text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 14, 2002
|Filing date
|May 25, 2001
|Priority date
|May 26, 2000
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Faramarz Rabii, Richard Morris
|Original Assignee
|Infolibria, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (50), Classifications (6), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/207,995, filed on May 26, 2000, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0002] The present invention relates to a data storage subsystem and more particularly to a disk file structure that provides efficient overhead operations such as garbage collection and fault recovery.
[0003] Many modern data processing systems include one or more subsystems that are responsible for data storage and retrieval. Such systems often use different types of storage devices and media. Device types for specific applications are chosen depending upon how specific attributes can best be exploited. For example, magnetic hard disks are most often employed to provide an inexpensive mass storage medium. However, the access time of disk devices is rather slow compared to the speed of computer processors. This is because hard disks typically reply on the movement of mechanical assemblies to retrieve or store data.
[0004] On the other hand, electronic devices such as semiconductor Random Access Memories (RAMs) are often employed in storage applications that require high performance. These devices are particularly fast because they operate on a purely electronic basis. Unfortunately, semiconductor memories are often limited in size, suffer from volatility (they lose their contents when power is removed), and cost constraints. Applications requiring excessive amounts of storage typically employ hard disks because they are far less expensive and more reliable. Electronic devices also typically require a greater physical area in which to achieve an equivalent storage capacity, and require complex electronic packaging technologies. Both types of devices are invariably used in data processing systems with disk storage used as a bulk device. Data needed is then read from the disk and copied to a semiconductor RAM for further high speed data processing. Once processing is completed, the data is then written back to the disk.
[0005] A number of data processing applications must determine whether a particular data file or, more precisely, any given data object, exists in disk structure prior to fetching it. Such a task becomes tedious when the number of object entries or files on the disk is rather large. For example, some disks contain hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of files, any of which must be retrieved in short order. As a result, techniques have been developed to expedite the retrieval of disk files.
[0006] Due to the widespread deployment of Internet infrastructure, one emerging application for high performance data retrieval subsystems is Web servers. Such Web servers provide storage for thousands of unique Web pages, the bulk of which are requested on a continuous basis throughout the day. To keep up with the often relentless demand, it is critical that a page retrieval process uses optimized methods for determining the location of requested objects.
[0007] Such servers can be employed as a primary Web server providing storage for source documents, such as Web pages and other data objects, to which requests are made. However, other servers, so-called intermediate cache servers, are employed along the routes or paths between network nodes. Such cache servers provide the opportunity for a request for a document to be intercepted and served from such intermediate node locations. This overall network architecture speeds up the delivery of requested content to end users.
[0008] For optimum performance of data object servers such as Web page and/or cache servers, certain recognition should be given to the characteristics of typical data objects in the Web environment. For example, Web objects are typically written once. Afterwards, they are then read many, many times before they are modified again. Thus, read efficiency is far more important than write efficiency in the context of the Web.
[0009] In other instances, certain objects are expected to expire, i.e., be deleted, at known times. For example, a Web site which is carrying news content will typically maintain articles for only a certain number of days.
[0010] Disk subsystems used in Web servers must also be capable of quick initial startup and/or recovery from crashes. During such startup and/or down times, access to the disk is denied to users who are connected to the Web server. In the case where the server is a cache server, access to the entire network may be denied.
[0011] In addition, garbage collection and other storage efficiency routines should be carried out in a way which consumes as little time as possible, without using otherwise important resources that should be dedicated to servicing user requests.
[0012] The present invention seeks to alleviate these and other difficulties by providing a non-hierarchical or linear directory structure for a mass storage unit such as a disk. The directory structure can be kept in an auxiliary semiconductor memory. The disk is partitioned into segments of equal size. The directory structure presumes that data objects reside wholly and contiguously within a given area of the disk segments. While a variable number of objects may be stored within each segment, a given object is not allowed to occupy more than one segment. During a storage operation, objects are assigned to segments in a round-robin fashion, to equalize segment utilization.
[0013] Also employed is a specific data object naming criteria. Any hierarchical object identifier such as a uniform resource locator (URL) or directory/filename specifier is first hashed into at least two binary numbers, including a first number and a second number. The number of bits in the first number is selected to correspond to a number of tables for a segment. The second number is then read as an index into a specific directory table that contains location information for a particular object. The invention therefore provides a flat, non-hierarchical directory structure which allows object lookups in a predictable, fixed amount of time, even though such objects may have been originally specified as being hierarchical. This is because all objects are resident in only one segment, and are stored contiguously, and because they can be located with two short table lookups.
[0014] The invention implements only the file system interfaces needed for high performance data structure. For example, unlike other directory structures, the inventive structure need not be modifiable since it is formatted as a preset mathematical construct.
[0015] The invention also supports a very low overhead garbage collection mechanism that does not require disk access.
[0016] All disk structure meta data, such as the directory structure which specifies a location of each object, can be maintained in a high speed memory device during run time. A mirror image of the meta data may be periodically flushed to a dedicated file partition on the disk. As such, after a crash, there is no need to run a file seek or other cache recovery processes prior to restarting the disk to restructure the directory.
[0017] The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of preferred embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention.
[0018]FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a network system in which a storage device according to the invention may be employed.
[0019]FIG. 2 is a high level diagram of meta data and object data partitions formed on the disk.
[0020]FIG. 3 shows a meta data partition in more detail.
[0021]FIG. 4 shows a superblock meta data portion in more detail.
[0022]FIG. 5 is a somewhat detailed view of a data partition.
[0023]FIG. 6 is a more detailed view of a data object.
[0024]FIG. 7 illustrates the structure of a directory.
[0025]FIG. 8 shows a more detailed view of a directory block.
[0026]FIG. 9 is a more detailed view of a superblock, specifically a segment table portion for a partition.
[0027]FIG. 10 illustrates data structures that may be involved in accessing an open object.
[0028] A description of preferred embodiments of the invention follows.
[0029] Turning attention now to FIG. 1 a computer network 10, such as the Internet, extranet, private intranet, virtual private network, local area network, or other type of computer network consists of a number of data processing entities, including client computers 12-1, 12-2, 12-3, . . . , 12-4 (collectively "the clients 12"), routers 14-1, 14-2, . . . , 14-10, Web cache servers 16-1, 16-3, 16-4, . . . and Web home servers 20. The network 10 may make use of various types of physical layer signal transmission media, such as public and private telephone wires, microwave links, cellular and wireless, satellite links, and other types of data transmission techniques.
[0030] In the illustrated network, both the Web home servers 20 and the Web cache servers 16 provide for storage for documents or other data objects in the form of mass storage devices 18 and 21. Cache servers 16 are associated with cache mass storage 18 which may include disk storage 18-1-1 and memory storage 18-1-2. Similarly, the home server 20 has associated disk storage 21-1-1 and memory storage 21-1-2.
[0031] It is assumed in the following discussion that the network 10 is the Internet, that information is stored at the servers 16 and 20 is the in form of Web data objects such as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) documents and that request messages are routed among the computers in order to fetch the documents by references such as in the form of uniform resource locator (URL) using standard network protocol such as the transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP). However, this one example is described with the understanding that many other types of computer architectures, network architectures, and other types of data objects and/or protocols may make advantageous use of the teachings of the present invention.
[0032] In any event, in such a network 10, document requests originate typically at one of the client computers such as client 12-1 in the form of URLs specification for an HTTP document stored at a home server 20. The message is formulated as a request by the client in the HTTP protocol for the homer server 20 to return a copy of a data object that is presently stored at the home server 20, such as a file stored on the disk 21-1. The document request is passed through one or more routers 14, such as routers 14-1, 14-2, 14-3, in the direction of the illustrated arrows, on its way towards the home server 20. The request may be intercepted at any of the intermediate nodes that have a cache server 16 are associated with them. Cache servers 16 intercept document requests and determine if the requested data object can be served from one of its local disks 18. In particular, if the requested data object is stored on one of the disks 18 associated with one of the cache servers 16, the requested content will instead be delivered from the cache server 18 rather than the home server 20.
[0033] The exact manner of interception of document requests by the cache servers 18 is not a particular consequence to the present invention. This may be done by directly having the cache servers 18 cooperate with the home server 20 when such requests are made by intercepting such requests through the use of reprogramming of domain name services (DNS), sending out probing messages in search of copies throughout the network 10, or in myriad other ways.
[0034] What is important to note with respect to the present invention is that both the cache servers 16 and home servers 20 are, in effect, storage subsystems that are responsible for maintaining extremely large numbers of data objects and providing copies of them as efficiently as possible when requested.
[0035] The mass storage devices 18 or 21 associated with the servers 16 or 20 contain a very large data store such as a hard disk that is capable of storing a potentially enormous set of object files. Each server 16 or 20 also typically makes use of a second memory device such as a random access memory (RAM) in which to store directory table information incorporating a logical map of object specifiers and their corresponding object locations in the mass storage device.
[0036] Although the data objects are specified using a hierarchical nomenclature such as a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), the directory structure used is not itself hierarchical. This provides a great advantage, especially for the cache server 20. In the present invention, an object specifier for a requested object, such as in the form of the URL, is first converted or hashed to a predetermined but unique set of data bits. These bits are then used to locate a corresponding target object in the corresponding mass storage device. As will be understood in further detail below, this permits lookup in an efficient fashion such as by using a first part of data bits to specify one of a set of lists or directory tables. The second portion of the bits can correspond to a particular entry in the table. Once the corresponding link list entry is determined, the corresponding target object address location associated with the requested object is then easily retrieved from the mass storage device.
[0037] Traditional disk structures for storing Web objects identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) have multiple, hierarchical directory or folder names followed by a filename. But consider the case of the cache server 20 which is supporting many users' access to thousands of Web sites. As such, if it simply stores objects by their hierarchical URL, an extremely deep hierarchical directory structure results, with lots of levels and lots of overhead to locate objects. As will be understood shortly, the invention greatly enhances not only the efficiency at which objects can be retrieved, but also simplifies the directory structures maintained in the meta data portion 100.
[0038] A very high level view of an overall layout strategy for the mass storage device 18 or 21 is shown in FIG. 2. Areas of the disk (the mass storage is assumed to be a disk) can be divided into two major types. "Object data" is the source information that contains end user requests that is, for example, specified by a URL. Such object data are stored in object data partitions 200. But one or more of the portions on the disk are also dedicated to being meta data partitions 200. These meta data partitions 200 contain information about the structure of the overall disk subsystem.
[0039] In a preferred embodiment, each object data partition 200 is divided into a set of equal size segments. For example, with a 9 gigabyte (GB) partition size and 128 segments, each segment would contain 72 megabytes (MB). In a preferred embodiment, the 72 MB segment size is designed to be at least a factor of two larger than the largest expected object that is expected to be stored. This is due to the requirement that each data object must reside wholly within one segment, and no object is allowed to span segments.
[0040]FIG. 3 is a more detailed diagram of the information stored in the meta data portion 100. Meta data partition 100 contains two types of information. The first type, called a superblock 102, describes general disk structure information such as the number of data partitions 200 and the maximum number of data objects that may be handled. This general structure information may be stored in a superblock header 104.
[0041] Superblock 102 also holds an array which has one entry per data partition 200. This array describes the state of each data partition 200, for example, the name of the partition, the size of the partition, and other information such as a segment array (shown in FIG. 4). This information pertaining to the state of each data partition may be contained in a per-partition information section 106 of the superblock 102.
[0042] A second portion of the meta data partition 100 contains directory information 120. Directory information 120 may be stored within the meta data partition 100 as a set of directory blocks 300-0, 300-1, . . . , 300-d−1, where d is the total number of directory blocks. The directory information 120 is described in greater detail below in connection with FIG. 8.
[0043]FIG. 4 is a more detailed view of a superblock 102. A superblock 102 contains a superblock header 104 and per-partition information 106 as previously described. The header includes per-partition information, for example, object data partition information for each of the data partitions.
[0044] The superblock header 104 therefore typically contains data fields indicating a number of partitions 141, a maximum number of objects 142, a number of objects presently in use 143.
[0045] An exemplary data partition 160 portion of the superblock 102 contains information such as a partition name 161, starting block number 162, a maximum number of blocks 163, a number of free blocks 164, an index to a next available block 165, its size in blocks 166, and a lower water mark 167, in addition to a segment table 170. The data maintained should include enough information to determine whether each corresponding segment is full, how many objects there are in the segment, a segment flag, and a segment time stamp indicating the last time at which an object was written. The segment information may be kept in the segment tables 170, along with other information, as part of the superblock 102.
[0046] It should be understood that a copy of the superblock 100 structure is instantiated in RAM at system startup time when the superblock is read in from the meta data portion 100. The superblock 102 is thus maintained in the main memory of the processor so that it is easily and quickly accessible. The superblock 102 is preferably written back to the disk periodically as part of a flushing back operation.
[0047] Turning attention briefly to FIG. 5, it is seen at each data partition 200 can be considered to be a type of ring structure. The ring 210 thus can be thought of as consisting of a number of segments 220-0, 220-1, . . . , 220-n−1 where n is the total number of segments. In the indicated preferred embodiment, there are 128 segments as previously described. An exemplary segment, such as the segment 220-2 illustrated, may contain any number of data objects. In the illustrated example, segment 220-2 contains five data objects 230 (labeled object 1, object 2, . . . , object 5). Another portion of the segment 220-2 does not yet contain any objects 230 and therefore can be considered to be free space 240.
[0048] It should be understood that each data object 230 is kept whole on its individual partition. For example, any given data object is not permitted to cross boundaries between two object data partitions 200.
[0049] It should also be recognized that the number of active segments, such as one segment 220 per ring 210, are determined and that objects are assigned to active segments in a round-robin fashion. For an empty ring 210, the active segment 220 is the first empty segment in a ring. Once a segment 220 is full, the next empty segment is selected to become an active segment. If no empty segments 220 are found, the ring is full. Whenever data is written into a segment, a segment time stamp may be updated to the present time. For more information in connection with the stores of segments 220 in a partition 200 will be discussed in connection with FIGS. 5 and 6 and others below.
[0050] Further details of a data object 230 are shown in FIG. 6. As stored in one of the segments 220, a data object 230 consists of an object header 270, a data portion 290, and an object trailer 280. Other information may also be included in the data object 230.
[0051] The object header 270 consists of various fields, including an object URL string 272, an object size 274, and other optional information 276.
[0052] The object trailer 280 consists of a magic number 282, a first hash value 284, a second hash value 286, an object size 287, and object data size 288. The magic number 282 is a unique stamp used for validation.
[0053] The data portion 290 of the data object 230 contains the actual source object data.
[0054] When an object 230 is opened for reading, both the header 270 and trailer 280 are used to validate the object against the directory information. If the object is not validated, it is removed from the directory and the open request will return an error indicating the object is not available. If the object is validated, then read access is granted. Validation protects against unexpected system crashes, as will be better understood below.
[0055] In standard file systems such as Unix™, a data object (such as a file) is accessed with a variable length alpha-numeric string that is kept in a hierarchical directory structure, called an index node, or "inode" for short. In the present disk structure, each data object is also referenced by a URL. However, the URLs themselves are not used directly to provide access into a hierarchical directory structure.
[0056] Instead, as shown in FIG. 7, a URL is first turned into a 56 bit value or hashed. This 56 bit hash value may, for example, consist of a pair of values, including an upper value of N bits, and a lower hash value of M bits. Values for N and M are set according to the available system memory. For example, a first system with 100 GB of local disk space could use a configuration that caches up to 8.1 million objects, with N set to 18 and M set to 38. The system could use a configuration with N set to 18 and M set to 39, to support up to 4.1 million objects.
[0057] The invention therefore replaces a traditional hierarchical directory structure using the two hash value integers to name each object. A mathematical construct is thus used instead of a traditional hierarchical directory structure to locate an object.
[0058] The upper N bits of the hash value are then used to indicate an index into one of the directory blocks 300. There are 2N such directory blocks 300. A directory block 300 may hold a fixed number of entries, for example, 2M, each of which will hold information concerning a single URL object 230.
[0059] The lower M bits of hash value are thus used to specify a particular directory entry 310 within a certain directory block 300. Each directory block 300 thus consists of a number of directory entries 310, as determined by the lower hash value M.
[0060] A process proceeds in order to store a data object 230 as follows.
[0061] 1. The object URL is hashed into two numbers of N bits and M bits, respectively.
[0062] 2. The upper N bits are then indexed to find an appropriate directory block.
[0063] 3. The directory block 300 is then searched to find an empty directory entry 310. This involves potentially also removing any stale entries from the directory block 300.
[0064] 4. If an empty directory entry 310 is found, then it is assigned to the new object 230. This involves entering the object name (hash value) into the corresponding directory entry 310.
[0065] 5. If no empty directory entry 310 is found, then an error indicating such is returned indicating that the object 230 may not be added to the directory due to lack of space.
[0066] A process for looking up the location of an existing object 230 and reading its contents proceeds as follows.
[0067] 1. The object URL is hashed into two numbers of N and M bits.
[0068] 2. The upper N bits are indexed to find an appropriate directory block 300 number.
[0069] 3. The directory block 300 is then searched for a matching directory entry 310.
[0070] 4. Any stale entries are removed.
[0071] 5. If the requested entry 310 is found, then the appropriate information is returned.
[0072] 6. If no entry is found, an error is returned indicating that the object does not exist in the directory.
[0073] A process for removing or deleting an object 230 may proceed as follows.
[0074] 1. The object URL is hashed into two numbers.
[0075] 2. The upper N bits are indexed to find an appropriate directory block 300.
[0076] 3. The directory block 300 is then searched for a matching directory entry 310 and any stale entries are removed.
[0077] 4. If the entry is found, then it is freed and made reusable by a new object at a later time.
[0078] 5. If the entry is not found, an error is returned indicating the object does not exist in the directory and therefore was not deleted.
[0079] The directory blocks 300 are preferably kept in one large contiguous portion of local memory such as Random Access Memory (RAM) with a persistent copy kept on a dedicated disk partition such as in the meta data portion 100. At startup time, this region is read from the disk in a large contiguous read operation. This allows the directory information to be brought into local memory rapidly.
[0080] Once in memory, the directory information is available without any further disk access time. During a system shutdown process, the directory information 120 may be written back to the disk in one, large raw write operation in a rapid fashion. During operation, the directory information is periodically written back to the disk. This amount of time may be configurable to allow the information to be preserved in case of an unexpected failure. This directory structure thus allows fast object creation, deletion, and lookup without large disk access or memory scans needed to maintain the directory integrity.
[0081]FIG. 8 shows the configuration of a directory block 300 in more detail. Each directory block 300 contains a field indicating its capacity 302 and whether or not it is presently in use 304. A number of directory entries 310-1, 310-2, 310-30 then comprise a remainder of the directory block 300. Padding 312 may be optionally added to the directory block for further control.
[0082] Each directory entry 310 includes a number of data fields, including a hash value 311, disk number 312, starting block 313, size 314, a creation date 315, expiration date 316, a last modification time stamp 317, and memory information 318.
[0083] Returning attention now to FIG. 5, the basic disk structure layout approach will be reviewed. Recall that each individual disk partition is treated as an independent storage unit. The area within each data partition 200 is divided into a fixed number of equal size segments 220, with the number of segments 220 being a configurable value. A storage algorithm keeps track of an active segment 220 for each partition 200.
[0084] New objects are stored whole and contiguously into the active segment of a partition 200, with the selected partition 200 picked on a round-robin basis among the available partitions 200-0, 200-1, . . . , 200-p. Once an active segment 220 for a particular partition 210 becomes full, a new empty segment 220 within that partition is assigned to be the active segment.
[0085] If no empty segments 220 are available, that partition 200 is declared as full until garbage collection is available to clear out a full segment 220 to market as empty. The garbage collection process is described in further detail below.
[0086] The requirement that data objects 230 be written contiguously in each segment in turn dictates that whenever a data object 230 starts to be written, its size must be known. This size is then used to allocate a contiguous number of blocks within that selected active segment 220. This allows the data object 230 to be written in the segment "whole," without having to break it up into a number of smaller sized blocks, and scatter it all over the disk as in done in traditional file systems such as Unix™ or Microsoft Windows™.
[0087] A potential drawback to this approach is that it is difficult to increase the size of an object 230 once written. However, this is not a problem typically for a URL object store, since the stored data objects are hardly ever modified after they have been written. In other instances, even when the objects are overwritten, it is only on a very infrequent basis.
[0088] The directory structure provides an additional advantage in that an object 230 may be completely specified with just three values. These include a value indicating the particular data partition 200 in which the object resides, a value indicating the location within the partition such as a segment number 220, and a value indicating the size of the object. Thus, only these three values need to be stored in a directory entry 310 for an object.
[0089] The information regarding segments 220 is kept in a per-ring array of per-segment data 106 that describes the status of each segment 220. The information includes whether a segment is full, how many objects there are in a segment, a segment flag, and a segment time stamp indicating the time at which the last object was written in the corresponding segment 220. This array of information is referred to herein as the segment table 170. This may in turn be stored in the superblock 102 and in particular, in the per-partition information section 106. Referring back to FIG. 4 and also more particularly to FIG. 9, the information block 106 as seen to include a partition segment table 460 associated with the particular partition. The partition segment table may include the information just described, including the starting disk block number 461, ending block 462, header block 463, a number indicating the number of open objects 464, a modification date 465, and expiration date 466, a generation number 467, and a status flag 468. These entries are included for each of the segments 220 within a data partition 200. Similar entries are made for the other segments 220 in a given partition 200.
[0090] This segment information is periodically updated at run time, such as when segments 220 become full, or are garbage collected. It is also written back to the meta data partition 100 periodically, such as every two minutes.
[0091] The above approach allows most data objects 230 to be read from the disk in a single contiguous operation.
[0092] When a data partition 220 becomes full, such as when a number of empty segments 220 drops below a threshold, space will no longer be allocated to the partition 200. At this point, a garbage collection process is invoked.
[0093] There may be two modes of garbage collection. A first mode operates based upon the oldest material, attempting to free up the segments 220 holding the oldest data. The other procedure works based upon expired material, and will only free a segment 220 if its corresponding data has already expired. Each case is described in more detail below.
[0094] The "oldest data" garbage collection proceeds as follows. An event handler may periodically scan the segment table 460 to find segments 220 holding the oldest data such as, for example, comparing segment time stamp fields 465. That segment is then marked for garbage collection using the status flag field 468.
[0095] Once a segment is so-marked for garbage collection, no more objects residing within it may be opened. This can be enforced at object lookup time. However, request to read from already opened objects are allowed to proceed for a given amount of time in order to avoid disruption of in-progress reads. After the above sequence is over, garbage collection can proceed.
[0096] An "expired data" garbage collection process is similar to the oldest data method. However, when segments are scanned, the event handler attempts to find a segment whose data has already expired. If one cannot be found available, meaning at all segments 220 hold unexpired data, then the event handler will simply reschedule itself to run when the first segment 220 is due to expire. The time can be determined by the expiration date field 466.
[0097] The methods so far handle freeing of partition space, but garbage collection must also free directory entries that point to objects which have been deleted or expired. If not, the subsystem will run out of directory entries. The preferred embodiment uses a lazy evaluation method wherein no scan is done when an object is freed. Rather, a segment generation field 467 is incremented in the active segment table 460. This effectively invalidates all active directory entries that reference the segment undergoing garbage collection. This works because the object lookup code checks the segment generation number 467 contained in each directory entry 310 against the segment generation number in the active segment table. If they do not match, then the lookup fails.
[0098] During any such lookup, the subsystem will have to search a directory block, such as determined using the first N bits of the object 230 hash value, in order to find the object 230 in question. As directory entries in that block are examined to see if they match the object being looked at, their segment generation number is checked against that in the corresponding segment table. If the generation numbers do not match, then the directory entry 310 is freed. Since the subsystem 10 has to go through the directory block scan as part of a lookup anyway, the freeing of stale directory entries comes at very little additional expense.
[0099] In the prior art, such as in Unix™ or Windows™ operating systems, file system integrity is maintained typically through two simultaneous operations. The first operation carefully orders the updates to directories, index nodes (inodes), and data blocks at run time. The second procedure is to run a recovery program before the file system is mounted again. The first approach has a cost on performance and the second generates delays at disk startup time. Certain file systems handle the first problem through meta data logging. The price paid is in an extra recovery pass at startup time.
[0100] In contrast to these, the present invention eliminates inode structures, and keeps meta data in each data object and the corresponding directory entry. At run time when the object is read, a run time validation routine will ensure object integrity, thus removing the need for either write ordering or pre-startup recovery programs. If a system running according to the present invention were to crash, then either the directory entry was written to the disk while the on-disk object was not or only partially written. In this case, when the object blocking indicated by the directory entry is read, either the object magic number 282 in the trailer will not identify it as a valid object, or the hash values 284, 286 indicating the name will not match. This is a remote chance in that the actual URL is for a different object but just happened to hash to the same value which also happened to be on the same disk block. Here, the directory structure will try to match the URL embedded in the header to the expected URL and catch the mistake.
[0101] In a second instance, the URL object was written to the disk while a directory entry 310 was not written. In this case, the object is not accessible due to lack of a directory entry 310. The disk space will simply go to waste until it is garbage collected, but no errors or integrity issues will arise.
[0102] A data object 230 is located and identified by a directory entry 310. When an object is opened for write or read, a structure known as a "memory object" is allocated and the directory entry is made to point to it. Please review FIG. 10 while referring back to FIG. 8. A memory object is created that is shared among all entities that access a given data object 230. Each user will obtain a handle 510 to an open object. The handles 510 to an object 230 may access a create interface (for read or write operations), or an open interface for read operations only.
[0103] The handle 510 will point to a single per-object memory object 500. A memory object 500 corresponding to an active object being accessed can contain a corresponding hash value 501, data buffers 502, locks 503, write flags 504, disk identifiers 505, starting block numbers 506, disk size 507, read size 508, write size 509, status information 510, reference information 511, directory information 512, a creation date 513, an expiration date 514, and a time stamp indicating a time last modification 515.
[0104] The memory object 500 holds a working set of one or more contiguous buffers 520-0, . . . 520-3 which are used to hold the in-memory version of the on-disk data object 230. The sizes of the buffers 520 for each memory object 500 is the same as the size of the on-disk object up to a configurable maximum. For example, this might be 65 kilobytes. All requests to either read or write objects larger than this maximum buffer size must then, therefore, share buffers for that object.
[0105] Read access to an object 230 is suspended for all users except the one who created it until creation is completed and a save interface is invoked. Once an object is fully written with this subsystem, such as indicated by invoking a save interface, the object 230 can be considered to be fully written to the disk. Once the object has been successfully saved, read access can be resumed. An object may only be written once. All attempts to create an existing object and/or write to an object handled obtained via an open interface will be rejected.
[0106] An object may be opened for read operations by an open interface. When invoked, the appropriate directory entry is located and the object trailer 280 is read from the disk. The initial validation is performed, and if it passes, a handle 510 is returned. Any object that fits into the working set will then be fully read into memory. This initial read attempt results in a Unix™ server validating the object header. If an object is larger than the working set, then reads which involves areas not in memory, these would result in some of the object memory object buffers becoming recycled and new blocks being read from the disk.
[0107] Once all access to an object 230 is complete and all object handles 510 are closed, the object may be placed on a cached list. In order to maximize the number of in-memory cached objects, it is possible to set a configuration value to determine the maximum size of objects that are kept in memory. If this value is not set, the all sized objects will be cached. This value may have a very large impact on the number of objects thus cached. Thus, for example, it is possible to keep 16 times as many 2K objects than 64K objects in memory.
[0108] The object may remain cached until there is a shortage of in-memory objects or data buffers. In the former case, the object is purged from the cache and resources reused for new objects. A purged object remains on the disk and becomes available for further access. Access to a purged object, however, will require further disk input/output operations.
[0109] The URL of a requested object is first converted to the form of a binary character string of data that is converted to a substantially unique but reduced set of data bits. Based on this reduced set of data bits, a location of the requested object can therefore be determined for retrieval. The conversion may involve using a mapping technique used in a directory table which includes multiple link lists. Simple, if there are many characters in a particular URL, there are many bytes of information associated with the URL or paths specified. Regardless of its length, this binary number is converted to a reduced fixed set of bits using a mathematic equation such as one based on a logical manipulation of the bits. Accordingly, a file specifier of an unknown length can be hashed to produce a fixed length binary number to map a URL to a corresponding directory table entry.
[0110] In a preferred embodiment, the hash value may be based upon a mathematical combination of module operations such as
g(URL)=Σ[u(i)x x(i)]MOD M
[0111] where the number, M, equals 256, U(i) represents a component of the URL character string to be hashed, and each x(i) is a unique random number. It should be understood that other hashing functions may be implemented. What is important to recognize is that the object specifier must be hashable to a shortened number using a two-tiered method.
[0112] While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.
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Owner name: INFOLIBRIA, INC., MASSACHUSETTS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:RABII, FARAMARZ;MORRIS, RICHARD J.;REEL/FRAME:012077/0622
Effective date: 20010710
|Feb 16, 2007
Owner name: CERTEON, INC., MASSACHUSETTS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:INFOLIBRIA, INC.;REEL/FRAME:018898/0125
Effective date: 20030521


text:
Arizona Cardinals
Report: Cardinals interview former Eagles DC Juan Castillo
The Arizona Cardinals may not have a coach, but apparently that won't stop them from interviewing potential assistants.
According to CBS NFL insider Jason La Canfora, the team has checked in with former Eagles defensive coordinator and offensive line coach Juan Castillo.
Former Eagles OL coach/DC Juan Castillo interviewing with the Cardinals. Would imagine its for the OL spot vacated by Russ Grimm
— Jason La Canfora (@JasonLaCanfora) January 9, 2013
Castillo was the Eagles' offensive line coach from 1998-2010, when he was moved into the defensive coordinator position. He was fired from that post in October 2012, though.
La Canfora notes the Cardinals' interest would likely be for his work with offensive linemen, as that is an area the team has struggled with for the better part of forever.
However, that they would be looking to add to the coaching staff without having a coach on board yet would seem like a questionable move.
Cardinals Audio
"The Badger's Hands" - a song parody by Jarrett Carlen
Sunday October 4
A song about Tyrann Mathieu to the tune of Lady Gaga's "Bad Romance"
10-2-15 The Sports Kabob with Jarrett Carlen
Friday October 2
Topics include the Bears, the Pope, and Mars. It's sports news skewered.
Mark Schlereth, ESPN NFL Insider
Friday October 2
Schlereth discusses the Cardinals fast start and the importance of Tyrann Mathieu and the O-line.
John Clayton, ESPN NFL insider
Friday October 2
John Clayton says Marshawn Lynch and Andrew Luck could both sit with injuries this weekend.
Ron Jaworski, ESPN NFL analyst
Thursday October 1
Ron Jaworski says that Deone Bucannon's versatility has been the key for the Cardinals defense.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Frog PondSports Bars, American (Traditional), Dive Bar
251 E Main St
(203) 377-7868
David W.
Frog Pond is a wonderful dive. Lots of TV's showing whatever game is on, pool tables, a big porch, nice sound system for the jukebox. It's a little dingy,...read more
Charlie C.
The thing that stands out most to me about this place is the food! You would think its the atmosphere or the drinks at the bar, nope! The food! The pizza...read more
Max R.
Total dive. Its a little uncomfortable and weird. Last time I was there some guys tried to pick a fight with me and my friends. On the up-side they had pool...read more
jiggaboo j.
Drink beer yoloread more
I had a great time. It was spacious and there were plenty of pool tables. It's one of the better bars I've been to.read more
David S.
Open Mic every Tuesday night with the "Total Hacks", join us for good times, awesome jams, the drink specials and food!read more
Rice B.
Dont forget your ID before going inside the bartenderread more
Charles S.
4sq calls this a dive bar but it's much better than that, with great food!read more
Rice B.
Drink tons of beer until you throw up and pass outread more
Dennis L.
Bartenders suck hereread more
jiggaboo j.
Check if their frog in the pondread more
Mike R.
Good food served lateread more
Zemmy R.
Best bar food in ct. Hands downread more
jiggaboo j.
drink as much beer as you can until you get drunk.read more
Markvs V
It is what it is: The local Stratford dive, complete with plastic cups and a never-changing decor and clientele. Unless you're a local, there's pretty much no reason to come here. \r \r But at least the men's room is clean.read more
local hangout-not to bad: If you like classic rock music, strong drinks and loud music come here, to ladies:lots of longhaired cowboyish looking guys, place has been around forever.read more
Janet C
Frog Pond: We go to Frog Pond as a bar (not a restaurant). The waitress is alot a fun. It is a very busy place. People have told me the food is good. It is not expensive. We always have an enjoyable time there.read more
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35 Industry Dr, West Haven, CT 06516


text:
By TED CARTER Same-sex couples are tying the knot across Mississippi but the state has not yet decided how – or whether – it will extend worker benefits to the same-sex spouses of state employees. The Mississippi Department of Finance and Administration is trying to get a fix on the state's obligations in the wake of last week's ruling by ...Read More »
Tag Archives: Comcast
Doubling up on WiFi: Comcast adding 200 hotspots to 200 in place
Comcast is doubling its Xfinity WiFi outdoor hotspots from Jackson to Canton, bringing the count to 400 by year-end. The hotspots provide Internet connections to Comcast customers as well as non-customers. Specific locations will include public spaces such as parks, shopping centers and school campuses. The new hotspots complement Comcast's thousands of existing residential and business hotspots in the area, ...Read More »
Comcast rolls out strategy for new emphasis on customer care
By TED CARTER Comcast Corp. says it has a strategy to lead subscribers to associate their customer service experience more with a day at the beach than a root canal. It's an ambitious goal considering the pain the Philadelphia-based national provider of high speed Internet, cable television and digital phone service has been known to inflict on customers over the years. ...Read More »
Coming soon: 200 Wi-Fi hotspots around Metro Jackson
Here's yet another reason not to leave home without your mobile device: Comcast is setting up a half dozen outdoor Wi-Fi hotspots in Jackson area parks and town squares this month as part of a cyber connection effort that will create 200 access points in public spaces throughout the metro region the first three months of the new year. The ...Read More »
Firms' donations focus on education
Big businesses in Mississippi not only provide some of the best paying jobs in the state, they are known for generously supporting charitable programs of many different types throughout the state. The big businesses often put a lion's share of their charitable resources behind educational programs. "Education has been our priority for more than a century, and raising graduation rates ...Read More »
Netflix, Comcast deal speeding up service, analyst says
Jeff Kagan, a veteran telecom industry analyst based in Atlanta, likes the arrangement Netflix and Comcast have reached. Here is what he has to say: Comcast and Netflix seem to have finally struck a deal that will benefit them both, and their customers. This is just one of many such deals that will have to be reached between a variety ...Read More »
Dennis joins PIP
Kelly Dennis has joined PIP Printing and Marketing Services in Ridgeland as an account manager. Dennis, originally from Mantachie, is a graduate of the University of Southern Mississippi. She previously worked at Comcast as an outside business-to-business salesperson. At PIP, Dennis will focus on developing new business relationships as well as servicing existing clients.Read More »
Twenty years of Top 40 Under 40
Always a well attended event at the EXPO, the Top 40 Under 40 luncheon will be held Thursday at 11:30 a.m. This popular program turns 20 this year and is the Mississippi Business Journal's longest running recognition program. Since 1993, the program has honored 40 of Mississippi's best and brightest leaders from a wide range of professions and businesses. These ...Read More »
THERE YOU HAVE IT column: Things aren't cool with cable TV
In my little world, Comcast choked as bad last Monday night as LSU did in getting rolled by Alabama in college football's national championship showcase. I would loved to have watched the game in the comfort of my living room but Comcast fixed things to make sure I didn't. My neighbor and his buddies in the apartment below had a ...Read More »


text:
Look beyond the obvious – discover new ways to grow, manage risk and operate differently to deliver better results.
Business insights from around the world. Download KPMG's Thought Leadership app for iPad.
KPMG is providing active analysis and insight to contribute to the reform process. Discover our latest thinking through our videos and publications.
Find out how you can transform your organisation to take advantage of the possibilities that emerging digital channels and technologies provide.
Despite various financial and economic uncertainties, the oil and gas sector continues to enjoy steady growth.
With now more than $1.5 trillion of assets under management, the superannuation industry is one of the fastest growing sectors of the Australian economy.
The toolkit is provided in a user-friendly electronic format, empowering directors to more effectively discharge their duties and responsibilities while improving board performance and decision-making.
This manual reflects Corporations Act 2001 requirements and Australian Accounting Standards that must be applied for interim and annual financial reports for year ending 30 June 2015.
Discover how a career at KPMG can help you Go Beyond your potential.
Connect with our Graduate Recruitment team on Facebook for the latest news on our Graduate Program.
This edition features news and events from around the firm, including the recent launch of KPMG Marketplace, a look at what's happening with tax reform, moving beyond a digital strategy, KPMG partner appointments, alumni profiles, and more.
Stay connected with the latest KPMG insights, discussions and expand your business network. KPMG Australia Alumni on LinkedIn is open to former and current KPMG employees.
+61 2 9335 7128
by Grant Wardell-Johnson, Australian Tax Centre The Federal Budget to be delivered on Tuesday 14 May 2013 will need to address short term and long term objectives. In the short term it will need to confront a significant decline in revenue projections that have come to the fore in the last 6 months and led the government to abandon its promise of a surplus.
It will also need to present a path for long term fiscal sustainability, but in the context of the Government's desire to increase funding on education and disability care, the continued growth in health expenditure and an ageing population. Furthermore, many, including the Australian Treasury, believe significant long-term revenue challenges are emerging.
The Prime Minister's speech of 29 April suggests a $12 billion decline in revenue for this financial year, an extrapolation of a $7 billion decline in revenues for the year to February 2013 against the October Mid Year Economic and Fiscal Outlook (MYEFO). This is a decline of about $17 billion since the last budget.
The explanation for this sudden decline seems to lie in our presently high Australian dollar combined with weaker export prices. The strength of the Australian dollar has been largely attributed to the volatility and fragility of other currencies, assisted by Japan's recent decision to drive down the yen. The high Australian dollar combined with lower commodity prices has put pressure on exporters, but also on local firms who face fierce competition from cheaper imports. This is leading to lower company profits and lower company tax collections.
This revenue decline in the short term will need to be filled. In the longer term, there is an unsustainable gap between rising costs and future revenues. Both the expenditure and revenue sides of this equation will need to be dealt with.
Cutting expenditure is not easy, particularly when we are expecting governments to do more than we have in the past. Part of the solution will be to grow the economy. Measures to lift the senior participation rates and maternal participation rates would assist. So would tax reform. The earlier we confront these challenges, the easier the solution.
In lead up to this year's Federal Budget, we examine these issues in our Background to the 2013 Federal Budget - Perspectives in Advance publication. We will also publish early on Wednesday morning, 15 May 2013, our detailed review of the implications of the 2013 Federal Budget on business.
© 2015
KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative ("KPMG International"), a Swiss entity. All rights reserved.
KPMG International Cooperative ("KPMG International") is a Swiss entity. Member firms of the KPMG network of independent firms are affiliated with KPMG International. KPMG International provides no client services. No member firm has any authority to obligate or bind KPMG International or any other member firm vis-à-vis third parties, nor does KPMG International have any such authority to obligate or bind any member firm.


text:
Matching: app X
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IBM Technical Support app 2.0 is available!
The 2.0 release of the IBM Technical Support app is now available in Google Play and the Apple App store . Use it to get quick and easy technical support on all your IBM products. Read all about the new features here on IBM developerWorks....
from Blog: Inside Systems SupportModified on by esupport
IBM Bluemix Giving us a Glimpse into the Future Community Blog
MichaelMarinier Tags: analytics paas africa cloud bluemix app ibm architecture healthcare saas 949 Views
As an employee of IBM, staying on top of the latest technology and market innovations is a pre-requisite of fitting in with "The Big Blue". As a marketer, this is especially vital in order to remain informed about the market we compete in. We need...
Get the Mobile Tech Support App for IBM Clients Today!
AcdntlPoet Tags: iot tech-support mobile app iot-support 604 Views
Just in time for the holiday weekend! The IBM Technical Support mobile app lets you, our IBM customers worldwide, access key technical support content and functions for all of their IBM products. Now available in both Google Play and iTunes ,...
from Blog: Notes from IoT Support
Tutorial: How to upload files to a PMR using the web-interface of ECuRep Community Blog
Dr.Debug Tags: websphere drdebug large_files webinterface files large app bpm tutorial ecurep pmr upload 573 Views
Dear Followers, Recently I noticed that some of us are struggling with uploading large files to PMRs. Now as you may remember, I explained how to upload files using FTP in this article . Today I want to share an alternative, i.e. the web interface...
from Blog: Dr. Debug's AdviceModified on by Dr.Debug
Apps from IBM technical support
I just found an iOS app that may be of interest for you - the "IBM technical support" app. It's available for iPad and iPhone. The app lets you quickly and easily access key technical support content and functions for all your IBM software and...
Building the right security measures for Bluemix Apps Community Blog
MichaelMarinier Tags: africa dynamic bluemix sso infosphere app url appscan platform-as-a-servive analyzer dashdb ibm database paas digicerts server mobile developewroks guardium security developers service sql 704 Views
One of the most significant concerns developers have when building their Apps, is the issue of security on Bluemix. As an application developer, they must enable the security configurations, including application data protection, for their applications that...
The IBM Technical Support mobile app for iOS is now available!
Scott Puls (IBM) Tags: ios technotes fixes apars android support app mobile service_requests 3,250 Views
We are pleased to announce that the IBM Technical Support mobile app, previously released for Android in December 2014, is now also available for iOS in the Apple iTunes App Store! You can search the App Store on your device for IBM Technical Support, or...
from Blog: IBM Collaboration Solutions Support blogModified on by JFreeman (IBM)
Environment variables are not picking up the proper values after upgrade Community Blog
Dr.Debug Tags: troubleshoot development env anamnesis envar environment wle upgrade processdesigner fixpack variables debug dr.debug app pd bpm 657 Views
Dear Debuggers, Today I am going to present you another interesting anamnesis. Enjoy! Symptoms The patient has recently installed a fix pack (in this particular case it was on WLE 7.2.0. FP5) After installation, the patient discovered that...
from Blog: Dr. Debug's AdviceModified on by Dr.Debug
How to use IBM BPM mobile client (iOS) to work on tasks
Jia Tang Tags: mobile business bpm ios business_process management blueworks_live app process blueworks 1,300 Views
The BPM mobile app works with the IBM Business Process Manager and IBM Blueworks Live products. In this blog, we will discuss the steps to log on client, launch, view and finish task of IBM BPM, which are most of the basic functions of IBM BPM process...Modified on by SteveWebb
New YouTube video - Maximo 7.5 Adding a record image Community Blog
DavidLeftwich Tags: photograph maximosupport picture image app person gif adding maximo+7.5 ibmsupport asset management add application ibm record maximo photo 1,003 Views
A new YouTube video has been released Maximo 7.5 Adding a record image This video demonstrates how to introduce a photo into the person records. You can view the video here - https://youtu.be/ydwh0Bzscbc
from Blog: Asset Management
z/VSE Quick Reference mobile application for Android
We just released an Android App for z/VSE. If you have an Andriod smart phone or tablet you may use this application to get information on z/VSE, such as news, events, education, documentation, etc. Basically it provides the content as available on our web...Modified on by Ingolf24
Building the right security measures for Bluemix Apps
MichaelMarinier Tags: digicerts bluemix platform-as-a-servive africa service security url database server sso dashdb guardium developewroks appscan sql app developers mobile analyzer paas ibm infosphere dynamic 2,106 Views
One of the most significant concerns developers have when building their Apps, is the issue of security on Bluemix. As an application developer, they must enable the security configurations, including application data protection, for their applications that...Modified on by MichaelMarinier
No wonder the number of mobile malware infections is skyrocketing..... Community Blog
CalvinPowers Tags: mobile security app 673 Views
Forty percent of companies do not scan the code in their mobile apps for security vulnerabilities. You can download and read " The Sta te O f Mo bile App lica tion Ins ecur it y " for yourself and use this study to...
How many malware infected devices is your mobile app running on? Community Blog
CalvinPowers Tags: app mobile security 699 Views
One billion personal data records were compromised by cyber-attacks in 2014, and at any given time mobile malware is affecting 11.6 million mobile devices. IBM and The Ponemon Institute have just released a ne w st udy on t...
How does your mobile app security budget compare? Community Blog
CalvinPowers Tags: app security mobile 627 Views
50% of companies have zero budget for securing their mobile apps. IBM and The Ponemon Institute have just released a ne w st udy on t he s tate of mobi le a ppli cati on s ecur it y that...
A What You Need To Know Special: IBM InterConnect >>The Event Connect App
J.Claussen Tags: ibm-event-connect social-business podcast interconnect askjim app digital-engagement 947 Views
A What You Need To Know Special The IBM InterConnect Event Connect App The AskJim Podcast Providing answers to user questions about IBM Connections With IBM InterConnect 2015 coming up, now is the time to begin planning your agenda,...
from Blog: IBM Ecosystem Development BlogModified on by J.Claussen
Available NOW! The IBM Technical Support Mobile App for Android
AcdntlPoet Tags: ibm-esupport mobile_applications ibm-electronic-support app mobile rational-client-support rational 1,473 Views
As a welcome to the new year, we've just released th IBM Technical Support mobile app for Android which is now available via Google Play ! You can use this mobile app to: Expedite troubleshooting by searching for, viewing, and bookmarking technical...
from Blog: Notes from Rational Support
Make an App for that with Bluemix
AcdntlPoet Tags: rational app bluemix youtube rational-client-support videos ondemanddemoguy 1,467 Views
Make an App for that with Bluemix - Are the needs for new business apps outstripping your enterprise's ability to deliver? Is the business asking for: simple mobile apps based upon existing systems? Situational apps for their department? Simple B2B apps to...
from Blog: Notes from Rational Support
Rock N' Roll with Bluemix, Cloudant and NodeExpress
Tinniam V Ganesh Tags: nodeexpres cloudant app nodejs cloudcomputing bluemix 15,987 Views
In this post I create a cloud application that is based on Bluemix, Cloudant DB and NodeExpress. NodeExpress is used to perform DB operations on CloudantDB The code can be forked from Devops from bluemix-cloudant-exp . You can also...
from Blog: The Tech TrekModified on by Tinniam V Ganesh
The Wave of Mobile Apps and Its Impact on Software Development Community Blog
Anup M. More Tags: mobile app apps software development application 1,370 Views
The article is presented by Vijay Web Solutions India Pvt. Ltd. , a fastest growing web and mobile application development company in India. The advent of smartphones and tablets explosively propelled the use of mobility for users...
from Blog: Mobile Development
How The Use Of Mobile Devices Is Changing The Shopping Trend? Community Blog
Anup M. More Tags: development applications company shopping e-commerce app devices android iphone m-commerce smartphones mobile ios m-wallet 1,651 Views
If you are one of the shoppers who shop through their smartphones, then definitely you must have encountered that the mobile devices has not only turned the lifestyle of consumers, but also the way people are shopping. As per the research, users are...
from Blog: Mobile DevelopmentModified on by Anup M. More
Getting started with a Mobile Cloud app with Bluemix
Tinniam V Ganesh Tags: paas mobile-cloud bluemix app android 1,497 Views
This post gives the key steps to get going in building a Mobile Cloud application on IBM's Bluemix. This post focuses on using the Android Platform for building the application. IBM Bluemix'es mobile cloud application includes under its hood mobile...
from Blog: The Tech Trek
Does your Linux on Power app have what it takes?
KimMesseri Tags: app ibm-innovate app-throwdown event innovate ibm-power-systems linux-on-power 2,391 Views
Guest post by Rich Griffith Solution Sales Manager: Industry BUE, IBM Ecosystem Development IBM Sales & Distribution, Software Sales IBM Power Systems is putting data to work! On April 23, we introduced Power Systems built for bigger data...
from Blog: The Invisible ThreadModified on by KimMesseri
ClickSoftware wins the App Throwdown at Impact 2014
Congratulations to ClickSoftware for winning the App Throwdown competition at Impact 2014! ClickSoftware extends over 100 Business Apps for the field service execution industry to IBM users through the IBM Worklight platform. With easy install and deployment,...
from Blog: IBM Ecosystem Development Blog
Going mobile with IBM System z
My first day in the office after Easter and WAVV 2014. I hope all WAVV attendees had a save trip back home and you liked the information you got in the sessions and from the vendors. The presentation will soon be on the IBM and WAVV web pages. I will let you...


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Event Details
Multiple Days: 09/23/2015, 10/03/2015, 10/04/2015Location: See description | Map Fee Information: See descriptiion Contact Name: Conservancy for CVNP Contact Phone Number: 330-657-2752 ext 352
Introduction to Backpacking
Wednesday, September 23 - Preparation
Saturday and Sunday, October 3 - 4 - Overnight
Join NPS volunteers to learn about backpacking techniques and tricks. Then enjoy an overnight backpacking trip to a secluded location. Registration required for this introductory session as well as the October 3 - 4 trip. September 23 session meets at Boston Store Visitor Center, 6:30 - 9 p.m. To register call 330-657-2752 ext 352. Full information will be emailed to participants upon registration.


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Jobsearch Careeradvic, Candid, Fall Career, Career Money, Career Work, Career Expo, Career Advice, Career Fair, Future Career
How to Rock the Career Fair
33 Productivity tips
Study Tips, Study Motivation, Study Hacks, Student, Schools Study, Business Quotes, 33 Products, Presentation Design, Motivation Success
33 Productivity Tips Motivation, success, inspiration, business, personal development, business, quote
33 Productivity Tips. Great for everyone. Not just students!
33 Productivity Tips, in 140 Characters or Less by Ethos3 | Presentation Design and Training via slideshare #GTD #productibity . Find out more how we help improve personal and business results http://www.jamsovaluesmarter.com
Study tip 2
5 Job Search Tools You're Not Using
Technology Marketing, Marketing Strategies, Internet Of Things, Internet Marketing, Employment Technology, The Angel, Google Search, Technology Changing, Business
Mobile + Sharing Economy + Internet of Things = the Coming Economic Boom. http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/237646 #IoT
Ricos Telecommunication Network has recently expanded our "state of the art" workshop for telecommunication services in Los Angeles, CA
A huge % of businesses usually fail online due to utilizing poor internet marketing strategies http://ksoc.us/3r
TechList from SMS - Your Source for Insider B2B Technology Marketing Information!
How is Technology changing charity.
technology - Google Search
How to Land Your Dream Job--Even When The Company Isn't Hiring | Fast Company | business + innovation
Dreams Job Evening, Career Search, How To Land Your Dreams Job, Career Development, Dreams Career, Business, Dreamjob, Career Advice, Career Stuff
Dream job even when company not hiring
How to Land Your #DreamJob -- Even When The Company Isn't Hiring | Fast Company | Business + Innovation #RealWorldTips #PostGrad #GoodToKnow
How to get your dream career
The Phone Interview
Business Telephone, Business Phones, Phones System, Employment Interview, Job Interview, Interview Job, Ace, Interview Today, Phones Interview Tips
InTouch Networks provides Small Business Phone Systems, customized business telephone services, Telephone Service Winnipeg and solutions in Canada.
Ace your Phone Interview today with the help of Aspire Cambridge!
The Phone #Interview #jobs #careers
Top Job Search Tip #3 - Have a suitable email address (consider setting up an email account just for your job search!) www.steadfasttrai...
Address Consid, Job Search Tips, Professional Resume Accounting, Career Resources, Email Address, Professional Email, Email Accounting, Professional Development, Resume Professional
Top Job Search Tip #3 - Have a suitable email address (consider setting up an email account just for your job search)!
Not having a professional email can cost you an interview.
15 Communication Etiquette Rules Every Professional Needs To Know
Etiquette Rules, Internet Site, Website, Business Communication, Web Site, Communication Etiquette, 15 Communication, Professional Communication, Business Etiquette
15 Communication Etiquette Rules Every Professional Needs To Know We conduct Corporate Training Program which includes the Business Etiquette and Protocol which includes Communication modules. For enquiry, please contact the Founding Director Emi Idura www.top2toestyliesta.com 012 9023625 (Kuala Lumpur/Malaysia)
Professional Communication Etiquette Rules
Good questions for an interviewer.


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Clean Air
NPCA at Work | Cleaning Up Haze | Victories | Reports | Pollution in Parks | Sources
Take Action
Ask the President to give the gift of clean air to our national parks – for ourselves, and for future generations.
Learn More
Polluted Parks: How Dirty Air is Harming America's National Parks
Check out NPCA's Interactive Clean Air "GeoStory"
Air pollution is among the most serious threats facing national parks. Dirty air can discolor and warp the horizon and cut miles and miles off of scenic views. It is also harmful to plants, fish, and other wildlife, and even affects the health of visitors and park staff. Most of the air pollution affecting national parks results from the burning of fossil fuels, especially by coal-fired power plants.
NPCA advocates for strong and fair enforcement of existing laws and regulations that protect our parks and lungs from pollution. We are taking steps to defend America's national parks from the air, water, health and climate impacts of coal-fired power plants and other polluters.
Through our Clean Air for Parks campaign, we're working to strengthen the Regional Haze Rule, which is designed to restore park air to clear, healthy conditions. In its current form, the Rule allows some parks to maintain dirty air for centuries. Revisions to the Rule are expected soon, and NPCA is advocating for changes that will ensure robust air protections for parks—and the people who love them and live near them.
Ulla Reeves
NPCA Clean Air Campaign Manager
email@example.com or 828-772-1213


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A Numbers Game
Published: April 6, 2003
To the Sports Editor:
Showing graduation rates for men's college basketball teams from 1992-1995 is not wholly truthful and represents a governing body that takes billions from CBS and then says to the offending schools that the sky is falling.
Oklahoma, where I played from 1996 to 2000, received the ultimate slam in the arena of public opinion last week when it was reported (''Study Finds Top Teams Failing in the Classroom,'' March 25) that the university failed to graduate any player in the four year period 1992-95. At issue are the current guidelines used to resolve exactly what constitutes graduation. For instance, if you are a junior-college player who graduates from a four-year university, you do not count. If you are an athlete in good academic standing and you transfer to another four-year school and graduate, you do not count. Finally, if you leave school early for the N.B.A. draft and come back to school and graduate after six years, you do not count.
The solution of the N.C.A.A. President, Myles Brand, of punishing schools with poor graduation rates is ill-conceived under the current guidelines. If Brand is so concerned by poor performance in the classroom, then why are first- and second-round games played on Thursday and Friday, thus removing student-athletes from the classroom? Of course, the answer lies in the N.C.A.A.'s billion-dollar deal with CBS.
In ''N.C.A.A.'s Proposal to Make the Grade May Not Make the Cut'' (March 30), Allen Barra noted that it isn't the job of football and basketball coaches to see that players get degrees, a point I agree with. Where I differ is in his next statement: ''That responsibility belongs to the presidents of America's universities.'' The president of the university? Whatever happened to personal accountability? The rest of America's students live by it, why not student-athletes?
As I watched the Sooners limp off in a 63-47 defeat by Syracuse last Sunday, I could not help but remember what Coach Kelvin Sampson used to say to our team in times of crisis: ''The village idiot can identify the problem; I want a solution.'' The Times, Brand, and the N.C.A.A. have identified the problem; now who will solve it?
Oklahoma City
The writer, a 2000 graduate of the University of Oklahoma and a Rhodes Scholar nominee, served on the initial N.C.A.A. student-athlete advisory panel.


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1996 Audi A4 Quattro Wheel Bearing Kit - Front - NTN W0133-1614985
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Playing With: Our Hero Is Dead
Basic Trope: An episode ends with a Cliff Hanger and The Hero's apparent death, which turns out to not have actually happened.
Back to Our Hero Is Dead
- Straight: After a dramatic duel with the sadistic Eva, Marcy is flung backwards and takes a header off a not-so-convenient cliff. Cue screams from her friends and Eva's Evil Laughter.
- Exaggerated: Every episode ends with Marcy's apparent death.
- Downplayed: Eva knocks Marcy down with her death ray. Marcy stays down for a few seconds, but gets back up saying its just a flesh wound.
- Justified: The show needs ratings. The show is famous for cliff hangers, almost to the point of a running gag.
- Inverted: A bleak Wham Episode ends with a Hope Spot.
- Subverted: Marcy dies for real.
- Double Subverted: ...But then comes back from the dead thanks to a recently acquired Chekhov's Phoenix Down.
- Parodied: Marcy has pulled this stunt so many times that the other characters no longer react with any concern.
- Zig Zagged: In a show where people get revived all the time, but eligibility is governed by a comprehensive set of rules, Eva kills Marcy in a way that was not accounted for.
- Averted: The Hero survives.
- Enforced: "We need to establish Eva's a threat, but we can't kill anyone off... so let's have her defeat Marcy instead and make it look like she killed her."
- Lampshaded: "Oh, God, they killed Marcy! How could this happen? She's the main character!"
- Invoked: Losing badly against Eva, Marcy deliberately fakes her death.
- Exploited: ???
- Defied: Eva refuses to let the credits roll until she's verified whether or not Marcy's actually dead.
- Discussed: ???
- Conversed: ???
- Deconstructed: The trick has been pulled so many times, No one believes Marcy dead at all and thus the show becomes boring and repetitive for the fans.
- Played for Laughs: Marcy is badly beaten, and is thought to be dead. She uses this opportunity to go and scare (or "post-fatally" seduce) everybody she knows.
- Played For Drama: Eva seemingly kills Marcy. The rest of the cast is incredibly distraught and they spend the next few episodes trying to cope with Marcy's death. Just when the cast abandons hope, Marcy appears and reveals that she actually survived.
Back to Our Hero Is Dead


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Royalty Free Music Unique To Your Project - Every Time
Royalty Free Music — Unique To Your Project – Every Time
Royalty Free Music Search Results (You are in TRACK VIEW. Switch to ALBUM VIEW)
The following tracks match: Retro, Perky
Guess AgainCheeky and game-show-like, this fun trombone feature can add a perky, retro feel to the proceedings.https://www.smartsound.com/producer/images/ps07_210.jpgSingle30705-ST$ 39.9530705-EX$ 69.9530705-W$ 149.95Genre: Themes, Smooth Jazz, Retro, Lounge, Funk, Jazz Keywords: Happy, Tongue-in-cheek, Cheerful, Perky, Punchy, Whimsical, Fun, Festive Instrument: Rock/Pop Band, Trombone, Instrumental Production Types: Home Videos
Guess Again from the album Bossa / Retro / Cool (PS07)
Burger & ShakePeppy, happy, and retro, this pop rock track can put a smile on your audience.https://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/STRATRBI_200.jpgSingle64903-ST$ 39.9564903-EX$ 69.9564903-W$ 149.95Genre: Rock, Retro, Classic Rock, Pop Rock, Indie, Pop Keywords: Driving, Positive, Perky, Fun, Upbeat Instrument: Rock/Pop Band, Instrumental Production Types: Commercials, Indie Film, Short Film, Home Videos
Burger & Shake from the album Retro Brit Invasion
Fun FestA sparkling and upbeat attention-getter with a retro flair. Good for announcements.https://www.smartsound.com/producer/images/ps07_210.jpgSingle30704-ST$ 39.9530704-EX$ 69.9530704-W$ 149.95Genre: Themes, Smooth Jazz, Retro, Lounge, Funk, Jazz Keywords: Happy, Cheerful, Light, Perky, Whimsical, Fun, Festive Instrument: Trombone, Instrumental Production Types: Home Videos
Fun Fest from the album Bossa / Retro / Cool (PS07)
Step On ItA fast-paced and positive pop-rock cut for upbeat and active fun.https://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/STRATRBI_200.jpgSingle64908-ST$ 39.9564908-EX$ 69.9564908-W$ 149.95Genre: Rock, Retro, Classic Rock, Pop Rock, Indie, Pop Keywords: Driving, Positive, Uplifting, Perky, Fun, Upbeat Instrument: Rock/Pop Band, Instrumental Production Types: Commercials, Indie Film, Short Film, Home Videos
Step On It from the album Retro Brit Invasion
Open For SummerFeel-good pop-rock at its best. A full-sounding selection for active scenes of togetherness.https://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/STRATRBI_200.jpgSingle64907-ST$ 39.9564907-EX$ 69.9564907-W$ 149.95Genre: Themes, Rock, Retro, Classic Rock, Pop Rock, Indie, Pop Keywords: Positive, Perky, Fun, Upbeat Instrument: Rock/Pop Band, Instrumental Production Types: Commercials, Indie Film, Short Film, Home Videos
Open For Summer from the album Retro Brit Invasion
Gamers GrooveA skippy piece of electronica with low-fi synth elements. A funky retro groove for scenes of technology from yesterday.https://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/STRATEB_200.jpgSingle64406-ST$ 39.9564406-EX$ 69.9564406-W$ 149.95Genre: Rap/Hip-Hop, Retro, Electronica, Indie, Breakbeat, Electronic Keywords: Energetic, Perky, Raw, Quirky, Fun, Abstract Instrument: Instrumental Production Types: Indie Film, Short Film, Video Games, Home Videos, Science
Gamers Groove from the album Eclectic Beats
Cha Cha DosA modern take on the Latin classic, with cool percussion and vocal highlights. Great for scoring cheeky, fun soirees.https://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/BS24KK_200.jpgSingle56302-ST$ 39.9556302-EX$ 69.9556302-W$ 149.95Genre: Latin, Retro, Latin American Keywords: Happy, Tongue-in-cheek, Positive, Cool, Lively, Perky, Spirited, Fun, Festive, Upbeat Instrument: Latin Band, Instrumental Production Types: Commercials, Travel, Home Videos, Background
Cha Cha Dos from the album Kool Kitsch
Big City LightsFlashy, brassy leads take this track out on the strip. A great opening number.https://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/STRATEL_200.jpgSingle59401-ST$ 39.9559401-EX$ 69.9559401-W$ 149.95Genre: Retro, Lounge, Drum & Bass, Urban Keywords: Energetic, Lively, Perky, Upbeat Instrument: Brass Section, Instrumental Production Types: Commercials, On Hold Music
Big City Lights from the album Eclectic Lounge
Happy Good FuntimeThis fun and upbeat rockabilly track can make the joint jump. Take it for a spin on your next 50's-themed project.https://www.smartsound.com/producer/images/ps08_210.jpgSingle30806-ST$ 39.9530806-EX$ 69.9530806-W$ 149.95Genre: Jazz, Retro Keywords: Energetic, Happy, Cheerful, Old-Fashioned, Perky, Fun, Upbeat Instrument: Jazz Combo, Guitar (Electric), Instrumental, Guitar Production Types: Cooking, Biography, Home Videos, Spoken Word/Narration, Background
Happy Good Funtime from the album Coffeehouse/Mellow/Guitar (PS08)
JoaoThe Riviera beckons you through this versatile vintage bossa-nova. Cool sax exchanges glances with a breezy guitar as you're whisked from airport to hotel.https://www.smartsound.com/edge/images/eg06.jpgSingle20615-ST$ 39.9520615-EX$ 69.9520615-W$ 149.95Genre: Retro, Lounge, World Keywords: Driving, Energetic, Cool, Fresh, Lively, Perky, Spirited, Bluesy Instrument: Jazz Combo, Instrumental Production Types: Travel, Home Videos
Joao from the album Edge 06: Chill-Out / Cool Moods / Lounge
Choose your license:
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Shared Passion: A mother and daughter's pas de deux
Nevaeh McCarthy and her mother, Carla Burrell, found inspiration in the same dance program — 20 years apart.
In need of $40,000 for the next stage of a possible artist live/work housing project, the Arts and Cultural Alliance of Sarasota County is asking the public to help chip in.
The 1980s singer-songwriter and actor will perform with The Romantics on Oct. 15
WBTT held a sneak-peak performance for supporters.
Art Center Sarasota hosted "Noche Cubana" on Wednesday, July 22, at Art Center Sarasota.
Book reviewer Jennifer McPheeters shares what titles you don't want to miss this summer.
Local playwrights vie for their time in the spotlight at The Players' New Play Festival. The winner will see his or her play take center stage in August.
The Sarasota Architectural Foundation previewed this year's modern design festival (Nov. 6-8) dedicated to architect Paul Rudolph


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- 66Promote
Tote Bag
Collage Love - Nurenby Sarah Mah
Our quality crafted Tote Bags are hand sewn in America using durable, yet lightweight, poly poplin fabric. All seams and stress points are double stitched for durability. Available in 13" x 13", 16" x 16" and 18" x 18" variations, the tote bags are washable, feature original artwork on both sides and a sturdy 1" wide cotton webbing strap for comfortably carrying over your shoulder.
Oh Yeah, ✯ ✯ ✯ ✯ ✯ 👍 !!!
Thanks Wayne!
Wonderful work!
Thanks, Jacqueline and Greta!
another great collage!!
very cool work Sarah!
Thanks Ronda and Garima!
Love this one too!!!! ♥
wow awesome
Thank you all so much, Carina, Lindsey, and Rachel! SO nice to wake up to your wonderful comments!
Thank you, pixel404, you're so kind!
See More Comments


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I Know What You Did Last Summer Reviews
This was made once Scream made teen slasher movies cool again. However here there is none of the ironic humour or self-referencing that made Scream good. Rather this is a straight up horror thriller that lacks anything to make it special or standout from the rest. The plot revolves around a murdered fisherman, with several red-herrings thrown into the mix. The red-herrings don't really work and to be honest you pretty much don't care about the ins and outs of who's doing the killing. Really however the plot is a bit of a disappointment and it doesn't really involve you.
The biggest failing of the film is the performances. The murderer is not as effective as ones like Ghostface or Freddy - partly because he lacks screen presence but also because we all feel sorry for him - after all he's not crazy, he's only taking revenge. The teens in question make it worse - with the exception of Love Hewitt and maybe Prinze they are pretty unpleasant people - spoilt brats mainly. From the start onwards you want them to be killed - it makes it even harder to care about what's going on when you don't care if the characters live or die.
Overall this is a rather tame horror movie - low on bodycount and gore, only some action scenes are tense and exciting but most things you can see coming a mile away. The red-herrings are left unexplained at the end (why is Ray the only one not targeted?) and the end is both lazy and insulting - and of course leaves it open for a sequel. Great.
It was still a good watch, but where was the gore?
It's got a hot young cast: sexy Jennifer Love Hewitt is a great screamer, Sarah Michelle Gellar is loveable and legendary, Freddie Prinze Jr. is a hunky hero, and Ryan Phillippe is a tough dude who isn't afraid of any fisherman! Anne Heche also appears as a nutty lady living in a shack by the sea.
The script and direction is slick. There are creepy stalking scenes, scary and gruesome kills, and suspenseful chase sequences. It's done very well.
This movie rocks too:
the opening credits have a great flyover shot of ocean cliffs at night while a sombre version of "Summer Breeze" plays, and the end credits have an pounding version of "Hush".


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This product is no longer available.
You can try these similar gifts instead.
Stainless Steel with Black Leather Button Shaped Cufflinks
He's a man of distinction, one of high taste. Surprise him with these handsome cuff links that are exquisitely constructed of sleek stainless steel and decorated with genuine black leather.


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Boeing seeks defence ban on Airbus
Boeing wants European aircraft maker Airbus banned from US defence contract work if it continues to receive state aid, writes Oliver Morgan.
Front page
Rover creditors told: call the inspectors
The government is encouraging creditors of MG Rover to contact the external inspectors it has appointed to investigate the carmaker's collapse.
Rough justice for jurors when the call-up comes
Some see it as a important and rewarding civic duty, but serving on a jury can be a heavy financial burden to carry, writes Jon Robins.
Business news & features p2
Don't be faulted by the tax man at Wimbledon
Focus on couples with latitude
For many, this is not just a personal preference - teachers' widows and widowers, for instance, lose their spouse's pension if they remarry or cohabit.
Cash p4
Women must curb their shopping
Jill Insley: It's time for women to start indulging in some delayed gratification. Two lots of figures released last week indicate that we are taking the idea of retail therapy much too seriously.
Direct payment saves cash
The average average household could save up to £187 a year by paying bills through direct debit, according to BACS Payment Schemes which runs the direct debit service in the UK.
Cash p5
Got an eye for a bargain? Try going online
Internet prices for glasses can be spectacularly low, but do look before you leap, warns Christopher Browne.
Is Apple right to cosy up to the enemy?
John Naughton: Apple's announcement last week that from 2007 all its computers would be powered by Intel processors has provoked almost as much speculation as the broadcasts of Osama bin Laden.
Neil puts FT to rights over wrongs
Media matters: Our interview last week with FT editor Andrew Gowers prompted a rapid response from Spectator publisher Andrew Neil.
Cash p6
Take my tip, Tony: use a little blarney
William Keegan: The Prime Minister and I never had a special relationship, but we were once on lunching terms.
Out of a jam, but at a price
Whatever drivers think, road charging may be the least of evils, says Neasa MacErlean.
Business news & features p8
Money writes
Uncovered: policies that were worthless.
Overweight in London? How to slim down
Heather Connon: Being overweight is not just a worry for idle teenagers guzzling junk food - it's also an issue that should concern investors.
Cash p12
Why it's never easy to sell a pup
Jacqui MacDermott has just had £60,000 spent successfully underpinning her subsiding house. So why, then, does she feel her problems are only beginning?
Cash p13
Know your entablature
A weekly guide to the language of architecture.
Alison Cork's finishing touches
A weekly guide to the best bargains for the house and garden.
Cash p14
Millionaire service for budget homebuyers
Finding a home abroad need no longer be so nerve-racking, writesGraham Norwood.
Cash p15
A foothold in the Algarve ...
Lisa Bachelor on a very sunny villa leaseback scheme.


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ATTIX: Roof Space
Turn your roof space into storage space.
An Attix conversion can turn unused roof space into valuable storage space, and when the job is done, you'll be surprised what you can stick up there.
Advertising Agency: SHEDcsc, Australia
Executive Creative Director: Andrew Tinning
Creative Director: Drew Ridley
Copywriters: Andrew Tinning, Matt Ridley
Art Directors: Mathew Ridley, Drew Ridley
13 comments
bate_palmasFeb 12, 2013 - 11:15
Great use of media. It's been a while since I saw something like this done well.
Well done!
TrollFeb 12, 2013 - 11:42
Agreed. Simple and smart.
Siddarth BasavarajFeb 14, 2013 - 1:23
I like its simplicity. Should work too. Grt work fellas.
Love creating ads..


text: Working in film distribution, one of my previous jobs involved pitching a catalog of movies to the El Rey Network. Talking with those guys was surreal in a sense, because I totally remember reading and being inspired by (the founder of El Rey) Robert Rodriguez's book Rebel Without a Crew. Rebel Without a Crew tells the story of how Robert Rodriguez was able to fund and make … [Read more...]


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$340 million worth of cocaine seizedFebruary 07,2013
$340 million worth
of cocaine seized
MADRID Spanish police have seized 4.5 tons of cocaine with an estimated street value of $340 million the biggest confiscation of the drug arriving to the nation since 2001.
The Civil Guard said Wednesday the drugs were at a warehouse in the eastern city of Elche. Three Spaniards running a front company from the location were arrested.
The company imported leather from Colombia, and Civil Guard said cocaine was inside six shipping containers of leather that arrived Feb. 1.
The drugs were destined for distribution in Spain and Europe. Police raided 16 places linked to those arrested, seizing weapons that were not described and six luxury vehicles.MORE IN Wire News
NEW YORK (AP) — Amid the bloodbaths of 21st-century America, you might think that there... Full Story
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