text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 2, 2003
|Filing date
|Mar 27, 2002
|Priority date
|Mar 27, 2002
|Also published as
|Publication number
|John Okimoto, Eric Sprunk, Lawrence Tang, Annie Chen, Bridget Kimball, Douglas Petty
|Original Assignee
|General Instrument Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (66), Classifications (19), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
[0001] The present invention generally relates to communication systems, and more specifically to a protocol for mating a signal receiver to a device that enables access to such content as in MPEG-2 streams.
[0002] Typically, delivery of MPEG-2 streams functions as follows: first, customer set-top boxes STBs which receive the MPEG-2 stream are assigned unique identities and are authorized for particular services or content through the use of individual Entitlement Management Messages (EMMs). EMMs are control messages that convey access privileges to subscriber terminals. Unlike ECMs (Entitlement Control Messages)(discussed below) which are embedded in transport multiplexes and are broadcast to multiple subscribers, EMMs are sent unicast-addressed to each subscriber terminal. That is, an EMM is specific to a particular subscriber. In a typical implementation, an EMM contains information about a key, as well as information that allows a subscriber terminal to access an ECM which is sent later. EMMs also define the tiers for each subscriber. With reference to cable services, for example, a first EMM may allow access to HBO™, ESPN™ and CNN™. A second EMM may allow access to ESPN™, TNN™ and BET™, etc. The EMMs are generally protected such that tampering is not possible, as they enable services for which the customer has paid the provider.
[0003] Digital content is often encrypted using a series of keys, or Control Words (CWs). The content is then delivered to STBs over the transport stream, along with Entitlement Control Messages (ECMs), delivering the CWs in a protected (encrypted) fashion. In a conditional access system, each content stream is associated with a stream of ECMs that serve two basic functions: (1) to specify the access requirements for the associated content stream (i.e., what privileges are required for access to particular programs); and (2) to convey the information needed by subscriber terminals to compute the cryptographic key(s) which are needed for content decryption. ECMs are typically transmitted in-band alongside their associated content streams. Typically, ECMs are cryptographically protected by a key which changes periodically. The key is typically distributed by EMMs prior to the ECMs, as noted above.
[0004] Upon receiving an MPEG-2 stream, the STB then validates that the STB is authorized by its EMM to access the delivered content; if authorization is validated, the ECMs are used to extract the CWs and decrypt the content. If not authorized, the STBs not allowed access to the content.
[0005] When smartcards are incorporated into such an arrangement, the unique identity is typically assigned to the smartcard, rather than the STB. The STB may also have its own identity, but this is not necessarily related to conditional access. The operation of this smartcard-inclusive conditional access arrangement is basically the same as described above, except that the STB asks the smartcard to handle EMMs, ECMs, and extraction of the CWs. The smartcard extracts the CWs and returns them to the STB for use in decrypting the content. The STB itself extracts the EMNMs, ECMs, and other appropriate messages for the smartcard as well as perform the actual decryption using the CWs returned by the smartcard. The smartcard interface typically is not fast enough to perform the actual decryption of content; hence, the STB performs this task.
[0006] For best security, a smartcard, such as the MediaCipher™ smartcard produced by Motorola, Inc., is mated to its host STB in a secure fashion, such that the authorized (mated) smartcard will operate properly only when inserted into the authorized host STB. Exchanges of information between the host STB and the smartcard are protected (encrypted and/or authenticated), to guard against extraction and piracy of the exchanged information. Additionally, mating helps guard against the "mobile" smartcard scenario in which, for example, a customer authorizes the smartcard in his home, and then carries it to a local bar to enable authorization for public viewing of an event—generally undesirable for MSOs (multiple system operators).
[0007] In such an arrangement, the smartcard should mate uniquely to one host STB, and the smartcard should not operate when inserted into any host STB other than its mate. Further, exchanges of information between the host STB and the smartcard should be protected so that the interface is not vulnerable to non-intrusive snooping (i.e., monitoring the interface and observing the flows of information).
[0008] A system is provided for uniquely mating components of a communication network such as a smartcard and a set-top box. When mated, the smartcard and set-top box are tied together and have a single identity. Further, all communication between both components are secured by encryption and authentication to prevent piracy of the exchanged information.
[0009] According to a first aspect of the invention, the system provides the same authentication key to the set-top box and the smartcard. This authentication key is used for authenticating all communication between the set-top box and the smartcard. Initially, the authentication key is encrypted by a set-top box mating key. The set-top box employs this mating key to decrypt the authentication key. After it is derived, the authentication key is stored in the set-top box's memory. Further, the same authentication key is encrypted by a smartcard mating key. Thereafter, the smartcard employs the smartcard mating key to extract the authentication key.
[0010] Note that the clear authentication key is stored in the smartcard's memory as well. In this manner, the authentication key is used for securing all communication between the set-top box and the smart-card. For example, the set-top box may request control words from the smartcard. Only after the request is authenticated, are the control words for decrypting digital content provided to the set-top box. If the smartcard authentication key is different from the set-top box key, the request for control words is denied. Also, the authentication key may be used for encryption.
[0011] According to another aspect of the present invention, a hashed authentication key is used for authenticating information exchanges between the smartcard and the set-top box. The hashed authentication key is computed using a protocol nonce that is provided to both the smartcard and the set-top box.
[0012] According to another aspect of the invention, a set-top provisioning key is provided. This key is used by the smartcard for encrypting the set-top mating key. Thereafter, the encrypted set-top mating key is forwarded to the set-top box. The set-top box then employs the provisioning key to extract the set-top mating key. In turn, the set-top mating key is employed for extracting the authentication key. Note that the provisioning key is symmetrical, and may be randomly generated by the set-top box. After generation, the provisioning key is securely transmitted to the smartcard. This eliminates the need for entering a key or secret code into the memory of the set-top box. Advantageously, all key exchange during the mating process is protected by encryption and/or authentication.
[0013] According to another aspect of the present invention, the set-top mating key is encrypted before transmission to the smartcard. Specifically, the set-top mating key is encrypted with the smartcard's mating key. In this manner, the set-top mating key is securely delivered to the smartcard. Typically, the smartcard mating key is stored in the smartcard's memory during manufacture. The smartcard employs this smartcard mating key to extract the set-top mating key. After extraction, the set-top mating key is returned to the set-top box. To secure its return, the set-top mating key is encrypted with the set-top provisioning key. Since the set-top box has the provisioning key, it derives the clear set-top mating key using the provisioning key. With the clear set-top mating key, the authentication key is extracted by the set-top box.
[0014] According to another aspect of the present invention, a method is disclosed for securely providing the same authentication key to a signal-receiving apparatus as well as to a token communicably coupled to the signal-receiving apparatus. The method includes the step of receiving a mating EMM from a conditional access system (CAS). In particular, the mating EMM is received by the signal-receiving apparatus. This mating EMM contains a number of messages. A first message contains the authentication key encrypted by set-top mating key. A second message contains the authentication key encrypted by a smartcard mating key. In a third message, the set-top mating key is encrypted by the smartcard mating key. The second and third messages are thereafter sent to the token.
[0015] Further, the method includes the step of using the token to derive the set-top mating key from the third message. The smartcard mating key stored in the smartcard memory is employed for deriving the set-top mating key. Moreover, the smartcard mating key is employed for deriving the authentication key from the second message as well. Further, the method includes the step of using the signal-receiving apparatus to derive the authentication key from the first message, the authentication key being derived with the set-top mating key previously derived by the token.
[0016] By employing a conditional access system and cryptographic keys, the method restricts authorized smartcards to authorized hosts. Without delivery of the mating EMM by the conditional access system, there can be no mating.
[0017] A further understanding of the nature and advantages of the present invention herein may be realized by reference to the remaining portions of the specification and the attached drawings. References to "steps" of the present invention should not be construed as limited to "step plus function" means, and is not intended to refer to a specific order for implementing the invention. Further features and advantages of the present invention, as well as the structure and operation of various embodiments of the present invention, are described in detail below with respect to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, the same reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements.
[0018]FIG. 1 is a high-level schematic flow diagram illustrating initial smartcard-STB mating according to principles of the present invention.
[0019]FIG. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating control signal authorization according to principles of the present invention.
[0020]FIG. 3 is a high-level flow diagram illustrating smartcard/STB re-mating according to principles of the present invention.
[0021]FIG. 4 is a high-level schematic flow diagram illustrating an alternate embodiment of initial smartcard-STB mating according to principles of the present invention.
[0022]FIG. 5 is a high-level flow diagram illustrating an alternate smartcard/STB re-mating according to principles of the present invention.
[0023]FIG. 6 is an exemplary process illustrating additional details regarding initial smartcard-STB mating in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
[0024] The initial in-home mating process employing principles of the present invention commences when a customer inserts a smartcard into a host STB (set top box) for the first time and contacts the MSO (multiple systems operator) to enable services. In such case, the host STB is assumed not to have any stored information about the smartcard, previous to smartcard insertion.
[0025]FIG. 1 is a high-level schematic flow diagram illustrating initial smartcard-STB mating according to principles of the present invention.
[0026] The commencement of the illustrated mating process is premised on a customer 20 having obtained and installed the host STB 80 in a viewing locale 30 such as a residence or place of business. The customer has obtained a smartcard from an MSO via postal mail, retail distribution, or other delivery means known in the art. Each such smartcard is identified by a unit address and carries a smartcard mating key (MMK) that is preferably associated with the smartcard at the time of smartcard manufacture. The MMK is stored and managed internally by the manufacturer. The customer inserts the smartcard into the host STB 80, thereby prompting the STB to detect and prepare for communication with the smartcard. The host STB 80 queries the smartcard for the identity of the smartcard. The smartcard replies with its unit address, and potentially with multicast addresses as well.
[0027] As such, the identity of the smartcard has been established to the host STB prior to performance of step 100, so that the host STB may, at the appropriate time, identify and retrieve messages (EMMs, ECMs) intended for the smartcard inserted therein. At step 100, customer 20 contacts a customer service representative (CSR) 40 of the MSO and requests service in association with the smartcard. Customer 20 contacts CSR 40 by a telephonic, online or other appropriate communication type known in the art.
[0028] At step 200, CSR 40 enters into the billing system 50 of the MSO appropriate application information pertaining to customer 20. Billing system 50 interfaces with both CSR 40 and CAS 60 (discussed below) to provide the following functions: (1) accepting subscription and service change requests from subscribers; (2) maintaining subscriber account information; (3) billing subscribers; (4) interfacing with conditional access system 60 to provide the CAS with subscriber authorization status and to collect customer purchase information; and (5) providing subscriber authorization status, service and event definition information, and collecting purchase information. Note that billing system may have a different configuration since the present invention may employed in systems such as call-ahead VOD (video on demand), IPPV (instant pay per view), etc.
[0029] In response to receipt of this application information, at step 300 billing system 50 initializes the smartcard/host STB arrangement of customer 20 on CAS 60 of the MSO. CAS 60 permits access to encrypted content by subscriber terminals by provisioning them with EMMs, and generating ECMs. Other functions of CAS 60 include controlling real-time encryption devices in the cable system; reporting the (scheduled) occurrence of key changes to the encryption renewal system, and transmitting cable system-specific cryptographic parameters (e.g., keys) to an encryption renewal system to enable ECM retrofitting. CAS 60 may be located either on site or off site, and may serve multiple cable systems, in which case CAS 60 acts as multiple logical conditional access systems. Furthermore, CAS 60 interfaces with billing system 50 to obtain authorization information about each subscriber, and to report purchases to the billing system. CAS systems are well known in the art and may comprise off the shelf items. In addition, one of ordinary skill in the art, such as a programmer, can develop code as may be necessary to accommodate the present invention.
[0030] At step 400, CAS 60 requests smartcard mating information (described below in further detail) from a smartcard mating management system 70 of the MSO. The mating management system is part of the conditional access system, but includes custom software and hardware to support new smartcard Media Cipher Smartcard (MCSC) mating functionality. Mating management system 70 performs smartcard mating management functions, including generation and management of secure keys and messages to administer the mating process. Preferably, management system 70 is physically secured and separated from other access controller functions to prevent piracy/theft of its algorithms and keys. That is, secure algorithms and keys are in an ASIC chip physically separated from nonsecure processing.
[0031] Management system 70 accepts identified smartcard and host STB pairs to be initially mated, and generates keys and messages to complete the initial mating process. Specifically, system 70 generates the STB Provisioning Key ("SPK"), the STB Mating Key ("SMK"), or "ESPK(SMK)" which is the SMK encrypted under the SPK, and STB Authentication Keys ("SAK"). The SAKs may be either encrypted under the SMK—in which case, such SAK is denoted "ESMK(SAK)" herein—or the MMK—(in which case, such SAK is denoted "EMMK(SAK)" herein. System 70 generates EMMs (for each such key except the SPK) that enable secure transmission of these keys to the smartcard/host STB. System 70 stores and tracks the entirety of this generated information.
[0032] Management system 70 further accepts identified smartcard and host STB pairs to be re-mated (discussed below in further detail), indexed by the smartcard initially mated to the host STB. Because the host STB does not have its own innate identity, smartcards subsequent to the initially mated smartcard may be mated to the host STB by identifying the initially mated smartcard, transferring the configuration of the initially mated smartcard to a subsequent smartcard, and mating the subsequent smartcard to the original host STB. Preferably, management system 70 is responsible only for SPK, SMK, and SAK information; conditional access system 60 is responsible for entitlements (including transferring entitlements between initially mated and subsequent smartcards). Management system 70 accepts queries and re-generation of SAKs and EMMs for general administrative purposes.
[0033] At step 500, management system 70 returns smartcard mating information (i.e., SPK, ESPK(SMK), ESMK(SAK) and EMMK(SAK)) to the conditional access system 60 actually contained in the EMMs, except SPK. It is important to note that the simultaneously transmitted SAK, although encrypted under different keys, ESMK(SAK) and EMMK(SAK), are identical.
[0034] At step 600, CAS 60 forwards the SPK generated by management system 70 to billing system 50 in response to the initialization by billing system 50 performed in step 300. The SPK is the means by which each host STB is provided its unique identity.
[0035] At step 700, billing system 50 returns the SPK to CSR 40 in response to the initial request made by CSR 40.
[0036] At step 800, CSR 40 communicates the SPK to customer 20. Because cable path 71 carries security risks, personalization of the host STB is done outside of cable path 71 (i.e., not via the cable into the host STB). Accordingly, CSR 40 gives the customer the SPK information, which consists of a code to be typed into the host STB via its front panel or remote control, to personalize the host STB. Preferably, the SPK is provided to the customer by the CSR in a human-readable form, such as a code word or a limited amount of numerical data.
[0037] At step 900, customer 20 enters the SPK into the host STB 80 via its front panel, by remote control, or by other appropriate means known in the art. Entry of the SPK into the host STB serves to personalize host STB 80 to customer 20. Once the SPK is so entered, host STB 80 is expected to retain the entered SPK indefinitely. The only time re-entry may be required for a specific host STB is when the host STB is damaged in some way (e.g., memory corrupted) or there is some operational problem requiring full re-initialization (in which case a different SPK is entered.)
[0038] At step 1000, CAS 60 forwards the remainder of the smartcard mating information (i.e., the ESPK(SMK), ESMK(SAK) and EMMK(SAK)) embedded in EMMs to host STB 80 via the cable headend distribution equipment and the cable plant 71. Preferably, this mating information is delivered in an encrypted form. Host STB 80 has adopted the smartcard unit address, thereby enabling the host STB to receive the EMMs, extract the mating information intended for the host STB, and then pass the EMMs to the smartcard for further processing. Preferably, the encrypted values ESPK(SMK) and ESMK(SAK) are retained by the host STB indefinitely.
[0039] At step 1100, host STB 80 forwards the EMMK(SAK) to smartcard 90. The smartcard acknowledges receipt of the EMMK(SAK) via a reply signal to STB 80. If the smartcard is not present (i.e., has been removed from the host STB, has not been received by the customer, etc.), the EMMK(SAK) is discarded and may be re-sent by CAS 60 with ESMK(SAK) at a later time.
[0040] According to principles of the present invention, the host STB makes continual requests to smartcard 90 for a control signal, such as a control word, in order to decrypt authorized content. The control signal requested by STB 80 could also comprise a certificate or any other appropriate cryptographic service known in the art. All such requests are authenticated, so that only the host STB mated to and authorized for a particular smartcard may make requests that such smartcard will grant.
[0041] As such, at step 1200, mating is completed upon successful completion of any authenticated request. This process in its preferred form is shown in greater detail in FIG. 2, where, at step 2000, smartcard 90 employs its MMK in order to decrypt the EMMK(SAK). At step 2010, STB 80 employs the SPK in order to decrypt the ESPK(SMK). At step 2020, STB 80 employs the SMK in order to decrypt the ESMK(SAK). At step 2030, host STB 80 sends to smartcard 90 a request for a control signal, such as a control word. This request includes an authenticator using the SAK (the SAK retained and decrypted by host STB 80).
[0042] At step 2040, smartcard 90 verifies the request. In a first aspect, the request is verified by using the SAK with the data to be authenticated and a hash function to yield an authenticator delivered as part of the communication. The host STB 80 generates an authenticator and sends it to smartcard 90 which duplicates the computation with its own SAK. If the authenticator matches, authentication passes and at step 2050 smartcard 90 responds to host STB 80 with a positive reply (i.e., a reply containing the CW encrypted by the same SAK). Host STB 80 may then decrypt the control word using its SAK; mating is complete and the customer has services (e.g., subscription television, etc.). If the host STB and smartcard do not have matching SAKs, at step 2060 smartcard 90 negatively responds that authentication, and thus mating, is not possible.
[0043] An alternative mating situation employing principles of the present invention is a re-mating scenario. In such case, the customer has performed the initial mating process described above and may mate a new smartcard to the customer's existing STB. This could be due to an upgrade to the smartcard's capabilities, or perhaps as a security precaution.
[0044]FIG. 3 is a high-level flow diagram illustrating smartcard/STB re-mating according to principles of the present invention.
[0045] The commencement of the illustrated re-mating process is premised on a new smartcard having been delivered to a customer 25 such that customer 25 may remove the old smartcard from the STB and insert the new smartcard.
[0046] At step 150, the CSR 45 requests association of a new smartcard to a specific customer 25 via the billing system 55 of the MSO.
[0047] At step 250, billing system 55 initializes the new smartcard/host STB mating pair on the CAS 65 of the MSO, using identifying information pertaining to the old smartcard as an index to locate the customer's current host STB.
[0048] At step 350, CAS 65 requests new smartcard mating information from a smartcard mating management system 75 of the MSO. Mating management system 75 is identical in function and capability to that of mating management system 70 described above. Typically, the same smartcard mating management system is employed, so it would have necessary information from the original mating.
[0049] At step 450, the smartcard mating management system 75 returns the new smartcard mating information (i.e., ESMK(SAK) and EMMK(SAK)) to CAS 65. Note that the new SAK is different than SAK from original mating.
[0050] At step 550, CAS 65 forwards the ESMK (SAK) and EMMK (SAK) embedded in EMMs to host STB 85 via the cable headend distribution equipment and the cable plant 72. Preferably, this mating information is delivered in an encrypted form. The encrypted value ESMK (SAK) is retained by the host STB 85 indefinitely.
[0051] In comparison, step 1000 of FIG. 1 sends ESPK(SMK) whereas step 550 of FIG. 3 does not. The difference is that for re-mating, host STB already has the SMK, so there's no need to send it again. The following are several options for delivering new mating information to the new smartcard.
[0052] (1) CAS 65 could pre-initialize the smartcard with the new mating information and entitlements before delivery of the smartcard to STB 85.
[0053] (2) CAS 65 could send the new mating information and entitlements in care of the old smartcard, and the host STB 85 could store them until the new smartcard arrives—this means overhead and memory within the host STB.
[0054] (3) The smartcard could trigger sending of the new mating information and entitlements via the return path (RF, modem, etc.) This presumes the return path is present, which may or may not be true. This solution requires automatic autonomous report from the host STB to CAS 65.
[0055] (4) The customer could call the MSO. This solution reasonable for all situations where a return path is not present.
[0056] (5) The mating information and entitlements could be rebroadcast over the system repeatedly until it is likely that the customer has received the messages. It should be noted that mating relies on knowing smartcard is inserted, since the user enters the SPK and is on the phone, while re-mating and does not know when smartcard is inserted. No phone call is placed.
[0057] At step 650, the host STB 85 forwards the EMMK(SAK) to the smartcard 95. The smartcard acknowledges receipt of the EMMK(SAK). If the smartcard is not present (i.e., has been removed from the host STB, has not been received by the customer, etc.), the EMMK(SAK) and ESMK(SAK) is discarded and may be re-sent by CAS 65 at a later time.
[0058] According to principles of the present invention, the host STB 85 makes continual requests to smartcard 95 for a control signal, such as a control word, in order to decrypt authorized content. The control signal requested by STB 85 could also comprise a certificate or any other appropriate cryptographic service known in the art. All such requests are authenticated, so that only the host STB mated and authorized for a particular smartcard may make requests that such smartcard will grant.
[0059] As such, at step 750, smartcard 95 employs its MMK in order to decrypt the EMMK(SAK). STB 85 employs the SPK in order to decrypt the ESPK(SMK). Then STB 85 employs the SMK in order to decrypt the ESMK(SAK).
[0060] Re-mating is completed upon successful completion of any authenticated request. For example, host STB 85 sends a request to smartcard 95. The request may be authenticated for a control word, authenticated using the SAK (the SAK retained and decrypted by host STB 85). If such SAK is successfully authenticated (as previously noted), smartcard 95 responds to host STB 85 with a positive reply (i.e., a reply containing the CW encrypted by the same SAK). Host STB 85 then decrypts the control word using its SAK, mating is complete and the customer has services (e.g., subscription television, etc.). If the host STB and smartcard do not have matching SAKs, then authentication, and thus mating, is not possible.
[0061]FIG. 4 is a high-level schematic flow diagram illustrating an alternate embodiment of initial smartcard-STB mating according to principles of the present invention. Specifically, a user need not enter secret codes or an SPK into the set-top box memory.
[0062] In FIG. 4, steps 100, 200, 300 and 400 are similar to the corresponding steps of FIG. 1. For example, in step 400 of FIG. 1 and step 400 of FIG. 4, mating information is requested from system 70 by CAS 60.
[0063] At step 434, requested mating information is forwarded from system 70 to CAS 60. A mating EMM is typically used for sending the mating information. Such mating information includes EMMK(SAK), ESMK(SAK) and EMMK(SMK). The mating information may include a GPS time stamp indicating when the mating EMM was created. This time stamp prevents mating "replays" to keep the card mated to one STB at a time.
[0064] Advantageously, unlike other embodiments, the mating EMM does not contain an SPK. The SPK is provided later in the process. In this manner, snooping of SPKs by pirates is prevented since such keys are not transmitted from CAS 60 to set-top boxes.
[0065] At step 409, the mating ENM containing information is forwarded from CAS 60 through headend 71 to STB 80.
[0066] At step 411, STB 80 receives the mating EMM containing EMMK(SAK), ESMK(SAK) and EMMK (SMK). The received ESMK(SAK) is retained by STB 80 until the SMK is received from smartcard 90. The EMMK(SAK) and EMMK(SMK) are forwarded to smartcard 90. Advantageously, in contrast to the corresponding step of FIG. 1, an SPK need not be entered into STB 80 by the user. In this manner, human interaction is eliminated. A user need not remember secret codes nor risk such codes being stolen. Rather, the SPK is randomly generated by STB 80 and stored in the set-top box memory. In addition, the SPK is delivered to smartcard 90. To ensure secure delivery, the set-top box first verifies the authenticity of the smartcard (further explained later), then employs the smartcard's public key for encrypting the SPK before transmission to the smartcard. Upon receipt, smartcard 90 uses its private key to extract the SPK.
[0067] At step 413, the EMMK(SAK), the EMMK(SMK) and the encrypted SPK are received by smartcard 90. For the EMMK(SMK), smartcard 90 uses the M to extract the SMK. As noted, the MMK is stored in the smartcard's memory at the time of manufacture. This SMK is thereafter forwarded to STB 80. However, prior to forwarding, the SMK is encrypted with the SPK. The encrypted SMK i.e. ESPK(SMK) is then sent to STB 80. In this manner, every communication between STB 80 and smartcard 90 is secured.
[0068] For the EMMK(SAK), smartcard 90 again uses the MMK to extact the SAK. In this manner, the SAK is obtained by smartcard 90 in a secure fashion. Both STB 80 and smartcard 90 may now authenticate messages with the SAK. All such communication including exchange of control words is authenticated with the SAK. Note that the same SAK is provided to STB 80 as discussed below.
[0069] At step 415, the ESPK(SMK) value is received, from which the SMK is derived by STB 80. As noted, the ESMK(SAK) received from CAS 60 was previously retained by STB 80. At this point, STB 80 uses the SMK to derive the clear SAK from the ESMK(SAK). Both STB 80 and smartcard 90 are now mated upon successful completion of authenticated request. STB 80 may now receive subscription and program signaling. All information between STB 80 and smartcard 90 are authenticated by using the SAK. In a further embodiment, authentication may be implemented using a hashed SAK computed from the clear SAK and a PN (protocol nonce). In this embodiment the PN may be created by STB 80 and shared with smartcard 90 in 411.
[0070]FIG. 5 is a high-level flow diagram illustrating an alternate smartcard/STB re-mating according to principles of the present invention.
[0071] In FIG. 5, many steps are similar to the corresponding steps of FIGS. 2 and 3. In addition, FIG. 5 illustrates new steps 552 and 554. After a new smartcard has been delivered and inserted by the user, CAS 65 is notified that a new smartcard has been inserted. One technique for notifying CAS 65 is via the return path provided by headend 72 as illustrated at step 552. The alternate way is shown at step 554, where the user telephonically calls the MSO. In this manner, CAS 65 is aware the new smartcard has been inserted and transfers all entitlements from the old to the new smartcard. Further, although not shown, a protocol nonce may be employed in this embodiment.
[0072]FIG. 6 is an exemplary process 600 illustrating further details regarding initial smartcard-STB mating in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 6, mating details between smartcard 90 and STB 80 are shown.
[0073] At step 602, after smartcard 90 is inserted, STB 80 queries the smartcard for its identity. Responsive thereto, a unit address and identity are returned by smartcard 90. STB 80 then verifies this information.
[0074] At step 604, STB 80 queries and receives a public MPK (mating privacy key)/signature from smartcard 90. The MPK is a public/private key pair, whereas the signature is created using an authentication key and the smartcard's unit address.
[0075] At step 606, the MPK/signature is verified using the authentication key and the smartcard's unit address. If the signature is not verified, mating may not proceed. At this point, STB 80 and smartcard 90 are together and are prepared to receive messages. STB 80 configures itself with the identity of smartcard 90 and starts to receive messages.
[0076] At step 608, mating EMMs containing mating information are sent by CAS 60 to STB 80. This information is used to mate smartcard 90 and STB 80. Among other information, mating EMMs contain EMMK(SMK), ESMK(SAK), EMMK(SAK). Mating EMMs are sent as a result of customer 20 having contacted the MSO to establish service (in the case of initial mating, for example). Other information may include a GPS time stamp for indicating when the mating EMM was created.
[0077] At step 609, STB 80 randomly generates an SPK and a PN (protocol nonce).
[0078] At step 610, using the received public MPK, STB 80 encrypts the SPK and the PN for delivery to smartcard 90. Also, the mating EMM having other information such as EMMK(SMK) and EMMK(SAK) are encrypted with the public MPK for delivery to smartcard 90.
[0079] At step 612, using the private MPK, smartcard 90 extracts the SPK, PN, and the mating ENM having EMMK(SMK) and EMMK(SAK) if included. Thereafter, the clear SMK and the SAK are extracted using the smartcard's MMK. As noted, this key is typically stored in the smartcard's memory at manufacture time. Further, this key is used with a hash to compute a mating EMM authenticator. The authenticator ensures that no entity than the intended smartcard can process the EMM mating information. The intended smartcard accepts the mating EMM information when after proper authentication using the authenticator. Further, the GPS timestamp is validated as well. The timestamp is validated to prevent replays of old mating EMMs to keep the smartcard mated to one STB at a time.
[0080] At step 614, the extracted SMK is forwarded to STB 80. However, this key is encrypted by the SPK prior to forwarding.
[0081] At step 616, the SMK is derived by STB 80 using the SPK. At this point, the SAK is derived from ESMK(SAK) previously received at step 608. In accordance with the present invention, secure communication is now possible between both STB 80 and smartcard 90. By using the SAK to authenticate/encrypt all communication, security is ensured for the STB 80/smartcard 90 interface. In accordance with a further embodiment of the present invention, an SAK hash (SAKh) may be utilized for providing added security between the components. The SAKh is computed by STB 80 using the SAK and PN. Thereafter, the SAKh is stored in memory for encrypting/authenticating communication with smartcard 90.
[0082] At step 618, smartcard 90 similarly computes the SAKh using the SAK and the PN. This value is then stored in non-volatile memory. The GPS timestamp may also be stored in memory. This completes the mating process. Upon completion of the process, communication between STB 80 and smartcard 90 is protected by using the SAK or the SAKh for authentication.
[0083] Although the invention has been described in terms of the illustrative embodiment, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made to the illustrative embodiment without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. For example, the SMK could be omitted from the above-described embodiment. In such an embodiment, the SAK would be directly encrypted under the SPK. It is intended that the scope of the invention not be limited in any way to the illustrative embodiments shown and described but that the invention be limited only by the claims appended hereto. For example, the present invention is not limited to a cable system, either but may be applicable to satellite, streaming media, etc.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 27, 2002
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End Credits. xxx
... overtaken us in Skippy? P: 42,000 ish Z: Ha, pretty much every vehicle we encountered in NZ! Times have we fallen out? P: Of skippy? None, I wore a seat belt Z: 3/4… Rectified as soon as Pete realized I am always right! Different vehicles have we travelled in? P: 114 Z: Skippy, the Spaceship rentals, random lifts, lots of boats, kayaks planes and maybe a few dozen buses. A hundred or so… Times have we played our Skippy CD (despite it ...
Only hours left before we begin this big adventure
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London-Kensington/Stratford/Madame Tussaud's Baker
... Afterwards it was back to tea rooms for yet another cuppa and a few photos and escorted by Gary to Stratford Station after agreeing to go to another meeting nearby at 1pm tomorrow. Caught tube to Baker Street and went to Madame Tussaud's. Three trains later back in Kensington. Will do the London Eye tomorrow morning. Arrived back at hotel about 5.30 in time to put my feet ...
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subset: commoncrawl


text: This motel cannot compete with those closer to downtown and the Glenwood Springs pool in terms of location and plush, but it's a great place for the budget-conscious who appreciate amenities. We stayed there for three nights during a hot September. I made reservations for my husband and myself online, asking for 2nd floor, and a quiet room. Check-in was... More


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This post originally appeared on PopSugar.
Ugh, just the phrase "saving money" can make it seem like a herculean task. But it doesn't have to be. There are plenty of ways to drop extra money into your bank account that don't require that much effort or thought on your part. Here are a number of them. You probably are already doing a few if not all of them (good for you!), but it's always a good reminder to keep you on task!
1. Automate
Automating your bank account so part of your paycheck immediately gets dumped into your savings is an easy way to save without really thinking about it. This way, you'll have to live within your means.
2. Lay off the credit cards
Swiping credit cards may cause you to spend more than you like. If you're not responsible with your money, try to opt to live credit-card-free. Yes, you may be losing out on reward points or cash back, but if you're going into debt because you're not thinking about your purchases, perhaps you need to lay off charging things to credit.


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text: Offer pack information In 'Living with us' Living with usMeal PlanOffer pack informationPaying accommodation feesPritchatts House Global CommunityStudent mentor schemeStudent survey feedbackStudents with disabilities, learning difficulties and additional requirementsSustainable livingUUK Code of practiceVillage Customer Service ManagersWhat you get for your money Back to 'Accommodation' When you receive an offer of accommodation from the University, you'll be sent information about your offer by email. This details exactly what's covered in your offer, what to do when you arrive at your allocated accommodation and all our terms and conditions which make up part of your contract. The information is covered below: Terms and conditions The terms and conditions of your accommodation contract are detailed below. The specific details which relate to your individual booking, can be found in your online contract. 2014 - 15 terms and conditions document (PDF - 241 KB) (for contracts commencing on or before 20th September 2015) 2015 - 16 terms and conditions document (PDF - 301KB)(for contracts commencing after 21st September 2015) Cancellation and Refund Policy - (PDF - 143KB) Please be aware that students who are in the following groups have separate terms and conditions: Science Without Borders, KPMG School Leavers Programme, holders of the Chamberlain accommodation discount award and students who are under the age of eighteen when their accommodation contract commences. These terms and conditions have been sent to the students involved directly and are available to these students upon request. Medical Meningitis and other vaccination information for new students (PDF - 16KB) Insurance Student possessions insurance is provided through Endsleigh for every student who is living at our student residences. included in your rent is an insurance package which covers a range of belongings in your room, including laptops, sports and electrical equipment, clothes and frozen food. Laptops, tablets and phones are not covered outside of your room so you may wish to consider taking out additional cover to protect your essential gadgets and other possessions. Further information on your inclusive insurance package and add-ons can be found here. Enter in your policy number HH1151 at endsleigh.co.uk/reviewcover to check your policy details. Visit the review cover link to: ?Check what is covered. ? Check key exclusions and limitations. ? Check your policy excess. ? Check how to make a claim, extend and personalise your cover. It is important to find out exactly what you are covered for as you may find that the contents cover is not sufficient and you need to extend it to protect all of your possessions both inside and outside of your room. TV License Information TV License information International student arrival guides International student arrival guide - Jarratt Hall (PDF - 785KB) International student arrival guide - The Vale (PDF - 903KB) International student arrival guide - Pritchatts Park Village (PDF - 813KB) Broadband Your internet connection is provided by our partner, ASK4. included in your rent is the standard package, which includes a 20Mb/s fibre optic wired connection via the network socket in your room (you will need an Ethernet cable) and an up to 20Mb/s wireless service in all flats including kitchen areas, bedrooms and communal rooms throughout the accommodation site. In addition to this inclusive package, wired speed upgrades and product add-ons are available for a fee. For more information about ASK4 please see their interactive website with helpful hints and tips on how to get started and what you need to do prior to arrival. Inventories Vale Village Aitken(PDF - 45KB) Maple Bank(PDF - 50KB) Tennis Court(PDF - 50KB) Tennis Court - Centre Court(PDF - 45kKB) Elgar Court(PDF - 49KB) Chelwood(PDF - 47KB) Shackleton(PDF - 50KB) Mason (PDF - 52kb) Pritchatts Park Village Ashcroft block 1 and 2 communal areas (PDF - 50KB) Ashcroft block 3 and 4 communal areas (PDF - 50KB) Ashcroft study room (PDF - 50KB) Oakley Court study study rooms (PDF - 50KB) Oakley Court flats 1, 2 and 3 communal areas (PDF - 50KB) Oakley Court flats 4, 5 and 6 communal areas (PDF - 50KB) Oakley Court flats 7 to 9 and 13 to 18 communal areas (PDF - 50KB) Oakley Court flats 10, 11 and 12 communal areas (PDF - 50KB) Oakley Court flats 19, 20 and 21 communal areas (PDF - 50KB) Pritchatts House communal areas (PDF - 50KB) Pritchatts House study rooms (PDF - 50KB) Pritchatts House flat LG (PDF - 50KB) Pritchatts House flat LG communal areas (PDF - 50KB) 9 Pritchatts Road (PDF - 50KB) The Spinney communal areas (PDF - 50KB) The Spinney study rooms (PDF - 50KB) Selly Oak Village Jarratt Hall entrance hall and kitchen: flats 1 - 87 (PDF - 50KB) Jarratt Hall entrance hall and kitchen: flats 88 - 154 (PDF - 50KB) Jarratt Hall flats 1 - 129 (PDF - 50KB) Jarratt Hall flats 130 - 154 (PDF - 50KB) Chamberlain Redevelopment information As part of our ongoing programme of investment to increase the amount of quality accommodation we can provide, we are currently building a new residence, Chamberlain, which is due for completion in September 2015. This development is located at the Vale Village, for information regarding the development pleae see our Chamberlain Student Residences information booklet and our Chamberlain Redevelopment News. Stay safe at Uni Please take a look at our short video about fire safety when you move into University accommodation. Planning on bringing a bike to University? keep it safe! Ensure your bike is safe and secure whilst at University. We are currently offering Master Lock D-Locks for £20.40 including delivery to your room prior to your arrival. Master Lock D-Locks have a hardened steel shackle and a disc key for the ultimate in cutting and lock picking security. When using a D-Lock keep the space within the loop to a minimum by looping the lock around the rear wheel as well as the seat tube. If you have quick-release wheels, it is advisable to remove the front wheel and lock it into the D-Lock as well.


text:
Virtual Pascal
editor's review
3 comments
Putting together code bits that will eventually be molded into fully-fledged applications is an activity that comes naturally for programmers. Nowadays they can use pretty much any utilities they want, but back in the day the options were rather scarce.
One of the most widely used programming languages, Pascal, prompted the development of numerous compilers and interpreters for building the code and managing it. One of the most appreciated tools of this time, Virtual Pascal, is no longer actively maintained, but can serve its purpose very well even in the present days, on modern machines and under the latest operating systems.
The installation procedure is pretty straightforward and you'll only need to configure a few things mostly related to the location on disk and the type of components to be set up. To start Virtual Pascal, all you have to do is access the folder that hold the binaries for Windows and deploy the main executable.
Insofar as the interface of the software is concerned, you will be facing an over 20 years old environment, so do not get your hopes too high if you like smooth, eye-candy GUIs. Very functional and offering users the possibility to control everything using exclusively the keyboard or in combination with the connected mouse, this program comes with lots of useful features.
Virtual Pascal is able to handle a variety of format, namely PAS, INC, DPR and PP file types, which are specific to programming. Some basic editing functions and a good array of search related commands are also included.
The compilation, viewing and debugging capabilities of this utility are quite extensive and it is equipped with a nice set of tools as well. On the whole, the ease of use and the solid feature pack make Virtual Pascal a viable solution for compiling, debugging and editing code even in this modern era.
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Keri Hilson keeps a tight grasp on her coconut while vacationing in Cabo, Mexico.
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From Our Editors
Eye care is the main focus of Sunglass Plus in Costa Mesa, making it a prime location for optical needs. Due for an upgrade? Sunglass Plus has a wide selection of glasses and contacts for your personal vision needs.
At Sunglass Plus, you can quickly and safely pay with any major credit card. Street parking is provided for customers at the vision center's Newport Blvd location. Sunglass Plus is always there for you when you accidentally break your glasses or tear a contact.


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A man with an apparent case of arachnophobia caused a fire at a suburban Detroit gas pump by putting a lighter to what he says was a spider near his fuel door.
Maya Donnelly awoke to what sounded like thunder in the early morning hours, but dismissed it as a typical monsoon storm and went back to sleep.
An anarchic amusement park by street artist Banksy that mocked capitalism and consumer culture has brought an economic boom to a faded British seaside town.
Sliced heirloom tomatoes, steamed lobster and house-made burrata greeted Pope Francis on his first night in New York, where a celebrity chef cooking for her second pontiff said her menu was inspired by Francis' humility and simplicity.
Few forms of attire less evoke the grace and beauty of dance than scuba gear. With their heavy tanks of compressed air, hoses, gauges, wetsuits, fins and masks, divers seem more like astronauts than ballerinas.
A tarantula that escaped in the cargo hold of a passenger flight from Maryland's BWI airport to Atlanta grounded the plane before it could take off and sent passengers onto another flight.
A pink diamond the size of a postage stamp is going on the auction block, and it's estimated to bring as much as $28 million.
The incident started, Ontario Police say, when an officer was called to a gas station on Aug. 23 at about 12:30 a.m. The motorist had been traveling home from Washington to Buhl.
Spirit Halloween crams a lot of business into a short time. Its staff swells from the hundreds to more than 20,000 starting in June. It makes its revenue for the year in less than three months.
A 24-year-old man has been charged with elder abuse after authorities say he punched a 78-year-old man over free Nutella waffle samples at a Los Angeles-area Costco store.
A northern Indiana woman who jumped from her moving car after discovering a spider on her shoulder, leading to a crash that injured her 9-year-old son, likely won't face charges.
He's a legend. Most say a myth. People hunt for him on reality television. But a Bedford County (Virginia) woman says her story is no joke. She called the Sheriff's Office about Bigfoot.


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Google: Samsung Galaxy Nexus volume bug update rolling out
Google has confirmed to Pocket-lint that it has started rolling out a new update for the Samsung Galaxy Nexus on Wednesday.
"We're currently rolling out a fix for the volume issue which will reach everyone in the coming week," a spokesperson for the company confirmed to Pocket-lint.
The news, which will be welcomed by early adopters of the new phone, promises to fix a bug that would see the Galaxy Nexus volume randomly decrease and increase without warning when in use much to the annoyance of those using the new Ice Cream Sandwich powered mobile phone.
Google had confirmed the bug was software related on 23 November:
"We can now confirm that Google were alerted early to this issue and have been working on a fix. It is software related and as you may have seen from various forum and blog posts this morning, they are now able to confirm that they will have a fix. It is NOT hardware related. We cannot yet say the precise date that this fix will be released but it is expected very soon."
That fix is now here.
The phone went on sale on the 17 November on O2 and was expected to go on sale with Vodafone as well at the same time, however the UK network said that it would not be stocking the phone until software "issues" were fixed. The new update could mean that the phone goes on sale on Vodafone shortly.
We will keep you posted.
- Read what we think of the new phone in our Samsung Galaxy Nexus review.
Have you got the update? Let us know how you get on in the comments below.
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- Microsoft Lumia 550: What's the story so far?
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- HP might debut a Star Wars-themed Windows 10 device this week
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- Master HTML5 and CSS3 web design for 81 per cent off
- Hanging around with Nathan Drake: Pocket-lint chats to Nolan North about gaming superstardom


text:
Mathematical entertainments: a collection of illuminating puzzles, new and old
Crowell, 1965 - Mathematical recreations - 160 pages
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CensusTaker Problems
DiophantineType Problems
Konigsberg Bridges Design Tracing and Euler
13 other sections not shown
Common terms and phrases
9-ounce container answer banker Bertrand's Box Paradox bricks calculated Casting Out Nines census taker chosen circle circle of latitude coconuts coffee column consider counters cubes curve decimal Desargues determined diagonal diameter digits dikes Diophantine Diophantine equations divided divisible by 9 drawn equation Euclidean Algorithm Euler example false coin Fermat's theorem fraction Grundy's Game integers integral number intersect known large number left pan Martian Martin Gardner mathematical mathematician method Multiplication Theorem Napoleon's Problem number is divisible number of throws numbers ending odd junctions odd number original number ounces pair Petersburg Paradox pile prime number probability proof Pythagorean triplets radius random chord relatively prime remainder represented sg box shown in figure shows side simple solve square straight line three numbers tion total number triads triangle volume weighing Wilkes-Gordon Construction wires write zero


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Perfected over 26 years, the Jericho Model of stable housing, comprehensive counseling services and ongoing aftercare has resulted in independence for 95 percent of its graduates from five residences in Manhattan and the Bronx, New York, and is catalyzing similar programs across the country.
The first Veterans Residence, located at 355 East 194th Street in the Bronx, will provide homes to 56 men and women. The second Veterans Residence, located 2701 Kingsbridge Terrace in the Bronx, will provide homes for an additional 76 veterans.
Learn more at www.jerichoproject.org.
|SOURCE Jericho Project
Copyright©2009 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved


text:
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
|The effect of egg weight hatchability, chick hatch-weight and subsequent productivity of Venda chickens
|Ng'ambi, J.W.
Thamaga, Marupine Windy
Norris, D.
|Egg weight
Chick hatch-weight
|Issue Date:
|University of Limpopo
|An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of egg weight on hatchability, hatch-weight and subsequent productivity of Venda chickens. A total of 360 Venda chicken eggs based on their weights were collected within one week and assigned to four treatments with five replicates of 18 eggs per replicate. A randomized design was used. The four treatment weights were below 49 g, between 50 and 59 g, between 60 and 69 g and above 70 g. the eggs were incubated for 21 days. The chicks were raised up to 13 weeks based on their treatments but fed a similar diet. Egg weight was positively and strongly correlated (r2 = 0.727) with hatchability. Similarly, egg weight was positively and strongly correlated (r2 = 0.0.953) with chick hatch-weight. Between one and seven weeks old, Venda chicks hatched from heavier eggs ate less (P< 0.05) than those hatched from lighter eggs. Heavier eggs hatched chicks with better (P< 0.05) feed conversion ratio. However, chicks hatched from heavier eggs tended to have higher (P< 0.05) live weight at seven weeks old than those hatched from lighter eggs. Heavier eggs tended to hatch chicks that had higher (P< 0.05) mortality rates. However, metabolisable energy and nitrogen retention of the chicks aged seven weeks was not (P> 0.05) affected by egg weight. Growth rate and live weight of the chicks aged between one and seven weeks were optimized at different Venda chicken egg weights of 56 (r2 = 0.514) and 60 (r2 = 0.870) g, respectively. Egg weight had no (P> 0.05) effect on metabolisable energy, feed conversion ratio, growth rate, live weight, carcass weight and carcass parts of Venda chickens aged between eight and 13 weeks except fat pad weight. Venda chickens hatched from lighter eggs had lower (P< 0.05) fat pad weights than those hatched from heavier eggs. Meat samples of chickens hatched from lighter eggs had higher (P< 0.05) nitrogen contents. It is concluded that Venda chicken egg weight affects (P< 0.05) egg hatchability, chick hatch-weight, growth rate, live weight and carcass characteristics of the chicken. However, these variables are optimized at different egg weights. This has implications on selecting eggs for incubation.
|Thesis (M.Sc. (Agric)) --University of Limpopo, 2010
|Appears in Collections:
|Theses and Dissertations (Agriculture)
Files in This Item:
|A. MSC COVER PAGE.pdf
|8.07 kB
|Adobe PDF
|B. DECLARATION.pdf
|26.29 kB
|Adobe PDF
|C. Thamaga CHAPTER 1,2,3,4,5 AND 6.pdf
|403.05 kB
|Adobe PDF
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Black liberation theology is the affirmation of Black humanity that emancipates black people from White racism. Based on victimology, it is essentially a highly selective interpretation of the Gospels in an attempt to co-opt Christianity to promote Communism and Marxism. Black Liberation Theology was coined by James H. Cone, PhD. in 1970, now teaching at New York's Union Theological Seminary. It is to reject the idea of God's universal nature in favor of race-based critique of theological provenance.
Obama sat in this church for 20 years!!
The archangel Moroni appeared to me last night and whisipred in my ear "vote for Mitt". Was this real or .... ? What do you think Cap ? Has the archangel Moroni appeared to you ?
Just vetting your Godless anti-Semite!
Got married and raised his children there untill he was caught in '08!!! So Madonna, he is not a Muslim, and only half black!!
Cap, be patient - in a couple of months Mitt will be safely ensconsed within the LDS church helping the ladies bake cookies. Very well suited for that job, don't you think ?


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Home ⋅ Graduation Announcements and Graduation Invitations ⋅ 1 Photo ⋅ Yellow ⋅ Flat
"The quality and design of these cards made the perfect graduation announcements. Simple yet not plain !! The Pearl White Shimmer paper gives some extra sparkle !!"
"The stock of this paper is durable and the announcement will serve as a keepsake. The colors compliment the photo and I couldn't be happier with my order. I have received SO many compliments on this design and overall product."
"Very pleased with the announcements that I ordered. They are so well done and great looking. I will recommend this website to all of my friends!"
"We stumbled on the site with a link from Costco, originally planning to just have prints made and then make our own graduation announcements. But we thought we would browse to see what was available and came across this fun and unique square design. We loved it! The photo we wanted to use fit perfectly and it was so easy to customize the text. We received lots of comments from people who received them in the mail about how much they liked them, too! We were also very pleased with the delivery time and how simple it was to order online and then pick them up at our local Costco. Thank you for making these available! Saved a lot of time in making our own (and probably much better looking, too!). We'll return again when we need something like this in the future!"
"My customer was looking for a simple, but classy graduation announcement. This one fit the bill. She was very happy with the outcome."
© 2004 - 2015 Shutterfly, Inc | Tiny Prints | Terms of Use. Designated trademarks and brands are the property of their respective owners.


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Is this restaurant family-friendly?
Is this restaurant good for couples?
Does this restaurant serve Asian food?
Does this restaurant serve Filipino food?
Is this restaurant good for business?
Does this restaurant offer delivery?
Is this restaurant good for breakfast?
Is this restaurant good for dinner?
Is this restaurant good for lunch?
Does this restaurant serve Bar / Pub food?
Thanks for helping!
Delicious food, they know what they're doing with their mojitos and provides a pleasant jazzy musical atmosphere. A great way to escape th noise of the town and relax after a long day.
It is apparently clear at least to me that Cottage Kitchen has lost the special element that made it the premier soul food restaurant in Asia! This is not because they have reduced their menu of traditional Afrocentric staples such as Black Eyed Peas but what occurred yesterday 9-17-15 has clarified to me that what they permit/tolerate is not in...
I miss the old man who ran this place. God rest his soul. He laid a good foundation. The new owners have narrowed the menu removing many of the homestyle Southern sides. My favorites. BUT the BBQ is still amazing. I'm a pork ribs guy, but the brisket, chicken, beef ribs are all AMAZING. Please don't compromise the quality! (and...
The ambiance in this place is amazing and the food is excellent, both in quality as well as serving sizes. The Cottage Kitchen Cafe is a must try place whenever you're in the general area of Angeles City.
One should definitely try out the promos too!
Would recommend the ribs and the show mes!
Thank you William for taking time to write a review and for appreciating the food that we serve at Cottage Kitchen. We are looking forward to seeing you more at Cottage. TEAM CKC
Whenever we have friends from Manila visiting us in Angeles, we like taking them to Cottage Kitchen. Love their ribs and Cajun food! The cozy ambience is a plus. They go back to Manila raving about their unique (and very affordable) dining experience.
well I have eaten at Cottage Kitchen many times and the ribs are sensational. The Cajun steak also very delicious
Review collected in partnership with this restaurant
Thank you Chris M for visiting us always at Cottage Kitchen! Team CKC
Iv'e been here several times over the last few years, the food served is consistantly good, and is certainly somewhere where one might hold a business lunch or a quiet evening meal with the family, the menu won't break the budget.
American family faire is the style and jazz is the flavour.
It is very hard to get good quality...
Thank you Site Commander for you wonderful review. We are looking forward to seeing you again!
Team CKC
Had lunch with a friend today and it was fantastic. Staff very attentive, food came out pretty quick, portions were perfect and food tasted great. We ordered the BBQ Showme Smokey and it was like tender as butter and tasted great.
This place had been on my bucket list for a long time to visit then heard of Jims passing...
Thank you Steve H for taking time to write a review for us. It's great to know that you had a wonderful time. We are looking forward to seeing you and your friends again.
Thank you! TEAM CKC
The Cottage Kitchen Cafe benefits from its location, that is, being in the Philippines. The menu is rather large, and our party enjoyed everything we ordered. The barbecue meats were particularly popular. The service was quick (we were the only table at lunch time) although standard, and the restaurant suffers from some typical problems (running out of things) that should...
Hi RPH80! Thank you for taking time to write us a review! We hop to see you again.
Thanks TEAM CKC
One of AC's pride. Hungry for steaks, ribs, pasta, salads? Then this place will surely satisfy you. Interiors are comfy and fresh, service is very good, food quality is top notch. Must try their Creole onion soup, this is simply amazing!
Be prepared to spend $15/pax, but surely worth every cent.
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Gopher Basketball Q & A: Royce White
Editor's Note: This is the second installment of a four-part series as Gophersports.com gets to know Tubby Smith's second recruiting class at the U of M. An on-camera interview with Mike Grimm is also included.
Gophersports: Going through the recruiting process you received offers from plenty of schools.
More Headlines
8/10/2015Gophers in Spain: Aug. 10-20
7/22/2015Top Ten Moments of 2014-15: #1
7/20/2015Meet the Men's Basketball Newcomers
07/07/2015Pitino Blog: A Look at the Returners
06/03/2015Men's Basketball Feature: The Future
05/26/2015Gophers Complete Class with Fitzgerald
05/20/2015Gophers Sign Jordan Murphy


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Featured AdPromote Your Ad
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Phone: (352) 588-7449
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Regions Served: Florida
Counties: Alachua, Baker, Bay, Bradford, Calhoun,
Citrus, Columbia, Dixie, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gilchrist,
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Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina and
Hometown: Taylor Mill, Kentucky
Education: B.S. Marketing, University of Central
Hobbies: Golf, basketball, baseball, football,
studying, helping families!
What I love about Saint Leo: The people and
community! Everyone is always willing to lend a hand. Also, the
cafeteria food is all you can eat.


text:
geek school is running two parallel tracks:
1. software development/systems administration track will be going through the geek school curriculum at http://simp.ly/publish/9nDktB
When we finish, we start over, if you miss a session, don't worry, you'll always learn something new and you can jump in any time, catch up on what you missed on your own time if you want, and bring questions if you get stuck.
2. systems integration/hardware hacking track is currently setting up a proxmox based virtualization cluster using the following technologies:
1. Proxmox VE (http://pve.proxmox.com/wiki/Main_Page)
2. bCache (http://bcache.evilpiepirate.org)
3. cephfs (http://ceph.com/docs/master/cephfs/)
upcoming projects include raspberry pi hacking and an openstack cluster.
I started the group because there wasn't any other type of group like this. I've met some great folks in the group who have become close friends and have also met some amazing business owners.
— Bill, started New York City Gay Craft Beer Lovers
Meetup members, Log in
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Professional Services
Company Overview of Bruegel
BOARD MEMBERS AFFILIATED WITH Leszek Balcerowicz *
*Data is at least as current as the most recent Definitive Proxy.
MOST CONNECTED PEOPLE TO Leszek Balcerowicz
|Thomas Mirow
|48 Relationships
|Caio Koch-Weser
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|Hans Tietmeyer
|28 Relationships
|Anna Ekstrom
|17 Relationships
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FMF Apex Jordan Replica System - 043316
- Part #: 4406128
- Manufacturer Part #: 043316
This item is no longer available
Overview of FMF Apex Jordan Replica System - 043316Tailpipe: Titanium
Muffler: Carbon Fiber
End Cap: Titanium
- Full titanium systems modeled after highly successful race bike exhausts used on Michael Jordan Motorsports and National Guard AMA Superbike Teams
- Cconstructed of high-quality, FMF-spec titanium and carbon fiber materials
- Weigh pounds less than stock; increase ground clearance
- Stepped header pipes and application-specific muffler provide strong linear power at affordable price
Note: Not all products are legal for sale or use on pollution controlled vehicles. Check your local laws and the manufacturers information
Note: Installation of a new exhaust system may change your motorcycles fuel-air mixture requirements. Please consult the manufacturer directly with questions regarding any modifications that may need to be made during, or after installing their product. If a jet kit or EFI controller is recommended please see the Intake/Fuel section for products available
Note: Exhaust discoloration (bluing) is caused by engine conditions such as cam timing, fuel-air mixture, operating temperature, etc. It is not the result of defective manufacturing; therefore it is not covered by any warranty. See the Chems/Lubes section for products to help remove or prevent exhaust discoloration
|Carbon Fiber
|Style - Exhaust
|Canister Muffler
|Type - Exhaust
|4-Into-1 System
|13.72 lbs
Specs for FMF Apex Jordan Replica System - 043316
|Carbon Fiber
|Style - Exhaust
|Canister Muffler
|Type - Exhaust
|4-Into-1 System
|13.72 lbs
Fitment for FMF Apex Jordan Replica System - 043316
Part 4406128 fits the following machines
See if this part fits your ride
|2011 Suzuki GSX-R1000
|2009 Suzuki GSX-R1000
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The Trail Head recognizes that living in Western Montana requires an adventurous spirit, tolerance for the elements and an appreciation for the comfort food that is the outdoor experience. Our men's clothing selection reflects those needs. We not only stock an excellent selection of men's clothing that will look good around town but we've also got you covered on the trail, the slopes and on belay. We are proud to provide you with a selection of top of the line brands who are leaders in all things technical and outdoor. Our men's clothing offering will go the distance and stand the test of time.
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Blodgett Canyon
51.2 Miles From Missoula
With the most climbs in one area close to Missoula Blodgett Canyon can be a busy one. Blodgett has 1…Difficulty: MEDIUM
Kootenai Canyon
28.7 Miles From Missoula
Missoula's most popular climbing destination for sport & traditional climbing. Great routes for all levels of climbers. There are climbs…Difficulty: MEDIUM
Mulkey Gulch
46.5 Miles From Missoula
Mulkey Gulch is a small canyon with small granite outcroppings. The tallest of these is Mulkey Tower at 250'. The…Difficulty: MEDIUM


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ATLANTA - Dan Uggla flipped his bat to the ground. Then his helmet. Then both batting gloves.
ATLANTA - Jason Heyward, Justin Upton and Dan Uggla homered in the eighth inning, and Juan Francisco hit a pair of solo shots earlier in the game to help the Atlanta Braves win their 10th straight with a 6-3 victory over the Kansas City Royals on Tuesday night.
WASHINGTON - Tim Hudson and Stephen Strasburg were so sharp, it became evident very early there would be little margin for error.
WASHINGTON - Ramiro Pena hit a two-run homer off Craig Stammen with two outs in the 10th inning and the Atlanta Braves came back to beat the Washington Nationals 6-4 Friday night, stretching their winning streak to seven games.
MIAMI - Evan Gattis hit a three-run homer and the Atlanta Braves completed their second consecutive three-game sweep when they beat the reeling Miami Marlins 8-0 Wednesday night.
MIAMI - Kris Medlen allowed only an unearned run in seven innings Tuesday night, and the Atlanta Braves earned their fifth consecutive victory by beating the punchless Miami Marlins 3-2.
MIAMI - Justin Upton went 4 for 4, including his sixth home run, and Paul Maholm allowed one hit in seven sharp innings to help the Atlanta Braves spoil the Miami Marlins' home opener Monday by winning 2-0.
ATLANTA - B.J. Upton led off the ninth inning with a homer and his brother Justin followed one out later with another long ball that helped the Atlanta Braves rally past embattled Chicago Cubs closer Carlos Marmol for a 6-5 victory Saturday night.
ATLANTA - Justin Upton hit his third homer in four games and Mike Minor pitched into the eighth inning to help the Atlanta Braves beat the Chicago Cubs 4-1 on Friday night.
ATLANTA - Cliff Lee allowed two hits in eight scoreless innings and the Philadelphia Phillies scored twice in the second inning to win their first game of the season with a 2-0 victory over the Atlanta Braves on Thursday night.
ATLANTA - Justin Upton, Jason Heyward and rookie Evan Gattis homered, helping Paul Maholm and the Atlanta Braves beat the Philadelphia Phillies 9-2 on Wednesday night.
ATLANTA - The Atlanta Braves didn't wait long to show off their new power game.
ATLANTA - Freddie Freeman drove in three runs with three hits, including the first of three Atlanta home runs Monday night, and the Braves beat Cole Hamels and the Philadelphia Phillies 7-5 on opening day.
PEARL, Miss. - Dan Uggla's three-run homer cleared the left-center fence by a good 15 feet. A few pitches later, Chris Johnson's no-doubter sailed even farther, landing under the scoreboard and bouncing between fans.
INDIANAPOLIS - Mike Krzyzewski and Rick Pitino are finally doing an encore.
ATLANTA - Rookie Williams Perez threw six innings and the Atlanta Braves' bullpen did the rest as they recorded a rare shutout in beating the Washington ...
ATLANTA - A.J. Pierzynski hit two home runs and rookie Matt Wisler threw seven strong innings as the Atlanta Braves beat the Washington Nationals 2-1 ...
MIAMI - The Atlanta Braves have been at their best this year at Marlins Park and were again in the first inning Friday, scoring four runs ...
NEW YORK - Freddie Freeman broke a ninth-inning tie with a three-run homer after driving in two as a pinch hitter in the seventh, and the ...
NEW YORK - Rookie right-hander Matt Wisler stopped his nine-start winless drought and the Atlanta Braves stalled the New York Mets' push toward the NL East ...
ATLANTA - David Price allowed one run in seven innings, Russell Martin hit a homer and drove in four runs, and the Toronto Blue Jays beat ...
ATLANTA - For the first time in three weeks, the Atlanta Braves celebrated a home victory.
ATLANTA - Yoenis Cespedes says he's just one part of the New York Mets. You can be sure it is a very large part.
PHILADELPHIA - Julio Teheran was back to his old, fist-pumping, emotional ways.
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Complete Discography is now up on INDActiv!
The Complete GC Records Discography is now up on INDActiv! Complete with press and release info! Click the image below to engage the discography.
The Complete GC Records Discography is now up on INDActiv! Complete with press and release info! Click the image below to engage the discography.
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CLICK HERE TO PICK IT UP NOW! There was a time, in the not too distant past, when having an opinion was a badge of honor and proudly speaking out against injustice was typical discourse amongst burgeoning subcultures. Apathy was the enemy and silence was the weapon of mass destruction. We convened for world domination […]
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Welcome to WebmasterWorld Guest from 184.108.40.206
Forum Moderators: martinibuster
I am seeing a major movement on these such sites on yahoo one really comes to mind on yahoo for a serious term, might be the most searched on worder next to " sex ". Over 100,000,000 in competition.
Time will tell .
I mean a site can't stick around at 69 forever right?


text:
A brief moment of silence filled the gymnasium at Lange Middle School in Columbia before the morning bell rang and more than 200 eighth grade students began to file into seats, waiting to hear from an unlikely presenter: Tim Wolfe, president of the University of Missouri System. Unlikely because, as Wolfe shared with the students, he was not exactly a focused student himself. In fact, his parents—both college professors—did not think he had the academic prowess to make it in college.
President's Blog
- Show Me Value: Columbia/Ashland, Sep 23
- Welcome Home event supports area vetrans, Sep 17
- Delta Agriculture on the Move, Sep 2
- Addressing the Physician Shortage, Jul 9
- Wolfe visits with The Chronicle of Higher Education, Jun 26
View Archives
Latest news from the Office of the President
Delta Agriculture on the Move
A huge crowd took in the festivities during the 54th annual Fisher Delta Research Center Field Day on Wednesday, Sept. 2. More than 1,200 guests attended the event, which showcased the numerous research going on at the center.
Addressing the Physician Shortage
The University of Missouri-Columbia, CoxHealth and Mercy health systems of Springfield celebrated their partnership designed to address a critical shortage of physicians in the state and nation by breaking ground for the Patient-Centered Care Learning Center in Columbia.
Wolfe visits with The Chronicle of Higher Education
UM System President Tim Wolfe recently sat down with The Chronicle of Higher Education's Sara Hebel to discuss the value of higher education as both a private and a public good.
2015 President's Awards
UM System President Tim Wolfe, along with members of the Board of Curators, hosted the annual President's Awards celebration on June 25, 2015, at the University of Missouri-Columbia. Faculty from each of the four campuses, along with a student-awardee from MU, were honored for their unique and lasting contributions the university.
Gov. Nixon announces funds for 50/50 project
During a visit to the University of Missouri-Columbia, Gov. Jay Nixon - alongside MU Chancellor R. Bowen Loftin and UM System President Tim Wolfe - announced the release of $10 million in state funding for the construction of a new Applied Learning Center at the Trulaske College of Business. The announcement marks the final of four 50/50 capital projects approved by the General Assembly to be fully funded.
Advice to our Graduates
UM System President Tim Wolfe visited each of the four campuses to participate in spring commencement ceremonies where he congratulated students and their families for a job well done. Speaking to a graduating class of more than 650 students at Missouri University of Science and Technology, Wolfe shared three important insights that have helped guide his career.
Statement on bonding package
Today's action by the general assembly is a significant milestone for the University of Missouri System that will help us to meet our educational mission while also providing a significant boost to our state's current and future economy. We are deeply appreciative of the legislative leadership in the Missouri House and Senate, including the budget and appropriations chairs and many members of the local delegations from our four campuses, for supporting this critical legislation and for understanding our pressing capital needs. This funding will address our growing maintenance and repair demands across the University of Missouri System while also providing funding for four priority capital improvement projects made possible by many donors across the state.
Show Me Value: Kennett
KENNETT, Mo. – University of Missouri System President Tim Wolfe resumed his Show Me Value Tour today with a stop in Kennett, continuing the conversation he began with Missourians two years ago to counter growing sentiment that a college education is not as valuable as it once was.


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Float Valves and Accessories
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- Float Valve, 1-1/2 In, Bronze, Pipe MountFloat Valve
- Item # 6AMA5
- Mfr. Model # 6AMA5
Float Valve, Mounting Pipe, Size 1-1/2 In., Connection Type FNPT, Rod Thread 3/8-16, Rod Length 12 In., Rod...More
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Calories in Pepperoni Pizza
Wondering how many calories are in Pepperoni Pizza?Manufactured by Digiorno
User modified food.
Pepperoni Pizza
Thin Crust
D Grade
320 Calories
Nutrition Facts
Serving Size 1/5 pizza (125 g)
Per Serving % Daily Value*
Calories 320
Calories from Fat 144
Total Fat 16g 25%
Saturated Fat 7g 35%
Polyunsaturated Fat 0g
Monounsaturated Fat 0g
Cholesterol 35mg 12%
Sodium 790mg 33%
Potassium 0mg 0%
Carbohydrates 31g 10%
Dietary Fiber 2g 8%
Sugars 3g
Protein 15g
Vitamin A 6% · Vitamin C 2%
Calcium 25% · Iron 15%
*Based on a 2000 calorie diet
Pepperoni Pizza Calories and Health Benefits
- High in saturated fat
- High in sodium
Get Nutritional Facts and the Health Benefits for Pepperoni Pizza
Related Foods & Categories
Related Recipes
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(Tombstone) Original Pepperoni and Sausage Pizza - Frozen
(Tony's Pizza) Tony's Taco Style Pizza Mexican Style Sausage and Tangy Taco Sauce on a Corn Style Crust, Frozen
(Tony's Pizza) D'Primo Deep Dish Sausage Pizza - Frozen
(Lean Cuisine) Three Meat Pizza - casual eating classics
(Lean Cuisine) Macaroni and Beef - one dish favorites
(Michelina's) Beef Ravioli - Comfort Classics
(Michelina's) Pepperoni Pizza - Zap'ems
Allergy Remedies
Is It Possible to Go Natural?
The side effects of allergy medications keep some people from using them. Natural remedies can be a great alternative, but some are more effective than others.
The side effects of allergy medications keep some people from using them. Natural remedies can be a great alternative, but some are more effective than others.


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Viair 450C. Nice compressor.
Reviewed By Mark M (Durham, NC) Reviewed for a 2000 Ford F-350 —7/29/2014 4:48 AM
Well made compressor. Nice fit and finish. Well packaged and decent instructions.
Reviewed By William H (MEDFORD, OR) Reviewed for a 2004 Toyota 4Runner —10/1/2015 9:40 PM
Went ahead and had the bags installed professionally by local business....so far it has delivered all of my expectations and needs...I own a 2004 Toyota 4Runner and tow a 22 foot travel trailer which now, with this product tows level and easily...when ,without tha bags, my headlights were in the trees...very pleased .
Ford Flex SE Suspension Systems
Ford Flex SEL Suspension Systems
Ford Flex Limited Suspension Systems
Ford Flex Titanium Suspension Systems


text: [ City Hall Preview At Tonight's Sauk Rapids Council Meeting By Jim Maurice March 28, 2011 You'll have a chance to see some of the preliminary designs for the new Sauk Rapids City Hall. The architects will give a presentation on the proposed layout during tonight's (Monday) City Council meeting. Read More|Comment Category: St. Cloud News Tags: City Hall, ross olson, Sauk Rapids Send to a friend! Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr!


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Catalogue Number: 212-8468
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Sitter in 3 portraits
by Walter Stoneman
by Walter Stoneman
by Lafayette (Lafayette Ltd)
Sir Patrick James Fagan(1865-1942), Civil servant in India
Sitter in 3 portraits
by Walter Stoneman
bromide print, 1930
NPG x167475
by Walter Stoneman
bromide print, April 1940
NPG x167476
by Lafayette (Lafayette Ltd)
whole-plate nitrate negative, 2 May 1930
NPG x70301
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Harry Dean Stanton (Repo Man), Crispin Glover (Back to the Future), Suzy Amis and Dylan McDermott (TV's "The Practice") star in the gutsy (gusty?) madcap comedy, Twister A tornado writhes across the sprawling family estate of soda pop and miniature golf m
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We didn't watch past 20 minutes. It was nothing to do with a twister.Published 4 months ago by Charlotte Hekrdle
It was an awful movie! Don't even bother. Has not one thing that makes any sense in this movie, the story, people the whole plot is stupid!Published 5 months ago by T
Worst movie ever. The twister itself was as insignificant ant the dialogue / story line. There's an hour and a half+ I'll never get back.Published 7 months ago by Scrappin' in the USA
I love disaster movies. I love spoofs. You would think this would be a great choice for me. NOT! The only redeeming quality...hmmm...I can't think of one.Published 9 months ago by loving amazon