text:
To all football associations, confederations and FIFA
Circular no. 3
Zurich, 17 July 2015 SEC/2015-C051/bru
Dear Sir or Madam,
Following requests from a number of football associations and confederations regarding offside, The IFAB would like to provide additional clarification and/or guidance relating to the definition of the offside offence of 'interfering with an opponent' and also to the definition of 'save' in the context of offside (Laws of the Game, p. 110).
This clarification follows detailed deliberations between our Technical Sub-Committee and the Technical Advisory Panel, which consists of refereeing experts from all the confederations.
Please be informed that this clarification replaces any non-IFAB instructions or guidance received previously with respect to this matter. We trust that this clarification will ensure a higher uniformity in the application of Law 11.
1. "Interfering with an opponent"
In addition to the situations already outlined in the Laws of the Game, a player in an offside position shall also be penalised if he:
• clearly attempts to play a ball which is close to him when this action impacts on an
opponent or
• makes an obvious action which clearly impacts on the ability of an opponent to play the ball
• 'clearly attempts' – this wording is designed to prevent a player who runs towards the ball from quite a long distance being penalised (unless he gets close to the ball).
• 'close' is important so that a player is not penalised when the ball goes clearly over his head or clearly in front of him.
• 'impact' applies to an opponent's ability (or potential) to play the ball and will include situations where an opponent's movement to play the ball is delayed, hindered or prevented by the offside player.
However, just because a player is an offside position it does not always mean that he has an impact. For example:
• if the ball is on the right-hand side of the field and an 'offside' player in the centre of the field moves into a new attacking position he is not penalised unless this action affects an opponent's ability to play the ball • where a player tries to play the ball as it is going into the goal without affecting an opponent, or in situations where there is no opposition player near, he should not be penalised
2. "Save"
Law 11 outlines situations when an offside player is penalised by becoming involved in active play and these include (p. 110):
• "gaining an advantage by being in that position" means playing a ball i. that rebounds or is deflected to him off the goalpost, crossbar or an opponent having been in an offside position ii. that rebounds, is deflected or is played to him from a deliberate save by an opponent having been in an offside position A player in an offside position receiving the ball from an opponent, who deliberately plays the ball (except from a deliberate save), is not considered to have gained an advantage.
As indicated in the last sentence a 'save' can be made by any player and is not limited to the goalkeeper. Therefore, The IFAB wishes to clarify that: A 'save' is when a player stops a ball which is going into or very close to the goal with any part of his body except his hands (except for the goalkeeper within his own penalty area).
NB: This clarification is consistent with the use of the word 'save' in Law 12 – Offences by the Goalkeeper (p. 122).
Additional information: change of FIFA Quality Program logos Unrelated to Law 11, we would like to take this opportunity to mention the change to the FIFA quality marks on footballs (p. 16), which was not part of the previous correspondence. This change is already reflected in the printed editions of the Laws of the Game 2015/16, which you received recently.
Thank you for your attention and please feel free to contact us should you have any questions or enquiries.
Yours sincerely,
On behalf of the Board of Directors
Lukas Brud Secretary
July 20, 2015
Referee Health and Safety
As part of U.S. Soccer's commitment to health and safety, our medical and referee experts have prepared the following recommendations for the referee community and incorporated them into our referee education materials.
In the interest of health and safety, U.S. Soccer recommends that match officials practice the following skin care guidelines:
• Consider wearing sunscreen daily on areas of exposed skin.
• Apply skin protection factor (SPF) of 30 or greater 15 minutes prior to being exposed to the sun.
• At a minimum, reapply every 2 hours or more frequently if sweating extensively.
• Take advantage of halftime to reapply.
• Consider wearing long sleeves (or UV protective clothing) if applicable during high sun exposure periods.
• Periodically (once a year) review exposed skin for any changes or growths and consult your doctor or dermatologist.
• Caps may be worn so long as the cap does not endanger the safety of the official or the players.
• The cap should be consistent with the referee uniform and not conflict with the uniform colors worn by either team.
• The cap may not bear any commercial marks or logos.
July 1, 2015
I was curious about the free kick foul in last night's USA-GER game in which the referee awarded the U.S. a penalty kick. Is there an interpretation of the German defender's foul as "continuing" as Alex Morgan entered the penalty area? The defender certainly initiated contact outside the area and kept Alex Morgan from following her touch.
So was it clearly a correct call? An incorrect call? Or somewhere in between?
Question two relates to the caution on the U.S. back that resulted in the German penalty. Should she have been sent off for denying a goal-scoring opportunity, or was the goalkeeper's proximity to the play enough to bring that within the referee's discretion.
Answer (July 1, 2015):
All the pundits—the "soccer personalities" in broadcasting and some members of the soccer community, have it wrong: The referee's award of the penalty kick was perfectly correct. This is based on the continuation principle, which has been implicit in the Laws of the Game for some years and was expressed in a paper issued by the U. S. Soccer Federation in 2007:
Subject: When Fouls Continue!
Date: April 30, 2007
Prompted by several recent situations in professional league play, a discussion has developed regarding the proper action to take when a foul continues over a distance on the field. Many fouls occur with the participants in motion, both the player committing the foul and the opponent being fouled, and it is not unusual for the offense to end far away from where the initial contact occurred.
Usually, the only problem this creates for the referee is the need to decide the proper location for the restart. Occasionally, however, an additional issue is created when the distance covered results in an entirely different area of the field becoming involved. A foul which starts outside the penalty area, for example, might continue into and finally end inside the offending playerеs penalty area. Or a foul might start inside the field but, due to momentum, end off the field. In these cases, the decision about where the foul occurred also affects what the correct restart must be.
In general, the referee should determine the location of the foul based on what gives the greater benefit to the player who was fouled. FIFA has specifically endorsed this principle in one of its "Questions and Answers on the Laws of the Game" (12.31) which states that a penalty kick is the correct restart if a player begins holding an opponent outside the playerеs penalty area and continues this action inside his penalty area.
And yes, Julie Johnston should have been sent off for denying the obvious goalscoring opportunity for Germany.
June 30, 2015
During a game, can goalie speak to someone beside the goal during game? Referee issued yellow for not paying attention to game?
Answer (June 30, 2015):
There were two people of diminished mental competence involved here: the goalkeeper and the referee. There is no such rule in the Laws of the Game, and referees are forbidden to interfere in any player action that is not covered in the Laws.
NOTE: There are too many "cowboy" referees in our game. That is my term for referees who make up their own rules as they go along, confusing players, fellow officials, and the spectators. My recommendation to them: Just call the game in accordance with the Laws. It is so much easier on everyone.
June 21, 2015
Two players are going for the ball, and, within playing distance of the ball, one lowers shoulder and drives into other player. This is indeed a foul, but can you point to text in Fifa's LOTG that would clarify this? It is a charge, of course, so is the only ground on which to blow the whistle that it was careless? I can't find anything in Fifa's LOTG about lowering the shoulder being illegal.
Answer (June 21, 2015):
P. 117 of the Laws of the Game:
Careless, reckless, using excessive force
" Careless" means that the player has shown a lack of attention or consideration when making a challenge or that he acted without precaution.
• No further disciplinary sanction is needed if a foul is judged to be careless
"Reckless" means that the player has acted with complete disregard to the danger to, or consequences for, his opponent.
• A player who plays in a reckless manner must be cautioned
"Using excessive force" means that the player has far exceeded the necessary use of force and is in danger of injuring his opponent.
• A player who uses excessive force must be sent off
Charging an opponent
The act of charging is a challenge for space using physical contact within playing distance of the ball without using arms or elbows.
It is an offence to charge an opponent:
• in a careless manner
• in a reckless manner
• using excessive force
Note: Charging can occur only in the area of the shoulder, never in the center of the back; however, when working youth games, the referee must consider any disparity in height and honor the act if a player is making a "best effort" to follow those guidelines.
May 13, 2015
My team had a pK shoot out last weekend. The referee placed the ball on the mark. We kicked first and my player moved the ball because it was in a hole but left it on the mark. The referee walked back to the ball picked it up and appeared to push it even harder in the original spot. Is the referee allowed to move or place the ball even though it's on the mark. It clearly bothered my player. The referee did place the ball every single time after that as well So at least he was consistent.
Answer (May 13, 2015):
The ball must be placed on some part of the spot/mark. It can be moved to avoid holes or water. The only restriction is the ball may not be moved closer to the goal line than the spot itself.
As I am fond of saying, some referees make too much of themselves and fail to remember that it is not the referee's game, it belongs to the players.
January 29, 2015
I am having a routine surgery, but will not be able to sit at the computer until probably 10 February. If you send them, they will not be answered until at least that date.
Thank you.
Jim Allen
January 23, 2015
NOTE: This Q&A was published back in 2002 with the full approval of the U. S. Soccer Federation. I cannot claim that it still has approval, but it is a good path to explore when prosthetic devices are necessary for a player. I sent it out last week in response to a similar question from a player's parent. The final decision will always rest with the referee, no matter who else might approve.
May a player wear a titanium leg or other prosthetic device while playing soccer?
Answer (January 18, 2015):
The first concern of the International Football Association Board (IFAB) in Law 4 – The Players' Equipment is for player safety: "Safety: A player must not use equipment or wear anything which is dangerous to himself or another player (including any kind of jewelry)." The IFAB then lists the basic compulsory equipment of a player: jersey or shirt, shorts, stockings, shinguards, and footwear. Artificial legs and other prosthetic devices are not included in the list.
The United States Soccer Federation (USSF) neither approves nor disapproves the wearing of such artificial legs or prosthetic devices, taking the position that this decision is outside the authority and competence of the USSF.
Custom and usage indicate that the use of artificial legs or other prosthetic devices by players was never contemplated by the International F. A. Board, but the case is analogous to that of a player wearing a cast or leg brace (when properly padded to prevent a danger to others). Injuring or reinjuring a limb is not considered to be a life-threatening situation, and it is commonly accepted according to custom and usage. The individual referee must consider the requirements of Law 4 and the Spirit of the Laws when judging the safety of wearing of an artificial leg or prosthetic device in the game he or she is to referee.
The National State Association may grant permission for players to wear properly padded artificial legs or prosthetic devices if the following requirements are met:
1. The player (or the parents of a player under the age of 21) must sign a release form stating that the player/parents are aware of the hazards involved with the player/child playing soccer under the conditions of his/her health.
2. The player's doctor must sign a release stating that the player may play a contact sport such as soccer while wearing the device.
3. It is the sole responsibility of the player (and parents, if the player is underage) to ensure that the device is worn as required by medical personnel. It should not fall to a coach, tournament director, referee, nor anyone else to see that this is done, nor should the coach, tournament director, referee, nor anyone else be held responsible if it is not and an injury results.
4. The referee in each case has the final decision as to whether or not to allow the player to participate.
The player's team must carry copies of the player's/parents' and doctor's releases and a copy of the release from the National State Association (signed by the president, vice president for the appropriate competition, and registrar).
As noted above, the final decision to let the player participate will rest with the individual referee.
January 5, 2015
An interesting question came up the other day about a recent game in Asia and what the referee should do when a substitute, warming up behind his team's goal, sees that his goalkeeper is down and there are no defenders nearby to stop the ball, which is rolling quickly toward the goal. The substitute enters the field of play without the referee's permission and prevents a goal from being scored by kicking the ball away.
Any debate as to what the referee should do must center around four issues:
1. What infringements of the Law have occurred?
• The substitute has entered the field without the permission of the referee and then interfered with play by kicking away the ball heading for the goal.
2. Where the infringement involves misconduct, what kind and what card?
• Substitutes entering the field of play without permission have committed unsporting behavior, a cautionable offense. In addition, a substitute can be sent off for denying the opposing team a goal or an obvious goalscoring opportunity, a sending-off offense.
3. What did the referee actually do?
• He whistled play dead, sent off the substitute, and restarted with an indirect free kick from the place where the substitute kicked the ball. While effective in dealing with the greater offense, the referee's action was not entirely correct. Nor did the referee caution the substitute for unsporting behavior (entering the field of play without his permission).
4. With play stopped, what actions should the referee have taken, and what should have been the restart and from where?
• According to Law 12, "A player [and this includes substitutes and substituted players] who commits a cautionable or sending-off offense, either on or off the field of play, whether directed towards an opponent, a team-mate, the referee, an assistant referee or any other person, is disciplined according to the nature of the offense committed."
• In this situation, the referee must first caution the substitute for unsporting behavior for entering the field of play without permission; that is the infringement that governs the restart. Second, the referee must send off the substitute for denying the opposing team a goal or an obvious goalscoring opportunity through an act punishable by a free kick; this infringement does not figure in the restart — although it did during the game in question.
• The restart must be an indirect free kick for the initial misconduct, entering the field of play without the referee's permission. The correct place would have been the position of the ball at the time of the stoppage (see Law 13 – Position of free kick). It would seem that an otherwise well-intentioned referee simply didn't understand what the Law requires of him.
The place where the ball was when play was stopped would be its location at the moment the referee makes the decision to stop play, not where the ball might have ended up after the whistle was blown.
November 18, 2014
If a player from Team A is injured and is being substituted, can Team B also substitute at that time?
If so,is there a limited number of players that can be substituted?
Answer (November 18, 2014):
Q. 1: Yes.
Q. 2: See below.
Under the Laws of the Game, the following procedures apply:
Substitution procedure
In all matches, the names of the substitutes must be given to the referee prior to the start of the match. Any substitute whose name is not given to the referee at this time may not take part in the match.
To replace a player with a substitute, the following conditions must be observed:
• the referee must be informed before any proposed substitution is made
• the substitute only enters the field of play after the player being replaced has left and after receiving a signal from the referee
• the substitute only enters the field of play at the halfway line and DURING A STOPPAGE IN THE MATCH
• the substitution is completed when a substitute enters the field of play
• from that moment, the substitute becomes a player and the player he has replaced becomes a substituted player
• the substituted player takes no further part in the match
• all substitutes are subject to the authority and jurisdiction of the referee, whether called upon to play or not
And from the back of the book, under Interpretation of the Laws of the Game and Guidelines for Referees, Law 3:
Substitution procedure
• A substitution may be made only during a stoppage in play
• The assistant referee signals that a substitution has been requested
• The player being substituted receives the referee's permission to leave the field of play, unless he is already off the field of play for reasons that comply with the Laws of the Game
• The referee gives the substitute permission to enter the field of play
• Before entering the field of play, the substitute waits for the player he is replacing to leave the field
• The player being substituted is not obliged to leave the field of play on the halfway line
• Permission to proceed with a substitution may be refused under certain circumstances, e.g. if the substitute is not ready to enter the field of play
• A substitute who has not completed the substitution procedure by setting foot on to the field of play cannot restart play by taking a throw-in or corner kick
• If a player who is about to be replaced refuses to leave the field of play, play continues
• If a substitution is made during the half-time interval or before extra time, the procedure is to be completed before the second half or extra time kicks off
As you can see from these quotes, there is no limit on the number of players that may be substituted. However, remember that this particular facet of substitution was not written to consider the system of multiple substitutions that we see in many competitions.
Sample Pregame Instructions (Update)
October 28, 2014
Here is an update to Gil Weber's sample set of pregame instructions.
Gil Weber's Pregame Instructions
Copyright© 1999, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011
January 2013
These pregame instructions were originally written in 1999, and then were updated in 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, and 2011 after International Football Association Board decisions and advisories from FIFA and USSF. Here now is the latest revision to include new instructions from FIFA and USSF plus "tweaks" based on my experiences over the past few years.
As I stated in the original preamble, adapt these instructions to your own style and temperament. Don't try to repeat verbatim what you read here. Instead, think about the points I make, reflect on how I ask my assistant referees to deal with them, and then create your own pre-game spiel to meet the needs of your games and the experience levels of your assistant referees.
This is particularly important when you're working with very young or inexperienced ARs. In their entirety these pregame instructions will utterly overwhelm a young AR who's probably still trying to get comfortable switching the flag from hand to hand.
But assuming you're working with ARs who have some reasonable comfort level on the touchline, this should cover just about everything. And so with that introduction, here goes.
October 20, 2014
Question about awarding an "assist" on a goal. If player A (from midfield, let's say) makes a nice but short through-pass that sends Player B (a striker, let's say) on a breakaway, and Player B has to take several touches to dribble close to the goal, and perhaps even has to evade a defender rushing back to tackle him, and Player B dribbles close to the net and scores, does player A get an assist for that?
I guess in a way, my question is, does player B have to immediately strike, volley, or head a ball into the goal for player A to get an assist?
Mind you, we don't keep these stats. But the kids talk about it a lot, and I'm just curious to know the official answer.
Answer (October 20, 2014):
Assists are a totally unnecessary and worthless statistic, added to the list of other unnecessary statistics developed by sports statisticians (also generally unnecessary) to make their work seem important.
Here are three sources of information:
Definition: The pass or passes which immediately precede a goal; a maximum of two assists can be credited for one goal.
The general rule of thumb seems to be that no more than two players may be credited with assists on a goal and that the person geting the assist has some immediate "input" in the goal. I.e., the situation you posit would not qualify for an assist.
The only statistics that truly matter for a team are wins, losses, draws, goals scored, and goals against. Assists are pure vanity. (Strangely enough, no one seems to keep such statistics for own goals. If they did that, then the team scored against would have more depressing and useless statistics to show off.)


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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Faculty and fellows associated with the Pediatric Endocrinology Fellowship at MassGeneral Hospital for Children have published on topics including estrogen replacement and growth plate biology.
- 617-726-5790
- Pediatric Endocrinology Fellowship
Pubmed Cited Publications by Faculty and Fellows through September 2015, since 1999:
Education at MGHfC
As part of the largest teaching hospital in the Harvard Medical School system, MassGeneral Hospital for Children offers outstanding opportunities in medical education.
What will we discover next?
Learn how researchers at MassGeneral Hospital for Children are finding new treatments that advance pediatric care.


text:
I actually found this article in the Executive Health section of BusinessWeek. I"m glad publications like BusinessWeek is choosing to cover issues about mental health.
Among employees, 76 percent believed their work status would be damaged by seeking treatment for drug addiction, 73 percent for alcoholism, and 62 percent for depression, compared with 55 percent who thought seeking care for diabetes would affect their work status and 54 percent for heart disease.


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18. Houdini (2014 TV Mini-Series)
TV-14 | Biography, Drama
Follow the man behind the magic as he finds fame, engages in espionage, battles spiritualists and encounters the greatest names of the era, from U.S. presidents to Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Grigori Rasputin.
Stars: Adrien Brody, Kristen Connolly, Evan Jones, Tim Pigott-Smith
Votes: 7,522
19. Life (2009 TV Mini-Series)
PG | 58 min | Documentary
David Attenborough's legendary BBC crew explains and shows wildlife all over planet earth in 10 episodes. The first is an overview the challenges facing life, the others are dedicated to ... See full summary »
Stars: David Attenborough, Oprah Winfrey, Doug Allen, Michael Pitts
Votes: 18,941
20. The Legend of Bagger Vance (2000)
PG-13 | 126 min | Drama, Fantasy, Sport
A down-and-out golfer attempts to recover his game and his life with help from a mystical caddy.
Writers: Steven Pressfield, Jeremy Leven | Director: Robert Redford | Stars: Will Smith, Matt Damon, Charlize Theron, Bruce McGill
Votes: 43,061
21. My Mad Fat Diary (2013– )
47 min | Comedy, Drama, Romance
Set in 1996 in Lincolnshire, the show tells the tragic and humorous story of a very troubled young girl Rae, who has just left a psychiatric hospital, where she has spent four months after ... See full summary »
Stars: Jodie Comer, Ciara Baxendale, Dan Cohen, Sharon Rooney
Votes: 9,028
22. Lemonade Mouth (2011 TV Movie)
103 min | Family, Musical
Five high school kids, Olivia, Wendall, Stella, Charlie, and "Mo", meet in detention and start a band based off the lemonade vending machine outside the detention room.
Writers: April Blair, Mark Peter Hughes | Director: Patricia Riggen | Stars: Bridgit Mendler, Adam Hicks, Hayley Kiyoko, Naomi Scott
Votes: 7,686
23. The Informant! (2009)
R | 108 min | Comedy, Crime, Drama
The U.S. government decides to go after an agro-business giant with a price-fixing accusation, based on the evidence submitted by their star witness, vice president-turned-informant Mark Whitacre.
Writers: Scott Z. Burns, Kurt Eichenwald | Director: Steven Soderbergh | Stars: Matt Damon, Tony Hale, Patton Oswalt, Lucas McHugh Carroll
Votes: 50,342
24. Everest (1998)
Unrated | 44 min | Documentary, Short
An international team of climbers ascends Mt. Everest in the spring of 1996. The film depicts their lengthy preparations for the climb, their trek to the summit, and their successful return... See full summary »
Writers: Tim Cahill, Stephen Judson | Directors: David Breashears, Stephen Judson, Greg MacGillivray | Stars: Liam Neeson, Lhakpa Dorji, Dorje Sherpa, Ed Viesturs
Votes: 2,503
25. Kalifornia (1993)
R | 117 min | Crime, Thriller
A journalist duo go on a tour of serial killer murder sites with two companions, unaware that one of them is a serial killer himself.
Writers: Stephen Levy, Tim Metcalfe | Director: Dominic Sena | Stars: Brad Pitt, Juliette Lewis, Kathy Larson, David Milford
Votes: 40,080
26. Better Living Through Chemistry (2014)
Not Rated | 91 min | Comedy, Drama
A strait-laced pharmacist's uneventful life spirals out of control when he starts an affair with a trophy-wife customer who takes him on a joyride involving sex, drugs and possibly murder.
Writers: Geoff Moore, David Posamentier | Directors: Geoff Moore, David Posamentier | Stars: Sam Rockwell, Olivia Wilde, Michelle Monaghan, Jane Fonda
Votes: 9,708
27. The Prophecy (1995)
R | 98 min | Action, Fantasy, Horror
The angel Gabriel comes to Earth to collect a soul which will end the stalemated war in Heaven, and only a former priest and a little girl can stop him.
Writer: Gregory Widen | Director: Gregory Widen | Stars: Christopher Walken, Elias Koteas, Virginia Madsen, Eric Stoltz
Votes: 23,388
28. The Gods Must Be Crazy (1980)
PG | 109 min | Action, Comedy
A comic allegory about a traveling Bushman who encounters modern civilization and its stranger aspects, including a clumsy scientist and a band of revolutionaries.
Writer: Jamie Uys | Director: Jamie Uys | Stars: N!xau, Marius Weyers, Sandra Prinsloo, Louw Verwey
Votes: 41,080
29. Exit Through the Gift Shop (2010)
R | 87 min | Documentary, Comedy
The story of how an eccentric French shop keeper and amateur film maker attempted to locate and befriend Banksy, only to have the artist turn the camera back on its owner. The film contains... See full summary »
Director: Banksy | Stars: Banksy, Space Invader, Mr. Brainwash, Debora Guetta
Votes: 46,871
30. Grizzly Man (2005)
R | 103 min | Documentary, Biography
A devastating and heartrending take on grizzly bear activists Timothy Treadwell and Amie Huguenard, who were killed in October of 2003 while living among grizzlies in Alaska.
Writer: Werner Herzog | Director: Werner Herzog | Stars: Timothy Treadwell, Amie Huguenard, Werner Herzog, Carol Dexter
Votes: 37,962
31. The Adventures of Pete & Pete (1992–1996)
TV-Y | 30 min | Comedy, Drama
This delightfully quirky show looks at the lives and adventures of two red headed brothers with the same name.
Creators: Will McRobb, Chris Viscardi | Stars: Michael C. Maronna, Danny Tamberelli, Judy Grafe, Alison Fanelli
Votes: 7,583
PG | 87 min | Animation, Action, Adventure
When the world is threatened by an ancient evil, the four adolescent turtles must reunite and overcome their faults in order to stand against it.
Writers: Kevin Munroe, Peter Laird, Kevin Eastman | Director: Kevin Munroe | Stars: Patrick Stewart, Mako, Chris Evans, Sarah Michelle Gellar
Votes: 51,818
33. Zeitgeist (2007 Video)
Not Rated | 118 min | Documentary, History
Mythology and belief in society today, presenting uncommon perspectives of common cultural issues.
Writer: Peter Joseph | Director: Peter Joseph | Stars: Chogyam Trungpa, Jordan Maxwell, George Carlin, Bill Hicks
Votes: 39,643
34. It's Such a Beautiful Day (2012)
62 min | Animation, Comedy, Drama
Bill struggles to put together his shattered psyche, in this new feature film version of Don Hertzfeldt's animated short film trilogy.
Writer: Don Hertzfeldt | Director: Don Hertzfeldt | Star: Don Hertzfeldt
Votes: 3,796
35. Hell's Kitchen (2005– )
TV-14 | 42 min | Game-Show, Reality-TV
World renowned chef Gordon Ramsay puts aspiring young chefs through rigorous and devastating challenges at his restaurant in Hollywood, "Hell's Kitchen", to determine which of them will win... See full summary »
Stars: Gordon Ramsay, Jean Philippe Susilovic, Scott Leibfried, Jason Thompson
Votes: 13,946
36. Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1964 TV Movie)
TV-G | 47 min | Animation, Adventure, Family
A misfit reindeer and his friends look for a place that will accept them.
Writers: Romeo Muller, Robert May, Johnny Marks | Director: Larry Roemer | Stars: Billie Mae Richards, Burl Ives, Paul Soles, Larry D. Mann
Votes: 14,926
37. Mi vida loca (1993)
R | 92 min | Crime, Drama
Mousie and Sad Girl are childhood best friends in a contemporary Los Angeles poor Hispanic neighborhood. But when Sad Girl becomes pregnant by Mousie's boyfriend, a drug dealer named ... See full summary »
Writer: Allison Anders | Director: Allison Anders | Stars: Angel Aviles, Seidy Lopez, Jacob Vargas, Devine
Votes: 1,425
38. The Promotion (2008)
R | 86 min | Comedy
Two assistant managers of a corporate grocery store vie for a coveted promotion.
Writer: Steve Conrad | Director: Steve Conrad | Stars: Seann William Scott, John C. Reilly, Chris Conrad, Rick Gonzalez
Votes: 16,145
39. Merlin (1998 TV Mini-Series)
Not Rated | 182 min | Adventure, Drama, Fantasy
The legendary wizard tells his story of his war against Queen Mab of the Sidhe and his creation of Camelot.
Stars: Sam Neill, Helena Bonham Carter, John Gielgud, Rutger Hauer
Votes: 17,038
40. Kitchen Nightmares (2007– )
60 min | Reality-TV
Gordon Ramsay visits struggling restaurants across America and spends one week trying to help them become successful.
Stars: Gordon Ramsay, Kim Seeley, Michael Cabbibo, J.V. Martin
Votes: 7,156
41. A Man for All Seasons (1966)
Approved | 120 min | Biography, Drama, History
The story of Thomas More, who stood up to King Henry VIII when the King rejected the Roman Catholic Church to obtain a divorce and remarriage.
Writer: Robert Bolt | Director: Fred Zinnemann | Stars: Paul Scofield, Wendy Hiller, Robert Shaw, Leo McKern
Votes: 22,314
42. The Opposite of Sex (1998)
R | 105 min | Comedy
A 16-year-old girl visits her gay half-brother and ends up seducing his boyfriend, thus wreaking havoc on all of their lives.
Writer: Don Roos | Director: Don Roos | Stars: Christina Ricci, Martin Donovan, Lisa Kudrow, Lyle Lovett
Votes: 17,887
43. Patterns of Evidence: The Exodus (2014)
115 min | Documentary, History
What is the validity of history found in the Bible? Is it fact or fiction? What does the hard evidence really have to say about the foundational story of the Old Testament: the Exodus out ... See full summary »
Writers: Steve Law, Tim Mahoney | Director: Tim Mahoney | Stars: Charles Aling, Manfred Bietak, John Bimson, Mansour Boraik
Votes: 250
44. Wuthering High School (2015 TV Movie)
TV-14 | 88 min | Drama
An updated 21st century version of the Emily Bronte novel set in modern day Malibu, California where the wealthy Earnshaw family adopts Heath, a troubled teenager. The Earnshaws teenage ... See full summary »
Writer: Delondra Williams | Director: Anthony DiBlasi | Stars: Paloma Kwiatkowski, Andrew Jacobs, Matthew Boehm, James Caan
Votes: 252
45. The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965)
G | 225 min | Biography, Drama, History
The life of Jesus Christ.
Writers: Fulton Oursler, Henry Denker, James Lee Barrett, George Stevens | Directors: George Stevens, David Lean, Jean Negulesco | Stars: Max von Sydow, Dorothy McGuire, Charlton Heston, Michael Anderson Jr.
Votes: 6,087
46. Remembrance (2011)
105 min | Drama, Romance, War
Die Verlorene Zeit (Remembrance) depicts a remarkable love story that blossomed amidst the terror of a German concentration camp in 1944 Poland. This impossible passion fuels the courage of... See full summary »
Writers: Pamela Katz, Anna Justice | Director: Anna Justice | Stars: Alice Dwyer, Dagmar Manzel, Mateusz Damiecki, Susanne Lothar
Votes: 1,200
47. Beauty & the Briefcase (2010 TV Movie)
83 min | Comedy, Romance
A freelance writer looking for romance sells a story to Cosmopolitan magazine about finding love in the workplace and goes undercover at a Finance Company.
Writers: Michael Horowitz, Daniella Brodsky | Director: Gil Junger | Stars: Hilary Duff, Chris Carmack, Michael McMillian, Amanda Walsh
Votes: 9,940
48. Paulie (1998)
PG | 91 min | Adventure, Comedy, Drama
Paulie, a talking parrot, recounts his travels looking for his original owner to a Russian janitor who helps him to the end of his journey.
Writer: Laurie Craig | Director: John Roberts | Stars: Gena Rowlands, Tony Shalhoub, Cheech Marin, Bruce Davison
Votes: 11,127
49. Unsolved Mysteries (1987–2010)
TV-PG | 60 min | Crime, Drama, Horror
Reality based TV series that combines dramatic re-enactments with interviews to tell stories of REAL mysteries.
Stars: Robert Stack, Dennis Farina, Keely Shaye Smith, Christopher Chacon
Votes: 2,738
50. Hoop Dreams (1994)
PG-13 | 170 min | Documentary, Drama, Sport
A film following the lives of two inner-city Chicago boys who struggle to become college basketball players on the road to going professional.
Writers: Steve James, Frederick Marx | Director: Steve James | Stars: William Gates, Arthur Agee, Emma Gates, Curtis Gates
Votes: 17,465


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Johannes: 'We used the same method to locate regions in the DNA, not with different sequences but with different epigenetic marks that contribute to certain traits in the plant.' It is the first time that epigenetic differences have been unequivocally shown to contribute to heritable traits. 'This is a breakthrough, because it changes the way we view genetics. And it may even be of huge economic importance.'
Commercially interesting
Although the Science Express paper is based on heritability over just seven generations, other results with the Arabidopsis strains show that epigenetic traits are stably inherited for at least 20 generations. Johannes: 'Such stable traits can be of interest to plant breeders. Apart from variations in the gene sequence, epigenetic variation may contribute to commercially interesting traits.'
The epigenetic markers may also affect evolution, independent of DNA sequence. 'They cause variation on which natural selection can act', Johannes explains. As such, traits caused by epigenetic variation may make an independent contribution to changes in a species. 'Our findings were made using inbred strains, but we also have evidence that we can find some of the same epigenetic QTLs in wild populations of this species as well.' This suggests it is not just a laboratory artefact but something that plays a role in nature.
Revision textbooks
Johannes points out that 'because epigenetic inheritance differs between plants and mammals, it is by no means certain that similar processes p
|Contact: Dr. Frank Johannes
University of Groningen