text:
Electrical Equipment
Company Overview of Valence Technology Inc.
Company Overview
12303 Technology Boulevard
Suite 950
Austin, TX 78727
United States
Founded in 1989
340 Employees
Key Executives for Valence Technology Inc.
Valence Technology Inc. Key Developments
Valence Technology, Inc. has announced that it has filed a Form 15 with the Securities and Exchange Commission to voluntarily deregister its Common Stock, $.001 par value under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
On October 31, 2013, Randall J. Adleman, Valence Technology Inc's Vice President of Sales and Marketing, resigned his employment effective November 30, 2013.
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Sponsored Financial Commentaries
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To contact Valence Technology Inc., please visit www.valence.com. Company data is provided by Capital IQ. Please use this form to report any data issues.
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"It's led to a higher quality of life, job creation, and heightened city pride."
As far as the future is concerned, the mayor doesn't see the city making any additional big moves for awhile.
"I think it would be presumptuous to assume we can attain a higher level," Cornett said.
That's not to say the minor league experience isn't fun, and Cornett said he thinks the city needs to retain its minor league teams even with the NBA in town because that's where the city started, and many fans agree.
"I remember going to 89er games; those were fun," said Beau Bailey, an Oklahoma City sports fan who first moved to Edmond in 1986. "A lot of big names came through there. ... (But) no one ever thought that we'd have (an NBA team) in Oklahoma City."
Ben Luschen
Classen School of Advanced Studies
Oklahoma City grows into a big league city
OKC Sports Timeline
1993 – The first Metropolitan Area Projects (MAPS) penny sales tax is passed, providing funds for a new sports arena to possibly lure a major league team.
1998 – A MAPS extension is passed, ensuring the completion of the arena.
2002 – The Ford Center is completed.
2004 – Mick Cornett elected as mayor of Oklahoma City.
2005-07 – The NBA's New Orleans Hornets are displaced due to Hurricane Katrina and play two seasons in Oklahoma City.
Nov. 2, 2007 – The NBA's Seattle SuperSonics begin planning to move to Oklahoma City.
April 18, 2008 – NBA owners approve the SuperSonics' move to Oklahoma City.

subset: commoncrawl


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text:
Letter: Working or not?
Ed Frick, Naples
Working or not?
Re: Sept. 2 front-page article, "Do Mack's missed votes matter?"
The Daily News performed a great social service via investigative journalism at is best.
What's worse, according to your published matrix, Connie Mack IV's dismal congressional performance was amazingly outdone by Reps. Todd Akin (R-MO), Ron Paul (R-TX) and Charlie Rangel (D-NY).
Political partisanship has permitted congressional transgressions — such as Mack missing nearly 30 percent of House votes. If an employed American citizen turned in such a pitiful work performance as evidenced by that of congressmen Akin, Mack, Paul and Rangel, that citizen would get fired — and rightfully so!
The American taxpayers subsidize the salary paid congressional members to the tune of $174,000 base a year, plus, plus, plus.
The American taxpayer isn't getting his/her money's worth as a result of this aforementioned congressional gravy train.
Political party affiliation should never, but never, be a consideration in such matters as recognizing public malfeasance.
Subscribe to the Naples Daily News
Need Help? Call us at 1-888-878-6842.
Monday-Friday: 6am-6pm / Saturday: 7am-3pm / Sunday: 7am-2pm


text:
Pastoral Dairy Investments cans public offer 18 May 2012
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Pastoral Dairy Investments, a company associated with farm management firm MyFarm, has canned plans for an initial public offering after failing to attract its minimum $25 million subscription.
The company won't extend its closing offer from today after indications of interest didn't translate into actual investment, it said in a statement. PDI was offering 25 million shares plus oversubscriptions at $1 apiece, and was also seeking $50 million from high net worth individuals.
"We suspect that this lack of demand is mainly due to general investor caution related to the current uncertain economic climate and a lack of familiarity with dairy farming as an asset class," spokesman Neil Craig said.
"We are continuing our efforts to secure one or more large scale cornerstone investor who will provide value endorsement to the PDI opportunity, and provide PDI the scale it needs to be successful," he said.
PDI launched its offer in February in a plan to buy eight or nine farms, most likely in the South Island.
The company planned to list the units on the Unlisted bourse, and offer a formal listing on the stock exchange after its first year of operating.
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Clinique Stay-Matte Oil-Free Makeup
211 reviews
60% would repurchase
Package Quality: 4.2
Price: $$$
Package Quality: 4.2
Price: $$$
INGREDIENTSingredients: water\aqua\eau [] methyl trimethicone [] butylene glycol [] neopentyl glycol diheptanoate [] dimethicone [] trimethylsiloxysilicate [] nylon-12 [] silica [] laminaria saccharina extract [] salix alba (willow) bark extract [] aloe barbadensis leaf extract [] cholesterol [] glycerin [] zinc stearate [] peg-10 dimethicone [] caffeine [] lauryl peg-9 polydimethylsiloxyethyl dimethicone [] lecithin [] disteardimonium hectorite [] dimethicone/peg-10/15 crosspolymer [] tocopheryl acetate [] phenyl trimethicone [] triethoxycaprylylsilane [] laureth-7 [] magnesium aluminum silicate [] potassium sorbate [] sorbic acid [] sodium dehydroacetate [] triethyl citrate [] hydroxyapatite [] xanthan gum [] sodium chloride [] alcohol [] dipropylene glycol [] disodium edta [] sodium citrate [] sodium hyaluronate [] nylon-6 [] chlorphenesin [] phenoxyethanol [] [+/- titanium dioxide (ci 77891) [] iron oxides (ci 77491, ci 77492, ci 77499) [] bismuth oxychloride (ci 77163) [] mica]v
on 8/21/2015 3:15:00 AM
Age: 18 & Under
Skin: Very Oily, Tan, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
Not too shabby! i have combination skin: so normal with a veryyyy oily t-zone!
(I am quite tan/olive for those who are curious)
Packaging: 4/5
Consistency: 3/5 (Quite thick and does look cakey after an hour or two)
Longevity: 4/5
Keeping me matte: 3/5 (well for a MATTE foundation, after 3-4 hours my t-zone was quite oily and my nose was VERY shiny)
How natural it looked: 3/5
Would repurchase? yes...i mean you get what you pay for, its not the best but for the price its a hella of a lot cheaper and it does its job better than the other expensive high end foundations)
on 8/8/2015 11:53:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Blond, Wavy, Medium
Eyes: Blue
My grandmother, who has used Clinique for years, needed to pick up some more foundation on a shopping trip, while she was paying for her make-up I was looking around to see if anything caught my eye. Dealing with skin that gets super-duper oily on my t-zone when wearing make-up I was instantly interested in this. I asked the sales lady, who my grandmother knew very well and trusted, her opinions on it and she raved about it so, I bought it. Thank God I did. This stuff is AMAZING!!! It keeps my face from being oily at all and looks so good on the skin (not to cakey or foundation looking, it keeps your skin looking like skin). After moving into my dorm today in over 100 degree heat and it not moving, melting or anything AND my face didn't look oily or sweaty I was even more amazed. Also, it hasn't broken me out which is great as my skin can be picky about what I put on it.
I love this foundation it is by far the best thing I have found. My only problem with it is that it is only light to medium coverage and so I have to build it up a bit to cover my red and blemished skin. But anyway, I HIGHLY recommend this product!!
on 8/4/2015 11:20:00 AM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Combination, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Hazel
I absolutely love this product. I'm 30, and for over a decade I've been trying to find a foundation that works for my combo skin. My t zone is super oily, and my forehead, around my nose and my chin a dry and usually flaky (I'm using a retinol cream). On top of that, my skin is sensitive and explodes into tiny whiteheads when I use something I shouldn't (mainly products with oil or salicylic acid).
Before I found this, I was using the Stila oil free 14 hour wear foundation, which was the best I could find for me at the time even though it looked like mud on my face after about 6 hours (with primer and setting powder). I grabbed the Clinique foundation on a whim one day when I was buying their Super City Block and I was shocked when I tried it the next day.
This stuff LASTS! It's a medium to full coverage, keeps my skin matte all day and doesn't settle into my pores. It has a fairly liquid consistency which makes it easy to blend, but dries quickly so you gotta work fast.
A couple notes about it. First, you have to exfoliate before you use it! It'll catch on your dry bits for sure. Make sure you moisturize and apply a sunscreen (I use Clinique oil free gel moisturizer and Super City Block). Primer extends its wear- I use Lancôme La Base. I struggled finding the right brush to apply this with- since it's fast drying I found that swirling and rubbing made the application uneven, so I grabbed the MAC 187 duo fiber after some research. This is an amazing brush and well worth the money. I stipple the foundation over small areas of my face at a time to the product doesn't dry up while I'm working (ex. Cheek, nose, chin, etc.). Then I set it all with the Bareminerals mattifying setting powder (this is where I gently swirl- once the foundation has dried).
Only downside is that it starts to crack a tiny bit if your skin is really dry, but that's after like 10 hours of wear for me. And the price is great! Compared to their stuff I've been using, I guess. I found the colours run either yellowy or peachy, so try in on in store and look at yourself outside in natural light before you purchase. I don't find that it oxidizes.
on 8/2/2015 4:42:00 AM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Acne-prone, Medium, Cool
Hair: Blond, Straight, Medium
Eyes: Brown
This is a good foundation, but if you're looking longevity and coverage, this may not be the product for you. I bought this foundation with the intention of wearing it to work everyday (I'm a lawyer, work long hours and was sick of my face coming off by 3pm) but it just doesn't provide the coverage I require to look professional throughout the day, and I seldom have the time to touch up. I think this is suited to weekend wear or people that require a light coverage. My blush doesn't sit well on top of this foundation and my face gets a bit streaky, even with a setting powder. Solid product but probably won't repurchase anytime soon.
on 7/26/2015 12:39:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Acne-prone, Medium, Warm
Hair: Black, Straight, Fine
Eyes: Brown
The foundation claims:
"Allergy tested. 100% fragrance free. Sheer to moderate coverage. Natural matte finish. Oil-controlling makeup absorbs shine. Wears beautifully all day. Lightweight, oil-free."
My skin type:
Medium, tan, asian complexion. Very acne-prone and prone to clogging.
Extremely oily all over face, especially on T-zone and sides of my nose and my chin.
I suffer from acne and with the use of topical medications, I have dry patches on parts of my face which make it hard for me to find a foundation that will go on smoothly, combat my oily skin, and not cling on to these dry patches.
How long I used this foundation:
8 consecutive months in 2013. 1 month this early 2015.
I use Clinique Stay-Matte in Shade #08: Golden Neutral
For reference, this is my shade in other foundations:
#40 in MUFE Mat Velvet+, #Tawny in Estee Lauder Double Wear, #Sand in Almay TLC, #203 in MUFE Mat Duo and etc.
Things I look for in a foundation, based on my skin type and preferences:
"Does it cover my light hyper-pigmentation?"
Yes. In the first few hours, the coverage is build-able and covers my light scarring from previous acne. However, this may not be enough coverage for those that have severe scarring and acne.
"Does it look natural?"
This is one of the first foundations I've tried that looks very natural in all types of lighting (i.e. under the sun, inside a grocery store, at work, etc.) My co-workers thought I didn't wear make-up at all. It also matches my skin-tone extremely well, almost like second skin.
"Is it easy and quick to apply?"
Yes. I've tried two methods to apply this foundation: my fingers and a sponge applicator. Both methods worked pretty well and didn't last more than 5 minutes. You just have to pat it into your skin and let it dry. Then, set with a powder to finish off.
"Can it control my horribly oily skin?"
…Nope. While it does dry semi-matte and matte if set with a powder, this does not control my oily skin. Oil seeps through around the 1.5-2 hour mark and starts to ruin my foundation which leads to my next concern…
"Does it transfer?"
YES and terribly so. Even with a good powder and a primer, it doesn't stay put. My foundation actually rubbed off on my friend's shirt one time. Needless to say, it was hilarious but embarrassing. Also, it looks great and natural when you first put it on but after around 8 hours of working, you can tell I'm wearing make-up which is splotchy, oily and uneven due to its weak staying power.
(Quick note, this actually held up pretty well when I paired it with Smashbox Photo Finish Light + NARS Light Reflecting Pressed Powder.)
"Does it break me out?"
At first, I thought it didn't… until it did. Although my skin is acne-prone, I never suffered from clogged pores due to help of my acne medication. I think my acne medication played a part in why it took so long for this foundation to break me out. It was over the course of many months that I started to get these weird under-the-skin clogged pores, I ignored it at the time, until my skin looked rough, clogged, and finally broke out. Originally, I thought it wasn't this foundation but I tried this again in early 2015 and it led to cystic acne and clogging of my pores.
"Will I be buying this again?"
No. It's a beautiful, natural finish. The packaging is great, easy to carry, easy to apply, for the price, the foundation lasts a long time (more than a year). However, my skin doesn't react well to it, it clogs my pores and breaks me out, and it doesn't control my very oily skin as much as I'd like it to. The price is pretty good for a "high-end" foundation (It's around $30 CDN) but it doesn't address my skin concerns and what I look for in a good foundation. So, goodbye, Clinique Stay Matte.
on 6/23/2015 2:13:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
This review is a work in progress, as I continue my everlasting foundation quest. And sadly, my quest is outlasting the staying power of most foundations, including this one. I have tried two generous samples in Golden Neutral. I have used this foundation for just over a week.
Background: I have oily-normal combination skin, and currently am dealing with some dry patches. My skin has hormone & stress-caused breakouts; my tone is very yellow and tends on the light-medium range. My biggest foundation struggles are: shade match (including initial match and oxidation), and staying power (especially with my oily areas).
There seems to be a decent shade range in general; my difficult to match undertone is almost matched with golden neutral.
This does not seem to oxidize, so if you find your shade, it will stay matched throughout the day.
Blends nicely, and plays nicely with most of my other face products (including drugstore blushes, face powders, and bronzers). It sets fast enough to be reasonable; you can blend it in without feeling stupidly rushed, but not so long that it ends up on your clothes.
Packaging: Though perhaps not as chic as a glass bottle, I like the squeeze tube packaging. It makes this travel friendly, hygienic, and easy to control.
The cheapest or one of the cheapest foundations at Sephora. I was actually more impressed with this ~$23 one than the $55 Hourglass one.
Cons: My biggest issue is that it does not do what it says it will do--it does not "stay matte." After 4 hours of wearing this, I went to use a blotting sheet, and I was so oily on my forehead that the sheet just stuck to my head. Super cute. I was surprised that my oils did not break down the foundation and wear it away, but I still looked oily beyond "naturally glowy."
For as thick as the consistency is, it isn't as full-coverage as I expected. I don't think this is a foundation that can be built up to a fuller coverage.
On that note, I don't think it played nicely with my concealer. The products going on top of foundation (so to speak) such as blush, bronzer, and powder were fine, but when I tried to put concealer on after this foundation, I felt it was hard to blend in my concealer. I attribute this to the steadfast setting of the foundation. I have to either work stupidly fast to blend in my concealer nicely, or put on concealer first, otherwise the blemishes I want to conceal look even more apparent and cakey.
on 6/21/2015 12:53:00 PM
Age: 30-35
Skin: Oily, Fair-Medium, Cool
Hair: Brown, Wavy, Coarse
Eyes: Blue
This is a worthy foundation. After using some higher priced brands and releasing that there are lower priced options like Clinique that are just as good, if not better, I went to give this a try. This has a nice gel consistency that I found made my skin look clean and matte. The color selection is a bit odd, but it worked for my fair/medium complexion. It gave medium coverage and looked natural.
on 6/20/2015 12:05:00 AM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Fair, Warm
Hair: Blond, Wavy, Medium
Eyes: Green
First off, I have to admit that a good portion of my irritation with this product is that it did not match my skin, after I was color matched by a sales associate. On my very fair skin the lightest shade is a horrible orange. While I understand that my skin is pretty darn pale and not every brand will match me exactly, I don't want to be sold something and assured it matches only to find out when I get home. and out of the bright store lighting that it does not. So, very fair ladies, this is likely not the product for you.
However, after I bought this I was out of town for a few weeks, and gave it a shot because a) I was not near a place to return it and b) thought I was imagining the color mis match since the sales associate was so sure of it. Anyway, the foundation itself applies rather heavy, and at first does have a very made up look to it. In a few hours the finish evens out to something more natural. I would give the formula positive marks in that it did not break out my skin even though it was heavy, and did seem to help with shine control. Also, although I did not like the color for my skin it did not oxidize any more throughout the day, meaning that if you have a good match in the morning it should stay that way. A strong negative in my opinion is that for the price the product goes quickly. Even though this foundation is 1 fluid ounce just like most other foundations, it's thick so you use a good amount each time. As a result the value did not seem good to me. Very pretty packaging that keeps clean.
on 6/1/2015 10:01:00 PM
Age: 36-43
Skin: Acne-prone, Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
Finally! Where has this been all my life? I usually tend to like the more "trendy" brands like Nars, MUFE in high end but on a whim decided to try Clinique.
So here's my story - I've looked high and low for a foundation that will stay on my face. Ideally one that's not super matte. After having tried EVERYTHING I found Estee Lauder Doublewear. Finally something that stayed on all day. But soon I started breaking out like crazy. And I have not had a break out in like 10 years. So I started looking again.
I decided to try this as I heard Clinique has a reputation for being good for sensitive skin. This has high coverage and goes on matte. After a few hours its less matte and more skin like. Exactly what I was looking for. Sometimes I put a bit of powder on my nose and its perfection. And the best news of all? No break outs so far.
One note- if you are looking for a true matte foundation this is not for you.
I'm NC 35 in Mac and Golden Neutral is a perfect match.
on 5/27/2015 5:57:00 AM
Age: 30-35
Skin: Combination, Medium Brown, Cool
Hair: Black, Wavy, Coarse
Eyes: Brown
I was pleasantly surprised by this foundation - if only it did what it claims to do and stay matte!
This stuff applies like a dream, blends really well and I was so impressed when I first put it on! It gave me that "my skin but better" look, I could apply a second layer to cover my dark pigmentation and acne scars and it still looked really natural. It felt amazing on my skin - I couldn't feel it on my skin, like you can with some foundations.
I was matched to shade 21 (Cream Caramel) which is a touch dark for me (I usually wear Bobbi Brown Golden Honey foundation stick, I'm about NC44-45 in MAC, Estee Lauder intensity 4.0 in Double Wear Light) but it was quite golden/yellow toned so blended in well for me.
The thing that surprised me the most about this foundation is that it lasted ALL DAY. Even on a busy, sweaty full on day when I didn't have time to touch up, I was amazed to see that it was still on my face and still looked as freshly applied as when I put it on!! This foundation doesn't have that long-wear feel so I didn't expect it to last as long as it did and certainly look as incredible.
I love this little squeeze tube packaging - really versatile and handy.
Sadly, the most important feature lets this foundation down - I. Did. Not. Stay. Matte. After application, there was a bit of a natural glow going on, but I ignored it because my skin just looked so beautiful! After about 4 hours, the oil was definitely breaking through and I needed a blot. By the end of the day, even though the foundation was firmly on my place and looked great, I was incredibly oily. So I guess bonus points for my oil not being able to break up this foundation, but I'm still on the hunt for a foundation that won't leave me looking like a greaseball.
Still, because this foundation is so incredible in so many other ways, I'm only taking off one lippie for not keeping me matte! I will continue to finish off the sample that I have, maybe play around with using powder to help with the mattifying (even though it hasn't helped with other foundations, but who knows??). No breakouts on my sensitive skin yet, either. Oh, if only I could get this to stay matte on my skin, I would have found my HG!!!
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text:
A manicure is a good way to make your handshake more memorable, as is covering your palm in superglue. Avoid an awkwardly long handshake with this Groupon.
Choose from Three Options
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Studio 355 Hair & Day Spa
The stylists at Studio 355 Hair & Day Spa believe cutting hair is like sculpting, and it shows. Giving careful though to elements such as angle, weight, and movement, their final haircuts flatter clients' face shapes, and never look heavy—even when enhanced with natural-looking extensions. To stay at the forefront of cutting edge hair trends, the team attends regular seminars around the world and the stylists regularly show off their mane-shearing chops at hair-cutting competitions such as the Intercoiffure.
The same artistry shines through in Studio 355's spa services, which range from correcting Cosmedix peels to aromatherapy massages. To leave hands and feet looking their best, they also dole out pedicures enhanced with herbs like organic ginger or jasmine, and perform precise manicures, that never involve shooting at polish hands with a paintball gun.
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11755 Rockville Pike
Rockville, MD 20852
+13012302929Get Directions


text:
huntsworth plc (HNT:London)
Last 36.50 GBp
Change Today -1.00 / -2.67%
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Georgetown 67, St. John's 51
St. John's fell to Georgetown, 67-51, Saturday at Madison Square Garden.
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Norwegian National League
The Norwegian National League is the place to celebrate Norwegian American traditions and connect with all Scandinavian events in the Chicagoland area.
Check our calendars for ALL upcoming events.
Chicago Spelmanslag Dinner DanceSeptember 26 - 6:00 PM --- 25th Anniversary Dinner Dance, American Heritage Center, Chicago, IL, Social hour 5:30 PM, Smørgâsbord catered by Tre Kronor 6:30 PM, guest band Baltic Crossing, $38.00 per person, (dance party only $15.00) Tim Eischen email@example.com
Leif Erikson Day Wreath-laying CeremonyOctober 4 - 1:00 PM --- Program & Wreath-laying Ceremony, Humboldt Park, N Sacramento Blvd, Chicago, IL 60647 nnleague.org/eriksonday
Leikarringen Heimhug Anniversary CelebrationOct 11 - 12:00 noon --- 90th Anniversary Celebration, Park Ridge Country Club, Park Ridge, IL RESERVATION FORM
Norge Ski Club Summer Ski Jumping Tournament & Blues FestOct 3 & 4 - noon—4:00 PM Fox River Grove, IL, Blues Fest at 5:00 PM www.norgeskiclub.com
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Tek 2430a User Guide
The ebooks download of Tek 2430a User Guide related with available for free. We acquired the PDF from kripton2035.free.fr purposes as owners guide to assist you to resolve your trouble.
PDF Summary : T E K Operators 070-6286-00 Manual Product Group 37 2430a Digital Oscilloscope Operators Please Check For Change Informa Tion
Tek 2430a User Guide Posted at November 1st, 2012, read and download online using button that we provide below :


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So the Turks think that it is only 1% of the Kurdish people that are negative towards them. Try 99.9% of Armenians; 90% of Greeks; 90% of Bulgarians; 80% of Germans and French. Shall I go on? The problem with the Turks is that they keep taking the high ground and throwing stones at others when they themselves are living in a glass house. Remember this - if you behave like a hypocrite, you will be treated like one. Oh, by the way, if you all think that the majority of Kurds want to be occupied by you, how about holding a referendum and seeing what the result might be. Or better still, hold a referendum and see of the Cypriots want to be occupied, both Greek and Turkish. Believe me, you Turks have much more serious problems on your plate than worrying about the employment situation in Gaza.
Firebomb thrown during demonstration in northern Israeli town of Umm al Fahm (Haaretz)
from the article: Turkey: Israel is strategic ally with shared interests


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Jun 12, 2003
|Filing date
|Dec 8, 2000
|Priority date
|Dec 9, 1999
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Anthony Gault, David Milles
|Original Assignee
|Gault Anthony John, Milles David Herbert
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (30), Classifications (29), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
[0001] The present invention relates to an apparatus, notably to a gas treatment chamber for treating the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine for motor vehicles and other applications.
[0002] Diesel engine exhaust gases contain a number of noxious gases, such a nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides and carbon oxides, as well as un-burnt hydrocarbons, carbon and other particles. The amount of sulphur oxides in the exhaust gases is dependent primarily upon the sulphur in the fuel and is controlled by the quality of the initial crude oil and the refining techniques used in the preparation of the fuel. However, the other materials can be treated so as to render them less obnoxious.
[0003] It is therefore common practice to pass the exhaust gases through a silencer assembly which contains one or more treatment chambers containing a catalytic converter in which the lower nitrogen oxides are converted to NO2. The carbon particles and droplets of un-burnt hydrocarbons, for convenience collectively denoted hereinafter as particulates, are removed from the exhaust gas stream by a metal gauze or mesh or a ceramic filter element. The NO2 and oxygen in the gas stream react with the particulates trapped in the filter element to form carbon dioxide and water, which are then discharged with the other exhaust gases.
[0004] If desired, the filtered gases can be subjected to reduction of remaining nitrogen oxides to nitrogen by injecting urea into the gas stream after it leaves the filter element but before it leaves the silencer assembly. The treated gas stream is then passed over an oxidising catalyst to convert residual ammonia from the urea to nitrogen and water, which are acceptable exhaust emissions. The net result is a typical reduction in noxious components of the exhaust gases of over 90%.
[0005] Silencer assemblies containing such treatment chambers are typically built on a modular basis as a series of generally cylindrical or oval cross section module units, each containing an element, the treatment element, required to achieved one of the desired treatments on the exhaust gas stream. Typically, each module comprises the treatment element as a cylindrical body surrounded by a shock absorbent ceramic sleeve, located by internal circumferential annular ribs or flanges within a metal, usually stainless steel, tubular body member. Thus, one module may contain the catalyst carried on a foraminous ceramic or other support, for example a rolled corrugated metal sheet with an interleaf of a flat metal sheet between each layer of the corrugated sheet to form a plurality of triangular or other cross section axial passages in a cylindrical or annular support, or as a noble metal wire mesh through which the exhaust gases pass. A second module may contain the cast porous or fritted ceramic filter which traps the particulate material and upon which those particles burn in the presence of the NO2 formed within the catalyst module. If desired, the catalyst support can also serve part or all of the function of filtering the gas stream. Other modules can be used for other treatments, for example the injection of urea. Additionally, the modules will also serve to attenuate the noise emitted by the engine which the modules serve.
[0006] In addition to allowing the designer greater flexibility in designing the treatment chambers to achieve optimum treatment of the exhaust gasses, the use of a modular construction enables the operator to remove one or more of the modules for cleaning and servicing or replacement. For example, it has been found that the performance of the filter module can be prolonged if the module is removed and replaced in the silencer assembly with its orientation reversed, thus reversing the direction of flow of the exhaust gases through the filter element.
[0007] Such modules are preferably secured together as an axial series of components by releasable joint mechanisms in which outwardly extending radial flanges at opposed ends of adjacent modules are secured together with a compressible gasket forming a gas-tight seal between the opposed faces of the flanges. The accepted method for securing the flanges together, whilst retaining ease of dismantling the joint, is to form the flanges as opposed axially inclined radially outwardly directed shoulders and to apply a V section strap with a circumferentially acting clamp upon the shoulders of two adjacent modules. Upon tightening of the clamps, the straps contract radially upon the taper of the shoulders and thus lock the modules together and clamp the shoulders axially upon a gasket located between them to form a gas-tight joint between the modules. Silencers incorporating treatment chambers using such a modular construction are commercially available from the Applicants under the Trade Mark Greencat.
[0008] For convenience, the term silencer will be used hereinafter to denote in general chambers for the treatment of exhaust gases to remove noxious materials from the gas stream and which also by design or coincidentally may attenuate the exhaust noise from an internal combustion engine.
[0009] However, such a construction using a plurality of modules may result in a silencer assembly which is excessively long. On the other hand, problems are encountered where it is desired to nest modules one within another so as to reduce the axial length of the silencer. It is necessary completely to dismantle such a nested assembly in order to gain access to a module contained within another, so as to be able to remove the circumferential straps securing that module to its neighbour, which is time consuming.
[0010] We have devised a form of assembly for a silencer which provides a cheaper and more compact assembly, yet which retains the modular construction and ease of manufacture and flexibility of assembly of the modules.
[0011] Accordingly, the present invention provides an apparatus for treating a gas stream, which apparatus comprises a plurality of compartments within which one or more treatments are to be performed on a gas stream passing through the compartment, and through which the gas stream is to flow sequentially, characterised in that:
[0012] a. At least two of said compartments each comprises a tubular body member containing or carrying a treatment element which is restrained against axial movement relative to the body member; and
[0013] b. The tubular body members of the adjacent compartments are provided with radially outwardly and/or inwardly extending terminal flanges, at least some of which flanges provide a shoulder against which the opposing terminal portion of the adjacent compartment bears so as to form an axially extending structure comprising at least two compartments in axial or coaxial relationship to one another; and
[0014] c. One or more clamping members which extend axially over substantially the length of the said structure and act upon the axial structure to secure the two adjacent compartments together in gas-tight engagement by an axial clamping action.
[0015] By forming the silencer or other structure as a series of compartments, the benefits of the modular design of the structure, including the ability to include a range of interchangeable different treatment elements in common sized tubular body members, and the ease of servicing and replacement of individual modules, is retained. By applying axial as opposed to circumferential clamping, a series of modules may be nested upon one another and secured in position by a single external axial clamping system so that dismantling of the structure is simplified. Furthermore, the radially extending flange at the terminal portion of the tubular member serves at least two functions. Firstly, it can be used to form a flange which secures the treatment element within or upon the tubular member against axial movement with respect to that tubular member without the need for providing the separate annular internal flanges or ribs hitherto considered necessary to achieve this function.
[0016] Secondly, we have found that where the terminal portion is deformed radially to form the radial flange, the flange is unexpectedly effective in forming a gas-tight seal with an adjacent component of the silencer assembly, for example an adjacent tubular member or end cap of the assembly. We believe that this is because the deformation of the terminal portion of the tubular member does not give rise to a flat radial surface as would have been expected and which a designer in this field would have said was desirable. We have found that the deformation causes the formation of a slight bow on the axially exposed radial surface of the deformed portion of the tubular member. This bow provides an area of localised pressure when the tubular member is clamped axially against another component of the silencer assembly. Furthermore, the deformation can be carried out to fold the terminal portions of the tubular bodies through angles from less than 90� to more than 90�. Where the deformation is through less than 90�, the opposed radial flanges can be deformed further during the axial clamping of the assembly to provide a measure of resilience within the axial structure to accommodate differential expansion of the axial clamping means and the assembly during use. Where the deformation is through more than 90�, the deformation provides internal or external flanges which can bear against the terminal portion of a treatment element carried in or upon the tubular body and thus locate the treatment element axially upon the tubular body.
[0017] The axial clamping can be applied to structures which have a wide range of transverse shapes. This is to be contrasted to the use of circumferential clamps which are limited to use on substantially circular cross section structures.
[0018] The invention thus provides a simple and effective design for an axially compact multi-compartment gas treatment vessel with unexpectedly effective sealing between adjacent components and with a wide range of transverse shapes.
[0019] As indicated above, the invention can be applied to the treatment of a wide range of gas streams from a variety of sources, for example in the treatment exhaust gases from a coal burning furnace or the emissions from a chemical process. However, the invention is of especial application in the treatment of the exhaust gases from internal combustion engines, notably diesel or spark ignition engines. With such exhaust gas streams, a series of treatments can be carried out using the nature of the contaminants in the exhaust gases to form reagents in the gas stream which can be used to eliminate or reduce other contaminants in a subsequent treatment. The engine may be a stationary engine, for example driving an electricity generator or an hydraulic fluid compression unit, or a marine engine. However, the invention is of especial application in the treatment of the exhaust gases from a diesel engine in a modular silencer assembly on a motor vehicle to attenuate the engine noise and to reduce the noxious emissions from the engine as described above. For convenience, the invention will be described in terms of such a preferred use.
[0020] In the silencer assembly of the invention, individual treatment compartments are provided with the radially extending flanges at or adjacent the end of each tubular body member. These flanges can be provided by the use of separate interface components trapped between the terminal circumferential rims of adjacent tubular body members. Thus, the interface member can take the form of an annular member having an annular groove in each face thereof into which the terminal rims of the tubular members engage axially. If desired, the interface member can extend axially either within, and/or upon the outer face of, the tubular members to serve to locate and restrain the terminal portions of the tubular member. Thus, the interface member can be in the form of an axially extending collar or sleeve having a radially inwardly directed rib or flange so that the interface member has a generally T shaped cross section, with the upright of the T located between the rims of the adjacent tubular body members. If desired a gasket material can be provided on the interface member or located between the interface member and the ends of the tubular members.
[0021] However, it is preferred to provide the radial flanges on the tubular body members by deforming the terminal portions of a generally tubular housing containing or carrying the appropriate treatment element. Such housings may be cylindrical, annular in shape or have other cross-sectional shapes, for example oval or polygonal. For convenience, the invention will be described hereinafter in terms of generally cylindrical tubular body members.
[0022] Preferably, the terminal flanges are formed at or adjacent each end of the tubular body member so that each compartment of the silencer can be secured to adjacent compartment(s) using a jointing system of the invention. By forming the radial flanges by in-folding the wall of the tubular member, the flanges are recessed within the radial dimensions of the body members, so that the joints securing the compartments together do not project significantly radially, thus overcoming one of the problems with the present form of silencer jointing systems. Furthermore, the absence of radial projections enables modules to be nested within one another without the formation of annular gaps between them, assisting the formation of a gas-tight structure.
[0023] However, it is within the scope of the present invention for the flanges to be formed as radially outwardly extending flanges. These flanges also serve as the seat upon which an adjacent tubular body can locate. Alternatively, or in addition, the radially outwardly extending flanges can provide a radial shoulder which restrains an annular treatment element carried externally journalled upon the tubular body against axial movement on the body member. For convenience, the invention will be described hereinafter in terms of a tubular member carrying the treatment element located within the bore of the tubular member.
[0024] Typically such tubular body members contain a cylindrical core of the treatment element appropriate to the treatment which is to be carried out in that module of the silencer assembly. Thus, one body member will usually contain a cylindrical core of a through-flow porous or apertured ceramic support (which may also act as a filter) carrying the catalyst dip coated or vapour deposited within the gas flow passages thereof; and another will contain a filter core having a plurality of axial bores closed at alternate ends so as to provide a tortuous path for gas through the filter element. Such cores, their design and manufacture can be of conventional nature. The cores are typically surrounded by a shock absorbing material, for example that material comprising vermiculite granules in a fibre reinforced binder, notably that sold under the Trade Mark Interam.
[0025] The tubular body member is typically made by compressing an axially split cylinder of metal, for example stainless steel, strip around a sleeve of the shock absorbent material encasing the treatment element so as to form the cylindrical body member around the internal components, and securing the butting axial edges together. Such techniques can be carried out using any suitable technology and produce a tubular body member containing the treatment element secured radially within the tubular body member.
[0026] For convenience, the invention will be described hereinafter in terms of a module comprising a generally cylindrical steel tubular body member formed about a cylindrical treatment element and an interface layer or layers of a shock absorbing material between the tubular housing and the treatment element.
[0027] The treatment element is secured against axial movement within the tubular body member by any suitable means. In some cases the radial compression of the shock absorbing interface between the interior of the tubular member and the external face of the treatment element will provide sufficient frictional forces to retain the treatment element in position during normal use conditions. Alternatively, one or more internal radial projections may be provided to form stops against which the axially exposed terminal faces of the treatment element bear. For example, an internally projecting circumferential radial ridge can be formed by roll indenting the wall of the tubular member; or one or more internal circumferentially complete or interrupted flanges can be welded or otherwise secured within the bore of the tubular body member.
[0028] However, it will usually be preferred that the terminal deformation of the tubular body member provides a radially inwardly directed annular flange against which the axially exposed transverse face of the treatment element or a portion thereof. If desired the terminal portion of the tubular body member may be provided with a plurality of circumferentially spaced apart axial cuts so that parts of the terminal portion can be in-folded to provide the flanges against which an internal treatment element bears and other parts can be out-folded to provide radially outwardly directed partial flanges. For convenience, the invention will be described hereinafter in terms of a tubular body member in which the whole circumference of the terminal portion is deformed inwardly to provide an inwardly directed flange.
[0029] The radially inwardly directed flange of the invention at either or both ends of the tubular housing member can bear directly against the exposed end face of the treatment element. If desired, an annular metal mesh gasket or other deformable thermally stable material may be incorporated as a compressible interface between the axially exposed terminal face of the treatment element and the in-folded flange of the invention.
[0030] The in-folded flange of the invention preferably extends radially inward to provide a satisfactory restraint for the treatment element without restricting the flow of gas through the tubular member excessively. Typically, we have found that an in-folded flange having a radial dimension of from 1 to 2.5 cms will be satisfactory for most applications. However, the optimum radial extent of the flange can readily be determined by simple trial and error tests.
[0031] The in-folded flange is conveniently formed by applying a radially inwardly directed force or pressure to the terminal portion of the tubular housing member so as to fold the wall of the housing inwardly. Preferably, the pressure is applied at a plurality of points around the circumference of the tubular housing by a plurality of forming pieces urged radially inwardly by one or more hydraulic rams or the like. It is especially preferred to stand the tubular housing carrying the treatment element(s) therein upon a base plate so that the exposed rim of the tubular housing adopts a known axial relationship to a series of radially acting pusher members carried by the base member. It may also be desired to rotate the tubular housing about its longitudinal axis during actuation of the pusher members so that a rolling radial deformation of the end of the tubular member takes place. Alternatively, the terminal portion of the tubular member can be forced against a tapered seat to fold the end portion inwardly against the static seat. Other methods, for example hydraulic forming or the use of deformable interfaces, such as rubbers, to apply radial pressure to the tubular member when the interface is subjected to axial pressure, may be used to deform the terminal end portions of the tubular body member.
[0032] Surprisingly, we have found that such techniques for forming the in-folded flange at the end of the tubular housing enable the flange to be formed with a high degree of axial accuracy in positioning the in-folded flange against the treatment element within the tubular housing. If desired, the wall of the tubular housing member can be circumferentially scored or cut to assist formation of a sharp bend in the wall of the member. However, we have found that this is not usually necessary.
[0033] If desired, notably where deformation methods such as rolling or spinning of the tubular body member are used, the deformed tubular member can be formed to approximately the desired dimensions and flange shape in an initial stage and the deformation completed in a second stage in which the partially deformed tubular member is compressed axially to achieve the desired axial length and radial flange shape. Such final axial dimensions may be achieved by completion of the folding of the wall of the tubular body member to form the radial flange and/or by partial axial compression of the wall of the tubular member where folding of the tubular member cannot accommodate the reduction in axial dimension required.
[0034] The extent of the angle of the deformation of the terminal portion of the tubular member, relative to the longitudinal axis of the tubular member, will typically be about 90� so that the resultant radial flange forms a radial shoulder against which the treatment element engages and/or against which the terminal portion of an adjacent tubular body member engages axially. However, if desired, the deformation may pass through more than 90�, for example up to 100�, so that the flange engages and compresses an annular mesh or other compressible gasket against the exposed terminal portion of the treatment element. The flange thus clamps the treatment element axially within the bore of the tubular body member or externally upon it in the case of an annular treatment element, the gasket accommodating manufacturing tolerances in the manufacture of the treatment elements. The method thus produces modules whose axial length is accurately controlled when the flange is formed at each end thereof, thus aiding assembly and clamping of the overall silencer assembly.
[0035] As indicated above, the deformation of the tubular member does not form a wholly flat flange. The flange is slightly bowed axially away from the remainder of the tubular member and this provides an annular point loading during clamping of two opposed flanges together, assisting the formation of a gas-tight joint between the faces of the flanges when one tubular member is assembled upon another tubular member or upon another component such as the end cap of the silencer assembly.
[0036] If desired, the flange can be formed with a more complex shape than as a simple radial flange. For example, the flange can be formed as a radial step reduction in the diameter of the terminal portion of the tubular body member to provide not only a radial shoulder but an axially extending spigot of smaller diameter which can be used to assist both axial and lateral location and securement of adjacent tubular bodies upon one another.
[0037] In use, the silencer assembly is constructed by placing the desired modules in end to end relationship to form the desired silencer configuration, optionally with a suitable gasket between the opposed flanges of the modules. The modules need not all be of the same axial length and more than one module achieving the same treatment of the gas stream passing through it may be used. It will be usual to provide an end cap at each end of the assembly to provide inlet and outlets to the assembly, or to reverse the flow of gas in an assembly comprising cylindrical modules nested within annular modules.
[0038] To assist location of one module on another and to provide a measure of lateral support, it is preferred to provide a circumferential collar or other linking piece around the joint between two modules. This jointing piece may extend circumferentially around the joint between two body members and extend axially onto the terminal portion of each body member. Alternatively, the jointing pieces may be axially extending strips or projections located at, say spacings of from 45 to 120�, around the circumference of the end of the body member and provide a crenellated or similar end to the tubular body member, into which end the terminal portion of the adjacent body member nests. If desired, both body members can carry such crenellated ends which inter-engage to restrict rotation of the tubular bodies relative to one another and/or to achieve a specific orientation of one member upon the other. For convenience, the invention will be described in terms of an annular collar as the jointing piece.
[0039] The collar may be an axial extension of part of the wall of the tubular member or may be a separate component which is a push, screw or other fit upon the opposed portions of the components being joined. Preferably, such a collar is a tight push fit upon the modules and components which are being joined and may be secured in position by welding or other means. For example, the collar can be secured in position by forming a circumferential groove in that portion of the collar which overlies the terminal portion of the body member. This groove will engage in or form a corresponding groove in the underlying tubular body member wall and thus secure the collar and body member against axial movement. The groove will also form an inwardly directed rib on the inner surface of the wall of the tubular member which may act as the flange to locate the treatment element within the tubular body member. The formation of the groove in the collar and underlying tubular body member will also cause a measure of axial contraction of the silencer assembly. If desired, the terminal portion of the tubular body member can be radially recessed to accommodate the collar within the radial dimensions of the tubular body member.
[0040] If desired, the collar can be formed with a radially inwardly directed flange formed from or carrying a gasket material which is trapped between the opposed faces of the terminal radial flanges carried by the opposed ends of the adjacent body members.
[0041] The assembled modules are secured together by applying an axial clamping force thereto. This clamping force can be achieved in a number of manners using clamping mechanisms which extend axially for substantially the whole length of the assembled modules so that substantially the same compressive force acts upon each joint between adjacent modules. Such a clamping mechanism is distinguished from the conventional discrete jointing mechanisms between the individual modules in that the discrete jointing mechanisms do not extend axially beyond the joint which is being made. Furthermore, since each joint using such discrete jointing mechanisms is made individually, the compressive forces between adjacent modules can often vary considerably, thus leading to differences in the performance of each joint when under stress.
[0042] The axial clamping force can be achieved by way of one or more screw mechanisms passing longitudinally from end to end through the silencer assembly and acting axially on exposed end caps of the assembly. However, this imposes limitations on the design of the modules, since each module must then provide for one or more axial passageways therethrough for the screws and such passageways will usually have to incorporate sealing means to prevent gas leakage from one module to another via the screw passageways. It is therefore preferred to provide the axial clamping means by external means acting substantially symmetrically upon the silencer assembly.
[0043] It will be appreciated that some of the body members may be secured together by welding, but this reduces the modular nature of the construction of the silencer assembly and it will usually be desired that each tubular body member in the assembly be a butting sealing engagement with the adjacent body members so that the silencer assembly can be readily dismantled into its component parts for repair and maintenance. As indicated above, the formation of a circumferential groove in the collar pieces at the junction between adjacent body members causes some axial contraction of the body members and this may be sufficient to achieve the desired gas-tight seal between the components of the silencer assembly.
[0044] A particularly preferred form of such an external clamping mechanism is a series of circumferentially spaced apart axially extending tensioning devices, such as metal straps, for example at from 60 to 120� intervals around the body of the silencer. These are secured by a terminal hook or other means to a peripheral lip or ridge at each end of the assembled silencer. Such lip or ridge can be formed as an integral part of the end caps of the silencer. Alternatively, the lip or ridge can be provided by a separate component which bears axially against the end cap when the axial clamping force is applied. For example, the lips can be provided by the ends of one or more spider arms which extend radially across the end face of the silencer assembly and whose free ends provide anchorage points for the axial tensioning devices.
[0045] The axial tensioning devices can be tensioned to secure the assembly in its axial configuration by any suitable means. For example, tension may be applied by means of screws, nuts or bolts which secure the ends of straps to the spider arm devices; by twisting adjacent straps together; by applying a transverse force to the straps, for example by pulling them sideways to attach to hooks on the exposed wall of the silencer assembly in a manner similar to that used to tension a drum skin; by wedges or other means. Alternatively, the straps can be tensioned by an over-centre tensioning device, by the use of tension springs in the mounting and/or securing of the straps, or by applying the straps hot and allowing them to cool and contract once in situ.
[0046] The straps may take the form of simple flat straps, bars or braided wires or cables. However, it is particularly preferred to incorporate a measure of extensibility into the straps or the means by which they are secured so that the axial clamping mechanism can accommodate differential expansion between silencer assembly and the axial clamping mechanism so that the clamping assembly components are not stretched beyond their yield point during use of the silencer assembly. Such extensibility can be achieved by forming the metal straps with a zigzag profile, which can be formed during tensioning of the straps to reduce the axial length of the straps; or by providing a spring loaded release mechanism in any over-centre tensioning device. Alternatively, the straps may be formed in two or more portions which are tensioned and then secured to one another by frangible connectors which fail or stretch once a load in excess of a given value is applied to the straps. Where a single or multiple spider arm assembly is used to locate and secure the ends of the straps, the arms may extend beyond the periphery of the end cap upon which the spider is located to provide a measure of cantilevering to the ends of the arms which will absorb the forces resulting from any differential expansion. Alternatively or in addition, the hooks or other means by which the tensioning straps are secured can incorporate a spring mechanism or spring portion.
[0047] A particularly preferred form of tensioning mechanism, which also provides a measure of extensibility in the securement of the straps, comprises a plurality of straps carrying a hook or other securing means at each end thereof which are to engage with a tensioning ring located upon the end cap of the silencer assembly, for example by a continuous or discontinuous raised annular peripheral rim to the end cap or an axial extension of the cylindrical wall of the terminal tubular body member of the silencer assembly. The tensioning ring is formed with a wavy, sinusoidal, crenellated, zigzag or other undulating shape which provides localised axially elevated portions of the ring with which the hooks of the straps are to engage, axially lower portions which bear against the end cap of the silencer assembly, and intermediate linking portions. Preferably, the linking portions are inclined, for example at from 30 to 60�, to the plane of the ring so as to provide a spring and/or torsion bias effect to the connection of the elevated portions to the lower portions. The linking portions may be directed radially outward so that the elevated portions are radially off set from the radially inward lower portions and may extend radially outward of the circumference of the end of the silencer assembly. When a strap is connected to an elevated portion and tensioned, the linking portions provide an opposing torsion and/or spring force which opposes axial movement of the elevated portion of the ring. By suitable selection of the material of construction of the ring, the torsion or spring forces in the linking portions of the ring can be maintained over the expected operating conditions of the silencer so that the elevated portions of the ring do not collapse axially. Such a ring thus accommodates differential expansion between the strap and the silencer body.
[0048] Tensioning of the straps can be achieved by levering the hooked end of the strap over the elevated portion of the ring using a lever or the like. The first strap can be readily tensioned by applying the hooked end of the strap to an elevated portion of the ring whilst the ring is pivoted about the lower portions adjacent to that elevated portion to adopt a position normal to the plane of the cap of the silencer assembly. In this position, the elevated portion is moved axially towards the other end of the silencer assembly and the strap can be readily hooked onto the elevated portion of the ring. However, when the ring is pivoted to lie against the end of the silencer assembly, the elevated portion moves axially away from the other end of the silencer assembly and inherently tensions the strap.
[0049] If desired, a portion of the vehicle or other structure upon which the silencer assembly is to be mounted can provide part of the clamping mechanism. For example, one end of the silencer assembly can seat upon a portion of the vehicle chassis and the axial clamping means can be connected to the chassis rather than to a spider or other means at that end of the silencer assembly.
[0050] The invention has been described above in terms of a simple axial assembly of the silencer modules. However, the invention can be applied to nested modules in which one or more cylindrical modules are placed within annular modules. In this form of silencer assembly, the lack of radial projections from the tubular body members at the joints between them and other tubular body members is a major benefit, since this reduces the formation of annular gas passages within the silencer assembly. However, as stated above, the radial flanges formed by deforming the ends of the tubular body members may by directed radially outwardly so that they serve as shoulders against which the terminal portion of an annular treatment element journalled upon a tubular member can bear as well as providing a flange to form a gas-tight seal between adjacent tubular body members. The ability to form such assemblies enables the designer to achieve a silencer assembly in which gas flows in one direction within the cylindrical modules, is collected by a suitable end cap and directed in the opposite direction through the outer annular modules, or vice versa. Such an assembly enables an axially compact silencer assembly to be achieved. Alternatively, urea or some other material may be injected into the partially treated gas stream in the end cap connecting the cylindrical modules with the annular modules so that different conditions may be achieved in different portions of the silencer assembly.
[0051] The invention has been described above in terms of a silencer for use with a diesel engine. However, the invention can also be applied wherever it is desired to form a modular unit for the treatment of a gas stream, for example in the treatment of exhaust gases from a coal burning furnace or the emissions from a LPG powered engine.
[0052] A preferred form of the joint of the invention will now be described by way of illustration with respect to a silencer as shown in the accompanying drawings, in which
[0053]FIG. 1 is an axial section through the silencer;
[0054]FIG. 2 shows an alternative form of the silencer assembly of FIG. 1;
[0055]FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic representation of a strap securing and tensioning ring for use with the assemblies of FIG. 1 or 2; and
[0056]FIG. 4 shows a tubular body member having radially outwardly directed flanges.
[0057] The silencer comprises two or more modules each comprising a tubular body member 1, containing a cylindrical treatment element 2 surrounded by a sleeve 3 of the shock absorbent material sold under the Trade Mark Interam. For example, one tubular body member contains a foraminous ceramic frit core carrying a Rhodium/Platinum catalyst deposited on the exposed surfaces within the core; another tubular body member contains a cast ceramic filter element having a plurality of axial passages therein alternatively open to each end of the element and being formed from a porous ceramic so that the flow path for gas through the filter element is tortuous.
[0058] Each end of the tubular member 1 is formed with an in-folded flange 4, which provides an annular internal shoulder within the bore of member 1 against which the terminal portion of the treatment element 2 engages. The flange may be circumferentially continuous or intermittent. It will usually be desired to provide an annular ring 5 of metal mesh or similar compressible material between the of the treatment element 5 and the shoulder of flange 4 to accommodate the axial compressive forces as the flange 4 is in-folded against the treatment element. It will also usually be desired that the flange 4 be in-folded through more than 90�, e.g. through 92 to 105�, so that it compresses ring 5 against the exposed end face of the treatment element 2.
[0059] The axial length of housing member 1 is selected so that that the flange 4 is formed at the correct axial position to achieve the required axial length of the module. We have found that the in-folding of the terminal portion of housing member 1 can be achieved with axial accuracy so that modules having accurately controlled axial dimensions can be fabricated and the compression of the ring 5 accommodates tolerances during manufacture of the treatment elements 2.
[0060] The formation of the annular shoulder provided by the in-folded flange 4 avoids the need to provide separate internal annular flanges within tubular member to retain the treatment elements as hitherto considered necessary.
[0061] The modules of the silencer assembly are secured together by applying a collar 10 around the butt join between adjacent modules. If desired, an annular gasket may be located between opposed flanges 4 or the opposed faces of the flanges 4 may carry a resilient coating or layer which provides the gasket. However, in some cases we have found that the slight bow formed in flange 4 provides an adequate seal between the opposed flanges of adjacent modules in the absence of a gasket.
[0062] An end cap 11, 12 with the appropriate inlet 13 and outlet 14 is placed terminally upon such an assembly. The end caps will usually incorporate an upstanding peripheral axial rim or ridge 15, 16.
[0063] The silencer assembly is then secured by applying axial straps 20 thereto. The straps 20 carry a hook 21 at each end thereof which is levered onto the rims 15, 16 of the ends caps 11, 12.
[0064] As shown in FIG. 2, the silencer assembly preferably comprises a series of cylindrical modules 30 located within an outer series of annular modules 31. If desired, spacers 32 may take the place of some of the treatment elements so that the inner and outer strings of modules extend for same axial distance.
[0065] If desired, a module can contain a number of treatment elements having compressible gaskets 33 therebetween to accommodate variations in the axial lengths thereof. External axial clamping applied to the end caps 34, 35 of such an assembly, applies an axial clamping force to both the outer annular modules and to the inner cylindrical modules so as to achieve a gas-tight assembly without the need for separate clamping of the inner modules.
[0066] Such an assembly not only achieves axial foreshortening of the silencer assembly, but also enables a treating material, for example urea, to be injected into the end cap where the gas flow direction is reversed, so that different conditions and treatments can be achieved in the annular modules than that achieved in the cylindrical modules. The relative position of the inlet 36 and the outlet 37 can readily be altered by rotating the components of the end cap 34.
[0067]FIG. 3 illustrates a preferred form of anchoring the straps to the silencer assembly. Either or both end caps 34 and 35 of the assembly shown in FIG. 2 are provided with a peripheral axially upstanding rim 40. Located within rim 40 is a metal or other material ring 42 having elevated and lower portions 43 and 44 linked by inclined intermediate portions 45 so that the ring has a generally wavy or sinusoidal configuration. The terminal hooks 46 of axial straps 47 are levered onto the elevated portions 43 of the ring 42 and clamp the silencer assembly axially. The first strap is secured to the ring 42 by pivoting the ring 42 to adopt an orientation normal to the plane of the end cap as shown dotted. This moves an elevated portion 43 a axially towards the other end of the assembly so that the hook may be readily engaged with that elevated portion. The ring 42 is then pivoted to lie against the end cap as shown in FIG. 3, thus tensioning the strap.
[0068] As shown in FIG. 4, the end portion of the inner tubular body member 50 can be deformed outwardly to form an outwardly directed flange 51. An annular treatment element 52 journalled upon the tubular body member 50 can be secured axially against the flange 51 as described above for the treatment element located within the tubular body member 50. Usually, the frictional forces between the body member 50 and a cylindrical treatment element 53 located within the body member will retain the axial location of the treatment element 53. However, if desired, two inwardly directed circumferential ribs 54 in the wall of tubular member 50 can be formed by a suitable rolling technique at the appropriate locations to provide internal stops in the body 50 to retain the element 53 in the desired axial location within the body 50. The axially exposed faces of the flanges 51 may also serve as abutting flanges with a suitable gasket material therebetween when two tubular body members 50 and 60 carrying outwardly directed flanges 51 and 61 are located axially upon one another. In the assembly shown in FIG. 4, the member 60 is the inlet tube for the silencer.
[0069] Such a structure provides both internal and external treatment elements 52 and 53 carried upon a common tubular element 50. Two or more such structures can be inserted into an outer container 62 and ends caps 63 and 64 secured thereto by means of circumferential V straps 65 and 66 engaging upon angled radial flanges 67 and 68 carried by the container 62 and the ends caps 63 and 64. Upon tightening the straps 65 and 66, they contract radially thus applying an axial force upon the end caps and the container. This axial force causes the internal components to be clamped axially to form a gas-tight structure. In this case the container 62 forms the component of the axial clamping mechanism which extends axially for substantially the whole length of the internal components of the silencer assembly.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 4, 1936
|Mar 28, 1939
|American Box Board Co
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 30, 2003
|Oct 30, 2007
|Wartsila Finland Oy
|Catalytic converter unit and apparatus
|Feb 6, 2008
|Jul 13, 2010
|Nissan Diesel Motor Co., Ltd.
|Exhaust emission purifying apparatus
|Sep 8, 2005
|Aug 24, 2010
|Donaldson Company, Inc.
|Joint for an engine exhaust system component
|Aug 20, 2007
|Dec 14, 2010
|Emitec Gesellschaft Fuer Emissionstechnologie Mbh
|Method for adding at least one reactant to an exhaust gas stream and device for treating an exhaust gas stream of an internal combustion engine
|May 16, 2007
|Dec 28, 2010
|W�rtsil� Finland Oy
|Catalytic converter unit and apparatus
|Jan 13, 2006
|Jan 11, 2011
|J. Eberspaecher Gmbh & Co. Kg
|Exhaust gas treatment system
|Nov 24, 2005
|Sep 13, 2011
|Komatsu Ltd.
|Exhaust gas purification device for internal combustion engine
|May 18, 2007
|Jul 17, 2012
|J. Eberspaecher Gmbh & Co., Kg
|Exhaust gas aftertreatment device for an internal combustion engine
|Mar 13, 2008
|Feb 12, 2013
|Hino Motors, Ltd.
|Exhaust emission control device
|Mar 3, 2008
|Feb 19, 2013
|Ud Trucks Corporation
|Exhaust gas purification device
|Mar 25, 2009
|Jun 4, 2013
|J. Eberspaecher Gmbh & Co. Kg
|Exhaust gas treatment device
|Mar 24, 2011
|Jul 16, 2013
|Emitec Gesellschaft Fuer Emissionstechnologie Mbh
|Exhaust gas purification configuration and method for exhaust gas purification using a reactant
|Dec 17, 2009
|Aug 6, 2013
|Donaldson Company, Inc.
|Flow device for an exhaust system
|Mar 24, 2011
|Sep 24, 2013
|Emitec Gesellschaft Fuer Emissionstechnologie Mbh
|Exhaust-gas purification system for diesel engines
|Jul 29, 2010
|Sep 24, 2013
|Donaldson Company, Inc.
|Flow device for exhaust treatment system
|Aug 19, 2011
|Jul 1, 2014
|J. Eberspaecher Gmbh & Co. Kg
|Exhaust gas cleaning device, exhaust system, removal method
|May 15, 2008
|Dec 23, 2014
|Donaldson Company, Inc.
|Exhaust gas flow device
|Mar 12, 2013
|Jan 27, 2015
|Donaldson Company, Inc.
|Integrated exhaust treatment device having compact configuration
|Oct 30, 2003
|Jul 1, 2004
|Ulf Grandlund
|Catalytic converter unit and apparatus
|Sep 9, 2004
|Mar 17, 2005
|O-Den Corporation
|Particulate removing apparatus and diesel engine vehicle equipped with same
|Sep 8, 2005
|Mar 30, 2006
|Faircloth Arthur E Jr
|Construction for an engine exhaust system component
|Aug 18, 2006
|Feb 21, 2008
|Emitec Gesellschaft F�r Emissionstechnologie Mbh
|Verfahren zur Zugabe mindestens eines Reaktanden zu einem Abgasstrom und Vorrichtung zur Aufbereitung eines Abgasstroms einer Verbrennungskraftmaschine
|Sep 24, 2008
|Mar 25, 2010
|Emitec Gesellschaft F�r Emissionstechnologie Mbh
|Abgasreinigungsanordnung und Verfahren zur Abgasreinigung mittels eines Reaktionsmittels
|Sep 10, 2004
|Mar 16, 2005
|O-DEN Corporation
|Particulate removing apparatus and diesel engine vehicle equipped with same
|May 4, 2005
|Nov 16, 2005
|Scania CV AB
|Device for exhaust gas treatment
|Dec 8, 2005
|Aug 16, 2006
|J. Ebersp�cher GmbH & Co. KG
|Exhaust gas purification system
|Mar 10, 2009
|Sep 30, 2009
|J. Ebersp�cher GmbH Co. KG
|Exhaust gas treatment device
|Sep 8, 2005
|Mar 16, 2006
|Donaldson Co Inc
|Construction for an engine exhaust system component
|Mar 18, 2005
|Sep 21, 2006
|Emitec Emissionstechnologie
|Honeycomb body comprising means for supplying a reactant and corresponding method and waste gas system
|Apr 20, 2012
|Dec 20, 2012
|L'air Liquide,Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude
|Adsorber including parallel passage contactors having built-in insulation
|U.S. Classification
|422/177, 422/171
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 1, 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jun 21, 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


text:
what if i swap the PNP for an NPN and have the grounds from the relay's as going into the collector?
this is the transistor i would pick if this solution will work http://www.jaycar.com.au/products_uploaded/ZT2283%20-%20PN100.pdf
I do have a XL4016E1 but have no idea how to use it. It seems it needs a coil as well as some other components.


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Embellished Byzantine Ankle-Strap Flats
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Crafted of white smooth calfskin, Aquazzura's Byzantine ankle-strap flats are styled with dot perforations and beaded goldtone discs.
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SW-MOTECH Bags-Connection
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