text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 1, 2002
|Filing date
|Sep 4, 2001
|Priority date
|Sep 5, 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Gang Paul Chen, Avishay Eyal, Anthony S. Kewitsch, Victor Leyva, George A. Rakuljic
|Original Assignee
|Gang Paul Chen, Avishay Eyal, Anthony S. Kewitsch, Victor Leyva, George A. Rakuljic
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (33), Non-Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (68), Classifications (9), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application relies for priority on U.S. provisional application No. 60/230,618 filed on Sep. 5, 2000 and entitled "System and Method for Fabrication Components of Precise Optical Path Length", P. Chen et al, and a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/898,469 filed Jul. 6, 2001, still pending by A. Eyal et al for "Interleaver Filters Employing Non-Birefringent Elements".
This invention relates to methods and systems for the fabrication of optical elements of precise length and more particularly to fabrication of elements having optical path lengths exact enough to be used in applications for optical communications which use optical interferometry.
There have long been needs for exactness in mechanical and optical devices and systems, and these needs have heretofore been met by a variety of techniques, from mechanical to optical. Examples of the latter are found in a 1922 publication of the Department of Commerce, entitled "Interference Methods for Standardizing and Testing Precision Gage Blocks" by C. G. Peters and H. S. Boyd, which describes light wave interference methods which are not subject to the "appreciable errors" found with "micrometer microscopes" and "contact instruments". The authors describe optical interference approaches imparting about an order of magnitude improvement, e.g. from 0.25 to 0.025 microns. While directed to the calibration of gage blocks, this article nonetheless evidences what even today must be acknowledged as an ingenious optical approach to ascertaining the dimensions, flatness and parallelism of gage surfaces.
In modern telecommunication systems, however, dimensional measurements are embedded in a number of other factors which arise from the way in which optical elements are used. In telecommunications systems using device wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM), for example, polarization interferometry that requires precise differential delays between different beams is used in generating a required filter function. Interleavers employing these relationships are described in U.S. application Ser. No. 09/898,469 referenced above to provide athermal operation within individual stages of multi-stage multiplexers and demultiplexers.
The optical path length of an optical component through which light traverses is dependent not only on distance but also on intrinsic properties, such as the index of refraction, of the components. Modern optical systems must meet such demanding specifications that optical path length has become an important consideration. The fabrication of interleaving optical filters for DWDM using athermal delay line interferometers requires strict control of the optical path lengths of the glass elements. This control is necessary to meet the tight tolerances on absolute channel frequencies for DWDM applications. Traditional physical path length measurements such as mechanical or non-contact thickness probes with sub-micron accuracies are thus not adequate because the optical path length depends on both physical thickness and the absolute index of refraction of the medium. Also, for individual glass melts the index of refraction of typical optical glasses varies by 10−5 to 10−4 from a nominal or target value despite best production methods. This variation introduces substantial uncertainty in optical path length even if the physical thickness of the glass is known exactly. A particular additional requirement is that the optical path length of any "glass window" must be accurately measured at a chosen wavelength of operation (e.g., 1550 nm) to account for material dispersion.
Methods and systems for fabricating optical elements such as microoptic elements used in introducing differential delays in DWDM interleavers, use a number of different measurements of frequency periodicity at successive evolutionary processing steps leading to final sizing. The method and system provide precise frequency periodicities, with optical elements being so interrelated as to be acceptably athermal at a chosen frequency. The optical elements thus form the basis for a desired transmission spectrum for a DWDM interleaver. Frequency periodicity is synthesized by measuring output amplitudes derived from differential delays of a test beam at a plurality of incrementally varying wavelengths in the wavelength range of interest, using polarization interferometers to introduce a filter function.
To fabricate to interleaver precision, the optical frequency response of the interleaver must be characterized to sub-GHz in terms of accuracy. The first step in the characterization process is to measure the temperature dependence of the glass, and then calculate to high accuracy the physical lengths needed for both athermal operation and desired frequency periodicity. A first optical element or window is then ground and polished to the desired frequency periodicity given by a first calculation. For example, consider the case of a 50 GHz interleaver with a 100 GHz free spectral range (FSR). The first window is fabricated from the higher index glass of a pair of glasses to be used and is polished to within about 0.04 GHz of the target value to ensure good temperature insensitivity of the final interleaver. This glass element is left in the optical frequency measurement system, and the second window is then ground, polished and repeatedly measured by placing into the second arm of the optical path length measurement system until the frequency periodicity of the combined two glass interleaver is 100.00+−0.03 GHz. A like process is utilized to fabricate time delay elements for other FSR's, such as 25 GHz to 200 GHz.
In accordance with the invention, the frequency periodicity is ascertained during different steps using the differential delays introduced between different optical elements or one optical element and air in the delay paths of a polarization interferometer. An input test beam is propagated through both delay paths, but varied incrementally in wavelength through a selected range of wavelengths. This results in derivation of a sinusoidal variation from which peak to peak spacings determinative of frequency period can be calculated so that optical path length correction can be computed to a degree of accuracy dependent on the state of dimensional refinement of the element. By starting with precursor elements large enough in transverse area for multiple microoptic elements, and using the given oversize in thickness in the precursors, removal of thickness to final dimension can suffice for all microoptic elements at the same time.
To achieve these tolerances, the measurement system described herein meets the extremely high accuracy standards implicitly required for the measurement of optical path length. During the final polishing process of the glass window blanks, the optical path length is periodically measured until the target value is achieved. This measurement technique enables conventional polishing techniques to achieve the desired thicknesses.
Precise optical path length measurements have been achieved, accurate to better than 10 ppm. That is, a glass element with a free spectral range of 100.000 GHz can be fabricated to have a period accurate to better than 1 MHz. The parameter that is directly measured is the optical frequency response of the interleaver in about the 1500 to 1600 nm wavelength range but the determinative result is the establishment of optical path length.
A measurement system in accordance with the invention employs a tunable laser, controlled by a data processor to scan a selected wavelength range in equal, small increments, to generate wavelength varying test beams. The beams are directed through a differential delay system using polarization interferometry to generate a wavelength dependent output. This is received at a spectrum analyzer which stores the sinusoidally varying amplitude readings from the different wavelengths for analysis.
The data processor receives the data and employs a least squares fit program to analyze the sinusoidal variations and ultimately derives the length correction needed for an optical element. The optical measurement apparatus for introducing differential delays in microoptic elements, which area used in testing temperature dependence is in the form of a single stage interleaver. Measurement apparatus for large precursor elements incorporates stages which can be adjusted in two dimensional to position the optical element. Additionally, using illumination directed from a broadband light source through the optical element onto the spectrum analyzer, the tilt and tip orientation of the optical element can be optimized before differential delay readings are made. The laser beam power is advantageously monitored by a power meter coupled to provide measurement signals to the data processor for use in equalizing readings derived during scanning. Also a polarization scrambler is preferably employed in the beam path where polarization dependence in the interferometer may affect readings, by assuring that there is no dominant polarization.
A better understanding of the invention may be made by reference to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an optical measurement system in accordance with the invention that includes a top view of a polarization interferometer optic;
FIG. 2 is a side view of the optical layout of the polarization interferometer optical path length measurement system of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a top view indicating the location of positioning elements for placement of glass elements into a polarization interferometer;
FIG. 4 is a process flow chart depicting steps in determining glass temperature characteristics to high accuracy;
FIG. 5 is a process flow chart depicting steps in fabricating glass elements to high accuracy in frequency optical path length;
FIGS. 6A and 6B are graphs presenting the temperature stability of the center frequency of fabricated using the process outlined in FIGS. 4 and 5;
FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating the center frequency temperature dependence achieved with two and three glass designs; and
FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating the temperature dependence of the response of an interleaver fabricated in accordance with the process depicted in FIGS. 4 and 5.
Extremely tight fabrication tolerances must be maintained between the differential optical paths of a system such as an advanced state of the art interleaver (e.g. Ser. No. 09/898,469 supra) to both provide athermal operation and to achieve the desired frequency periodicity. The differential optical path length between the two arms must be kept constant to a high level of precision (1 part in 104) to maintain a constant period of 100.00 or 200.00 GHz, for example. The approximate optical frequency is 193.000 THz, and the absolute frequency of each channel should be aligned to the ITU wavelength grid to better than 1 GHz. The deviation of the frequency period from the target value, for a typical 80 channel C band application, should be below 50 MHz. Practically, there is no glass material available with optical path length temperature dependence matched to the necessary level to that dependence exhibited by air. Individual glasses have a relatively large dependence of the optical path length on temperature. Therefore, a second glass material is necessary to compensate for the temperature dependence introduced by the first glass, and a third glass material can also be used for further improvement. Furthermore, it is advantageous to place glasses of substantially equal length in both arms. This eliminates the dependence of the interleaver's frequency response on ambient air conditions, which can be significant for 50 GHz or denser interleavers. The length of glass is selected to give the correct optical path length difference. The two glasses also should be matched in their optical path length temperature dependence. 50 and 100 GHz interleavers include glass elements cascaded from length L, such as 2L and 4L in a stage, where L is typically about 5 mm. The tolerances of L are on the submicron level, requiring precise thickness or optical path length control during the polishing process.
Some considerations based on the theory of the polarization interferometer are desirable to understand the degree of exactitude needed in optic components for optical interferometer systems. The transmission frequency response in terms of optical power of a single interleaver stage is given by:
where the phase for an N glass interleaver is given by:
The frequency dependence of the phase for an N glass interleaver is:
In the following, we will focus specifically a two glass interleaver design; however, similar analysis applies for the case of three or more glass types. For this case of two glasses the temperature dependence of the phase is:
The frequency periodicity of the total interleaver is:
For example, for a 50 GHz interleaver, Δf=100.00 GHz, and for a 100 GHz interleaver, Δf=200.00 GHz. The frequency periodicity of individual glasses 1 and 2 under the condition of temperature compensation is:
By choosing L1=L2, the temperature dependence of air factors out of the interleaver frequency response. If this condition were not met, a 6 mm element of air would contribute a frequency shift of approximately 3 GHz/10� C. This effect also depends on whether the interleaver operates under constant pressure or constant volume conditions after it is sealed and packaged. Therefore, for highly stable telecom applications, insensitivity to inner atmosphere (e.g., air pressure or temperature) is necessary.
Measurement System
A functional diagram of a measurement system used to characterize the glass elements is illustrated in FIG. 1. The measurement system comprises a number of operative elements: a computer 10 with frequency period analysis software, a tunable laser 12 operated in a wavelength scanning mode by the computer 10 using scanning control algorithms, a polarization scrambler 14, an optical measurement bench 16, a power meter 18 to which the laser beam can be directed after the bench 16 at a junction 19 comprising a switch, fiber or splitter, and an optical spectrum analyzer 20. the power meter 18 and the spectrum analyzer 20 provide signals to the computer 10 for use in normalizing the readings. The computer 10 is interfaced to the tunable laser 12 using a standard bus such as GPIB, serial, or parallel, and the optical measurement bench 16 provides communication between the tunable laser 12, optical power meter 18 and optical spectrum analyzer 20, through switches or optical fibers. A separate, broadband light source 22 provides light into the laser beam path via a junction 24 which may comprise a beam combiner on an optical switch.
The optical measurement bench 16 consists of a series of polarization beam splitters, � waveplates and polarizers, as seen in both FIGS. 1 and 2, corresponding in substantial part to the basic elements of the interleaver. Beam displacers, fabricated from birefringent crystals, can be used for both the polarization beam splitters and polarizers. In general terms, an incoming beam from the laser 12 is split in the optical measurement bench 16 into two polarized beams which are laterally displaced from one another but exit the crystal along parallel paths. One outgoing beam from the displacer is e polarized, the other is o polarized, where the orientations of the e and o polarizations are dictated by the crystal orientation of the beam displacer. The parallel beams are directed through differential delay paths which are used in the testing of different glasses or relationships before the beams are recombined for the remainder of the measurement.
Several optical layouts achieve the desired optical measurement response. This example (FIGS. 1 and 2) utilizes an input collimator 30, a polarizer 32 (Coming Polarcor™ for example) oriented at 45� to the horizontal, a first horizontal beam displacer 34, and a true zero order � waveplate 35 to rotate the polarization of the displaced e and o beams by 90� before one or more glass elements to be measured for optical path length. The elements, called windows or pucks when in multi-element size, or microoptics elements if they are sized for use in an interleaver, may be used singly or in combinations in the measurement bench 16. in this example, two windows, 36, 37 (designated Glasses 1 and 2) are depicted as in positions they occupy (individually or concurrently) intercepting the beam paths in the delay segments. An optional window 38, shown in dotted lines in FIGS. 1 and 2, is Glass 3 which may be measured also if a three glass stage is to be fabricated. A second horizontal beam displacer 40 follows the windows 36, 37 to recombine the two beams, an output polarizer 42 oriented at −45� to the horizontal, and an output collimator 44. All optics are antireflection coated in the 1500 to 1600 nm window, and the zero order waveplate is here designed for 1550 nm operation. Note that this optical layout closely resembles a single stage of the actual microoptic interleaver described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/898,494 by Eyal et al., but on a larger scale to allow the precursor window blanks to be tested before dicing into microoptic windows.
The input optical beam is here, however, not dependent on the state of polarization of the laser 12 output. The polarization scrambler 14 rotates the input beam polarization repeatedly during the duration in which each beam of different wavelength is transmitted. The power meter 18 samples the beam amplitude and is operated separately from the optical spectrum analyzer 20 after recombination, so that the computer 10 can normalize the readings from the spectrum analyzer 20.
This arrangement provides a relatively simple yet precise means of sampling the wavelength scanning test beams. If the laser output is uniformly polarized, the components may be oriented suitably to that reference. If the beam has an arbitrary state of polarization, the input beam may be split into upper and lower pairs of orthogonal polarizations, to provide a polarization independent output as in the Eyal et al application.
The input horizontal beam displacer 34 separates the input beams into e and o polarized beams, horizontally spaced by about 0.7 mm. The e and o beams may pass through one or more different glass elements 36, 37, etc., depending upon the measurement to be performed. Upon propagating through the glass elements, 36, 37, etc., the two beams acquire a relative phase shift between one another, because of the different indices of refraction of the glasses, and next enter a � waveplate 35 oriented at 45� to convert the o to e and the e to o polarizations. The two beams are then recombined into a single output beam by the output horizontal beam displacer 40. The waveplate ensures that the optical path lengths traveled by the two beams (left and right) through the displacers 34, 40 are equal. The lengths of the input and output beam displacers 34, 40 are also precisely matched to ensure that the split beams are recombined into a single spot, and to precisely match the net distance each beam travels within the two displacers. Any residual path-length mismatch is precisely measured and mathematically corrected for in the data processing performed during the measurements.
This optical system is connected to the lightwave measurement system (FIG. 1) which scans and processes the wavelength response of the polarization interferometer. An Agilent 81641 tunable laser mainframe 12 provides a test beam to the interferometer input, and the interferometer output is measured by the single channel optical power meter 18 to record the transmitted optical power in transmission on the computer 10. The laser 12 is scanned from 1520 to 1570 nm with a 0.01 nm step size for a total of 5000 points. The signals measured by the lightwave measurement system constitute a sinusoidal amplitude response varying with optical frequency. The data is least-squares fit by the computer 10 and period analysis software to a sinusoid, the two fit parameters being the optical frequency period and the phase to determine the frequency period to a few parts in 10,000. A 50 GHz interleaver, for example, requires an optical frequency period of 100.00 GHz. The control of the laser wavelength scanning, data acquisition, and least-squares curve fitting is performed by commercial software, for example, LabVIEW from National Instruments, Inc.
The optical path length of the glass windows 36, 37, 38 depends partly on the angle of incidence of the beams with respect to the windows. Normal incidence corresponds to the shortest optical path length. To ensure that the one or more glass windows are positioned exactly normal to the optical beams (within a few arcmins), an Agilent 71452B optical spectrum analyzer functioning with the broadband light source 22 in the communication link may be used to monitor the spectral response of the polarization interferometer in real time as the tilt and tip of glass windows 36, 37 are adjusted.
Upon inserting only the first piece of glass, e.g. 36, the tilt and tip are to be adjusted until the frequency period of the interleaver is minimized, which minimizes the optical path length in the glass. FIG. 3 illustrates the apparatus used to achieve orientational adjustment of the glass windows during the measurement process, with commercial micropositioning tables 47, 48 being employed that are adjustable in two angular directions, specifically in tilt and tip. Such micropositioning tables are available from Newport Corp. and other optical equipment suppliers. For the second piece of glass, the tilt and tip are also adjusted until the frequency period of the interleaver is maximized or minimized, depending on the glass type, index of refraction and its length. Additional pieces of glass are to be inserted using a similar procedure. Those angles (1 b, 2 b, 3 b) which are to be maintained close to normal incidence are indicated as small squares in FIGS. 1 and 2. If the angles are not 90 degrees, then the optical path length measurement is incorrect. The beam displacers and waveplates are epoxied in place to maintain mechanical stability during the measurements, and the input and output collimators are welded to the optical bench. The polarization scrambler 14 is typically installed in-line with the tunable laser output to ensure that the state of polarization is scrambled or depolarized at the input to the measurement system 16.
Characterization of Temperature Dependence of Glasses
FIG. 4 is a flow chart outlining the steps required to characterize glass delay line elements to the level needed to temperature compensate interleavers while also achieving the precise frequency periodicity. The flow chart of FIG. 5 depicts processing steps used after this characterization has been completed.
This example applies to a two glass design, but the method can be readily extended to a three or more glass design using Equations 2-3 above. These delay line elements are to be processed as large glass "pucks" or plane parallel windows, which are subsequently diced into microoptic elements. The first step is to select suitable glasses which compensate for one another's temperature dependence. This is based initially on the therrno-optic and thermal expansion contributions to the temperature dependence, as determined from the vendor specifications. These published parameters, which are not adequately precise for present purposes are input into Equations 6 and 7 to provide the target frequency periodicity of each glass. The glass pucks are then ground and polished to be at some predetermined frequency above the target frequency. Typically, these frequencies are chosen to correspond to pucks each 100 ums thicker than the predicted target thicknesses (each about 9 mm thick). A microoptic element from each puck is then diced and used to build, in effect a one stage interleaver, from which the temperature dependence of the center frequency is measured. These measurements enable the residual temperature dependence of the pair to be calculated, from which the errors in the published specifications can be calculated and corrected for. Each glass melt has slightly different index of refraction and thermal characteristics, so that in general this thermal characterization process should be repeated for each glass melt, and used in calculating the residual temperature dependence.
Method to Fabricate Glass Elements of Precise Optical Path Length
FIG. 5 illustrates the method by which glass elements are fabricated to a precise optical path length, after the measurements have been made which characterize the temperature dependence of the glasses. The input signal to the optical measurement bench 16 is generated by the tunable laser 12 which scans the wavelength region of interest (C or L band). The polished window blanks e.g. 36, 37 are first ground and polished to a thickness slightly over the target value. Conventional thickness measurement techniques are used up to this point. Next, the optical thicknesses of the parts are determined using the measurement system described herein and the following sequence. First, one oversize glass element e.g. 36, is placed in the optical measurement bench 16 and aligned. Next, the amount of material to be removed is calculated, and further material is removed. This step is typically a final mechanical polishing step which can be carried out commercially to a high degree of precision once the absolute value of material to be removed is known. Alternatively, processes such as reactive ion etching or chemical etching can be utilized to remove the small amount of material during this final process step. Magneto-rheological polishing is an alternate technique which allows precise figuring of both the flatness and optical thickness of individual polished windows. When the first glass element 36 has been polished to the correct optical path length, the second glass element is inserted, and it is polished until the second target frequency periodicity is achieved. This process may be continued if more than two glass elements are used in the design. Note that the polishing may be simultaneously conducted on a large number of relatively large glass "pucks" of identical thickness. This provides the advantage of batch processing because thousands of microoptic elements are produced during each production run.
The windows are ground on a double sided ring lap using aluminum oxide slurry, and subsequently are polished on a similar double sided ring lap using cerium oxide slurry. Both these double sided machines optimally utilize pitch polishing rather than pad polishing. Alternately, a conventional double sided polishing machine using epolyurethane pads, for example, may be suitable for the lapping and polishing operations. In either approach, the double sided polishing has the inherent advantage that the flatness errors of both surfaces are in general complementary. As a consequence, the transmitted wavefront distortion of these plane parallel windows is inherently low, which is important to maintain consistent optical path length across the entire window. These windows are fabricated to provide a transmitted wavefront distortion of better than λ/3 to λ/10 (where λ=633 nm) across the 2 inch diameter substrate.
Processing of large diameter parts provides several advantages; namely, excellent surface flatness, transmitted wavefront distortion, parallelism of polished surfaces, and batch processing. The optical path length or physical thickness of the parts can be measured during the polishing stage to determine how much material should be removed. The removal rates are a well characterized part of the process (e.g., um per hour). This ensures that the glass elements are fabricated to the correct thickness to guarantee temperature insensitivity and to achieve the correct interleaver frequency response.
After these frequency targets are achieved, the glass is diced into a large number of identical microoptic windows. Upon dicing these large windows into microoptic delay line elements of, for example, 2.6�2.6 mm cross section, the residual power contribution to the flatness, which scales as the square of the diameter of the part, results in a transmitted wavefront distortion of less than λ/300 across the individual parts. Note, however, that this level of wavefront distortion is in practice not measureable.
In practice, this procedure gives extremely good temperature stability of the center wavelength. FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate some typical dependencies of the center frequency with temperature, for 50.000 and 25.000 GHz interleavers, respectively. Note that the frequency drift varies approximately quadratically with center frequency within the passband. The linear dependence has been effectively nulled. The total shift with temperature is typically less than 2 GHz over the −5 to 65� C. operating temperature range for this group of interleavers.
By adding a third glass element, additional design flexibility is obtained. The residual quadratic temperature dependence can then be nulled, leaving only a cubic dependence. FIG. 7 illustrates the residual temperature dependence for a two and three glass design. FIG. 8 depicts the resulting transmission spectrum of an interleaver using the process described herein to fabricate a 50 GHz interleaver of precise period and low center frequency drift with temperature. The measured transmissions at −5,+5,+25,+45, and +65 degrees C are overlaid for comparison.
Systems and methods in accordance with the invention enable noncontact measurement of optical path length in terms of the thickness of optical windows to an accuracy of 100 nanometers. Further it is amenable to use in high production processes since large precursor blanks can be dimensioned together to provide a multiplicity of individual microoptic elements. While particularly suited for meeting the critical requirements of optical communication system, such as interleavers, these systems and methods are applicable wherever comparable requirements exist.
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|Sep 5, 2008
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|The General Hospital Corporation
|Imaging system and related techniques
|Sep 29, 2006
|Nov 30, 2010
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Method and apparatus for optical imaging via spectral encoding
|Dec 7, 2010
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Method and apparatus for optical imaging via spectral encoding
|May 31, 2006
|Dec 28, 2010
|The General Hospital Corporation
|System, method and arrangement which can use spectral encoding heterodyne interferometry techniques for imaging
|Sep 29, 2006
|Jan 18, 2011
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Arrangements and methods for providing multimodality microscopic imaging of one or more biological structures
|Oct 13, 2006
|Feb 15, 2011
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Arrangements and methods for facilitating photoluminescence imaging
|Jan 18, 2008
|Mar 22, 2011
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Apparatus and method for controlling ranging depth in optical frequency domain imaging
|Aug 24, 2007
|Apr 5, 2011
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Apparatus and methods for enhancing optical coherence tomography imaging using volumetric filtering techniques
|Oct 30, 2008
|Apr 26, 2011
|The General Hospital Corporation
|System and method for cladding mode detection
|Jan 17, 2008
|May 24, 2011
|The General Hospital
|Wavelength tuning source based on a rotatable reflector
|Jun 13, 2008
|Jun 28, 2011
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Method and apparatus for performing optical imaging using frequency-domain interferometry
|Feb 21, 2007
|Jul 19, 2011
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Methods and systems for performing angle-resolved fourier-domain optical coherence tomography
|Nov 21, 2005
|Aug 9, 2011
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Devices and arrangements for performing coherence range imaging using a common path interferometer
|Nov 30, 2009
|Aug 9, 2011
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Process and apparatus for a wavelength tuning source
|Jul 23, 2004
|Sep 13, 2011
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Process, system and software arrangement for a chromatic dispersion compensation using reflective layers in optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging
|Aug 29, 2008
|Oct 18, 2011
|The General Hospital Corporation
|System and method for self-interference fluorescence microscopy, and computer-accessible medium associated therewith
|Apr 17, 2008
|Oct 25, 2011
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Apparatus and methods for measuring vibrations using spectrally-encoded endoscopy
|Aug 8, 2008
|Nov 1, 2011
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Method and apparatus for determination of atherosclerotic plaque type by measurement of tissue optical properties
|Dec 13, 2007
|Nov 8, 2011
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Apparatus and method for ranging and noise reduction of low coherence interferometry LCI and optical coherence tomography OCT signals by parallel detection of spectral bands
|Aug 8, 2005
|Dec 20, 2011
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Process, system and software arrangement for determining at least one location in a sample using an optical coherence tomography
|Jan 26, 2010
|Jan 17, 2012
|The General Hospital Corporation
|System, method and computer-accessible medium for providing wide-field superresolution microscopy
|May 2, 2008
|Feb 14, 2012
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Methods, arrangements and systems for obtaining information associated with a sample using optical microscopy
|Jan 17, 2007
|Mar 27, 2012
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Apparatus for obtaining information for a structure using spectrally-encoded endoscopy techniques and methods for producing one or more optical arrangements
|Aug 8, 2008
|Apr 3, 2012
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Method and apparatus for determination of atherosclerotic plaque type by measurement of tissue optical properties
|Jul 27, 2009
|May 8, 2012
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Speckle reduction in optical coherence tomography by path length encoded angular compounding
|May 4, 2007
|May 8, 2012
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Process, arrangements and systems for providing frequency domain imaging of a sample
|Aug 24, 2005
|Jun 26, 2012
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Method and apparatus for imaging of vessel segments
|Oct 16, 2012
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Arrangements and methods for providing multimodality microscopic imaging of one or more biological structures
|Apr 28, 2006
|Jan 8, 2013
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Systems, processes and software arrangements for evaluating information associated with an anatomical structure by an optical coherence ranging technique
|Jul 27, 2011
|Jan 15, 2013
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Method and apparatus for performing optical imaging using frequency-domain interferometry
|Apr 11, 2011
|Feb 5, 2013
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Imaging system and related techniques
|Feb 26, 2013
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Method and apparatus for optical imaging via spectral encoding
|Jun 7, 2010
|Feb 26, 2013
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Method and apparatus for performing optical imaging using frequency-domain interferometry
|Jun 14, 2011
|Apr 9, 2013
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Process and apparatus for a wavelength tuning source
|May 7, 2012
|Oct 15, 2013
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Speckle reduction in optical coherence tomography by path length encoded angular compounding
|May 7, 2009
|Nov 26, 2013
|The General Hospital Corporation
|System, method and computer-accessible medium for tracking vessel motion during three-dimensional coronary artery microscopy
|Feb 4, 2013
|Mar 18, 2014
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Imaging system using and related techniques
|Dec 19, 2012
|Apr 22, 2014
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Method and apparatus for performing optical imaging using frequency-domain interferometry
|Apr 26, 2012
|May 13, 2014
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Systems, methods and computer-readable medium for determining depth-resolved physical and/or optical properties of scattering media by analyzing measured data over a range of depths
|Apr 2, 2012
|Jun 24, 2014
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Method and apparatus for optical imaging via spectral encoding
|Mar 7, 2011
|Aug 12, 2014
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Systems, methods and computer-accessible medium which provide microscopic images of at least one anatomical structure at a particular resolution
|Mar 22, 2012
|Aug 26, 2014
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Spectrally-encoded endoscopy techniques, apparatus and methods
|Oct 19, 2007
|Sep 16, 2014
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Apparatus and method for obtaining and providing imaging information associated with at least one portion of a sample, and effecting such portion(s)
|Jun 19, 2009
|Oct 14, 2014
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Fused fiber optic coupler arrangement and method for use thereof
|Mar 7, 2011
|Nov 25, 2014
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Systems, methods and computer-accessible medium which provide microscopic images of at least one anatomical structure at a particular resolution
|Oct 8, 2012
|Jan 6, 2015
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Arrangements and methods for providing multimodality microscopic imaging of one or more biological structures
|Dec 10, 2009
|Jan 20, 2015
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Systems and methods for extending imaging depth range of optical coherence tomography through optical sub-sampling
|Aug 24, 2005
|Feb 24, 2015
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Process, system and software arrangement for measuring a mechanical strain and elastic properties of a sample
|May 3, 2010
|Jun 30, 2015
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Apparatus, method and system for generating optical radiation from biological gain media
|Mar 7, 2011
|Jul 14, 2015
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Systems, methods and computer-accessible medium which provide microscopic images of at least one anatomical structure at a particular resolution
|Jan 19, 2007
|Jul 21, 2015
|The General Hospital Corporation
|Methods and systems for optical imaging or epithelial luminal organs by beam scanning thereof
|Jan 28, 2005
|Aug 3, 2006
|Schober Christina M
|Methods and systems for improving optical flatness in a path length control driver
|Feb 3, 2006
|Aug 17, 2006
|Fumihiro Minami
|Method and program for generating layout data of a semiconductor integrated circuit and method for manufacturing a semiconductor integrated circuit with optical proximity correction
|Nov 25, 2008
|Dec 25, 2012
|The General Hospital Corporation
|System and method for optical coherence imaging
|Sep 12, 2012
|May 12, 2015
|The General Hospital Corporation
|System and method for optical coherence imaging
|Mar 14, 2003
|Sep 25, 2003
|Terapulse Inc
|Athermal delay line
|U.S. Classification
|356/491, 356/492
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 6, 2002
|Apr 19, 2006
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Sep 25, 2006
|Surcharge for late payment
|Sep 25, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|May 10, 2010
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Oct 1, 2010
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Nov 23, 2010
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20101001


text:
The Hunger Games is starting its slow, inevitable fall into the Twilight marketing K-hole. This entails slapping "may the odds be ever in your favor" on anything that moves and peddling it to the disposable-cash-heavy demographic.
The latest and greatest of the virtual marketing move for Hunger Games is a Capitol Couture line, which shows off all the loud and crazy fashions of the inhabitants of the Capitol.
Hidden among the fabulous collection of shoes is the first official Hunger Games GIF of Effie with a starry-eyed Peeta and Katniss trotting behind.
And of course, here are the collection of Hunger Games shoes, which are oddly timely for a world set many, many years in the future. Ah well, we still want the training boots!
If you would like to see more fashions from Hunger Games that you can gobble up and put on your nails, head over to the Capitol Couture

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Heathrow expansion met by protest
Stephen Beard
Sep 1, 2007 As British officials struggle to attract visitors and improve efficiency at London's Heathrow Airport, environmentalists have set up camp to protest its expansion plans. They say more flights will mean more climate change. Stephen Beard reports.
Travel with a lot less baggage
Sep 22, 2011 As anyone who travels by air knows, getting your bags through security can be a serious hassle. So a few businesses that ship luggage door-to-door are finding some new clients. Alex Goldmark reports.
Screening plan hits turbulent reaction
Bob Moon
Sep 1, 2007 The Department of Homeland Security issued a revised Secure Flight passenger screening program today. And privacy rights advoctates were quick to respond. Bob Moon reports.
Subway flooding slows NYC commuters
Ashley Milne-Tyte
Sep 1, 2007 Heavy weather and flooding shut down subways in New York City, leaving commuters steaming on one of the hottest and most humid days of the year. It was another reminder of failing infrastructure. Ashley Milne Tyte reports.
Putting tourists on the battlefields
Sep 22, 2011 The 150th anniversary of the Civil War's start is four years away, but states that were in the thick of the fighting are planning now to cash in on what they hope will be a boom in tourism. Blake Farmer reports.
Y'all come back now, amigos
Sep 1, 2007 Texas attracts more visitors from Mexico than from any other country. And with tourism down due in part to heavy rains, cities like San Antonio are doing all they can to get a piece of the action. Joy Diaz reports.
New prescription for Northwest pilots
Stacey Vanek Smith
Sep 1, 2007 Northwest Airlines says it had to cancel so many flights during peak travel season this summer because pilots were calling in sick and skipping work. Pilots blame post-bankruptcy cost-cutting measures. But a new deal could make it all better, Stacey Vanek-Smith reports.
British Airways fined for price-fixing
Stephen Beard
Sep 1, 2007 British Airways has been fined for colluding with rival Virgin Atlantic to fix the price of tickets. The carriers had secretly agreed to increase their fuel surcharges by the same amount. Stephen Beard reports.
Solving the mystery of rising oil prices
Stacey Vanek Smith
Sep 1, 2007 Oil prices were at an all-time intra-day high of almost $80 a barrel today -- shooting up from just six weeks ago, when prices were in the mid-60s. Stacey Vanek-Smith looks into why.
Do the Hassle!
Stephen Beard
Sep 1, 2007 Long delays at London's Heathrow airport have earned it a reputation among travelers that's worrying government officials. They say it could be damaging the city's standing as a leading financial center, Stephen Beard reports.


text:
Coming into this game against Montreal, the Sabres were riding a very frustrating three-game losing streak, searching for many different answers.
The Sabres would find throughout the evening that forward Steve Ott seemed to hold the key to this game.
When the first period began, both teams came out firing, looking to take advantage.
Montreal got on the board first, 4:11 into the first period, but the Sabres would strike back quick.
Steve Ott was the recipient of a beautiful feed from Jochen Hecht, just 15 seconds after Montreal's first goal, and he put the puck home for the equalizer.
Buffalo seemed to have the momentum swinging their way throughout the end of the first period and heading through the second, but that would change.
The Canadiens took a 2-1 lead, at 12:31, on a Brendan Gallagher shot.
Buffalo, again, would not take long to respond. Tyler Ennis knotted the game up, just 35 seconds later, after he scored on a mini-breakaway.
Earlier a hero, Steve Ott would be a goat for the Sabres late in the second. Ott was caught hitting Canadiens defenseman P.K. Subban in the face with his stick, and was sent to the box for high-sticking.
Subban would take less than a minute to put Montreal back up 3-2, on the power play.
The momentum was in Montreal's favor, and that would continue through the early part of the third period.
Shortly following the puck drop, 45 seconds to be exact, Tomas Plekanec would score his second goal of the night to put Montreal up 4-2.
Oddly enough, Steve Ott would be part of the Sabres turnaround.
In the seventh minute of the game, Ott was flying around the ice and laying the body. A Canadiens player hit Ott hard, so he decided to return the favor via a hip check to Canadiens forward Ryan White.
White would take exception, throwing punches at Ott, drawing two minor penalties. Ott was not penalized, so the Sabres were presented with a golden opportunity.
A mere 25 seconds after getting on the power play, Thomas Vanek would pot his 9th goal of the season, putting the Sabres down by one.
This goal seemed to pump some life into the Sabres bench.
Late in the third period, the Sabres would have an extra attacker on the ice when a large scrum began in front of the net, with the puck staying loose.
The referees would not blow the whistle and Thomas Vanek would score his league-leading 10th goal to tie the game. After a review was completed, it was figured out that not only was the Vanek goal good, but it came with roughly 2 seconds left.
In overtime, the Canadiens and Sabres would trade opportunities to win, but neither side could capitalize. The game would be decided in a shootout.
The Sabres first shooter, Thomas Vanek, proved again why he is one of the best players in the league. Vanek would fake a slapshot and easily deposit the puck behind Peter Budaj with a wrist shot, putting the Sabres up 1-0 in the shootout.
Montreal rookie Alex Galchenyuk would dazzle and tie the shootout at one.
After Tyler Ennis and Rene Bourque were stopped by each goaltender, it would be Jason Pominville who put the Sabres up 2-1 in the shootout.
Brian Gionta would attempt to tie the shootout for Montreal, but Ryan Miller would read the shot and make the save, clinching a victory for the struggling Sabres.
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On the Love of Cats and PersonsFrom "a genuine American Dostoevsky" (The Washington Post): a dazzling, funny, bittersweet exploration of the mysteries of relationship, both human and animal.When his favorite cat Biscuit goes missing, Peter Trachtenberg sets out to find her. The journey takes him 700 miles and many years into his past-- into the history of his relationships with cats and the history of his relationship with his
Five Questions About Suffering and Its MeaningWhat does it mean to suffer? What enables some people to emerge from tragedy while others are spiritually crushed by it? Why do so many Americans think of suffering as something that happens to other people-who usually deserve it? These are some of the questions at the heart of this powerful book. Combining reportage, personal narrative, and moral philosophy, Peter Trachtenberg tells the stories
$11.99NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER"America's favorite poet."—The Wall Street JournalFrom the two-term Poet Laureate of the United States Billy Collins comes his first volume of new and selected poems in twelve years. Aimless Love combines fifty new poems with generous selections from his four most recent books—Nine Horses, The Trouble with Poetry, Ballistics, and Horoscopes for the Dead. Collins's
$13.99WINNER—BEST POETRY—GOODREADS CHOICE AWARDS NAMED ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR BY NEWSWEEK/THE DAILY BEASTNATIONAL BESTSELLER Billy Collins is widely acknowledged as a prominent player at the table of modern American poetry. And in this smart, lyrical, and mischievous collection of poetry, which covers the everlasting themes of love and loss, youth and aging, solitude and union, Collins's
Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice"A religious fundamentalist, a political operative, a primitive sermonizer, and an accomplice of worldly secular powers. Her mission has always been of this kind. The irony is that she has never been able to induce anybody to believe her. It is past time that she was duly honored and taken at her word."Among his many books, perhaps none have sparked more outrage than THE MISSIONARY POSITION,
Cults, Conspiracies, and Secret Societies
The Straight Scoop on Freemasons, the Illmuniati, Skull & Bones, Black Helicopters, teh New World Order, and Many, Many MoreDid you know?• Freemasonry's first American lodge included a young Benjamin Franklin among its members. • The Knights Templar began as impoverished warrior monks then evolved into bankers. • Groom Lake, Dreamland, Homey Airport, Paradise Ranch, The Farm, Watertown Strip, Red Square, "The Box," are all names for Area 51. An indispensable guide, Cults, Conspiracies, and Secret Societies connects the
$15.99Sylvia Plath began keeping a diary as a young child. By the time she was at Smith College, when this book begins, she had settled into a nearly daily routine with her journal, which was also a sourcebook for her writing. Plath once called her journal her "Sargasso," her repository of imagination, "a litany of dreams, directives, and imperatives," and in fact these pages contain the germs of most
Where Is God When it Hurts/What's So Amazing About Grace?Award-winning author Philip Yancey takes you for a soul-searching look at two of Christianity's most important topics WHAT'S SO AMAZING ABOUT GRACE? In this critically acclaimed, bestselling book, Philip Yancey explores the church's great distinctive—grace—at street level. If grace is God's love for the undeserving, and if Christians are its sole dispensers, then how are we doing at lavishing
$9.99A raw and blazing novel by "the single, most brain-searingly dangerous man of letters. Read him at your peril." (Anthony Bourdain) An aging New Yorker, a writer named Nick, feels life ebbing out of him. The world has gone to hell and Nick is so sick of it all that he can't even have a glass of champagne. Then one night he meets a tantalizing young woman who agrees to come back to his apartment.
The Powerful Force That Ensures We Are Never AloneThe author of the bestselling The Third Man Factor examines the shockingly common phenomenon of the "Angel Effect": when people feel visited by an otherworldly presence in times of great danger or desperation.Do "angels" exist?I If so, are they heaven-sent or products of the human brain? After the publication of the bestseller The Third Man Factor, which examined the phenomenon of explorers who
$10.99Mary Karr describes herself as a black-belt sinner, and this -- her fourth collection of poems --traces her improbable journey from the inferno of a tormented childhood into a resolutely irreverent Catholicism. Not since Saint Augustine wrote "Give me chastity, Lord -- but not yet!" has anyone brought such smart-assed hilarity to a conversion story.Karr's battle is grounded in common loss (a


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Enter to win One (1) Grand Prize: A Cessna 152 Aircraft refurbished to
the specifications of the Sponsor. ARV: $90,000; One (1) 2nd Prize: A Breitling Watch selected by the Sponsor; ARV: $6,500, plus other prizes. Grand Prize winner must be certificated by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration as a Student, Recreational,
Sport, Private, Commercial or Airline Transport pilot as of 12/31/15 and provide such proof as requested. (From FL List)
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OSI-Approved Open Source (200)
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- Mozilla Public License 1.1 (4)
- Common Development and Distribution License (3)
- Open Software License 3.0 (3)
- Apache Software License (2)
- Mozilla Public License 1.0 (2)
- Academic Free License (1)
- Apple Public Source License (1)
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Grouping and Descriptive Categories (177)
- All POSIX (129)
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text:
Crazy Girls, Las Vegas
6 Reviews
6 Reviews
I have to give these girls credit. What they do is not easy. They have to keep the energy high every night. They are definately skilled dancers with some gymnastic ablility. The magician/comedian was ok. It is campy but it had some good laughs along with attractive girls. I found it enjoyable.
this was a very poor burlesque show. The girls lip synched to bad songs. They looked OK but nothing special in Vegas terms. Actually nothing special at all. At the beach I see better looking women. A few years ago there was a cable special on Crazy Girls, it was much better than the live show.
The magician/comedian was bad. However he did do the same razor blade trick as Amazing Jonathon. That was impressive but also means the trick isn't very hard.
If you want to see skin go to a strip club. It will be much more interesting. If you insist on seeing a show, go to Bite at the Stratosphere.
This is a well-known adult video shop in Las Vegas. It's famous in the industry for its annual Legends of Erotica show, which I was lucky enough to attend. Here, veteran porn stars are inducted into the Hall of Fame. They then make impressions, into wet concrete, of their hands, and often other body parts. Once dried, these are displayed on the wall. Seriously, I'm not making this up. Nearly all of the best-known porn stars have done this.
This is all to raise money for a worthy cause, known as Protecting Adult Welfare (PAW). It's a professional association to represent the interests of models, photographers, writers, directors, technicians, and all others in the adult film industry.
The female counterpart of Vic.
When you look at Vicky and the girls in the bottom right corner of the pic, remember that apart from money, Las Vegas is also all about girls and female beauty. (Clubs, the cocktail waitresses in the hotels, diner shows, etc.)
Riviera is one of the oldest casinos on the Strip. Its "Crazy Girls" show is one of the oldest shows in Las Vegas. When you see the relief of the Crazy Girls at the front entrance of Reviera, you know this is an adult-rated town. I didn't go see the show though; there are much better shows around town these days.
You're supposed to rub their bums for good luck, so I rubbed two & it worked, we won $5 on the slots. So I wanted to go & rub them again, but Lizzie wouldn't let me !!!!!
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User Tip: If you're unsure of your vehicle type, you may skip the machine type selection box.
Please select make, model and yearITP Wheels
Do you need new ATV rims? If you're looking for rugged durability combined with style that will turn heads, you can't go wrong with ITP wheels. ITP is renowned in the industry for their quality, and this extends to their wheels as well. It's a company that has been around for several decades now, based out of Tennessee. And since they're focused exclusively on ATV/UTV tires and wheels, you know that when you buy an ITP ATV wheel, you're getting a product that the company is putting their reputation on the line for. But there's even more to it than that! ITP includes a lifetime structural warranty on several on their SS alloy series wheels. (Read the product description for a given wheel to see whether it is included in the warranty.)
Rocky Mountain ATV/MC is proud to carry a large selection of ITP wheels. To see what we have that fits your quad, just enter its make, model and year on this page. Several styles are available, from the simple practicality of the signature T-9 series to the stylistic SS sport and utility alloy series. In general, several basic colors are available as well, such as black or chrome. Check out what ITP rims we have available to see if any of them catch your eye.
ROBERT in OH
These look sick on my blue grizz.Read All Reviews
RED in Kentucky
I bought these rims mounted on Raz2s for a Polaris Outlaw 525s and have been very pleased so far. I have probably been on 5 rides and had two good wacks and these things have held up. Having the stronger sidewall tires may help a little but the pair rips! Only reason I deducted one star was because my front rims came with pits all the way around the inside lip (not visible from outside) but I still didn't like seeing it when I mounted them. Overall very pleased with my purchase.Read All Reviews
Ronald in OH
Great product and great price. Thank you Rocky Mountain. These were matched to a set of Kenda tires and hook up great in all surfaces.Read All Reviews
Stan in Oregon
Just ordered these steel wheels. Expect they will be fine for my use. The reason for choosing Rocky Mt was because they provide same day shipping and they price matched. The other online company was not able to ship for a day or two.Read All Reviews
Obel in CA
Makes your ride look better, gives it a big time different look rims are nice and light not like other rims that are heavy worth buying for this price as well.Read All Reviews
Rob in Illinois
Look awesome and perform well so far but I noticed the oem rims were feather light compared to these itp's. They are heavy compared to oem so you're adding front end weight. Trade off is worth it I suppose haven't noticed a difference with the extra weight. Have to think about bead lock rims in future as debris likes to get in between tire and rim.Read All Reviews


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Final Report for the GB Games
What an experience! I feel "accomplished" just being part of the 1st GB Summer Games. Any talk of this as an annual event? I am sure there will be lots of kudos and comments for the organizers and all the participants. Highlights for me were: meeting new genea-bloggers on Facebook, sharing ideas, learning new tips, and getting that nudge for being a better researcher/curator. Thank you again, Thomas, Miriam, Kathryn for putting this together.
Here are my Final Standings:
- Cite Your Sources - Bronze
- Back Up – Silver
- Organize -- Diamond
- Write – Gold
- Acts of Genealogical Kindness – Platinum
©2007-2015, Denise Levenick, The Family Curator. www.thefamilycurator.com. All rights reserved.
Articles on this website may use affiliate links. See my Disclosure Policy under About for more info.


text: The Leonard Lopate Show Edit this Published in The Leonard Lopate Show Ways to Change the World Listen 1 h 39 min Queue Download this audio Want to embed this player? Use the code below. More info. <iframe frameborder="0" scrolling="no" height="130" width="100%" src="https://www.wnyc.org/widgets/ondemand_player/wnyc/#file=/audio/json/53569/&share=1"></iframe> Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Email a Friend 5 segments hide show Are US Policies Accelerating Nuclear Proliferation? 14 min 450 Ways to Stop Global Warming 11 min The Atomic Bazaar 23 min Peter Gallagher at Feinstein's 18 min Spying on the Home Front 31 min In the first half of today's show, three leading thinkers wrestle with two of the biggest issues facing the planet—nuclear weapons and global warming. Later on, Peter Gallagher looks back on his distinguished acting career. And a new Frontline documentary asks how pre-emptive searches for potential terrorists affect innocent Americans.


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Minnesota's Grain Belt Sign To Shine Again; Iconic Beer Sign Bought By August Schell
Although it's been dark for more than 20 years, the Grain Belt Beer sign that graces the skyline on Nicollet Island may be brought back to life soon.
Although it's been dark for more than 20 years, the Grain Belt Beer sign that graces the skyline on Nicollet Island may be brought back to life soon.
I was hanging out with my fellow dance parents tonight, and we were all talking about funny or stupid things we have seen on the web.....this one has got to be the most stupid, and oddly enough, mesmerizing. Peep fighting.
Kids are bombarded by many things nowadays.So much more information available at a touch of the finger. They spend hours playing video games, watching TV, playing sports, texting, and on the computer. Only a couple of minutes each day can help prevent a lifetime of problems.
Talk to any chef worth his or her salt and you'll learn that cast iron is king. Or is it?
This is our last scheduled stop at Farley's Family Restaurant, this time Kelly (head chef) shows off some of the food he is taking to Vegas to compete in the national food championships. We get to eat it too.
I was kickin back at the house last night and decided to make some popcorn to go with a couple tall cool ones. I wondered what it might look like if I filmed the corn popping in slow motion...
Even though the need is constant throughout the year, it seems like attention is often focused on food shelves and food banks during the fall and winter season. This is often when those agencies see the greatest spike in use.
Although Ranch dressing and salsa have slowly given it a battle as America's Favorite Condiment, ketchup still ranks in the number one spot. Or - does catsup?
Matt Peterson and I get together to sample some award winning Pizza. I am happy about this because I can never get near the booth at the pizza competition. So having these pizzas right at Farley's was a treat.
Here is show #4, and we are talking burgers, for two reasons, Farley's Family Restaurant put their fabulous everything burger in front of us and so we were hungry, and we haven't shared a good burger recipe yet. Matt gets a little long winded, but who cares he's talking about food, and that's how this whole thing started. Matt and I talk about food all the time, so why not make a show out of it.
CHUM invites you to help out food shelf programs by "Scouting For Food" this Saturday. The SHARE Food Drive takes place from 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. at area grocery stores. It's a great way to help out people in your community that need it. Scouts will hand shoppers a list of items most needed by food shelves then you can purchase them and leave them with a volunteer on your way out of the store.
You can make your own sprinkles!


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Earth day – spring-cleaning
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10 fun rainy day activities
Recently, a magazine interviewed me about how children deal with being outside in all kinds of weather. The question reminded me that I have yet to meet a child who didn't love puddles. I think children learn from us adults that rainy days and mud are "yucky". Do you remember your best childhood memory? Maybe it was set in the middle of a big muddy puddle. My favorite memory was making channels and little streams out of puddles.
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Have a picnic in the park with fun tortillas
On Wednesday we had a wonderful spring day here in Toronto. When we visited The Beach Outdoor Playgroup, the sunshine and warm weather made a perfect day for a picnic and our snack was easy to make quesadillas.Add a comment
Fresh Air Living
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By Kari Svenneby
Recent news has been buzzing with advice from healthcare professionals who advocate outdoor play for children. We call it fresh air living and see it as a lifestyle, not just something we add to our children's list of activities and programs. Fresh air living incorporates unstructured play, outdoor sports, and outdoor learning. Though it has existed for a long time, the concept of outdoor learning is seen as a new teaching approach for all academic disciplines. It engages and motivates learners through first-hand experiences that demonstrate the relevance of the knowledge being taught.
Nearly all adults will tell you that their most positive childhood memories occurred outside. However, when it comes to our own kids, we declare that times have changed, taking the path of least resistance rather than coming up with ways to enrich their lives.
Spring picnic - fish soup
I often tell people that eating outside is an easy way to get your family outside. It does not have to be a faraway destination; it can be in your local park or your backyard. Instead of setting the table for dinner, you just bring it out to the park with you. Eat and play. The key to a picnic is to make it easy to organize after work and school. Yesterday was our first family picnic of spring, and this time we did not walk very far (only 2 minutes).Add a comment
Photo Essay: Spring in Frogner Parken Oslo
Yesterday we explored urban nature in Oslo. We visited my sister and her family in Oslo. She lives 10 minutes from Frogner Parken or Vigeland's parken. It is an urban park with a garden, play grounds, an outdoor water park, a pond and sculptures by Gustav Vigeland.
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text: Not far from the Highway, but if you're walking there's not much close. The hotel itself is in great condition and very well maintained. Clean throughout. I was placed in a huge king jacuzzi suite overlooking the indoor pool - very nice and very comfortable. The hotel was a little loud on a Friday night before Michigan State Homecoming. Lots... More


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Hello, Manhattan! As you may have noticed, I moved to Manhattan. I hope you would welcome me with more students. Please see my profile for more information. I only would like to add that I am flexible with my schedule. Thank you very much. Alexei M.
Hello, Manhattan! As you may have noticed, I moved to Manhattan. I hope you would welcome me with more students. Please see my profile for more information. I only would like to add that I am flexible with my schedule. Thank you very much. Alexei M.
All my grade 8 & 9 students (10 students) passed the Algebra Core Regents exam. Only one student had to retake it in August and she passed with an 83%. In June she scored 53%. My two Trigonometry students passed the Regents, but only 2 out 4 students passed the Geometry Regents exams.
In the calculation below the mathematical symbols have been removed. Using only +, -, x and / can you make it correct? 7 32 6 14 9 12 = 112 Best regards, Gaurav
With the school year winding down, arranging for summer break Math time starts! Why Math? Consider: 1) Not practicing newly acquired math skills will allow for knowledge to erode 2) Not practicing previously acquired math skills will expedite knowledge erosion 3) Not having other non-math course work will allow for - focusing on math remedial work, or - getting a jump on next year's math academic growth. Math needs are the same per subject, whether the learning setting is for advanced placement, over-age/under-educated, middle school, high school, or Veterans. BUT, the instructional approach should be different. Differentiating the approach to each student's situation addresses learning styles (do we not all have different learning styles, which, if catered to, maximize results?). Also, a subtle,... read more
Hello Wzyant Academic Community and welcome to my blog section! This is where I am available for online chit-chat, educational assistance free of charge, business discussions & arrangements, and more! I am always eager to help and love to talk turkey with all realms of academia, so don't be shy and feel free to ask many questions!!! P.S. ∫∑∞√−±÷⁄∇¾φΩ
Here are 48 of my favorite math words in 12 groups of 4. Each group has words in it that can be thought of at the same time or are a tool for doing math. between on over in each multiply of many ratio divisions distribution compartments limit neighborhood proximity boundary infinite infitesmal mark differentiation graph width height depth circle sphere point interval hyper extra spacetime dimensional geometry proportion sketch spatial four table cross squared target rearrange outcome result area volume space place What are your favorite math words? If you aren't sure, search for "mathematical words" and pick a few.
I do believe that any subject can be learned if one decides that they want to learn that subject. Its been my way of thinking throughout my career. If you want to learn and have an open mind, then it can happen! Positive thinking is what it takes to succeed in this life. Believe in yourself and it will happen! Phil
A question that I have heard many times from my own students and others is this: "When am I ever going to use this?" In this post and future posts, I'm going to address possible answers to this question, and I'm going to also take a look at what mathematics educators could learn from the question itself. Let's look at the answer first. When I was in school myself, the most common response given by teachers was a list of careers that might apply the principles being studied. This is the same response that I tend to hear today. There is some value in this response for a few of the students, but the overwhelming majority of students just won't be solving for x, taking the arcsine of a number, or integrating a function as part of their jobs. Even as a total math geek, I seldom use these skills in practical ways outside my tutoring relationships. Can we come up with something better, that will apply to every student? I say that... read more
This is my all time favorite website for Math worksheets. kutasoftware.com
Reading Formulas can make or break how a student comprehends their formula when alone - outside the presence of the teacher, instructor, tutor, or parent. Formula for Area of Circle: A = π * r^2 Ineffective ways to read the area of a circle formula are as follows: Area is π times the radius squared. Area is π times the radius of the circle squared. Area of a circle is π times the radius squared. A equals π times r squared. >>>> Why are these ways NOT effective ways to read this formula? <<<<< 1. Students will recall and repeat what they hear their educators say. 2. If students recall letters (A) versus words (Area of a Circle) they will not realize the connection with word problems. 3. Half way reading the formula (radius versus radius of a circle) creates empty pockets or disconnects in... read more
Hi all algebra students. I found a great website, algebra-class.com that has an algebra calculator that you can use to check your homework. It has been very useful in our algebra classes as a tool for homework help.
I am taking from The Official Hunter College High School Test: problem 76 on page 20. We read the following. In the expression below, each letter represents a one digit number. Where the same letter appears, it represents the same number in each case. Each distinct letter represents a different number. In order to make the equation true, what number must replace C? AAA AAB + ABC 2012 A great start is to decode each AAA, AAB, and ABC. It helps to look at this problem wholly; particularly we look at the leading sum on the left wall (of the same types). We glean that either: (1) A + A + A = 20, (2) A + A + A + 1 = 20 or (3) A + A + A + 2 = 20: its very important to remember that given three numbers each less than ten, the sum of them which is great, is at most 2 in the tens place. This means that each row can only donate a 1 or 2 to the next. We can conclude that our line is... read more
There are several points in grade school that involve a critical shift in the thinking that is required in the school work. Parent's should be aware of these points as they navigate through the abyss of raising a school-aged child and supporting the child as he/she moves forward through the grades. 3rd Grade - The third grader is transitioning from whole number thinking into understanding the concepts of parts. They are exposed to fractions, decimals and percentages. This is a major paradigm shift. Students are also exposed to long division at this point. Supporting children in this phase requires an emphasis on helping the child conceptualize whole things being split into parts. In addition to homework support, tutoring, and supplementary work, parents should introduce cooking chores to children at this time, and make them follow a recipe that has precise measurements. Reading comprehension and writing is also an issue here... read more
Four years ago, I came up with this math trick. Take a look at it, and at the end I'll show you why it works! ~ Let's play a game. I'm going to let you make up a math problem, and I will be able to tell you the answer from here. I can't see what you're doing, I'm not even in the same room as you, but I will still be able to tell you the correct answer. Trust me. I'm a professional. Ready? Okay. First, pick a number. It can be any number you wish, large or small. Now add 5 to that number. Got it? Okay, now double your new number (multiply by 2). Alright, now subtract 4 from the double. Next, divide your new number by 2. Now, finally, subtract your original number from this new quotient. Got it? Okay. Here comes the cool part. Ready? The answer is 3. Nifty, huh? What's that? How'd I do it? Oh, magic. Okay, okay, it's not magic. The answer will always be 3, no matter what number you pick. Let's illustrate this by... read more
Today, the future depends on you as much as it does on me. The future also depends on educating the masses in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math, otherwise known as STEM. As a new tutor to WyzAnt, I hope to instill the importance of these subjects in student's lives, as well as, the lives around them. Besides the fact that, "the average U.S. salary is $43,460, compared with the average STEM salary of $77,880," (Careerbuilder) these subjects are interesting and applicable to topics well beyond the classroom. Success first starts with you; I am only there to help you succeed along the way. STEM are difficult subjects. Yet when you seek out help from a tutor, like myself, you have what it takes to master them. Please enlighten me on students looking to achieve and succeed rather than live in the past and think I can't as opposed to I can. We can take the trip to the future together, one question at a time
This week's Math Journey builds on the material in The Function Machine. If you have not yet read that journey, I suggest you do so now. In The Function Machine we discussed why graphing a function is possible at all on a conceptual level – essentially, since every x value of a function has a corresponding y value, we can plot those corresponding values as an ordered pair on a coordinate plane. Plot enough pairs and a pattern begins to emerge; we join the points into a continuous line as an indication that there are actually an infinite number of pairs when you account for all real numbers as possible x values. But plotting point after point is a tedious and time-consuming process. Wouldn't it be great if there was a quick way to tell what the graph was going to look like, and to be able to sketch it after plotting just a few carefully-chosen points? Well, there is! Mathematicians look for an assortment of clues that help to determine the shape of a function's... read more
My recommendationa: Vi Hart, website: vihart.com Sal Khan, https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra Mamikon Mnatsakanian, www.its.caltech.edu/.../calculus.html
Come with me on a journey of division. I have here a bag of M&Ms, which you and I and two of your friends want to share equally. I'm going to pour the bag out on the table and split it into four equal piles. For this example, "one bag" is our whole, and the best number to represent that whole would be the number of M&Ms in the bag. Let's say there were 32. If I split those 32 M&Ms into four equal piles and asked you how many were in one pile, you could certainly just count them. But a quicker way would be to take that 32 and divide it by the number of piles I'd made, which in this case is 4. You'd probably write that as: 32 ÷ 4 = 8 So there are 8 candies in each pile. Seems easy enough with a large number of M&Ms, right? But what if there were less candies – what if our "whole" was less than the entire bag? Well, for a while we'd be okay – if there were 16, for example, we'd do the same thing and come up with piles of 4 instead of... read more
Factoring can be quite difficult for those who are new to the concept. There are many ways to go about it. The guess and check way seems to be the most common, and in my mind, it is the best, especially if one wants to go further into mathematics, than Calculus 1. But for those just getting through a required algebra course, here is another way to consider, that I picked up while tutoring some time ago: If you have heard of factor by grouping, then this concept will make some sense to you. Let's use an example to demenstrate how to do this operation: Ex| x2 + x - 2 With this guess and check method, we would use (x + 1)(x - 2) or (x + 2)(x - 1). When we "foil" this out, we see that the second choice is the correct factorization. But, instead of just using these guesses, why not have a concrete way to do this. Let's redo the example, with another method. Ex| x2 + x - 2 First... read more
I am happy to announce that all my students have passed the NY State Regents examinations, except one student. The subjects varied from Algebra 1, Algebra 11/Trigonometry, English, US and Global History and Living Environment. I am so proud of them. Most of these students are students who struggled quite a bit. It was a long journey but one I would do again. I am very proud of them as most of them will be graduating this year. The NY State Common Core examinations are next.


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Pilgrimage and Exile: Mother Marianne of Moloka'i (Paperback)Sister Mary Lawrence Hanley, O.A. Bushnell, Fr. Theodore M. Hesburgh
Paperback Published: 31/08/1991
- Not available
This is a biography of Mother Marianne of Molokai and the foundation and growth of the Franciscan mission in the Hawaiian islands, especially Molokai, it is also the narration of Hawaii's attempt to stop the spread of leprosy and a description of the inadequate medical treatment then available.
Publisher: University of Hawai'i Press


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All materials on Kansas Memory are made available for noncommercial educational and research purposes only. It is the patron's responsibility to request and obtain permission from both the image and copyright owner(s) to use materials.
To obtain permission or to purchase a reproduction, please contact the KSHS Reference Desk at 785-272-8681, ext. 117 or email@example.com. See the Copyright and Permission FAQ for more information.
This image is a newspaper reproduction of a cabinet card originally made by George Downing and copied by F. G. Willard. It features players on Topeka's second minor league team, the 1887 Goldsby's Golden Giants. A member of the Western League, the Giants team not only was the most successful in Topeka's history, it was among the nation's best minor league teams in the Nineteenth Century. The Golden Giants had a league record of 83-24, for a .776 winning percentage. (Some sources report the team's record as 90-25. The difference may be due to the fact that the final standings excluded games involving two latecomers to the league, Wichita and Emporia.) In the center of the photo is Walt Goldsby, the team's player-manager. Starting at the top and moving clockwise, others pictured are: Jimmy Macullar (ss); Joe Gunson (c); Ralph Johnson (3b); Dan "Ecky" Stearns (1b); Charlie Hoover (rf); Jake Kenyon (c); Perry Werden (cf); Frank Hafner (p); Tom Sullivan (p); Joe Ardner (2b); and, Jim Conway (p). The cabinet card was produced early in the season, and does not include some of the team's players, notably Bug Holliday, Jack Sneed and Harry Dooms. This reproduction appeared in the April 19, 1912 edition of the Topeka State Journal.
Creator: Downing, George
Date: 1887
Item Number: 303240
Call Number: Microfilm T1411
KSHS Identifier: DaRT ID: 303240
Collections - Photograph
Community Life - Recreation and Sports - Sports - Baseball
Date - 1880s - 1887
Objects and Artifacts - Communication Artifacts - Documentary Artifact - Photograph
Places - Cities and towns - Topeka
Places - Counties - Shawnee
Type of Material - Photographs