text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|18 May 2006
|Filing date
|12 Nov 2004
|Priority date
|12 Nov 2004
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Yan Rodriguez, Ben Garcia
|Original Assignee
|Yan Rodriguez, Garcia Ben L
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (22), Referenced by (46), Classifications (16), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention generally relates to home networks. In particular, the present invention relates to a bridge device for use in a home network that allows for communications between wireless and wired devices. Specifically, the present invention relates to a network bridge device that enables translation and cross-transmission of traffic generated by devices on a power line network and on a radio frequency network, effectively allowing both types of network devices to communicate with one another.
The home networking field has been increasing in popularity the last few years. The "digital home," as referred to by industry insiders, will supposedly enable consumers to network and interface various types of appliances and devices throughout the home. For example, it is believed that the network will allow linking of such home appliances as alarm clocks, stereo equipment, televisions and kitchen appliances. For example, after an alarm clock has sounded and the network detects activity in the bathroom in the morning, then the network can alert the coffee maker in the kitchen to begin preparation of a pot of coffee. Or, the bathroom scale can be continually monitored and provide input data upon each weighing to exercise software on a home computer linked to home exercise equipment.
Manufacturers from a wide variety of industries have been developing "networked" products to meet this emerging market. Due to lack of industry standards, manufacturers have engaged in developing their own proprietary network protocols and hardware in order to connect devices. As a response to the network incompatibility issue, some industry groups have been formed in order to create "standards" so that manufacturers following these standards are able to create compatible devices adhering to a specific protocol in software and hardware.
Groups such as WI-FL, which adhere to the 802.11�IEEEE standards, are producing products today to allow fast connection between computer and multi-media systems. This particular standard is designed for transferring a large amount of data across a wireless network. Other groups such as the "Powerlin" group have developed fast data transfer networks using the existing home electrical wiring. Yet other groups have formed standards such as HomeRF.
When fast data rates are required, the aforementioned standards work very well. However, in cases where simple control signals such as "on\off" and status are required, a fast data network becomes "overkill" for these simple applications. Manufacturers requiring a simpler type of network for control applications have developed standards such as "Zigbee" and "Z-wave" in an effort to keep their overall systems price competitive. These "control" networks add yet another level of complexity to the home integrator whose job is to make all of these systems work together seamlessly. In addition, different standards are being developed which presumably link the internet and cell phone communications systems with the home network. It is also believed that the home network may be extended into devices maintained in the garage or barriers that are accessible by an operator controlling the barrier, but the communication standards utilized by the garage door operator and the home network are not at all compatible. Since the goal of the home network is to connect all devices together and to offer consumers easy-to-use interfaces, it is necessary to develop interfaces capable of "bridging" devices utilizing incompatible communication protocols. One type of "power line" network utilizes the X-10 standard. This scheme uses existing infrastructure wiring to enable devices to communicate with one another. However, one of the most expensive components in a traditional wired network is the cost of the wire itself, and the cost of each point drop or node needed to access the wired network. Power line networking uses existing electrical wiring to create a network to serve both computers and other electronic devices. Since most locations have plenty of power outlets, the proponents of the X-10 standard suggest the technology will be easier and eventually less expensive to implement than other wired types of networking. Indeed, various home automation systems have been designed for the remote control of lights and appliances centered about the standard electrical wiring already in existence in a facility. Additionally, adapters from companies have been developed to use power lines to carry phone signals to rooms without phone jacks. Other products have been introduced to allow for digital data transfer over power lines for computers and intemet devices.
There are two established methods that are used to send and receive data over existing power lines. The first is Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) with forward error-correction. This scheme is very similar to the technology found in DSL modems. OFDM is a variation of the frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) used in phone-line networking. FDM puts computer data on separate frequencies from the voice signals being carried by the phone line and separates the extra signal space into distinct data channels by splitting it into uniform chunks of bandwidth. In the case of OFDM, the available range of frequencies on the electrical subsystem (4.3 MHz to 20.9 MHz) is split into 84 separate carriers. OFDM sends packets of data simultaneously along several of the carrier frequencies allowing for increased speed and reliability. If electrical noise or a surge in power usage disrupts one of the frequencies, control circuitry used as part of the multiplexing system senses the change and switches that data to another carrier. This rate-adaptive design allows the control circuitry to maintain an Ethernet-class connection throughout the power-line network without losing valuable data.
The other method of sending and receiving data over a power line relies on frequency-shift keying (FSK) to send data back and forth over existing wiring. FSK uses two frequencies, one for the Is and another for the Os, to send digital information between the computers on the network. The frequencies used are in a narrow band just above the level where most line noise occurs. Although this method works, it has been found to be somewhat fragile. Anything that interferes on either frequency can disrupt the data flow and can cause the transmitting computer to have to resend the data and thus reduces the performance of the network.
One drawback of the power-line networks is that they are designed to work on 110-volt electrical systems and as such, the technology is not very useful in countries outside of North America that use different standards.
It is also known to use a radio frequency (RF) network so as to avoid the necessity of wires. Such a network allows for devices to access the network in the same way that one listens to a radio from almost anywhere. Radio frequency networks are also referred to as Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) which function by using electromagnetic waves to communicate between devices connected to the network. Such radio frequency networks are widely used in the United States and other countries and are advantageous inasmuch as they: permit mobility of the user; can be deployed where cabling would otherwise be very difficult; and are cost effective when compared to wired networks. Moreover, several established standards allow for interoperability of devices over radio frequency networks. Standards like IEEE 802.11, BlueTooth, and cellular networks are all established and widely adopted. There are also other emerging standards including IEEE 802.15.4, namely the ZigBee standard and other derivatives like Z-Wave which target both lower band width network requirements. These lower band widths require much less power and are ideally suited for battery-operated applications.
The aforementioned wired and wireless networks employ an event controller which has stored internally, knowledge of external devices, and knowledge of how to communicate with each external device. Simple examples of an event controller are TV remote controls or garage door opener transmitters. In both examples, the respective controller has knowledge of how to control the target device, that is, the television or the garage door. In more elaborate implementations, an event controller has stored knowledge of a plurality of external devices and is capable of communicating with the devices either independently or collectively. An example of a collective communication is when an ALL-ON or ALL-OFF command from an X-10 power line controller to all the power line modules collectively controls them either to the on or off position.
Although the network scenarios described above are effective in their stated purpose, it will be appreciated that the various scenarios are unable to communicate effectively with one another. Therefore, there is a need in the art to be able to integrate the power line and radio frequency networks by use of a bridging device which embodies both types of hardware and protocols needed to interface with each. Such a device would allow for the local control of either type of network device via a built-in interface that can be taught, configured and re-configured to communicate between both types of networks and their respective devices.
Therefore, there is a need in the art for a network bridge device and methods for programming and using the same.
Another aspect of the present invention which shall become apparent as the detailed description proceeds, is achieved by a bridge device linking a wired network and a wireless network, comprising: a wireless signal transceiver adapted to receive and send wireless signals in a first format; a wired signal transceiver adapted to receive and send wired signals in a second format; and a bridge controller connected to said wireless signal transceiver and said wired signal transceiver, said bridge controller converting said wireless signals from said first format to said second format and said wired signals from said second format to said first format.
Still another aspect of the present invention is achieved by a network bridge device linking devices on a wired network to devices on a wireless network, comprising a wireless signal transceiver adapted to send and receive wireless signals; a wireless signal transceiver adapted to send and receive wired signals; and a bridge controller programmed to receive operational signals from the wireless signal transceiver and the wired signal transceiver, convert the operational signals from one format to another format, and send operational signals in the converted formats to the wired signal transceiver and the wireless signal transceiver.
These and other aspects of the present invention, as well as the advantages thereof over existing prior art forms, which will become apparent from the description to follow, are accomplished by the improvements hereinafter described and claimed.
For a complete understanding of the objects, techniques and structure of the invention, reference should be made to the following detailed description and accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIGS. 4A-E present an operational flow chart illustrating the steps implemented to add and delete radio frequency and power line nodes to the bridge device.
Referring now to the drawings and, in particular, to
A user interface 24 is provided on the input side 18. Generally, the user interface allows for the adding and deleting of components or nodes to the network. As used herein, the term node refers to any device, wired or wireless, that is connected to the network, or that receives and sends control signals to other devices on the network. In other words, radio frequency (RF) or other wireless-type network devices on a wireless network can be learned to the bridge which then allows for wireless devices to communicate with devices connected to a wired network. In a similar manner, power line (PL) devices on a wired network can be taught to the bridge device so as to communicate with the radio frequency or wireless devices that are associated with the bridge.
The user interface 24 includes a house selector switch 26 that may provide any number of designations. A unit code selector switch 28 is also provided and also provides any number of designations. In selecting a house code and a unit code, the user rotates each switch to designate an identifying code for each node device to be associated with the network and the bridge. The house code selector switch 26 may be associated with alphabetic designations and the unit code selector switch may be associated with numeric designations. This allows for clear designation of a node when added or deleted from the network. In this way, the end user or programmer can keep a chart of house codes and unit codes that are available for use and which house/unit code is associated with a particular node. Although the device shown on the drawing utilizes manual-type switches, it will be appreciated that liquid crystal displays, touch screens or other display media may be used to indicate what settings are used for each switch 26 and 28.
The user interface 24 also includes a plurality of switches or buttons that allow for adding and removing various nodes. The interface includes an "add RF node" button 30, an "add PL node" button 32, a "remove RF node" button 34, and a "remove PL node" button 36. As indicated by their description, the buttons 30-36 allow for addition and removal of RF and PL devices to the bridge 10. A check code button 38 may also be provided on the user interface 24 to determine whether the house/unit code selected on switches 26 and 28 is designated or available for use. As will be described in further detail, the user selects the codes on switches 26 and 28 and by first actuating the check code button 38 can determine by response of a multi-color LED 40 as to whether that particular house/unit code is available for use or not. Accordingly, after the check code button 38 is actuated, a green flashing response of LED 40 may indicate that the house/unit code is available. But, if a red flashing response is provided by the LED 40, then it can be presumed that the house/unit code selected is not available. The LED 40 may also be used to provide other indications as to the operational status of the bridge device or any of the nodes associated with the network. The LED 40 may in fact be several LEDs positioned adjacent one another to generate a color that is associated with the status of the bridge. Other display devices such as LCDs or audio speakers could be used to indicate availability of the selected code.
Referring now to
A bridge controller 48 is connected to the transceiver 46. The controller 48 is also connected to the power supply system 44. The controller includes a processor that provides the necessary hardware, software and memory to implement the learning of nodes to the bridge device and for the transformation of the signals between the power line devices and the radio frequency devices, and for communications with any other control devices linked to the network.
A battery 50 is connected to the bridge controller 48 and is primarily used when the line power 16 is not connected to the power supply system 44. The battery allows for the bridge device to be moved about a facility for the purpose of learning radio frequency devices. It will also be appreciated that the battery 50 allows for use of at least the radio frequency devices in the event power is not provided to the controller 48. Although any size battery can be used, it is believed that relatively low voltage standard coin cell batteries can be used.
An RF transceiver 52 and an associated antenna 54 are connected to the bridge controller 48 so as to allow the receiving and sending of radio frequency or other wireless signals to the bridge device. The transceiver 52 ideally receives and sends frequency signals in the range of about 900 MHz. Of course, other frequencies could be used. Also connected to the bridge controller 48 are the components associated with the user interface 24.
The controller 48 allows for the bridge device to be either a primary control device or a secondary control device in a home network system. In other words, the bridge controller may be solely used to network devices associated with the home wiring system, or the bridge controller may be solely used to provide control of all the RF devices associated with a network. Ideally, the controller 48 is used to coordinate activity between both a power line network and a radio frequency network so as to take advantage of home wiring network devices and any other radio frequency network devices that can be incorporated into the network to further enhance the use of both types of networks.
The bridge device 10 may be incorporated into a home network system that includes either or both a power line control device 60 and an RF control device 80. The control device 60, which is also a processor-based device that includes the necessary hardware, software and memory for incorporation into the network, includes a learn button 62 and at least one PL switch 64. The PL switch 65 may be used to directly control one or more of the PL nodes or the RF nodes. A house code selector switch 65 and a unit code selector switch 66 may also be incorporated into the power line control device 60. The power line control device 60 also includes a controller 67 with the necessary hardware, software and memory. The controller 67 is connected to the learn button 62, the PL switches 64, and the selector switches 65 and 66. The control device 60 may be used solely to coordinate activity of the power line nodes which are designated generally by the numeral 70. Each node 70 may include a node interface 72 that includes a house selector switch 73 and a unit selector switch 74. These switches are desirably in the same format as the house selector switch and unit selector switch provided on the user interface 24. The node 70 also includes a processor-based controller device 75 that includes the necessary hardware, software and memory for incorporation of the nodes into the home network system. A learn button 76 may also be connected to the controller 75.
The RF primary control device 80 is a wireless system that also includes a learn button 82 and an appropriate controller 85 so as to allow for receipt and transmission of the radio frequency signals via an antenna 84 designated for use with the bridge device 10. And the RF control device 80 may be associated with any number of RF nodes 90, each of which includes a learn button 92 and a user interface 96. These signals are communicated from the RF node via an antenna 98 to allow for communications between the RF node and other RF devices, including the bridge controller 48, as needed. Accordingly, the RF node or the power line node may communicate directly with the bridge controller 48 upon the learning thereof or the nodes may communicate with their respective control devices which in turn communicate directly with the bridge controller 48.
An exemplary network configuration is designated generally by the numeral 100 and best seen in
As shown and described, the interface 24 can be as simple as a series of buttons or lights, or it will be appreciated that the user interface could be in the form of a touch screen with a graphical display along with voice recognition and synthesis. The bridge 10 can initiate communications on either network, or on its own network by pre-programmed instructions that can be triggered by timers that are incorporated into the controller 48. Other triggering mechanisms, which may be considered as wired or wireless input nodes, for the controller 48 can be accommodated as well. These triggers include such things as contact closures, light sensitive sensors, sound sensitive sensors, proximity sensors, radar sensors, laser sensors, pressure sensors, moisture sensors, temperature, gas and other types of sensors that can effect communication on either the power line network, the radio frequency network, or both simultaneously. For example, if moisture sensors are associated with the network, detection of rain outside a facility can cause an RF moisture sensor to send a signal to the controller or the bridge device 48 which in turn is programmed to close all automated power line network windows so as to prevent rain from entering the facility. Thus, any type of sensor that is connectable to either the power line network or the power system of the facility or which incorporates radio frequency sending and receiving components can be incorporated into the home network.
Referring now to FIGS. 4A-E, an operational flow chart, designated generally by the numeral 200, is shown that provides for adding and deleting of various node devices, including the primary control devices, to the bridge device 10. Initially, the controller 48 determines whether it has been designated as a primary or as a secondary control device. As indicated previously, the user interface 24 includes two selector switches that are in the form of most other power line devices. The selector switches 26 and 28 do not set the power line address of the bridge itself, which has no address. Instead, these selector switches are used to either learn the addresses of existing power line devices or set the addresses of radio frequency network devices or nodes. The learning or setting of the addresses of the different types of nodes is accomplished by the use of the add buttons 30 and 32. In particular, the adding of a PL node is used to add a power line device to an RF network. The add RF network node is used to either add a new RF network device to the network (if the bridge is the primary control) or assign a power line address to an existing RF network device. The remove buttons 34 and 36 are used to remove RF network nodes or power line nodes from the bridge and a primary control if used. As noted previously, the check code button is used to see if a particular house/unit code is available for assignment to any new device. This is done by setting the selector switches 26 and 28 to a desired code and then the user pushes and holds the check code button. If the selected code is unused, the LED 40 will turn green. If the code is already assigned to a device, the LED 40 will blink red. Of course, other color combinations, audio or visual responses could be emitted by the bridge controller to indicate availability of a code.
Typical primary control devices include user interfaces which allow for the setup of the network components and the relationship between events and scenes. Primary controls are also unique to the network as they are the only control devices capable of including new devices into the network. Primary and secondary controls may contain the node routing information as in the case of mesh type networks. They also include a memory map of all devices assigned to the network. Secondary control devices, by default, may contain many of the same functions as a primary control; however, they are not capable of adding new devices onto the network. If no other RF network control is associated with the entire network system, the bridge 10 is utilized as the primary control. In this particular mode, the bridge 10 has very limited functionality as a primary control inasmuch as it cannot control lights directly, set- up scenes or the like. Accordingly, the bridge is only used as a primary control if one plans on controlling the network through an existing power line control device 60. In this case, the power line control device is not part of the RF portion of the network and therefore it cannot serve as a primary control on that network and thus the bridge 10 ignores the device as a primary control. However, the bridge controller 48, upon detecting the presence of another primary control within the RF portion of the network, automatically re-configures itself as a secondary control. If the bridge is taught to an existing primary control device, the bridge will configure itself as a secondary control device. If other nodes are taught to the bridge 10 and the bridge has not been added to an existing primary control, the bridge will configure itself as a primary control device. If the bridge 10 is initially set to be a primary control device and then later added to a new device that is a primary control device, the set up information for devices associated with the bridge remain intact. This is done by teaching the bridge to the new primary control device which in turn configures itself as a secondary control device and the bridge will automatically transfer its information over to the primary control device.
In order to program the various RF and PL devices to the bridge it may be necessary for the bridge to be held next to the other RF devices. As such, the bridge is unplugged from the power supply 16 and the battery 50 is utilized by the controller 48. In the event the bridge is not plugged into a residential power supply, the controller 48 automatically goes into a sleep mode and pushing any one of the user interface buttons will wake up the bridge controller 48 and other associated components for incorporating or implementing the programming steps.
Referring now to the details of
Returning to step 206, if it is desired to add a power line node, then steps 230-238 are implemented. In particular, it will be appreciated that there is no need to move the bridge controller 48 from the outlet since the bridge 10 is directly connected to the wiring of the facility. In any event, at step 230, the user plugs in the PL device at its desired location in the facility. Next, at step 232, the user selects the house/unit code to be assigned to the PL device on the bridge 10. Of course, the code selected can be checked by utilizing the check code button 38. At step 234, the user will set the power line and the bridge device house/unit codes to the same code and then press the add PL node button 32 at step 236. The LED 40 on the bridge 10 will glow green if the device has been successfully added or it will blink red if there is some type of error at step 238.
It will be appreciated that in the steps 230-238 that if the bridge 10 is acting as a primary control device, then there is a need for a power line control device to operate the system. Accordingly, the only need to add power line devices to the bridge is if RF network devices, (such as an access control system) will be sending commands to power line nodes.
Returning now to step 204, if it is determined that a node is being deleted, then the process continues to step 240. At step 240, the bridge controller determines whether the user is deleting an RF node or a power line node. In order to remove a RF node, the user will need to move the bridge 10 near the RF device to be removed. Or, in the - alternative, one can take the RF device, if self-powered, near the bridge. In any event, at step 244, the user actuates the remove RF node button 34 on the bridge and the LED blinks green. At step 246, the user actuates the learn button 92 and at step 248, the LED 40 glows green if the device is successfully removed or the LED blinks red if there is an error.
If a PL device or node is being deleted from the network, then at step 252 the house and user codes on both the bridge device and the PL device to be removed are switched to the same code. Next, at step 254, the remove PL node button 36 is actuated on the bridge 10. At step 256, the removal is either confirmed or not by having the LED 40 glow green if the device is successfully removed, or blink red if there is an error.
If it is determined at step 202 that the bridge 10 is not the primary control device, then at step 260 it will be presumed that the bridge is being added to an existing RF network so as to allow the addition of an RF node, a PL node, or the removal of an RF node or PL node. Accordingly, this is done by plugging the bridge 10 into a power outlet at a desired location within the facility at step 262 and then proximally positioning the primary control, whether it is an RF or PL control device, near the bridge device 10 at step 264. At step 266, the user actuates and holds both the "add RF node" and "add PL node" buttons for a predetermined period of time such as 3 seconds. When this is done, the LED 40 blinks a yellow color, and at step 268, the user actuates the appropriate learn button on the primary control device. At step 270, if the bridge is successfully associated to the network control device, the LED 40 emits a solid green color. If there is some type of an error, the LED blinks red. Upon completion of these steps 260-270, the bridge is now a secondary control device on the RF network and the user can add nodes or delete them.
At step 280, the controller 48 determines whether a node is being deleted or added. If a node is to be added, then at step 282, the controller 48 determines whether an RF or PL node is being added. If an RF node is being added, then at step 284 the user plugs in the new RF network device in a desired position. Next, at step 286, the user adds the RF network device to the network using the primary RF control device in a manner dictated by the primary control device instructions. Next, at step 288, the user unplugs the bridge and places it in close proximity to the new RF network device. The user at step 290 selects the house/unit codes with the desired code for the new device and, if necessary, utilizes the check procedure. At step 292, the add RF node button is actuated on the bridge and the LED blinks a green color. Next, at step 294, the user actuates the learn button on the RF device and at step 296, confirmation on whether the device has been added or not is provided. As in the previous embodiments, if the device is successfully learned, the LED glows a solid green and if there is an error, it blinks red. It is recommended at this time that the user designate the power line code that was assigned to the RF device on a worksheet. By implementing steps 284 through 296 it will be appreciated that a power line control device can control RF network devices that are added to the network. This is done by utilizing the house/unit code that was selected in step 290 and associating it with a specific RF device. In the case of a primary control device, RF devices will respond to commands directly.
At step 282, if a power line device is to be added, then steps 300-306 are implemented. In particular, it will be appreciated that there is no need to move the bridge 10 when adding a power line device to the network. At step 300, a house/unit code is selected and assigned to the new power line device and this house/unit code is checked utilizing the check button 30. If the availability of the code is confirmed, then the power line device and the bridge device are set to the same house/unit codes. At this time, the add PL node button 32 is actuated on the bridge at step 304. At step 306, the successful learning of the device is confirmed by the LED 40 emitting a green color if the device has been successfully added, or blinking red if there is some type of error, such as if the code has already been designated to a device.
Returning now to step 280, if it is determined that a node is to be deleted, then at step 310, the bridge controller inquires as to whether it is an RF node or a PL node. If an RF device is to be deleted, then the user should follow the instructions for the primary controller. It should be appreciated that the bridge needs to remove the RF network node from the internal RF network/power line table when it obtains the new nodes listing from the primary control device. In any event, at step 312, the bridge is positioned near the RF node and then at step 314, the remove RF node button 34 is actuated on the bridge. Next, the learn button on the RF node is actuated at step 316. Removal of the RF node is then confirmed via the LED 40 at step 318.
If at step 310 a PL node is desired to be removed, then the house/unit codes on the bridge and the node are set to the same value at step 324. Next the remove PL node button 36 is actuated at step 326 and then confirmed at step 328.
Based upon the adding and learning of the various nodes and control devices to the network, it will be appreciated that the bridge acts as an intermediary between the power line devices and RF devices. The bridge 10 can work with networks that have either power line control devices or RF control devices that send commands to the networked devices. The bridge monitors the wireless RF commands sent by the RF devices and the power line commands sent by the power line devices and, if necessary, passes the commands to the correct device. Internally, the bridge controller builds up a table of devices that it knows about and looks something like this:
RF = Radio Frequency,
PL = Power Line
In the above example, if the bridge controller sees an RF command sent to node 2, it will translate it into a power line command for device A 7 and send it over the power line. If the bridge sees a power line command for device B8, it will translate it into an RF command for node 4. If the device sees a power line command for device B3, it will do nothing as that is a power line device and should see the command on its own. As an example, assume node B8 is a RF light switch node and node B3 is a power line light switch. If an RF primary control device transmits a "turn on all light switch" command then the bridge device does nothing with node B8 since the primary control device and the light switch communicate directly however, the bridge will translate the "turn on all light switch" command and transmit that command to power line node B3. After the commands are executed, the end result is "all lights on" regardless of network. Thus, it can be appreciated that bridge 10 essentially combines both networks into one.
The advantages of the present invention are readily apparent. In particular, it will be appreciated that the bridge utilizes a controller with the ability to abstract cross network node information between a power line network and a radio frequency network. As such, the bridge can translate protocols between the power line network and the radio frequency network and also translate physical data therebetween. Accordingly, the bridge allows for local control of power line network devices and radio frequency devices. The bridge also allows for independent access to single power line networked nodes and single radio frequency networked nodes. And, in the same manner, collective access can be gained to multiple power line networked nodes and multiple radio frequency networked nodes.
Thus, it can be seen that the objects of the invention have been satisfied by the structure and its method for use presented above. While in accordance with the Patent Statutes, only the best mode and preferred embodiment has been presented and described in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited thereto or thereby. Accordingly, for an appreciation of the true scope and breadth of the invention, reference should be made to the following claims.
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|31 May 2011
|Mosaid Technologies Incorporated
|Outlet with analog signal adapter, a method for use thereof and a network using said outlet
|15 Nov 2005
|21 Jun 2011
|Mosaid Technologies Incorporated
|Local area network of serial intelligent cells
|25 Jul 2007
|26 Jul 2011
|Mosaid Technologies Incorporated
|Local area network of serial intelligent cells
|13 Feb 2008
|2 Aug 2011
|Mosaid Technologies Incorporated
|Addressable outlet, and a network using the same
|20 Jul 2007
|16 Aug 2011
|Mosaid Technologies Incorporated
|Telephone communication system over a single telephone line
|21 Jan 2010
|3 Jan 2012
|Sigma Designs, Inc.
|Node repair in a mesh network
|26 Mar 2008
|13 Mar 2012
|Computime, Ltd
|Receiver module with dual mode capability
|3 Mar 2009
|10 Apr 2012
|Aboundi, Inc.
|Transmission line adapter and system
|24 Oct 2006
|5 Jun 2012
|Sigma Designs, Inc.
|Static update controller enablement in a mesh network
|2 Mar 2007
|10 Jul 2012
|Sigma Designs, Inc.
|Silent acknowledgement of routing in a mesh network
|9 Mar 2007
|17 Jul 2012
|Sigma Designs, Inc.
|Using battery-powered nodes in a mesh network
|21 May 2008
|17 Jul 2012
|Mosaid Technologies Incorporated
|Telephone communication system over a single telephone line
|20 Aug 2007
|23 Oct 2012
|Mosaid Technologies Inc.
|Addressable outlet for use in wired local area network
|2 Mar 2007
|30 Oct 2012
|Sigma Designs, Inc.
|Dynamically enabling a secondary channel in a mesh network
|4 Aug 2008
|8 Jan 2013
|Mosaid Technologies Incorporated
|Network for telephony and data communication
|25 Jun 2010
|19 Feb 2013
|Digi International Inc.
|Virtual smart energy meter with integrated plug
|24 Oct 2007
|16 Apr 2013
|Ge Investment Co., Ltd.
|Light-emitting diode light source and light-emitting diode lamp
|22 Jun 2006
|13 Aug 2013
|Tommas Jess Christensen
|Multi-speed mesh networks
|30 May 2012
|15 Oct 2013
|Mosaid Technologies Incorporated
|Telephone communication system over a single telephone line
|25 Jun 2010
|5 Nov 2013
|Digi International Inc.
|Smart energy gateway with integrated plug
|15 Nov 2011
|12 Nov 2013
|Sigma Designs, Inc.
|Node repair in a mesh network
|17 Jan 2012
|12 Nov 2013
|Mosaid Technologies Incorporated
|Local area network for distributing data communication, sensing and control signals
|1 Oct 2010
|12 Nov 2013
|Digi International Inc.
|Devices, systems, and methods for configuring a wireless device
|26 Aug 2008
|7 Jan 2014
|Niels Thybo Johansen
|Audio-visual system control using a mesh network
|26 Aug 2008
|7 Jan 2014
|Niels Thybo Johansen
|Audio-visual system energy savings using a mesh network
|19 Aug 2011
|9 Sep 2014
|Entropic Communications, Inc.
|MoCA-WiFi multiplexing
|3 Dec 2012
|21 Oct 2014
|Conversant Intellectual Property Management Incorporated
|Local area network of serial intelligent cells
|10 Sep 2012
|11 Nov 2014
|Tommas Jess Christensen
|Dynamically enabling a channel for message reception in a mesh network
|15 Dec 2005
|11 Nov 2014
|Conversant Intellectual Property Management Incorporated
|Local area network of serial intelligent cells
|30 Jan 2013
|11 Nov 2014
|Conversant Intellectual Property Management Incorporated
|Local area network of serial intelligent cells
|26 Apr 2007
|9 Dec 2014
|Conversant Intellectual Property Management Incorporated
|Local area network of serial intelligent cells
|4 Nov 2008
|6 Jan 2015
|Conversant Intellectual Property Management Inc.
|Network for telephony and data communication
|10 Oct 2013
|7 Apr 2015
|Sigma Designs, Inc.
|Node repair in a mesh network
|28 Oct 2004
|26 May 2005
|Serconet, Ltd
|Network for telephony and data communication
|24 Oct 2007
|5 Mar 2009
|Topco Technologies Corp.
|Light-emitting diode light source and light-emitting diode lamp
|9 Sep 2010
|Aboundi, Inc.
|Transmission line adapter and system
|18 May 2010
|25 Nov 2010
|Greenlane Investments Llc
|Multi-Medium Signal Transmission System and Method
|1 Oct 2010
|5 Apr 2012
|Digi International Inc.
|Devices, systems, and methods for configuring a wireless device
|19 Aug 2011
|15 Nov 2012
|Entropic Communications, Inc.
|Moca-wifi multiplexing
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|13 Jan 2005
Owner name: WAYNE-DALTON CORP., OHIO
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Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:WAYNE-DALTON CORP.;REEL/FRAME:025237/0889
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prints, spring prints, flower prints, magenta prints, vivid prints, color prints, red prints, open prints, edition prints, museo prints
"Spring" print by Charles Muhle. Ships within 3 - 4 business days and arrives rolled in a tube. Choose from multiple print sizes, papers, mats, and frames.
All prints ship in durable cardboard tubes.
Fine Art America is one of the largest, most-respected giclee printing companies in the world with over 40 years of experience producing museum-quality prints. All of our prints are produced on state-of-the-art, professional-grade Epson printers.
We use acid-free papers and canvases with archival inks to guarantee that your prints last a lifetime without fading or loss of color. Paper prints include a 1" white border around the image to allow for future framing and matting. Canvas prints include a 2.5" white border to allow for future stretching on stretcher bars.
Prints ship within 3 - 4 business days in durable cardboard tubes.
Spring flowers in Taos New Mexico ----- Open Edition 13" x 19" Crane & Co. Museo� Max� 100% rag FineArt Matt 250 gsm, 100% Cotton, white, mould-made printed with eight colour archival dye ink. Signed. Shipped: Taos Crating LLC
Charles seeks to capture the complete range of light, taming highlights and illuminating shadows to render bold saturated colors in the Southwestern tradition. Fifty years of film and darkroom.Now fully embracing digital photography. Shooting exclusively in RAW and developing with the RAW Converter offering the ultimate Image Quality and Color: He has lived in and photographed the Rocky Mountain west for over forty years always using Nikon cameras. His artwork has been featured on CD albums and websites Contact for more information and use. His degree is in Fine Art and Architecture from NYU. Studied photo composition at the Museum of Modern Art. He lives in Taos New Mexico All of his work is...
Our return policy is very simple:
If you're not happy with a purchase that you made on FineArtAmerica.com, for any reason, you can return it to us within 30 days of the order date. As soon as it arrives, we'll issue a full refund for the entire purchase price. Please note - Fine Art America does not reimburse the outgoing or return shipping charges unless the return is due to a defect in quality.
Fine Art America sells thousands of pieces of artwork each month - all with a 100% money-back guarantee.
If you've hesitated to purchase artwork online in the past, why not give us a try? You have nothing to lose!
We take great pride in the fact that 337,294 artists have chosen Fine Art America to fulfill their orders, and we look forward to helping you select your next piece!
Customer Service: 877-807-5901
(Call Any Time - 24 Hours Per Day)
All prints ship from our production facility within three business days of your order.

subset: commoncrawl


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Stennis Space Center Celebrates 40 Years of Rocket Engine Testing
Image above: The first S-II-T booster to be tested at Stennis Space Center
is installed on the A-2 Test Stand. Image credit: NASA
On April 23, 1966, the morning silence was broken by an earth-rattling roar that swept southern Mississippi and Louisiana into the Space Age.
That roar was the sound of the first rocket engine static test-firing at what is now NASA's John C. Stennis Space Center. The S-II-T tested April 23, 1966, was a cluster of five J-2 engines, the second stage of the Saturn V moon rocket.
When President John F. Kennedy made his historic 1961 announcement that the United States would put humans on the moon by the end of the decade, the plan called for a place to test the huge rocket engines.
On July 20, 1969, just three years after that first test, Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walked on the lunar surface, safely transported 238,857 miles by the 36-story Saturn V rocket, whose boosters were tested and proven flight-worthy in Hancock County, Miss.
Ten Apollo missions were successfully launched by the engines tested at Stennis Space Center.
Mississippi's influential Sen. John C. Stennis, for whom the center is named, supported the selection of his home state as the place to build the test facility. The site's water access was essential for transporting large rocket stages between the manufacturing plant at Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans, Stennis Space Center, Marshall Space Flight Center and Kennedy Space Center. The nearly 2,000-mile trip took the barges up and down the Tennessee River, the Mississippi River, the Atlantic Coast and across parts of the Gulf of Mexico.
The vast tracts of densely-forested land around the Hancock County site provided a natural acoustical buffer zone to shield surrounding communities from the rumble of the engine tests. That 125,000-acre buffer zone is now considered a national asset.
"Stennis is the last place in the country where we can test large engines or whole rocket stages," said NASA Administrator Michael Griffin during a recent visit to the center.
At the time the Mississippi Test Facility (as it was then called) was built, it was the largest construction project in Mississippi and the second largest in the United States.
Begun in May 1963, construction was complete and the center operational for rocket engine testing less than three years later, a phenomenal engineering feat.
Image above: The first static test firing of the S-II stage
of the Saturn V moon rocket at Stennis Space Center
began at 7:33 a.m. April 23, 1966 and lasted 15
seconds. Image credit: NASA.
Stennis tested each of the F-1 rocket engines that powered the first stage(S-IC) of the 364-foot-tall Saturn V launch vehicle for the Apollo missions. The F-1 measured 19 feet tall, produced 1.5 million pounds of thrust and weighed 10 tons. The dual-position test stand built to accommodate the mammoth vehicle measured 264 feet tall with an overhead crane reaching more than 300 feet. The stand remains one of the tallest structures in Mississippi.
When the five-engine cluster of F-1 engines was test-fired for the first time March 3, 1967, windows shattered in nearby communities. The engines gave the booster a total thrust of 7.5 million pounds, taking the vehicle to a height of about 36 miles and to a speed of about 6,000 mph.
Stennis Space Centers vital role in proving the worthiness of the engines that propelled the Apollo program spawned the adage: If you want to go to the moon, first you have to go through Hancock County.
The center's primary mission of testing the Saturn V rocket for the Apollo program continued until the early 1970s, when its facilities were modified to test the space shuttle's main engines. Since then, all the space shuttle's main engines have been tested and proven flight-worthy at Stennis Space Center.
With its state-of-the-art test facilities, Stennis Space Center is also testing components for future-generation launch vehicles, maintaining a crucial role in the life cycle of NASA's propulsion systems. The center will continue to play a vital part in the nation's bold new mission to replace the space shuttle with a new spacecraft and its vision to return to the moon before the end of the next decade, paving the way for eventual journeys to Mars and worlds beyond.
Existing facilities at Stennis Space Center will play a key role as the new vehicles are developed. The stands where NASA tested the Apollo rocket stages and that launched our first journeys to the moon will be called upon for the next era of space exploration.
For more information, visit www.nasa.gov/centers/stennis/home/index.html.
Source: NASA - Humans In Space -Getting Into Space


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It is a true pleasure for us, the tarp-to-bag and clothing-to-hummus transformers, to participate in this year's Vienna Biennale under the theme "Ideas for Change".
On September 29, FREITAG and the DESIGN NITE guests were changed forever in a performative evening event with food and drink. If you missed this life-changing shindig but still fancy a change of scenery: Our installation "The Permanently Residue-less Change" and the F-ABRIC pop-up store in the MAK DESIGN SPACE will be open until November 8, 2015. Come and have a look – we've got many Viennese delights!
As you all know, the winning design in our 2015 DESIGN-A-TRUCK Contest is called "I Love Truck Machine" and was created by Hélène Crochemore. The tarp will be driven all over Europe on a 40-tonne truck belonging to Swiss transport company PLANZER until around 2020, when we'll cut it up and turn it into bags. (To find out where the truck is right now, click here).
Needless to say, we had to give 'our' truck a fitting send-off. So on September 10, 2015, the Bros. and the designer ceremonially baptized the tarp, "Freunde des Dschungels" sang its praises and all the friends of the truck and bags celebrated and drank to its success. Many thanks for showing up. See more pictures on our Flickr account.
Our bast fiber revolution in denim is finally ready for everyday wear. The revolutionary cotton-free denim weighs just 495 grams per square meter and has been transformed into straight-cut, seamless five-pocket jeans that will withstand a great deal of beating before they land in the compost bin and decompose completely. The E500 MALE DENIM in DARK BLUE or BLACK is available now – girls, women and ladies have to wait until October. Take a look for yourself here.
«Concentrate!» That's the mantra the new F551 SALLY handbag impresses on its owner through metaphysical reality and, above all, automatically, on a daily basis. SALLY encourages the young, urban individualists who carry it to let go, jettison ballast and concentrate on carrying just 13 liters of the things that make up their lives. A zip protects contents from straying hands while all their most important stuff is stored safely and easy to find in the inner pockets.
July 31, 2015 – FREITAG STORIES
The new pop-up store at Dijital Fix in San Francisco has recently been home to the largest array of R.I.P. specimens in North America. Over 700 unique items will be available in the Valencia Street store until January 17 next year. But if California is too far away for you, here are a few pictures.
July 20, 2015 – FREITAG STORIES
On June 18 Ingrid Thurnher spoke at the FREITAG Store Vienna about «Gesprächsführung».
(Lecture in german)
The successful lecture series from REPORTAGEN and FREITAG about the most fascinating aspects of journalism continues. Upcoming events on September 24, 2015 in Zurich an on November 5, 2015 in Frankfurt. Please register in advance.
Impressions of past events can be found here.
FREITAG and Swiss conceptual artists Frank and Patrik Riklin aka Atelier für Sonderaufgaben are recalling worn and loved FREITAG bags. They will be rerecycled to a truck tarp. And then rererecycled to absurd new products which money can't buy. Instead they will be available for use in exchange for «unusual actions».
To get informed about the entire absurd development process and be the first to see what comes out of it, visit the «Carte Blanche» exhibition at MUDAC in Lausanne on October 28, 2015.
The F-crew always thinks and works in cycles. Of course, that doesn't meant that we're just a group of flowery hippies that spends our days giving a new lease of life to old things. Sometimes, we set out to be winners. Like last Wednesday, when a group of F-country managers, F-store team leaders and other biking enthusiasts descended on the velodrome in Oerlikon.
Here are the results.
Winner of the derny KO race: start number 9, Yvan
Winner of the Oerlikon track stand competition: start number 33, Alex
Quickest lap: Dave
Well done to the winners and congratulations to everybody that took part!
P.S. The fact that none of the F-crew won has, of course, nothing to do with ability – we're all about letting our F-riends go first.
At the FREITAG factory, the fact we aren't bound by the constraints of seasonal collections isn't to imply that summer leaves us cold. All it means is that our new F-ABRIC summer T-shirt is just as good for winter and will end up in the compost only after many seasons' wear. Unfortunately, the new E330 FEMALE SCOOP NECK is available only for women, but in three new colors.
There's no need for us either to develop everything from scratch the way we did with our textiles, which are 100 % compostable and grown and produced in Europe. For our new T-shirt, all we had to do was find the perfect V neckline and cut it out of our jersey fabric.
Tote bags with long handles have always been simple and elegant. However, they can also be quite dangerous – you may have heard the story of a friend that tried to cycle home after a few beers with their tote bag dangling from the handlebars. It's not a happy ending. But there's a silver lining to everything and in this case, it's the fact that accidents and emergencies seem to bring out the best in FREITAG bag inventors. All it took was the simple addition of a carabiner strap to catapult the classic tote bag, unchanged for decades, to a new level of functionality. F261 MAURICE & F262 JULIEN can be worn as a backpack for safe cycling, wild gesturing and boisterous hugging.
The new 9.5-liter tote with simple interior compartment and rucksack-style strap.
Select your F261 MAURICE
The new 17-liter tote with simple interior compartment and rucksack-style strap.
Select your F262 JULIEN
In summer, it's not only the days that are long: the summer parties last even longer. No wonder, when it's as hot as it was last Saturday. Thanks for partying with us!
Nowadays, the question of white collar or blue is of secondary importance. For us, it simply has to be 100% compostable. And in the case of our new shirt, it's not just the collar but the entire shirt, made of our newly developed CHAMBRAY fabric.
The new FEMALE & MALE SHIRTS are available online and in stores. Moreover, our E720 MALE T-SHIRT is now available in TEAL and DARK RED too.
Our 100% compostable textiles conquer Paris: F-ABRIC is available at the mecca of good taste aka Centre Commercial. What better reason to celebrate?
Trucks tend to be pretty rectangular. And that's why the new, further improved F303 HAZZARD is still pretty rectangular: after all, they've got a lot in common. Rectangular shapes have proved to be the obvious choice for transalpine and transurban forms of transport: they simply hold more than anything else. The padded F303 HAZZARD business rucksack comes with a new zipper stopper, additional zip for direct access to your laptop and a new handle on top. Making it the smartest choice of backpack for bike-riding urbanites getting their laptops from A to B for years to come.
For the 56th International Art Exhibition in Venice, we're looking beyond the packaging – even as a bag and case manufacturer, we're more interested in the content. Which is why we designed our durable F-ABRIC tote bags for guests of the Swiss Arts Council Pro Helvetia. The tote bag is 100% biodegradable, which means it can be thrown in the compost bin after a long life, leaving Biennale visitors with just lasting memories of the exhibition's profound content. If you weren't fortunate enough to receive one of the limited edition of 400 bags, you can still be part of the scene with these images from the opening party of the Swiss Pavilion in F-ENEDIG (german for Venice). Or you can discover our 100% biodegradable and 100% biennable material at our Venetian retailer, Tonolo Selezioni - artfully transformed into work pants, work dresses and T-shirts.
Everyone has their own idea of the perfect timeout. For some, it's adventure off the beaten path, as far away as possible from all-in package tours. Others need a minimum of comfort if they are to recharge their batteries. There's no way you can possibly combine the two: apart from the luggage, of course. With the F512 VOYAGER, we have created a totally individual, all-inclusive travel companion. It's an easy-to-carry, rugged cabin-size rucksack made of recycled truck tarps. And the cool thing is that it's unique. So, you'll immediately recognize it as your own on all the luggage racks and baggage conveyors in the world.
April 23, 2015 – FREITAG FUNDAMENTALS
Even our smallest *Recycled Individual Product is big on functionality. It even has a hook where you can hang your keys simply in or on the bag, or attach them to a belt loop where you'll find them again in no time. Thanks to this practical feature, F531 ARCHER is the perfect keychain for disorganized urbanites and janitors with a weakness for design.
Time for more compost heaps in Milan: F-ABRIC is now available at Ermanno Lazzarin's legendary clothing store ERAL55. And here are some snapshots of the celebration to mark the launch of our 100% biodegradable trousers and t-shirts in Milan.
After nearly seven years in the pan-European open-air mobile museum, the winning tarp of the 2008 DESIGN-A-TRUCK contest is back – freshly re-contextualized as a special F702 MIAMI VICE Design-A-Truck limited edition. 31 amazing one-offs are available at the regular price in the online store and can be purchased freely and democratically – no bulk buying allowed! Good luck with getting your hands on one of these amazing one-offs.
Despite our total commitment to all things tarp, we are sometimes inspired by other things. Take our colleague and designer Leandro for example, who moved to Dakar with his friend Dario to customize wooden surfboards with local craftsmen. In the workshop where our craftsmen usually run their blades lovingly along used truck tarps, Leandro & Dario treated us to an evening of soup and beers. Find out more about how you can support their crowdfunding project here.
16 years ago we opened the very first FREITAG store in Davos at 1,560 meters above sea level. The place with the blue-yellow emblem is also the home of the world's first t-bar skilift and is currently celebrating the arrival of its first winter guests in the year 1865.
With 150 bags we toast to 150 years of snow, ski and après ski holidays! The blue-yellow special edition is exclusively available at the Davos store and in the lower country F-Stores in Zurich, Hamburg and Shibuya.
The summer sun is dawning. We warmly recommend our super-practical and super-spacious sports bags F45 LOIS and F46 CLARK to all those who sense an urge to do some sports. Optimally tailored to all urban dwellers with their individual BMIs and every type of sporting activity. And if it doesn't fit, it will be made to fit, as our new Deconstruct-It-Yourself-Video reveals.
Presently the Tokyo Opera City Art Gallery is honoring Swiss Design and we are utterly delighted to take part in the exhibition. We're not quite sure though if the force that inspired the exhibition really flowed from the 150 years of Swiss-Japanese diplomatic relations, or in fact from our 18 years of Amour F-ou with our beloved Japanese F-ans.
Swiss Design Exhibition
Saturday, 17.01.2015 – Sunday, 29.03.2015
Location: Tokyo Opera City Art Gallery


text:
Men's Basketball
Liberty's new 60,000-square-foot Academic and Performance Center (APC) will integrate study areas with state-of-the-art rehabilitation and strength and conditioning facilities. > Read More
LFSN's Alan York caught up with head coach Ritchie McKay and sophomore A.C. Reid on Tuesday. > Read More
Today, we continue the One-on-One series with assistant coach Brad Soucie, who has served on Ritchie McKay's staff every day of his head coaching career. > Read More
For the next several weeks, LibertyFlames.com will showcase video interviews with Liberty's men's basketball coaching staff. > Read More
Former Liberty men's basketball forward Antwan Burrus will enter his second professional season after recently signing with Juventus Salto in Uruguay. > Read More
Liberty has been named the winner of the Big South Conference's annual Institutional Sportsmanship Award for the 2014-15 athletic season, the league announced Tuesday. > Read More
The Liberty men's basketball team heads to Cancun, Mexico on Tuesday, competing in the first of two neutral site games in the Cancun Challenge. > Read More
More Headlines
Full Schedule
More Recaps
©Copyright 2015 Liberty University. All rights reserved.


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Hi, I have set up a number of campaigns on my wordpress site for my domain. I have created these with RSS addresses. The addresses I have attached have recent posts on them, however when I try to post backdated posts on my domain, nothing appears. What could be the problem?
Thanks in advance.


text:
Since it's launch in 2007, Roth AV has established itself as one of the most innovative and exciting brands in the audio industry. We're a British company - based just outside London - with all product designs being implemented and driven by our UK based team.
June 2015
April 2015
March 2015


text:
Create a free account to check out faster, store multiple shipping addresses, view and track your orders in your account, and much more.
Please enter your password to continue.
This is by far one of my favorite companies and one of my favorite products by this company. This stuff is incredible. Not only does it smell like heaven but it makes your skin feel refreshed and vibrant. This is perfect for a quick pick me up or just to refresh your makeup a bit. I don't think I could live without this product!5
I like this tonic for the fact that it does what it says it will, it refreshes and tightens pores (which is the reason I bought it) though I don't really enjoy the tea tree oil smell. That being said I also bought Jurlique Rosewater for the aromatic therapy it gives that's lacking in this one. I'll still be purchasing both.5
I bought the travel size just to see if it really it was worth the hype. my favorite bloggers who actually have combination/oily skin are bragging about this spray. I'm sorry if I'm too honest but I don't understand all the hype about it if you have oily skin. I do think this will work for dry to normal skin, because it gives you a nice glow. But for me it made my skin "oily"glowing and that's not what I was looking for. Until now I haven't noticed breakouts yet. Other thing the scent reminds me of bathroom product. Thank God I used my Birchbox points and I bought the travel size. I will still keep using this one for my skin care regimen but not for my makeup.2
My skin is oily/combination and I used this mist during winter time, when skin can get a bit dehydrated.
It doesn't work, smells bad and leaves skin super oily. I saw no improvements on my face, just worsened my already enlarged pores. Maybe it can be ok for someone with dry skin. But if your skin is oily or combination, stay clear of it.


text:
Cheap stocks with upward potential
Women are better investors than men
Join the NASDAQ Community today and get free, instant access to portfolios, stock ratings, real-time alerts, and more!
Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc. (
) will begin trading ex-dividend on July 09, 2013. A cash dividend
payment of $0.25 per share is scheduled to be paid on August 15,
2013. Shareholders who purchased MMC stock prior to the ex-dividend
date are eligible for the cash dividend payment. This represents an
8.7% increase over the prior quarter. At the current stock price of
$40.95, the dividend yield is 2.44%.
The previous trading day's last sale of MMC was $40.95,
representing a -1.75% decrease from the 52 week high of $41.68 and
a 30.33% increase over the 52 week low of $31.42.
MMC is a part of the Finance sector, which includes companies
such as Aon plc (
) and Catamaran Corporation (
). MMC's current earnings per share, an indicator of a company's
profitability, is $2.24. Zacks Investment Research reports MMC's
forecasted earnings growth in 2013 as 13.09%, compared to an
industry average of 18.8%.
For more information on the declaration, record and payment
dates, visit the
Dividend History
Interested in gaining exposure to MMC through an Exchange
Traded Fund [ETF]?
The following ETF(s) have MMC as a top-10 holding:
The top-performing ETF of this group is KLD with an increase of
7.33% over the last 100 days. It also has the highest percent
weighting of MMC at 2.92%.
Enter up to 25 symbols separated by commas or spaces in the text box below. These symbols will be available during your session for use on applicable pages.
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text:
Book Launch: Kevin Avruch, Chris Mitchell, Solon Simmons, Alicia Pfund, Landon Hancock
Ph.D, Anthropology, 1978, University of California San Diego
M.A, Anthropology, 1973, University of California San Diego
Ph.D., Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
M.A., Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Ph.D, 1966-71, University College, London
B.Sc(Econ), International Relations, 1963-66, University College, London
October 2, 2013 5:30PM through 8:00PM
Please join S-CAR for an evening to recognize Kevin Avruch, Solon Simmons, Alicia Pfund, Christopher Mitchell and Landon Hancock for their recent books. Reception will begin at 5:30, followed by discussion of each of the books at 6:00pm.
Wednesday, October 2nd
Metropolitan Building, Conference Room 5183
Refreshments and appetizers will be served
Context and Pretext in Conflict Resolution: Culture, Identity, Power, and Practice
By Kevin Avruch
The Eclipse of Equality: Arguing America on Meet the Press
By Solon Simmons
From Conflict Resolution to Social Justice: The Work and Legacy of Wallace Warfield
By Alicia Pfund
Local Peacebuilding and National Peace: Interaction Between Grassroots and Elite Processes
Christopher Mitchell and Landon E. Hanckock
Conflict Resolution and Human Needs: Linking theory and practice
By Kevin Avruch and Christopher Mitchell
- Dissertation Defense -Roland Wilson: The Nexus between U.S. Foreign Policy and Conflict Resolution or Protraction: The case of North Korea - (Roland Wilson)
- Dissertation Proposal Defense- Molly Tepper: Formulating Just Societies via Identity Security: Policy Analysis - (Molly Tepper)
- Dissertation Defense - Jay Filipi: OMAHA, NEBRASKA, Woodstock for capitalists: an urban tragedy of the post-industrial Midwest - (James Filipi)
- Reducing Racial Stereotyping and Violence by Police: The Victimization of Roma People in Europe - (swessler)
- Dialogue and Difference Series: Conflicts & Their Effects: Migrants, Refugees, & Internally Displaced Persons - (pmaulden)


text:
realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Jewish Bereavement Tisha Bav
A selection of articles related to jewish bereavement tisha bav.
Original articles from our library related to the Jewish Bereavement Tisha Bav. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Jewish Bereavement Tisha Bav.
- Judaism: An Overview
- Judaism, the fundamental religion of the Jews, is the oldest and purely monotheistic religion of the world.
Religions >> Judaism
- Yom Kippur
- Yom Kippur is the day when God handed to Moses the second set of the Ten Commandments. This occurred after the completion of the second 40 days of guidance from God.
Religions >> Judaism
- What is Kabbalah
- Kabbalah can be interpreted and explained in different ways. Kaballah is quite difficult to categorize since its philosophy cannot be verified and not based on historic fact.
Mystic Sciences >> Symbology
- Looking For The Hub Of The Sacreed Wheel: Part 1
- It is often said that all paths are like spokes on a wheel. We start at the rime and follow a spoke to the hub of central truth from which all paths arise and to which they all return. Those of you who've been following my articles should also know that to a...
Religion & Philosophy >> Religions
- Tiwaz
- Welcome to Tyr's Aett, the third and final aett (group of eight) of the Elder Futhark. Tiwaz is the name of this aett's first rune in reconstructed Common Germanic. Its name became first Teiws in Gothic, then later Tiw or Tiu in Anglo-Saxon and Tyr in Old...
Divination >> Rune Stones
- Pagan Roots of the Bible
- "The Bible is the innerrent word of the living God. It is absolutely infallible, without error in all matters pertaining to faith and practice, as well as in areas such as geography, science, history, etc. Jerry Falwell I have heard this assertion...
Saga of Times Past >> History & Anthropology
Jewish Bereavement Tisha Bav is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Jewish Bereavement Tisha Bav books and related discussion.
Suggested Pdf Resources
- Parshat Ekev 5768
- This Shabbat is one of the special weeks of nechemta, comfort, that follow Tisha b'Av, the primary day of communal. Jewish mourning.
- ajws.org
- Torah Reflections on Parshat - Bay Area Jewish Healing Center
- Aug 9, 2008 directly before Tisha b'Av, the ninth day of the Jewish month of Av, the primary day of communal Jewish mourning.
- www.jewishhealingcenter.org
- BIMA Newsletter: Week 3 BIMA Video and Photos Arts Majors
- www.brandeis.edu
- Laws of Tisha B'av
- LAWS OF TISHA B'AV. Tisha B'av is a day of Jewish mourning.
- yisi.org
- www.hillel.org
Suggested Web Resources
- Tisha B'Av – Jewish Holiday of Tisha B'av? - About Judaism
- Tisha B'Av is a Jewish day of mourning - and a fast day - that commemorates the destruction of the two Temples.
- judaism.about.com
- Eikev - American Jewish World Service
- This Shabbat is one of the special weeks of nechemta, comfort, that follow Tisha b'Av, the primary day of communal Jewish mourning.
- ajws.org
- Religion: Tisha b'Av - TIME
- For the first time in history, Christian ministers participated last week in observing the solemn Jewish day of mourning, Tisha b'Av.
- www.time.com
- Tisha B'Av, A Jewish Day Of Mourning
- TISHA B'AV, A JEWISH DAY OF MOURNING. "How deserted lies the city, once so full of people!
- www.churchisraelforum.com
- Wholeness of a Broken Heart - My Jewish Learning
- This Shabbat is one of the special weeks of nechemta, comfort, that follow Tisha B'Av, the primary day of communal Jewish mourning.
- www.myjewishlearning.com
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Jewish Bereavement Tisha Bav Topics
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text:
Warning: this trailer (by a Rethinker) may leave you nauseous.
The waves that Alex Beker captures are mini, but they're also mighty.
A book that teaches you to sleep more (and how not to multitask).
A video store clinging to existence, and why we should support it.
Fifty years of artwork from the comic (in 25 fabulous books).
This isn't an average picnic basket, it's a whole dining experience.


text:
I'm getting the following error:
Array (
[0] => Missing table 'TEST_USERS'. If running from a test you may need to add 'app.TEST_USER' to the fixtures array. See output
below for more details.
[1] => Array
[className] => TESTUSER
[table] => TEST_USERS
[code] => 500
The table does not exist.
The table should not exist.
I grepped my code and found no reference to TEST_USERS, TESTUSERS or TEST.USERS.
I do have a table called USERS_TEST.
Can I get some trouble shooting hints?


text:
Create a free account to check out faster, store multiple shipping addresses, view and track your orders in your account, and much more.
Please enter your password to continue.
This stuff is awesome!! I can't believe I waited so long to buy it. This shadow is very pigmented, the colors are all amazing on my fair/light skin (even the dark shades!), and they blend SEAMLESSLY. I also like that the shades are not all just "brown," some are more purple-hued, some have undertones of green, some of pink, some of gold. The shades are more versatile in my opinion than in any other comparable Nude palette. The only reason I'm giving it 4 out of 5 stars is that the brush it comes with is a little cheap (I just use my own), and that the price is slightly higher than what I'd like to pay. But definitely use your Birchbox points to buy this set!!4
The eyes shadow itself is just so-so. The amount that is in that great looking packaging is minimal. When you dip your brush too much of the eye showed powders up and ends up off to the side of that great looking packaging. Your going to go through it fast. The bush it comes with isn't so great either. It kills the shadow. I use my Mac brush. They spend more on the great packaging then the product and for $36.00. NOT worth it.2
This palette is perfect. (Can I just say first that theBalm packaging is always first rate? Because it is. I want to work for those people in their package design department.) :D Now, we all know that fancy packaging can often hide disappointing products, but I have never, ever found that to be the case with theBalm. I was a little worried that I wouldn't be able to use anything but the lightest colors on a daily basis, but I found that while these are super pigmented, even the darkest shades will go on light if you just want to add a touch of depth to your look. These go with almost anything and I love that I don't have to think too much about matching tones when I'm bleary eyed and half awake before work in the morning. There's also a good mix of light shimmer vs. matte shades. Large palettes tend to turn me off for the most part because even if I like the colors only about half of them ever really work for me or my wardrobe. But good nude shades? Those are and will always be classic.5
I had been looking for a nude palette and finally decided on this one. I love the design of it, with the drawings of the "naked" ladies on the inside. And I love every single one of these colors! They are easily blend-able and the shimmery colors are not overly glittery. They last all day with a primer and have very little fallout. I use this palette every day for my day-work look and I love it. I am so glad I opted for this one. The only negative is the brush that comes with it; it is pretty much useless.5


text:
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2 years +
This numbers learning puzzle by Melissa & Doug includes a puzzle board with the numbers 0-9 wooden pieces with pegs.
Develops skills: counting, numbers, concentration, manipulative skills
by Jessica G
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text:
Royalty Free Music Unique To Your Project - Every Time
Royalty Free Music — Unique To Your Project – Every Time
Try SmartSound's Award Winning and Patented Technology Yourself
New Royalty Free Music Search
Or Browse By (Click to add multiple browse filters)
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Currently Browsing — Film Trailer Epic Strata Series Suspense
Royalty Free Music Search Results (You are in TRACK VIEW. Switch to ALBUM VIEW)
The following tracks match: Film Trailer, Epic, Suspense
Dawn of DoomPulsating percussion, deep choir and rising strings brings tension and excitement to your story, evoking action and suspense along the way.https://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/STRATCOB_200.jpgSingle69803-ST$ 39.9569803-EX$ 69.9569803-W$ 149.95Production Types: Film Trailer, Video Games, Epic, Horror, Suspense Genre: Orchestral Keywords: Driving, Ominous, Brooding, Dramatic, Intense, Powerful, Sinister, Suspenseful, Tense, Chase Instrument: Orchestra, Instrumental
Dawn of Doom from the album Core Beyond
Ultimate WillThis iconic cinematic-sounding score will enhance the dramatic action happening on screen. Featuring woodwinds and celesta.https://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/STRATBS_200.jpgSingle68609-ST$ 39.9568609-EX$ 69.9568609-W$ 149.95Production Types: TV/ Film Drama, Cinematic, Film Trailer, Epic, Suspense, Action-Drama Genre: Orchestral, Noir Keywords: Mysterious, Dramatic, Haunting, Incessant, Mystical, Serious, Sinister, Somber, Suspenseful, Action Instrument: Orchestra, Instrumental
Ultimate Will from the album Beauty & Strength
Gotham Under SiegeLike a racing heartbeat, the pounding percussion in this piece will keep the anxiety level in your film at a maximum. Gorgeously dark and ominous, this is the ideal soundtrack for a final confrontation, when all the chips are down.https://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/strata18_200.jpgSingle51806-ST$ 39.9551806-EX$ 69.9551806-W$ 149.95Production Types: Film Trailer, Video Games, Epic, Suspense Genre: Orchestral Keywords: Mysterious, Ominous, Atmospheric, Bold, Brooding, Powerful, Serious, Suspenseful, Tense, Heavy Instrument: Studio Orchestra, Instrumental
Gotham Under Siege from the album Theatrical Impact
The following tracks match: Film Trailer, Epic
Positive Energyhttps://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/STRATPWP_200.jpgSingle7100067-ST$ 39.957100067-EX$ 69.957100067-W$ 149.95Production Types: Commercials, Corporate, Indie Film, Nature, News, Film Trailer, Epic, Corporate Communications, Product Videos Genre: Rock, Indie Rock, Alternative Rock, Rockin, Pop Rock Keywords: Driving, Energetic, Exciting, Positive, Uplifting, Inspirational, Atmospheric, Bold, Competitive, Confident, Heroic, Hypnotic, Incessant, Inspiring, Majestic, Motivating, Powerful, Triumphant, Hopeful Instrument: Bass (Electric), Drums, Guitar (Electric), Piano, Strings, Instrumental, Guitar
Positive Energy from the album Power Play
OceansBubbling with discovery, this expansive orchestral piece will take your viewer to magical places far and wide.https://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/STRATBFA_200.jpgSingle68905-ST$ 39.9568905-EX$ 69.9568905-W$ 149.95Production Types: Documentary, Nature, Film Trailer, Epic Genre: Orchestral Keywords: Dramatic, Heartwarming, Serene, Drama, Hopeful, Angelic, Emotional, Poignant Instrument: Orchestra, Instrumental
Oceans from the album A Breath Of Fresh Air
Braving The ElementsWith deep brass, string melodies and woodwinds, this juxtaposing harsh yet delicate piece can evoke positivity, strength yet also delicateness.https://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/STRATBS_200.jpgSingle68601-ST$ 39.9568601-EX$ 69.9568601-W$ 149.95Production Types: TV/ Film Drama, Cinematic, Film Trailer, Video Games, Epic Genre: Orchestral Keywords: Driving, Competitive, Dramatic, Fierce, Heroic, Intense, Powerful, Drama Instrument: Orchestra, Instrumental
Braving The Elements from the album Beauty & Strength
Epic FantasyDark, brooding and intense, this theme will add suspense and nuance to your visuals. Armies marching and villains plotting help aid the description of this tune.https://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/STRATBS_200.jpgSingle68602-ST$ 39.9568602-EX$ 69.9568602-W$ 149.95Production Types: TV/ Film Drama, Cinematic, Film Trailer, Video Games, Epic, Action-Drama Genre: Orchestral, Noir Keywords: Ominous, Brooding, Dramatic, Haunting, Pensive, Serious, Somber, Emotional, Fantasy Instrument: Orchestra, Piano, Instrumental
Epic Fantasy from the album Beauty & Strength
Heroic OvertureIf you're facing dangerous obstacles or trying to escape, this is the theme that will fit your adventure. Features a full orchestra with frenzied passages.https://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/STRATBS_200.jpgSingle68603-ST$ 39.9568603-EX$ 69.9568603-W$ 149.95Production Types: TV/ Film Drama, Cinematic, Film Trailer, Epic, Action-Drama Genre: Orchestral Keywords: Energetic, Exciting, Competitive, Dramatic, Fierce, Heroic, Intense, Tense, Drama Instrument: Orchestra, Instrumental
Heroic Overture from the album Beauty & Strength
JeremiadThis classical orchestrated tune works best for historical visuals, palace music or playful romantic scenes.https://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/STRATBS_200.jpgSingle68604-ST$ 39.9568604-EX$ 69.9568604-W$ 149.95Production Types: TV/ Film Drama, Documentary, Film Trailer, Epic Genre: Romantic, Orchestral Keywords: Bold, Dramatic, Heartwarming, Heroic, Intense, Melancholy, Reflective, Sad, Drama, Mellow, Emotional, Poignant Instrument: Orchestra, Flute, Instrumental
Jeremiad from the album Beauty & Strength
Kingdom HeartsA beautiful violin melody leads this lovely light-hearted track, which may take your adventure across the high seas or the green countryside.https://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/STRATBS_200.jpgSingle68605-ST$ 39.9568605-EX$ 69.9568605-W$ 149.95Production Types: TV/ Film Drama, Cinematic, Film Trailer, Epic Genre: Romantic, Orchestral Keywords: Exciting, Heroic, Light, Hopeful, Emotional, Poignant Instrument: Orchestra, Instrumental
Kingdom Hearts from the album Beauty & Strength
Choose your license:
|Customizable with Sonicfire Pro and Quicktracks
|Personal and professional use
|Promote a product or service
|Use on my own website
|Videos created for a third party
|Use on my clients website
|Monetized videos on YouTube, Vimeo, Facebook, Etc.
|Display at Film Festivals
|Display in theaters
(one theater)
(unlimited theaters in one country)
|Assign Distribution Rights
|DVDs & Downloads
(up to 2000)
(up to 10000)
|In mobile apps
|Local TV/radio broadcasting (includes advertising)
|National TV/radio broadcasting (includes advertising)


text:
I'm trying to attach a custom keyboard to a UITextField, and the keyboard would respond to different view orientations (landscape, portrait, etc). In short, the issue is that while the keyboard does show up, when responding to view orientation when I rotate the device, the dimensions of the keyboard is all messed up, and I'm not quite sure how to set the keyboard frame/bounds correctly. Hope someone here can give me a hand!
Here is my design:
The keyboard is built from a subclass of UIViewController (from xib). There are two views: landscapeKeyboardView and portraitKeyboardView.
The keyboard is attached to the UITextField through the property "inputView".
The rotation of the keyboard view is done in the function:
if ((toInterfaceOrientation == UIInterfaceOrientationLandscapeLeft) || (toInterfaceOrientation == UIInterfaceOrientationLandscapeRight))
self.view = self.landscapeKeyboardView;
}else if((toInterfaceOrientation == UIInterfaceOrientationPortrait) || (toInterfaceOrientation == UIInterfaceOrientationPortraitUpsideDown))
self.view = self.portraitKeyboardView;
The rotation does occur, but the view dimension is all messed up after the rotation. I have also tried to manually set the frame or the bounds of the view of either self.view or landscapeKeyboardView or portraitKeyboardView, and none of them seemed to solve the problem.
Does anyone know how to work around this issue? Or is there a much better design pattern for custom keyboards?


text:
Auto Repair Experience
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Message from the Shop
At West Coast Tire and Service we are your "Complete Car Care Center". We offer the largest inventory of tires in West LA. If we don't have what you need in stock, we can get what you need within 24 Hours. We carry a variety of Michelin, Goodyear, Bridgestone, and Pirelli tires, as well as many other brands.
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This score measures the experience, tenure, training, and certification of the customer service representatives, as well as how their customers grade them on overall experience, fair pricing, on-time completion of repairs, and whether or not they felt pressured into additional repairs.
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Parts & Labor Warranty
This is the minimum warranty the shop offers on parts and labor for all repairs.


text:
Product Details
Chevy Tahoe 2000-2006, Smoke Euro Headlights with Amber Reflectors by Spyder®, 1 Pair. Improve your vision and your vehicle's appearance with these bolt-on headlight assemblies. The clear lens and multi-faceted reflector will provide brilliant illumination for safer driving at night, and the custom headlight housing will give your ride an exclusive, unique look. Meets all federal regulations for street use. Alternative Part Number: 5064257.
Improved illumination
Clear lens and multi-faceted reflector for sparkling illumination that increases driving safety
Unique, custom styling
Creative light and reflector layout for a distinctive look
Direct bolt-on replacement
Designed to be an exact replacement for your factory lights; most lights come with detailed installation instructions
Premium quality
Thoroughly tested to ensure operation and completely sealed to prevent moisture from being trapped insideimages/spyder/headlights/info/sae-approved.jpg
After many years and miles driven, the headlights on the average car or truck have been dimmed by abrasion from road debris, and yellowed and discolored from the sun and elements. If this sounds like the lights on your vehicle, you could replace them with lights from the dealer, and pay dearly to look the same as every other model, or you could save some cash and get a unique custom look at the same time with Spyder Euro Headlights.
Spyder headlights are price competitive with original equipment parts, and they're made to exactly replace your factory headlights, but that's where the similarity ends. Spyder stylists custom design the headlights for each application, for an exclusive appearance unlike anything else on the road. And the clear lens and multi-faceted reflector will ensure that the illumination they provide meets or exceeds the OEM units. Just by replacing your old, dim headlights you'll gain a safer, more pleasurable driving experience, and give your vehicle an appearance makeover that will result in head turning looks.
Every Spyder headlight undergoes a rigorous testing and quality control process before it leaves the factory. All wiring is tested to make sure the light is completely functional, and the housing is sealed with high quality silicone to ensure that no moisture can become trapped inside. Please check your state regulations to make sure whether smoke lights are street-legal. Most Spyder headlights come with detailed instructions to guide you through an easy installation. They're backed by a limited 90-day warranty against defects in materials and workmanship.85.05Brand: Spyder Part Number: HD-JH-CSIL99-SM UPC: 847245064257 This part is compatible with 18 vehicle(s)
Spyder Auto® is an automotive styling and performance accessories supplier based in City of Industry, California. The company has been serving the automotive industry for nearly a decade, during which time they have consistently outpaced the competition by offering products with cutting edge design and class leading performance, manufactured to the highest quality standards. Their performance lighting provides unparalleled styling with the latest performance advancements including projector beams, LEDs, and Halos, and they also offer an extensive selection of conventional and OE style lighting. From stock replacement to the most elaborate custom creation, all are price competitive with OEM light units, making Spyder the affordable alternative that delivers more style, performance, and quality while leaving more cash in your pocket.Product Reviews (16)
Every Customer can leave a review about our service and the product that was purchased. In order to leave your review for your new product, please follow the link in the email you receive after completing your purchase. You can rate appearance, ease of installation, price/value and product quality.Spyder® - Smoke Euro Headlights with Amber ReflectorsAverage Rating: 4.6 of 5APPEARANCEEASE OF INSTALLATIONPRICE/VALUEQUALITYShow Next 10 All Spyder Reviews(4)APPEARANCEEASE OF INSTALLATIONPRICE/VALUEQUALITY2004 Chevy Suburban | Posted by Zachary | (Sammamish, WA)
They looked great, but didn't fit.Was this review helpful for you? YesNoShare this review:(5)APPEARANCEEASE OF INSTALLATIONPRICE/VALUEQUALITYSmoke Euro Headlights2000 Chevy Tahoe | Posted by Roger | (Tappahannock, VA)
Great buy.Was this review helpful for you? YesNoShare this review:(5)APPEARANCEEASE OF INSTALLATIONPRICE/VALUEQUALITY2000 Chevy Tahoe | Posted by Ricky | (Canyon Country, CA)
Product is as promised , transaction went well good shipment speed and very helpful installation videos, thank you.Was this review helpful for you? YesNoShare this review:(5)APPEARANCEEASE OF INSTALLATIONPRICE/VALUEQUALITY2002 Chevy Silverado | Posted by Jimmy | (Yukon, OK)
They look great and installation was easy. They both had broken brackets when I received them. I waited an extra week to receive them so I didn't want to bother trying to send them back and wait for more. I modified the adjustment bracket with some parts off of my old lights to make it work. Not sure if it was the delivery truck that broke them or not. I got them on and am very happy with the way they look.Was this review helpful for you? YesNoShare this review:(4.3)APPEARANCEEASE OF INSTALLATIONPRICE/VALUEQUALITY2001 Chevy Silverado | Posted by Mitchell | (Bethune, SC)
Great looking productWas this review helpful for you? YesNoShare this review:(5)APPEARANCEEASE OF INSTALLATIONPRICE/VALUEQUALITY2006 Chevy Tahoe | Posted by Liam | (Cochrane, AB)
I am very pleased with this lenses due to the fact I bought 10k hid's for them and they haven't melted. Rather easy to install, only had one malfunction with the signal fitting, but was an easy fix.Was this review helpful for you? YesNoShare this review:(5)APPEARANCEEASE OF INSTALLATIONPRICE/VALUEQUALITY2006 Chevy Tahoe | Posted by Lakeylshi | (Eutaw, AL)
Love the product.Was this review helpful for you? YesNoShare this review:(4.5)APPEARANCEEASE OF INSTALLATIONPRICE/VALUEQUALITY2000 Chevy Silverado | Posted by Michael | (Omaha, NE)
Great buy. Looks good and is easy to install! Took a little more than 15 minutes to install and adjust.Was this review helpful for you? YesNoShare this review:(5)APPEARANCEEASE OF INSTALLATIONPRICE/VALUEQUALITY2002 Chevy Silverado | Posted by Elizeu | (Winnipeg, MB)
I'm very happy with this product. It gave my truck a new and sharp look.Was this review helpful for you? YesNoShare this review:(5)APPEARANCEEASE OF INSTALLATIONPRICE/VALUEQUALITY2002 Chevy Silverado | Posted by Felipe | (Laredo, TX)
Very good product.Was this review helpful for you? YesNoShare this review:
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Product Reviews (16)
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