text:
Read an Excerpt
SAT Subject TestsChemistry 2005-2006
By Kaplan
KaplanCopyright © 2005 Kaplan
All right reserved.
Chapter One: How to use this book
For more than 50 years, Kaplan has prepared students to take SATs. Our team of researchers and editors knows more about SAT preparation than anyone else, and you'll find their accumulated experience and knowledge in this book. As you work your way through the chapters, we'll show you precisely what knowledge and skills you'll need in order to do your very best on the SAT Subject Test: Chemistry. You'll discover the most effective way to tackle each type of question, and you'll reinforce your studies with lots of practice questions. At the beginning of the chemistry review section, you'll find a lengthy diagnostic practice test, and each chapter in this section ends with a short quiz. At the back of the book you'll find two full-length, formatted tests with answer keys, scoring instructions, and detailed explanations. In addition, the Ready, Set, Go! section contains helpful tips on beating stress while you prepare for the test and on pulling off a victory on Test Day.
Get Ready to Prep
If possible, work your way through this book bit by bit over the course of
a few weeks. Cramming the week before the test is not a good idea; you probably won't absorb much information, and it's sure to makeyou more anxious.
If you find that your anxiety about the test is interfering with your ability to study, start off by reading the Stress Management chapter in this book. It provides many practical tips to help you stay calm and centered. Use these tips before, during, and after the test.
Learn the Basics
The first thing you need to do is find out what's on the SAT Subject Test: Chemistry. In the first section of this book, "The Basics," we'll provide you with background information about the SAT Subject Test and what it's used for. We'll also give you the lowdown on the kinds of questions that are typically seen on the test and how best to tackle them.
Chemistry Review
Once you have the big picture, it's time to focus on the chemistry. The "Chemistry Review" gives you a succinct review of the chemistry you'll need to know on Test Day. Each chapter within this section deals with a major subdivision of chemistry and focuses on concepts crucial to a full understanding of the subject.
The chemistry review section begins with a full-length diagnostic test. If your time is limited, you can use the diagnostic test to bypass the material you already know well enough and to zero in on what you need to work on. Each chapter in this section also ends with a follow-up quiz, complete with answers and explanations. When you feel you have mastered the material in a chapter, take the follow-up quiz to make sure. Don't forget to use the glossary at the end of the book to brush up on vital definitions.
Finding Your Way
How you use this book depends on how much time you have. Let's take a look at three typical students who are planning to take the SAT Subject Test: Chemistry. Note that our hypothetical students use this book in three different ways. Which study plan best matches your situation?
I'm taking the Chemistry Subject Test a month from today."
Angela has plenty of time to prep for the test. If you're like Angela, and you have at least two weeks to prepare, then we recommend that you work through the entire book.
"I'm taking the Chemistry Subject Test in a week."
If you're like Bill, you'll need a shortcut. If you have fewer than two weeks but more than two days to prepare, then we recommend that you use the diagnostic test to determine which chapters you can safely skim, or even skip.
"Help! It's two days before Test Day!"
Eric is in a panic. But you don't need to freak, even if you're in Eric's situation. There's still a lot you can do to improve your potential score. Use our Panic Plan to get through this book. First and foremost, you should become familiar with the test. Read the introductory section in this book. And if you do nothing else, you should at least sit down and work through one of the full-length practice tests at the back of this book under reasonably testlike conditions.
When you finish the practice test, check your answers and look at the explanations to the questions you didn't get right. When you come across a topic that you only half remember, turn to the appropriate chapter for a quick review. When you come across a topic you don't remember or understand at all, skip it. You don't have time to learn and assimilate completely new material. At least you'll know to skip any similar question you might encounter on the actual SAT Subject Test: Chemistry.
Take the Practice Tests
At the back of the book are two full-length chemistry practice tests. The best way to use these tests is to take them under testlike conditions. Don't just drop in and do a random question here and there. Use these tests to gain experience with the complete testing experience, including pacing and endurance. You can do these tests at any time. You don't have to save them all until after you've read this whole book. Just be sure to save at least one test for your dress rehearsal some time in the last week before Test Day.
Take a Break Before Test Day
A day or two before the test, be sure to review chapter 18: The Final Countdown. It includes essential "how-to" tips that will help you get the upper hand on test day. Then, relax! Read a book or watch a movie. And most important, get a good night's sleep. How you approach the days leading up to the test really does matter!
On the morning of the test, eat a light breakfast (nothing too heavy to make you sleepy!) and quickly review a few questions if you feel like it (just enough to get you focused). Walk into the test center with confidence -- you're ready for the challenge!
Copyright © 2004 by Kaplan, Inc.
Excerpted from SAT Subject Tests by Kaplan Copyright © 2005 by Kaplan. Excerpted by permission.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.


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subset: commoncrawl


text:
April 20, 2007
Greenville DL Gets Second Offer
Jim Baxter
Talk about it in The Main Board
Greenville (SC) defensive tackle Arterio Arnold has been on the list of several
recruiters since last fall as one to evaluate this Spring and Fall. But at least two
schools have completed their evaluations and liked what they saw in the 6-2, 270lbs
defensive tackle, as he has received his second major DI offer this week.
Arnold had already received an offer from Kentucky and this week, Maryland joined in by
offering the big trenchman. Last season, Arnold collected 120 tackles for Coach Jim
Sosebee's Raiders and had 11 sacks.
The defensive tackle has a 2.7 GPA, bench presses 315 pounds, squats 415 pounds and
runs the 40-yard dash in 4.9 seconds.
Arnold will be attending the 2007 SCVarsity.com All-State Football Combine at
Brookland-Cayce High School. For more information on that event, click the below link.
Football Recruiting News
Jones sure of one official visit
BC grabs Texas receiver
Crawford back from Oregon
IMG Day 1: Top performers defense
Rivals.com is your source for: College Football | Football Recruiting | College Basketball | Basketball Recruiting | College Baseball | High School | College Merchandise
Site-specific editorial/photos �2012 Yahoo! Inc. All rights reserved. This website is an officially and independently operated source of news and information not affiliated with any school or team.
About | Advertise with Us | Contact | Privacy Policy | About our Ads | Terms of Service | Copyright/IP policy | Yahoo! Sports - NBC Sports Network
Statistical information �2007 STATS LLC All Rights Reserved.


text:
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#1 was Newcastle, the capital of Geordieland, from where a lightning visit to
#2, Edinburgh, to see the Købke exhibition, was made, with my parents.
#3 was a weekend in Copenhagen with Sarah.
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[July 17, 2014]
Business VoIP Solutions That Companies Should Consider, Announced by Voip-Catalog.com
(Marketwire Via Acquire Media NewsEdge) SAN FRANCISCO, CA -- (Marketwired) -- 07/17/14 -- Businesses can benefit from using business VoIP solutions because of their flexibility, portability and money-saving characteristics. Voip-Catalog.com has released its list of the top business VoIP solutions for modern companies. The experts at Voip-Catalog.com used an intricate rating system that included such criteria as service quality, pricing, customer rates, features, expert ratings and more. The following are the top VoIP providers that every business should consider: 1. Vonage Business Solutions Consumers rate Vonage Business Solutions very highly. Hundreds of consumers have taken the time to rate the provider with the overall 4.5-star rating that it has. The Vonage business VoIP solutions have a wealth of preloaded and addable features that any businessperson would love to use. The monthly rate for a Vonage plan can be as low as $19.99. Such a plan comes with unlimited local and long-distance calling as well as high-quality customer service and care. Consumers appreciate Vonage's business VoIP products because of their friendly user interface, which is extremely important in a time-sensitive industry.
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text:
These popular headers come in a variety of configurations to work with most of the Single Board Computer Platforms available today. These headers and sockets are compatible with Arduino, Raspberry Pi, Beagleboard and more.
Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader
Easy and quickly bought my TV component and used tutorial to fix. Now have a working TV again for a tiny fraction of cost of a new TV, so very satisfied.


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Macon Worldschoolers was started almost 6 years ago and was designed to be a place where anyone already homeschooling or considering the adventure could come and find friends, fun, and fellowship. Our goal was to make getting together and establishing relationships as cheap and easy as possible. Homeschooling is already challenging; why make it more difficult? THIS is the fun part!
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text:
Radkappe für Vorderrad
Ersatzkappe für das schwenkbare Vorderrad deines smart-Buggys.
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Spare parts
Autor: Yarnie
Donnerstag, 10. September 20154/5
I recently purchased some spare parts for my grandsons buggy, I only needed 2 small plastic caps that fit above the wheels, the parts were ordered and arrived safely the parts were only £3.00 which I was happy with however the postage costs were really expensive, I was charged £10.00 postage for a small Jiffy bag no bigger than a normal envelope than could have cost no more than £1.00 to send, overall happy with parts, speed and service but NOT happy with postage charges.
Product was great- service not so much
Autor: ChloeHut PE2
Mittwoch, 05. November 20141/5
This is the 3rd time ive order with P&T First time was so awful that the prodyct i ordered took over 2 weeks to arrive because of a "techinical issue". Now i ordered a wheelcap that took over a week to arrive and after my first issues was offered free delivery for life... well when i put on the order please reimburse delivery costs (which was on the invoice also) no action was taken.
Danke! %user_name%
Ihre Besprechung wurde zur Überprüfung gesendet!


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A Gift of Love: Reflections for the Tender Heart - eBook
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To read a Christianbook.com licensed eBook on your nook device, you will need to use Adobe Digital Editions.
Plug your nook into the computer and open Adobe Digital Editions.
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Product Information
|Format: DRM Protected ePub
Vendor: Thomas Nelson
Publication Date: 2008
Availability: In Stock
Publisher's Description
Love has always been the need.
Jesus has always been the answer.
"The world is hurting for love," writes pastor and Bible teacher Charles Stanley. "Because God is infinite and full of compassion, He heard our cries and responded in the form of a perfect gift, Jesus."
Consider this simple truth: all the wonderful attributes of God would be meaningless unless God was also a giver. He loves the world, and the evidence of that love is that he gave His Son. From this simple but profound premise, Dr. Stanley unfolds the riches of the giver and the glories of the gift. Stanley explores the many dimensions of God's generous nature, first in His character, then in the revelation of Himself through His Son, and finally in the impact of His magnificent gift.
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Author Bio
Dr. Charles Stanley is senior pastor of First Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia. He is the author of numerous books, including The Blessings of Brokenness and other titles in the popular A Touch of His . . . devotional series. His popular radio and TV program In Touch is heard and seen worldwide.
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text: Neon Trees Coming to Council Bluffs By Jonny V March 30, 2015 Add another band to Stir Cove's summer concert lineup. Neon Trees are heading out on their First things First Tour and will play the Council Bluffs on June 26. Read More|Comment Category: Concerts, Homepage, News Tags: Alternative, concert, live, Music, neon trees, pop, Rock, Tour Send to a friend! Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr!


text:
Great plugin. Big fan of it. Wondering if this can be done.
I have a fixed background image with content that scrolls. Pretty straight forward. But I'd like to have the content begin below the monitor's viewing area. In other words, when a person arrives at the page, all they see is the background image until they use the downward scroll bar.
An example of what I'm striving to do is located here: http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/style/2013/12/06/best-movies-of-2013/?hpid=z7
Thanks much!


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Baoyi Mountain Villa
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Love Chilling
I realized that I made a huge mistake thinking that I wasted my time at Regis for two years. Regis was part of my path in life (can't believe I just use those words). Sophomore year did make me want to go to China more.
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Beijing and the Forbidden City
... buildings in the complex sits on a massive marble podium that towers over its entry plaza. The carefully structured sequence of plazas, gates and halls leads through an ever increasing level of security and sanctity, culminating in the Hall of Supreme ...
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... shoot the enemy, who wanted to attack the city, from the side. On the outer side of the city wall, there are 5,948 crenellations, namely battlements. The soldiers can outlook and shoot at the enemy. On the inner side, parapets were built to protect the soldiers from falling off."
After the trek around the city wall, we visited The Great Mosque. Xi'an has a Muslim population of abt 200K. The city is the beginning of the Silk Road and so ...
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What is Address Search?
Spokeo reverse address search helps people connect with their neighbors and find people by address. Search your neighborhood today to find out current residents, past residents, and family information. Find out who lives on Mountain View Ave today.
Other Spellings
Mountain View Ave is also spelled Mountain View Avenue, Mountain View Avnue, Mountain View Avenu, Mountain View Aven, Mountain View Avn, Mountain View Av.
Bluefield, WV
Time Zone & Current Time
Bluefield, WV lies within the Eastern Standard Time (or EST). The current time in Eastern Standard Time is 06:52 PM on 10/09/2015.
Bluefield, WV
Top Streets
3 Springs Dr, 3rd St, 4th St, 5th St, Acme St, Adams St, Airport Rd, Albemarle St, Alder St, and Allen St
Bluefield, WV
Population Demographics
Household Income
Home Value
40 years old
53% female
Local Ethnicity
Ethnicity Ratio
About Bluefield, WV
Bluefield is a city in Mercer County, West Virginia, United States. The population was 11,451 at the 2000 census. It is also the core city of the Bluefield WV-VA micropolitan area which has a population of 107,578. The micropolitan area is the 350th largest statistical population area and the thirty-third largest micropolitan area in the United States. (more on Wikipedia)


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The Promenade at The Dorchester
The Dorchester Hotel, 53 Park Lane, London, W1K 1QA +44 2081281537
- Average
- Main course: £15
- Food spend: £45
Loved every minute of the experience
Anne Riordan
12 November 2014
from London
Synonymous with luxury and grandeur, The Dorchester hotel on Park Lane presents elegant British brasserie cuisine at The Promenade. The dining room features lavish interior design from Thierry Despont, and an oval leather-clad bar.
A polished, tranquil retreat in which to enjoy the hotel's legendary afternoon teas, The Promenade in London showcases 25 different tea blends, alongside its impeccable range of sweet and savoury treats. As well as cakes from the in-house bakery, enjoy the signature Dorchester scones- made to a recipe unchanged for 50 years.
An all-day menu at The Promenade is filled with refined Dorchester classics, as well as extravagantly-topped pizzas, and delicious meats from the grill. For an indulgent start to the day, The Promenade in Mayfair also offers an exciting international range for breakfast.
Set on one of London's most famous streets, The Promenade on Park Lane is just 6 minutes' walk from Hyde Park Corner Tube Station. Please note, all guests are respectfully asked to observe The Dorchester's 'smart casual' dress code, by refraining from wearing baseball or beanie caps, ripped jeans, sportswear (including flip-flops) and shorts while visiting the restaurants and bars.
The Promenade at The Dorchester
The Dorchester Hotel, 53 Park Lane, London, W1K 1QA
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Customer reviews for The Promenade at The Dorchester
- Food
- Value
- Ambience
- Location
- Service
- Drinks
((((( 25 August 2015 by Hiral Kotak from London
The service at The Dorchester Promenade is beyond excellent. It is a fancy tea room and that's exactly how you feel regardless of where you come from. Every person has two dedicated staff at least waiting to help them if not pro-actively doing so and the whole service ran like clockwork. Never once rushed or made to feel uncomfortable, at just the mention of a birthday, having a fuss made and then leaving with treats in tact ready to eat at home the next day. All suggested by staff, all complimentary. I don't usually leave tips or service charges if I'm not overly impressed or feel like someone is doing something as per job but this venue left my wallet £20 lighter because of how good they were. Cost of the Ice Cream Champagne Afternoon Tea is one of the dearest offal places that do such an experience yet every penny was well worth it and the princess feel it gave my girlfriend was worth even more. Must go again for the mad hatter version in October and would recommend to anyone doing this for the first time to go here, where everything is explained in detail and the staff are brilliant. The food itself was awesome but the tea we drank was incredible. The room had a live piano player playing very intimate versions of things you may have and may not have heard before, gently adding to the ambience of an already majestic looking tea room. 10 out of 10.
(((** 13 July 2015 by Zainab Zorokong from London
Good service
((((( 12 November 2014 by Anne Riordan from London
Loved every minute of the experience
((((( 24 September 2013 by Paul Dixon from Walton-on-Thames
Fantastic time. It was a treat for my Mother on her Birthday and she enjoyed it immensly.
Lovely food and excellent service.
((((( 12 July 2013 by Catherine from Bicester
This was a xmas gift so had a voucher . The staff were amazing, friendly could not do enough for you. Right from the man at the door to enter to the man at the door for leaving .
(**** 13 May 2013 by May from London
Disappointed with the service.No refill of teas and cakes no waiter came for quality check.The price in Bookatable was £51.00 per person but charge £56 per person the reason was we took the pink champagne instead of regular champagne.They mis lead us no one told us that extra for pink champagne.Waiter and supervisor need to smile looks like in military school.Not what we expecting for a 5 star hotel and for £120 + afternoon tea
((((( 16 February 2013 by eglemro from London
I and my enjoyed dinning at the promenade.We wil book again to celebrate our 11th years since we are married.We both like the atmosphere and the meal.
((((( 5 January 2011 by londongayle from london
The entire afternoon champagne tea experience was warm and wonderful - we felt special and spoiled.
((((( 22 December 2010 by Jeni from london
Afternoon tea was gorgeous. 6 different breads and fillings veggie options too. warm home made scones and jam with the smoothest clotted cream and pastries that were works of art. Tea selection was fine for us my Bangkok green tea was a revelation and I'd love bo buy that blend. Service and ambience was all you'd expect from a hotel of this stature before Christmas.
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Horseshoe Junction Family Fun Park Gift Cards
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Very Nice place. Bumper Boats, Go Karts, Arcade, Bowling, Rock Climbing, etc... Concession Stand. Staff is very friendly. Kids had a great time visiting.
My 5 and 14 y/o had tons of fun. The staff were all very nice and friendly. The all day wrist bands are a great deal. My kids did all the activities more...
4 STARS! I love this place. It should be rated 4 Stars consistently. Brenham doesn't have much to offer but the Smith family knows how to entertain. From...
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|May 10, 2007
|Filing date
|Sep 16, 2004
|Priority date
|Sep 18, 2003
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Lan Lam, Nigei Haigh, Christopher Phyland, David Rano
|Original Assignee
|Lam Lan T, Haigh Nigei P, Phyland Christopher G, Rano David A J
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Referenced by (31), Classifications (29), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to high performance energy storage devices, including batteries such as lead-acid batteries and other battery types, as well as capacitor electrodes and asymmetric capacitors.
There is growing demand for the development and introduction of vehicles that do not rely almost entirely on fossil fuels, to combat air pollution in urban environments and to reduce the global consumption of limited supplies of the fossil fuels. Such vehicles fall into three main classes: electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and mild hybrid electric vehicles (also known as 42-volt powernet vehicles).
Electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles may use a variety of different battery types, including lead-acid batteries. Mild hybrid electric vehicles may use mainly lead-acid batteries because of reduced cost. Hybrid and mild hybrid electric vehicles rely on a combination of an internal combustion engine and a battery for power supply. Due to the increasing on-board power requirements in the present luxury cars (internal combustion engine cars), the capability of present 14-volt alternators is close to or beyond its limitation. Thus, mild hybrid electric vehicles have been developed. Such mild hybrid electric vehicles employ a 36-volt battery and a 42-volt alternator. The mild hybrid electric vehicles provide some advantages over the existing internal combustion engine cars, including higher use of the electrically generated power, resulting in lower emissions.
Whilst there have been many significant advances in the development of new batteries and power networks for vehicles relying at least partly on electric power, the batteries used in these vehicles still suffer from a number of problems.
In all of these batteries, different demands are placed on the battery in terms of the current drawn from and recharged to the battery at various stages during vehicle operation. For example, a high rate of discharge is needed from the battery to enable acceleration or engine cranking in electric and hybrid electric vehicles, respectively. A high rate of recharging of the battery is associated with regenerative braking.
In the situation where lead-acid batteries are utilised, particularly in hybrid and mild hybrid electric vehicles, the high rate of battery discharging and recharging results in the formation of a layer of lead sulphate on the surface of the negative plate, and the generation of hydrogen/oxygen at the negative and positive plates. This largely arises as a result of high current demands on the battery. The partial state-of-charge conditions (PSOC) under which these batteries generally operate is 20-100% for electric vehicles, 40-60% for hybrid electric vehicles, and 70-90% for mild hybrid electric vehicles. This is a high rate partial state-of-charge (HRPSoC). Under simulated HRPSOC duty, such as hybrid and mild hybrid electric vehicle operations, the lead-acid batteries fail prematurely mainly due to the progressive accumulation of lead sulphate on the surfaces of the negative plates. This occurs because the lead sulphate cannot be converted efficiently back to sponge lead during charging either from the regenerative braking or from the engine. Eventually, this layer of lead sulphate develops to such an extent that the effective surface area of the plate is reduced markedly, and the plate can no longer deliver the higher current demanded from the automobile. This significantly reduces the potential life span of the battery.
In other technology fields, including mobile or cell phone technology, it would be advantageous to provide alternative battery types that offer improved overall lifespan and performance whilst catering for the different power demands on the device.
Accordingly, there exists a need for modified batteries, including lead-acid batteries, that have an improved life span and/or improved overall performance compared to current batteries.
According to one aspect, there is provided a lead-acid battery comprising:
Thus, the lead dioxide battery part and the asymmetric capacitor part of the lead-acid battery are connected in parallel in the one common unit. Hence, the asymmetric capacitor part preferentially takes or releases charge during high current charging or discharging. This occurs since the asymmetric capacitor part has a lower internal resistance than the battery-part, and will first absorb and release charge during high-rate charging (for instance during regenerative braking) or during high-rate discharging (for instance during vehicle acceleration and engine cranking). Consequently, the asymmetric capacitor part will share the high-rate operation of the lead-acid battery part, and will provide the lead-acid battery with significantly longer life. All of this is achieved without any electronic control or switching between the battery and capacitor parts.
According to one embodiment, the positive electrode shared by the two parts is disposed between the lead-based negative electrode and the capacitor negative electrode.
It will be appreciated that the reverse arrangement may be utilised, in which the shared electrode is the lead-based negative electrode. The lead-based negative electrode will define an asymmetric capacitor part with a capacitor positive electrode.
Thus, allowing for the two alternative arrangements, a second aspect provides a lead-acid battery comprising:
wherein a battery part is formed by the lead based negative electrode and the lead dioxide-based positive electrode; and an asymmetric capacitor part is formed by the capacitor electrode and one electrode selected from the lead based negative electrode and the lead dioxide based positive electrode; and wherein all negative electrodes are connected to a negative busbar, and all positive electrodes are connected to a positive busbar.
According to this aspect, each of the capacitor electrodes may individually be positive or negative electrodes.
Preferably, the lead-acid battery comprises an alternating series of positive and negative electrodes. Of the alternating electrodes, each of these may be a battery electrode, a capacitor electrode, or a combined battery/capacitor electrode. These electrode types will be described in further detail below.
According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a lead-acid battery comprising an alternating series of positive and negative electrodes and an electrolyte in contact with the electrodes, wherein:
In a further aspect of the invention, it has been found that if there is a mismatch in the potential window or potential operational range of one of the electrodes, hydrogen gassing may occur. This particularly applies when the cell voltage is greater than the potential range of an electrode. Hydrogen gassing is undesirable as it leads to premature failure of the battery at the electrode where gassing occurs.
To avoid a mismatch, according to a further embodiment, at least one of the capacitor negative electrodes comprises a high surface area capacitor material and one or more additives selected from oxides, hydroxides or sulfates of lead, zinc, cadmium, silver and bismuth. The additives are preferably added in oxide form. The additives are preferably lead and/or zinc additives, most preferably lead and/or zinc oxide.
Mismatching can also occur at the capacitor positive electrode. Thus, according to one embodiment in which the battery comprises a capacitor positive electrode, the capacitor positive electrode comprises:
This aspect of the invention can be applied equally to other hybrid battery types to avoid gasing.
Thus, according to a fourth aspect of the invention, there is provided a hybrid battery-capacitor comprising:
According to a further aspect of the invention, there is also provided novel capacitor electrodes based on the above concept. The novel capacitor negative electrode comprises a current collector and a paste coating, the paste coating comprising a high surface area capacitor material, a binder and between 5-40 wt %, based on the weight the paste coating, of an additive or additive mixture selected from oxides, hydroxides or sulfates of lead, zinc, cadmium, silver and bismuth, with the proviso that the additive includes at least one oxide, hydroxide or sulfate of lead or zinc.
The novel capacitor positive electrode comprises a current collector and a paste coating, the paste coating comprising a high surface area capacitor material, a binder and between 10-40 wt %, based on the weight the paste coating, of an additive mixture comprising:
Finally, there is also provided an asymmetric capacitor comprising the capacitor electrodes described above.
The present invention will now be described in further detail with reference to preferred embodiments of the invention.
To avoid any doubt, except where the context requires otherwise due to express language or necessary implication, the word "comprise" or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising" is used in an inclusive sense, i.e. to specify the presence of the stated features but not to preclude the presence or addition of further features in various embodiments of the invention.
General Features
The term "lead-acid battery" is used in its broadest sense to encompass any unit containing one or more lead-acid battery cells.
The lead-acid batteries described contain at least one lead-based negative electrode or region, at least one lead dioxide-based positive electrode or region and at least one capacitor negative electrode or region.
In the following each of these electrode types are described, followed by the electrode region concept.
Electrode Structure
Electrodes generally comprise a current collector (otherwise known as a grid or plate), with the active electrode material applied thereto. The active electrode material is most commonly applied in a paste form to the current collector, and in the present specification the term paste applies to all such active-material containing compositions applied in any way to the current collector. The term "based" used in the context of electrodes is intended to refer to the active electrode material. This term is used to avoid suggesting that the electrode is formed entirely from the active material, as this is not the case. The term also is intended to indicate that the active material of the given electrode may contain additives or materials other than the active material specifically mentioned.
Lead and Lead Dioxide Based Electrodes.
The lead and lead dioxide electrodes may be of any arrangement or type suitable for use in a lead-acid battery. Generally, such electrodes are in the form of a metal grid (usually made from lead or lead alloy) that supports the electrochemically active material (lead or lead dioxide) which is pasted onto the grid. The operation of pasting is well known in the field. Although any suitable lead or lead dioxide known in the art may be used, it would be advantageous to use the lead compositions disclosed in co-pending application PCT/AU2003/001404 (claiming priority from Australian Patent Application AU 2002952234). It is to be noted that, prior to formation of the battery, the active material may not be in the active form (i.e. it may not be in the form of the metal, or in the dioxide form). Thus, the terms encompass those other forms which are converted to lead metal or lead dioxide when the battery is formed.
Capacitor Electrodes
Capacitor electrodes similarly comprise a current collector and a coating of an active material. This is commonly applied as a paste.
The term "capacitor" is used in the context of electrodes to refer to electrodes that store energy through the double layer capacitance of a particle/solution interface between high surface area materials and an electrolyte solution.
There are two main classes of capacitors. One class is the "double-layer capacitors" (otherwise known as "symmetric capacitors") containing two such electrodes, one as the positive and the other as the negative. The second class is the asymmetric capacitors, which are also referred to as hybrid capacitors, "ultracapacitors" and "supercapacitors".
Asymmetric capacitors comprise one electrode that stores energy through double layer capacitance across a particle/solution interface, and a second electrode that is a faradaic or battery-type electrode which stores energy pseudocapacitively. The prefixes "ultra" and "super" are sometimes used to refer generically to asmymmetric capacitors, and sometimes to refer to such capacitors having large storage capability. In the present application the prefix "ultra" is most usually used in this first sense, but on occasion it is used in the second sense, as the capacitance of the capacitor parts of the batteries of the present invention preferably have high capacitance. The asymmetric capacitor parts preferably have ultracapacitor capacitance, more preferably of supercapacitor capacitance.
Generally, as with the lead and lead oxide electrodes, the capacitor electrode comprises a metal grid (usually made from a lead alloy) and a pasted coating containing the capacitor material, usually with a binder. Examples of a suitable binders for the paste compositions are carboxymethyl cellulose and neoprene.
The capacitor electrode suitably comprises a high surface area (or high-rate) materials suitable for use in capacitors. Such materials are well known in the art. These high-rate capacitor materials include high surface area carbon, ruthenium oxide, silver oxide, cobalt oxide and conducting polymers. Preferably, the capacitor negative electrode comprises a high surface area carbon material. Examples of high surface area carbon materials are activated carbon, carbon black, amorphous carbon, carbon nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibres and mixtures thereof.
Often mixtures of materials are used to obtain an appropriate balance between surface area (and thus capacitance) and conductivity. Currently, for cost reasons, activated carbon is the most appropriate source. One suitable activated carbon material is one with a surface area of between 1000 and 2500 m2/g, preferably 1000-2000 m2/g. This material is suitably used in combination with a more conductive material, such as carbon black. One suitable carbon black material has a surface area of between 60-1000 m2/g. One suitable mixture of these materials comprises between 5-20% carbon black, 40-80% activated carbon, 0-10% carbon fibres, and the balance binder at a level of between 5-25%. All measurements are by weight unless specified otherwise.
Additive Content of Capacitor Electrodes
As described above, it has been found that if there is a mismatch in the potential window or potential operational range of one of the electrodes, hydrogen and/or oxygen gassing may occur. According to one embodiment, to suppressing hydrogen gassing, the capacitor negative electrodes comprise an additive or additive mixture comprising an oxide, hydroxide or sulfate of lead, zinc, cadmium, silver and bismuth, or a mixture thereof. Generally, it is preferred that the additive includes at least one oxide, hydroxide or sulfate of lead or zinc. For convenience, the additive is suitably one or more oxides selected from lead oxide, zinc oxide, cadmium oxide, silver oxide and bismuth oxide. Preferably each of the capacitor negative electrodes comprise the additive in addition to the high surface area capacitor material. Due to toxicity reasons, cadmium compounds are not preferred, and therefore the composition preferably comprises a lead compound and/or zinc compound, and optionally a silver compound. For cost reasons, silver oxide and bismuth oxide would usually be avoided.
Irrespective of the form in which the additive is added, when conductor comes into contact with the electrolyte (for example, sulfuric acid), the additive may react with the electrolyte and thus be converted into another metal compound derived from the original metal oxide, sulfate or hydroxide. References to the oxides, sulfates and hydroxides of the subject additives are to be read as encompassing the products of the reactions between the additives and the electrolyte. Similarly, if during the charged or discharged state of the battery the additive is converted into another form through redox reactions, the references to the oxides, sulfates and hydroxides are to be read as encompassing the products of the redox reactions on these additives.
To suppressing oxygen gassing, the capacitor positive electrodes preferably comprises:
a high surface area capacitor material (as described above),
Pb2O3 ("red lead"),
an oxide, hydroxide or sulfate of antimony, and
optionally one or more additives selected from oxides, hydroxides and sulfates of iron and lead.
The compound of antimony is beneficial in suppressing (oxygen) gassing at the positive capacitor electrode. However, if it migrates to the negative capacitor electrode, it produces an adverse effect on hydrogen gassing at that electrode. In the absence of an agent to fix the antimony compound to the positive capacitor electrode, when the antimony compound comes into contact with the electrolyte, it may dissolve in the electrolyte, and be deposited on the negative electrode when a current is applied. The red lead is used to fix or prevent transfer of the antimony to the negative electrode. Compounds (i.e. oxides, sulfates or hydroxides) of lead and iron are also advantageous in this electrode, and may also be used in the additive mixture.
In each case, the additive is used in amount to avoid hydrogen and oxygen gassing. This is generally an amount that increases the potential window of the capacitor negative and positive electrode from the typical �0.9V or �1.0V to at least �1.2V, and preferably at least �1.3V. In general terms, the total oxide content may be between 5-40 wt %, based on the total active material composition (including high surface active material, binder, and any other component in the dried paste composition).
Preferably, the negative capacitor electrode additive comprises between 1-40 wt % Pb compound (more preferably 1-20%), 1-20 wt % Zn compound (more preferably 1-10%), 0-5 wt % Cd compound and 0-5 wt % Ag compound. Preferably the total is within the 5-40 wt % range mentioned above. The use of ZnO additive alone provides good results, as does PbO alone, or a mixture of PbO and ZnO.
Preferably, the positive capacitor electrode additive comprises between 0-30 wt % Pb (preferably 1-30 wt %) in oxide (any oxide), sulfate or hydroxide form, 1-10 wt % Pb2O3, 0-2 wt % Fe (preferably 1-2 wt %) in oxide, sulfate or hydroxide form and 0.05 to 1 wt % Sb in oxide, sulfate or hydroxide form. Preferably Sb is added as an oxide. Preferably the total is within 5-40 wt % range mentioned above.
Other Applications for Capacitor Electrodes
The additive-containing capacitor electrodes may be used with a battery type electrode (lead or lead dioxide) and an electrolyte to form an asymmetric capacitor, without any battery positive and battery negative electrode pair defining a battery part. This asymmetric capacitor containing novel components can be externally connected to a battery in the conventional manner, but without any extra electronic device.
Other Electrodes
As described in further detail below, the battery may include electrodes of other types in addition to or as a replacement of the electrodes described above. In particular, the battery may comprise one or more mixed capacitor-battery electrodes, such as a capacitor-battery positive electrode.
In the situation where the capacitor positive electrode (as described above) comprises lead oxide, this is converted into lead dioxide during charging of the battery. Thus, the capacitor electrode comprising a lead source which is converted into lead dioxide in operation of the battery may be considered to be a capacitor-battery electrode having some qualities of both a capacitor electrode and a battery electrode.
The incorporation of high surface area material such as carbon into some positive electrodes may be undertaken to address the need to balance the surface area ratio of the positive to negative electrodes. In the absence of any capacitor positive electrodes, the high surface area capacitor negative electrodes will add to a greater overall surface area for negative electrodes compared to positive electrodes. When there is a surface area imbalance, failure of the lower surface area electrodes. By making the surface area of the positive electrode greater, by incorporating high surface area carbon into some positive electrodes, the balance is addressed.
As a consequence of the above, it will be appreciated to persons in the art that the battery may comprise an alternating series of positive and negative electrodes, with an electrolyte in contact with the electrodes, and a first conductor for directly connecting the positive electrodes and a second conductor for directly connecting the negative electrodes, wherein at least one pair of the adjacent positive and negative electrode regions form a capacitor (by storing capacitive energy), and at least one pair of adjacent positive and negative electrode regions form a battery (by storing energy as electrochemical potential between the two electrode pairs).
The electrodes of the present invention may be composite electrodes (i.e. they may be composites of battery electrode materials and capacitor electrode materials). The references to "lead-based", "lead dioxide-based" and "capacitor" electrodes encompass the regions of an electrode that have the specified function, irrespective of whether or not the single electrode has other regions of a different type.
According to one embodiment of the invention, electrodes having regions of different types are deliberately used. According to this embodiment, one or more of the negative electrodes has at least two regions, including a battery-electrode material region and a capacitor-electrode material region. As one example, the electrode having two regions comprises an electrode current collector, which may be of the type described above, having one face pasted with battery electrode material (such as lead) and the opposite face pasted with capacitor negative electrode material. Alternatively, a battery-type electrode containing battery electrode material on both sides may be coated on one face or any other region thereof by a capacitor electrode material.
Other Battery Electrode Types
According to the aspect of the invention in which the capacitor electrode comprises carbon with an additive to avoid hydrogen gassing, the battery electrodes may be of types other than lead lead-acid battery electrodes. The battery types of this embodiment are nickel rechargeable batteries, lithium metal or lithium ion rechargeable batteries, and so forth. Suitable battery-type positive electrode materials in this case include nickel oxide, silver oxide, manganese oxide, lithium polymer materials, mixed lithium oxides including lithium nickel oxides, lithium cobalt oxides, lithium manganese oxides and lithium vanadium oxides, and lithium conductive polymer cathode materials. Suitable battery-type negative electrode materials in this class include zinc, cadium, metal hydrides, lithium in metal or alloy form with other metals such as aluminium, and lithium ion intercalation materials. The details of, and alternatives for, these electrode materials used in various battery types can be gathered from various publications in the art of the invention.
Physical Configuration
The electrodes may be of any suitable shape, and therefore may be in flat-plate form or in the form of a spirally-wound plate for the formation of either prismatic or spirally-wound cells. For simplicity of design, flat plates are preferred.
In the case of lead-acid batteries, any suitable acid electrolyte may be used. The electrolyte may, for instance, be in the form of a liquid or a gel. Sulphuric acid electrolyte is preferred.
In the case of other battery types, the electrolyte may be an aqueous or organic electrolyte, including alkalis such as potassium and other hydroxides, lithium-ion containing organic solvents, polymer electrolytes, ionic liquid electrolytes in liquid or solid state and so forth. Suitable electrolytes for the chosen battery positive and negative electrode materials can be routinely selected by a person skilled in the art.
Busbars or Conductors
The busbar of the lead-acid battery may be of any suitable construction, and may be made from any suitable conductive material known in the art. The term "connected to" used in the context of the busbars refers to electrical connection, although direct physical contact is preferred. In the case where the battery is not of a typical lead-acid battery configuration with busbars, any conductor may be used that does not involve circuitry external to the battery.
Other Battery Features
Generally, the components of the battery will be contained within a battery case with further features appropriate to the type of battery employed. For example, in the case of lead-acid batteries, the lead-acid battery may be either of a flooded-electrolyte design or of a valve-regulated design. Where the lead-acid battery is a valve-regulated lead-acid battery, the battery may be of any suitable design, and may for instance contain gel electrolyte. Specific features of the battery unit appropriate to such designs are well known in the art of the invention.
The pressure that may be applied to the lead-acid battery may lie in the range of 5-20 kPa for flooded electrolyte design, and from 20-80 kPa for valve regulated lead-acid battery design.
Generally, each of the positive and negative electrodes is separated from adjacent electrodes by porous separators.
The separators maintain an appropriate separation distance between adjacent electrodes. Separators located between immediately adjacent lead-based negative electrodes and lead dioxide-based positive electrodes may be made from any suitable porous material commonly used in the art, such as porous polymer materials or absorptive glass microfibre ("AGM"). The separation distance (corresponding to separator thickness) is generally from 1-2.5 millimetres for these separators. Suitable polymer materials useful for forming the separators between the positive and negative electrodes forming the battery part are polyethylene and AGM. Polyethylene separators are suitably between 1 and 1.5 millimetres thick, whereas AGM separators are appropriately between 1.2 and 2.5 millimetres thick.
In the case of separators located between the positive electrode and the capacitor negative electrode, these are suitably much thinner than the separators of the battery part of the lead-acid battery. Advantageously, the separators are between 0.01 and 0.1 millimetres thick, and most preferably between 0.03 and 0.07 millimetres thick. These separators are suitably made from microporous polymer material such as microporous polypropylene. Other separators are AGM and the thickness of this type of separators is between 0.1 and 1 millimetres, and preferably between 0.1 and 0.5 millimetres.
Formation of Lead Acid Batteries
After assembling of the appropriate components together in a battery case, the lead-acid battery generally needs to be formed. The formation operation is well known in the field. It is to be understood that the references to "lead-based" and "lead dioxide-based" materials are used to refer to lead or lead dioxide itself, materials containing the metal/metal dioxide or to materials that are converted into lead or lead dioxide, as the case may be, at the given electrode.
As is indicated by the language used above, the lead-acid battery contains at least one of each type of electrode. The number of individual cells (made up of a negative and positive plate) in the battery depends on the desired voltage of each battery. For a 36-volt battery appropriate for use as a mild hybrid electric vehicle battery (which may be charged up to 42 volt), this would involve the use of 18 cells.
Electrode Arrangement
For best operation according to one embodiment, the positive and negative electrodes are interleaved, so that each positive electrode has one lead-based negative electrode to one side of it, and one capacitor negative electrode to the opposite side. Accordingly, the arrangement of one embodiment has alternating positive and negative electrodes, with the negative electrodes being alternately a lead-based electrode and a capacitor negative electrode. All of the negative electrodes (lead and carbon) are connected to the negative busbar, and the positive electrodes are connected to the positive busbar, so that each battery cell and ultracapacitor cell is connected in parallel in the common lead-acid battery.
As explained above, the ultracapacitor cell in the lead-acid battery arrangement described has a lower internal resistance than the lead-acid battery cell, and therefore it will first absorb a release charge during high-rate charging (for generative braking) or during high-rate discharge (vehicle acceleration and engine cranking). Consequently, the asymmetric capacitor cell will share the high-rate operation of the lead-acid battery cell and will provide the lead-acid battery with significantly longer life. More specifically, lead sulphate formation on the battery cell electrodes which generally occurs during high-current charging and discharging of the battery is minimised because the high-current charging and discharging is generally taken up by the asymmetric capacitor.
Each battery cell of one embodiment of the invention provides a voltage of 2-volts. A lead-acid battery of one embodiment suitable for use in the broad range of electric vehicle battery applications will contain 8 negative electrodes and 9 positive electrodes, with 4 of the negative electrodes being lead-based negative electrodes, and the other 4 being capacitor electrodes, in an alternating arrangement. Variations in this arrangement and relative numbers of electrodes are also suitable, provided that there is a minimum of one of each electrode.
Example 1
A lead-acid battery of one embodiment of the invention suitable for testing purposes was made in the arrangement as illustrated schematically in
Two sponge lead (negative plate) electrodes (1), two lead dioxide positive plate electrodes (2) and one high surface-area negative carbon electrode plate (3) were positioned in an alternating arrangement as illustrated in
The capacitor electrode (3) was made from 20 wt % carbon black with specific surface area of 60 m2 g (Denki Kagaku, Japan), 7.5 wt % carboxymethyl cellulose, 7.5 wt % neoprene, and 65 wt % activated carbon with specific surface area of 2000 m2 g−1 (Kurarekemikaru Co. Ltd. Japan).
Separators (5, 6) were located between the adjacent. electrodes. Absorptive glass microfibre (AGM) separators (5) of 2 millimetres in thickness were positioned between the lead-dioxide (2) and lead (1) electrodes, and microporous polypropylene separators (6) of 0.05 millimetres thickness were sandwiched between the positive electrodes (2) and carbon electrode (3).
The battery case (4) was filled with sulfuric acid solution (7). The positive electrodes were connected to a positive busbar (8), and the negative electrodes connected to a negative busbar (9). As noted below, for comparison purposes, for simulation of a battery containing no ultracapacitor cell component, the capacitor negative plate could be disconnected from the negative busbar.
For testing purposes, a charging and discharging profile was developed to simulate typical charge and discharge demands on a 42-volt mild HEV battery typically used in mild HEV applications. The profile has short duration (2.35 minutes) and is composed of several current steps that simulate the power requirements of the battery during vehicle operation. These are, in order:
(a) an idle stop section involving a discharge of 2A over a 60 second period;
(b) a high current discharge of 17.5A, lasting 0.5 seconds, simulating cranking;
(c) an 8.5A power assistance discharge of 0.5 seconds;
(d) a 14-volt/2A maximum, 70 second long engine charging section simulating charging of the battery during standard driving conditions;
(e) a 5 second rest period; and
(f) a 14-volt/2A maximum period correlating to regenerative charging (regenerative braking) lasting 5 seconds.
The critical step is the cranking period over which the cell must deliver a current of 17.5A for 0.5 seconds.
To test the life span of the battery of the example, two identical batteries were made, and one was thereafter modified to disconnect the capacitor carbon negative electrode from the negative busbar, to correspond to an equivalent battery without the integral ultracapacitor feature, hereafter referred to as the "comparison battery".
Each battery was subjected to repeated cycles of the profile illustrated in
The results of the test are illustrated in
During cycling, the following observations were made:
(i) the maximum charge voltages of the comparison battery and the battery of Example 1 are maintained at 2.35-volts, as represented by line 14.
(ii) the internal resistances of both batteries increase with cycling. Nevertheless, the internal resistance of the comparison battery increases faster than that of the battery of Example 1, for example, from 19 to 25 mΩ for the comparison battery and from 18 to 25 mΩ for the battery of Example 1.
(iii) The minimum discharge voltages of the comparison battery and the battery of Example 1 decrease with cycling, but the rate of decrease is faster for the comparison battery.
The comparison battery performs about 2150 cycles, while the battery of Example 1 performs 8940 cycles before the minimum discharge voltages of each battery reaches the cut-off value of 1.6-volts (represented by line 15. Thus, the cycling performance of the battery of Example 1 is at least four times better than that of the comparison battery.
Example 2
A variation on the battery of Example 1 is illustrated in
The embodiment of this Example comprises three lead dioxide positive plate electrodes (2) and two composite negative electrodes (16). The composite negative electrodes comprise a current collector or grid (17) with the lead-containing paste composition described above applied to one region (the face) thereof (18) and capacitor high surface-area carbon electrode material-containing paste applied to the opposite face (19). Formation of the electrode is conducted in the manner known in the art. In a variation on this embodiment that is simpler to manufacture, a lead based negative electrode is prepared with lead pasted by conventional dipping techniques to the main body section in lead paste material, followed by formation, and then the capacitor material is pasted to a region or regions of this lead based negative electrode, such as one face thereof. The positive (2) and negative composite electrodes (16) are positioned in an alternating arrangement as illustrated in
The positive lead dioxide electrodes (2) and negative composite electrodes (16) of the embodiment illustrated in
Separators (5, 6) are located between the adjacent electrodes. Absorptive glass microfibre (AGM) separators (5) of 2 millimetres in thickness are positioned between the lead-dioxide (2) and lead face (18) of the negative electrode, and microporous polypropylene separators (6) of 0.05 millimetres thickness are sandwiched between the positive electrodes (2) and carbon face of the negative electrode (19).
The battery case (4) is filled with sulfuric acid solution (7). The positive electrodes are connected to a positive busbar (8), and the negative electrodes connected to a negative busbar (9).
Example 3
Further testing on the battery of Example 1 showed that improvements in electrolyte dry-out could be achieved by matching the hydrogen evolution rate of the carbon electrode (3) during battery charging to be similar to that of the lead negative electrode (1). This was achieved by replacing the carbon electrode of Example 1 with a modified carbon electrode (103) with 2.5 wt % PbO and 2.5 wt % ZnO, 65 wt % activated carbon, 20 wt % carbon black and binder (10 wt %) in the paste composition.
The hydrogen evolution rates for this electrode were tested and compared to the electrode used in Example 1, as well as the hydrogen evolution rates of the lead negative electrode of example 1. The results are shown in
Inclusion of the oxide CdO would have a similar effect to ZnO and PbO, but for toxicity reasons was not used in the testing. AgO has a similar effect, but is an expensive additive and not as effective on its own. In other tests the levels of ZnO and PbO were varied within the range 1-10% and 1-20% respectively, and the AgO between 1-5%. The other oxides mentioned in the detailed description above have a similar impact to AgO.
Example 4
A further variation on the battery of Example 1 is illustrated in
The battery of this Example comprises an alternating series of positive and negative electrodes. The electrodes are, in order from left to right, a lead dioxide battery positive electrode (2), a lead-based battery negative electrode (3), a second lead dioxide battery positive electrode (2), a capacitor carbon and additive negative electrode of the type described in Example 3 (103), a capacitor-battery positive electrode as described further below (23), a second capacitor carbon and additive negative electrode of the type described in Example 3 (103), a second lead based battery negative electrode (3) and a third lead dioxide battery positive electrode (2). Each of the positive and negative electrodes, respectively, are connected to a positive conductor and a negative conductor, and to the positive and negative terminals of the battery.
The capacitor-battery electrode (23) comprises a metal current collector, with a mixture of activated carbon (60 wt %), carbon black (20 wt %) and 10 wt % of lead oxide pasted thereon. The paste composition is formed with 10 wt %[5 wt % carboxymethyl cellulose and 5 wt % neoprene] binder and sintered onto the current collector. The electrode is about 0.8 mm thick. In gassing tests it was shown that the inclusion of SbO and red lead in this capacitor positive electrode has an advantageous effect on gassing, and therefore these additives may further be contained in the capacitor positive electrode.
The battery of this Example can contain further alternating positive and negative electrodes of any type. Generally it is desirable to ensure that there is some level of matching the surface areas and hydrogen gassing rates of the sum of the positive and negative electrodes, and to include the requisite number of positive and negative electrodes to provide a battery of the desired voltage.
Thus, many modifications may be made to the embodiments and examples described above without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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|U.S. Classification
|429/7, 429/225, 429/227
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 10, 2007
Owner name: COMMONWEALTH SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH OR
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- Collectible commemorative coin
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- Shows Off Team Pride
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Comments about Florida State Seminoles (FSU) 2013 BCS National Champions Gold Minted Coin:
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Glas Water Offers Custom Bottle Shapes
New sizes, designs and materials expand customer options
Glas Water is now offering its clients a variety of bottle options in addition to customer-specific label designs.
MonViso Natural Mineral Water Launches in the UAE
Minimally mineralized water comes from the highest natural spring in Europe
MonViso, the minimally mineralized water with one of the lowest sodium levels and total dissolved solids in the world, has launched in the United Arab Emirates. The natural mineral water's purity comes from the highest natural spring in Europe — the Rocce Azzurre spring situated at the heart of the Monviso Mountain (3.841 meters) in the Cottian Alps of unpolluted pureness.
United Center, Bulls, Blackhawks Name Bottled Water Provider
Three-year agreement puts Culligan, Chicagoland dealers front and center with fans
Culligan has been named the official bottled water provider for the United Center in Chicago, the Chicago Bulls and the Chicago Blackhawks.
Canadian Beverage Assn. Responds to Teachers Organization's Proposed Bottled Water Ban
Association says bottled water provides a healthy, safe and important source of hydration
The Canadian Beverage Assn. believes maintaining proper hydration is essential to Ontarians' health; and bottled water is healthy, safe and an important source of hydration.
The Canadian Beverage Assn. strongly supports access to a safe drinking water supply and believes that it should not be a question of either municipal water or bottled water; rather, there is a place for both based on a consumer's need throughout the day.
Nestle Launches Hydration Movement
Survey finds that nearly two in five moms do not believe their kids are drinking enough water
A recent survey conducted by Nestle Pure Life Purified Water found that nearly two in five moms do not believe their kids are actually drinking enough water, and more than a third say they have difficulty getting their kids to do so.
Spring Water Brand Hydrates Chicago Runners
Ice Mountain teams up with marathon runner Josh Cox to hydrate half-marathon participants
Ice Mountain Brand 100% natural spring water helped keep runners hydrated as the official bottled water sponsor of the XSport Fitness Rock 'n' Roll Chicago Half Marathon presented by HumanaVitality. Runner Josh Cox joined the Ice Mountain team in Chicago to motivate first-time and seasoned runners.
Water-Purifying Filter Launches on Indiegogo
WaterBean leverages coconut carbon to fight the battle against "water bottle fatigue"
Entrepreneur Graeme Glen announced the launch of WaterBean on Indiegogo. WaterBean is a portable, reusable filter that transforms any water bottle (or anything used for drinking) into a water purification system. It leverages the ancient Japanese method of shaking and swirling coconut carbon to add vital minerals to tap water and remove unwanted chemicals.
Stakool Inc. Announces Intent to Buy Water Company
Company enters into a letter of intent to buy Indian Hills Spring Water LLC
Stakool Inc. entered into a letter of intent (LOI) to buy Indian Hills Spring Water LLC, of Murphy, N.C. The source is a "natural free-flowing spring" in the mountains of North Carolina and is gravity fed to the bottling facility. It is 100% drinkable without any filtration thus providing the perfect "raw water."
Kid-Friendly Bottled Water Available for Summer
Glas Water's filtered bottled water is now available with customizable labels
The summer heat can result in more than just sunburn, especially when it comes to kids. It is important to make sure children are drinking extra water when it is warmer, because they tend to be more forgetful when it comes to hydration and dehydrate more easily than adults. To help ensure that children stay properly hydrated this summer, Glas Water is offering kid-friendly bottled water.
IBWA Members Educate Legislators About Bottled Water
Members inform federal elected representatives about issues important to the bottled water industry
On June 19, 2013, members of the International Bottled Water Assn. (IBWA), representing bottlers, distributors and suppliers from across the country, participated in IBWA's June Capitol Hill Day. This event allows IBWA members to directly interact with their federal elected representatives and staffs, and inform them about the many issues important to America's bottled water industry. This was the fourth Hill Day that IBWA members have participated in to date during 2013.


text:
Temporal range: Toyonian/Ordian
|Redlichia chinensis
|Scientific classification
Cossmann, 1902
Hoeferia Redlich, 1899 non Bittner, 1894
Redlichia is a genus of trilobite of the Redlichiidae family, with large to very large species (up to 35 centimetres or 14 inches long). It lived during the Lower Cambrian (Toyonian) in China, Korea, Pakistan, Himalayan region, Iran, Spain, southern Siberia, and Antarctica, while it is known from the Middle Cambrian (Ordian) of Australia.
Redlichia has a rather flat and thinly calcified dorsal exoskeleton of inverted egg-shaped outline, about 1½× longer than wide, measured across the base of the genal spines and disregarding the spine on the 11th segment of the articulated middle part of the body (or thorax). The headshield (or cephalon) is semicircular, about ⅓× as long as the body, with clear genal spines that are a smooth continuation of the border, that extend backward and outward and curving to be near parallel near their tips, which typically extend to the backhalf of the articulated middle part of the body (or thorax). The thorax consists of 11-17 segments, with the 11th from the front bearing a backward directed spine on the midline.
Redlich originally named the genus Hoeferia (1899). It turned out however, that this name was already given to an Arcoid bivalve by Bittner (1894), rendering it an unavailable junior homonym. This is why in 1902 Cossmann renamed Hoeferia Redlich, 1899 to Redlichia.
Mesodema Whitehouse, 1939, Dongshania Lin in Qiu et al., 1983, and Spinoredlichia Liu, 1975, are all considered to be synonyms of Redlichia.[3]
Reassigned species[edit]
Some of the species that were originally assigned to Redlichia were later moved to other genera.
- R. blanckenhorni = Redlichops blanckenhorni
- R. finalis = Redlichaspis finalis
- R. nakamurai = Neoredlichia nakamurai
- R. walcotti Lu, 1941= Archaeops lui
- R. walcotti Mansuy, 1912= Saukandiops walcotti
- R. cf. walcotti Saito, 1934= Latiredlichia saitoi
- ^ Glauert, L. "Determination of the exact localities where Cambrian fossils were collected by E.T. Hardman in 1884" (PDF). Records of the Western Australian Museaum and Art Gallery 1 (2): 66–72.
- ^ Paterson, R.J.; Jago, J.B. (2006). "New trilobites from the Lower Cambrian Emu Bay Shale Lagerstätte at Big Gully, Kangaroo Island, South Australia.". Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 32: 43–57. ISSN 0810-8889.
- ^ Mikko Haaramo. "Mikko's Phylogeny Archive". Retrieved 6 November 2012.
Further reading[edit]
- Hagadorn, J.W. (2002). "Burgess Shale-type Localities: The global picture". In Bottjer, D.J., W. Etter, J.W. Hagadorn & C.M. Tang, eds. Exceptional Fossil Preservation -- A Unique View on the Evolution of Marine Life. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231102542.
- Greg Edgecombe and the Australian Museum. "Australian Trilobites: A Species List and Bibliography". Retrieved August 23, 2005.
- Sam Gon III. "A guide to the Orders of Trilobites". Retrieved August 23, 2005.
- Nedin, C. (1995). "The Emu Bay Shale, a Lower Cambrian fossil Lagerstätte, Kangaroo Island, South Australia". Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 18: 31–40.
- Simpson, Dave. "Trilobites of South Australia". Retrieved August 23, 2005.
|This Trilobite-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


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Auto Movie Creator
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text: Dog LOVES The World Cup by Hilton Hater at June 16, 2014 1:55 pm. Comments Think you're a big fan of the World Cup? HA! Compare yourself to this dog. This video is no longer available. Please check below for related videos. Edit Delete Follow Dogs? Facebook Disqus Tag: Dogs Related Videos: Dogs Videos Related Post: Dog Watches World Cup, Is Way Bigger Fan Than You Are Uploaded by: Hilton Hater Uploaded: June 16, 2014 Duration: 87 seconds