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http://fcs.sagepub.comResearch Journal Family and Consumer SciencesDOI: 10.1177/1077727X08330671 23, 2009; 2009; 37; 422 originally published online Feb Family and Consumer Sciences Research JournalOlena Nesteruk, Loren Marks and M.E. Betsy Garrison Education in the United StatesSpecial Feature: Immigrant Parents' Concerns Regarding Their Children'shttp://fcs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/37/4/422 The online version of this article can be found at: Published by:http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences can be found at:Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal Additional services and information for http://fcs.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Email Alerts: http://fcs.sagepub.com/subscriptions Subscriptions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.navReprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.navPermissions: http://fcs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/refs/37/4/422 Citations at SAGE Publications on September 28, 2009 http://fcs.sagepub.comDownloaded from
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422Immigrant Parents' Concerns Regarding Their Children's Education in the United StatesOlena NesterukMontclair State UniversityLoren MarksLouisiana State UniversityM. E. Betsy GarrisonLouisiana State University Agricultural CenterA growing body of research suggests that as immigrant families assimilate into U.S. culture, their children's academic achievements and aspirations decline. This article explores possible reasons for this finding from the perspective of immigrant parents from Eastern European countries whose children attend U.S. schools. In-depth, qualitative interviews are conducted with 50 married mothers and fathers who hold professional-status employ-ment. The data are analyzed using open and axial coding approach and three central, recurring themes emerge: (a) Parental Influences: "Education is a must. . . . The sky is the limit"; (b) The Educational System: "Parental guidance and resources are required"; and (c) Sociocultural Influences: "Everything here is about making money. . . . But what about our children?" Supporting, illustrative narratives are presented in connection with each theme to explain the perspectives of these immigrant parents on their children's schooling in the United States, and to add other tentative factors for further research into the decline of the children's academic achievement and aspirations with longer residence in the United States. Implications for family and consumer scientists are presented.Keywords: acculturation and academic achievement; Eastern European immigrants; immigrant children and educationWith a continuing flow of immigrants from diverse backgrounds to the United States, researchers are paying closer attention to the effects of assimilation on edu-cational achievements of immigrant youth. In the context of an increasingly global economy and declining wages for workers without college education, academic achievements of immigrants have far-reaching consequences for their future well-being (Gans, 1992; Kaushal, Reimers, & Reimers, 2007; Suarez-Orozco & Suarez-Orozco, 2007). A growing body of research suggests, however, that as immigrant families assimilate into the U.S. culture, negative changes occur in the academic performance of immigrant youth and children of immigrants. With longer residence in the United States and in successive generations, English-language skills tend to improve whereas work habits and scholastic performance and aspirations decline (Caplan, Choy, & Whitmore, 1991; Jensen & Chitose, 1997; Kao & Tienda, 1995; Matute-Bianchi, 1986; Rumbaut, 1995, 1997; Steinberg, Brown, & Dornbusch, 1996).Authors' Note: Olena Nesteruk, PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the department of Family and Child Studies at Montclair State University. Loren D. Marks, PhD is an Associate Professor at Louisiana State University. M. E. Betsy Garrison, PhD, is a Professor at Louisiana State University Agricultural Center. Please address correspondence to Olena Nesteruk, Family and Child Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043; e-mail: email@example.com. First author is deeply grateful to the indi-viduals who participated in the study and shared their time and experiences without monetary compen-sation. I also want to thank Helena Stadniychuk for help in recruiting participants, Pris Ashworth for using her red pen, and Megan Toomey for her invaluable help with the production of this article.Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, Vol. 37, No. 4, June 2009 422-441DOI: 10.1177/1077727X08330671© 2009 American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences at SAGE Publications on September 28, 2009 http://fcs.sagepub.comDownloaded from
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Nesteruk et al. / IMMIGRANT PARENTS' CONCERNS 423There are a few studies that have begun to examine the processes behind the erosion of human capital, but no definitive answers are available. In addition, extant studies primarily focus on the two largest immigrant groups, those from Latin America and those from Asia. Little research has been done with the less visible but substantial population of immigrants from Eastern Europe, which increased six times after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the fall of the Communist regime in Eastern Europe (Robila, 2007). Many of today's immigrants from Eastern Europe are young, college-educated people searching for economic opportunities that the disintegrated economies of the former communist states do not provide (Ispa-Landa, 2007; Roberts, Clark, Fagan, & Tholen, 2000). Although the participants of the present study are highly educated, overall Eastern European immigrants in the United States have higher educational attainment than immi-grants from other regions and occupy professional positions (Gold, 2007; cf. Nesteruk & Marks, 2009). In addition, although we know much about the experi-ences of lower income immigrants, we know much less about immigrants in the professional ranks and their families, even though about one third of all legal immigrants to the United States hold professional occupations (Rumbaut, 1997).The current research is focused on those who belong to both of these understud-ied groups: immigrants from Eastern Europe who are also in the professional ranks. This article addresses this group's reports and reflections about the educa-tion of these immigrants' children in the United States. Through doing so, it seeks to provide a deeper, "insider's" look into the processes of acculturation. We also consider possible explanations regarding the relationship between longer resi-dence in the United States and declining academic achievement for children of immigrants.ChILdREN Of IMMIGRANTS IN U.S. SChOOLS: NEw OPPORTUNITIES, NEw ChALLENGESAs pointed out by Suarez-Orozco and Suarez-Orozco (2007), immigrants' edu-cational outcomes are not very easily generalized and are as varied as their diverse backgrounds. Although many children of immigrants outperform their native-born peers and are valedictorians and recipients of prestigious scholar-ships, many other children of immigrants struggle at school and drop out at high rates. At the same time, two trends emerge from recent studies and will be juxta-posed in this review of literature: (a) initial academic success and (b) long-term academic decline among immigrants.Initial Academic Success Among Immigrant StudentsHard work and determination to succeed have always been among the major strengths and resources of many immigrant groups (Bush, Bohon, & Kim, 2005). Comparing grades, achievement test scores, and college aspirations, the initial trend is that immigrant and second-generation students (native-born children of immigrant parents) generally score higher academically than U.S.-born students of U.S.-born parents (Rumbaut, 1995). As evidenced by a longitudinal nationally rep-resentative study, recent immigrants are also less likely to drop out of high school than students born in the United States (White & Glick, 2000). These studies find at SAGE Publications on September 28, 2009 http://fcs.sagepub.comDownloaded from
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424 FAMILY AND CONSUMER SCIENCES RESEARCH JOURNALthat under the same conditions of low socioeconomic status and disrupted family structure, recent immigrants are more likely than their U.S.-born counterparts to stay in school. Studies also show that immigrant children tend to dedicate more time to homework and, despite slightly lower reading scores, have slightly higher grades than their counterparts of the same ethnicity in U.S.-born families, at least through middle school (Hernandez & Charney, 1998; Portes & Rumbaut, 2001).Familial social capital and highly adaptive achievement-oriented attitudes and behaviors were found to contribute to immigrant youth's academic success, which is especially impressive among immigrant students who escaped impov-erished and war-torn circumstances. In a two-year study of Punjabi Sikh immi-grants in California's high schools, Gibson (1988) demonstrated that Punjabi immigrant students often outperformed both majority and long-established minority students because they accommodated without assimilating. Although these students learned English, followed American customs at school, and selec-tively adopted "the good ways of the Americans," thus accommodating the dominant group in some ways, they maintained a strong sense of cultural iden-tity and cohesion. Similarly, children in Southeast Asian refugee families have often demonstrated high academic achievement. Their success has been attrib-uted to the maintenance of cultural values and family practices that include "hard work, education, achievement, self-reliance, steadfast purpose, and pride" (Caplan et al., 1991, p. 139). In most of these families, educational achievement is emphasized whereas television viewing is strictly limited. Children often devote 3 hr to homework each evening, with older siblings tutoring those who are younger. As a result, older children benefit from reviewing school materials. Parents are actively involved in the lives of their children through reading, telling stories, and providing constant encouragement, monitoring, and support (Caplan et al., 1991). Other studies similarly found that retention of the original cultural patterns and ethnic identities were advantageous to the academic success and human capital of children of immigrants (Matute-Bianchi, 1986; Zhou & Bankston, 1996).Among other explanations for the academic success of recent immigrants are the self-selection factor, parental optimism, and "dual frame of reference"—found in immigrants across nationalities and socioeconomic circumstances. First, in terms of self-selection, voluntary international migrants tend to be predisposed and motivated to adapt well to the host country (Portes & Rumbaut, 2001). Second, despite the probability of being nearer to the bottom of the socioeconomic ladder, immigrants tend to be optimistic about the future of their families and children and tend to expect upward mobility; often they see this self-fulfilling prophecy realized. Such parental attitudes influence their children's academic success and are valuable resources for immigrant students (Kao & Tienda, 1995). Furthermore, many immigrants benefit from a cross-cultural perspective or "dual-frame of reference in comparing their current circumstances with those in their homeland" that enable them to draw from the coping strategies of multiple cul-tures when challenges arise (Suarez-Orozco & Suarez-Orozco, 2007, p. 245).In summary, research indicates that hard work, determination, collectivistic family values, cultural strengths, retention of ethnic identity, parental involve-ment, and optimism are all protective factors that contribute to initial academic achievement among the children of immigrants. We now turn to a body of litera-ture that is less encouraging. at SAGE Publications on September 28, 2009 http://fcs.sagepub.comDownloaded from
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Nesteruk et al. / IMMIGRANT PARENTS' CONCERNS 425Long-Term Academic decline Among Immigrant StudentsAlthough children of more recent immigrants are influenced by their parents' proeducational views and motivation (Duran & Weffer, 1992), across time and generations, the immigrant family strengths previously discussed appear to wane in influence. The process of assimilation into American culture and increased residence in the United States has been linked to a decrease in academic achieve-ment and aspiration among immigrant children, and with overall decline of well-being (Hernandez & Charney, 1998; Suarez-Orozco & Suarez-Orozco, 2007).In a study of more than 5,000 eighth- and ninth-graders who were immigrants or children of immigrants, Rumbaut (1997) found that "over time and generation in the U. S., reading achievement test scores go up, as does the amount of time spent watching television, but the number of hours spent on homework goes down, as does GPA" (p. 33). Steinberg and colleagues (1996), who found similar results in their national study of more than 20,000 adolescents, note that the longer an immi-grant family has lived in the United States, the more its children begin to resemble the "typical" American teenager, who spends more time hanging out with friends, dating, and being among "peers who value socializing over academics" and who is "academically indifferent, or even disengaged" (p. 99). Thus, the more immigrant students "Americanize," the more they adopt a lax attitude toward education. Although this finding of declining academic achievements and aspirations across time and generation has been corroborated by other researchers (e.g., Caplan et al., 1991; Jensen & Chitose, 1997; Kao & Tienda, 1995; Matute-Bianchi, 1986; Rumbaut, 1995; Sue & Okazaki, 1990), few studies investigated why this is the case.Thus, given immigrants' initial academic achievement, why is there a subse-quent academic decline, particularly in light of increased language ability? Waters (1997) inquires, "What are the particular social factors that dissipate social capital of the immigrants over time?" (p. 80) and suggests: (a) weakening of ties between immigrant parents and their children and isolation of nuclear families once in the United States, (b) decreased parental supervision because of long work hours, (c) conflict between immigrant and American disciplinary practices and subsequent erosion of parental authority, (d) residential concentration of immigrants in the inner city with poor-quality neighborhood schools, and (e) racial discrimination and related pessimism about future success. Although Waters's study provides valuable insights into the risk factors for academic achievement and aspirations among immigrants from the Caribbean residing in New York, it is important to explore reasons for academic decline among other immigrant groups as well. For example, what factors play a role among more educated populations of immi-grants (e.g., immigrant professionals) who possess more resources and thus are able to place their children in better neighborhoods, schools, and after-school pro-grams? Does the process of erosion of human capital have similar characteristics for White ethnic groups who, because of skin color, do not face the additional challenge of race-based discrimination?The research we present in this article (a) describes how parents, who are immi-grant professionals from Eastern Europe, perceive education and their children's experiences with the educational system in the United States and (b) offers expla-nations why there is a relationship between longer residence in the United States and declining academic achievement for children of immigrants. To explore these issues, a qualitative approach was chosen and used. at SAGE Publications on September 28, 2009 http://fcs.sagepub.comDownloaded from
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426 FAMILY AND CONSUMER SCIENCES RESEARCH JOURNALMEThOdQualitative research methods can facilitate the study of culturally diverse fami-lies in the context of their social environment (Sherif Trask & Marotz-Baden, 2007) and allow one to paint a vivid picture of a family by presenting narratives that capture the insights, meanings, conflicts, emotions, and motivations of its members (Ambert, Adler, Adler, & Detzner, 1995). Asking research participants open-ended questions gives them a "voice" to describe their lived experience of immigration and parenting (Sussman & Gilgun, 1997). The purpose of the larger study from which these data are drawn was to examine the experiences of immigrant profes-sionals from Eastern Europe raising children in a new sociocultural environment of the United States (Nesteruk, 2007), a topic that lends itself to symbolic interaction-ism. Thus, consistent with symbolic interactionism theory (LaRossa & Reitzes, 1993), we were not looking for objective facts but rather were interested in how participants construct their own realities, interpret their new circumstances, and make meanings of their experiences of parenting during and after immigration.data CollectionThe participants for the study were recruited through a combination of news-paper advertising, personal contacts of the first author, and snowball sampling. The criteria for participation were (a) first-generation immigrants from Eastern European countries, (b) married couples with children, (c) a professional occupa-tion for at least one of the spouses, and (d) a minimum length of residency in the United States of 5 years to ensure familiarity with U.S. culture. We purposively sampled because of gaps in the literature regarding both highly educated immi-grants and immigrants from Eastern Europe. The first author conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews with 50 participants. Half of the interviews were con-ducted in person and half over the phone (with out of state participants). Prior to the interview, each participant signed a consent form and filled out a demo-graphic information sheet. Interviews typically lasted about 60 minutes and were recorded. Although attempts were made to recruit couples, it proved difficult due to participants' busy schedules. Overall, there were 16 couple interviews and 18 individual interviews, mostly with mothers.Interview QuestionsThe participants were asked 20 open-ended interview questions related to top-ics of adaptation to the host country, changes in the family as a result of immigra-tion, participants' perceptions of the differences of raising children in their countries of origin and in the United States, the adjustments they had to make in a new context, education and language issues, relationships with children and conflict, and cultural identity and acculturation. One of the interview questions directly asked parents for their explanations to the following question: "Researchers have found that longer residence in the U.S. and the second generation status are connected with declining academic achievements and aspirations among chil-dren. Why do you think that happens?"The theme of education also emerged in the process of the interviews, often in response to the following questions: (a) What are your goals for your child(ren)? (b) What are the benefits and the challenges of having your children grow up in at SAGE Publications on September 28, 2009 http://fcs.sagepub.comDownloaded from
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Nesteruk et al. / IMMIGRANT PARENTS' CONCERNS 427this country? (c) What adjustments did you have to make as a parent in the United States? and (d) How would you say American culture influences your family? The participants' responses to these interview questions provided additional insights into the unanswered question of students' declining academic achievement over time and generations in the United States. Although education was not the pri-mary focus of the first author's larger initial study, the participants' narratives and commentary on the topic were sufficiently prevalent and salient to warrant an entire study on education.data AnalysisFollowing verbatim transcription, interviews were analyzed consistent with grounded theory methodology (Strauss & Corbin, 1998). Open coding and axial cod-ing were performed to identify the most salient and frequently mentioned themes. Open coding is a process of identifying and developing concepts in the interview data (Strauss & Corbin, 1998). We used a combination of line-by-line and sentence or paragraph coding. We then continued with axial coding that allows for making connections between categories. Numeric content analysis of the coding concepts was performed for each interview, resulting in a notecard with an at-a-glance sum-mary of the concepts that occurred most frequently (Marks, Nesteruk, Swanson, Garrison, & Davis, 2005). Summary notecards from the interviews served as a useful tool for across-interview coding. After close examination and scrutiny, the concepts were narrowed to a manageable number. In the end, the most salient and frequently mentioned concepts and themes in the interview data were identified.ReflexivityResearchers' experiences influence data collection, analysis, and interpretation (Patton, 2002; Sussman & Gilgun, 1997). In the spirit of self-awareness, we report that the first author is an Eastern European immigrant (from Ukraine) and is a married mother. Her insider status as an immigrant professional and parent facilitated recruitment of the participants and helped them feel more comfortable when discussing their experiences. The second and third authors are also married parents but are both U.S. natives and provided contrasting and complementary perspectives.description of ParticipantsFifty immigrant parents from the following Eastern European countries were interviewed: Romania (14), Russia (14), Ukraine (12), Bulgaria (5), Poland (1), Belarus (2), and Bosnia (2). These families had resided in the U.S. between 5 and 21 years (M = 14 years), in various regions and states. Fathers were between 34 and 56 years old (M = 41), mothers were between 31 and 50 years old (M = 40). In total, participants had 66 children (half girls and half boys); slightly over half of all children were born in the U.S. Children's ages ranged from infants to 26 years old (M = 11 years). Participants were highly educated and overrepresented in STEM disciplines (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics). Half of the participants had PhDs (all but two terminal degrees were obtained inU.S.universities), 2 MDs, 17 MBA/MA/MS/MSW, 5 BSs, and 1 had a high school education. Employment at SAGE Publications on September 28, 2009 http://fcs.sagepub.comDownloaded from
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428 FAMILY AND CONSUMER SCIENCES RESEARCH JOURNALincluded: university (18), industry/business (17), medical field (3), non-profit organizations (2), self-employed (5), stay-at-home mother/student (5). Average family income - over $100,000.1fINdINGSAll of the participants discussed the importance of education, both on a per-sonal level and as parents. Their perspectives will be presented in Theme 1, titled Parental Influences: "Education is a must. . . . The sky is the limit." Participants' explanations related to a connection between longer residence in the United States and declining academic achievements and aspirations among children of immi-grants will be discussed in Theme 2 (Educational System: "Parental guidance and resources are required.") and Theme 3 (Sociocultural Influences: "Everything here is about making money. . . . But what about our children?").Theme 1. Parental Influences: "Education Is A Must. . . . The Sky Is the Limit"Based on the parents' responses, the most important goal they have for their children is to get a good education. As these immigrant professionals continu-ously emphasized, education was intrinsically important for them growing up in Eastern Europe. Subsequently, these parents' core concern as they raise their families in the United States is that quality education must remain central in their children's lives. These parents do not view education solely, or even primarily, as a means to establish a "career and be successful" professionally and financially. As they explained, the significance of quality education for these parents is at least as tied to seeing their children become "a good person" with a sense of purpose, "to find[ing] his place in life," and to leading "an interesting life [surrounded by] interesting people." Fathers, like these two, stated:Boris:2 In the old [communist] system where we come from, good education was every-thing! It was a big goal. Our goal for kids is to get a good education.Vladimir: We put all [our] efforts for them to have a good life, and it is not possible with-out good education. Education is a great emphasis in our family, with my son and with my daughter, both. We try to give them all opportunities to improve and to go further.As we proceed, we will see that the "good life" described by Vladimir is not sim-ply one of monetary success. Under the communist regime, the rewards of educa-tion and professional status in Eastern Europe "were cultural rather than financial," because some manual jobs were much better paid than "teaching and medicine" (Roberts et al., 2000, p. 69). Based on participants' reports, much of the parents' motivation for desiring education for their children relates more to per-sonal development than it does to finances.Eva: The goal is to have [our son] educated and to make a good person of him. All we do is to give him some direction, to make him a good person, not just [to say], "Go, make money."Oleg: Education is a means of establishing your life, not only financially or materialisti-cally, but basically in a very broad [but rich] context.The majority of the parents in the study said they immigrated to the United States because it allowed them to continue their scientific research and provide for their at SAGE Publications on September 28, 2009 http://fcs.sagepub.comDownloaded from
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Nesteruk et al. / IMMIGRANT PARENTS' CONCERNS 429families; there were both personal–intrinsic and pragmatic–financial reasons for their decisions. The disintegrating socialistic economies of Eastern Europe failed to provide good jobs for most of its scientists, thus leaving their skills unused. After the fall of the Communist regime in Eastern Europe and the collapse of the Soviet Union, many people used their newly acquired freedom of movement to leave homelands torn by socioeconomic crisis and high unemployment rates (Lobodzinska, 1995; Roberts et al., 2000; Robila, 2004, 2007).Although education did not always or typically "pay" in the former Soviet bloc, the immigrant parents in this study found that education and aptitude in the "hard" sciences like physics, chemistry, engineering, mathematics, biology, or medicine does pay in terms of salaries and job availability in the United States. They therefore view these occupations as "safe," and fully intend to steer their children toward them—parents' motivations are certainly financial as well, at least in part. Daniel explained:I will encourage [my daughters] to become whatever they want: a medical doctor, or a physicist, or a mathematician.Another couple from Ukraine who both work in the chemical industry "expect certain things," such as having their now-4-year-old son to become an engineer. A similar push toward technical occupations can be found in the research with Asian immigrant parents, who do it to offset future discrimination (Li, 2001; Sue & Okazaki, 1990).When asked whether their goals for the children would be different if they had stayed in their home countries, participants unanimously answered "No." In their view, goals regarding quality education for their children are based on core values that did not change as a result of immigration. However, a key difference lies in the pathways through which educational and occupational goals can be reached. One parent summarized: "There are much more opportunities and options [in the U.S.]." The following quotes similarly illustrate the unbridled optimism of the first-generation immigrant parents interviewed.Eva: The sky is the limit. Definitely, this country is that good. What is on that road depends on you, how strong a person you will become [depends on you]. [In the U.S.], opportunities for our son are way better than in our country. We came here to give him more choices than one. In [Bosnia], plenty of young people are smart . . . but they don't have jobs. We do not want that [to] happen to him.Ovidiu: The goals [for our children] would be the same. But there are more opportunities to achieve them here. Compared to Romania, they will have more opportunities, because of the way the society is here. . . . In Romania, there is more corruption, less economic development, less opportunity to get into a good university. Here, they can live their life how it is supposed to be lived, without making compromises.It is noteworthy that these parents (who are well-paid professionals) are in a par-ticularly advantageous position to help their children succeed academically. They are aware that their family's educational and financial situation provides an array of opportunities that are not available to many other U.S. families, including most immigrant families. A mother named Galina, a university professor, explained:[T]here are much more opportunities here. There are opportunities, probably not for everybody, everywhere, like if you do not have any money and you are in a bad place and you are stuck with a bad school. But for people like me who have [a] certain at SAGE Publications on September 28, 2009 http://fcs.sagepub.comDownloaded from
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430 FAMILY AND CONSUMER SCIENCES RESEARCH JOURNALincome and education, I think [our son] has more choices. If I do not like the public school, I can afford to send him to private school. I can afford to spend time with him because my job will allow me [to]. I can afford to have a tutor so that [my son] can have everything.Galina's reference to families who "do not have any money and . . . are in a bad place and . . . stuck with a bad school" summarizes the plight of many immigrant families. However, in spite of their financial and occupational advantages, Galina and the other immigrant parents interviewed are frustrated with the quality of education. Factual or not, in their perception, the quality of education in the United States is low (especially in middle and high schools), as described in the next theme—a theme that captures some explanations regarding children's academic decline, in spite of the parents' decidedly proeducation views and available resources.Theme 2. Educational System: "Parental Guidance And Resources Are Required"Despite their optimism about opportunities for their children in the U.S. in gen-eral, many immigrant professionals are not pleased with the quality of the United States' educational system, especially in middle and high schools. The participants perceive that U.S. secondary education has weak curricula and low expectations, especially in mathematics, physics, and chemistry. Schools in Eastern Europe, at least in the past, were known for their rigor, intensity, and solid academic core (Ispa & Elliott, 2003; Postlethwaite, 1988). At the time when study participants were in secondary school, schools offered uniform opportunities regardless of the socio-economic status of the students. In contrast, in the U.S., immigrant parents encoun-ter an array of public and private schools that offer widely differing qualities of education. Other significant cultural differences were apparent to our participants, as described below.First, many of the parents emphasized that elementary schools make learning fun and engaging, and that there is an effort to give their children individual attention and to help build children's self-esteem and confidence. Because immi-grants from Eastern Europe grew up under the Communist regime, which stressed the collective over the individual, they appreciate the individual-friendly environ-ment in the U.S. (Nesteruk & Marks, under review). Snezhana: When we were growing up Bulgaria, we were one of the class. I remember teachers always telling me – you are not special, you are just one of the group, you are nothing. This was part of the socialism, the idea that you grow up as a part of the collective. I grew up with an idea that I`m a number, I`m not special, I don`t have any special skills. Larisa, who had similar experience growing up in Russia, juxtaposed her expe-rience with that of her child's U.S. education and shared her appreciation for it. There is a lot of thinking that goes on [in U.S. school]. It`s very free form, relaxing and fun, whatever job you did, the teacher will say "good job," "you tried hard." So there is a lot that goes into nourishing self-respect, building confidence, and [building] a healthy individual.However, many participants reported that this focus on self-esteem can become excessive. One parent shared a story how her son's teacher praised their 4th grader for being "wonderful" at cutting shapes and being able to use scissors, at SAGE Publications on September 28, 2009 http://fcs.sagepub.comDownloaded from
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Nesteruk et al. / IMMIGRANT PARENTS' CONCERNS 431while the parent wanted to know what she and her husband could do to help him get better at multiplying numbers. She reported that she had to listen for half an hour about how "valuable her son was to the class," while all she wanted was to get honest feedback and constructive criticism from the teacher about her son's academics. This example illustrates different expectations on the part of teachers and immigrant parents, and also reflects a commonly reported communication dif-ficulty that stems from cultural differences with respect to straightforwardness. A teacher's reluctance to offer constructive criticism may be confusing to some immi-grant parents, discouraging further communication. Another parent explains:We were having communication difficulty with the teachers. I`m trying to get the message across, but they are not getting it. They are stunned when I say, "Okay, I get it – all is wonderful, but tell me what the problems are and what we should work on with my child." And they are not used to the straight conversation, they don`t like it. So, they keep telling the kids that they are unique, and this is a problem. What this mother, and other parents, mean by "problem" is that children may get used to invariably positive feedback and "expect to have their ego stroked" all the time. Parents are worried that this pattern may damage their children's moti-vation to truly excel (Nesteruk & Marks, under review). As children move on to the higher grades, parents report feeling that not enough is done to utilize the children's potential and advance their academic skills. Parents of older children in the study are unpleasantly surprised to learn that chemistry and physics classes do not start in seven grade, as they do in Eastern Europe. Many are also displeased that the level of mathematics is not high. In addition, they discover that children actually have a choice regarding what classes to take, and often homework is not required. This is a radically dif-ferent system compared to what the parents experienced. In short, the excessive freedom and the lack of a standardized curriculum reportedly make many parents uncomfortable. In their view, U.S. school curricula are inferior to those of their native countries and some consider the U.S.`s poor pre-university education to be a disadvantage of immigration. Especially parents of older children feel "alarmed" that their children are not being challenged enough at school. A father from Romania explained,Daniel: The kids are much smarter and have much more potential than teachers here challenge them [to develop]. From 5th grade to high school here teachers just ask them to repeat what they've done in the second grade, add numbers, [do a] few frac-tions, and so on. They don't challenge them at all. But kids have the ability to absorb a lot of information, and the communist system gave it. [In contrast, teachers in Romania] probably even put too much knowledge into kids' heads. They may have overdone it, but nevertheless the challenge was there. I'm very afraid that my daugh-ters will spend between 5th grade and 12th grade [in American schools being bored] when they [should be] developing their minds! That's something that scares me.As the last quote illustrates, participants acknowledge that there may have been excesses in the curriculum they themselves experienced. Scholarly assess-ments indicate that many Eastern Europeans schools may struggle with curricu-lum overload that may alienate students (Ispa & Elliott, 2003). Despite the potential downside of a demanding curriculum, several participants appreciated that it provided a strong intellectual challenge. They also suggested that the lack at SAGE Publications on September 28, 2009 http://fcs.sagepub.com Downloaded from
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432 FAMILY AND CONSUMER SCIENCES RESEARCH JOURNALof challenge in U.S. schools had negative effects on their children, one of which was boredom. George: The problem we have with the school system is that we don't see it [as] chal-lenging enough. We have a lot of days when our son comes back from school more rested than he was in the morning! He has so much energy, as if he went and took a nap, and this year he told us that he gets bored at school. He finishes every assign-ment way before the other kids. A mother in another family said that her son had an aptitude for science and math, but was "not engaged" and "not challenged enough." At 12 years old, he rebelled and every morning was whining, "I don`t want to go to school, it`s boring there, there is nothing for me to do there, I`m bored." His parents sent him to private school with a more challenging curriculum. They report that since the change, they have not heard him complain about school. Several parents in the study reported going to school and asking teachers to challenge their children more, "to give them extra work." Doing extra work and taking advanced classes helped some families solve the problem. Other parents were dissatisfied with the response they received from teachers who, as one par-ent claimed, "are only worried about getting good average grades for the entire class and don`t care if they lose advanced kids along the way." Below is a related story from a mother of two who works as a computer scientist.[I observed a class] during Education Week, when parents are allowed. They were doing additions in second grade, and were asked to do additions up until 20, so kids make their own examples. They do 3+2, 11+5, whatever. The teacher checks for work, and comments, "Good job, Johnny," "Great job, Mary." And there is a boy [from an immigrant family] who added something like 345 plus 786 and got the answer. The teacher looks at that and says, "Okay, but I asked you to add up to 20. I need a calcu-lator to check that." And she walks away from that child! No encouragement, no "That's great Johnny, you went beyond what was required!" Nothing! She was just annoyed that she needed a calculator to check his answer, and pretty much scolded him - don't stick out. I felt bad for him! I saw my son in this boy.Considering the perceived lack rigor of curriculum, as well as teacher-related obstacles, many parents report that they "have to compensate [for] the system, and it takes a lot of effort," including time, money, knowledge, and discipline. While some parents in the study were content with advanced and "gifted" classes their children took in public schools, others chose private education that report-edly provides a "strict regiment of homework and assignments." Still others were not sure that private school education was better than public, because "you pay money and teachers sell you a product and try to keep you happy." Several par-ticipants reported tutoring their children at home after work. This is not an easy thing to do: coming home after a day of work and having to make a "grumpy teenager see that he has much to learn" is hard. One couple from Poland is an example of parents who utilize all the resources they can afford—private school, tutors in several subjects, music lessons, and clubs to give the best and most well-rounded education to their children. We cannot [change this educational system], so we pay top dollar to send both of our children to private school. I am also taking my son to the physics club taught by another immigrant father who started this club with several other immigrant parents at SAGE Publications on September 28, 2009 http://fcs.sagepub.comDownloaded from
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Nesteruk et al. / IMMIGRANT PARENTS' CONCERNS 433who were not happy with the education and wanted their kids to learn more. We are doing it for the second year, but there is some reluctance there because this is not part of the school requirement, and no other kids at school are doing it. So, these children are hesitant and unwilling to participate. They don't see the connection [to their future success]. Parents in the study spoke about a need to be committed to go against the flow and to challenge their children's understandings of what is really "cool" and help them resist peer pressure that values socializing over intellectual knowledge. They stated how they try to motivate their children, emphasizing the connection between their hard work now and future success. Oleg, a university professor and father of two, explained: "Although we may not know what our kids want, we know what we can do in order for them to come to the point where they should be." Patricia, a mother of two and an engineer in the computer industry, spoke about globalization and competition in a "shrinking" world:I know that my kids and other kids are competing against immigrants like myself. So although this school district may be the best, I don`t care about it. They will be competing with kids from Mumbai, or China, or from somewhere else. There is no end to the human talent there. It is as simple as that—children have to be ready to compete. And this is what we do as parents now. Three participants with older children proudly shared that their children graduated as valedictorians, and went to prestigious universities. Upon gradua-tion, some had multiple job offers. Other parents in the study may have had less success to report for many reasons, one being that as immigrants they had to spend a lot of energy ensuring that they completed their own graduate degree and found a job. Overall, the narratives of immigrant parents revealed that they had to learn to navigate an unfamiliar educational system. They had to stay involved, motivate their children to work hard, and find their own ways to give their chil-dren a better education and a better life. Theme 3. Sociocultural Influences: "Everything here Is About Making Money. . . . But what About Our Children?"In the two previous themes, we have seen that education has a high value for these immigrant professionals. These parents face new challenges in the host coun-try that reportedly make it "harder and harder to motivate" their children aca-demically. What are these challenges and messages in the United States that may be undermining children's academic achievement and motivation? First, from the parents' perspective, education is not valued as much in the United States as it was valued in their countries of origin. In Eastern European countries, education (as a highly desired and vital goal) was supported and promoted on all social levels, including family, school, community, and national levels (Bronfenbrenner, 1970; Pearson, 1990; Roberts et al., 2000; Robila, 2004). However, in their new social envi-ronment these parents are confronted by what they call powerful "undermining" influences from mass media and a "culture of celebrity obsession."Valentina: I think most of [the] children [in the United States] are getting confused with the media reports that [imply], "You don't have to be educated . . ." This culture of celebrity obsession, [where] you don't have to go to college to make money, just at SAGE Publications on September 28, 2009 http://fcs.sagepub.comDownloaded from
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434 FAMILY AND CONSUMER SCIENCES RESEARCH JOURNALlook at those Hollywood movies. That's a wrong message sent by the media and by the society. In Russia, the tradition was to have an education, it was prestigious.The parents in this study grew up in a closed society that was tightly controlled by the communist government. Communist morality prescribed citizens to put the collective interest above personal concerns and urged citizens not to concern themselves with material possessions (Ispa & Elliott, 2003). In the "old" system neither parents nor children were "trained to be consumers by advertising" (Pearson, 1990, p. 82). Although the parents in our study were not socialized to be ad-driven consumers, their children have been, creating something of a genera-tional break—a break that bleeds into both the relative value of education and the reasons why education is valued.Immigration to the United States involves a transition to living in a democratic state and a free market economy where the dollar rules. Although these parents embrace and welcome many American freedoms and opportunities—indeed they immigrated, in some measure, because of these open doors—they are also con-fronted with the negative aspects of relatively unlimited freedom, television, advertisement, and the cumulative influence of these factors on their children. One father portrayed this challenge as follows:I don't like the pressure that comes from the media that is put out here. It is not con-trolled, and probably should be not controlled in a democracy or free state, but eve-rything here is about money, and making money, and being rich. [Marketers] want everything to be commercial, to overcommercialize all the aspects of the life. And [what about] our children? You see, we did not grow up in this kind of environment where everything was for sale, and [the goal was] to make money, and [for] the child to grow up with the idea that this [item or product] is fashionable, and this is what was shown on TV, so I should buy that. [There is an] overcommercialism in all aspects of life in the U.S. [They tell you that what matters is] looking good . . . if you don't look good, you have to [buy their products] because television [is] projecting into the kids' mind[s] the idea that you should live [a certain way]. You see, we were not guided in our life by television. Mostly the way we lived, we got our models from the family [and] books. We read a lot of books, way, way, way more than [children now]. Literature, drama, everything. And we got our role models not from TV, not from a show where every 5 minutes it breaks and sells you Pepsi, Coke, shoes, or whatever. I don't like it a lot. You might say, "Okay, you can avoid this in the society if you are smart." Well, you can probably unplug the TV, but the kids still go to school with other children, and they hear about these things, so you cannot actually. If you live in this society you have to go with whatever they put on television, with what-ever the kids get out from this media.This father's sense of agitation and frustration are apparent, and similar concerns were prevalent among other parents. Parents reported that because of what their children see on television, many of their children want to be basketball and foot-ball players, or pop stars, primarily because these high-profile people are paid exceptionally well. It is troubling for these parents that their children grow up surrounded by the "wrong role models" that point to the possibility of a "decent lifestyle without being educated." Below are two representative quotes from a mother from Russia and a father from Romania:Tatiana: [Immediately on arrival to the United States] children are more subjected to this immigrant mindset of their parents that you need to establish yourself in this coun-try, you need to work hard, you need to study, you need to get a good job. And then, at SAGE Publications on September 28, 2009 http://fcs.sagepub.comDownloaded from
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Nesteruk et al. / IMMIGRANT PARENTS' CONCERNS 435after some time, they realize that maybe it is not necessary. [They] see [people like] Britney Spears, she is [financially] established and she didn't go to college.George: Our son says, I want to play American football, or be a football coach, NFL coach. Why? Because he [will] make like 5 million dollars a year. I say, "[Son], think about something else." "[OK], I want to be a businessman." "Why?" [I ask]. "Because Donald Trump [is a businessman and he] is a billionaire." We are trying to tell [our son] that money is not everything. You have to have your education. But when you look at TV, [everything] you see is about money [and fame] . . . everything translates into money. From houses, cars, girls, and whatever. He is not starting to look at a career because he likes to do it, the only question is, can I make a lot of money out of it?Other parents also speculated that growing up in the United States, children take a lot of material things for granted and thus "the drive is not there." Although the children want even more comforts than their parents have, they want to get there through different means—by paths that involve "less studying, less knowledge, and more of a street-smart sort of thing." Large-scale quantitative research indi-cates that "the longer a child of immigrants has lived in this country, the lower the importance he or she attributes to school grades and the more his or her school-work habits approach the (low) average of the general student population" (Portes & Rumbaut, 2001, p. 215). The participants of the present study provide illustrations of this process, showing how parental authority diminishes while the influence of peers and media swells. A father named Vladimir reported:The second generation, who were born here, are reluctant to [accept] persuasion from their parents [that education is important for future success] because they feel like a part of this society and they trust more their friends than [they trust] their parents, who are not a part of this society. [Second-generation students] are [a] local product.Daniel, a father who is a university professor, stated:In this country there are very smart kids and big achievers. But the average [U.S. kid] has an attitude towards education which is below the average attitude in Eastern Europe. So the average has a way lower attitude, lower engagement into education. Look at the education, we get these kids [as freshmen] here at the university, they don't do anything in high school, so they come [to the university] with very little . . . not very well equipped.The participants report that in some respects, it would have been easier to be par-ents in their countries of origin. In the United States, they feel a need to be con-stantly aware and very intentional about protecting their children from destructive messages that come from the U.S. entertainment industry. These immigrants, like many American parents, are alarmed by what they see on television: "explicit sex, gratuitous violence, and aggressive materialism" and "rudeness, crudeness, and disrespect" (Hewlett & West, 1998, p. 153). Indeed, at some level these parents long for the controlled and, in some ways, more child-friendly environments that were characteristic of the former communist Eastern European countries.Diana: It is harder for us as parents coming from there to have our kids maintain our values. In Romania everybody was being put on the same rail and we all would go in the same direction, but here you have to watch your kids closely. It is easier to direct kids there than here, because here the exposure to [so many other] things is greater. at SAGE Publications on September 28, 2009 http://fcs.sagepub.comDownloaded from
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subset: commoncrawl


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Sep 17, 2015 8:22 PM EDT
She's still got it! Two decades removed from her star-making turn on Baywatch, Pamela Anderson still has a body most gals would kill for. And she's showing it off -- in the buff! -- on the cover of Flaunt magazine. She also does a charming interview… Read more


text: a christmas carol Comments 20 If "A Christmas Carol" Were a YA Novel... By kat_rosenfield Dec 19, 2012 Back 4 of 9 Next More More Slideshows Would You Rather... (Featuring the Question That Has Plagued Me for YEARS) Most Likely to Expire: The DEFINITIVE Hogwarts Professor Death Ranking Would You Rather... (Warning: NOT For the Faint of Heart) Back Next more > Back Next more > The Ghost of Christmas Past would be a sparkly emo vampire. Topics: Books Tags: books, slideshows, christmas, a christmas carol, ya novels, teen fiction Which Celeb Looked Hottest This Week? Which Celeb Looked Hottest This Week? Open Thread for December 19 Open Thread for December 19 Related Posts Open Thread for February 8 Open Thread for December 25 A Special Christmas Hit List How to Fix Christmas Music Write your own comment! Hold up there partner! Before you comment on a post there's one more step. You'll have to choose a nickname to be displayed on your comment. Give 'er a shot below! Write your own comment! OR Remember me OR Please log in first Email Password Remember me Log in Create an account | Lost password ...or log in using


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Fire!!!! "The capitol "B" means I'm bout that Life"
she's in the Illumanti
I don't fuck with Beyonce's music, which is probably why I like this. H-Taaaaaaaaaaan
im addicted to this joint. im not mad at it, but maybe thats cuz im a dude. i dont know how id feel if jay z made a song called "bow down niggas" mad rappers would prolly start getin at him immediately.
Man, this shit is hot. I'd bang this in my whip with the windows down with no shame at all. I seriously don't understand where all the hate is coming from. When you got little mediocre R&B broads (Keri Hilson, Keyshia Cole, etc.) coming at you left and right, B deserves the right to defend herself so... BOW DOWN BITCHES!
i would bow down to Bey any day and worship her
this sound like some nicki minaj shit
Yeah, except for the fact that it's coming from somebody with REAL talent, and the beats and lyrics are better than any Nicki song I've heard since "Moment For Life".
B reppin for Houston and then spit chopped and screwed bars. That shit was hot. I'm glad she made a song for the H. Some of yall to slow to grasp the concept
this is garb...
Download this song at RapUniverse.net
SHES A BOSS. Period point blank. Perform for the president then come out with some G shit. This is just a quick snippet to make it known shes still gonna be putting it down. Dope.
"no ad-libbin', stick to the script"
Lol everybody wants to be Beyonces manager, stfu. This shit is hot.
The # 1 bitch fuck with y'all talking about this was for the haters
its like well my last album about female empowerment didint sell well let me go ignorant like the market is now yup thats how my album will sell....beat was wack man even for the houston music scene too late in ya career to try an sound gangster u sound self righteous
No Thanks!
I like the lyrics from beyonce in the beginning. seeing a more raw side to her for once is nice.
im not saying this is the best song out right now but if you understand the concept its a pretty dope track
Horrible song.
You gotta be f***n kiddin me. This is garbage
no this is not heavy this some bulls**** she need to go back to the drawing board
Hearing Beyonce quote UGK lines over one of the hardest beats of the past year? This is heaven.
this s*** is some b*******
no no noooo...that ratchet music ain't goin' nowhere.....n truthfully, u got 4 of the best producers constructin' a beat n that's all they cld come up wit?!
I like this shit and it will bang in the clubs. If Rihanna made this song, they'd be swingin from her balls. Oh, and BTW, this ain't the first Boss Lady type song from Beyonce so spare me with the "image" argument. She been gettin hated on for the last 2 years anyway so she is entitled to respond.
beyonce been on and at the end of the day bitchhs do bow down
She Had Fun i can dig it :-)
why didn't Beyonce name her first child Green Ebony instead of Blue Ivory?
Beyonce shouldn't put out songs like this. It's not consistent with her image and it never will be. Fuck this alter ego nonsense. Keep your ego to yourself, you've marketed yourself as a classy, businesswoman role model. Play your position.
I totally agree. You can't be posing with the president one minute, then doing shit like this. She's in her thirties now, music should be a little more grown up now. It's obvious she's just trying to stay relevant in the pop industry.
This is significantly less classy than any other song she's ever put out... This fails because it's not a good look for the Number 1 musical act on the planet to come out with "Bow Down bitches"... I don't really expect anything from the bitch because alot of her songs contradict each other and this one contradicts her career and persona... However let's be real there will be no shortage of hoes singing this shit just like EVERY other Beyonce song
Love it!!!!! Can't believe it's two different songs
I like it beyonce just tryna put on her city with a song that has h town feel I like it not typical song by her stop hating
you kids don't understand the point of this record go do your homework its COCKY
wat the fuck.Beyonce Rhi getting ur ass.U got to come on!!!The first half was ok but the second half is crazy.Might grow on me.
I just got paid $6784 working off my laptop this month for doing extra easy tasks from this one cool site! Whoever needs extra cash can do it this way, and best of all, to be paid weekly!!! This is so easy to do that even a 10 yr old kid can do it. You wont forgive yourself if you dont check this out! Rich45.com_
First half is classic club Bey - loving it
It's Funny People Talking Bout That Girls Run The World Joint Like She Didn't Make Diva (Which Is Like Part 1 To This Song) On The Album Before It....Ya'll Act Like You Can't Champion For Unity And Still Shoot Down All Haters, The 2 Are Not Mutually Exclusive....Even The Most Peaceful Person Will Bust They Guns WHEN THEY HAVE TO. P.S. Somebody Tell Keyshia Cole To Get Off Twitter She Finally Made Another Dope Album & This The Same Bullshit That Made Keri Hilson Disappear.....
Did I seriously just let this come through my speakers..
Thats exactly what i was thinking LMFAO WTF happened to Beyonce (nogayfagway). she was a 'woman' this is just ratchet trash hoe shit....
This shyt is fiya especially the second half youtube.com/kazedafinest
Not really understanding the hate. She just made a hip-hop song. If this was A$Ap rockie or whoever else you are all riding nowadays you would call it fire. Difference is. She really has "been on". These bitches really should "bow down". Basic people hate beyonce.
two different songs
People keep saying that.. What do ymean?
These are just snippets though..
Hit Boy Wins..if that first part was his....
there trying to be like kendrick
finally some interesting shit. she should make music like this and say sorry for her career
I actually like it
This is wack. 0/5
For real? This is considered music? Smh
Hi my name is Beyonce and I think I'm the shit! I just got my G.E.D at the age of 28 because I was too stupid to actually graduate High School. I'm not even writing this...I'm so stupid rich that I actually got somebody writing this shit for me, just like all of my songs..written by somebody else. I don't know what else to sing about anymore except H-TOWN and BOW DOWN BITCHES!
Dumb bitch STFU!!! Mad coz you ain't making as much money as her! Bow down hoe!!!!!
I usually like Beyonce's music but this is horrible.
Not sure I feel about this......
Beyonce got some work to do. First you are a feminist screaming girl power and shit, now "Bow down Bitches. This song is trash.


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Sensual SpicesSensual violin and acoustic guitar leads take us to distant Latin shores. A versatile Latin track for travel projects and more.https://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/STRATSP_200.jpgSingle60408-ST$ 39.9560408-EX$ 69.9560408-W$ 149.95Instrument: Guitar (Acoustic), Violin, Latin Band, Acoustic, Instrumental, Guitar Genre: Romantic, Themes, Latin, Latin American Keywords: Sensual, Sultry, Upbeat Production Types: Travel
Sensual Spices from the album Salsa Picante
All Your ToesThis light cocktail number in the Latin vein can perk up your evening dinner party scene, or high-society function. Violin and tenor sax lead the way.https://www.smartsound.com/music/images/nostalgicnights.jpgSingle4301-ST$ 39.954301-EX$ 69.954301-W$ 149.95Instrument: Jazz Combo, Saxophone, Violin, Instrumental Genre: Nostalgic, Themes, Latin, Latin American Keywords: Cool, Leisurely, Old-Fashioned, Fun Production Types: Cooking, Home Videos, Background
All Your Toes from the album Nostalgic Nights
Sunday FiestaA relaxing afternoon at the ranch comes to mind when this Spanish-style tune is played, featuring guitar and violin.https://www.smartsound.com/music/images/spicy.jpgSingle1117-ST$ 39.951117-EX$ 69.951117-W$ 149.95Instrument: Guitar (Acoustic), Violin, Latin Band, Instrumental, Guitar Genre: Outdoorsy, Themes, Latin, Latin American Keywords: Energetic, Happy, Positive, Uplifting, Carefree, Cheerful, Lively, Spirited, Festive, Upbeat Production Types: Cooking, Background
Sunday Fiesta from the album Spicy Rhythms
The following tracks match: Violin
Entr'acteTake a bow with this delightfully silly song sprightly silver flute and weeping accordion in the midst of a spirited orchestra.https://www.smartsound.com/artist/images/ASFB04_200.jpgSingle7100194-ST$ 39.957100194-EX$ 69.957100194-W$ 149.95Instrument: Orchestra, Studio Orchestra, Accordion, Bass (Acoustic), Brass, Celeste, Chimes, Flute, Harp, Strings, Violin, Violoncello, Instrumental Genre: Orchestral Keywords: Calm, Delicate, Expansive, Gentle, Heartwarming, Innocent, Intimate, Old-Fashioned, Pensive, Refined, Reflective, Refreshing, Soothing, Sultry, Tender, Touching, Mellow, Emotional, Poignant, Quiet, Soft Production Types: Kids, Animation, Video Games, Comedy
Entr'acte from the album Orchestral Comedy
Magical FateThis infectious song booms out of the gate with a lively, percussive beat that highlighting the elements of suspense, suspense, tension and intrigue.https://www.smartsound.com/artist/images/ASFB04_200.jpgSingle7100189-ST$ 39.957100189-EX$ 69.957100189-W$ 149.95Instrument: Orchestra, Studio Orchestra, Bass (Acoustic), Bassoon, Brass, Chimes, Clarinet, Clarinet (Bass), Flute, Harp, Oboe, Percussion, Violin, Violoncello, Xylophone, Instrumental Genre: Orchestral Keywords: Mysterious, Calm, Comical, Goofy, Haunting, Hypnotic, Incessant, Powerful, Reflective, Scary, Somber, Suspenseful, Tense, Uncertain, Wacky, Whimsical, Quirky, Sneaky, Investigative, Magical, Tormented Production Types: Kids, Animation, Cinematic, Video Games, Comedy, Action-Drama
Magical Fate from the album Orchestral Comedy
Undercover OperationPick up the pace with this lively, quirky tune loaded with unusual instruments which dance rhythmically around a captivating bass line.https://www.smartsound.com/artist/images/ASFB04_200.jpgSingle7100190-ST$ 39.957100190-EX$ 69.957100190-W$ 149.95Instrument: Orchestra, Studio Orchestra, Bass (Electric), Brass Section, Clarinet, Flute, Percussion, Piano, Strings, Violin, Xylophone, Instrumental Genre: Orchestral Keywords: Driving, Energetic, Exciting, Happy, Secret Agent, Positive, Comical, Competitive, Crazy, Effervescent, Exuberant, Fresh, Goofy, Motivating, Refreshing, Hopeful, Spy, Upbeat Production Types: Kids, Animation, Cinematic, Film Trailer, Video Games, Comedy, Action-Drama, Background
Undercover Operation from the album Orchestral Comedy
Third DayA delicate and gentle melody creates a harmonious setting with soft bells, acoustic guitar, piano and tender strings.https://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/STRATOH_200.jpgSingle7100163-ST$ 39.957100163-EX$ 69.957100163-W$ 149.95Instrument: Chamber Group, Orchestra, Studio Orchestra, Guitar (Acoustic), Piano, Violin, Instrumental, Guitar Genre: Earthy, Elegant, Nostalgic, Processional, Romantic, Orchestral Keywords: Inspirational, Atmospheric, Calm, Delicate, Dramatic, Ethereal, Heartwarming, Inspiring, Intimate, Melancholy, Passionate, Pensive, Sad, Solemn, Soothing, Tender, Touching, Uncertain, Mellow, Emotional, Poignant, Quiet, Soft Production Types: Cinematic, Documentary, Indie Film, Nature, Wedding, Biography, Tribute/Memorial, Background
Third Day from the album Orchestral Hues
Sneaky Affairhttps://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/STRATPWP_200.jpgSingle7100049-ST$ 39.957100049-EX$ 69.957100049-W$ 149.95Instrument: Bass (Acoustic), Drums, Piano (Electric), Vibraphone, Violin, Instrumental Genre: Funky, Cartoon, Corporate/Technology, Urban Keywords: Driving, Energetic, Happy, Positive, Comical, Effervescent, Exuberant, Fresh, Funny, Incessant, Refreshing, Suspenseful, Wacky, Quirky, Sneaky, Investigative, Spy Production Types: TV/ Film Drama, Commercials, Corporate, Video Games, Comedy, Corporate Communications, Home Videos
Sneaky Affair from the album Power Play
Emotional Journeyhttps://www.smartsound.com/artist/images/ASFB03_200.jpgSingle7100033-ST$ 39.957100033-EX$ 69.957100033-W$ 149.95Instrument: Studio Orchestra, Celeste, Guitar (Acoustic), Piano, Strings, Violin, Violoncello, Acoustic, Instrumental, Guitar Genre: Earthy, Elegant, Nostalgic, Orchestral Keywords: Mysterious, Inspirational, Atmospheric, Delicate, Dramatic, Eerie, Expansive, Gentle, Haunting, Incessant, Intimate, Melancholy, Mystical, Pensive, Powerful, Reflective, Soothing, Uncertain, Mellow, Emotional, Magical, Poignant, Tormented Production Types: Animation, Cinematic, Commercials, Documentary, Indie Film, Biography, Tribute/Memorial
Emotional Journey from the album Magical Moments
Equilibriumhttps://www.smartsound.com/artist/images/ASFB03_200.jpgSingle7100027-ST$ 39.957100027-EX$ 69.957100027-W$ 149.95Instrument: Orchestra, Studio Orchestra, Flute, Oboe, Piano, Strings, Violin, Violoncello, Acoustic, Instrumental Genre: Elegant, Nostalgic, Orchestral Keywords: Mysterious, Positive, Inspirational, Atmospheric, Delicate, Dramatic, Ethereal, Gentle, Haunting, Heartwarming, Hypnotic, Incessant, Inspiring, Majestic, Melancholy, Mystical, Panoramic, Sad, Serene, Somber, Tender, Touching, Ambient, Mellow, Emotional, Magical, Dark, Tormented Production Types: Cinematic, Commercials, Indie Film, Film Trailer, Horror, Action-Drama, Tribute/Memorial
Equilibrium from the album Magical Moments
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NuFoam™ Pad 18" x 5 Yards x 2" thick
Additional Information
Add extra comfort to your outdoor furniture, chair cushions, futons and other occasional seating upholstery with the Fairfield Poly-Fil NU-Foam Densified Polyester Cushion 18'' x 5Yds x 2''. It is also a great choice to make crib bumpers for babies or playpen mats for toddlers. This 100% densified compressed polyester batting is used as an alternative to regular foam, and has thickness ranging from 1 to 4 inches. The batting is also mildew resistant and does not disintegrate or yellow.
- Brand: Fairfield
- Dimensions: 18 x 2 inches
- Length: 5 yards
- Content: 100% polyester
- Mildew resistant
Shipping & Returns
- No Express Shipping: Sorry, Not Available for Express Shipping.
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- Web Source: This item is shipped directly from the manufacturer, please allow an additional 1-3 days processing time. This item can't be shipped to a PO Box.


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Doc #336 - Order setting briefing schedule
Doc #195 - Docketing statement from 9th Circuit (DOJ Appeal)
Case 1:09-cv-00538-DBH Document 240 Filed 03/16/12
Doc #17 - BLAG response to DOJ petition for initial hearing en banc
Doc #196 - Copy of 9th Circuit order
Doc #13 - DOJ motion to consolidate the cases numbers 12-15409 (DOJ appeal) a...
Doc #21- BLAG's (1) Response to DOJ's motion to consolidate and expedite, (2)...
Doc #25 - Proposed briefing schedule for pre-discovery motions.
Doc #28 - DOJ's response to BLAG's motion to intervene.
Doc #17 - BLAG Motion to intervene
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Buy houses in Long Melford, Sudbury CO10 - 4 bedrooms
Keywords and filters like garden and parking live here
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Guide price £650,000
Long Melford, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10Semi-detached house for sale - 4 bedrooms
This splendid Grade II Listed house occupies a prominent position on Long Melford's famous village green. The property offers accommodation of considerable character (fireplaces, exposed beams, exposed floorboards etc.) with the large ... More details
Note: Distances are straight line measurements
- Sudbury (Suffolk) (3.4 miles)
- Bures (8.1 miles)
Marketed by David Burr, CO10. Call 01787 336011


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More NBA
Articles from RotoWire's fantasy archives that mention Ty Lawson's name.
October 6, 2015
NBA Draft Kit: Contract Year Players
Draymond Green had the best season of his career in the final year of his contract, and Josh Lloyd breaks down a number of players who are playing for big pay days this time around.
September 23, 2015
NBA Coaching Tiers: All About Minutes
Playing time is one of the most important factors in assessing fantasy value, and RotoWire's James Anderson breaks down which coaches are the most and least fantasy-friendly.
August 6, 2015
Hoops Lab: Veteran Migration
In his latest offseason Hoops Lab, Andre' Snellings looks at the teams that saw the most roster upheaval thanks to adding or jettisoning significant players.
July 25, 2015
Hoops Lab: State of the Rookies Address
It's a month after the 2015 NBA Draft, and most of the big-name rookies played at summer league to give us an idea of how they'll size up in the NBA.
June 30, 2015
NBA Draft: Winners and Losers
The Heat and Nuggets were two of the biggest winners on draft night.
June 26, 2015
NBA Draft: Is Porzingis the Next Garnett?
D'Angelo Russell joined the Lakers to run the point, and the Sixers went with the safest pick of the draft in Jahlil Okafor, but did the Knicks draft the next Kevin Garnett?
Rebound & Rant: First Round Draft Journal
The Rebound & Rant is back for a mid-summer dip in the pool of new NBA rookies as Ken Crites offers his thoughts on ESPN's draft coverage as it happened.
May 20, 2015
2015 NBA Draft: Lottery Mock w/ Josh Lloyd
RotoWire's Josh Lloyd took a look at the lottery after Tuesday night's results and broke down who he thinks is going to be drafted in the first 14 picks of the lottery teams.
April 15, 2015
NBA Daily Games Cheat Sheet: Wednesday
With 14 games on the slate, finding the right mix of value plays and high-salaried players is going to be key to winning contests on DraftKings.
April 13, 2015
Hoops Lab: Accountability for the Professor
The Professor closes the the lab for the season with a look back at some of hits, and misses, from a year's worth of hoops prognosticating.
April 11, 2015
DraftKings NBA: Value Plays for the Weekend
RotoWire's daily games expert Jerry Donabedian has his weekly list of good plays on DraftKings for the weekend.
April 8, 2015
With 13 games on the slate, finding the right mix of value plays and high-salaried players is going to be key to winning contests on DraftKings.
March 31, 2015
Hoops Lab: Diamonds in the Rough
The Professor goes into the lab this week to analyze non-shooting stats that could identify next year's breakout players, like Minnesota's Gorgui Dieng.
Looking Ahead: Early 2015-16 Fantasy Basketball Rankings
RotoWire's NBA stats expert Marc Roberts has created his first set of rankings for the 2015-16 NBA season, and he put together a video to walk RotoWire users through the rankings and his process.
March 23, 2015
Hoops Lab: Who's the Next Scorer of Note?
The Professor goes deep into the stats this week to find players, like the Clippers' J.J. Redick, who might turn into great scorers next season.
March 22, 2015
NBA Daily Games Cheat Sheet: Sunday
With 11 games on the slate, finding the right mix of value plays and high-salaried players is going to be key to winning contests on DraftKings
March 20, 2015
The Prospect Post: The Elite Eight Basketball Factories
Kentucky has produced more NBA talent in recent years than any other school, led by superstar Anthony Davis.
DraftKings NBA: Weekend Value Plays
With so many injuries, there are plenty of cheap options for your DraftKings lineups this weekend.
NBA Daily Games Cheat Sheet: Friday
With 12 games on the slate, finding the right mix of value plays and high-salaried players is going to be key to winning contests on DraftKings.
March 19, 2015
NBA Daily Games Cheat Sheet: Thursday
With four games on the slate, finding the right mix may be hard Thursday, but Alex Rikleen has a few suggested plays.
March 16, 2015
FanDuel NBA: Monday Value Plays
With 10 games on the slate, finding the right mix of value plays and high-salaried players is going to be key to winning contests on FanDuel.
March 15, 2015
RotoWire's Jackson Sanders highlights his favorite low-cost plays for Sunday on DraftKings.
March 7, 2015
NBA Daily Games Cheat Sheet: Saturday
With eight games on the slate, there are a number of value plays to be found.
March 3, 2015
NBA Daily Games Cheat Sheet: Tuesday
With seven games on the slate, there should be a good mix of low, mid, and high-tier salaries to create interesting lineups with high potential Tuesday.
March 1, 2015
NBA Waiver Wire: Pick-Ups and FAAB for Week 19
Alex Len has really picked it up of late and continues to be grossly underowned in many leagues. Josh Lloyd is back to explain why Len needs to be on more rosters.
February 25, 2015
FantasyScore NBA: Wednesday Value Picks
RotoWire's Jerry Donabedian recommends targeting Chris Paul and DeAndre Jordan, both of who have stepped up for the Clippers since Blake Griffin (elbow) hit the shelf.
February 15, 2015
Category Strategy: Categorical Pick-Ups for Week 17
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February 9, 2015
With five games on the slate, there aren't many value plays, making choosing the right high-salaried and mid-tier players key on Tuesday.
February 3, 2015
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Hoops Lab: Klay Goes Kaboom!
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text:
Shacking off the shackles
Private Equity Unchained, Thomas Meyer's latest read, questions the very foundations of institutional investors' thinking, says Ross Butler.
View articles on private equity.
Private Equity Unchained, Thomas Meyer's latest read, questions the very foundations of institutional investors' thinking, says Ross Butler.
Communicating private equity to a public market investment audience is always an enlightening process for both sides. This is an ongoing challenge for LPEQ and its members, says CEO Andrea Lowe.
3i's managing partner Alan Giddins explains to Marc Mullen why the most recognised mid-market private equity brand has refocused on its core strengths and is embracing businesses with international growth ambitions.
Environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues are potential deal breakers for private equity. Today. as investors become more sophisticated in their approach, it is starting to be seen more as an opportunity than a threat.
Sovereign wealth funds have enormous capital. Brian Bollen looks at their investment approach.
Mobeus Equity Partners last year raised another £34m for deals – exceeding its £24m target – invested ££0m in six businesses and recruited Richard Babington, Clive Austin and Guy Blackburn. But 2014 also stood out for seven successful exits.
After years of focus on the BRIC countries, Africa is regarded by some as the last sizeable geographical region of relatively untapped growth. Cindy Valentine says now could be the time for private equity in Africa to shine
Astorg Partners is one of the oldest and most renowned French private equity firms. Chairman Xavier Moreno says keeping an eye on the long game is key to its reputation
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In June, the UK Financial Conduct Authority's (FCA) amended Listing Rules came into effect. The key focus was protection of minority shareholders' rights in companies in the Premium Listing Regime, and the company's independence from 'controlling shareholders'. So, what exactly are the changes?
Killing time near London's Liverpool Street train station, I had the urge to buy a newspaper.


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Last dry Alabama county continues alcohol-sales ban
By: Associated Press - Texarkana Gazette
LINEVILLE, Ala.—Clay County has almost 14,000 residents, around 100 churches and not a single place where you can buy a beer legally.
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"The Missouri Botanical Garden is committed to playing a leading role worldwide in helping to meet these exciting but challenging new goals over the coming years," says Garden President Peter Wyse Jackson.
Garden researchers are among authors of a study on sustainable conservation management strategies for a newly established and ecologically rich protected area on the Ibity Massif in the central highlands of Madagascar.
See what else is blooming!
BioBlitz participants track biodiversity in record-breaking numbers
When Your Feet Hurt, You Hurt All Over
Learn how you can make a difference in the future of the Garden!
Thank You!
The Garden wouldn't be the Garden without our Members, Donors and Volunteers.
Info for
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Missouri Botanical Garden
4344 Shaw Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63110(314) 577-5100 hours and admission
Butterfly House
Faust Park, 15193 Olive Blvd. Chesterfield, MO 63017(636) 530-0076 hours and admission
Shaw Nature Reserve
Hwy. 100 & I-44 Gray Summit, MO 63039(636) 451-3512 hours and admission


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" GreenNet are like a support stocking, and all the rest are just pants! I often had technical problems, and I have always found that GreenNet staff were ready and able to help – sometimes outside their normal office hours. There was none of this business of hanging on for ages waiting for impersonal call centres to answer, and I don't think I've ever had GreenNet not return a call when they promised to."
GreenNet is the ethical Internet Service Provider that has been connecting people and groups who work for peace, the environment, gender equality and human rights since 1986.


text:
1951 Monterey St, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93401, United States of America, 855-238-1592
Super 8 Motel - San Luis Obispo
Lowest price$69
available on 10/11/15
Best Price Guarantee
Convenient to Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa
- Free continental breakfast, free WiFi, and free parking
- Airport within 5 mi/8 km: San Luis Obispo, CA (SBP-San Luis Obispo County Regional)
Super 8 Motel - San Luis Obispo puts you just 4.2 mi (6.8 km) from the airport and a 5-minute drive from Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa. Guests looking to stay active can check out the nearby scuba diving and water skiing, and free perks include WiFi, self parking, and continental breakfast daily. Rooms feature bonuses like refrigerators and microwaves.
Main amenities
- 24-hour front desk
- Computer station
- Multilingual staff
- Free newspapers in the lobby
What's around
- Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa (1 mi / 1.7 km)
- Fremont Theater (0.8 mi / 1.3 km)
It was good
stayed there only for the night. place was nice.
TripAdvisor Traveller Rating: 3.5
From 300 reviews
Enter dates to check prices
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $69
- Standard Room, 1 Queen Bed, Accessible
- One Queen Microfridge Nsmk
- Standard Room, 1 King Bed
- Standard Room, 1 Queen Bed, Smoking
- Standard Room, 1 Queen Bed
- Room, 2 Double Beds
- Double Room, 2 Double Beds, Smoking
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
- Check-in time starts at 3 PM
- Check-out time is 11 AM
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Pets allowed *
- Up to 20 lb
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Free self parking
In the hotel
Food and drink
- Free continental breakfast daily
Things to do
- Golfing nearby
- Sailing nearby
- Scuba diving nearby
- Water skiing nearby
Working away
- Computer station
- 24-hour front desk
- Free newspapers in lobby
In the room
Home comforts
- Coffee/tea maker
- Iron/ironing board
Be entertained
- Cable TV channels
Stay connected
- Free WiFi
- Phone
Food and drink
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
Super 8 Motel - San Luis Obispo's small print
Also known as
- Super 8 Motel San Luis Obispo
- Super 8 San Luis Obispo
Mandatory fees
Pet deposit: USD 150 per stay
Optional extras
Pets are allowed for an extra charge of USD 10 per pet, per day
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


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* Brand new transfers taken from the negative
* Theatrical trailers
* Bonus feature! Purani Haveli: Mansion of Evil
* Extensive notes & text essays
* Mondo Macabro preview trailer* Scene access
The 2 DVD set features 2 films from Bollywood's famous Ramsey Brothers production team. DVD #1: Veerana - Vengeance of the Vampire: The daughter of a well respected village leader is possessed by the spirit of an evil witch, Nakita. She goes on a rampage,
In Veerana: Vengeance of the vampire, a local landowner's daughter is possessed by the spirit of a dead witch and becomes a bloodsucking seductress. On the next moonless night, she will be used in a ritual to raise the hideous witch from her tomb. A true classic of world weird cinema and a must for any Mondo Macabro devotee!
In Purani Haveli: Mansion of Evil, an innocent girl becomes embroiled in a plot to steal her inheritance. She unwittingly releases an ancient curse contained in her family's old country mansion. Statues come to life, hairy beasts roam the corridors and the bodies pile up!
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Bride Box
Quick Specs
Total Downloads:406
Date Added:Sep. 06, 2012
File Size:60.96MB
Downloads Last Week:2
From Digilabs: Are your Wedding Photos Still on a CD? Bridebox Wedding Album Design software allows for Brides to create and fully customize their own wedding album. With the simple drag and drop software and easy to use wedding album templates; brides are able to have full control while creating their own personal, professionally printed and affordable wedding album. Just download the free wedding album design software and create your wedding album today.
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