text:
- 68Promote
Throw Pillow
Natures Tanning Bedby TaLins
Throw Pillow made from 100% spun polyester poplin fabric, a stylish statement that will liven up any room. Individually cut and sewn by hand, each pillow features a double-sided print and is finished with a concealed zipper for ease of care. Sold with or without faux down pillow insert.
love it talins!so beautiful!
Wonderful capture! Love this!
Great capture, Avigur !
Sorry I meant type Talins ☺
Thank you so much all of you noblackcolor, Megstuff, and Christopher, greatly appreciated!
Excellent, Talins! As always!
Big hugs Andre as always! Thank you very much!
:D great catch!!! :)
haha perfect title, looks so relaxing :)
Thank you Carina so much! Always grateful!
Thank you Noel, it does look relaxing! Appreciate your kindness!
Thank you Noel, it does look relaxing! Appreciate your kindness!
Thank you Patty very much! Always appreciated!
So cute
Thank you Tracy, always appreciated!
wonderful shot
Thank you very much Gwenola, appreciate your kindness!
Wonderful capture!
great shot, TaLins!!
So adorable! Love frogs!
Thank you so much Christina, Jussi, Viggart and Lisa, greatly appreciated!
wow, what a gorgeous frog. terrific shot!
Thank you very much Laura Ruth, always appreciated!
Wait...is that two froggies?
Lovely shot.
Lovely shot.
Wonderful capture!
What a cool title - wonderful shot!
See More Comments


text:
Written on: 31/07/2013 by stevensharry (1 review written)
This a good value mower and functions well, which is always a bonus!
I have been using it a lot over the last few months with the grass growing quickly and it cuts well.
When I bought it had an issue with the fitting with the bag but emailed titan pro and they explained where I was going wrong.
If you want a good mower for a reasonable price this is a good choice.
Delivery was prompt.
As rated by our community of reviewers
" SPARES " Read More
Written by Eriicbarker
" Will cut anything " Read More
" Pull cord " Read More
" Trash " Read More
" Flymo 360 Glidemaster " Read More

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Thousands of BBQ Grills, Grill Parts & Accessories since 1956
Sold Individually
Back burner ignitor electrode for 24, 30, 36-in AOG built in and portable grills with rotisserie back burner. Not OOSP models.
To ensure you choose the correct replacement back burner electrode for your grill, we recommend removing the original part and comparing it to what we list.


text:
Confortel Barcelona
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
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TripAdvisor Reviews Confortel Barcelona
Travel Blogs from Barcelona
Finally I'm here
... the old walls of the city, it was rather nice to see the way the Barcelonians have embraced their history and integrated the old walls into buildings and moved forward rather than keep the old separated as other European cities seemed to have done.
Our apartment is in the Barri Gotic, or Cuitat Vella. That bodes well. I have done my due diligence in finding an apartment that will oversee a part of the festivities that make up La Merce, festa ...
Back to Barcelona
... wonderful.
One thing that did work well for us was to book early excursions so that we would beat most of the crowds and be back on the air conditioned ship before we were exhausted.
In the future, I don't think there will be a lot of DCL excursions in my future, they're too big and it's just not possible to move quickly with a crowd of 40 ...
Working the Bugs Out
... those regularly. I saw an exciting Flamenco
show, though the tourist version. Wasn't quite up to finding a bar and waiting
til midnight for the music to begin, so I paid my 18E to be entertained in
comfort. That really is a ***** dance. The angrier the better…such a gorgeous
expression of passion.
As I finished processing my contrasting experiences with
housing, a friend suggested I was "working the bugs out of ...
First day in Barcelona
... as we approached the park. There are a series of escalators near the park entrances. It cost 8 euro each for admission to the main part of the park. The outer area of the park is free. We found it an amazing place and spent over 4 hours there. I would highly recommend this park to anyone visiting Barcelona. The Gaudi designs of the buildings and other structures around the park are stunning and are part of a UNESCO World Heritage site of Gaudi's works. Once we left ...
Day 2 in Barcelona
... candies, meat, cheese and fish. Lots of things we had never seen in a market like rabbit, and goats heads. Afterwards we took a 2 1/2 hour walking tour of the Gothic section of the city which was quite interesting. We visited an interesting square called St. Filip Neri (By the way, Patti, that jewelry pouch works great!). Later we went back on the hop on hop off bus but weren't too impressed with the sights it visited ...


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 5, 2002
|Filing date
|May 3, 2002
|Priority date
|May 4, 2001
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Eric Kohut, James Pricer
|Original Assignee
|Kohut Eric J., Pricer James E.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (34), Classifications (11), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
[0001] This application claims priority from U.S. provisional application 60/288,723, filed May 4, 2001.
[0002] Many, if not most, companies today keep very sophisticated databases that act as repositories for vast amounts of information on the interactions between those companies and their customers and households of customers. Many of these companies use this information in devising customer relationship management (CRM) campaigns that target specific types of product or service offers to particular types of customers. Among the most recognizable CRM activities are direct-mail and telemarketing campaigns, both of which involve direct communication between a business and its actual or potential customers.
[0003] CRM campaigns typically provide benefits to both the company behind the campaign and the customers targeted by the campaign. A well-targeted campaign delivers product and service offers only to those customers who are likely to show interest in the offers. The customer benefits by learning of interesting products or services that might not otherwise have come to light and by receiving some sort of benefit, often in the form of a price discount or free gift, that the general public does not receive. The company benefits by ensuring that the people most likely to purchase its products or services are aware of those products and services and have incentive to purchase them.
[0004] Unfortunately, even the most well planned campaigns are not as efficient as they could or should be. One common type of inefficiency is sending duplicate pieces of mail to a customer or to multiple customers in a single household. The customer usually feels frustration in receiving more pieces of mail than are necessary, and the company suffers unnecessary costs in printing and delivering redundant mail. The source of such inefficiency is usually the company's inability to detect that it has multiple database records for one person or for multiple people living in the same household.
[0005] Rudimentary database and CRM tools have been developed to attack this and other types of inefficiency by "chaining" together database records corresponding to a single person or a single household. One such tool, developed by NCR Corporation, identifies database records that share one or more common entries—such as a social security number for a customer identified by two different names in the database, or a home address or telephone number for two separate customers living in a single household—and establishes a link between the records so that the records are collectively treated as a single household. These tools, however, useful as they are, still do not address all of the concerns of companies that rely on large databases for campaigns such as these.
[0006] Described below is a technique for use in improving the process of "householding" customer data in a company's relational database system. The technique allows for the chaining of database records on multiple attributes concurrently to ensure faster, more accurate, and more complete linking of records than previously possible.
[0007] The process involves combining data from two or more attribute columns in one or more relational tables to form a single column of concatenated data. The concatenated data is used in identifying two or more records that share a common value, which indicates that the records all represent a particular customer. A unique identification value is assigned to this customer and is stored with each of the identified records. In some embodiments, the process is used in identifying records that represent multiple customers living together in a single household.
[0008] Other features and advantages will become apparent from the description and claims that follow.
[0009]FIG. 1 is flow chart of a process for "householding" records in a database.
[0010]FIG. 2 is schematic diagram of a network through which vast amounts of data are gathered and stored in a large database system, or data warehouse.
[0011]FIG. 3 is a view of a database table in which the database records have been prepared for submission to a chaining process.
[0012]FIG. 4 is a flow chart for a chaining process.
[0013]FIGS. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 are result sets derived from database tables generated during intermediate steps of the chaining process.
[0014]FIG. 11 is a result set derived from a database table generated during a final step of the chaining process.
[0015]FIG. 12 is a view of a database table showing the results of the chaining process.
[0016]FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of a data-warehousing system suitable for use in implementing a householding technique.
[0017]FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of a computer system suitable for use in executing a computer program that embodies a householding technique.
[0018]FIG. 1 shows a technique for use in chaining together records in a relational database that correspond to a single entity, as defined by some set of business rules. In a customer relationship management (CRM) campaign conducted by a company that sells products or services to consumers, the entity might be a single customer or a group of customers living in a single household who, absent chaining, appear from the database records to be multiple unrelated customers.
[0019] The technique applies most often to data containing information about transactions between a business entity and its customers (customer-transaction data). As shown in FIG. 2, this data is typically collected through multiple customer-interface points—such as at a brick-and-mortar retail store 210, by an online retail center 220, through a catalog-order center 230, or from a third-party information clearinghouse 240—and delivered through a network 250 to a data warehousing system 200 maintained by the business (step 100).
[0020] Before undergoing the chaining process, the raw data in the database is "preprocessed," or prepared for chaining (step 110). Preprocessing the data allows the chaining process to run much more quickly and with greater accuracy than it would if it were acting on raw data. During preprocessing, data undergoes "cleansing" to ensure, for example, that all data entries in one column of a database table adhere to a standard format. An example of normalizing would be correcting erroneous zip codes using address lines. The data also undergoes reformatting to ensure that the data conforms to certain business rules established for the type of data for which the chaining process is taking place. For example, reformatting the data might involve selecting only that data which is relevant to the campaign at hand and then placing that data into a newly created table.
[0021] An important preprocessing step involves "concatenating" the data in two or more attribute columns to form a single column of data (step 120). The purpose of concatenation is two-fold. Combining multiple attributes into a single attribute column protects against chaining two unrelated database records that just happen to share a value in an attribute column. For example, out-of-date or incorrect customer records might show two unrelated customers living at the same address. Combining (or concatenating) the "name" and "address" fields of the customer data records reduces the chance that improper chaining will occur.
[0022] Perhaps more importantly, concatenating the data from multiple attribute columns allows chaining on the multiple attributes at once. As described below, the chaining process links data records that share values in certain attribute columns. When operating on concatenated data, the chaining process links records having common data values derived from multiple attribute columns. As a result, the chaining process described here is far more efficient and executes much more quickly than previous techniques.
[0023] In some embodiments, the preprocessed data undergoes a data-minimization process, which weeds out data records that are not likely to contribute significantly to the results of the chaining process (step 130). This process often includes grouping data records that have data elements in common and then selecting only those data records that share some minimum number of data elements (e.g., two or more) with other data records. Data records that have only one or no elements in common with other records are not as likely to produce reliable chaining results. The data-minimization process usually leads to the creation of a new table that stores all of the selected database records.
[0024] Once the data has been gathered, preprocessed, and minimized, the data enters the chaining process (step 140). This process is described in detail below.
[0025]FIG. 3 shows a table 300 of customer data that has been preprocessed in preparation for chaining. This table 300, known as a "base table," includes six attribute columns selected according to the business rules established for the campaign at hand. Five of these columns identify each customer by customer-identification number 320, by license number 330, by Social Security number 340, by phone number 350, and by account number 360, respectively. The sixth attribute column 310 includes data concatenated from two attribute columns ("name" and "address") in the database table from which it is derived. This concatenated data helps eliminate the possibility that data records for two unrelated customers share values that make the two look like one. The table also includes a column 370 that assigns a unique and sequential number to each row in the table.
[0026] For purposes of illustration, the data in the base table 300 has been grouped so that all rows that share a common data element follow each other sequentially. For example, rows one and two contain identical values in the "phone_nbr" column 350. Rows one and three have identical values in the "soc_sec_nbr" column 340. Rows two and four share values in the "license_nbr" column 330. Likewise, rows five, six and seven each share a value with one of the preceding rows. Therefore, a quick review of this table reveals that rows one through seven all correspond to a single household.
[0027] Rows eight and nine do not share any data values with the first seven rows, but they do share data values with each other in the "phone_nbr" column 350 and thus together define a single household. Rows ten and eleven do not share data values with any of the other rows, and therefore each defines a unique household. This table 300 thus includes eleven rows of data that together define four distinct households.
[0028] A company that would rely on this table, without chaining, in launching a CRM campaign would initiate eleven customer contacts when only four contacts would suffice. One household would be contacted at least seven times and might, through irritation, ignore the company's otherwise intriguing business offers.
[0029]FIG. 4 shows one chaining technique in more detail. The technique is a multi-step, multi-pass process that identifies database records which together define an individual customer or household. The process groups database records that share one or more common values in selected attribute ("key value") columns.
[0030] The chaining process typically acts on a table of preprocessed data (or "base table") like that shown in FIG. 3 and described above. The process begins by generating a "key value descriptor table," which contains data like that shown in the result set 500 of FIG. 5 (step 400). The result set 500 derived from the key value descriptor table includes a column 510 that lists the attributes, or key descriptors, that define the columns of the preprocessed data table. In the example here, the key descriptors are "acct_nbr," "phone_nbr," "soc_sec_nbr," license_nbr, "name_address," and "cust_id." The result set also includes a column 520 ("key_cd") that assigns numerical key codes to each of the key descriptors (the numbers one through six in this example). A third column 530 ("max_hh_nbr") identifies the highest household number assigned to each of the key values in the base table. Household numbers are described in more detail below.
[0031] In addition to the key value descriptor table, the base table is used to create a denormalized vertical lookup table, which contains data like that shown in the result set 600 of FIG. 6 (step 410). The result set derived from the denormalized vertical lookup table includes a column 610 ("key_value") that contains one entry for every cell in the base table from which it is created. In the example here, the result set 600 includes sixty-six rows, one for each cell in the base table 300 of FIG. 3 (excluding the "row_nbr" column 370, which does not contain any key values).
[0032] The result set 600 for the denormalized lookup table also includes a column 620 ("row_nbr") showing which row of the base table the corresponding key value was taken from. Another column 630 ("key_cd") shows the key code associated with the key value appearing in each row to identify the source of the key value. A fourth column 640 ("new_hh_nbr") assigns a sequential and unique household number to each entry in the table.
[0033] The household number identifies the household to which each key value has been assigned. At the beginning of the chaining process, each entry in the base table is treated as though it belongs to a distinct household. In this example, the denormalized lookup table initially shows sixty-six households. When the chaining process is complete, the table will list only four household numbers.
[0034] Once the denormalized lookup table has been created, the data undergoes five simple processing steps that are repeated as many times as necessary to complete the chaining process. Previous chaining techniques have required far more than five steps, sometimes numbering in the thousands, and thus were much more complex. The use of concatenated data is one reason that five repeated steps are sufficient in this technique.
[0035] The columns of the denormalized table are taken from the base data and can be used either as simple column attributes or as complex combinations of columns to implement business rules. An example of a moderately complex column is the concatenation of a customer's name and address into a single column of data. A business rule such as this helps, for example, to identify different people living at the same address over time as separate "households."
[0036] The first step in the chaining process involves forming a table that groups the row numbers from the base table with several "minimum" household numbers (step 420). FIG. 7 shows a result set 700 for such a table derived from the denormalized table 600 of FIG. 6. In this example, the base table has eleven rows, so it is certain that there will be no more than eleven households. Therefore, each row is matched to a "minimum" household number equal to the row number.
[0037] The next step involves creating a table that groups each of the key values in the denormalized lookup table (FIG. 6) to a household number (step 430). This table includes the key codes assigned to each key value to ensure that all entries for a single key value are grouped together. As this table is created, like values within the same key value are eliminated. The result set 800 for one such table is shown in FIG. 8. Because of several like values in the "key_value" column 810, several entries have been eliminated, and thus several household numbers have been removed from the "new_hh_nbr" column 820.
[0038] The third step involves "chaining" the data in the tables of FIGS. 7 and 8 with the data in the table of FIG. 6 to form a new table using the new lowest possible household number for the key values in the denormalized table of FIG. 6 (step 440). FIG. 9 shows a result set 900 for one such result. This result set includes a column 910 ("new_hh_nbr") showing the lowest household number for each key-value entry in the "key_value" column 920 (step 440). The entries in this table are grouped by row number, as shown in the "row_nbr" column 930.
[0039] The fourth step involves creating a new table that groups the key values, selecting for each key-value group the minimum household number from the result set 900 of FIG. 9 that corresponds to that key-value group (step 450). FIG. 10 shows a result set 1000 for one such table. This table shows eleven total household numbers, listed sequentially from one to eleven.
[0040] The fifth step involves comparing all columns from the result set 1000 of the previous iteration to result set 1000 of the current iteration to see if any changes have occurred (step 460). If so, the chaining process is still ongoing, and the five-step process repeats. If not, the chaining process is complete.
[0041] On each iteration, an increasing number of the key values are grouped into households, and the number of households (i.e., the "maximum household numbers") continually decrease. In the end, the process yields a table that contains data like that shown in the result set 1100 of FIG. 11, where every entry in the "key_value" column 1110 has been chained to one of four households—households one, eight, ten, and eleven—as shown in the "new_hh_nbr" column 1120.
[0042] When the final iteration of the five-step process is complete, the household numbers are joined to the base table to produce a table 1200 like that shown in FIG. 12. This table includes the same information as the base table of FIG. 3, plus an additional column 1210 identifying the household to which each data record belongs. In this example, the first seven data records all define a single household (household one); rows eight and nine define a single household (household eight); and the last two rows each define a single household (households ten and eleven). This table becomes the basis of information for use in conducting a much more efficient and productive campaign than those previously possible.
[0043] The techniques described here are particularly useful when implemented in a data-warehousing systems. FIG. 13 shows one such data-warehousing system 1300. This system 1300 includes a relational database management system (RDBMS) built upon a massively parallel processing (MPP) platform.
[0044] As shown here, the data warehouse 1300 includes one or more processing modules 1305 1 . . . Y that manage the storage and retrieval of data in data-storage facilities 1310 1 . . . Y. Each of the processing modules 1305 1 . . . Y manages a portion of a database that is stored in a corresponding one of the data-storage facilities 1310 1 . . . Y. Each of the data-storage facilities 1310 1 . . . Y includes one or more disk drives.
[0045] The system stores business data, such as customer-transaction data, in one or more tables in the data-storage facilities 1310 1 . . . Y. The rows 1315 1 . . . Z of the tables are stored across multiple data-storage facilities 1310 1 . . . Y to ensure that the system workload is distributed evenly across the processing modules 1305 1 . . . Y. A parsing engine 1320 organizes the storage of data and the distribution of table rows 1315 1 . . . Z among the processing modules 1305 1 . . . Y. The parsing engine 1320 also coordinates the retrieval of data from the data-storage facilities 1310 1 . . . Y. in response to queries received from a user at a mainframe 1330 or a client computer 1335. The data warehouse usually receives queries in a standard format, such as the Structured Query Language (SQL) put forth by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
[0046]FIG. 14 shows a computer system 1400 suited for use in executing computer programs that embody the techniques described above. In general, the computer 1400 includes one or more processors 1405, one or more temporary data-storage components 1410 (e.g., volatile and nonvolatile memory modules), one or more persistent data-storage components 1415 (e.g., optical and magnetic storage devices, such as hard and floppy disk drives, CD-ROM drives, and magnetic tape drives), one or more input devices 1420 (e.g., mice, keyboards, and touch-screens), and one or more output devices 1430 (e.g., display consoles and printers).
[0047] The computer 1400 operates on executable program code 1435 that is usually stored in one of the persistent storage media 1415 and then copied into memory 1410 at run-time. The processor 1405 executes the code by retrieving program instructions from memory in a prescribed order. When executing the program code, the computer receives data from the input and/or storage devices, performs operations on the data, and then delivers the resulting data to the output and/or storage devices.
[0048] In some embodiments, the computer is a special-purpose computer that performs only certain, specialized functions. In other embodiments, the computer is a general-purpose computer programmed to perform the functions needed by the company conducting the campaign.
[0049] The text above describes one or more specific embodiments of a broader invention. The invention also is carried out in a variety of alternative embodiments and thus is not limited to those described here. For example, while the techniques are described in terms of carrying out a customer-relationship management (CRM) campaign, the techniques are useful in wide variety of business applications, including inventory control and human-resource management. Many other embodiments are also within the scope of the following claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 4, 1936
|Mar 28, 1939
|American Box Board Co
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 11, 2006
|Apr 8, 2008
|David Benjamin Esplin
|System and method for managing wireless point-of-sale transactions
|Feb 4, 2003
|May 18, 2010
|Lexisnexis Risk Data Management, Inc.
|System and method of using ghost identifiers in a database
|Mar 18, 2008
|Jan 4, 2011
|David Benjamin Esplin
|System and method for managing wireless point-of-sale transactions
|Apr 24, 2009
|Oct 25, 2011
|Lexisnexis Risk & Information Analytics Group, Inc.
|Statistical record linkage calibration for reflexive and symmetric distance measures at the field and field value levels without the need for human interaction
|Jul 2, 2009
|Jan 3, 2012
|Lexisnexis Risk & Information Analytics Group, Inc.
|Statistical measure and calibration of search criteria where one or both of the search criteria and database is incomplete
|Apr 24, 2009
|Mar 13, 2012
|Lexisnexis Risk Solutions Fl Inc.
|Statistical record linkage calibration for multi token fields without the need for human interaction
|Apr 24, 2009
|Mar 13, 2012
|Lexisnexis Risk Solutions Fl Inc.
|Statistical record linkage calibration for reflexive, symmetric and transitive distance measures at the field and field value levels without the need for human interaction
|Apr 24, 2009
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|Lexisnexis Risk Solutions Fl Inc.
|Automated calibration of negative field weighting without the need for human interaction
|Apr 24, 2009
|Mar 13, 2012
|Lexisnexis Risk Solutions Fl Inc.
|Statistical record linkage calibration at the field and field value levels without the need for human interaction
|Jul 2, 2009
|May 29, 2012
|Lexisnexis Risk & Information Analytics Group Inc.
|Statistical measure and calibration of reflexive, symmetric and transitive fuzzy search criteria where one or both of the search criteria and database is incomplete
|Apr 24, 2009
|Jun 5, 2012
|Lexisnexis Risk & Information Analytics Group Inc.
|Automated detection of null field values and effectively null field values
|Apr 24, 2009
|Aug 21, 2012
|Lexisnexis Risk & Information Analytics Group Inc.
|Statistical record linkage calibration for interdependent fields without the need for human interaction
|Aug 8, 2008
|Sep 11, 2012
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|Database systems and methods for linking records and entity representations with sufficiently high confidence
|Apr 24, 2009
|Sep 25, 2012
|Lexisnexis Risk & Information Analytics Group Inc.
|Automated selection of generic blocking criteria
|Jul 2, 2009
|Oct 9, 2012
|Lexisnexis Risk & Information Analytics Group Inc.
|System and method for identifying entity representations based on a search query using field match templates
|Apr 24, 2009
|Nov 20, 2012
|Lexisnexis Risk Solutions Fl Inc.
|Adaptive clustering of records and entity representations
|Mar 12, 2012
|Jul 9, 2013
|Lexisnexis Risk & Information Analytics Group, Inc.
|Statistical record linkage calibration for multi token fields without the need for human interaction
|Jul 2, 2009
|Jul 9, 2013
|Lexisnexis Risk Solutions Fl Inc.
|Batch entity representation identification using field match templates
|Jun 5, 2012
|Jul 16, 2013
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|Automated detection of null field values and effectively null field values
|Nov 18, 2011
|Jul 23, 2013
|Lexisnexis Risk Solutions Fl Inc.
|Statistical measure and calibration of search criteria where one or both of the search criteria and database is incomplete
|Jul 11, 2012
|Jul 23, 2013
|Lexisnexis Risk Solutions Fl Inc.
|Database systems and methods for linking records and entity representations with sufficiently high confidence
|Mar 12, 2012
|Oct 29, 2013
|LexisNexis Risk Solution FL Inc.
|Automated calibration of negative field weighting without the need for human interaction
|Jul 2, 2009
|Oct 29, 2013
|LexisNexis Risk Solution FL Inc.
|Statistical measure and calibration of internally inconsistent search criteria where one or both of the search criteria and database is incomplete
|Jan 3, 2011
|Dec 31, 2013
|David Benjamin Esplin
|System and method for managing wireless point-of-sale transactions
|Jul 2, 2009
|Jan 28, 2014
|Lexisnexis Risk Solutions Fl Inc.
|System for and method of partitioning match templates
|Jul 2, 2009
|Jan 28, 2014
|Lexisnexis Risk Solutions Fl Inc.
|Technique for recycling match weight calculations
|Jul 2, 2009
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|Sep 17, 2013
|May 19, 2015
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|Internal linking co-convergence using clustering with no hierarchy
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|Oct 13, 2005
|Computer Associates Think, Inc
|Fast searching for directories
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 6, 2002
Owner name: NCR CORPORATION, OHIO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:KOHUT, ERIC J.;PRICER, JAMES E.;REEL/FRAME:013174/0638;SIGNING DATES FROM 20020618 TO 20020719
|Dec 21, 2007
Owner name: TERADATA US, INC., OHIO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:NCR CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:020540/0786
Effective date: 20070924
|Sep 29, 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Dec 4, 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


text:
After 12 years of being the man behind the Absa Cape Epic, founder Kevin Vermaak is going to experience his race from a new perspective - on a bike.
Former Giro d'Italia champion Ivan Basso ended his competitive cycling career , a few days after recovering from testicular cancer.
Team MTN-Qhubeka has announced the addition of two new riders to boost its core line-up.
Deloitte has become a gold sponsor of Africa's only professional cycling team, MTN-Qhubeka.
Etixx-Quick-Step has agreed to a two-year contract with German sprint star, Marcel Kittel.
Star sprinter Mark Cavendish has signed for the MTN-Qhubeka, soon to be known as Team Dimension Data.
Disgraced former cyclist Lance Armstrong has paid out over $10 million in a settlement with SCA Promotions company.
Vincenzo Nibali won Il Lombardia in style on Sunday to claim his first Monument one-day classic victory.
Disgraced former cyclist Lance Armstrong and the threat of doping remained very much in the air at the world cycling champs.
Peter Sagan charged ahead over the final climbs and hung on at the finish to win the men's road race at the World Road Cycling Championships.
The world's number one bowler tries to break a GoPro - watch and see if he is successful...
Australia and Wales are set to do battle at the Rugby World Cup, but here they take each other on in a different way.
Nigel Owens gives Scotland fullback Stuart Hogg a proper telling off after he attempted to win a penalty by diving.
Can the world's number one fast bowler Dale Steyn keep up with a one and a half year old for a full day?
Jason Day's journey to the top of the golf world is unlike anyone else's.
From humble beginnings in Australia, Jason overcame adversity to find his path through hard work and dedication.
British star Lizzie Armitstead took her greatest career triumph, capturing the women's road race at the World Road Cycling Championships.
Team Sky have signed Dutch prospect Danny van Poppel from Trek Factory Racing for next season, the British outfit has said.
Bradley Wiggins has pulled out of this week's British Track Championships in Manchester due to a cold.
British cycling officials say sprinter Mark Cavendish will miss next week's world championships in Virginia.
The Cape Town Cycle Tour Trust has announced an exciting change for the annual Cape Town Cycle Tour Expo.
Spain's Mikel Landa, considered one of the cycling world's top climbers, has signed with Team Sky for the 2016 season.
Twice Giro d'Italia winner Ivan Basso has been given the all-clear following treatment, his Tinkoff-Saxo team has said.
Germany's Tony Martin is hoping to win his fourth world time trial title in five seasons and match Swiss star Fabian Cancellara's all-time record.
Tony Martin is preparing for a record-equalling tilt at glory as the World Road Cycling Championships get under way this weekend.
Team Sky's Geraint Thomas has followed Chris Froome and decided to pull out of the World Road Race Championships scheduled for Virginia this weekend.
Technologies company Dimension Data will take over as title sponsor of the first African team on the Tour de France from MTN-Qhubeka.
Vasil Kiryienka captured the men's individual time-trial crown at the World Road Cycling Championships.
British sprint star Mark Cavendish underwent successful shoulder surgery on Monday, his Etixx-Quick Step team said.
Italy's 2014 Tour de France champion Vincenzo Nibali got back to winning ways on Thursday at the Coppa Bernocchi race in Legnano, Italy.
Edvald Boasson Hagen of team MTN-Qhubeka claimed overall victory in the Tour of Britain on Sunday.
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The tricycle ride continues
... They had fresh followers and Mr Sheldon bought Ms Peggy some Cherry Blossom limbs that will bloom when we get home. Looks likes a bundle of sticks now. The bakery had all sorts of tasty goodies.
We ate dinner across from the Eastern Market in a Mexican restaurant that had been on the food network. We all tried things we had never had before. It was interesting taste and textures for all of us.
Another fun filled day.
Night nite.
Shelbos raise the alarm and head to the Capitol
Mum and Dad arrived back from California late at night on Tuesday 23rd September. They both looked really rested and had had a great time. We went swimming the next morning to wake ourselves up and competed in the Shelbourn sculling race where I naturally was the victor. There wasn't much competition to be honest. Dad started to sink after the first 2 meters and Mum was giggling so much she was finding it hard to stay horizontal. After ...
City with great friends......
... mountains move to get to the bus and still miss it, or is bathed in reality doesn't matter, time to go elsewhere to relax!
We spent the next two hours in a 24 hour diner, having a coffee and generally taking it easy, waiting for the clock to reach 3:30am. When we arrived at the bus gate to depart, we were told that this bus had been cancelled and another one was coming, but not due for another hour. So yep this meant more waiting time, more time to hang out and ...
Panicking parents and never ending trains
... down hill. The only thing I could think to do, was curl up in a ball on the shower floor and pray for the best as I thought I was about to rein-act a scene from taken. I then waited and listened... Silence. At which point, I realised the lights were times and that I am the biggest idiot. That night I saw the Washington monument, the Capitol building and the White House, all very exciting but I was exhausted so I went back to the hostel and slept. Saturday, Saturday was busy. I walked ...
Bonding with Sam, domestics, a mini shopping spree
... mane of hair, putting on makeup and getting dressed before going to bed! 'Auntie Bonney' discovered this when trying to awaken her in the morning after she experienced a sleepless, anxious night.She is THE GREATEST bookworm, preferring reading books, which she gets through in 2 days, to spending time on computer or phone like every other teenager! so that's a plus.
As Sam job hunts in a huge Mall, Ellen sits and knits, ...


text:
Single Elin Nordegren Shows Off Sexy Body in Skimpy Bikini
Well that's one way to get a new boyfriend!
Just days after Us Weekly confirmed that Elin Nordegren was back on the market, she stole some time away for a beach trip where she flaunted her slim and sexy body.
While basking in the sun at Miami's South Beach on Saturday, the 32-year-old mom of two showed off her supermodel figure in an aqua and yellow string bikini. She covered up with a straw fedora and aviator sunglasses.
PHOTOS: Relive the Tiger Woods sex scandal
On Thursday, sources told Us that Tiger Woods' ex-wife broke things off her her wealthy finance investor beau Jamie Dingman after dating for a year.
"He's a really fun, exciting guy and she needed that, but she wants someone more stable for the kids now," the source says. "She's back to casually dating."
PHOTOS: How Tiger Woods and Elin Nordegren's kids have grown up
Nordegren shares kids Sam, 4, and Charlie, 3, with Woods, who she divorced in 2010 following his multiple infidelities; the pair was married for five years.
This article originally appeared on Usmagazine.com: Single Elin Nordegren Shows Off Sexy Body in Skimpy Bikini
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Tilt EntertainmentRead MoreWhat services does your business offer and what makes your business stand out from the competition? Auditioning for a musical theatre or any acting program always was, is and will be a big deal. We're a group of professionals who met in college studying music, theater, and acting. We walked the path - the journey that you're about to begin. We even made a webseries out of it www.1and16.com Do you provide any materials? What should your students expect to bring? Bring us the monologue of the 16 Bars cut that you plan to audition with and we'll take it from there! What was the inspiration to start or run this business? We are a group of friends who met in college studying music, theater, and acting. Some of us have MFAs now, we job-juggle, we work the improv circuit, we coach students, we keep taking classes, we work on TV, theatre and films - and the attribute for all these things is a sharp audition piece. What do you love most about your job? Empowering the kids we were! Is that simple.419 LafayetteNew York, NY US
La MamaRead MoreRaindance began as a thought experiment: can you make a movie with no money or experience, and without going to film school? 22 years, later Raindance now has 12 film networking and training hubs worldwide, and runs the largest indie film festival in Europe, the Raindance Film Festival. They provide hands on training, networking events, financing opportunities, and an innovative Membership program to help new and emerging filmmakers get their projects made. Raindance's practical filmmaking and writing workshops break the daunting cinema-creation process into digestible workshops as industry professionals help to elevate the aptitude of independent filmmakers. Students can select courses that teach film industry basics including how to build a budget, choose a camera, and promote themselves. As a non-profit training and networking organization that works to promote and support filmmaking throughout the world, many classes conclude with networking sessions at local bars where participants can trade business cards to further their cinematic pursuits.66 East 4th StreetNew York, NY US
"Elements of Love"Read MoreAmong the world's most storied venues, Carnegie Hall has hosted the finest performers since philanthropist Andrew Carnegie founded it more than 120 years ago. Finished in 1891, the structure was planned just before the advent of steel-frame construction, necessitating a solid masonry design that insulates its halls from outside noise and lends the exterior its red-brick charm. The hall's architects traveled to Europe during the planning stages, carefully noting the acoustic qualities of the continent's best venues while finding themselves put off by the overwrought baroque stylings of many of the buildings. The resultant design eschews flowery ornamentation for a spare, elegant Italian Renaissance style, coupled with peerless sonic resonance. The Hall's centerpiece—the historic Perelman Stage—is renowned for its acoustics and Italian design rife with white walls, gold fixtures, and graffiti tags from Michelangelo.881 Seventh Ave.New York, NY US
New York Water TaxiRead MoreNew York Water Taxi has been a fixture in New York since 2002, beginning with a spunky fleet of five distinctive black-and-yellow-checkered vessels. Today, the iconic 12 vessel fleet also includes the ZEPHYR and SHARK speedboat thrill ride. The eco-conscious crew first began by chauffeuring passengers between Brooklyn and downtown, but the business quickly expanded as locals and tourists demanded to see all of New York's mammoth manmade beauty such as the city skyline, Brooklyn Bridge, Empire State Building, and Ellis Island from its treasured natural waterways. Knowledgable and entertaining guides narrate tours while patrons can indulge in a cash bar that provides refreshments along the way. Popular touring sites include Intrepid Sea, Air, and Space Museum, Times Square/Broadway, Hudson River Park, and South Street Seaport, to name a few.89 South StNew York, NY US
Rocks Off Express Party BusRead MoreWhen it comes to traveling to a concert in or outside the city, there is no better way to travel than on the Rocks Off Express Party Bus. Getting out of the city for the night sounds fun, but for a New Yorker without a car, it is not the easiest of plans to make. Even for those who have a vehicle, parking and finding a designated driver can be more hassle than it's worth. The Rocks Off Express Party Bus has tv screens, a stacked sound system, a bathroom, an air conditioner, and more. Because the bus is specifically traveling to and from shows, the people are fun and friendly and become a part of the entire night's experience. When using the Party Bus, there is no need for a designated driver, parking passes, or taking public transportation too late at night. This comfortable, fun way to get to a concert is a no-brainer! Customers buy a ticket, show up at the pick up location, have a great time, and then get chauffeured home.2430 Fdr DrNew York, NY US
House of VansRead MoreThe spectacular theater at Brooklyn's House of Vans will leave you begging for more. When you're out and about in the area, you'll love that this club has a restaurant to take care of any last minute hunger. Don't stay cooped up on a beautiful summer day! At House of Vans, you can dine outdoors on their lovely patio. Burn a large number of calories and tone your abs, glutes, and legs with a kickboxing class from House of Vans. House of Vans also offers a wide selection of well-crafted drinks for you to choose from. For entertainment while you dine, the club organizes live music or hosts a DJ spinning. In the mood for dancing? Jive to a live DJ, and show off your moves on the club floor. This club is very loud, so prepare for a wall of sound. Parking is plentiful, so patrons can feel free to bring their vehicles. House of Vans provides ample space for bikers to store their bikes.25 Franklin StBrooklyn, NY US


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Himalaya (2920m) is a simple stopping place on the way to ABC with just 2 options for accomodation. It can fill up quickly with trekers in the case of bad wheather. Accomodation options are the Himalaya Hotel or the Himalaya Guest House.
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text: [ B.o.B. Aspires to Hit the Broadway Stage By Latifah Muhammad March 22, 2010 As he gears up for his debut album 'The Adventures of Bobby Ray' rapper B.o.B. is setting his sights on an even bigger career aspiration: Broadway... Read More Category: Hip-Hop Tags: B.o.B, broadway, The Adventures Of Bobby Ray, TheAdventuresOfBobbyRay Send to a friend! Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr!


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How to determine whether SSDs are necessary for a VDI implementation
Independent storage expert Marc Staimer discusses how you can determine whether SSDs are necessary for a VDI implementation.
We keep hearing that SSDs are ideal for virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI) storage, but are they necessary? Is...
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there a way to calculate whether an SSD investment would be worthwhile?
No, SSDs are not absolutely necessary for VDI storage. The general problem with most VDI implementation projects is the total cost of ownership (TCO) to make the virtual desktop performance adequate for the users. The biggest item in that TCO is the storage.
To get adequate storage performance requires either a lot of hybrid hard disk drives (HDDs), short stroked HDDs (throws away a lot of capacity) or SSDs. SSDs are quite effective in minimizing capacity requirements and reducing VDI TCO. Depending on the VDI implementation variation (PCIe SSD in the server, SSD caching appliance, 100% SSD storage system and hybrid storage), they can also be quite cost-effective.
They're not the only options available that drastically improve VDI storage performance and reduce VDI HDD or SSD requirements. There are software VDI accelerators from Atlantis Computing, Sanbolic and Virsto. These software options have been able to increase VDI storage performance enough to reduce capacity requirements by as much as 90% while reducing I/O latency and response time.
There is a way to calculate whether an SSD investment in implementing VDI is worthwhile, and it is completely subjective. First, determine the VDI performance requirements. Then establish which SSD implementation and at what cost will meet those requirements. Subtract out the cost savings from reduced HDDs, power, cooling, infrastructure, etc. Weigh performance, growth and user satisfaction versus TCO. Make a decision.
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Cure a Hangover
Cure a Hangover
If you've overindulged in alcohol, eat a few slices of cucumber before retiring. The water content of the cucumbers helps to rehydrate you, plus cucumbers contain a big dose of vitamin C and other vitamins to help you overcome your hangover. It wouldn't hurt if you drank a glass or two of straight water as well (most hangover symptoms relate to dehydration).
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Mike Santorelli has signed a one-year contract with the Anaheim Ducks.
Don't be surprised if Mike Santorelli isn't back with the Predators next season.
Mike Santorelli will tag in for the injured Mike Fisher in Friday's Game Two against Chicago.
Mike Santorelli will be held out of the lineup for Game 1 Wednesday night against the Blackhawks.
Mike Santorelli (illness) was back at practice on Monday.
Mike Santorelli is not playing Saturday night because he is sick.
Mike Santorelli's first goal as a Predator came at a clutch time on Thursday night, as he provided the game-winner for Nashville's 3-2 win over Tampa Bay.
Mike Santorelli has one assist and a minus-4 rating in 10 games with Nashville.
Mike Santorelli has alternated between playing center and the wing during his first three games with the Predators.
Mike Santorelli was in Nashville's lineup for the first time since being acquired from Toronto last week.
Mike Santorelli is expected to be in Nashville's lineup at some point this weekend.
Mike Santorelli isn't expected to play Thursday.
Mike Santorelli might not be available for Tuesday's game versus San Jose.
The Nashville Predators acquired forward Mike Santorelli on Sunday.


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Another memorable Bond location was the island home of Octopussy which the spy
visits in the 1983 film of the same name.
Today guests travel from all over the world to the marble Taj Lake Palace
hotel on Lake Pichola, in Udaipur, India.
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Cave hotels around the world
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Mar 12, 2013
Mexico's Fibra Inn is heard with books well oversubscribed coming into today's scheduled IPO pricing. The hotel focused Fibra real estate trust would raise MXP3.80bn ($303m) at the midpoint of its price range, assuming a 15%...
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Oct 21 - 22, 2015 | Grand Hyatt, Playa del Carmen, México
SFLA will convene in Playa del Carmen, Mexico the most important issuers and investors from across...
Will a strong dollar deter investors from LatAm bonds?
No, the yield-hunt goes on
Yes, but only retail investors
Yes, once the Fed raises rates
We want to partner and co-invest with US companies from authorized sectors, when they are ready to operate in Cuba.
José Oro, Thomas J Herzfeld Advisors
All material is subject to strictly enforced copyright terms & conditions and cannot be repurposed or reproduced. © 2015 Latin American Financial Publications Inc.


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This group is concerned with the theoretical and experimental aspects of the design, preparation, and characterization of optical thin film materials and interference coatings.
Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics
Congratulations to Dingquan Liu, the new chair of the Thin Films Technical Group! If you are a member of this group and have ideas for activities and initiatives to help engage this community, please share them with Dingquan as he begins his term as chair.
Intern - HAMR Laser Integration | Seagate Technology
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Marketing and Technical Sales Associate | Boston Micromachines Corporation
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Spectroscopy Scientist | Confidential
Tue, 08 Sep 2015 15:47:00 EST


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The Bill.com Accountant Resource Center provides tools to help accountants grow business, including audit, bookkeeping, bill pay fraud prevention, and finanancial strategy services. Tools include demos. presentations, calculators, questionnaires and ready-to-use templates to share with clients.
Catching Clouds, an Accounting Services, Virtual Bookkeeping, and Virtual Controller company for online and e-commerce businesses, has been a Bill.com customer since virtually before they started the company. They focus specifically on e-commerce businesses and the unique needs for companies that sell online.
QS Energy reduced headcount by two full-time employees. The audit cycle has been reduced from two weeks to one week. Mike estimates that QS Energy is saving $250,000 annually. By transforming QS Energy into a cloud office, Mike reduced back office staff from 4 people down to 1.
Tapingo is a fast-growth mobile ordering service for food pickup and delivery. Download their app and give up waiting in line at Starbucks. Your latte will come to you. Tapingo is in more than 46 markets and operates on over 120 college campuses
To help your accounting firm find clients that are eager to sign up for Bill.com, Eileen Sass identified characteristics of a client that needs Bill.com. Any one of these signs is enough to move an existing client to Bill.com or to sign up a brand new client by showing the value of Bill.com.
Bill.com direct sync with Xero is now available and we're stoked. Seamless synchronization of data eliminates the need for double entry, saving time and reducing data entry errors
Join Bill.com at SleeterCon, November 17-19. Stop by our booth for product demonstrations. Talk with product and accounting business experts who will help you learn how to grow your business with Bill.com. We have prepared a ton of valuable information for both existing Bill.com users and people that are considering a move to magically simple business payments with Bill.com.
Dawn W. Brolin, CPA develops lucrative lines of business for her firm by embracing new online accounting technologies and speaking at or joining business events that many accountants don't go to. Learn how this charismatic CPA is able to expand her client-base nationwide by staying at the forefront of accounting and technology trends.
New survey results show US firms rapidly moving to cloud-based accounting technology. Although 73% of accountants are still using paper-based payment, more than 50% of the accountants surveyed support the idea of moving to electronic payments. In the next six months, 41% of respondents intend to adopt a cloud-based payment solution.
Rick of Theatron discovered Bill.com on QuickBooks Apps.com website. He wanted something for digital business payments and saw that Bill.com had great customer reviews. His team did a lot of the data entry and processing for their customers, so Rick decided to give it a try. He's glad he did!
The Bill.com July product update will help you to be more effective working with vendors, approval teams, and internal accounting teams. Improved sync functionality with your accounting software. Send notes to coworkers by @tagging them. Add memos to checks and ePayments.


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Photo by Romulo Yanes
YIELD: Makes 8 servings
ACTIVE TIME: 1 1/4 hr
TOTAL TIME: 2 1/4 hr
IngredientsFor filling
- 2 lb tomatoes
- 4 lb large boiling potatoes
- 3 cups vegetable oil
- 2 tablespoons unsalted butter
- 1 large onion, chopped
- 5 garlic cloves, finely chopped
- 2 lb ground chuck
- 1 teaspoon salt
- 1/2 teaspoon black pepper
- 1 1/2 oz finely grated Parmigiano-Reggiano (3/4 cup)
- 1/2 cup fine dry bread crumbs
- 2 tablespoons unsalted butter, melted and cooled
- 6 large eggs
- 1 cup whole milk
- 1 1/2 oz finely grated Parmigiano-Reggiano (3/4 cup)
- 1/2 cup fine dry bread crumbs
- Special equipment: a deep-fat thermometer
Make filling:
Cut an X in bottom of each tomato with a sharp paring knife and blanch tomatoes together in a 6- to 8-quart pot of boiling water 10 seconds. Transfer tomatoes with a slotted spoon to a bowl of ice and cold water to cool. Peel off skin with paring knife, beginning from scored end, and discard. Finely chop tomatoes.
Peel potatoes and cut into slices slightly less than 1/4 inch thick.
Heat oil in a 4- to 5-quart pot over moderately high heat until it registers 370°F on thermometer. Fry potatoes in 6 batches, turning over occasionally, until golden, about 6 minutes per batch, transferring with slotted spoon to paper towels to drain. (Return oil to 370°F between batches.)
Heat butter in a wide 6- to 8-quart heavy pot over moderately high heat until foam subsides, then add onion and garlic and sauté, stirring occasionally, until golden, about 8 minutes. Add beef and sauté, stirring occasionally and breaking up large lumps with a wooden spoon, until meat is no longer pink, about 6 minutes.
Add tomatoes, salt, and pepper and cook, stirring occasionally, until almost all of liquid is evaporated, 15 to 20 minutes. Remove from heat and stir in cheese and bread crumbs until just combined.
Arrange one third of potatoes, overlapping slightly, in a buttered 13- by 9-inch glass baking dish, then spread with half of beef mixture. Repeat layering with potatoes and beef, ending with a third layer of potatoes.
Make topping and bake moussaka:
Put oven rack in middle position and preheat oven to 375°F.
Whisk together butter, eggs, milk, cheese, and bread crumbs until just combined, then pour evenly over potatoes.
Bake until golden brown and bubbling around edges, 35 to 40 minutes. Cool slightly before serving.
my notes
Nutritional Info
- Calories1,303
- Carbohydrates58 g (19%)
- Fat102 g (158%)
- Protein42 g (84%)
- Saturated Fat15 g (75%)
- Sodium713 mg (30%)
- Polyunsaturated Fat16 g
- Fiber7 g (29%)
- Monounsaturated Fat67 g
- Cholesterol236 mg (79%)


text: Featured comments + Add comment Comments (29) Featured ritsuka666 "I see no reason to buy this console, give me one good reason to buy it besides the fact that it is hackable. " 1004d ago Npugz7 "There is no reason to buy this garbage! " 1004d ago Kingofwiiu "I'm not all about power and graphics , but the Ouya is litteraly 2 underpowered. It runs a tegra 3 chip. Which is basically a PoS in a console. It's not even half as powerfull as a 360 or ps3. The wiiu has it's gamepad and a powerfull GPGPU...." 1003d ago


text:
Trophy hunting
Trophy hunting is the selective hunting of wild game classified as game animals. The primary motivation is to seek the oldest, and most mature animal from a given population, which is typically a male with the largest body size or largest antlers or horns. These animals have made their contribution to the gene pool and are nearing or are post-breeding age. Another motivation for the hunter may be the opportunity to participate in the management of a population by selectively removing these post breeding-age males. Parts of the animal may be kept as a hunting trophy or memorial (usually the skin, antlers, horns and/or head), the carcass itself is often used as food.
Trophy hunting has firm supporters and opponents. Public debate about trophy hunting often centers on the question of the morality of recreational hunting or the extent to which the money paid by sportsmen seeking a trophy animal provides a conservation benefit to the overall population of game animals and the rural economies where the game is hunted.
Misconceptions exist that trophy hunters just keep the head as their trophy and leave the meat of the animal to waste. It is against the law in most counties to waste legally harvested game, or any game meat that is suitable for human consumption. Hunters who do not bring the meat home from their hunts often donate to local people, or food banks such as Hunters Feeding The Hungry. Trophy hunting should not be confused with poaching, the practice of taking game illegally.
- 1 The hunting trophy
- 2 Types of hunting
- 3 Conservation tool
- 4 Positions of conservation organizations
- 5 Opposition
- 6 Solutions
- 7 Trophies
- 8 See also
- 9 References
- 10 Further reading
The hunting trophy[edit]
A hunting trophy is an item prepared from the body of a game animal killed by a hunter and kept as a souvenir of the successful hunting or fishing expedition.
Often, the heads or entire bodies are processed by a taxidermist, although sometimes other body parts such as teeth, tusks or horns are used as the trophies.
Such trophies are often displayed in the hunter's home or office, and often in specially designed "trophy rooms," sometimes called "game rooms" or "gun rooms," in which the hunter's weaponry is displayed as well.[1]
Types of hunting[edit]
Big game hunting[edit]
A big-game hunter is a person engaged in the sport of trophy hunting for large animals or game. Potential big game sought include, but are not limited to, bears, big cats, hippos, elephants, rhinos, buffalos, moose and so forth.
Tanzania has an estimated 40% of the population of lion (Panthera leo). Its wildlife authorities defend their success in keeping such numbers (as compared to countries like Kenya, where lion numbers have plummeted dramatically) as linked to the use of trophy hunting as a conservation tool. According to Alexander N. Songorwa, director of wildlife for the Tanzanian Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, trophy hunting generated roughly $75 million for Tanzania's economy from 2008 to 2011.[2]
According to a 2012 article by P. Lindsey and G. Balme, if lion hunting was effectively precluded, trophy hunting could potentially become financially unviable across at least 59,538 km2 that could result in a concomitant loss of habitat. However, the loss of lion hunting could have other potentially broader negative impacts including reduction of competitiveness of wildlife-based land uses relative to ecologically unfavourable alternatives. Restrictions on lion hunting may also reduce tolerance for the species among communities where local people benefit from trophy hunting, and may reduce funds available for anti-poaching.[3]
Ranch hunting[edit]
Many species of game such as the Indian blackbuck, nilgai, axis deer and barasingha, the Iranian red sheep, and variety of other species of deer, sheep, and antelope from Africa, Asia, and the Pacific islands were introduced to ranches in Texas and Florida for the sake of trophy hunting. These animals are typically hunted on a fee for each kill, with hunters paying $4000 or more to be able to hunt exotic game.[4][5] As many of these species are endangered or threatened in their native habitat, the United States' government requires 10% of the hunting fee to be given to conservation efforts in the areas where these animals are indigenous. Hunting of endangered animals in the United States is normally illegal under the Endangered Species Act, but is permitted on these ranches since the rare animals hunted there are not indigenous to the United States to begin with. The Humane Society of the United States has criticized these ranches and the people who hunt there for among other reasons that they are still hunting endangered animals even if the animals were raised specifically to be hunted.
Wildlife ranches dedicated to sustainable hunting have proliferated greatly in some countries of Africa, notably, Namibia and South Africa. Wildlife has seen gigantic growth on private land in Southern Africa in the last three decades. It evolved from a mere cost, which was better eradicated to a great economic asset, once private ranchers were granted the rights of ownership over game.[6] Wildlife ranches have contributed greatly to the South African economy, mostly through sustainable utilisitation of game as trophy animals.[7]
Trophy hunting in Africa[edit]
Trophy hunting has been practiced in Africa and is still a practiced conservation policy in many African countries. According to a study sponsored by CIC in partnership with FAO, the revenue generated by hunting tourism in seven SADC countries in 2008 is approximately US$190million.[8]
In an opinion piece by Jeff Flocken of the International Fund for Animal Welfare, he states that "despite the wild claims that trophy hunting brings millions of dollars in revenue to local people in otherwise poor communities, there is no proof of this. Even pro-hunting organizations like the International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation have reported that only 3 percent of revenue from trophy hunting ever makes it to the communities affected by hunting. The rest goes to national governments or foreign-based outfitters. The money that does come into Africa from hunting pales in comparison to the billions and billions generated from tourists who come just to watch wildlife. If lions and other animals continue to disappear from Africa, this vital source of income—nonconsumptive tourism—will end, adversely impacting people all over Africa."[9]
However, South African Environmental Affairs Minister, Edna Molewa, contradicts Flocken's conclusions by stating that the hunting industry has contributed millions to South Africa's economy in past years. In the 2010 hunting season, total revenue of approximately R1.1-billion was generated by the local and trophy hunting industries collectively. "This amount only reflects the revenue generated through accommodation and species fees. The true revenue is therefore substantially higher, as this amount does not even include revenue generated through the associated industries as a result of the multiplier effect," according to Molewa.[10]
Botswana banned trophy hunting in 2014, and now villagers claim they get no income from trophy hunters, and suffer from damage from elephants and buffaloes damaging their food crop fields and lions killing their livestock.[11] Conservationists claim trophy hunting is more effective for wildlife management than a complete hunting ban.[12]
Conservation tool[edit]
|This section's representation of one or more viewpoints about a controversial issue may be unbalanced or inaccurate. (September 2015)
According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, trophy hunting "provides an economic incentive" for ranchers to continue to breed those species, and that hunting "reduces the threat of the species' extinction".[13][14]
According to Richard Conniff, Namibia is home to 1,750 of the roughly 5,000 black rhinos surviving in the wild because it allows trophy hunting. Its mountain zebra population has also increased to 27,000 from 1,000 in 1982. Elephants, which are gunned down elsewhere for their ivory, have gone to 20,000 from 15,000 in 1995. Lions, which were on the brink of extinction "from Senegal to Kenya", are increasing in Namibia.[15]
On the contrary, Kenya, which banned trophy hunting in 1977, has seen a 70 percent decline of wild animals according to Laurence Frank, a zoology researcher at the University of California at Berkeley and director of the conservation group Living with Lions. Because the government has no incentive to protect wild animals, effective enforcement on protecting animals has been a disaster according to Frank.[16]
The National Wildlife Federation supports hunting because "under professional regulation, wildlife populations are a renewable natural resource that can safely sustain taking." [17]
The President of Panthera, a conservation group for big cats and their ecosystems, argues that trophy hunting gives African governments economic incentives to leave safari blocks as wilderness, and that hunting remains the most effective tool to protect wilderness in many parts of Africa.[18][19]
Proponents of trophy hunting claim many hunting fees go toward conservation, such as portions of hunting license fees, hunting tags and ammunition taxes. In addition, private groups, such as the National Shooting Sports Foundation, which contributed more than $400,000 in 2005,[20] and smaller private groups also contribute significant funds; for example, the Grand Slam Club Ovis has raised more than $6.3 million to date for the conservation of sheep.[21]
A 2005 paper by Nigel Leader-Williams and colleagues in the Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy asserted that the legalization of white rhinoceros hunting in South Africa motivated private landowners to reintroduce the species onto their lands. As a result, white rhinos increased from fewer than one hundred individuals to more than 11,000.[22]
Leader-Williams's study also showed that trophy hunting in Zimbabwe doubled wildlife areas relative to state protected areas. The implementation of controlled and legalized hunting led to an increase in the area of suitable land available to elephants and other wildlife, which "reversed the problem of habitat loss and helping to maintain a sustained population increase in Zimbabwe's already large elephant population."[22]
A scientific study in the journal, Biological Conservation, states that trophy hunting is of "major importance to conservation in Africa by creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas, including areas which may be unsuitable for alternative wildlife-based land uses such as photographic ecotourism." [23]
Financial incentives from trophy hunting effectively more than double the land area that is used for wildlife conservation, relative to what would be conserved relying on national parks alone, according to the study published in Biological Conservation.[23]
Trophy hunting has been considered essential for providing economic incentives to conserve large carnivores according to other research studies in Conservation Biology,[24] Journal of Sustainable Tourism,[25] Wildlife Conservation by Sustainable Use,[26] and Animal Conservation.[24][27]
Positions of conservation organizations[edit]
Organizations that support trophy hunting as a tool for conservation include The National Wildlife Federation, The Wildness Society, The Izzaak Walton League of America, North American Wildlife Foundation, Outdoor Writers Association of America, Ducks Unlimited, The American Forestry Association, Wildlife Legislative Fund of America, Wildlife Management Institute, and The Wildlife Society.[28][29]
Organizations that are neutral and do not oppose trophy hunting include The National Audubon Society, Defenders of Wildlife, The Sierra Club, and World Wildlife Fund.[28][29]
Organizations that oppose trophy hunting are The Humane Society of the United States, The American Humane Association and Friends of Animals.[28][29]
In the 1970s and 1980s, people in many Western countries assumed a pejorative association regarding hunting for trophy.
Many of the 189 countries signatory to the 1992 Rio Accord have developed biodiversity action plans that discourage the hunting of protected species.[30]
The League Against Cruel Sports has produced a report alleging trophy hunting does not have a positive effect on conservation. They suggest ecotourism can earn local communities as much as 15 times the amount of money earned by livestock, game-rearing or overseas hunting. Ecotourism increases the number of jobs and lengthens the time wildlife exists as an economic resource.[citation needed]
Trophy hunting opponents also cite the genetic health of species because hunters often try to kill large, healthy individuals instead of smaller, unhealthy and/or unattractive individuals. This indicates the animals that would pass on evolutionarily-beneficial genes to their offspring are, in fact, the ones that become less likely to reproduce.
Emirates Airlines placed an embargo by refusing to transport the remains of wild trophy hunted animals such as big cats, rhinos and elephants.[31]
The International Union for Conservation of Nature recognizes that trophy hunting, when well-managed, can be sustainable and generate significant economic incentives for the conservation of target species and their habitats outside of protected areas, as well as support local livelihoods.[32]
However, when poorly managed, trophy hunting can cause negative ecological impacts for the target species such as altered age/sex structures,[33] social disruption,[34][35][36] deleterious genetic effects,[37][38][39] and even population declines in the event of excessive off-takes,[40][41] as well as threaten the conservation[42] and influence the behaviour[43] of non-target species. The conservation role of the industry is also hindered by governments and hunting operators that fail to devolve adequate benefits to local communities, reducing incentives for them to protect wildlife,[44][45][46] and by unethical activities, such as shooting from vehicles and canned hunting, conducted by some operators which attract negative press and foster support for hunting bans.[47]
One proposed solution to these problems is the development of a certification system, whereby hunting operators are rated on three criteria.[47][48]
- In terms of their commitment to conservation through actions such as adherence to quotas and contributions towards anti-poaching efforts.
- The extent to which they benefit and involve local communities.
- Upon their upholding of agreed upon ethical standards.
Profile of a trophy hunter[edit]
A study, published in the journal Animal Conservation,[22] and led by Peter Lindsey of Kenya's Mpala Research Centre, concluded that most trophy hunters are concerned about the conservation, ethical, and social issues that hunting raises.[49] The study interviewed 150 Americans who had hunted in Africa before, or who planned to do so within three years. For example, hunters were much less willing to hunt in areas where African wild dogs or cheetahs were illegally shot than their hunting operators perceived, and they also showed greater concern for social issues than their operators realized, with a huge willingness to hunt in areas were local people lived and benefited from hunting (Fig.1). Eighty-six percent of hunters told the researchers they preferred hunting in an area where they knew that a portion of the proceeds went back into local communities.[22]
A certification system could therefore allow hunters to select those operators who benefit local people and conduct themselves in a conservation-friendly manner.[47]
Introducing a certification system however remains challenging because it requires co-operation between hunting operators, conservationists and governments.[50][51] It also requires difficult questions to be answered, including; what constitutes ethical hunting? Who constitutes local communities and what represents adequate benefits for them?[47] Some researchers also continue to express concern regarding what the larger messages of sanctioned trophy hunts for endangered animals might be, and the conservation consequences these might entail. For example, it has been suggested that contributions towards conservation organizations could decline because allowing hunting of a species could convey the message that it does not require saving. So even if the aforementioned problems associated with trophy hunting were addressed at a local level through the implementation of a certification system, the positive impacts for conservation may be outweighed by powerful global messages sent to distant individuals who can also influence conservation outcomes.[52]
See also[edit]
- Big Five game
- Deer hunting
- Elephant gun
- Fox hunting
- White hunter
- Reindeer hunting in Greenland
- The Most Dangerous Game, a classic story famous in the mid twentieth century that was inspired by and explores the philosophy of hunting for sheer pleasure.
- ^ Business Week On the hunt for a gun room?: Business celebrates a love of firearms, hunting big animals, Knight Ridder, 10/11/2009 (retrieved 10/11/2009)
- ^ "The New York Times". nytimes.com. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
- ^ "PLOS ONE: The Significance of African Lions for the Financial Viability of Trophy Hunting and the Maintenance of Wild Land". plosone.org. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
- ^ "Exotic Hunting | Texas' Best Exotic Hunting Ranch | V-Bharre Ranch | Texas' Premier Hunting Ranch | V-Bharre Ranch". huntingtexastrophies.com. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
- ^ "Texas Exotic Hunting - Texas trophy exotic hunting in West TX.". web.archive.org. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
- ^ http://www.cic-wildlife.org/fileadmin/Press/Technical_Series/EN/5.pdf
- ^ http://www.sawma.co.za/images/Dry_Gert_Full_paper.pdf
- ^ http://www.cic-wildlife.org/fileadmin/Press/Technical_Series/EN/8_.pdf
- ^ "Opinion: Why Are We Still Hunting Lions?". news.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
- ^ http://mg.co.za/article/2012-10-30-molewa-hunting-brings-much-to-south-africas-economy
- ^ Onishi, Norimitsu (2015-09-12). "A Hunting Ban Saps a Village's Livelihood". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2015-09-13.
- ^ Onishi, Norimitsu (2015-08-10). "Outcry for Cecil the Lion Could Undercut Conservation Efforts". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2015-09-13.
- ^ http://www.fws.gov/policy/library/2005/05-17432.pdf
- ^ http://www.cbsnews.com/news/can-hunting-endangered-animals-save-the-species/
- ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/21/opinion/a-trophy-hunt-thats-good-for-rhinos.html
- ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/04/opinion/the-ethics-of-safari-hunting-in-africa.html
- ^ http://cjonline.com/stories/031608/out_258309516.shtml
- ^ http://www.panthera.org/node/1253
- ^ http://www.panthera.org/node/249
- ^ State Agencies Receive Over $420,000 in Grants Through Hunting Heritage Partnership
- ^ Grand Slam Club Ovis
- ^ a b c d http://conservationmagazine.org/2014/01/can-trophy-hunting-reconciled-conservation/
- ^ a b http://www.africanwildlifeconservationfund.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Economic-and-conservation-significance.pdf
- ^ a b http://www.cbs.umn.edu/sites/default/files/public/downloads/Effects%20of%20trophy%20hunting%20on%20populations%20of%20lions%20and%20leopards%20in%20TZ.pdf
- ^ http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09669589708667294#.U8G7cfkuigY
- ^ http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-011-4012-6_15
- ^ http://www.ewca.gov.et/sites/default/files/Lindsey%20et%20al%20%202006%20Potential%20of%20trophy%20hunting%20to%20create%20incentives%20for%20wildlifeconservationin%20Africa.pdf
- ^ a b c http://www.nssf.org/safety/lit/WTSAH10.pdf
- ^ a b c http://www.animalliberationfront.com/AR_Orgs/Wildlife%20Organizations%20Positions%20on%20Hunting.htm
- ^ "Arguments against trophy hunting". Retrieved 2007-09-25.
- ^ http://traveller24.news24.com/News/Airlines-send-SA-trophy-hunting-industry-into-tailspin-with-cargo-ban-20150514
- ^ IUCN Species Survival Commission (2012). Guiding Principles on Trophy Hunting as a Tool for Creating Conservation Incentives.
- ^ Milner JM, Nilsen EB & Andreassen HP. (2007). Demographic side effects of selective hunting in ungulates and carnivores. Conservation Biology. 21(1), 36-47.
- ^ Rasmussen HB, Okello JB, Wittemyer G, Siegismund HR, Arctander P, Vollrath F, et al. (2007). Age- and tactic-related paternity success in male African elephants. Behavioral ecology. 19(1): 9-15.
- ^ Lindsey PA, Balme GA, Funston P, Henschel P, Hunter L, Madzikanda H, et al.(2013). The trophy hunting of African lions: scale, current management practices and factors undermining sustainability.PLoS One. 8(9).
- ^ Sogbohossou E A, Bauer H, Loveridge A, Funston PJ, De Snoo GR, Sinsin B, et al. (2014). Social structure of lions (Panthera leo) is affected by management in Pendjari Biosphere Reserve, Benin. PLoS One. 9(1).
- ^ Crosmary W-G, Loveridge a. J, Ndaimani H, Lebel S, Booth V, Côté SD, et al. (2013). Trophy hunting in Africa: long-term trends in antelope horn size. Animal Conservation. 16(6):648–60.
- ^ Nuzzo MC & Traill LW. (2013). What 50 years of trophy hunting records illustrate for hunted African elephant and bovid populations. African Journal of Ecology. 52(2):250-253.
- ^ Festa-Bianchet M, Pelletier F, Jorgenson JT, Feder C & Hubbs A. (2014). Decrease in horn size and increase in age of trophy sheep in Alberta over 37 years. Journal of Wildlife Management. 78(1):133-41.
- ^ Loveridge A, Searle A, Murindagomo F & Macdonald D. (2007). The impact of sport-hunting on the population dynamics of an African lion population in a protected area. Biological Conservation. 134(4):548–58.
- ^ Packer C, Brink H, Kissui BM, Maliti H, Kushnir H & Caro T. (2011). Effects of trophy hunting on lion and leopard populations in Tanzania. Conservation Biology. 25(1):142–53.
- ^ Hussain S. (2003). The status of the snow leopard in Pakistan and its conflict with local farmers. Oryx. 37(1):26-33.
- ^ Grignolio S, Merli E, Bongi P, Ciuti S & Apollonio M. (2010). Effects of hunting with hounds on a non-target species living on the edge of a protected area. Biological Conservation. 144(1):641-649
- ^ Nelson F, Nshala R & Rodgers WA. (2007). The Evolution and Reform of Tanzanian Wildlife Management. Conservation & Society. 5(2):232-261.
- ^ Booth VR. (2010). Contribution of Hunting Tourism: How Significant Is This to National Economies. Joint publication of FAO and CIC.
- ^ Campbell R. (2013). The $200 million question. How much does trophy hunting really contribute to African communities? A report for the African Lion Coalition. Economists at large, Melbourne, Australia.
- ^ a b c d Lindsey PA, Frank LG, Alexander R, Mathieson A & Romañach SS. (2007). Trophy hunting and conservation in Africa: problems and one potential solution. Conservation Biology. 21(3):880–3.
- ^ Lewis D & Jackson J. (2005). Safari hunting and conservation on communal land in southern Africa. Pages 239-251 in R. Woodroffe, S. Thirgood, and A. Rabinowitz, editors. People and wildlife: conflict or coexistence? Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
- ^ Lindsey PA, Alexander R, Frank LG, Mathieson A & Romanach SS. (2006). Potential of trophy hunting to create incentives for wildlife conservation in Africa where alternative wildlife-based land uses may not be viable. Conservation Biology. 9(3):283-291.
- ^ Nelson F, Lindsey PA & Balme G. (2013). hunting and lion conservation: a question of governance?. Oryx. 47(4):501-509.
- ^ Selier SJ, Page BR, Vanak AT & Slotow R. (2014). Sustainability of elephant hunting across international borders in southern Africa: A case study of the greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area. Journal of Wildlife Management. 78(1):122-132.
- ^ Buckley R. (2014). Mixed signals from hunting rare wildlife. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 12(6):321-322.
- Yahya M. Musakhel 2005: Identification of Biodiversity hotspots in Musakhel district Balochistan Pakistan.
Further reading[edit]
- Foa, E. After Big Game in Central Africa. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-03274-9.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hunting trophies.


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