting.
Room was freshly redecorated and really comfortable. Breakfast was adequate and staff kept breakfast room very clean. Motel didn't have an elevator and as we are an older couple we struggled to get the suitcases up to the third floor.
for Everyoneby A verified traveler from sacramento,ca
Hotel fit for overnightPosted Sep 16, 2015
I was looking around hotel for my one night stay in ventura. So based on reviews and on price i pick this one. Upon entry i was greeted by sergio who was awesome he saw my pile of books asked what i was in town for with ton of textbooks i let him know i had a exam he saw that i wanted a non smoking king but somehow was put in a smoking one he apologized and informed me he could put me in a non smoking but it be a queen which i was thankful for as an asthmatic he also made sure i was in the quiet end and that my room came with desk to study. I woke however super sick day of my test couldnt enjoy breakfast before heading put but lobby was clean but filled by 7am
by A verified traveler
Posted Sep 14, 2015
The cost of the hotel was not worth it. I wish we had paid a little more to be elsewhere. We understand Labor Day is an expensive weekend to travel but compared to a hotel last year, this one was disappointing. Most of the hotel staff were helpful and courteous except for one. Our room had smudge marks in various places & smelled funny. Breakfast was a zoo and though I was sympathetic towards the staff (having to clean up after so many guests, incl. kids etc.), I wondered if they could have had a better set up (larger area? a better system? etc.) to accommodate the number of guests.
for Everyoneby A verified traveler from a of La
Accessible and convenientPosted Sep 9, 2015
Hotel is close to freeway and markets such as Walmart, trader Joes, Ralph's, and some restaurants. It's a pet friendly hotel and a pet emergency clinic is closeby in case. ...
for Everyoneby A verified traveler from Los Angeles, CA
Great location.... Pleasant hotel staff!!!!Posted Sep 4, 2015
Pros: Great location.... Pleasant hotel staff!!!! Updated rooms.
Location: Channel Islands... Just a 30 minute drive to Santa Barbara and 40+ mins to Solvang...
The only thing that detracted from our stay was some unruly guests who decided to party until almost 5am. But this is no reflection on the hotel. I would definitely stay here again for my Ventura trips.

subset: commoncrawl


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To learn more about Proforma franchise opportunities, please visit www.OnlyProforma.com.
Home > About Proforma > Employment Opportunities > Proforma Position
Position Title: Sales Representative
Post Date: 9/13/2013
Location: Atlanta, GA
Contact Name: Mason Israel
Contact Phone: No Phone Calls
Contact Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Position Description: The Sales Representative is responsible for high energy business to business sales calls, marketing print, promotions and solutions to varying sized companies.
Interested candidates can send a resume directly to Mason Israel at firstname.lastname@example.com.
We thank all applicants who apply, but only those candidates selected for an interview will be contacted. No phone calls from agencies will be accepted.


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Salad Accessories from Spain
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Expand Your Education with These Courses from
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Bundle 3: CIPS Institute (US Version).
Coaching & Training Archive
How Many Can You Name?
For the purpose of this column, I'm going to focus on the "big" networks—Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Google+, Instagram, Pinterest, foursquare, LinkedIn and flickr. ...
Soldiering through Home Buying: A Primer for Working with the Military
As a veteran, I know all too well that the old adage of military life—home is where Uncle Sam sends you—is hardly an exaggeration. Active duty military families move, on average, every two to three years. America's service members and military families, who are already under tremendous strain due to ...
Does Your Workplace Meet These Three Powerful Human Needs?
You want to grow your business and you're pretty clear on what you need from your employees. Hard work. Efficiency. Innovation. Motivation. Results. But what do your employees need from you? If you're thinking in practical terms—a steady paycheck, a quiet workspace, more training—you're wrong. Well, at least you're only ...
Broker Webinar: Creating a Customer for Life: How Do You Stay in Touch with Consumers after the Sale?
PCMS Consulting, a real estate business management services company, will be hosting a free broker webinar Thursday that will focus on how to become the go-to source of information that will encourage repeat business and referrals. ...
The NAR Power Broker Roundtable: Top Producers: How They Stay at the Top of Their Game
The Power Broker Roundtable is brought to you by the National Association of REALTORS® and Jeff Barnett, NAR's Special Liaison for Large Firm Relations. Watch for this column each month, where we address broker issues, concerns and milestones. ...
Update, Create, Share: Easy Content Marketing for Real Estate
Content marketing is a marketing technique that uses relevant and valuable unique content to attract potential customers. By creating and sharing content that real estate consumers want access to – like first time buyer guides, market updates, and 'how to' videos – you give the consumer a reason to see ...
From Lead Capture to Client – Optimizing Your Open House
As open houses continue to play an integral role in the home-buying process, real estate professionals are doing themselves—and prospective buyers—a disservice if open houses aren't part of their plan. However, as any real estate professional can attest, not every open house visitor converts to a sale, and it is ...
No Trust or Rapport? No Sale or Referrals.
Have you ever had a sale that didn't close and you weren't sure why? Chances are you lost the sale because you didn't establish sufficient trust and rapport with your prospect. Once you have developed trust and rapport, you've actually got the ...
Is Data Scraping Taking Money from Brokers' Pockets? Realtor.com's Curt Beardsley Says, 'Yes'
Data scraping and misuse of listing data that belongs to brokers are growing concerns. Many scrapers (or others who receive the data legitimately but use it in ways that violates its licenses) are actively reselling listing data for various uses not ...
Monday Morning Mobile: Understanding Mobile Behavior to Win Local
By now I think we can all agree on the following: The sheer size of the mobile demographic makes it one that requires our attention as businesses; the mobile consumer is substantially different from the desktop consumer; and the better we understand the mobile consumer the better we can convert ...
Realtor.com® First to Add School Search in Significant Update to Mobile App
, a leader in online real estate operated by Move, Inc., has announced a substantial update to its realtor.com® mobile app for iOS and Android. In addition to being the first to allow home buyers to target listings based on schools and districts through its new school search ...
Realtor.com® Follows up on Nationwide Open House Weekend
In preparation for the beginning of the most trafficked months for open houses, realtor.com® has initiated systems for brokers and their agents to maximize their open house efforts. ...
The 8-Step LinkedIn Marketing Plan
Branding is something that we as professionals need to take very seriously on an individual level. It's essential to develop a unique and personal "professional brand" that communicates the value you have to offer to prospective clients. This is where LinkedIn excels. It allows you to take control of the ...
People Buy from People
The salesman greeted me with a friendly smile as I approached the shiny SUV on the showroom floor. "That's a pretty one, isn't it?" he asked. ...
Is Your Leadership Hurting the Bottom Line?
What can business leaders and managers learn from watching the earnings of publicly traded companies? ...
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Please click the link to learn more
In the Spotlight
Student Success - UR Cary Quad South 1939 - Frank Owen
Frank Owen is a 1942 graduate of Purdue University and one of the first residents of Cary Quad South. He reflects on meeting his wife at Purdue and hearing about the attack on Pearl Harbor.
Did you know?
92% of beginning students chose to live in University Residences in 2013-14
Ford Dining Court served over 1.09 Million meals during the 2013-2014 Academic Year
91% of first year students living in University Residences returned to Purdue their second year as sophomores
Residential dining will have special hours during Fall break.
Visit our web page to learn more!
Make campus dining easy and fast!
On Campus, Fun, Flexible Hours!
Hear what current students are saying about the Boiler Flex Unlimited Meal Plan.


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PSFK Presents The Future Of Gaming With Zynga
An inspirational New York Ad Week event for creative professionals on the business of mobile gaming.
Held during New York's Advertising Week, PSFK will hold an inspirational event for creative professionals on the business of mobile gaming. Join us Thursday, September 26, 2013 from 9:00 to 11:00 AM at 595 11th Ave in New York.
Brought to you with the support of the team at Zynga at the event space at Mother New York, the team behind PSFK.com will curate a selection of speakers that will discuss the culture of games, plus a panel that will dive deep into how brands are leveraging games to interact with audiences.
Speakers such as Jamin Warren from the future-forward games publication Kill Screen, and Zynga creative director Arianna Orland and director of brand strategy Jonathan Waecker will talk about play and the culture of games. A panel discussion will follow that looks at in-game advertising, offline and online activation and branded games. Panelists include Julie Shumaker, Zynga's Head of Ad Sales, Margaret Robertson who leads the game studio Hide & Seek, Mother NY co-founder Andrew Dietchman and in-app game-mechanic pioneer Jason Oberfest who founded Mango Health.
Half talks – half social mixer, this salon will be the definitive advertising-meets gaming industry event that takes place during the same time as Advertising Week.
Please RSVP now to guarantee admission!
Share your thoughts during this event with #PSFKGaming on Twitter.
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PSFK Labs Presents
The Future of Connected Life
The New Consumer and Their Journey to Effectiveness, Balance & Personal Growth


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Featuring custom graphics of Bobby Hundreds' photography in BURN's classic aesthetic.
From classic artwork to modified weaponry.
Tailored, minimal collection inspired by Danish design leads.
See a firsthand glance at the ready-to-wear version of the collection.
A combination of art, music, design and the energy of Dubai.
Rihanna, Demi and American Apparel models bare it all.
Warmth for winter all the way from Japan.
A followup to last year's tonal white offering.
A taste of the post-apocalyptic from Italy's outerwear stalwarts.


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The second chapter of Making Space by Thich Nhat Hanh is all about one of the most incredible powers we possess: the power to breathe.Read More
- -Feb 04, 2015, 1:36AM
Check out our New Age Youtube Channel!
- -Feb 03, 2015, 12:04PM
Great! I want to start my yoga and meditation practice it really helps to calm down and to connect to myself! http://mysimpliving.tumblr.com/


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The Apple veteran has Jobsian ambitions and no apparent competitors in the energy space.
BARCELONA -- The time where everyone can be off the grid is near. A dispatch from this year's Mobile World Congress show.
PARIS -- With much of the EU concerned over finding horsemeat where it should not be, more and more French are putting it right where it belongs: on their plate.
A review of Birdseye: The Adventures of a Curious Man, by Mark Kurlansky
When you think of Microsoft Office, you probably think of retail software that commands a premium price. Surprise! The latest iteration of the Office Web Apps are free and surprisingly powerful. How do they stack up against Google's offerings?
Samsung continues its dominance at this week's Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, showing off its latest offering--Galaxy Note 8.0 tablet, which directly competes against the Apple iPad mini.
We examine the facts and figures behind Microsoft's recently announced Surface Pro 4 and Surface Book devices.
Tokyo District Court rules Samsung had no rights over data transmission technology used in some of Apple's iPhones, in an injunction filed by the South Korean giant to prevent the manufacture and sale of some Apple smartphones.
Japanese electronics giant will book a $442 billion gain from the sale in its Q4 financials ending March, as it pushes ahead with company restructuring.
Vodafone is out in front in New Zealand's 4G race, but it will not be all smooth sailing.
Groupon CEO and founder Andrew Mason lost his job and has lost more than $1bn since Groupon went public, a fall that's also affected many tech companies.
On this week's Technolatte podcast, the Australian team looks at the ABC hack, the role of the CIO, and a class-action suit against Vodafone.
Vodafone Australia has announced plans to insource its call centre to Tasmania, doubling the number of jobs in the Apple Isle.
HP's senior vice president of enterprise security software suggests that we could learn a thing or two from cyber criminals -- and possibly persuade them to look elsewhere for targets at the same time.
It's hard to think of Microsoft Office as anything other than the archetypal Windows desktop program. But while no one was looking, Microsoft's free online apps and storage turned surprisingly powerful. Are the free apps good enough to use in place of Office?
A new optional Microsoft Dynamics CRM Online product update, available now, adds both iPad and Yammer enterprise-social-networking support.
A security researcher gives Oracle two weeks to change its mind that an issue he reported is not a security flaw, or else he'll let the public be the judge.
In a video intended to rev up the interest of young people in software development, industry luminaries make the case for "an incredibly empowering skill to learn".
After months of rumors about internal strife, Groupon's CEO and founder is out the door -- effective immediately.


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Field & Stream Wilderness Cabin 10 Person Tent
$269.99 $299.99*
Save $30.00 (10%)
Product Information:
Turn the versatile Field & Stream® Wilderness Cabin 10 Person Tent into your home away from home! With room for five people in the main body of the tent, and up to five additional people or equipment in the screened entrance, the Wilderness Cabin has space for everything you need. Color-coded hubs and poles allow easy setup, and you'll love the included wheeled duffel carry bag that allows you to transport your tent with ease!
Click here for additional information relating to the Manufacturer's Warranty.
- Sleeps 5-10
- Main body of tent sleeps 5
- Screened entrance/storage area can be used to sleep 5 additional people
- Element Barrier bathtub-style floor is durable and abrasion-resistant, with all major seams factory-taped
- Features Dry Safe - 1200 mm waterproof coating and taped seams for weather protection
- Breathable roof panels offer ventilation
- Color-coded hubs and poles offer easy setup
- Multiple pockets offer options for organization
- Number of vestibules: 1
- Rainfly included
- Expandable wheeled duffel carry bag included for easy transport
Click here for additional information relating to the Manufacturer's Warranty.
- Overall size: 15' x 10' x 88"
- Main tent body area: 10' x 7.5'
- Screened entrance area: 10' x 7.5'
- Floor material: 210D poly-oxford with a 1200 mm polyurethane coating
- Style #: CEH00891
- Field & Stream
Country of Origin: ChinaWeb ID: 17257596


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- About
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Application deadline to become an Artmonk extended to the end of April!
We are especially looking for a Chef, Playwright, Instrumentalists (esp. Percussionist and String Player), Dramaturg Production Manager, and Community Manager.
Could it be you?
Full radiance of the south-east mid-morning sun.
Sweetness and richness of the late spring.
Click to Read more about this year's Art Monastic investigations!
The fruit of the latest Art Monastic Laboratory in Caramanico, Italy is on tour!
Order your copy of
"Hosting Transformation: Stories from the Edge of Changemaking"
Co-Edited and Illustrated
by Co-founder Betsy McCall
Paypal $23 to email@example.com
(shipping and handling included)
Join the enjoyment. A one-week, all inclusive vacation retreat at the Art Monastery Italia.
Are you an Artmonk? Join us.
Now accepting applications on a rolling basis.
Read about the theme of this year's Art Monastic investigations, welcoming the full radiance of the midmorning sun.
Winter Solstice
Twilight Voyage of Ozan Ra


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Emilio Rojas is preparing to drop a new album, L.I.F.E., on Friday July 10th. With that date just a few days away now, Emilio hit us up to drop one last leak off the album, the lady's anthem "No Good," featuring frequent collaborator/singer Emanny.
It's been a hot minute since we last heard from New Jersey battle rapper Tsu Surf, but today he's returning in grand fashion. Calling on Styles P and Emanny for features, Tsu decides liberate this new offering titled "Keep Praying".
Emanny has been under Joe Budden's wing for some time, collaborating frequently with the Slaughterhouse MC.
Joe Budden recently hit us with the tracklist and artwork for his forthcoming solo album, Some Love Lost, to continue the series from 2013's No Love Lost.
Singer/songwriter Emanny just dropped off his album, Songs About HER, a couple weeks ago on iTunes, but yet hes already eyeing the release of the project's sequel.
We haven't heard from Emanny in a minute, the last song he dropped off was "Pussy So Amazing (Remix)" with his affiliate Joe Budden and Joell Ortiz. Today he's come out of hiding to release a new music video for "Young And Ready" featuring Jadakiss.
Continuing the Valentine's day massacre of tracks getting released, we have another one coming from R&B singer Emanny and his two homies Joe Budden and Joell Ortiz.
Check out Songs About You EP, a new mixtape from Emanny that saw the light of day on Thursday, November 28th, 2013. Emanny's movement grows stronger with each new release, and Songs About You EP has further strengthened that fact.
Give Someone (Prod by Trixx Beatz) a listen - it's a new offering from Hones-T, featuring Emanny. It was dropped on Monday, November 11th, 2013.
Give Would You Mind a listen - it's a new offering from Emanny. It was dropped on Tuesday, July 2nd, 2013. Emanny's musical situation is improving with every new release, and Would You Mind will most definitely help the cause.
Stream Make A Move, the newest drop from Emilio Rojas which features Emanny . The cut was released on Wednesday, May 8th, 2013. Things are looking better for Emilio Rojas with each new release, which Make A Move has proven yet again.
Give Miss Me a listen - it's a new offering from Emanny, featuring SLV (Joe Budden). It was dropped on Sunday, April 14th, 2013. Emanny's musical situation is improving with every new release, and Miss Me will most definitely help the cause.
Listen to Fool, the new track by Emanny, which was dropped on Thursday, February 14th, 2013. Emanny's odds keep getting better with each new leak, and Fool will undoubtedly improve his chances of winning.
Check out More Of Me (Prod. by Cardiak), the latest from Joe Budden which features a guest appearance from Emanny on the assist. The track was released on Thursday, November 8th, 2012.
Jada releases visuals for the smooth joint "Cuz We Paid" which was featured on his "Consignment" mixtape. Features vocals from singer Emanny. How's the chemistry between and Emanny? Can you appreciate the bars here?
Visuals for "I Messed Up", Emanny's track features Joe Budden which appeared on Emanny's "Songs About HER" mixtape.
Listen to Broken Heart, the latest track from Emanny. The cut dropped on Tuesday, September 11th, 2012. Emanny's future brightens with every new release, and Broken Heart certainly isn't an exception.
Check out Wrong Impression , the latest from Emanny which features a guest appearance from Emilios Rojas on the assist. The track was released on Tuesday, May 1st, 2012.
Listen to F*ck That Condom, the latest track from Summer Leather Vest (Joe Budden & Emanny). The cut dropped on Tuesday, April 3rd, 2012.
Things are looking better for Emanny with each new release, which Emanny Feat. Jadakiss "Young & Ready" Video has proven yet again. It's worthy addition to the impressive body of work Emanny has been developing over the years.
Stream Tell Him Something, the newest drop from Summer Leather Vest (Joe Budden & Emanny). The cut was released on Tuesday, February 14th, 2012.
Was the inclusion of Emanny a good call? Thoughts? Did y'all catch Emilio Rojas's latest visual for Emilio Rojas "Stay Schemin' Freestyle Live " Video?
Listen to Lock & Chain , the new track by Emanny featuring Ghostwridah which was dropped on Sunday, January 8th, 2012. Emanny's odds keep getting better with each new leak, and Lock & Chain will undoubtedly improve his chances of winning.
Give Dont Say Shit (CDQ) a spin - it's a new offering from Emanny. It was dropped on Thursday, December 29th, 2011. Emanny's rap artistry continues to improve with every release, something which is most definitely evidenced on Dont Say Shit (CDQ).
Bump What Yo Name is , the latest cut from Joe Budden which features Emanny on the assist. It dropped on Saturday, December 17th, 2011. Joe Budden's horizons are broadening with each new release, and What Yo Name is is no exception.
Listen to She Dont Love Me , the latest track from Joe Budden, featuring Emanny. The cut dropped on Friday, December 2nd, 2011. Joe Budden's future brightens with every new release, and She Dont Love Me certainly isn't an exception.
Check out Young and Ready, the latest track from Emanny, featuring Jadakiss which dropped on Monday, November 21st, 2011. Emanny's movement grows stronger with each new release, and Young and Ready has further strengthened that fact.
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panagenda GroupExplorer:
The Perfect Companion for Security, Audits and Compliance
Most organizations have more groups than users. This is primarily because of uncertainty of what might be affected when using – let alone changing – an existing group. Hence, whenever a group is needed, a new one is created rather than re-using an existing one, quickly leading to hundreds or thousands of groups.
In addition, a company's current security configuration is difficult to understand with so many groups, which are often deeply nested.
panagenda GroupExplorer puts you back in the driver's seat, telling you:
Who is in which groups and why/how, distinguishing between users, groups and servers
Which groups have unknown, orphaned entries
Which groups are used in database Access Control Lists (ACLs)
How many and which mail- and security relevant entries does a group have
What access level do Default, Anonymous, and end users have in which databases, optionally including Roles and detailed access attributes
Through which path of groups is a user granted access to a database (e.g., user is in GroupABC which again is in LocalDomainAdmins which again is listed in the ACL)
Whether end users are specifically listed in Access Control Lists – often companies have a policy by which only Groups should be used in ACLs
Next to this rich variety of views into your security infrastructure, GroupExplorer also comes with a component to navigate Groups and their nestings – see image.
Overall, the most prominent features of panagenda GroupExplorer are:
Improve maintainability and security
Clear insights into your security configuration
Analysis of groups and access rights
Full transparency on who has access to what
GroupExplorer Platforms:
IBM Domino
Read more | Continue with Application Design Analysis


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Rack in Paradise...Graffiti // Friday, September 06, 2013
Everything right here by Skert some up what it is too be a quality, experienced graffiti writer "Said I aint never told no lie."
Spook TruckinGraffiti // Friday, September 06, 2013
Spoof is a side name for an extra talented dude who makes it look all so easy. This truck is murdering them!
BTUFGraffiti // Friday, September 06, 2013
Don't be scared to paint that street side spot in full color like your painting a chill spot, BTUF!
Strictly SkemeGraffiti // Thursday, September 05, 2013
Skeme is a straight letter master and pioneer from the New York clean train era, but you already knew that. We felt inclined to share this photo, well, because we have never seen this train before and it's killing game.
Heat x AweGraffiti // Thursday, September 05, 2013
Never ones to leave room for the next guy to come along and try to sidebust, Heat and Awe knock out another attention getting end-2-end train.
Resto burns rubber on them…Graffiti // Thursday, September 05, 2013
This truck by Resto is melting in the back, most likely from burning out at top speeds.
Jade by KeysGraffiti // Wednesday, September 04, 2013
Keys just rocked this super funk'd out piece for the recently passed Jade in a country far far away.
The Railroad RavagerGraffiti // Wednesday, September 04, 2013
With the assistance of Godzilla and his fire breathing breathe, Mers is able to ravage the railroads with merciless destuctive aggression. Always good concepts when this artist paints trains.
Born to be wildGraffiti // Wednesday, September 04, 2013
Get your motor runnin'…Head out on the highway…Looking for adventure…In whatever comes our way! Keno and Ilke are born to be willdddd!
The Funk TruckGraffiti // Wednesday, September 04, 2013
The funk truck is just funkin around not really giving a funk. Funk that!


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Comment Re:Revoke the certificate (Score 4, Informative) 69
So Apple should revoke the certificate. Why is this a problem? What makes this newsworthy? What am I missing?
That even though this is still just someone running an untrusted binary, let's put that it affects unjailbroken iphones so people who just read the title will be scared and move to android?


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Tristin Daley
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Tristin discovered the stage at the early age of 5 as a dancer. She continued dancing through high school, studying at the Broadway Dance Center and the Martha Graham School of Contemporary Dance.
She decided to shift her focus from dance to drama in high school when she was cast in the first High School production of Les Miserables.
Tristin then went on to study at NYU's Tisch School of the Arts. She studied at the Stella Adler Studio of Acting, Stonestreet Studios Film and Screen Acting School, and spent a summer in Amsterdam with Kevin Kuhlke (Chair of Tisch Dept. of Drama) and some of the best teachers Europe has to offer. She graduated (with Honors) with a BFA in Drama, as well as a degree in Psychology.
Following graduation, Tristin left her home state of NY to pursue a career in Los Angeles. Since arriving in LA, she has studied at the Ron Burrus Studio, the Brad Henke Acting Studio, and Upright Citizens Brigade.
Tristin performed in NY at the HERE Arts Center in a production of Man is Man (as Polly Baker) by Bertolt Brecht, directed by internationally acclaimed Paul Binnerts. Other favorite productions include All's Well That Ends Well (Diana), McGurk's Suicide Hall (Parthenia), and The Why Factor: Proportion Distortion (Valerie). Favorite films include Continental Divide (Meredith), Dead Zone (Brittany), and String Theories: Action (Agent Red). For a full resume, as well as access to her reel, please visit tristindaley.com.
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Watch These Dogs Who Are Great at Playing Dead — Daily Distraction
Well, perhaps "great" at playing dead is overstating it.
Well, perhaps "great" at playing dead is overstating it.
In some ways the life of a zoo animal is great: you're safe, you get fed regularly, doctors will take care of you if you get sick. But there are some major annoyances, too.
Chances are you love Tina Fey and cats. Well, this Tumblr is both at once. It stands to reason therefore, that you will double-love Tina Fey With a Cat, because that's how emotions work. It is pictures of Tina Fey, with cats Photoshopped in. Seems pretty simple. It is still a delight, however. Here are a few choice pics:
One thing you don't often see in nature documentaries about lions and leopards and cheetahs is boxing matches.
Yup, you know, hop on the boat, take it for a drive, FILM THE CAT PLAYING WITH A DOLPHIN FOR A BIT ... just your typical Friday, really.
Cats are known for always landing on their feet, but apparently they aren't born with that gift.
We all have those days when we're just over it. Maybe you're done with the traffic, bad weather or the fact that nothing can go right today. It happens to the best of us, and animals definitely aren't excluded.
We all know cats are quirky little creatures. For starters, they have a knack for imitating 'Shark Week' and 'The Great
Gatsby Catsby'. We're not saying that stuff is weird or anything, it's just that cats always bring an element of hilarity to these sorts of situations. This also includes bath time.
If you're just now emerging from a deep slumber and have no idea what's going on in the world, here's an FYI: one of the greatest weeks of the year is upon us. (Cue the 'Jaws' theme song.) Happy Shark Week, shark fans!
It's hard to say exactly why puppies have it in for dandelions, but they definitely do.
Shark Week is here! Shark Week is here! We can finally stop living like it's Shark Week, because it's actually Shark Week! We're not the only one's who are excited by the prospect -- these animals also seem pretty geared up. (We're going to pretend the costumes were their idea, and not their owners.)
One of the most endearing characteristics of dogs is their resilience, and that's never clearer than when you see a dog moving around with a bit of wheeled help.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|2 Dec 2010
|Priority date
|29 May 2009
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Yehoshua Shachar, Laszlo Farkas, Leslie Farkas
|Original Assignee
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (13), Referenced by (7), Classifications (10), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates generally to methods for modeling the properties of waveguides, and more particularly, to methods for generating shaped field whereby use of magnetic aperture with a specific geometry and material permeability is used.
Catheterization is typically performed by inserting an invasive device into an incision or a body orifice. These procedures rely on manually advancing the distal end of the invasive device by pushing, rotating, or otherwise manipulating the proximal end that remains outside of the body. Real-time X-ray imaging is a common method for determining the position of the distal end of the invasive device during the procedure. The manipulation continues until the distal end reaches the destination area where the diagnostic or therapeutic procedure is to be performed. This technique requires great skills on the part of the surgeon/operator. Such skill can only be achieved after a protracted training period and extended practice. A relatively high degree of manual dexterity is also required.
The prior art extensive efforts to overcome the limitation of manually advancing the distal end of an invasive device, resulted in the establishment of a robotically guided surgical tool(s) while using magnetic force to manipulate such tool(s) for diagnostic, as well as therapeutic procedure.
Recently, magnetic systems have been proposed, wherein magnetic fields produced by one or more electromagnets are used to guide and advance a magnetically-tipped catheter. The electromagnets in such systems produce large magnetic fields that are potentially dangerous to medical personnel and can be disruptive to other equipment.
These and other problems are solved by a magnetic waveguide for guidance control of a system that uses a magnetic aperture and electromagnets to configure a magnetic shaped field for guiding a catheter or other devices through a patient's body. In further modification of the system, the waveguide field and field gradient is achieved by the use of varying the EM wave and its respective Flux density axis.
In one embodiment, a magnetic circuit is configured to generate a desired magnetic field in the region of a multi-coil cluster of electromagnets. In one embodiment, one or more poles of the cluster are modified so as to provide an anisotropic radiation with respect to other poles in the cluster, and to allow shaping of the magnetic field.
In one embodiment, one or more magnet poles are modified and the poleface geometry altered, so as to shape the magnetic field. A detailed approach to setting a mechanical analog mechanism for varying the magnetic field geometry is described by U.S. application Ser. No. 11/140,475 and is noted above. The observation and findings of testing the mechanically deployable pole-faces, in order to modify the generated field geometry, is augmented by the current application with the use of a magnetic aperture. In one embodiment, a magnetic waveguide with spherical geometry is provided with eight EM generators. The eight EM generators are further modified by the addition of an improved magnetic aperture on the pole-face of each of the EM units.
In one embodiment, the waveguide with its cluster of electromagnets can be positioned to generate magnetic fields that exert a desired torque on the catheter, but without advancing force on the tip (e.g., distal end of the catheter). This affords bend and rotate movements of the catheter tip toward a selected direction.
In one embodiment, the multi-coil cluster is configured to generate a relatively high gradient field region for exerting a moving force on the tip (e.g., a push-pull movement), with little or no torque on the tip.
In one embodiment, the waveguide forming the magnetic chamber includes a closed-loop servo feedback system.
Another embodiment of the waveguide magnetic chamber is configured as a magnetic field source (the generator) to create a magnetic field of sufficient strength and orientation to move a magnetically-responsive surgical tool(s) such as catheter-tip to provide manipulation of the tool in a desired direction by a desired amount.
In one embodiment, a Detection System 350, as noted in Shachar U.S. Pat. No. 7,280,863, is described by the use Radar and other imaging modalities so as to identify the location and orientation of surgical tool(s) within a patient's body. The Radar employs the principle of dielectric properties discrimination between biological tissue-dielectric constant vs. the dielectric properties of polymers, metals or other synthetic materials forming the medical tool, while further establishing the Spatial as well as Time domain differentiating signal due to conductivity and attenuation in mixed media. Position detection using Impedance technique, Hall Effect Sensor, or other means of magnetic positioning techniques are detailed by Shachar et al. patents applications noted above for reference.
In one or more embodiments, the mode used for determining the location of the distal end of the surgical tool(s) or catheter like device inside the body minimizes or eliminates the use of ionizing radiation such as X-rays, by allowing magnetic waveguide apparatus to scale the magnetic force or force gradient to the appropriate amount relative to tool position and orientation.
In one embodiment, the use of scalability rules are identified, and a scale model 1, was built in order to demonstrate the performance of waveguide's ferro-refraction magnification technique and the use of hybrid permeability poleface. Scale model is used so as to experimentally demonstrate the embodiments.
The scale model reference designator 1 is a 2D four coil assembly which is expended to a 3D geometry by the use of topological transformations. The transformations from a four coil circuit symmetry to an eight coil spherical symmetry is noted by
Further embodiments of the scale rules guiding the construction of scale model 1 are the tailoring of constants relating to geometrical orientation of the polefaces so as to modify the anisotropic radiation of the EM generators and provide for optimization of flux density axis location relative to the location of the tool magnetic tip.
Scaling rules regulate the appropriate magnetic forces exerted by the waveguide relative to the actual (AP) vs. desired position (DP). The drawings and accompanying specifications will instruct the reader on the use and application of these rules when applied to the art of regulating magnetic force, and by forming such field under guidelines governing optical effects, such as noted in this application; ferro-refraction, total internal reflection, the formation of magnetic aperture with hybrid permeability values, and others principles articulated by this application.
In one embodiment, the waveguide multi-coil cluster is configured to generate a magnetic field gradient for exerting an orthogonal force on the tip (side-ways movement), with little or no rotating torque on the tip. This is useful, for example, to align the catheter's tip at narrow forks of artery passages and for scraping a particular side of artery or in treatment of mitral valve stenosis.
In one embodiment, the waveguide multi-coil cluster is configured to generate a mixed magnetic field to push/pull and/or bend/rotate the distal end of the catheter tip, so as to guide the tip while it is moving in a curved space and in cases where for example the stenosis is severe or artery is totally blocked.
In one embodiment, the waveguide multi-coil cluster is configured to move the location of the magnetic field in 3D space relative to a desired area. This magnetic shape control function provides efficient field shaping to produce desired magnetic fields, as needed, for example, in surgical tool manipulations in the operating region (herein defined as the Effective Space).
One embodiment employs the waveguide with its Shaped Magnetic Regulator to position the tool (catheter tip) inside a patient's body, further maintaining the catheter tip in the correct position. One embodiment includes the ability of the waveguide regulator to steer the distal end of the catheter through arteries and forcefully advance it through plaque or other obstructions.
In one embodiment, the physical catheter tip (the distal end of the catheter) includes a permanent magnet that responds to the magnetic field generated externally by the waveguide. The external magnetic field pulls, pushes, turns, and holds the tip in the desired position. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the permanent magnet can be replaced or augmented by an electromagnet.
One embodiment includes the waveguide and its regulating apparatus that is more intuitive and simpler to use, that displays the catheter tip location in three dimensions, that applies force at the catheter tip to pull, push, turn, or hold the tip as desired, and that is configured to producing a vibratory or pulsating motion of the tip with adjustable frequency and amplitude to aid in advancing the tip through plaque or other obstructions. One embodiment provides tactile feedback at the operator control to indicate an obstruction encountered by the tip. In one embodiment, the amount of tactile feedback is determined based, at least in part, on a difference between the actual position and the desired position. In one embodiment, the amount of tactile feedback is determined based, at least in part, on the strength of the applied magnetic field used to move the catheter tip. In one embodiment, tactile feedback is provided only when the position error (or applied field) exceeds a threshold amount. In one embodiment, tactile feedback is provided only when the position error exceeds a threshold amount for a specified period of time. In one embodiment, the amount of tactile feedback is determined based at least in part on a difference between the actual position and the desired position.
One embodiment of the waveguide and its regulator includes a user input device called a "virtual tip" (VT). The virtual tip includes a physical assembly, similar to a joystick, which is manipulated by the surgeon/operator and delivers tactile feedback to the surgeon in the appropriate axis or axes if the actual tip encounters an obstacle. The Virtual Tip includes a joystick type device that allows the surgeon to guide actual surgical tool such as catheter tip through the patient's body. When actual catheter tip encounters an obstacle, the virtual tip provides tactile force feedback to the surgeon to indicate the presence of the obstacle.
In one embodiment, the waveguide symmetry (e.g., eight coil cluster) configuration, which allows a regulator to compute the desired field(s) under the doctrine of linear transformation of matrices in the magnetic chamber so as to provide closure of all vector field operations (addition, subtraction, superposition, etc.) without the need for tailoring the waveguide-regulator linearity. This symmetry provides within the effective space.
In one embodiment, the physical catheter tip (the distal end of the catheter) includes a permanent magnet and/or multiple articulated permanent magnets so as to provide manipulation of the distal end of a surgical tool by the use of the waveguide to generate mixed magnetic fields. The use of multiple permanent magnetic elements with different coercivity (HcJ) values, will result in a "primary bending mode" and a "secondary bending mode" on the same axis (relative to the EM field axis), while using, for example, on the one hand a Sintered Nd—Fe—B {near net-shape magnets with a high remnant polarization of 1.37 T, and a coercivity HcJ of 9.6 kA/cm (12 kOe), and a maximum energy density of 420 kJ/m3 (53 MGOe)},and on the other hand a secondary permanent magnet(s) adjacent to the distal one with a coercivity HcJ of 6.5 kA/cm.
The embodiment of Mixed Magnetic Field provides the waveguide with the ability to employ the inherent anisotropic behavior of the EM field as well as the EM wave influence on the inherent properties of the surgical tool(s), within the waveguide chamber, resulting in formation of universal magnetic joint facilitating guidance and control of the catheter in complex geometry.
In one embodiment, the waveguide EM circuit includes a C-arm geometry using a ferromagnetic substance, such as parabolic antenna, (e.g., a magnetic material, such as, for example, a ferrous substance or compound, nickel substance or compound, cobalt substance or compound, etc.) further increasing the efficiency of the waveguide as the electro-magnetic field's energy is attenuated by the parabolic shielding antenna which forms an integral flux carrier and provides containment of stray fields.
In one embodiment, the waveguide regulator uses numerical transformations to compute the currents to be provided to various electromagnets so as to direct the field by further positioning one or more of the electromagnet to control the magnetic field used to push/pull and rotate the catheter tip in an efficient manner within the chamber.
In one embodiment, the waveguide regulator includes a mechanism to allow the electromagnet poles faces to form a shaped magnetic based on a position and orientation of the catheter's travel between the DP and AP. This method is further optimizing the necessary power requirements needed to push, pull, and rotate the surgical tool tip. By employing "lensing" modes of the field with the use of a magnetic Aperture, the waveguide forms a shaped magnetic field relative to the minimal path between AP to DP.
In one embodiment, the waveguide is fitted with sensory apparatus for real time (or near real time) detection of position and orientation so as to provide command inputs to a servo system that controls the tool-tip location from AP to DP. The desired position, further generates a command which results in shaping the magnetic field geometry based on magneto-optical principles as shall be clear when reviewing the figures and the accompanying descriptions.
In one embodiment, the waveguide's servo system has a correction input that compensates for the dynamic position of a body part, or organ, such as the heart, thereby offsetting the response such that the actual tip moves substantially in unison with the dynamic position (e.g., with the beating heart). Further, synchronization of dynamic position of a surgical tool with the appropriate magnetic field force and direction is accomplished by the response of the waveguide regulator and its resulting field's intensity and field's geometry.
In one embodiment, the waveguide magnetic chamber, its regulator and a magnetically fitted tool, are used in a system where: i) the operator adjusts the physical position of the virtual tip (VT), ii) a change in the virtual tip position is encoded and provided along with data from a position detection system, iii) the regulator generates servo system commands that are sent to a servo system control circuitry, iv) the servo system control apparatus operates the servo mechanisms to adjust the condition of one or more electromagnet from the cluster by varying the power relative to distance and/or angle of the electromagnet clusters vis-a-vie the tool's permanent magnet position, further energizing the electromagnets so as to control the magnetic (catheter) tip within the patient's body, v) the new position of actual catheter tip is then sensed by the position detection system, thereby allowing for example a synchronization of the catheter position on an image produced by fluoroscopy (and/or other imaging modality, such as, for example, ICE, MRI, CAT or PET scan), vi) and the like to provide feedback to the servo system control apparatus and to the operator interface and vii) updating the displayed image of the catheter tip position in relation to the patient's internal body structures.
In one embodiment, the operator can make further adjustments to the virtual catheter tip (VT) position and the sequence of acts ii through vii above is repeated. In one embodiment, the feedback from the servo system and control apparatus (the regulator), deploys command logic (AI routine) when the actual catheter tip encounters an obstacle or resistance in its path. The command logic is further used to control stepper motors which are physically coupled to the virtual catheter tip. The stepper motors are engaged so as to create resistance in appropriate directions that can be felt by the operator, and tactile feedback is thus provided to the user.
In one embodiment, the regulator uses scaling factors to calculate the magnetic field generated along the waveguide effective magnetic space.
In one embodiment, the waveguide generates a maximum torque of 0.013 Newton-meter on the tool's tip, while the coil cluster is generating a magnetic field strength between B=0.04T and 0.15T.
In one embodiment, the coil current polarity and polarity rotation are configured to allow the coil cluster to generate torque on the catheter tip.
In one embodiment, the coil current polarity and rotation are configured to provide an axial and/or orthogonal force on the catheter.
In one embodiment, the waveguide eight-coil symmetry provides for an apparatus that generates the desired magnetic field in an optimized pattern.
In one embodiment, the waveguide with its coil cluster is fitted with a parabolic shield (the magnetic shield antenna), collecting the magnetic flux from the effective space and creates a return path to decrease the need to shield the stray magnetic radiation beyond the waveguide 3D metric footprint.
In one embodiment, the waveguide magnetic circuit efficacy is evaluated as to its topological properties (symmetry, linearity) and is measured relative to torque control and field variations of flux densities within the effective space.
In one embodiment, the waveguide magnetic circuit efficacy is evaluated as to its topological properties and is measured relative to force control gradient variations in the �80 mm region around the magnetic center (field stability and uniformity).
In one embodiment, the waveguide-regulator with its rotational transformation and its relationship to field strength and field gradient are mathematically established. This embodiment forms the core competency of the regulator to establish a predictable algorithm for computing the specific field geometry with the associated flux density so as to move the catheter tip from AP to DP.
In one embodiment, a ferro-refraction technique for field magnification is obtained when a current segment is near a high magnetic permeable boundary. The ferro-refraction can enhance the design and performance of magnets used for NMR or MRI by increasing the efficiency of these magnets. Ferro-refraction refers to the field magnification that can be obtained when a current segment is near a high magnetic permeability (μ) boundary. Refraction occurs at any boundary surface between two materials of different permeability. At the surface, the normal components of the magnetic induction (B) are equal, while the tangential components of the magnetic field (H) are equal.
In one embodiment, waveguide magnification of the field is improved by the magnetic aperture poleface material permeability and its anisotropic behavior to form a suitable lens for establishing an efficient geometry and flux density for guiding and controlling the movement of the catheter tip from AP to DP. This enhancement is guided analytically by the Biot-Savart law and the inclusion of mirror image currents. (See: An Open Magnet Utilizing Ferro-Refraction Current Magnification, by, Yuly Pulyer and Mirko I. Hrovat, Journal of Magnetic Resonance 154, 298-302 (2002).
In one embodiment, a mathematical model for predicting the magnetic field geometry (Shaped) versus magnetic field strength is established relative to the catheter tip axis of magnetization and is used by the waveguide regulator to predict and command the movements of a surgical tool from its actual position (AP) to its desired position (DP).
In the particular applications of using a magnetically guided catheter the waveguide principle is used for forming a bounded, significant size electromagnetic chamber, within which controllable energy propagation can take place. In contrast to HF waveguides, the chamber of a spherically confined magnetic field generator requires not only directional field-power flow, but this flow needs to be three-dimensional. Energy in the generated field is then transferred through the electromagnetic interaction between the field and the guided catheter, providing the work to move and propel a medical tool(s) such as catheter from Actual Position (AP) to Desired Position (DP) while negotiating such translational, as well as, rotational forces against blood-flow, tissue forces and catheter stiffness is optimized.
The magnetic field generator, having multiple core-coils located around the operating area (effective space), shapes the chamber magnetic field to establish a three dimensional energy propagation wavefront which can be stationary as well as can be moved and shaped to provide the necessary power flow into the distal end of magnetic catheter tip so as to torque it and/or push it in the direction of the power flow. In a closed location and direction with control loop, such that the desired position (DP) of the catheter tip can be then obtained.
The field generator has two or more modes of operation. In one mode, it generates a static magnetic field which stores the guidance energy in the operating region in accordance with the following equation:
This energy produces the work of transporting the tip magnet 7, from AP location to the DP. This work relates to the magnetic field as follows:
Where k is the factor which combines magnetic and physical constants.
The static fields are generated as the result of the superposition of multiple static magnetic fields and are shaped and focused to produce the required field strength and gradient to hold the catheter tip in a static position and direction. The system satisfies the Maxwell's equations for static magnetic field.
Once the catheter tip needs to move or change direction, the system operates in the dynamic mode which involves time varying transient field conditions. In this mode, the time varying form of the Maxwell's equations need to be used in assessing the waveguide capabilities for controlling the electromagnetic transient propagation of the EM (electromagnetic) energy in the chamber while using the multi-coil magnetic radiator assembly (the waveguide).
These transient dynamic conditions are described by the Wave Equations:
In one embodiment, the field distributions satisfy these field equations in addition to Maxwell's formalism. During the dynamic regulations the linear superimposition entails the calculations of longitudinal propagation of waves generated from each source. The longitudinal components are extracted from the wave equation by solving the following differential equation:
The energy in the dynamic field can then be calculated:
And the power in the propagated wave:
P wave=∫(E�H)�dS 7)
The electric E component at the field regulation speeds required for catheter guidance is relatively small in comparison to the magnetic component. However, the superposition of the complementary electromagnetic fields generated by a pair of spherically symmetric core-coil pairs will generate a field which behaves as a standing wave, dynamically changing the three-dimensional magnetic field at and around the center of the operating region (effective space 10).
A scale model 1 is used herein to explain magnetic field shaping and description of the diagnostic and therapeutic procedure while employing a catheter within a patient's body organ.
The waveguide as a magnetic field generator, with approximately 80 mm diameter, with spherical chamber within the operating region-(the effective space) is described. The objective of the waveguide structure is to generate about 0.10 Tesla field strength and about 1.3 Tesla/meter field gradient in this region exerting adequate torque and force on a 2.30 mm diameter�12 mm long (7 Fr) permanent magnet installed at the tip of a surgical catheter. Magnetic focusing reduces the field generator size, weight and power consumption.
Techniques disclosed herein to concentrate the field in the center operating region include:
The first two techniques combined exhibit and defined the flux refractory behavior along the rules governing an optical lens behavior, while observing visible light transmission through different refractory index. Hence, the use of an apparatus and method in forming a magnetic aperture within the confinement of a waveguide is described to provide magnetic lensing.
In another embodiment, the permeability of the magnetic material can be varied electronically, thus a dynamic aperture correction can be devised producing the needed field parameters in the operating region with reduced field generator power.
In another embodiment, the optical behavior of ferrous materials having negative permeability at or near permeability resonance can yield large field amplifications and can refract flux lines through negative angles.
One embodiment includes an apparatus for controlling the movement of a catheter-type tool inside a body of a patient, including a magnetic field source for generating a magnetic field, the magnetic field source including a first coil disposed to produce a first magnetic field in a first magnetic pole piece and a second coil disposed to produce a second magnetic field in a second magnetic pole piece, the first magnetic pole piece including a first anisotropic permeability that shapes the first magnetic field; the second magnetic pole piece including a second anisotropic permeability that shapes the second magnetic field, the first magnetic pole piece and the second magnetic pole piece disposed to produce a shaped magnetic field in a region between the first magnetic pole piece and the second magnetic pole piece; and a system controller for controlling the magnetic field source to control a movement of a distal end of a catheter, the distal end responsive to the magnetic field, the controller configured to control a current in the first coil, a current in the second coil, and a position of the first pole with respect to the second pole.
One embodiment includes the system controller including a closed-loop feedback servo system.
One embodiment includes the first magnetic pole piece including a body member and a field shaping member, the field shaping member disposed proximate to a face of the first pole piece, the body member including a first magnetic material, the field shaping member including a second magnetic material different from the first magnetic material.
One embodiment includes a first magnetic pole piece including a body member and a field shaping member, the field shaping member disposed proximate to a face of the first pole piece, the body member including a first magnetic material composition, the field shaping member including a second magnetic material different from the first magnetic material composition.
In one embodiment, the second magnetic material composition includes an anisotropic permeability.
In one embodiment, the first magnetic pole piece includes a face including a concave depression.
In one embodiment, the first magnetic pole piece includes a face having a first concave depression and the second magnetic pole piece includes a face having a second concave depression, the shaped field formed in a region between the first concave depression and the second concave depression.
In one embodiment, the first magnetic pole piece includes a core member including a first magnetic material composition and a poleface member disposed about the magnetic core including a second magnetic material composition.
In one embodiment, the poleface member is substantially cylindrical.
In one embodiment, the first magnetic pole piece includes a substantially cylindrical core including a first magnetic material composition and a poleface cylinder disposed about the magnetic core including a second magnetic material composition.
In one embodiment, the substantially cylindrical core extends substantially a length of the first magnetic pole piece.
In one embodiment, a cylindrical axis of the first magnetic pole piece is disposed substantially parallel to a cylindrical axis of the second magnetic pole piece.
In one embodiment, the distal end includes a permanent magnet.
In one embodiment, the distal end includes an electromagnet.
In one embodiment, the distal end includes a first magnet having a first coercivity and a second magnet having a second coercivity.
In one embodiment, the first magnetic pole piece includes a first magnetic material and wherein the system controller includes a control module to control a permeAbility of the first magnetic material.
In one embodiment, the servo system includes a correction factor that compensates for a dynamic position of an organ, thereby offsetting a response of the distal end to the magnetic field such that the distal end moves in substantial unison with the organ.
In one embodiment, the correction factor is generated from an auxiliary device that provides correction data concerning the dynamic position of the organ, and wherein when the correction data are combined with measurement data derived from the sensory.
In one embodiment, the auxiliary device is at least one of an X-ray device, an ultrasound device, and a radar device.
In one embodiment, the system controller includes a Virtual Tip control device to allow user control inputs.
One embodiment includes a first controller to control the first coil; and a second controller to control the second coil. In one embodiment, the first controller receives feedback from a magnetic field sensor.
In one embodiment, the system controller coordinates flow of current through the first and second coils according to inputs from a Virtual Tip. In one embodiment, the Virtual Tip provides tactile feedback to an operator when a position error exceeds a threshold value. In one embodiment, the Virtual Tip provides tactile feedback to an operator according to a position error between an actual position of the distal end and a desired position of the distal end. In one embodiment, the system controller causes the distal end to follow movements of the Virtual Tip.
One embodiment includes a mode switch to allow a user to select a force mode and a torque mode.
One embodiment includes an apparatus for controlling the movement of a catheter-like tool to be inserted into the body of a patient, including: a controllable magnetic field source having a first cluster of poles and a second cluster of poles, wherein at least one pole in the first cluster of poles includes an anisotropic pole piece, the anisotropic pole piece including a core member and a poleface member, the core member and the poleface member including different compositions of magnetic material, the first cluster of poles and the second cluster of poles disposed to direct a shaped magnetic field in a region between the first cluster of poles and the second cluster of poles; a first group of electromagnet coils provided to the first cluster of poles and a second group of electromagnet coils provided to the second cluster of poles; and a controller to control electric currents in the first group of electromagnet coils and the second group of electromagnet coils to produce the shaped magnetic field.
In one embodiment, the poleface member includes a substantially concave face.
In one embodiment, the controller controls a permeability of the poleface member.
In one embodiment, the first cluster of poles is coupled to the second cluster of poles by a magnetic material.
One embodiment includes calculating a desired direction of movement for the distal end, computing a magnetic field needed to produce the movement, the magnetic field computed according to a first bending mode of the distal end and a second bending mode of the distal end, controlling a plurality of electric currents and pole positions to produce the magnetic field, and measuring a location of the distal end.
One embodiment includes controlling one or more electromagnets to produce the magnetic field.
One embodiment includes simulating a magnetic field before creating the magnetic field.
One embodiment includes controlling the movement of a catheter-like tool having a distal end responsive to a magnetic field and configured to be inserted into the body of the patient, including a magnetic field source for generating a magnetic field, the magnetic source including an electromagnet, the electromagnet including an electromagnet coil, a pole piece core, and a poleface insert, the poleface insert having a different permeability than the pole piece core, a sensor system to measure a location of the distal end, a sensor system to measure positions of a plurality of fiduciary markers, a user input device for inputting commands to move the distal end, and a system controller for controlling the magnetic field source in response to inputs from the user input device, the radar system, and the magnetic sensors. One embodiment includes a closed-loop feedback servo system.
In one embodiment, the poleface insert is disposed proximate to a face of the pole piece core.
In one embodiment, the distal end including one or more magnets.
In one embodiment, the distal end including a first magnet having a first coercivity and a second magnet having a second coercivity.
In one embodiment, the system controller calculates a position error and controls the magnetic field source to move the distal end in a direction to reduce the position error.
In one embodiment, the system controller computes a position of the distal end with respect to a set of fiduciary markers.
In one embodiment, the system controller synchronizes a location of the distal end with a fluoroscopic image.
In one embodiment, a correction input is generated by an auxiliary device that provides correction data concerning a dynamic position of an organ, and wherein the correction data are combined with measurement data from the radar system to offset a response of the control system so that the distal end moves substantially in unison with the organ.
In one embodiment, the auxiliary device includes, at least one of, an X-ray device, an ultrasound device, and a radar device.
In one embodiment, the user input device includes a virtual tip control device to allow user control inputs.
In one embodiment, a virtual tip provides force feedback.
In one embodiment, a first coil cluster is fitted with shield for flux return.
In one embodiment, the permeability of the core 12 is controlled proximate to the face 51 such that the permeability changes radially with respect to the center of the face 51. In one embodiment, the permeability of the core 12 is controlled such that the permeability in regions closer to the axial centerline of core 12 (e.g., regions nearer to the central region of the face 51) is relatively greater than the permeability of one or more regions further from the axial centerline of the core 12 (e.g., regions nearer the outer portions of the face 51).
The flux lines generated (e.g.120.1) by the current in one coil 11.1 is not close around the coil directly, but are bending so as to follow the path through the core 12.1 of the other coil 11.2 and its core 12.2.
The general laws of electromagnetic wave propagation through materials of different dialectic and magnetic properties are described by Snell's law of refraction. In its simplest form, the law states that the relative angles of wave propagation in one media through the boundary of the second media depends on both the dielectric and magnetic properties of each media, jointly defining the index of refraction coefficient n(ω). The speed of the electromagnetic wave is given by c, thus the speed of magnetic wave propagation in the media is inversely proportional to the index of refraction. This index can be expressed in terms of permittivity ε(ω) and μ(ω). The permittivity and permeability of the mediums are related to the index of refraction by the relation of μ(ω)�ε(ω)=n2(ω)/c2. Now the Snell's law states:
n 1 sin(θ1)=n 2 sin(θ2) 8)
In a static (ω≅0) magnetic structure one can write for the general relation:
where subscript 1 t and 2 t stands for the tangential components of B on both sides of the boundary. The tangential components of B are discontinuous regardless of any current density at the interface. This discontinuity is related to the permeability of the two mediums.
As a consequence of the above interface conditions, the magnetic field (either H or B) is refracted at the interface between the two materials (magnetic steel and air) with different permeability (μsteel→1000 and μair=1)
where t stands for tangential component and n for normal component. Substituting H=B/μ and B1n=B2n yields
Equations [8] and [11] correspond to a common interpretation of a relativistic wave propagation dynamics and its salient case of a non-relativistic static perspective. The static solution derived from
Thus, the magnetic flux exits the pole face 4.X relatively closer to perpendicular pointing from the concave-shaped surface (Magnetic Aperture 4.1 and 4.2), into the operating region 10. A further improvement, and another embodiment of the above shaped poleface focusing, is to add a cylindrical core-ring 12.1 and 12.2 to the otherwise isotropic magnetic steel core of coils 11.1 and 11.2. In one embodiment, the added core 12.x, has a relative permeability value μ=10. This embodiment of varying the permeability values, by incorporating different materials with variable g. This anisotropy in magnetic properties can be used to shape the resulting magnetic field(s) geometry as desired.
Due to the anisotropy of the magnetic permeability across the core 12.1, 12.2, the flux density increases in the central region. Typically the relative permeability, of the inner core material 4.2 is greater than the relative permeability μr of the material of the outer cylinder 4.32. In one embodiment, the cores 12.1 and 12.2 include an inner core 4.2 of μr=1000, a outer cylinder 4.32 with μr=10 to produce the desired flux field in the region of air (with μr=1) between the cores 12.1 and 12.2.
The static solution derived from
Thus, the magnetic flux again exits the poleface with close to perpendicular pointing from the concave-shaped surface into the operating region I0. The standing wavefront is altered based on combination of material permeability: 5.x y[μ=1, μ=10, μ=1000.] and polefac geometry: 4.x.
The scale model 1 is an embodiment of the waveguide 100, with counterpart coils with reference designator 17.1-17.8, and provides a containment ring for closing the magnetic circuit is designated by the scale model 1, using reference designator 2, is further defined by the waveguide 100, with reference designator 25.
The scale model 1 is constructed using four coils 1A, 1B, 1C, and 1D in the XY plane. The 2D configuration is supplemented with a flux return ring 2. The coil 1D is provided with an extendable iron core 3. The scale model 1 is approximately one-eighth the size of the full-scale waveguide 100, with 600 mm bore diameter. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the full-scale waveguide 100 is not limited to the sizes listed here and can be constructed in any size as needed. The full size expansion is based on the four-coil XY plane (2D) scale-model 1, and a dual three plus three coil cluster XYZ (3D) 1.1. The results in tenns of geometry optimization as well as the topological transformation from 2D to 3D resulting in the contraction of eight coil configuration 100. The scale model I is fitted to the magnetic aperture 3 a-d (polefaces). The pole pieces 3 a-3 d are used as a movable core so as to change the field's geometry, further used in magnetic shaping function, for the purpose of reducing coil size and power requirements while shifting the magnetic flux density's center. The optimization of the electromagnetic circuit is obtained as a geometrical expansion of the 2D scale model 1, further augmented by the topological transformation to the 3D model 1.1, which resulted in the forming the waveguide 100.
As shown by Table 1, by scaling the waveguide 100, it is possible to provide a 0.15-0.3 Tesla field density for torque control and a 1.6-3.0 Tesla/m field gradient for force control within the effective space 10. Using a 2.45 mm�10 mm size NbFe35 permanent magnet in the catheter tip 7, the scale model 1 (waveguide) is able to achieve 35 grams of force for catheter movement. The expansion of the scale model to a 3D eight coils 11, in the waveguide cluster generated a magnetic field in the center region 10, of the chamber 2. The waveguide is capable of exerting a torque on the catheter tip 7, in the desired direction, without an advancing force on the tip 7. This torque is used to bend and rotate the tip toward the selected direction. The magnetic field can also be configured to generate a relatively high field gradient in the center region 10, for exerting a moving force on the tip 7, (e.g., push-pull force), but without rotating torque on the tip.
The magnetic field of the scale model I can also generate a relatively high field gradient in the region 10 for exerting an orthogonal force on the tip 7 (sideways movement), without rotating torque on the tip. This is useful, for example, to align the tip at narrow forks of artery passages and for cleaning the sides of an artery.
The magnetic field within the scale model 1 can generate a mixed relatively high field strength and field gradient to push/pull and/or bend/rotate the tip 7, simultaneously. This is useful, for example, to guide the tip while it is moving in curved arteries.
The 80 mm scale model 1, shown in
Scaling the demonstration unit 1, is fitted with poleface 11, mounted on the coils' core 3 a-3 d . The poleface (PF) 11 of the scale model 1, is employed by the waveguide 100, in forming the aperture that generate the specific geometry and flux density required in moving a magnetically tipped catheter. The PF 11 dimensions used follow the pole face diameter scaling multiplier.
Forces on the catheter tip 7, permanent magnet (NbFe35) shown in
Where M is the dipole magnetization vector and B is the field density vector around the dipole. Calculating B along axis S of the dipole, using the scalar derivative:
Where Am is the magnetic cross section and Lm is its length.
For a maximum gradient,
In one embodiment of the magnetic aperture 50, the magnetic force field, generates
FS=37 gram
The torque on the same size catheter tip 7, is calculated as the torque on the permanent magnet 7, in field B and is expressed:
T m =M�B�A m �L m�sin(θ) 20)
Using an example for B=0.15 Tesla and an operating angle of θ=45�, gives:
T m=0.013 Newton�m,
Hence the torque on a 10 mm arm with a 35 gram force is T35g=0.0034 Newton�m.
Using B=0.15 Tesla yields a bending arm of 38 mm.
Using the scale factors in Equations (14) to (20), the waveguide 100 can be scaled so as to accomplish the desired tasks of control and navigation of the catheter tip 7, within the magnetic chamber 10. The example noted above demonstrated the improved performance of the scale model, while employing the inner cores 3 a-3 d by further fitting the cores with polefaces 11, so as to provide a mechanical shifting of the magnetic flux density center. By moving the cores and their associated polefaces, it is possible to form a specific geometry on demand. This feature is further exemplified by the drawings and accompanying descriptions.
In one embodiment, the magnetic catheter assembly 375, in combination with the waveguide apparatus 100, reduces or eliminates the need for the plethora of shapes normally needed to perform diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. During a conventional catheterization procedure, the surgeon often encounters difficulty in guiding the conventional catheter to the desired position, since the process is manual and relies on manual dexterity to maneuver the catheter through a tortuous path of, for example, the cardiovascular system. Thus, a plethora of catheters in varying sizes and shapes are to be made available to the surgeon in order to assist him/her in the task, since such tasks require different bends in different situations due to natural anatomical variations within and between patients.
By using the waveguide 100, and while manipulating the tool distal magnetic element, only a single catheter is needed for most, if not all geometries associated with the vascular or the heart chambers. The catheterization procedure is now achieved with the help of the waveguide 100, which guides the magnetic catheter and/or guidewire assembly, 375 and 379, to the desired position (DP), within the patient's body 390 as dictated by the surgeon's manipulation of the virtual tip 905. The magnetic catheter and guidewire assembly 375, 379 (i.e., the magnetic tip 7, can be attracted or repelled by the electromagnets of the waveguide apparatus 100.) provides the flexibility needed to overcome tortuous paths, since the waveguide 100 overcomes most, if not all the physical limitations faced by the surgeon while attempting to manually advance the catheter tip 7, through the patient's body.
In one embodiment, the catheter tip 7, includes a guidewire assembly 379, a guidewire body 380 and a tip 381 response to magnetic fields. The Tip 377 steered around sharp bends so as to navigate a torturous path. The responsive tips 7 of both the catheter assembly 375 and the guidewire assembly 379, respectively, include magnetic elements such as permanent magnets. The tips 7 and 381 include permanent magnets that respond to the external flux generated by the waveguide's electromagnets.
In one embodiment, the responsive tip 7 of the catheter assembly 375 is tubular, and the responsive tip is a solid cylinder. The responsive tip 7 of the catheter assembly 375 is a dipole with longitudinal polar orientation created by the two ends of the magnetic element positioned longitudinally within it. The responsive tip 7 of the guidewire assembly 379 is a dipole with longitudinal polar orientation created by two ends of the magnetic element 7 positioned longitudinally within it. These longitudinal dipoles allow the manipulation of both responsive tip 7 and with the waveguide 100, as its electromagnet radiators 17.x, and will act on the tip 7 and "drag" them in unison to a desired position as dictated by the operator.
In one embodiment, a high performance permanent magnet is used in forming the distal end of the tool so as to simultaneously have high remanence Mr, high Curie temperature Tc and strong uniaxial anisotropy. Further, properties of the permanent magnate 7 is its coercive field Hc, (defined as the reverse field required to reduce the magnetization to zero), and where the (BH)max is inversely proportional to the volume of permanent magnet material needed to produce a magnetic field in a given volume of space.
In one embodiment, a permanent magnet such as Nd2Fe14B is used in forming the distal end of the tool, providing for a saturation magnetization of about 16 kG.
In one embodiment, the Virtual Tip 905 includes an X input 3400, a Y input 3401, Z Input 3402, and a phi rotation input 3403 for controlling the position of the catheter tip. The Virtual Tip 905 further includes a tip rotation 3405 and a tip elevation input 3404. As described above, the surgeon manipulates the Virtual Tip 905 and the Virtual Tip 905 communicates the surgeon's movements to the controller 500. The controller 500 then generates currents 300.1 in the coils (EM generator 17.x ), to effect motion of actual catheter tip 7, to cause actual catheter tip 7 to follow the motions of the Virtual Tip 905. In one embodiment, the Virtual Tip 905, includes various motors and/or actuators (e.g., permanent-magnet motors/actuators, stepper motors, linear motors, piezoelectric motors, linear actuators, etc.) to provide force feedback 528, to the operator to provide tactile indications that the catheter tip 7, has encountered an obstruction of obstacle.
In one embodiment, the system sets the maximum torque and force by limiting the maximum currents.
In one embodiment, catheter movement is stopped by releasing the JS 8. The fields are held constant by "freezing" the last coil 17.x , current values. The magnetic tip 7, is held in this position until the JS 8, is advanced again. The computer 527 also memorizes the last set of current values. The memorized coil matrix sequences along the catheter movement creating a computational track-record useful for the computer to decide matrix combinations for the next anticipated movements.
In one embodiment, the magnetic. field is sensed position detection scheme 350. The position detector 350, provides the Bx, By, and Bz components of the field sufficient to describe the 2D boundary conditions numerically. The measurements are used to calculate B magnitude and angle for each 2D plane. From the fixed physical relationship between the plane centers, the field can be calculated for the catheter 7.
In one embodiment, the position detector 350 produces analog outputs, one for each component, for the A/D converter 550. This data is used to compute the superimposed fields in the 3D region of the catheter 7 (effective space 10).
Another embodiment of the waveguide regulator 500 uses close loop control wherein the biasing of the field is performed without the visual man-in-the-loop joystick 8, feedback, but through position control and a digital "road-map" based on a pre-operative data generated by digital coordinate derived from imaging techniques such as the MRI, PET Scan, etc. The digital road map allows the waveguide regulator 500, and the position detector 350, to perform an autonomous movement from the AP to DP based on closed loop control.
Field regulation matrices 303 and 304, are based on providing the coil current control loops 300.1 used in the manual navigation system within the field regulating loop 528, as a minor loop, and to be a correction and/or supervisory authority over machine operation. Control of B-field loops is defined by the joystick 8, and the virtual tip (VT) 905, and its associated field commands 300.
The present value (AP) of Bcath and dBcath 300.1, acting on the catheter tip 7, are calculated from the position detector 350, outputs B x, y, z. The new field values for the desired position (DP) Bx, By, Bz 303, and dBx, dBy, dBz 304, to advance the catheter tip 7, are generated in the waveguide regulator 500. The difference is translated to the Matrix block 528 for setting the coil currents 300.1, and polarities as it is. graphically shown by
In one embodiment, the matrix 528, issues the current reference signals to the eight regulators CREG 527.1-527.8 individually based on the needs of the path translation or rotation from AP to DP. The regulators 500 drive the eight-channel power amplifier 525, to obtain the desired coil currents.
In one embodiment, the torque on a permanent magnet 7, in field B is as noted by equation (20) above:
T =M�B�A m �L m�sin(θ)
Where M is the dipole magnetization vector, and B is the field density vector around the dipole.
Am is the magnet cross section, and Lm is its length. For B—0.15 Tesla the calculated bending arm is Lbend=38 mm. Assuming B is measured with 1% error, Tm will have a 1% error.
Therefore, the position error due to measuring error of 1% is:
Where IA varies from 0 to 100. The regulator 500, computes the rotational angle according to the following equation:
Where IA and ID, for example, are, for example, coils 17.1 and 17.5 currents and are switched so as to supply the needed energy to move or rotate the catheter tip 7, from its AP 5 state to DP 6 state. The rotational procedure 303, uses the regulator 500, which controls the eight coils to rise to full duty cycle together according to the L/R time constant, and lines up to +X at zero degree phase. The regulator controls the coils 17.1-17.8 to its zero duty cycle. The phase rotates to −45� while the field strength remains constant. The regulator commands current of coils 17.1-17.8, to reverse. The phase angle rotates to −90� while the field strength remains constant. These procedures generate a surplus energy which the magnetic conductors 25.1-25.4 channel and partially absorbed, during the transitory state of the waveguide 100, performance. Additional feature of the structure forming the waveguide are the coil cores 12, with its magnetic steel material of A848, but with permeability "A" composition. Special care is given to the geometry as well as the permeability of the parabolic shield antenna 18, where a dual function are defined in the design by first, the ability to collect the stray magnetic fields emanating from the EM generators 17.1-17.8, and secondly, the mechanical/structural supports it provides the waveguide 100 assembly.
As described herein, the use of a substantially spherical arrangement of the cores 12.x linearizes aspects of the calculation of the currents in the magnet coils and thus simplifies the process of computing the currents needed to produce the desired field. This linearization also stabilizes operation of the device by reducing and/or avoiding nonlinearities that would otherwise make control of the desire field (and thus the catheter) difficult or impractical. The shaping of the magnetic field provided by the variations of permeability and the cores 12.x and provided by the shaping of the pole faces (e.g., the poleface 51) further improves the shape of the field and thereby reduces nonlinearities that would otherwise make such control difficult or impractical. Moreover, the shaping of the magnetic field provided by the variations of permeability and the cores 12.x and provided by the shaping of the pole faces (e.g., the poleface 51) further improves the shape of the field and increases the field strength of desired portions of the field in the region 10 and thus increases the efficiency and effectiveness of the system.
In forming the scalability rules, various electromagnetic effects were considered such as ferro-magnetic reflection, complex permeability of different materials as their effects on the geometry of the field are accounted. These efforts further lead to a description of a linear regulator 500, which performs the tasks of translating the necessary commands to form the magnetic map by using the rules and algorithm 300, to a set of EM generators 17.1-17.8, that shift the field flux-density-axis relative to the appropriate path for the permanent magnet 7, from AP to DP. The efforts of generating the appropriate magnetic field magnitude and direction is improved by the use of the magnetic aperture 50, which as noted above alter the field geometry of the shaped magnetic field 400.
It is to be understood that the illustrated embodiment has been set forth only for the purposes of example and that it should not be taken as limiting the invention as defined by the following claims. For example, notwithstanding the fact that the elements of a claim are set forth below in a certain combination, it must be expressly understood that the invention includes other combinations of fewer, more or different elements, which are disclosed in above even when not initially claimed in such combinations. A teaching that two elements are combined in a claimed combination is further to be understood as also allowing for a claimed combination in which the two elements are not combined with each other, but can be used alone or combined in other combinations. The excision of any disclosed element of the invention is explicitly contemplated as within the scope of the invention.
The definitions of the words or elements of the following claims are, therefore, defined in this specification to include not only the combination of elements which are literally set forth, but all equivalent structure, material or acts for performing substantially the same function in substantially the same way to obtain substantially the same result. In this sense, an equivalent substitution of two or more elements can be made for any one of the elements in the claims below or that a single element can be substituted for two or more elements in a claim. Although elements can be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, it is to be expressly understood that one or more elements from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination and that the claimed combination can be directed to a sub combination or variation of a sub combination.
Insubstantial changes from the claimed subject matter as viewed by a person with ordinary skill in the art, now known or later devised, are expressly contemplated as being equivalently within the scope of the claims. For example, although the specification above generally refers to a ferrous substance, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the described ferrous substances can typically be any suitable magnetic material such as, for example a ferrous substances or compounds, nickel substances or compounds, cobalt substances or compounds, combinations thereof, etc. Therefore, obvious substitutions now or later known to one with ordinary skill in the art are defined to be within the scope of the defined elements. Accordingly, the invention is limited only by the claims.
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|Citing Patent
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|Publication date
|27 May 2005
|27 Sep 2011
|Magnetecs, Inc.
|Apparatus and method for shaped magnetic field control for catheter, guidance, control, and imaging
|8 Dec 2010
|1 Apr 2014
|Magnetecs Corporation
|Diagnostic and therapeutic magnetic propulsion capsule and method for using the same
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|Enav Medical Ltd.
|System and method to estimate location and orientation of an object
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|U.S. Classification
|600/118, 335/297
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|8 Sep 2009
Owner name: MAGNETECS, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SHACHAR, YEHOSHUA;FARKAS, LASZLO;FARKAS, LESLIE;REEL/FRAME:023204/0402
Effective date: 20090619
|29 Dec 2010
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MAGNETECS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:025606/0674
Effective date: 20100208
Owner name: KNOBBE, MARTENS, OLSON & BEAR, LLP, CALIFORNIA
|20 Oct 2014
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST TERMINATION;ASSIGNOR:KNOBBE, MARTENS, OLSON & BEAR, LLP;REEL/FRAME:034024/0656
Owner name: MAGNETECS, INC., CALIFORNIA
Effective date: 20140507