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An Abrupt Centennial-Scale Drought Event and Mid-Holocene Climate Change Patterns in Monsoon Marginal Zones of East Asia
Li, Yu
Wang, Nai'ang
Zhang, Chengqi
PLoS ONE
The mid-latitudes of East Asia are characterized by the interaction between the Asian summer monsoon and the westerly winds. Understanding long-term climate change in the marginal regions of the Asian monsoon is critical for understanding the millennial-scale interactions between the Asian monsoon and the westerly winds. Abrupt climate events are always associated with changes in large-scale circulation patterns; therefore, investigations into abrupt climate changes provide clues for responses of circulation patterns to extreme climate events. In this paper, we examined the time scale and mid-Holocene climatic background of an abrupt dry mid-Holocene event in the Shiyang River drainage basin in the northwest margin of the Asian monsoon. Mid-Holocene lacustrine records were collected from the middle reaches and the terminal lake of the basin. Using radiocarbon and OSL ages, a centennial-scale drought event, which is characterized by a sand layer in lacustrine sediments both from the middle and lower reaches of the basin, was absolutely dated between 8.0–7.0 cal kyr BP. Grain size data suggest an abrupt decline in lake level and a dry environment in the middle reaches of the basin during the dry interval. Previous studies have shown mid-Holocene drought events in other places of monsoon marginal zones; however, their chronologies are not strong enough to study the mechanism. According to the absolutely dated records, we proposed a new hypothesis that the mid-Holocene dry interval can be related to the weakening Asian summer monsoon and the relatively arid environment in arid Central Asia. Furthermore, abrupt dry climatic events are directly linked to the basin-wide effective moisture change in semi-arid and arid regions. Effective moisture is affected by basin-wide precipitation, evapotranspiration, lake surface evaporation and other geographical settings. As a result, the time scales of the dry interval could vary according to locations due to different geographical features.
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High-resolution summer precipitation variations in the western Chinese Loess Plateau during the last glacial
Rao, Zhiguo
Chen, Fahu
Cheng, Hai
Liu, Weiguo
Wang, Guo'an
Lai, Zhongping
Bloemendal, Jan
Scientific Reports
We present a summer precipitation reconstruction for the last glacial (LG) on the western edge of the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) using a well-dated organic carbon isotopic dataset together with an independent modern process study results. Our results demonstrate that summer precipitation variations in the CLP during the LG were broadly correlated to the intensity of the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) as recorded by stalagmite oxygen isotopes from southern China. During the last deglaciation, the onset of the increase in temperatures at high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere and decline in the intensity of the East Asia winter monsoon in mid latitudes was earlier than the increase in ASM intensity and our reconstructed summer precipitation in the western CLP. Quantitative reconstruction of a single paleoclimatic factor provides new insights and opportunities for further understanding of the paleoclimatic variations in monsoonal East Asia and their relation to the global climatic system.
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Phylogeographic analysis reveals significant spatial genetic structure of Incarvillea sinensis as a product of mountain building
Chen, Shaotian
Xing, Yaowu
Su, Tao
Zhou, Zhekun
Dilcher, Emeritus David L
Soltis, Douglas E
BMC Plant Biology
Incarvillea sinensis is widely distributed from Southwest China to Northeast China and in the Russian Far East. The distribution of this species was thought to be influenced by the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Quaternary glaciation. To reveal the imprints of geological events on the spatial genetic structure of Incarvillea sinensis, we examined two cpDNA segments ( trnH- psbA and trnS- trnfM) in 705 individuals from 47 localities.
A total of 16 haplotypes was identified, and significant genetic differentiation was revealed (GST =0.843, NST = 0.975, P < 0.05). The survey detected two highly divergent cpDNA lineages connected by a deep gap with allopatric distributions: the southern lineage with higher genetic diversity and differentiation in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the northern lineage in the region outside the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The divergence between these two lineages was estimated at 4.4 MYA. A correlation between the genetic and the geographic distances indicates that genetic drift was more influential than gene flow in the northern clade with lower diversity and divergence. However, a scenario of regional equilibrium between gene flow and drift was shown for the southern clade. The feature of spatial distribution of the genetic diversity of the southern lineage possibly indicated that allopatric fragmentation was dominant in the collections from the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
The results revealed that the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau likely resulted in the significant divergence between the lineage in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the other one outside this area. The diverse niches in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau created a wide spectrum of habitats to accumulate and accommodate new mutations. The features of genetic diversity of populations outside the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau seemed to reveal the imprints of extinction during the Glacial and the interglacial and postglacial recolonization. Our study is a typical case of the significance of the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Quaternary Glacial in spatial genetic structure of eastern Asian plants, and sheds new light on the evolution of biodiversity in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau at the intraspecies level.
Spatial genetic pattern; cpDNA variations; Phylogeography; Eastern Asian plant
Related Articles
A less or more dusty future in the Northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau?
Liu, Xingqi
Yu, Zhitong
Dong, Hailiang
Chen, Huei-Fen
Scientific Reports
Dust plays an important role in climate changes as it can alter atmospheric circulation, and global biogeochemical and hydrologic cycling. Many studies have investigated the relationship between dust and temperature in an attempt to predict whether global warming in coming decades to centuries can result in a less or more dusty future. However, dust and temperature changes have rarely been simultaneously reconstructed in the same record. Here we present a 1600-yr-long quantitative record of temperature and dust activity inferred simultaneously from varved Kusai Lake sediments in the northern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, NW China. At decadal time scale, our temperature reconstructions are generally in agreement with tree-ring records from Karakorum of Pakistan, and temperature reconstructions of China and North Hemisphere based on compilations of proxy records. A less or more dusty future depends on temperature variations in the Northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, i.e. weak and strong dust activities at centennial time scales are well correlated with low and high June–July–August temperature (average JJA temperature), respectively. This correlation means that stronger summer and winter monsoon should occur at the same times in the northern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau.
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Miocene shift of European atmospheric circulation from trade wind to westerlies
Quan, Cheng
Liu, Yu-Sheng (Christopher)
Tang, Hui
Utescher, Torsten
Scientific Reports
The modern European climatic regime is peculiar, due to its unitary winter but diverse summer climates and a pronounced Mediterranean climate in the south. However, little is known on its evolution in the deep time. Here we reconstruct the European summer climate conditions in the Tortonian (11.62–7.246 Ma) using plant fossil assemblages from 75 well-dated sites across Europe. Our results clearly show that the Tortonian Europe mainly had humid to subhumid summers and no arid climate has been conclusively detected, indicating that the summer-dry Mediterranean-type climate has not yet been established along most of the Mediterranean coast at least by the Tortonian. More importantly, the reconstructed distribution pattern of summer precipitation reveals that the Tortonian European must have largely been controlled by westerlies, resulting in higher precipitation in the west and the lower in the east. The Tortonian westerly wind field appears to differ principally from the trade wind pattern of the preceding Serravallian (13.82–11.62 Ma), recently deduced from herpetofaunal fossils. Such a shift in atmospheric circulation, if ever occurred, might result from the development of ice caps and glaciers in the polar region during the Late Miocene global cooling, the then reorganization of oceanic circulation, and/or the Himalayan-Tibetan uplift.
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A Southern Ocean trigger for Northwest Pacific ventilation during the Holocene?
Rella, S. F.
Uchida, M.
Scientific Reports
Holocene ocean circulation is poorly understood due to sparsity of dateable marine archives with submillennial-scale resolution. Here we present a record of mid-depth water radiocarbon contents in the Northwest (NW) Pacific Ocean over the last 12.000 years, which shows remarkable millennial-scale variations relative to changes in atmospheric radiocarbon inventory. Apparent decoupling of these variations from regional ventilation and mixing processes leads us to the suggestion that the mid-depth NW Pacific may have responded to changes in Southern Ocean overturning forced by latitudinal displacements of the southern westerly winds. By inference, a tendency of in-phase related North Atlantic and Southern Ocean overturning would argue against the development of a steady bipolar seesaw regime during the Holocene.
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Fukushima Nuclear Accident Recorded in Tibetan Plateau Snow Pits
Wang, Ninglian
Wu, Xiaobo
Kehrwald, Natalie
Li, Zhen
Li, Quanlian
Jiang, Xi
Pu, Jianchen
PLoS ONE
The β radioactivity of snow-pit samples collected in the spring of 2011 on four Tibetan Plateau glaciers demonstrate a remarkable peak in each snow pit profile, with peaks about ten to tens of times higher than background levels. The timing of these peaks suggests that the high radioactivity resulted from the Fukushima nuclear accident that occurred on March 11, 2011 in eastern Japan. Fallout monitoring studies demonstrate that this radioactive material was transported by the westerlies across the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. The depth of the peak β radioactivity in each snow pit compared with observational precipitation records, suggests that the radioactive fallout reached the Tibetan Plateau and was deposited on glacier surfaces in late March 2011, or approximately 20 days after the nuclear accident. The radioactive fallout existed in the atmosphere over the Tibetan Plateau for about one month.
Related Articles
Millennial Climatic Fluctuations Are Key to the Structure of Last Glacial Ecosystems
Huntley, Brian
Allen, Judy R. M.
Collingham, Yvonne C.
Hickler, Thomas
Lister, Adrian M.
Singarayer, Joy
Stuart, Anthony J.
Sykes, Martin T.
Valdes, Paul J.
PLoS ONE
Whereas fossil evidence indicates extensive treeless vegetation and diverse grazing megafauna in Europe and northern Asia during the last glacial, experiments combining vegetation models and climate models have to-date simulated widespread persistence of trees. Resolving this conflict is key to understanding both last glacial ecosystems and extinction of most of the mega-herbivores. Using a dynamic vegetation model (DVM) we explored the implications of the differing climatic conditions generated by a general circulation model (GCM) in "normal" and "hosing" experiments. Whilst the former approximate interstadial conditions, the latter, designed to mimic Heinrich Events, approximate stadial conditions. The "hosing" experiments gave simulated European vegetation much closer in composition to that inferred from fossil evidence than did the "normal" experiments. Given the short duration of interstadials, and the rate at which forest cover expanded during the late-glacial and early Holocene, our results demonstrate the importance of millennial variability in determining the character of last glacial ecosystems.
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Phylogeography of Rhodiola kirilowii (Crassulaceae): A Story of Miocene Divergence and Quaternary Expansion
Zhang, Jian-Qiang
Meng, Shi-Yong
Rao, Guang-Yuan
PLoS ONE
The evolution and current distribution of the Sino-Tibetan flora have been greatly affected by historical geological events, such as the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), and Quaternary climatic oscillations. Rhodiola kirilowii, a perennial herb with its distribution ranging from the southeastern QTP and the Hengduan Mountains (HM) to adjacent northern China and central Asia, provides an excellent model to examine and disentangle the effect of both geological orogeny and climatic oscillation on the evolutionary history of species with such distribution patterns. We here conducted a phylogeographic study using sequences of two chloroplast fragments (trnL-F and trnS-G) and internal transcribed spacers in 29 populations of R. kirilowii. A total of 25 plastid haplotypes and 12 ITS ribotypes were found. Molecular clock estimation revealed deep divergence between the central Asian populations and other populations from the HM and northern China; this split occurred ca. 2.84 million year ago. The majority of populations from the mountains of northern China were dominated by a single haplotype or ribotype, while populations of the HM harbored both high genetic diversity and high haplotype diversity. This distribution pattern indicates that HM was either a diversification center or a refugium for R. kirilowii during the Quaternary climatic oscillations. The present distribution of this species on mountains in northern China may have resulted from a rapid glacial population expansion from the HM. This expansion was confirmed by the mismatch distribution analysis and negative Tajima's D and Fu's FS values, and was dated to ca. 168 thousand years ago. High genetic diversity and population differentiation in both plastid and ITS sequences were revealed; these imply restricted gene flow between populations. A distinct isolation-by-distance pattern was suggested by the Mantel test. Our results show that in old lineages, populations may harbour divergent genetic forms that are sufficient to maintain or even increase overall genetic diversity despite fragmentation and low within-population variation.
Related Articles
Oscillators and relaxation phenomena in Pleistocene climate theory
Crucifix, Michel
Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences
Ice sheets appeared in the northern hemisphere around 3 Ma (million years) ago and glacial–interglacial cycles have paced Earth's climate since then. Superimposed on these long glacial cycles comes an intricate pattern of millennial and sub-millennial variability, including Dansgaard–Oeschger and Heinrich events. There are numerous theories about these oscillations. Here, we review a number of them in order to draw a parallel between climatic concepts and dynamical system concepts, including, in particular, the relaxation oscillator, excitability, slow–fast dynamics and homoclinic orbits. Namely, almost all theories of ice ages reviewed here feature a phenomenon of synchronization between internal climate dynamics and astronomical forcing. However, these theories differ in their bifurcation structure and this has an effect on the way the ice age phenomenon could grow 3 Ma ago. All theories on rapid events reviewed here rely on the concept of a limit cycle excited by changes in the surface freshwater balance of the ocean. The article also reviews basic effects of stochastic fluctuations on these models, including the phenomenon of phase dispersion, shortening of the limit cycle and stochastic resonance. It concludes with a more personal statement about the potential for inference with simple stochastic dynamical systems in palaeoclimate science.
palaeoclimates; dynamical systems; limit cycle; ice ages; Dansgaard–Oeschger events
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Ice-core records of atmospheric sulphur
Legrand, M.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
Sulphate and methanesulphonate (MSA), the two major sulphur species trapped in polar ice, have been extensivelyh studied in Antarctic and Greenland ice cores spanning the last centuries, as well as the entire last climatic cycle. Data from the cores are used to investigate the past contribution of volcanic and biogenic emissions to the natural sulphur budget in high latitude regions of both Hemispheres. Sulphate concentrations in polar ice very often increased during one or two years after large volcanic eruptions. Sulphate records show that fossil fuel combustion has enhanced sulphate concentrations in Greenland snow by a factor of 4 since the beginning of this century, and that no similar trend has occurred in Antarctica. At present, sulphate in Antarctic snow is mainly marine and biogenic in origin and the rate of dimethyl sulphide (DMS) emissions may have been enhanced during pst developments of El Niño Southern Oscillations (ENSO). Marine biota and non-eruptive volcanic emissions represent the two main contributors to the natural high northern latitude sulphur budget. Whele these two sources have contributed equally to the natural sulphur budget of Greenland ice over the last 9000 years BP, non-eruptive volcanic emissions largely dominated the budget at the beginning of the Holocene. A general negative correlation is observed between surcace air temperatures of the Northern Hemisphere and Greenland snow MSA concentrations over the last two centuries. Positive sea-ice anomalies also seem to strengthen DMS emissions. A steady decrease of MSA is observed in Greenland snow layers deposited since 1945, which may either be related to decreasing DMS emissions from marine biota at high northern latitudes or a changing yield of MSA from DMS oxidation driven by modification of the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere in these regions. Slightly reduced MSA concentrations are obvserved in Greenland glacial ice with respect to interglacial levels. In contrast, sulphate and calcium levels are strongly enhanced during the ice age compared to the present day. These long-term variations in Greenland cores are opposite in sign to those revealed by Antarctic ice cores. Such a difference suggests that climate changes led to a quite different sulphur cycle response in the two Hemispheres.
Ice Cores Greenland Antarctica Methane Sulphonate Ice Age El Niño Southern Oscillations (Enso)
Related Articles
Rapid thinning of the late Pleistocene Patagonian Ice Sheet followed migration of the Southern Westerlies
Boex, J.
Fogwill, C.
Harrison, S.
Glasser, N. F.
Hein, A.
Schnabel, C.
Xu, S.
Scientific Reports
Here we present the first reconstruction of vertical ice-sheet profile changes from any of the Southern Hemisphere's mid-latitude Pleistocene ice sheets. We use cosmogenic radio-nuclide (CRN) exposure analysis to record the decay of the former Patagonian Ice Sheet (PIS) from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and into the late glacial. Our samples, from mountains along an east-west transect to the east of the present North Patagonian Icefield (NPI), serve as 'dipsticks' that allow us to reconstruct past changes in ice-sheet thickness, and demonstrates that the former PIS remained extensive and close to its LGM extent in this region until ~19.0 ka. After this time rapid ice-sheet thinning, initiated at ~18.1 ka, saw ice at or near its present dimension by 15.5 ka. We argue this rapid thinning was triggered by a combination of the rapid southward migration of the precipitation bearing Southern Hemisphere (SH) westerlies and regional warming.
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Vegetation Controls on Weathering Intensity during the Last Deglacial Transition in Southeast Africa
Ivory, Sarah J.
McGlue, Michael M.
Ellis, Geoffrey S.
Lézine, Anne-Marie
Cohen, Andrew S.
Vincens, Annie
PLoS ONE
Tropical climate is rapidly changing, but the effects of these changes on the geosphere are unknown, despite a likelihood of climatically-induced changes on weathering and erosion. The lack of long, continuous paleo-records prevents an examination of terrestrial responses to climate change with sufficient detail to answer questions about how systems behaved in the past and may alter in the future. We use high-resolution records of pollen, clay mineralogy, and particle size from a drill core from Lake Malawi, southeast Africa, to examine atmosphere-biosphere-geosphere interactions during the last deglaciation (∼18–9 ka), a period of dramatic temperature and hydrologic changes. The results demonstrate that climatic controls on Lake Malawi vegetation are critically important to weathering processes and erosion patterns during the deglaciation. At 18 ka, afromontane forests dominated but were progressively replaced by tropical seasonal forest, as summer rainfall increased. Despite indication of decreased rainfall, drought-intolerant forest persisted through the Younger Dryas (YD) resulting from a shorter dry season. Following the YD, an intensified summer monsoon and increased rainfall seasonality were coeval with forest decline and expansion of drought-tolerant miombo woodland. Clay minerals closely track the vegetation record, with high ratios of kaolinite to smectite (K/S) indicating heavy leaching when forest predominates, despite variable rainfall. In the early Holocene, when rainfall and temperature increased (effective moisture remained low), open woodlands expansion resulted in decreased K/S, suggesting a reduction in chemical weathering intensity. Terrigenous sediment mass accumulation rates also increased, suggesting critical linkages among open vegetation and erosion during intervals of enhanced summer rainfall. This study shows a strong, direct influence of vegetation composition on weathering intensity in the tropics. As climate change will likely impact this interplay between the biosphere and geosphere, tropical landscape change could lead to deleterious effects on soil and water quality in regions with little infrastructure for mitigation.
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Lake Sediment Records on Climate Change and Human Activities in the Xingyun Lake Catchment, SW China
Zhang, Wenxiang
Ming, Qingzhong
Shi, Zhengtao
Chen, Guangjie
Niu, Jie
Lei, Guoliang
Chang, Fengqin
Zhang, Hucai
PLoS ONE
Sediments from Xinyun Lake in central Yunnan, southwest China, provide a record of environmental history since the Holocene. With the application of multi-proxy indicators (total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), δ13C and δ15N isotopes, C/N ratio, grain size, magnetic susceptibility (MS) and CaCO3 content), as well as accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C datings, four major climatic stages during the Holocene have been identified in Xingyun′s catchment. A marked increase in lacustrine palaeoproductivity occurred from 11.06 to 9.98 cal. ka BP, which likely resulted from an enhanced Asian southwest monsoon and warm-humid climate. Between 9.98 and 5.93 cal. ka BP, a gradually increased lake level might have reached the optimum water depth, causing a marked decline in coverage by aquatic plants and lake productivity of the lake. This was caused by strong Asian southwest monsoon, and coincided with the global Holocene Optimum. During the period of 5.60–1.35 cal. ka BP, it resulted in a warm and dry climate at this stage, which is comparable to the aridification of India during the mid- and late Holocene. The intensifying human activity and land-use in the lake catchment since the early Tang Dynasty (∼1.35 cal. ka BP) were associated with the ancient Dian culture within Xingyun's catchment. The extensive deforestation and development of agriculture in the lake catchment caused heavy soil loss. Our study clearly shows that long-term human activities and land-use change have strongly impacted the evolution of the lake environment and therefore modulated the sediment records of the regional climate in central Yunnan for more than one thousand years.
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Holocene variations in peatland methane cycling associated with the Asian summer monsoon system
Zheng, Yanhong
Singarayer, Joy S.
Cheng, Peng
Yu, Xuefeng
Liu, Zhao
Valdes, Paul J.
Pancost, Richard D.
Nature Communications
Atmospheric methane concentrations decreased during the early to middle Holocene; however, the governing mechanisms remain controversial. Although it has been suggested that the mid-Holocene minimum methane emissions are associated with hydrological change, direct evidence is lacking. Here we report a new independent approach, linking hydrological change in peat sediments from the Tibetan Plateau to changes in archaeal diether concentrations and diploptene δ13C values as tracers for methanogenesis and methanotrophy, respectively. A minimum in inferred methanogenesis occurred during the mid-Holocene, which, locally, corresponds with the driest conditions of the Holocene, reflecting a minimum in Asian monsoon precipitation. The close coupling between precipitation and methanogenesis is validated by climate simulations, which also suggest a regionally widespread impact. Importantly, the minimum in methanogenesis is associated with a maximum in methanotrophy. Therefore, methane emissions in the Tibetan Plateau region were apparently lower during the mid-Holocene and partially controlled by interactions of large-scale atmospheric circulation.
Although it has been widely suggested that the mid-Holocene minimum methane emissions are associated with hydrological change, direct evidence is missing. Here, the authors present evidence from the Tibetan Plateau using tracers of methanogenesis and methanotrophy, in combination with climate simulations.
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The ocean's role in polar climate change: asymmetric Arctic and Antarctic responses to greenhouse gas and ozone forcing
Marshall, John
Armour, Kyle C.
Scott, Jeffery R.
Kostov, Yavor
Hausmann, Ute
Ferreira, David
Shepherd, Theodore G.
Bitz, Cecilia M.
Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences
In recent decades, the Arctic has been warming and sea ice disappearing. By contrast, the Southern Ocean around Antarctica has been (mainly) cooling and sea-ice extent growing. We argue here that interhemispheric asymmetries in the mean ocean circulation, with sinking in the northern North Atlantic and upwelling around Antarctica, strongly influence the sea-surface temperature (SST) response to anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing, accelerating warming in the Arctic while delaying it in the Antarctic. Furthermore, while the amplitude of GHG forcing has been similar at the poles, significant ozone depletion only occurs over Antarctica. We suggest that the initial response of SST around Antarctica to ozone depletion is one of cooling and only later adds to the GHG-induced warming trend as upwelling of sub-surface warm water associated with stronger surface westerlies impacts surface properties. We organize our discussion around 'climate response functions' (CRFs), i.e. the response of the climate to 'step' changes in anthropogenic forcing in which GHG and/or ozone-hole forcing is abruptly turned on and the transient response of the climate revealed and studied. Convolutions of known or postulated GHG and ozone-hole forcing functions with their respective CRFs then yield the transient forced SST response (implied by linear response theory), providing a context for discussion of the differing warming/cooling trends in the Arctic and Antarctic. We speculate that the period through which we are now passing may be one in which the delayed warming of SST associated with GHG forcing around Antarctica is largely cancelled by the cooling effects associated with the ozone hole. By mid-century, however, ozone-hole effects may instead be adding to GHG warming around Antarctica but with diminished amplitude as the ozone hole heals. The Arctic, meanwhile, responding to GHG forcing but in a manner amplified by ocean heat transport, may continue to warm at an accelerating rate.
Southern Ocean; ozone hole; greenhouse gas forcing; climate model
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Genomic Analysis of Natural Selection and Phenotypic Variation in High-Altitude Mongolians
Xing, Jinchuan
Wuren, Tana
Simonson, Tatum S.
Watkins, W. Scott
Witherspoon, David J.
Wu, Wilfred
Qin, Ga
Huff, Chad D.
Jorde, Lynn B.
Ge, Ri-Li
PLoS Genetics
Deedu (DU) Mongolians, who migrated from the Mongolian steppes to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau approximately 500 years ago, are challenged by environmental conditions similar to native Tibetan highlanders. Identification of adaptive genetic factors in this population could provide insight into coordinated physiological responses to this environment. Here we examine genomic and phenotypic variation in this unique population and present the first complete analysis of a Mongolian whole-genome sequence. High-density SNP array data demonstrate that DU Mongolians share genetic ancestry with other Mongolian as well as Tibetan populations, specifically in genomic regions related with adaptation to high altitude. Several selection candidate genes identified in DU Mongolians are shared with other Asian groups (e.g., EDAR), neighboring Tibetan populations (including high-altitude candidates EPAS1, PKLR, and CYP2E1), as well as genes previously hypothesized to be associated with metabolic adaptation (e.g., PPARG). Hemoglobin concentration, a trait associated with high-altitude adaptation in Tibetans, is at an intermediate level in DU Mongolians compared to Tibetans and Han Chinese at comparable altitude. Whole-genome sequence from a DU Mongolian (Tianjiao1) shows that about 2% of the genomic variants, including more than 300 protein-coding changes, are specific to this individual. Our analyses of DU Mongolians and the first Mongolian genome provide valuable insight into genetic adaptation to extreme environments.
Author Summary
Throughout history, Mongolians have survived the harsh conditions of northern latitudes, including seasonal cold, drought, and a restricted diet. Approximately 500 years ago, nomadic Deedu (DU; "at high altitude") Mongolians migrated from the Mongolian steppes to the northeastern highlands of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Using high-density SNP data, we demonstrate that present-day DU Mongolians share genetic ancestry with other Mongolians and with Tibetans. High-altitude selection candidate genes previously identified in the latter population (EPAS1, PKLR, CYP2E1), and PPARG, a gene long hypothesized to play a role in metabolic adaptation, are among the strongest adaptive signals in DU Mongolians. Furthermore, we show that hemoglobin concentration, associated with high-altitude adaptation in Tibetans, is intermediate in DU Mongolians compared to Tibetans and Han Chinese at comparable altitudes. Whole-genome sequence from a DU Mongolian shows that approximately 300 protein-coding changes are specific to this individual. Our analyses provide new perspectives on genetic variation and adaptation to extreme environments.
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Good Days, Bad Days: Wind as a Driver of Foraging Success in a Flightless Seabird, the Southern Rockhopper Penguin
Dehnhard, Nina
Ludynia, Katrin
Poisbleau, Maud
Demongin, Laurent
Quillfeldt, Petra
PLoS ONE
Due to their restricted foraging range, flightless seabirds are ideal models to study the short-term variability in foraging success in response to environmentally driven food availability. Wind can be a driver of upwelling and food abundance in marine ecosystems such as the Southern Ocean, where wind regime changes due to global warming may have important ecological consequences. Southern rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome) have undergone a dramatic population decline in the past decades, potentially due to changing environmental conditions. We used a weighbridge system to record daily foraging mass gain (the difference in mean mass of adults leaving the colony in the morning and returning to the colony in the evening) of adult penguins during the chick rearing in two breeding seasons. We related the day-to-day variability in foraging mass gain to ocean wind conditions (wind direction and wind speed) and tested for a relationship between wind speed and sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA). Foraging mass gain was highly variable among days, but did not differ between breeding seasons, chick rearing stages (guard and crèche) and sexes. It was strongly correlated between males and females, indicating synchronous changes among days. There was a significant interaction of wind direction and wind speed on daily foraging mass gain. Foraging mass gain was highest under moderate to strong winds from westerly directions and under weak winds from easterly directions, while decreasing under stronger easterly winds and storm conditions. Ocean wind speed showed a negative correlation with daily SSTA, suggesting that winds particularly from westerly directions might enhance upwelling and consequently the prey availability in the penguins' foraging areas. Our data emphasize the importance of small-scale, wind-induced patterns in prey availability on foraging success, a widely neglected aspect in seabird foraging studies, which might become more important with increasing changes in climatic variability.
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Periodic variability in cetacean strandings: links to large-scale climate events
Evans, K
Thresher, R
Warneke, R.M
Bradshaw, C.J.A
Pook, M
Thiele, D
Hindell, M.A
Biology Letters
Cetacean strandings elicit much community and scientific interest, but few quantitative analyses have successfully identified environmental correlates to these phenomena. Data spanning 1920–2002, involving a total of 639 stranding events and 39 taxa groups from southeast Australia, were found to demonstrate a clear 11–13- year periodicity in the number of events through time. These data positively correlated with the regional persistence of both zonal (westerly) and meridional (southerly) winds, reflecting general long-term and large-scale shifts in sea-level pressure gradients. Periods of persistent zonal and meridional winds result in colder and presumably nutrient-rich waters being driven closer to southern Australia, resulting in increased biological activity in the water column during the spring months. These observations suggest that large-scale climatic events provide a powerful distal influence on the propensity for whales to strand in this region. These patterns provide a powerful quantitative framework for testing hypotheses regarding environmental links to strandings and provide managers with a potential predictive tool to prepare for years of peak stranding activity.
cetacean strandings; southeast Australia; climate; meridional winds; zonal winds; sea-surface temperature
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Glacial vicariance in Eurasia: mitochondrial DNA evidence from Scots pine for a complex heritage involving genetically distinct refugia at mid-northern latitudes and in Asia Minor
Naydenov, Krassimir
Senneville, Sauphie
Beaulieu, Jean
Tremblay, Francine
Bousquet, Jean
BMC Evolutionary Biology
At the last glacial maximum, Fennoscandia was covered by an ice sheet while the tundra occupied most of the rest of northern Eurasia. More or less disjunct refugial populations of plants were dispersed in southern Europe, often trapped between mountain ranges and seas. Genetic and paleobotanical evidences indicate that these populations have contributed much to Holocene recolonization of more northern latitudes. Less supportive evidence has been found for the existence of glacial populations located closer to the ice margin. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is a nordic conifer with a wide natural range covering much of Eurasia. Fractures in its extant genetic structure might be indicative of glacial vicariance and how different refugia contributed to the current distribution at the continental level. The population structure of Scots pine was investigated on much of its Eurasian natural range using maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms.
A novel polymorphic region of the Scots pine mitochondrial genome has been identified, the intron 1 of nad7, with three variants caused by insertions-deletions. From 986 trees distributed among 54 populations, four distinct multi-locus mitochondrial haplotypes (mitotypes) were detected based on the three nad7 intron 1 haplotypes and two previously reported size variants for nad1 intron B/C. Population differentiation was high (GST = 0.657) and the distribution of the mitotypes was geographically highly structured, suggesting at least four genetically distinct ancestral lineages. A cosmopolitan lineage was widely distributed in much of Europe throughout eastern Asia. A previously reported lineage limited to the Iberian Peninsula was confirmed. A new geographically restricted lineage was found confined to Asia Minor. A new lineage was restricted to more northern latitudes in northeastern Europe and the Baltic region.
The contribution of the various ancestral lineages to the current distribution of Scots pine was asymmetric and extant endemism reflected the presence of large geographic barriers to migration. The results suggest a complex biogeographical history with glacial refugia shared with temperate plant species in southern European Peninsulas and Asia Minor, and a genetically distinct glacial population located more North. These results confirm recent observations for cold tolerant species about the possible existence of refugial populations at mid-northern latitudes contributing significantly to the recolonization of northern Europe. Thus, Eurasian populations of nordic plant species might not be as genetically homogenous as assumed by simply considering them as offsets of glacial populations located in southern peninsulas. As such, they might have evolved distinctive genetic adaptations during glacial vicariance, worth evaluating and considering for conservation.
Related Articles
The rise of the Himalaya enforced the diversification of SE Asian ferns by altering the monsoon regimes
Wang, Li
Schneider, Harald
Zhang, Xian-Chun
Xiang, Qiao-Ping
BMC Plant Biology
The rise of high mountain chains is widely seen as one of the factors driving rapid diversification of land plants and the formation of biodiversity hotspots. Supporting evidence was reported for the impact of the rapid rise of the Andean mountains but this hypothesis has so far been less explored for the impact of the "roof of the world". The formation of the Himalaya, and especially the rise of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau in the recent 20 million years, altered the monsoon regimes that dominate the current climates of South East Asia. Here, we infer the hypothesis that the rise of Himalaya had a strong impact on the plant diversity in the biodiversity hotspot of the Southwest Chinese Mountains.
Our analyses of the diversification pattern of the derived fern genus Lepisorus recovered evidence for changes in plant diversity that correlated with the strengthening of South East Asian monsoon. Southwest China or Southwest China and Japan was recovered as the putative area of origin of Lepisorus and enhancing monsoon regime were found to shape the early diversification of the genus as well as subsequent radiations during the late Miocene and Pliocene.
We report new evidence for a coincidence of plant diversification and changes of the climate caused by the uplift of the Himalaya. These results are discussed in the context of the impact of incomplete taxon sampling, uncertainty of divergence time estimates, and limitations of current methods used to assess diversification rates.
Diversification pattern; East Asian monsoon; Himalaya; LASER; Lepisorus
Related Articles
Recent Changes in Glacial Area and Volume on Tuanjiefeng Peak Region of Qilian Mountains, China
Xu, Junli
Liu, Shiyin
Zhang, Shiqiang
Guo, Wanqin
Wang, Jian
PLoS ONE
Glaciers' runoff in the Qilian Mountains serves as a critical water resource in the northern sections of the Gansu province, the northeastern sections of the Qinghai province, and the northeastern fringe of the Tibetan Plateau. Changes in the glacial area and volume around the highest peak of the Qilian Mountains, i.e., Tuanjiefeng Peak, were estimated using multi-temporal remote-sensing images and digital elevation models, and all possible sources of uncertainty were considered in detail. The total glacier area decreased by 16.1±6.34 km2 (9.9±3.9%) during 1966 to 2010. The average annual glacier shrinkage was −0.15% a−1 from 1966 to 1995, −0.61% a−1 from 1995 to 2000, −0.20% a−1 from 2000 to 2006, and −0.45% a−1 from 2006 to 2010. A comparison of glacier surface elevations using digital elevation models derived from topographic maps in 1966 and from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission in 1999 suggests that 65% of the grid cells has decreased, thereby indicating that the glacier thickness has declined. The average change in glacier thickness was −7.3±1.5 m (−0.21±0.04 m·a−1) from 1966 to 1999. Glaciers with northeastern aspects thinned by 8.3±1.4 m from 1966 to 1999, i.e., almost twice as much as those with southwestern aspects (4.3±1.3 m). The ice volume decreased by 11.72±2.38×108 m3 from 1966 to 1999, which was about 17.4% more than the value calculated from the statistical relationship between glacier area and volume. The relationship between glacier area change and elevation zone indicates that glacier change is not only dominated by climate change but also affected by glacier dynamics, which are related to local topography. The varied response of a single glacier to climate change indicates that the glacier area change scheme used in some models must be improved.
Related Articles
Identification of Photosynthetic Plankton Communities Using Sedimentary Ancient DNA and Their Response to late-Holocene Climate Change on the Tibetan Plateau
Hou, Weiguo
Dong, Hailiang
Li, Gaoyuan
Yang, Jian
Coolen, Marco J. L.
Liu, Xingqi
Wang, Shang
Jiang, Hongchen
Wu, Xia
Xiao, Haiyi
Lian, Bin
Wan, Yunyang
Scientific Reports
Sediments from Tibetan lakes in NW China are potentially sensitive recorders of climate change and its impact on ecosystem function. However, the important plankton members in many Tibetan Lakes do not make and leave microscopically diagnostic features in the sedimentary record. Here we established a taxon-specific molecular approach to specifically identify and quantify sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) of non-fossilized planktonic organisms preserved in a 5-m sediment core from Kusai Lake spanning the last 3100 years. The reliability of the approach was validated with multiple independent genetic markers. Parallel analyses of the geochemistry of the core and paleo-climate proxies revealed that Monsoon strength-driven changes in nutrient availability, temperature, and salinity as well as orbitally-driven changes in light intensity were all responsible for the observed temporal changes in the abundance of two dominant phytoplankton groups in the lake, Synechococcus (cyanobacteria) and Isochrysis (haptophyte algae). Collectively our data show that global and regional climatic events exhibited a strong influence on the paleoecology of phototrophic plankton in Kusai Lake.
Related Articles
Thermal Controls on the Asian Summer Monsoon
Wu, Guoxiong
Liu, Yimin
He, Bian
Bao, Qing
Duan, Anmin
Jin, Fei-Fei
Scientific Reports
The Asian summer monsoon affects more than sixty percent of the world's population; understanding its controlling factors is becoming increasingly important due to the expanding human influence on the environment and climate and the need to adapt to global climate change. Various mechanisms have been suggested; however, an overarching paradigm delineating the dominant factors for its generation and strength remains debated. Here we use observation data and numerical experiments to demonstrates that the Asian summer monsoon systems are controlled mainly by thermal forcing whereas large-scale orographically mechanical forcing is not essential: the South Asian monsoon south of 20°N by land–sea thermal contrast, its northern part by the thermal forcing of the Iranian Plateau, and the East Asian monsoon and the eastern part of the South Asian monsoon by the thermal forcing of the Tibetan Plateau.
Related Articles
Exploring Holocene Changes in Palynological Richness in Northern Europe – Did Postglacial Immigration Matter?
Giesecke, Thomas
Wolters, Steffen
Jahns, Susanne
Brande, Arthur
PLoS ONE
In mid to high latitudes glacial and interglacial cycles have repeatedly changed the area available for plant growth. The speed at which plants are able to colonize areas at the onset of an interglacial is hypothesized to limit their distribution ranges even today (migrational lag). If the spread of plants would have been generally slow then plant diversity in previously glaciated areas would be expected to increase over time. We explore this hypothesis using results from six palynological investigations from two previously glaciated regions: central Sweden and north-eastern Germany. Rarefaction, slope of rank order abundance, and taxa accumulation plots were used to evaluate richness and evenness in pollen data in an attempt to separate richness from evenness. These analyses show little change in palynological richness for the northern sites throughout the Holocene. In contrast, the southern sites show an increase in richness and evenness during the early Holocene; this may be explained by the different initial conditions at the onset of the Holocene. A strong rise in palynological richness around 6000 and 1000 years ago at the southern sites can be attributed to the regional initiation of agriculture and major opening of the forest, respectively. For the northern sites there is no evidence for increased taxonomic diversity through time that could be due to delayed immigration of species.
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PMC Canada
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the
Canadian Institutes of Health Research
(CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's
Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information
in cooperation with the
National Center for Biotechnology Information
at the
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by participating publishers.


text:
financial calculators are licensed for use from TimeValue Software.
Bjornson Receives VCSU Service Award
New Trust Banker to Serve Aberdeen Area
Dacotah Bank in Jamestown Announces Staff
Dacotah Bank joins NSAA Football as Exclusive Sponsor
Dacotah Bank Hires Insurance Producer
Employee Benefits Sales Manager Moves to Brookings
Dacotah Bank in Rolla Adds Agricultural Banker
Dacotah Bank in Jamestown Holds Grand Opening
Dacotah Bank in Aberdeen Adds Trust Banker
Experienced Agricultural Banker Added in Jamestown
Member FDIC, Equal Housing Lender. Insurance and Trust not FDIC Insured.

subset: commoncrawl


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"I'd love to change the world, but they won't give me the source code." - Anonymous
HTS costs up to $300 a month to operate. We need your help!
What have you done with the site dude ? msg me
hey zou jij me mischien kunnen vertellen helpen hoe jij hebt leren hack alsjeblieft >? voeg me msn toe email@example.com
Omfg it\'s a dinosaur
I\'m not, I\'ve only posted one article and you think you know me. How *sad*
Don\'t be a lame flooder. It\'s *sad*.


text:
Kukla's Korner Hockey
Nylander On Conditioning Stint In Grand Rapids
by Paul on 10/21/09 at 04:58 PM ET
Comments (0)
ARLINGTON, Va. – The Washington Capitals have assigned center Michael Nylander to the Grand Rapids Griffins of the American Hockey League (AHL) on a conditioning stint, vice president and general manager George McPhee announced today.
Filed in: NHL Teams, Washington Capitals, | KK Hockey | Permalink
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Paul Kukla founded Kukla's Korner in 2005 and the site has since become the must-read site on the 'net for all the latest happenings around the NHL.
From breaking news to in-depth stories around the league, KK Hockey is updated with fresh stories all day long and will bring you the latest news as quickly as possible.
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Is this restaurant good for breakfast?
Is this restaurant good for brunch?
Is this restaurant family-friendly?
Does this restaurant offer takeout or food to go?
Does this restaurant offer free wifi?
Does this restaurant offer delivery?
Is this restaurant wheelchair accessable?
Does this restaurant accept reservations?
Is this restaurant good for large groups?
Is this restaurant good for lunch?
Thanks for helping!
Great local bagel shop. Cannot go wrong with any type of bagel. Made fresh daily. Stop in with the locals.
If I lived in Dedham I would visit this shop daily. The bagels are fresh, the eggs were great and the people are friendly. A must stop if you like bagels!
We visited couple of times with family. It is very tasty.
Not organic but it is ok.
Morning time gets busy but they are very efficient
Every Saturday I look forward to my bagel and ice coffee. These are the best bagels I have every had. Don't let the long line deter you- it just means that they are very good! Service is quick, and delicious. My favorite is the salt bagel, and an everything bagel with bacon, egg and cheese.
I've only been a few times, but so far, I've always received bagels still warm from the oven, a nice change from some of the chains.
They are busy and the line can take a few minutes, but that is a good thing since it means they are selling through their stock quickly and making new fresh once to replace.
Imagine a typical bagel place. Now imagine it with more grease, less flavor, and a general atmosphere that feels vaguely unhygienic (though i have no reason to believe it is). That's Cafe Fresh Bagel. Locations in Norwood and Framingham are just as bad.
The bagels are not what someone for NY or NJ would acknowledge as a bagel. They're as...
We love this place and go almost every Sunday. Family owned. Very friendly' Great variety of bagels and sandwiches. WE love it!!
Good fresh bagels, served pleasantly and efficiently.
Their bagels seem a little chewier and filling than others,
Appears to be a family business & a family that takes pride
in the operation & enjoys what they are doing.
Me and my husband get breakfast sandwiches usually egg and cheese on a sesame bagel at least several times a month. You will see that the eggs will be cooked infront of
you so they are fresh. Definitely the best breakfast place in Dedham.
Visiting from out of town and stumbled upon this place. Excellent bagels and fast, friendly service. Had the tuna salad and it was outstanding!
Own or manage this property? Claim your listing for free to respond to reviews, update your profile and much more.


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Postcard, Flyer & Print contest
Silver package purchased for $299
(including 99designs fees)
provide videography and other media related services.
We are trying to put on a 48 hour film project here in town and need a poster design for the event.
The Scan0010.pdf that we've included is a poster design for a 3 min film fest. We would like to mimic the style of this poster.
The name of the festival is "Columbia Gorge 48 Hour Film Project"
The poster size is 10.5 W 16.5 H with 3 inches of the 16.5 H to be pure black for us to add in our sponsor logos later.
Items of info to stand out:
48 Hours to plan/shoot/edit a 4 to 7 minute short film
Films will be judged on creative content not quality. Shoot it with an Iphone!
Top Cash Prize of $500
Register form found at http://www.foxcardmedia.com
Other info:
Dates: Deadline to Register May 25th, 2012
Launch Meeting June 1st, 2012 @ 5:30 at Columbia Center for the Arts
Showcase June 9th, 2012 @ 6 at Columbia Center for the Arts
Poster must have our company logo on the poster design
We are from Hood River Oregon. We are famous for Mt. Hood and the layout of the valley. You can easily google image Mt. Hood and the area for ideas to incorporate into the design. You could also look up old western type pictures from the library of congress website if you want...you don't have to though. It would be really cool if you somehow took the fox from the company logo and somehow made that the center figure of the poster....like the guy with the camera head in the poster.
Guarantee your contest so that designers are certain a winner will be chosen and receive prize money.
This will take away your ability to get a refund, but typically attracts double the entries and better designers.


text:
Top Definition
A word used by hispanics to define northamericans.
It's written and pronounced ''gringo'', and used more often than you think.
It's written and pronounced ''gringo'', and used more often than you think.
"Look at those greengos on the tour bus!"
"I saw some gringos taking tons of pictures at the ruins"
"I saw some gringos taking tons of pictures at the ruins"
by *karla* August 18, 2006
In COD, the non-party-member of the team has a green arrow instead of a blue one. They usually wander around aimlessly (like a gringo). This player is automatically considered ill-fated due to their usual/predictable lack of skill. They are closely related in usefulness to that of the "red shirt".
"Stay the hell away from that Greengo dude!"
"Follow that Greengo and use him as a diversion!"
"Follow that Greengo and use him as a diversion!"
by Fracken McKracken January 05, 2011
Mexican term for someone who lives in the war-happy imperialistic country "United States of America".
American racial slur equivalent to the German racial slur "Nazi".
American racial slur equivalent to the German racial slur "Nazi".
"Damn greengo people took our land and now they call it "NEW mexico"! "
by nightlover May 21, 2012
green means go, and the word gringo is a spanish term meaning white boy.
Watch me beat this greengo
by AdamRamone March 26, 2005
a right sided white boy, usually racist, called so because green complements the redness of their necks.
look at dat greengo in his f350
by grn rhymes with mean July 10, 2008
GREENGO is a person or persons who believe in and promote the concept of excessive man-made global warming, while refusing to hear or examine the truth about its enormity or other causes which contribute to it. People who capitalize on the "green movement" to market their green products and profit from it.
General Electric's new bulbs that replaced incandescent lamp are filled with mercury vapor and is now proven to be more dangerous to humans and other living things than the benefit it gives. Cleaning up after a broken bulb is expensive if we abide by EPA rules and might cost about $1,000 according to one victim's account, and proven by a reporter in New York city in the Spring of 2009.
Al Gore is the supreme Greengo.
Al Gore is the supreme Greengo.
by Drew Jackson July 19, 2009
1.A white person who always tries to degrade hispanics/blacks/anyone who isn't there race in anyway, for example:"mow my lawn wetback"-greengo.
2.Also known as redneck.
3.Racist FUCKS
2.Also known as redneck.
3.Racist FUCKS
by sc_melly August 23, 2006


text:
This NPC can be found in Valley of the Four Winds.
Quotes (2)
- Bobo Ironpaw says: Any time, neighbor. Any time.
- Bobo Ironpaw says: Hmmm, this is excellent! EXCELLENT! This is the best stuff I've tasted in a long time. Who brewed it?
Master of Ways: 1 to 600 Cooking
Mists of Pandaria: Cooking Overview
Pandarian Cooking - All the way from 1 - 600!


text:
Tesco saucepan offer(13 Posts)
nkf Sat 20-Jul-13 18:25:47
lostblonde86 Sat 20-Jul-13 18:23:44
HystericalParoxysm Sat 20-Jul-13 16:25:49
lostblonde86 Fri 19-Jul-13 23:45:38
bunchamunchycrunchycarrots Mon 15-Jul-13 10:49:51
ApplesinmyPocket Mon 15-Jul-13 09:12:47
FlouncyMcFlouncer Mon 15-Jul-13 08:59:40
bunchamunchycrunchycarrots Sun 14-Jul-13 21:00:39
Naoko Sun 14-Jul-13 16:38:31
HystericalParoxysm Sun 14-Jul-13 14:16:59
27cats Mon 24-Jun-13 22:53:43
PigletJohn Mon 24-Jun-13 22:18:50
invicta Mon 24-Jun-13 17:44:26
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The Cloisters Newbury
- Name:
- The Cloisters Newbury
- Address:
- Monks Lane
- Postcode/City:
- RG14 7RN Newbury
- County:
- Berkshire
- Phone:
- 01635 27723001635 277230
- Fax:
- 01635 277235
- Website:
- www.priorygroup.com
- E-mail:
- email@example.com
Updated more than 6 months ago | Claim This Business| Report Incorrect Data
The Cloisters is a 24 bedded open rehabilitation unit set within a peaceful environment on the edge of Newbury. The unit offers in-patient rehabilitation services to West Berkshire clients who require longer hospital stays than provided in an acute ward, to develop independent living skills prior to moving into community based accommodation. There are 4 female and 20 male beds, with 8 of the male beds suitable for frail older adults.
Keywords:Mental Health Care
Servicesschizophrenia support, bipolar affective disorder support, learning disability support, mild dementia support, occupational therapy, psychology therapy, psychiatry therapy
Facilitiesneuro-rehabilitation facilities
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I have wordpress 2.8.5 and the Arclite theme. I am new to having a website.
I want to put a small graphic (jpg or similar) into the header of the home page, aligned to the right, and perhaps other pictures on other pages' headers of the website, but I don't know if it is plausible. Perhaps some instructions or a link to a wordpress help file?
My website is http://www.chessinstructor.net


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|Pull Out Spray: No
|Mount: Deck mounted
|Number of Installation Holes: 3
|Product Type: Standard kitchen faucet
|Side Spray Included: No
|Finish: Chrome
|Style: Modern
Handles Included: Yes
|Automatic Faucet: No
|Country of Manufacture: China
|Installation Required: Yes
|ADA Compliant: No
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About the ManufacturerPeerless offers affordable faucets with proven design in a range of styles and finishes offering consumers an easy way to refresh the bathroom and kitchen. Distributed through Lowe's as well as selected hardware stores and other retail outlets, Peerless provides installation support every step of the way from detailed installation instructions, to Internet support, to a toll-free help line. Backed by Delta Faucet Company, the largest U.S. manufacturer of residential and commercial faucets, all Peerless faucets come with a limited lifetime faucet and finish warranty.
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One of the most important and characteristic aspects of the game of golf is the integrity displayed while playing it, on a North Myrtle Beach golf course or anywhere in the country. However, many times players will decide that breaking the rules is the key to lowering scores. While this may … [Read more...]
Major American Golf Events
There are many major televised events in the world of American golf. Most of these events are associated with the PGA Tour, the flagship professional tour in the golfing world. These events take place on premier courses suited for a gallery and that live up to professional standards. However, some … [Read more...]
Myrtle Beach golf package season just around the bend
As the children begin to go back to school and the summer vacationers start to disperse from the greater Myrtle Beach Area, the area accommodations begin to become very affordable. It is no secret that the spring is an incredible time to get an outstanding deal on rooms in Greater Myrtle Beach, not … [Read more...]
Golf Course Availability Is Never Lacking in Myrtle Beach
The game of golf is one that can be played at any of the thousands of golf courses around the world and more than 100 courses in the Myrtle Beach area. These games, when played by golf enthusiasts, never get dull or boring, as each North Myrtle Beach golf course is distinctive and unique in its own … [Read more...]
Type of Golf Grass in Myrtle Beach
Just like many other sports, golf features a playing surface that is integral to the game. It can be argued that the playing surface in the game of golf, the golf course, is the most important playing surface in all of sport, as the golf course is integral to the scoring of the game. On North Myrtle … [Read more...]
Elevating the Ball
One of the most fundamental necessities of golf is to elevate the golf ball. Although this may sound simple and easy, sometimes it can seem quite the opposite. What we like to call "wormburners" can quickly drive a round of golf into the ground, no pun intended, and in many cases it is difficult to … [Read more...]
Differences Between Hazard and Out of Bounds
In golf it would be nice if everything worked out perfectly in the way the player had in mind. However, that is most definitely not the case, as more often than not there is something wrong with the golfer's play. Hazards and out of bounds can come into play. Penalty strokes can be assessed as a … [Read more...]
Inconsistencies in the Golf Swing
Of course, every time a golfer goes out to play a North Myrtle Beach golf course, they want to play well. This, however, is not the case, as more often than not swing inconsistencies cause a mishit of the golf ball. There are many types of swing inconsistencies that can cause many different types of … [Read more...]
Players Champion Matt Kuchar
Matt Kuchar has recently just secured his biggest win to date at the 2012 The Players Championship at TPC Sawgrass. Kuchar went on to victory after holding off runs from Rickie Fowler, Martin Laird, Ben Curtis, and Zach Johnson. There is much to be learned about Kuchar's golf … [Read more...]
How to Clean A Golf Club
Although golf can be exhausting and time-consuming on a North Myrtle Beach golf course, in order to play your best you must first know how to clean your clubs. Players are able to buy golf club cleaning kits at many golf shops; however, it is often much less expensive and more convenient to possess … [Read more...]


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Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry CoursebookCambridge University Press 2015; US$ 27.00
The new Third Edition matches the requirements of the revised Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry syllabus (0620). more...
Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics CoursebookCambridge University Press 2014; US$ 46.00
Fully revised and updated content matching the Cambridge International Examinations 9702 syllabus for first examination in 2016. more...
Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology CoursebookCambridge University Press 2015; US$ 40.00
A series of titles which provides full support for the Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology syllabus. more...
Cambridge IGCSE ChemistryCambridge University Press 2015; US$ 30.00
This edition of our successful series to support the Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry syllabus (0620) is fully updated for the revised syllabus from first examination from 2016. more...
Who Am I?Random House Publishing Group 2011; US$ 16.00
#1 INTERNATIONAL BESTSELLER TRANSLATED INTO 23 LANGUAGES, WITH MORE THAN ONE MILLION COPIES SOLD � What is truth? What is love? Does life have meaning? Bestselling author Richard David Precht, ?the Mick Jagger of the nonfiction book? ( Tagesanzeiger Z�rich ), has traveled the globe searching for answers?and his odyssey has become one of the most... more...
Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology CoursebookCambridge University Press 2016; US$ 46.00
Fully revised and updated content matching the new Cambridge International Examinations Biology 9700 syllabus for first teaching in 2014 and first examination in 2016. more...
What Color Is Your Parachute? 2016Potter/TenSpeed/Harmony 2015; US$ 19.99 US$ 14.99
What Color Is Your Parachute? is the world?s most popular job-hunting guide, revised and updated annually, with more than ten million copies sold. This 2016 edition features the latest studies and perspectives on today?s job-market, including proven strategies for finding jobs even when everyone tells you there are none. Career expert Richard N.... more...
Management and LanguageSAGE Publications 2002; US$ 47.00
Management and Langugage explores and develops the image of the manager as one who is aware of, and attends to, the way in which language is used in everyday managerial activity. Much managerial activity is achieved through language and a vital task for any manager is to generate with others an intelligible account of the various feelings that surround... more...
NudgePenguin Publishing Group 2009; US$ 17.00
For fans of Malcolm Gladwell?s� Blink� and Nobel Prize winner Daniel Kahneman?s� Thinking Fast and Slow , a revelatory new look at how we make decisions � More than 750,000 copies sold � A� New York Times� bestseller An� Economist� Best Book of the Year A� Financial Times� Best Book of the Year Nudge is about choices?how we make them... more...
Blood Diamonds Level 1Cambridge University Press 2005; US$ 6.00
Award-winning original fiction for learners of English. At seven levels, from Starter to Advanced, this impressive selection of carefully graded readers offers exciting reading for every student's capabilities. more...