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Mr. Lane has served as our president and chief executive officer (CEO) since September 2008 and our chairman of the Board since December 2009. He has also served as a director of MRC Global Inc. since September 2008. From December 2004 to December 2007, he served as executive vice president and chief operating officer of Halliburton Company, an international, oilfield services firm. Prior to that, he held a variety of leadership roles within Halliburton. Mr. Lane received a B.S. in mechanical engineering from Southern Methodist University in 1981 (cum laude). He also completed the Advanced Management Program (A.M.P.) at Harvard Business School in 2000. Mr. Lane is uniquely qualified to serve as one of our directors due to his extensive executive and leadership experience in the oil and natural gas industry, including oilfield services, and his in-depth knowledge of our operations.
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arXiv:math/0505476v3 [math.DG] 12 Jan 2009
Jian SongBen Weinkove
Harvard University
Department of Mathematics
Cambridge MA 02138
Johns Hopkins University
Department of Mathematics
Baltimore MD 21218
if and only if it is stable in the sense of geometric invariant theory. There has been
much progress on this conjecture by Tian, Donaldson and others. The Mabuchi energy
functional plays a central role in these ideas. We study the Ekfunctionals introduced
by X.X. Chen and G. Tian which generalize the Mabuchi energy. We show that if a
Fano manifold admits a K¨ ahler-Einstein metric then the functional E1is bounded from
below, and, modulo holomorphic vector fields, is proper. This answers affirmatively a
question raised by Chen. We show in fact that E1is proper if and only if there exists a
K¨ ahler-Einstein metric, giving a new analytic criterion for the existence of this canonical
metric, with possible implications for the study of stability. We also show that on a
Fano K¨ ahler-Einstein manifold all of the functionals Ekare bounded below on the space
of metrics with nonnegative Ricci curvature.
Yau conjectured that a Fano manifold admits a K¨ ahler-Einstein metric
Mathematical Subject Classification: 32Q20 (Primary), 53C21 (Secondary)
1. Introduction
The problem of finding necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of ex-
tremal metrics, which include K¨ ahler-Einstein metrics, on a compact K¨ ahler manifold
M has been the subject of intense study over the last few decades and is still largely
open. If M has zero or negative first Chern class then it is known by the work of
Yau [Ya1] and Yau, Aubin [Ya1], [Au] that M has a K¨ ahler-Einstein metric. When
c1(M) > 0, so that M is Fano, there is a well-known conjecture of Yau [Ya2] that
the manifold admits a K¨ ahler-Einstein metric if and only if it is stable in the sense of
geometric invariant theory.
There are now several different notions of stability for manifolds [Ti2], [PhSt1],
[Do2], [RoTh]. Donaldson showed that the existence of a constant scalar curvature
metric is sufficient for the manifold to be asymptotically Chow stable [Do1] (under
an assumption on the automorphism group). It is conjectured by Tian [Ti2] that the
existence of a K¨ ahler-Einstein metric should be equivalent to his 'K-stability'. This
stability is defined in terms of the Futaki invariant [Fu], [DiTi] of the central fiber of
degenerations of the manifold. Donaldson [Do2] introduced a variant of K-stability
extending Tian's definition.
1The second author is supported in part by National Science Foundation grant DMS-05-04285
Page 2
The behavior of Mabuchi's [Mb] energy functional is central to this problem. It was
shown by Bando and Mabuchi [BaMb], [Ba] that if a Fano manifold admits a K¨ ahler-
Einstein metric then the Mabuchi energy is bounded below. Recently, it has been shown
by Chen and Tian [ChTi3] that if M admits an extremal metric in a given class then
the (modified) Mabuchi energy is bounded below in that class. Donaldson has given an
alternative proof for constant scalar curvature metrics with a condition on the space of
automorphisms [Do3]. Moreover, if a lower bound on the Mabuchi energy is given then
the class is K-semistable [Ti2], [PaTi]. Conversely, Donaldson [Do2] showed that, for
toric surfaces, K-stability implies the lower boundedness of the Mabuchi energy.
In addition, the existence of a K¨ ahler-Einstein metric on a Fano manifold has been
shown to be equivalent to the 'properness' of the Mabuchi energy [Ti2]. Tian conjectured
[Ti3] that the existence of a constant scalar curvature K¨ ahler metric be equivalent to this
condition on the Mabuchi energy. This holds when the first Chern class is a multiple
of the K¨ ahler class. (If c1(M) < 0, it has been shown [Ch1], [We], [SoWe] that the
Mabuchi energy is proper on certain classes which are not multiples of the canonical
class. It is not yet known whether there exists a constant scalar curvature metric in
such classes.)
In this paper, we discuss a family of functionals Ek, for k = 0,...,n, which were
introduced by Chen and Tian [ChTi1]. They are generalizations of the Mabuchi energy,
with E0 being precisely Mabuchi's functional. The functionals Ek can be described
in terms of the Deligne pairing [De]. This construction of Deligne has provided a very
useful way to understand questions of stability [Zh], [PhSt1], [PhSt2]. Phong and Sturm
[PhSt3] show that, up to a normalization term, the Mabuchi energy corresponds to the
Deligne pairing ?L,...,L,K−1?. Generalizing this, the functionals Ekcan be described
in terms of the pairing:
The fact that the functionals Ekcan be formulated in this way seems now to be known by
some experts in the field, and was pointed out to us by Jacob Sturm in 2002. However,
since it does not appear in the literature, we have included a short explanation of this
correspondence (see section 2).
A critical metric ω of Ekis a solution of the equation
σk+1(ω) − ∆(σk(ω)) = constant,
where σk(ω) is the kth elementary symmetric polynomial in the eigenvalues of the Ricci
tensor of the metric ω. Critical points for E0are precisely the constant scalar curvature
metrics. Critical points for Enare the metrics of constant central curvature as described
by Maschler [Ms]. K¨ ahler-Einstein metrics are solutions to the above equation for all
k. The critical metrics are discussed more in section 2.
The functionals Ekwere used by Chen and Tian [ChTi1, ChTi2] to obtain conver-
gence of the normalized K¨ ahler-Ricci flow on K¨ ahler-Einstein manifolds with positive
bisectional curvature (see [PhSt4] for a related result). The Mabuchi energy is decreas-
ing along the flow. The functional E1is also decreasing, as long as the sum of the Ricci
Page 3
curvature and the metric is nonnegative. A major part of the argument in [ChTi1] is
to show that the Ekcan be bounded from below along the K¨ ahler-Ricci flow assum-
ing nonnegative Ricci curvature along the flow and the existence of a K¨ ahler-Einstein
In a recent preprint, Chen [Ch2] has proved a stability result for E1for Fano mani-
folds in the sense of the K¨ ahler-Ricci flow2. In [Ch2], Chen asked whether E1is bounded
below or proper on the full space of potentials (not just along the flow) if there exists
a K¨ ahler-Einstein metric. In this paper we answer Chen's question: E1 is bounded
below if there exists a K¨ ahler-Einstein metric, and the lower bound is attained by this
metric. Moreover, modulo holomorphic vector fields, E1is proper if and only if there
exists a K¨ ahler-Einstein metric. We also show that, again assuming the existence of a
K¨ ahler-Einstein metric, the functionals Ekare bounded below on the space of metrics
with nonnegative Ricci c urvature.
We now state these results more precisely. Let ω be a K¨ ahler form on the com-
pact manifold M of complex dimension n. Write P(M,ω) for the space of all smooth
functions φ on M such that
ωφ= ω +√−1∂∂φ > 0.
For φ in P(M,ω), let φtbe a path in P(M,ω) with φ0= 0 and φ1= φ. The functional
Ek,ωfor k = 0,...,n is defined by
−n − k
where V is the volume?
Ek,ω(φ) =k + 1
(∆φt˙φt)Ric(ωφt)k∧ ωn−k
˙φt(Ric(ωφt)k+1− µkωk+1
φt) ∧ ωn−k−1
dt, (1.1)
Mωn, and µkis the constant, depending only on the classes [ω]
and c1(M) given by
MRic(ω)k+1∧ ωn−k−1
= (2π)k+1[K−1]k+1· [ω]n−k−1
The functional is independent of the choice of path. We will often write Ek(ω,ωφ)
instead of Ek,ω(φ).
In fact, Chen and Tian [ChTi1] first define Ekby a different (and explicit) formula,
making use of a generalization of the Liouville energy, which they call E0
pairing provides another explicit formula (Proposition 2.1).
Suppose now that M has positive first Chern class and denote by K the space of
K¨ ahler metrics in 2πc1(M). Notice that for ω in K, the corresponding constant µkis
equal to 1. We have the following theorem on the lower boundedness of the functionals
k. The Deligne
2Shortly after this paper was first posted we learned that, in an unpublished work [Ch3], Chen
has proved the following: if there exists a K¨ ahler-Einstein metric then E1 is bounded below along the
K¨ ahler-Ricci flow.
Page 4
Theorem 1.1 Let (M,ωKE) be a K¨ ahler-Einstein manifold with c1(M) > 0. Then, for
k = 0,...,n, and for all ˜ ω ∈ K with Ric(˜ ω) ≥ 0,
Ek(ωKE, ˜ ω) ≥ 0,
and equality is attained if and only if ˜ ω is a K¨ ahler-Einstein metric.
In the case of E1we obtain lower boundedness on the whole space K. In addition,
it is an easy result that for a Calabi-Yau manifold, E1is bounded below on every class.
Putting these two cases together we obtain:
Theorem 1.2 Let (M,ωKE) be a K¨ ahler-Einstein manifold with c1(M) > 0 or c1(M) =
0. Then for all K¨ ahler metrics ω′in the class [ωKE],
E1(ωKE,ω′) ≥ 0,
and equality is attained if and only if ω′is a K¨ ahler-Einstein metric.
We show that if (M,ωKE) is K¨ ahler-Einstein with c1(M) > 0 and if there are no
holomorphic vector fields, E1is bounded below by the Aubin-Yau energy functional J
raised to a small power. This implies that E1is proper on P(M,ωKE). If there exist
holomorphic vector fields, then the statement changes slightly (c.f. [Ti2]).
Theorem 1.3 Let (M,ωKE) be a compact K¨ ahler-Einstein manifold with c1(M) > 0.
Then there exists δ depending only on n such that the following hold:
(i) If M admits no nontrivial holomorphic vector fields then there exist positive con-
stants C and C′depending only on ωKEsuch that for all θ in P(M,ωKE),
E1,ωKE(θ) ≥ CJωKE(θ)δ− C′.
(ii) In general, let G be the maximal compact subgroup of Aut0(M) which fixes ωKE,
where Aut0(M) is the component of the automorphism group containing the iden-
tity. Then there exist positive constants C and C′depending only on ωKE such
that for all θ in PG(M,ωKE),
E1,ωKE(θ) ≥ CJωKE(θ)δ− C′,
where PG(M,ωKE) consists of the G-invariant elements of P(M,ωKE).
Remark 1.1 The analagous result above is proved in [Ti2], [TiZh] for the F functional
[Di], giving a generalized Moser-Trudinger inequality. We use a similar argument. The
corresponding inequality for the Mabuchi energy also holds [Ti3] since, up to a constant,
it can be bounded below by F. It would be interesting to find the best constant δ = δ(n)
for which these inequalities hold. With some work, modifying the argument in [Ti2],
one can show that δ can be taken to be arbitrarily close to 1/(4n + 1), but we doubt
that this is optimal.
Page 5
Remark 1.2 We hope that the above results on the E1 functional may have some
applications to the study of the stability of M. Indeed, let π1: X → Z be an SL(N +
1,C)-equivariant holomorphic fibration between smooth varieties such that X ⊂ Z ×
CPNis a family of subvarieties of dimension n with an action of SL(N +1,C) on CPN.
Tian defines CM-stability [Ti2] for Xz= π−1
1(z) in terms of the virtual bundle:
E = (K−1− K) ⊗ (L − L−1)n−
n + 1(L − L−1)n+1,
where K = KX⊗ K−1
hyperplane bundle on CPNvia the second projection π2(alternatively, one can use the
language of the Deligne pairing). When Xz is Fano, Tian proved that Xz is weakly
CM-stable if it is K¨ ahler-Einstein, using the properness of the Mabuchi energy E0. One
can define a similar notion of stability for Xzwith respect to the virtual bundle
is the relative canonical bundle and L is the pullback of the
Ek= (K−1− K)k+1⊗ (L − L−1)n−k−(n − k)µk
For k = 1, one might guess that Xzis stable if it is K¨ ahler-Einstein, since E1is proper.
It would be interesting to try to relate this notion of stability to an analogue of K-
stability expressed in terms of the holomorphic invariants Fk[ChTi1] which generalize
the Futaki invariant.
n + 1
(L − L−1)n+1.
We also have a converse to Theorem 1.3.
Theorem 1.4 Let (M,ω) be a compact K¨ ahler manifold with c1(M) > 0. Suppose that
ω ∈ 2πc1(M). Then the following hold:
(i) Suppose that (M,ω) admits no nontrivial holomorphic vector fields.
admits a K¨ ahler-Einstein metric if and only if E1is proper on P(M,ω).
Then M
(ii) In general, suppose that ω is invariant under G, a maximal compact subgroup of
Aut0(M). Then M admits a G-invariant K¨ ahler-Einstein metric if and only if
E1is proper on PG(M,ω).
This gives a new analytic condition for a Fano manifold to admit a K¨ ahler-Einstein
metric. Indeed, together with the result of Tian [Ti2], at least modulo holomorphic
vector fields, we have:
M admits a
K¨ ahler-Einstein
E1is proper⇐⇒⇐⇒ Mabuchi energy is proper
and one might expect some versions of stability to be equivalent to these as well.
Remark 1.3 It is natural to ask whether there exist critical metrics for Ekwhich are
not K¨ ahler-Einstein. Chen and Tian [ChTi1] observed that for k = n the only critical
metrics with positive Ricci curvature are K¨ ahler-Einstein. Maschler [Ms] proved this
result without the assumption on the Ricci curvature when c1(M) > 0 or c1(M) < 0.
We see from Theorem 1.2 that on a K¨ ahler-Einstein manifold with c1(M) > 0, a critical
metric for E1which is not K¨ ahler-Einstein could not give an absolute minimum of E1.


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"Nearly Natural Dancing Lady Silk Flowers (Set of 12) - White" is not available for sale online.
This item may be discontinued or not carried in your nearest store. Please call your local store to check in-store availability before heading there. For informational purposes, the product details and customer reviews are provided.
- The captivating faux flower arrangement will be a delightful addition to any decor with delicate blooms of sunny petals adorning a green, leafy stem.
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Kamran Siddiqi's Recipe Photos
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Ana Sortun serves a number of riffs on skordalia, a Greek garlic sauce, but here she does a more traditional version with fluffy baking potatoes and plenty of olive oil. It's important to use a blender, not a food processor, to achieve the desired silky consistency. If the skordalia seems too thick, simply stir in a little water.


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A saint of southern England, a holy Shepard near Steyning in Sussex. He cared for his aging mother and, aided by his neighbors, built a church in Steyning. Cuthman, who was known for his miracles, was honored in the church that he built. His relics were later transferred to FeCamp, in France.
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"Jesus loved Martha and Mary and Lazarus." This unique statement in John's gospel tells us of the special relationship Jesus had with Martha, her sister, and her brother. ... continue reading | shop
What do dreams have to with prayer? Aren't they just random images of our mind? In 1867 Pope Pius IX was upset with John Bosco because he wouldn't take his dreams seriously enough. Nine ... continue reading
Little is known of her life, and the information was received by private revelation from her. Martyred at about age 14 in the early days of the Church. In 1802 the remains of a young ... continue reading
Francis was a young nobleman at the court of the King of Spain. He became a Duke when he was only thirty-three and lived a happy, peaceful life with his wife Eleanor and their eight children. But ... continue readingMore Saint of the Day
Little is known of her life, and the information was received by private revelation from her. Martyred at about age 14 in the early days of the Church. In 1802 the remains of a young woman were found in the catacomb of Saint Priscilla on the Via Salaria. It was ... continue readingMore Female Saints
St. Michael the Archangel - Feast day - September 29th The name Michael signifies "Who is like to God?" and was the warcry of the good angels in the battle fought in heaven against satan and his followers. Holy Scripture describes St. Michael as "one of the chief ... continue reading
The name Gabriel means "man of God," or "God has shown himself mighty." It appears first in the prophesies of Daniel in the Old Testament. The angel announced to Daniel the prophecy of the seventy weeks. His name also occurs in the apocryphal book of Henoch. He was the ... continue reading
A widow and seeress, described in St. Luke's Gospel. continue reading
Discalced Carmelite mystic and healer. She was born in Florence to a distinguished Florentine family. Educated at San Giovanni Convent in Florence, she entered the Carmelites at Santa Maria degli ... continue reading
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Are you Dane M Chetkovich?Claim your profile
Publications (38)259.61 Total impact
Article: Identification of Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels function in the brain to limit neuronal excitability. Limiting the activity of these channels has been proposed as a therapy for major depressive disorder, but the critical role of HCN channels in cardiac pacemaking has limited efforts to develop therapies directed at the channel. Previous studies indicated that the function of HCN is tightly regulated by its auxiliary subunit, tetratricopeptide repeat-containing Rab8b interacting protein (TRIP8b), which is not expressed in the heart. To target the function of the HCN channel in the brain without affecting the channel's function in the heart, we propose disrupting the interaction between HCN and TRIP8b. We developed a high-throughput fluorescence polarization (FP) assay to identify small molecules capable of disrupting this interaction. We used this FP assay to screen a 20,000-compound library and identified a number of active compounds. The active compounds were validated using an orthogonal AlphaScreen assay to identify one compound (0.005%) as the first confirmed hit for inhibiting the HCN-TRIP8b interaction. Identifying small molecules capable of disrupting the interaction between HCN and TRIP8b should enable the development of new research tools and small-molecule therapies that could benefit patients with depression. © 2015 Society for Laboratory Automation and Screening.Journal of Biomolecular Screening 06/2015; DOI:10.1177/1087057115589590 · 2.42 Impact Factor
- Epilepsy Currents 02/2015; 15(1):43-44. DOI:10.5698/1535-7597-15.1.43 · 3.26 Impact Factor
Article: Nedd4-2 regulates surface expression and may affect N-glycosylation of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN)-1 channels[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: HCN channels are important regulators of neuronal excitability. The proper function of these channels is governed by various mechanisms, including post-translational modifications of channel subunits. Here, we provide evidence that ubiquitination via a ubiquitin ligase, neuronal precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated (Nedd)-4-2, is involved in the regulation of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels. We identified a PY motif (L/PPxY), the characteristic binding motif for Nedd4-2 in the C terminus of the HCN1 subunit, and showed that HCN1 and Nedd4-2 interacted both in vivo (rat hippocampus, neocortex, and cerebellum) and in vitro [human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells], resulting in increased HCN1 ubiquitination. Elimination of the PY motif reduced, but did not abolish, Nedd4-2 binding, which further involved a stretch of ∼100 aa downstream in the HCN1 C terminus. Coexpression of Nedd4-2 and HCN1 drastically reduced the HCN1-mediated h-current amplitude (85-92%) in Xenopus laevis oocytes and reduced surface expression (34%) of HCN1 channels in HEK293 cells, thereby opposing effects of tetratricopeptide repeat-containing Rab8b interacting protein (TRIP8b)-(1a-4), an auxiliary subunit that promotes HCN1 surface expression. Regulation may further include N-glycosylation of HCN1 channels, which is significantly enhanced by TRIP8b(1a-4), but may be reduced by Nedd4-2.Taken together, our data indicate that Nedd4-2 plays an important role in the regulation of HCN1 trafficking and may compete with TRIP8b(1a-4) in this process.-Wilkars, W., Wollberg, J., Mohr, E., Han, M., Chetkovich, D. M., Bähring, R., Bender, R. A. Nedd4-2 regulates surface expression and may affect N-glycosylation of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN)-1 channels.The FASEB Journal 01/2014; 28(5). DOI:10.1096/fj.13-242032 · 5.04 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are cation-selective channels present in retina, brain and heart. The activity of HCN channels contributes to signal integration, cell excitability and pacemaker activity. HCN1 channels expressed in photoreceptors participate in keeping light responses transient and are required for normal mesopic vision. The subcellular localization of HCN1 varies among cell types. In photoreceptors HCN1 is concentrated in the inner segments while in other retinal neurons, HCN1 is evenly distributed though the cell. This is in contrast to hippocampal neurons where HCN1 is concentrated in a subset of dendrites. A key regulator of HCN1 trafficking and activity is tetratricopeptide repeat-containing Rab8b interacting protein (TRIP8b). Multiple splice isoforms of TRIP8b are expressed throughout the brain and can differentially regulate the surface expression and activity of HCN1. The purpose of the present study was to determine which isoforms of TRIP8b are expressed in the retina and to test if loss of TRIP8b alters HCN1 expression or trafficking. We found that TRIP8b colocalizes with HCN1 in multiple retina neurons and all major splice isoforms of TRIP8b are expressed in the retina. Photoreceptors express three different isoforms. In TRIP8b knockout mice, the ability of HCN1 to traffic to the surface of retinal neurons is unaffected. However, there is a large decrease in the total amount of HCN1. We conclude that TRIP8b in the retina is needed to achieve maximal expression of HCN1.PLoS ONE 01/2014; 9(1):e85850. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0085850 · 3.23 Impact Factor
Article: Short- and long-term plasticity in CA1 neurons from mice lacking h-channel auxiliary subunit TRIP8b[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide gated non-selective cation channels (HCN or h channels) are important regulators of neuronal physiology contributing to passive membrane properties, such as resting membrane potential and input resistance, and to intrinsic oscillatory activity and synaptic integration. The correct membrane targeting of h-channels is regulated in part by the auxiliary h-channel protein TRIP8b. The genetic deletion of TRIP8b results in a loss of functional h channels, which affects the postsynaptic integrative properties of neurons. We investigated the impact of TRIP8b deletion on long-term potentiation at the two major excitatory inputs to CA1 pyramidal neurons: Schaffer collateral (SC) and perforant path (PP). We found that SC LTP was not significantly different between neurons from wildtype and TRIP8b knockout mice. There was however, significantly more short-term potentiation in knockout neurons. We also found that the persistent increase in h current (Ih) that normally occurs following LTP induction was absent in knockout neurons. The lack of Ih plasticity was not restricted to activity-dependent induction, because the depletion of intracellular calcium stores also failed to produce the expected increase in Ih. Interestingly, pairing of SC and PP inputs resulted in a form of LTP in knockout neurons that did not occur in wildtype neurons. These results suggest that physiological impact of TRIP8b deletion are not restricted to the integrative properties of neurons but also include both synaptic and intrinsic plasticity.Journal of Neurophysiology 08/2013; 110(10). DOI:10.1152/jn.00218.2013 · 2.89 Impact Factor
Article: Differential Expression of HCN Subunits Alters Voltage-Dependent Gating of h-channels in CA1 Pyramidal Neurons from the Dorsal and Ventral Hippocampus.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The rodent hippocampus can be divided into dorsal (DHC) and ventral domains (VHC) based on behavioral, anatomical, and biochemical differences. Recently, we reported that CA1 pyramidal neurons from the VHC were intrinsically more excitable than DHC neurons, but the specific ionic conductances contributing to this difference were not determined. Here, we investigated the hyperpolarization-activated current (I(h)) and the expression of HCN1 and HCN2 channel subunits in CA1 pyramidal neurons from the DHC and VHC. Measurement of I(h) using cell-attached patches revealed a significant depolarizing shift in the V(1/2) of activation for dendritic h-channels in VHC neurons (but not DHC neurons), and ultrastructural immunolocalization of HCN1 and HCN2 channels revealed a significantly larger HCN1/HCN2 ratio for VHC neurons (but not DHC neurons). These observations suggest that a shift in the expression of HCN1 and HCN2 channels drives functional changes in Ih for VHC neurons (but not DHC neurons), and could thereby significantly alter the capacity for dendritic integration of these neurons.Journal of Neurophysiology 01/2013; 109(7). DOI:10.1152/jn.00010.2013 · 2.89 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are subthreshold activated voltage-gated ion channels. In the cortex, these channels are predominantly expressed in dendrites where they significantly modify dendritic intrinsic excitability as well synaptic potential shapes and integration. HCN channel trafficking to dendrites is regulated by the protein, TRIP8b. Additionally, altered TRIP8b expression may be one mechanism underlying seizure-induced dendritic HCN channel plasticity. HCN channels, though, are also located in certain mature cortical synaptic terminals, where they play a vital role in modulating synaptic transmission. In this study, using electrophysiological recordings as well as electron microscopy we show that presynaptic, but not dendritic, cortical HCN channel expression and function is comparable in adult TRIP8b-null mice and wild-type littermates. We further investigated whether presynaptic HCN channels undergo seizure-dependent plasticity. We found that, like dendritic channels, wild-type presynaptic HCN channel function was persistently decreased following induction of kainic acid-induced seizures. Since TRIP8b does not affect presynaptic HCN subunit trafficking, seizure-dependent plasticity of these cortical HCN channels is not conditional upon TRIP8b. Our results, thus, suggest that the molecular mechanisms underlying HCN subunit targeting, expression and plasticity in adult neurons is compartment selective, providing a means by which pre- and postsynaptic processes that are critically dependent upon HCN channel function may be distinctly influenced.The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 10/2012; 32(42):14835-48. DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1544-12.2012 · 6.34 Impact Factor
Article: Structure and stoichiometry of an accessory subunit TRIP8b interaction with hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Ion channels operate in intact tissues as part of large macromolecular complexes that can include cytoskeletal proteins, scaffolding proteins, signaling molecules, and a litany of other molecules. The proteins that make up these complexes can influence the trafficking, localization, and biophysical properties of the channel. TRIP8b (tetratricopetide repeat-containing Rab8b-interacting protein) is a recently discovered accessory subunit of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels that contributes to the substantial dendritic localization of HCN channels in many types of neurons. TRIP8b interacts with the carboxyl-terminal region of HCN channels and regulates their cell-surface expression level and cyclic nucleotide dependence. Here we examine the molecular determinants of TRIP8b binding to HCN2 channels. Using a single-molecule fluorescence bleaching method, we found that TRIP8b and HCN2 form an obligate 4:4 complex in intact channels. Fluorescence-detection size-exclusion chromatography and fluorescence anisotropy allowed us to confirm that two different domains in the carboxyl-terminal portion of TRIP8b--the tetratricopepide repeat region and the TRIP8b conserved region--interact with two different regions of the HCN carboxyl-terminal region: the carboxyl-terminal three amino acids (SNL) and the cyclic nucleotide-binding domain, respectively. And finally, using X-ray crystallography, we determined the atomic structure of the tetratricopepide region of TRIP8b in complex with a peptide of the carboxy-terminus of HCN2. Together, these experiments begin to uncover the mechanism for TRIP8b binding and regulation of HCN channels.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 05/2012; 109(20):7899-904. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1201997109 · 9.67 Impact Factor
Article: Differential Dorso-ventral Distributions of Kv4.2 and HCN Proteins Confer Distinct Integrative Properties to Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Cell Distal Dendrites[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The dorsal and ventral regions of the hippocampus perform different functions. Whether the integrative properties of hippocampal cells reflect this heterogeneity is unknown. We focused on dendrites where most synaptic input integration takes place. We report enhanced backpropagation and theta resonance and decreased summation of synaptic inputs in ventral versus dorsal CA1 pyramidal cell distal dendrites. Transcriptional Kv4.2 down-regulation and post-transcriptional hyperpolarization-activated cyclic AMP-gated channel (HCN1/2) up-regulation may underlie these differences, respectively. Our results reveal differential dendritic integrative properties along the dorso-ventral axis, reflecting diverse computational needs.Journal of Biological Chemistry 04/2012; 287(21):17656-61. DOI:10.1074/jbc.C112.367110 · 4.57 Impact Factor
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The dorsoventral and developmental gradients of entorhinal layer II cell grid properties correlate with their resonance properties and with their hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) ion channel current characteristics. We investigated whether such correlation existed in rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells, where place fields also show spatial and temporal gradients. Resonance was absent during the first postnatal week, and emerged during the second week. Resonance was stronger in dorsal than ventral cells, in accord with HCN current properties. Resonance responded to cAMP in ventral but not in dorsal cells. The dorsoventral distribution of HCN1 and HCN2 subunits and of the auxiliary protein tetratricopeptide repeat-containing Rab8b-interacting protein (TRIP8b) could account for these differences between dorsal and ventral cells. The analogous distribution of the intrinsic properties of entorhinal stellate and hippocampal cells suggests the existence of general rules of organization among structures that process complementary features of the environment.The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 03/2012; 32(11):3736-47. DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5870-11.2012 · 6.34 Impact Factor
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The dorsoventral and developmental gradients of entorhinal layer II cell grid properties correlate with their resonance properties and with their hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) ion channel current characteristics. We investigated whether such correlation existed in rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells, where place fields also show spatial and temporal gradients. Resonance was absent during the first postnatal week, and emerged during the second week. Resonance was stronger in dorsal than ventral cells, in accord with HCN current properties. Resonance responded to cAMP in ventral but not in dorsal cells. The dorsoventral distribution of HCN1 and HCN2 subunits and of the auxiliary protein tetratricopeptide repeat-containing Rab8b-interacting protein (TRIP8b) could account for these differences between dorsal and ventral cells. The analogous distribution of the intrinsic properties of entorhinal stellate and hippocampal cells suggests the existence of general rules of organization among structures that process complementary features of the environment.
Article: An Essential Role for Modulation of Hyperpolarization-Activated Current in the Development of Binaural Temporal Precision[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In sensory circuits of the brain, developmental changes in the expression and modulation of voltage-gated ion channels are a common occurrence, but such changes are often difficult to assign to clear functional roles. We have explored this issue in the binaural neurons of the medial superior olive (MSO), whose temporal precision in detecting the coincidence of binaural inputs dictates the resolution of azimuthal sound localization. We show that in MSO principal neurons of gerbils during the first week of hearing, a hyperpolarization-activated current (I(h)) progressively undergoes a 13-fold increase in maximal conductance, a >10-fold acceleration of kinetics, and, most surprisingly, a 30 mV depolarizing shift in the voltage dependence of activation. This period is associated with an upregulation of the hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel subunits HCN1, HCN2, and HCN4 in the MSO, but only HCN1 and HCN4 were expressed strongly in principal neurons. I(h) recorded in nucleated patches from electrophysiologically mature MSO neurons (>P18) exhibited kinetics and an activation range nearly identical to the I(h) found in whole-cell recordings before hearing onset. These results indicate that the developmental changes in I(h) in MSO neurons can be explained predominantly by modulation from diffusible intracellular factors, and not changes in channel subunit composition. The exceptionally large modulatory changes in I(h), together with refinements in synaptic properties transform the coding strategy from one of summation and integration to the submillisecond coincidence detection known to be required for transmission of sound localization cues.The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 02/2012; 32(8):2814-23. DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3882-11.2012 · 6.34 Impact Factor
Article: Regulation of Axonal HCN1 Trafficking in Perforant Path Involves Expression of Specific TRIP8b Isoforms[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The functions of HCN channels in neurons depend critically on their subcellular localization, requiring fine-tuned machinery that regulates subcellular channel trafficking. Here we provide evidence that regulatory mechanisms governing axonal HCN channel trafficking involve association of the channels with specific isoforms of the auxiliary subunit TRIP8b. In the medial perforant path, which normally contains HCN1 channels in axon terminals in immature but not in adult rodents, we found axonal HCN1 significantly increased in adult mice lacking TRIP8b (TRIP8b(-/-)). Interestingly, adult mice harboring a mutation that results in expression of only the two most abundant TRIP8b isoforms (TRIP8b[1b/2](-/-)) exhibited an HCN1 expression pattern similar to wildtype mice, suggesting that presence of one or both of these isoforms (TRIP8b(1a), TRIP8b(1a-4)) prevents HCN1 from being transported to medial perforant path axons in adult mice. Concordantly, expression analyses demonstrated a strong increase of expression of both TRIP8b isoforms in rat entorhinal cortex with age. However, when overexpressed in cultured entorhinal neurons of rats, TRIP8b(1a), but not TRIP8b(1a-4), altered substantially the subcellular distribution of HCN1 by promoting somatodendritic and reducing axonal expression of the channels. Taken together, we conclude that TRIP8b isoforms are important regulators of HCN1 trafficking in entorhinal neurons and that the alternatively-spliced isoform TRIP8b(1a) could be responsible for the age-dependent redistribution of HCN channels out of perforant path axon terminals.PLoS ONE 02/2012; 7(2):e32181. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0032181 · 3.23 Impact Factor
- Biophysical Journal 01/2012; 102(3):129-. DOI:10.1016/j.bpj.2011.11.719 · 3.97 Impact Factor
Article: Differential regulation of HCN channel isoform expression in thalamic neurons of epileptic and non-epileptic rat strains[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation (HCN) channels represent the molecular substrate of the hyperpolarization-activated inward current (I(h)). Although these channels act as pacemakers for the generation of rhythmic activity in the thalamocortical network during sleep and epilepsy, their developmental profile in the thalamus is not yet fully understood. Here we combined electrophysiological, immunohistochemical, and mathematical modeling techniques to examine HCN gene expression and I(h) properties in thalamocortical relay (TC) neurons of the dorsal part of the lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) in an epileptic (WAG/Rij) compared to a non-epileptic (ACI) rat strain. Recordings of TC neurons between postnatal day (P) 7 and P90 in both rat strains revealed that I(h) was characterized by higher current density, more hyperpolarized voltage dependence, faster activation kinetics, and reduced cAMP-sensitivity in epileptic animals. All four HCN channel isoforms (HCN1-4) were detected in dLGN, and quantitative analyses revealed a developmental increase of protein expression of HCN1, HCN2, and HCN4 but a decrease of HCN3. HCN1 was expressed at higher levels in WAG/Rij rats, a finding that was correlated with increased expression of the interacting proteins filamin A (FilA) and tetratricopeptide repeat-containing Rab8b-interacting protein (TRIP8b). Analysis of a simplified computer model of the thalamic network revealed that the alterations of I(h) found in WAG/Rij rats compensate each other in a way that leaves I(h) availability constant, an effect that ensures unaltered cellular burst activity and thalamic oscillations. These data indicate that during postnatal developmental the hyperpolarizing shift in voltage dependency (resulting in less current availability) is compensated by an increase in current density in WAG/Rij thereby possibly limiting the impact of I(h) on epileptogenesis. Because HCN3 is expressed higher in young versus older animals, HCN3 likely does not contribute to alterations in I(h) in older animals.Neurobiology of Disease 09/2011; 45(1):450-61. DOI:10.1016/j.nbd.2011.08.032 · 5.08 Impact Factor
Article: Trafficking and Gating of Hyperpolarization-activated Cyclic Nucleotide-gated Channels Are Regulated by Interaction with Tetratricopeptide Repeat-containing Rab8b-interacting Protein (TRIP8b) and Cyclic AMP at Distinct Sites[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Ion channel trafficking and gating are often influenced by interactions with auxiliary subunits. Tetratricopeptide repeat-containing Rab8b-interacting protein (TRIP8b) is an auxiliary subunit for neuronal hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels. TRIP8b interacts directly with two distinct sites of HCN channel pore-forming subunits to control channel trafficking and gating. Here we use mutagenesis combined with electrophysiological studies to define and distinguish the functional importance of the HCN/TRIP8b interaction sites. Interaction with the last three amino acids of the HCN1 C terminus governed the effect of TRIP8b on channel trafficking, whereas TRIP8b interaction with the HCN1 cyclic nucleotide binding domain (CNBD) affected trafficking and gating. Biochemical studies revealed that direct interaction between TRIP8b and the HCN1 CNBD was disrupted by cAMP and that TRIP8b binding to the CNBD required an arginine residue also necessary for cAMP binding. In accord, increasing cAMP levels in cells antagonized the up-regulation of HCN1 channels mediated by a TRIP8b construct binding the CNBD exclusively. These data illustrate the distinct roles of the two TRIP8b-HCN interaction domains and suggest that TRIP8b and cAMP may directly compete for binding the HCN CNBD to control HCN channel gating, kinetics, and trafficking.Journal of Biological Chemistry 06/2011; 286(23):20823-34. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M111.236125 · 4.57 Impact Factor
Article: Deletion of the Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channel Auxiliary Subunit TRIP8b Impairs Hippocampal I-h Localization and Function and Promotes Antidepressant Behavior in Mice[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Output properties of neurons are greatly shaped by voltage-gated ion channels, whose biophysical properties and localization within axodendritic compartments serve to significantly transform the original input. The hyperpolarization-activated current, I(h), is mediated by hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels and plays a fundamental role in influencing neuronal excitability by regulating both membrane potential and input resistance. In neurons such as cortical and hippocampal pyramidal neurons, the subcellular localization of HCN channels plays a critical functional role, yet mechanisms controlling HCN channel trafficking are not fully understood. Because ion channel function and localization are often influenced by interacting proteins, we generated a knock-out mouse lacking the HCN channel auxiliary subunit, tetratricopeptide repeat-containing Rab8b-interacting protein (TRIP8b). Eliminating expression of TRIP8b dramatically reduced I(h) expression in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Loss of I(h)-dependent membrane voltage properties was attributable to reduction of HCN channels on the neuronal surface, and there was a striking disruption of the normal expression pattern of HCN channels in pyramidal neuron dendrites. In heterologous cells and neurons, absence of TRIP8b increased HCN subunit targeting to and degradation by lysosomes. Mice lacking TRIP8b demonstrated motor learning deficits and enhanced resistance to multiple tasks of behavioral despair with high predictive validity for antidepressant efficacy. We observed similar resistance to behavioral despair in distinct mutant mice lacking HCN1 or HCN2. These data demonstrate that interaction with the auxiliary subunit TRIP8b is a major mechanism underlying proper expression of HCN channels and I(h) in vivo, and suggest that targeting I(h) may provide a novel approach to treatment of depression.The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 05/2011; 31(20):7424-40. DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0936-11.2011 · 6.34 Impact Factor
Article: Lewis AS, Chetkovich DM. HCN channels in behavior and neurological disease: too hyper or not active enough? Mol Cell Neurosci 46: 357-367[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The roles of cells within the nervous system are based on their properties of excitability, which are in part governed by voltage-gated ion channels. HCN channels underlie the hyperpolarization-activated current, I(h), an important regulator of excitability and rhythmicity through control of basic membrane properties. I(h) is present in multiple neuronal types and regions of the central nervous system, and changes in I(h) alter cellular input-output properties and neuronal circuitry important for behavior such as learning and memory. Furthermore, the pathophysiology of neurological diseases of both the central and peripheral nervous system involves defects in excitability, rhythmicity, and signaling, and animal models of many of these disorders have implicated changes in HCN channels and I(h) as critical for pathogenesis. In this review, we focus on recent research elucidating the role of HCN channels and I(h) in behavior and disease. These studies have utilized knockout mice as well as animal models of disease to examine how I(h) may be important in regulating learning and memory, sleep, and consciousness, as well as how misregulation of I(h) may contribute to epilepsy, chronic pain, and other neurological disorders. This review will help guide future studies aimed at further understanding the function of this unique conductance in both health and disease of the mammalian brain.Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 02/2011; 46(2):357-67. DOI:10.1016/j.mcn.2010.11.007 · 3.84 Impact Factor
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a profound motor disability that is traceable to the emergence of synchronous, rhythmic spiking in neurons of the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe). The origins of this pathophysiology are poorly defined for the generation of pacemaking. After the induction of a parkinsonian state in mice, there was a progressive decline in autonomous GPe pacemaking, which normally serves to desynchronize activity. The loss was attributable to the downregulation of an ion channel that is essential in pacemaking, the hyperpolarization and cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel. Viral delivery of HCN2 subunits restored pacemaking and reduced burst spiking in GPe neurons. However, the motor disability induced by dopamine (DA) depletion was not reversed, suggesting that the loss of pacemaking was a consequence, rather than a cause, of key network pathophysiology, a conclusion that is consistent with the ability of L-type channel antagonists to attenuate silencing after DA depletion.Nature Neuroscience 11/2010; 14(1):85-92. DOI:10.1038/nn.2692 · 16.10 Impact Factor
Top Journals
Northwestern University
Evanston, Illinois, United States
- • Feinberg School of Medicine
- • Department of Physiology
University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago, Illinois, United States
University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, California, United States
- Department of Physiology


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Hey there! Welcome, I am Heather Dawn, it's so very nice to meet y'all. I am a country girl born and raised in the great state of Oklahoma. 28 years young, with 3 of the cutest little boys you will ever meet. I enjoy comin' around here for my 'me time' which if you have children you know is sometimes hard to come by, but very important in order to stay sane.
Anyway, I love the outdoors, huntin', fishin', that kinda stuff and yes, in case you are wonderin I do talk like a hick, but hey that's just me. Does that mean I am unintelligent, HELL NO, it just means I have a different way of speaking. So don't judge me; if you take the time to get to know me you will find I am actually a very bright individual.
I also enjoy writing stories for my pets and drawing them (the old fashion way by hand) and eventually all my critters will have custom overlays designed by me.
I love making new friends and so do my pets so feel free to send a request anytime. I guess for now that's about it, write me cuz I love to talk haha.
|No internet still. Missing you all dearly. Hoping in the next few months I will get to speak to you all again on a regular basis.
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Prince of Many Enemies
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If you want to design for a living, or even are just trying to work on your own home, this article is for you. Oftentimes, a bit of information do wonders in helping you to understand what interior design is all about.
Before you start any interior design project, consider the mood of the room first. Some examples of moods are calm, exiting and fun. Deciding on the mood of the space beforehand will have a big impact on the choices you make and will help to give the space a cohesive feel.
Reduce your interior design budget by looking for lower-cost alternatives to high-cost additions. High-end designer decor can cost a fortune, but you can usually find something comparable or similar without the designer's brand name. Designer brands are a great option for one-of-a-kind pieces that can't be found anywhere else.
Everyone should remember that a mood must be created when designing a room. The overall design of the room should revolve around a specific mood you hope to create while using the room. As an example, for a cool and tranquil mood, pick colors that are in the soft blue family.
Get rid of all of your clutter before executing your interior design plan. Removing clutter can give a homeowner a more clear idea of what needs to be done to a room, and clutter is often not pleasing or inviting looking to others who see it. Think about donating items or selling them at a yard sale.
If you're planning on painting a room, don't rush! By rushing into it, you run the risk of choosing something that you absolutely end up hating. Get some small paint samples, use them, and wait to see what you think as time passes. Consider buying several samples, applying them to your wall and then making your decision. You might come to the conclusion that a color you thought you loved is not as desirable as you originally thought.
When designing a room. pick a style that suits you. While it should appear nice for company, you'll be living in it. Do what will make you happy, even if others might judge you for it. If you find that you feel too bold, you can always make changes with time.
The mood of your room should be your first decision, as your design elements should work off of this characteristic. Moods can vary, depending on how you feel as it can be wild or someplace that is nice and relaxing. Selecting a mood prior to starting will help you map out your decisions for your space so that you are more likely to achieve the feel that you want when you finish.
If you are making alterations to the way your home looks, think logically about the changes. While you want to add some personality to your home, you don't want to do anything drastic that you will regret later. If you want to sell your house, extremely loud decor could repulse new buyers. There's nothing wrong with choosing decor that reflects your personality, but be sure that the next people who come along can easily do the same for themselves.
Lighting is critical in any room. Lighting develops a mood. Bright lights give off positive vibes, and work nicely in kitchens and bathrooms. So try to find a balance between bright lighting and dark colors to compliment them. Try dimmer lights for bedrooms and living rooms, if that's the mood you desire to create.
The right lights are very important when you are redesigning a room. A variety of options exist that can allow you to bring more light to a room. Windows, lamps, mirrors, skylights or possibly candles, are some of the many choices. Making sure there is proper lighting brightens up a dull room, which makes it look better.
You want to maximize the space you have when adding a home office. Comfort cannot be compromised when purchasing a chair and desk, and the right lighting is also very important. Make sure you create a work space that you can see yourself working in.
Now that you know more about interior design, you will want to get started at it. There is nothing better than trial by fire to really put your new knowledge to the test. Just be positive and everything should work out right.


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sandbag punch_single
sandbag punch_single
sandbag punch_single -
effects torches
Walking around le abbaye Noirlac after hours in the dark. Up and down creaky old wooden stairs and closing a ...
This sound represent a boy pessing some water machine buttons. Ambience and four click buttons (pull and push) is perceived.
Bicycle tire hits
The sound of opening refrigerator.
A wet washcloth hitting a wooden surface several times.
Open microwave, put something, close microwave, start it to 20 seconds, open, get something and close again.
Hitting a metal vent with various objects in various places.
Recorded by Tascam HD-P2 and Rode NT-4.
opening and closing the doors on the refridgerator
shower dripping into the bathtub after turning it off; recorded in stereo (ORTF)
The sound starts when the elevator's doors are opened and closed and finishes when it starts going down. Since it ...


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Basketball, track and field squads highlight Ellender's accomplishments for the 2001-2002 school year
Published: Tuesday, May 28, 2002 at 6:01 a.m.
Last Modified: Monday, May 27, 2002 at 11:00 p.m.
Basketball and track were again the sports that highlighted the 2001-2002 school year for Ellender Memorial High School. But a number of other athletic teams at Ellender have made serious strides in the past eight months.
In their first game of the season, the Patriots defeated H.L. Bourgeois to snap a 38-game losing streak.
The Patriots went on to win three more games and finished the season at 4-6, falling short of a playoff berth.
But just last week, former Patriot coach Clyde Washington resigned from his post. Ellender had 29 players on its spring roster.
The Lady Patriots finished the season at 2-8 in Division II District 6, but were close to improving on that mark.
Ellender played Vandebilt to three sets in both district meetings, but dropped the matches. The Lady Patriots were 13-13 on the season.
Cross Country
At the state meet in Natchitoches, the boys team from Ellender placed 20th in Class 4A, while the Lady Patriots took 22nd.
The boys ran a 3-mile race on the campus of Northwestern State, while the girls ran two miles.
For the boys, Tony Galeana led the way by placing 43rd overall with a time of 18:17, while Ashley Hayes was the top Lady Patriot finisher with a time of 14:15, good for 56th.
Boys Basketball
Ellender had another solid season as the Patriots swept through district 9-4A with an undefeated record and made it to the state quarterfinals.
The Patriots fell on the road to eventual state champion St. Martinville 72-64 to end their season at 32-4.
Ellender advanced to the quarterfinals after a thrilling three-overtime win over Capitol in East Houma.
Capitol entered the game at No. 2 in Class 4A, while Ellender was ranked third. First-year head coach Scott Gauthreaux, who came over from Vandebilt, was named The Courier's All-Region Coach of the Year, while Bernell Johnson was named MVP.
Girls' Basketball
The Lady Patriots also ran through District 9-4A with a perfect record and would fall to the eventual state champion.
Ellender advanced to the Sweet 16, but fell to Capitol 68-57 to end its season at 32-3.
D'Aundra Henry was The Courier's All-Region MVP and signed a scholarship to play with Tulane, while teammate Shamika Stewart will head to Lake Charles to play for McNeese State in the fall.
Boys' soccer
The Patriots finished the season with a couple of wins, but played in one of the most competitive districts in the state.
Vandebilt and South Terrebonne are the other two teams in the Patriots' district and the two met for the Division II state title.
Girls' soccer
The Lady Patriots were one game away from making their first-ever trip to the playoffs.
Ellender split two games with South Terrebonne in district action, but fell 1-0 to the Lady Gators in a special play-in game.
Ellender coach Kerri Ransaw was happy with her team's season.
"They worked hard all year and we are very young," Ransaw said. "We made progress this year and did not show any regression and that's a positive thing."
A number of close losses hurt the Patriot baseball team this season.
Ellender lost numerous close games, including a pair of one-run contests to Vandebilt, which advanced to the Class 4A quarterfinals. The Patriots finished the year at 9-19 overall and 3-9 in District 9-4A.
The highlight of the season for the Lady Patriots came in the opening game of District 9-4A play.
The Lady Patriots picked up their first district win in recent years with an 8-3 victory over archrival South Terrebonne. But unfortunately for Ellender, it failed to win another game and finished the season at 4-19 overall and 1-9 in 9-4A.
Ellender made some major strides this season.
The girls' team won five matches and the boys' team continued to improve coach John Campbell said.
"This was the best season we have had at Ellender since the school was built," Campbell said. "We had a lot of people come out and we had a lot of young talent. It is kind of like a Cinderella story. There really isn't any tennis on the east side and some of the kids we play against have been playing since they were 5. It makes us work twice as hard."
The Lady Patriots won five matches, including a district win over South Terrebonne, while the boys' squad went winless. Both teams competed in regional play.
Brad Ratcliff was the lone Patriot golfer to qualify for the Class 4A state tournament in Marksville.
Ratcliff placed seventh individually at the regional tournament in New Orleans before shooting rounds of 82 and 85 at the state tourney.
Track and field
The Patriots won the Class 4A state championship in the 400-meter relay.
Members of the team included Joey Harrison, William Scott, Jamar Moses and Alvin Francois.
Francois was The Courier's All-Region track MVP and had a time of 10.59 in the 100-meter, the fastest in the area. Also at the state meet, Ellender's Waykeshia James and Henry won runner-up titles in the girls' shot put and triple jump, respectively and Bronson Esteve placed third in the boys' javelin.
Henry was also named the field MVP at the regional meet.
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MDA hosts opportunity for business leaders
The Mississippi Development Authority (MDA) will lead a delegation of state business leaders on a business development mission to Costa Rica and Panama from March 20-26, 2011. The trip is designed to provide opportunities to Mississippi businesses looking to expand trade and create business relationships in the two markets. During the mission, participants will have opportunities to meet one-on-one with qualified agents and distributors regarding their products and services.
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LED Lighting
DisplaySearch was acquired by IHS in 2014. The combined data and analysis from DisplaySearch and IHS has now been integrated into enhanced product offerings. View our integrated product portfolio on the IHS Technology website.
Get unique insights into the LED lighting market
DisplaySearch analyzes the LED lighting market by region, brand, technology, and operation system. Unique to the industry, we provide value chain analyses and offer analysis on brands' product roadmaps. This will provide clients of the report with valuable data and insights to create winning strategies.
Reports in our LED Lighting category:


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HUGO BOSS 'Hutch' Trim Fit Sportcoat
|Item # 919807
Details & Care
A handsome texture coats a modern sportcoat fashioned from a smart wool blend.
- 29 1/2" length (size 38R).
- Four-button cuffs.
- Chest pocket; flap pockets; three interior pockets.
- Side vents.
- Fully lined.
- Wool/polyamide; dry clean.
- By Hugo Boss; imported.
- Men's Clothing.
- Learn more about the Hugo Boss labels.
Watch the video: Men's Suits and Sportcoats


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Ok, after the debacle of last time I tried to sell this film, I went back and did more research. Everywhere is showing out of stock and the few listings online to sell it have it around 7.00 - 12.00 (WTF?) a roll. So here goes...
9 Rolls - Expiration 06/2012. 6.00 each or take it all for 50.00. Shipping in the US is 5.00 for Priority.
Now, before anyone says that I am fleecing, or whatever. If you can find this film cheaper.. buy it. (Apologies to Lee Iacocca's ghost.) I am throwing it out there, people want it, and if it doesn't sell.. I will either shoot it or possibly burn it.. (I am a bit jaded after last time.)
Paypal preferred. Please use the gift function. PM me if you want to counter-offer, but I have had enough negativity.


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In partnership with The National Autistic Society and the University of Lincoln, we completed a three year research project investigating why dogs affect children with autism and the impact on the family as a whole.
The research found that owning a pet dog reduced stress in parents of children with autism.
Read more about the research or watch highlights of the findings in the short film below:
As PAWS is the first ever project of its kind we were awarded a Big Lottery Fund grant to carry out this research funded by The National Lottery.
We are very grateful to all the families who took part and made it a success.
Read more about other research on the topic here


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People tend to check in during these times:
Add hours
Try to tackle Alex when he cruises by on a razor scooter
Throw a Nerf dart at someones head and scream "BOOM HEADSHOT!".
Tell Lawren at the front about what teas and snacks to keep on stock
Open a bogus IT Jira ticket just to screw with the help desk.
Play a game of puzzle bobble with Miguel.


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Every year, we support Great Ormond Street Hospital by funding the purchase of replacement or additional medical equipment. This enables the clinical and research teams to take advantage of advances in medical science and technology to deliver better care to children and to replace old equipment that is no longer fit for purpose.
Thanks to our supporters, we are able to provide the hospital with leading-edge equipment so that our exceptional doctors and nurses can improve diagnosis and treatments and continue to provide children with world-class care.
Video - Medical equipment we use
Watch our video to find out more about some of the highly-specialised medical equipment we use and the role of our play therapists in helping children and young people deal with any fears or worries about hospital, illness or treatment.
A video transcript is also available.
Some of the other specialist equipment we've helped to purchase over the last year includes:
X-ray equipment
The orthopantomogram (a panoramic X-ray of the lower and upper jaw) and lateral cephalostat (head-positioning device) equipment was purchased and installed in 2012. It replaces a 15-year-old machine, which developed an unrepairable fault and meant that the hospital had to refer patients elsewhere for imaging, which was inconvenient for families and costly to the hospital.
The equipment benefits many patients, including those undergoing treatment for dental conditions, severe facial abnormalities, cleft palate, craniofacial conditions or rheumatology conditions. It provides detailed images of the face, neck, jawbone and teeth, which are vital for planning surgery and assessing a patient's recovery after an operation. These images cannot be provided by standard X-ray equipment.
For the first time, the Radiology department has access to cone beam CT technology for these patients. This can take high quality 3D images, with less radiation than a standard CT scanner.
Ultrasound machine
The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre at Great Ormond Street Hospital is one of a few centres worldwide to perform diagnostic muscle ultrasound in an outpatients setting.
The new ultrasound machine is used to assess about 350 patients each year and helps clinicians make a faster and more accurate diagnosis of conditions such as muscular dystrophies, myopathies and motor neuron diseases.
Muscle ultrasound is a safer way of assessing infants and young children as it does not require sedation.
It's a quick and painless way of identifying whether a muscle is healthy or diseased, and can provide information which can rule out the need for more invasive and expensive tests.
Nutrition equipment
Food is crucial to a young patient's growth and development, but some babies, children and young people are unable to digest or obtain vital nutrients from ordinary food or milk. A specialised formula needs to be produced to deliver nutrients, which is called parenteral nutrition.
Patients who need parenteral nutrition include premature babies, intensive care patients, and those receiving treatment for bowel or
gastrointestinal conditions, or cancer. Because they are in a fragile state or receiving strong medications, these patients need a precise recipe, with the right balance of fluids and nutrients.
With the newer technology, staff can programme the recipe in and the machine will make the exact formula. It then weighs the mixture, to ensure that the quantity of each ingredient is precise. This automated process is safer for patients and is also quicker, producing more feeds.
Only a few hospitals in the UK are able to provide tailor-made parenteral nutrition formulae.