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Step away from Pinterest. Don't even look at your Instagram. Slacker Mom is here with easy cheap costume ideas for kids or adults.
It's a brand new series for MomCave, called Slacker Mom's Guide. In this episode, the MomCave moms throw together some funny easy cheap Halloween costumes…Continue
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It's difficult to believe it, but this is our 49th episode! Watch some of our favorite moments from MomCave LIVE.
With appearances from Hobbs & Hayworth, Mel & El, Danielle Herzog (Martinis &…Continue
Posted on August 7, 2015 at 8:33am 0 Comments 1 Like
What do DUDES know about breastfeeding? For World Breastfeeding Week & Breastfeeding Awareness Month, the lactating mamas from MomCave joke with the DUDES behind "Breastfeeding Woes as Told By Men."
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Hotel Arena Blanca
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Vampire Repellant
... br>
It was a truly sad thing, because Casa Esmeralda is actually very highly-rated on Tripadvisor, and our food was quite well-prepared ... but the garlic ... it was just mind-boggling, the amount that the chef had used on the garlic bread and fish. You could almost see a first-time chef using that much of the stuff, but how could a chef that had the skill to turn out a beatifully-caramelized and perfectly-cooked fish filet, think that much garlic would ...
Farewell, Costa Rica- Pura Vida!!!
... partner for always keeping a level-headed attitude. Thanks for reading and stayed tuned in the next few weeks for a video compilation of our Costa Rican experience! *Disclaimer- all entries were written on smart phones late at night. There may have been some spelling/grammatical errors. We did our best to limit these, however it is important to recognize that each person who contributed to this blog put their heart and soul into the writing and it is appreciated by ...
Pura Vida!
... a valid reason and we did that too), Pamela and I hunted down a cake for mom's birthday. Finally at our fifth stop we had success. A bit pricy but whatever, it's moms birthday. 65th birthday to be precise. I also got a little balloon that said I love you mom on it cause I didn't pack a present with me. We rushed back to the hotel only to rush back into town for dinner. Everyone wore their Strawberry Shortcake party hats without grumbling, which shocked me, all the way through ...
COSTA RICA - rodeo and waterfalls
We took a bus to Liberia from San Jose. It only took about 4 hours so it was relatively cruisy. We got to the hostel we had booked in Liberia and were told there was a street fair happening and we were lucky enough to catch the last night. We settled into our room and then decided to go check out the fair. We followed the crowd which led to a temporary wooden stadium that had been erected for rodeo for the fair. We got our tickets and climbed into ...
Our last day in paradise
... for awhile and had a delicious fresh italian pasta salad. They would have packed it for us to take to the beach, but I prefer my food without the addition of sand.
it was time to figure out how to get the board, our backpacks and ourselves to the beach. Robin was 100% convinced I could not ride the bike with the board, but she didn't want to walk. You know me, I don't like to be told I can't do something, so naturally I took it as a challenge to prove her wrong. ...


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Ve al menu de abajo de la parte derecha en la esquina y selecciona el idioma deceado.
Dale click en "Ir" y el Nuevo idioma aparecera.
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Support Bullying Prevention During Upstander Day
Clarke Upstander Day - October 13th!! #ClarkeUpstanders Clarke Community Schools (PK-12) will be hosting their Upstander Day on October 13 th ! All staff and students are encouraged to wear BLUE that day! We are hoping to see a wave of blue in our hallways! Turning Bystanders Into Upstanders Against Bullying: . . . read more
Free Car Seat Check
Make sure your kids are properly secured while riding in the car during a Free Car Seat Check on Monday, Oct. 12 from 2-5:30 p.m. The clinic, in partnership with Osceola Chamber Main Street and Community Partnerships for Protecting Children, will be held at The Village, 2500 College Drive. It is open to all families in Clarke, . . . read more
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 17, 1990
|Filing date
|Oct 24, 1986
|Priority date
|Oct 25, 1985
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Atsushi Okajima, Fumiyuki Yamano, Eri Katagiri
|Original Assignee
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (15), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (116), Classifications (13), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention generally relates to a method and system for generating a lexicon of cooccurrence relations in a natural language. More particularly, the present invention concerns technology for generating and maintaining a cooccurrence relation lexicon describing cooccurrence relations among words, phrases and others and which can be utilized not only in a natural language parsing system for analyzing sentences or clauses described in a natural language but also in a translation system for performing translation between different natural languages on the basis of the results of the parsing.
As apparatus and systems for parsing sentences and clauses described in a natural language and making use of the results of the parsing for translation or for other purposes, there have heretofore been developed a question-answer system, an automatic indexing system and a machine translation system which can operate on the natural languages. In the field of this technology, the main theme of studies has been the parsing for recognition of sentences or clauses. In a simple form of the parsing, a template sentence or a semi-template sentence which corresponds to a template sentence having a variable such as, for example, "PLEASE GIVE ME * TICKETS" (where * represents a variable indicating the number of tickets in this example) is collated with an input sentence, wherein detection of coincidence between the template or semi-template sentence and the input sentence allows an output sentence such as "INPUT SENTENCE COULD BE RECOGNIZED" to be issued. In the syntactic analysis in which a more general parsing method is adopted, the subject, predicate, modifying phrase and others which constitute a sentence are recognized.
In the syntactic analysis mentioned above, difficulty is encountered in parsing a partial blank sentence having a blank portion to be filled such as, for example, "SOMEBODY SAID THAT . . . ". Similarly, in the parsing of a sentence containing a plurality of modifiers, it is extremely difficult to find out what a word, phrase or clause in concern modifies. In conjunction with the parsing of an English sentence, for example, it is known that a sentence composed of a subject, a predicate and an object allows five alternatives to run candidates for the parsed sentence with addition of two prepositions and as many as fourteen alternatives with three prepositions. For avoiding the ambiguity as involved, it has been proposed that semantic restrictions should be imposed on the parsing. By way of example, consider a phrase "A BUILDING OF WHITE WALL STANDING BY A LAKE". This phrase may be syntactically analyzed into a string of words "WHITE WALL STANDS BY A LAKE" and a word "BUILDING" attached thereto as one hypothesis. To exclude such hypothesis, a semantic restriction rule to the effect that "MATERIAL (white wall) OF `OF MATERIAL` CAN NOT BE THE SUBJECT OF THE POSSESSIVE CASE" or alternatively a word-based selectional (restriction) rule to the effect that "WHITE WALL CAN NOT STAND" but "BUILDING CAN STAND" may be established. Under the restriction, the above phrase can be syntactically interpreted or analyzed to read "(BUILDING OF WHITE WALL) STANDING (BY A LAKE)".
In this concentration, it is observed that a certain word occurs in a certain sentence together with another certain word in a certain relationship with a high probability or high frequency. In that case, it can be said that both words share cooccurrence relation with each other. As instances exemplifying the cooccurrence relation, there may be mentioned English idioms such as "TAKE A BATH", the government of prepositions by verbs typified by "GET OUT", the adverbial concord or collocation such as ". . . NOT . . . AT ALL", and others. As literatures describing linguistically these cooccurrence relations in detail, there exist dictionaries of collocations. For example, reference may be made to S. Katsumata's "Kenkyusha's New Dictionary Of English Collocations" (1958, Second Edition) and "Longman Dictionary of English Idioms". These dictionaries are however destined for use by those people having knowledge and experience in the various fields in addition to the linguistics. Further, these dictionaries simply enumerate fragmentary instances in accordance with a certain sequence. In other words, the dictionaries can not be straightforwardly utilized for setting up rules useful in the syntactic analysis or parsing.
With a view toward making the linguistic knowledgeable to be utilized in machine processing such as parsing, formatting the knowledge in the form of tables and rules has been developed and proposed. Further, as an aid to this end, a method for analyzing or extracting the cooccurrence relations is proposed according to which a set of sentences each including a word in concern are outputted in the form of a list to determine or check how the word in concern is used in the sentences. Such method is known as a KWIC (Key Word in Context) method. However, even with the aid of the KWIC method, a test as to whether the restriction rules and grammar are observed can not be made without resorting to the user's judgment.
In conjunction with the procedure or regulating the cooccurrence relations for utilization in syntactic analysis or parsing, it is required to determine previously what types of cooccurrence relations are to be set up (usually tabulated) or where and how a given cooccurrence relation is made use of in the course of the parsing. As a consequence, the parsing process assumes a fixed routine lacking in flexibility and giving rise to problems. Further, because data or information of the cooccurrence relations is only available through the medium of the record tables, there may occur such a situation in which information required for a given parsing can not be available. In that case, preparation of information requisite for establishment of new cooccurrence relations as well as addition/deletion and modification of the cooccurrence relation table must rely on man power, which requires a number of laborious processing steps.
As the known literature concerning the machine translation in which a lexicon of cooccurrence relations is made use of, there may be mentioned, for example, Muraki et al "Semantic Processing in Machine Translation System Using PROLOG" contained in "Natural Language Processing Study Reports 33-5" published by Information Processing Society of Japan (Oct. 22, 1982) and Pierre Isabelle et al "TAUM-AVIATION: Its Technical Features" in Computational Linguistics, Vol. 11, No. 1, January-March 1985, pp. +18.
An object of the present invention is to solve the problems described above and to provide a method and a system capable of automatically generating a lexicon of cooccurrence relations.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method and an apparatus or system for ensuring maintenance of a lexicon containing cooccurrence relations in a natural language such that adding information of cooccurrence relations to the lexicon as well as modifying the contents thereof, while reducing the dependency on man power.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a cooccurrence relation lexicon generating/maintaining method and apparatus for a system for performing machine translation and analysis of natural languages by using a lexicon of cooccurrence relations, which method and apparatus allow addition and deletion of information relating to cooccurrence relations to the lexicon as well as modification of the contents thereof to be executed with improved efficiency while reducing interactive procedure or work for an operator.
In view of the above objects, according to an aspect of the present invention a method and an apparatus for generating/maintaining a lexicon of cooccurrence relations is provided, in which a memory is used for storing information or data of cooccurrence relations utilized for determining whether or not a sequence of words in a given sentence described in a natural language is semantically correct, and in which a hypothesized cooccurrence relation table listing hypothesized cooccurrence relations is prepared and stored in the memory, wherein a cooccurrence relation is previously hypothesized on the basis of a cooccurrence relation pattern indicating a probably acceptable combination by referring to or consulting the hypothesized cooccurrence relation table, being then followed by derivation of a corresponding actual cooccurrence relation from a text corpus through the parsing to thereby determine whether the hypothesized cooccurrence relation is correct or not using a predetermined threshold, whereby the information of the cooccurrence relation is generated in accordance with the result of the decision.
The generation of information of the cooccurrence relation is performed in a fully automated manner under the control of a program or alternatively through man-machine interactive procedures. The information of cooccurrence relation thus generated is registered in the lexicon of the cooccurrence relations when the information satisfies requirements or conditions established for the registration, whereby addition/deletion and modification of the lexicon contents are efficiently accomplished.
FIG. 1 is a view illustrating in a flow chart an exemplary embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a view showing in a block diagram a general arrangement of a cooccurrence relation data generating/maintaining system according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a view for illustrating allocation of a main memory employed in the system shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a view showing an example of the contents of a cooccurrence relation file employed in the system shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is a view illustrating an example of the results obtained through a test of a hypothesized cooccurrence relation performed by consulting a text corpus file; and
FIG. 6 is a view showing an example of the contents of a cooccurrence relation lexicon generated according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Now, the invention will be described in detail in conjunction with exemplary embodiments thereof by referring to the accompanying drawings.
In the first place, description is directed to the principle and the basic concept of the invention.
In a natural language parsing system or machine translation system, a text corpus including a collection of sentences and clauses subjected to the parsing (or syntactic analysis) as well as those belonging to the same category of the same field is prepared together with a table listing cooccurrence relations which are required as grammar (or a set of grammatical rules) for analyzing the sentences. By examining the textual sentence by consulting the cooccurrence relation table, the valid cooccurrence relation is extracted from the table and used for the generation of a cooccurrence relation lexicon together with a set of words or the like for which the extracted cooccurrence relation applies valid. In this way, analysis and generation of a natural language of high quality is made possible, while facilitating the creation or generation of the cooccurrence relation lexicon itself.
FIG. 2 shows in a block diagram a general arrangement of a cooccurrence relation lexicon generating/maintaining system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
In FIG. 2, a reference numeral 1 denotes an input keyboard through which a user can perform confirmation and judgment on the cooccurrence relations interactively with the lexicon generating/maintaining system, 2 denotes a display unit for visually indicating required data as well as promptings to the user, 3 denotes a central processing unit or CPU, 4 denotes a main memory for storing various information or data, 5 denotes a lexicon file storing the data requisite for performing analysis/generation, 6 denotes a analysis/generation rule file storing rules requisite for the analysis/generation, 7 denotes a cooccurrence relation file storing a table listing the cooccurrence relations to be utilized for the analysis/generation, 8 denotes a text corpus file storing a collection of textual sentences in general or specific to a particular field which sentences preferably amount to 30,000 or more in number, the text corpus file being imparted with a learning capability, and finally a numeral 9 denotes a lexicon of cooccurrence relations for storing cooccurrence relation data or information prepared by examining or analyzing the textual sentences stored in the text corpus file.
FIG. 3 is a view illustrating allocation of the main memory 4 shown in FIG. 2.
As will be seen in FIG. 3, the main memory 4 includes an area for storing a processing program 41 for executing algorithms requisite for generation and maintenance of the cooccurrence relation lexicon, a hypothesized cooccurrence relation table 42 for storing cooccurrence relations hypothesized by referring to and consulting the cooccurrence relation file 7, a cooccurrence relation display data area 43 for storing the contents to be displayed on the display device 2 to thereby prompt the user's decision when a textual sentence contradicting the hypothesized cooccurrence relations is encountered, an analysis/generation program area 44 for determining through the syntactic analysis/generation procedure with the aid of the actually established analysis/generation rules and the lexicon how a word constituting a term of a hypothesized cooccurrence to be created or examined (when the term is a category code, the word included in the category code) is used in a textual sentence stored in the text corpus file 8, an internal language (or interlingua) table 45 for holding the internal processes through which a textual sentence is analyzed/generated, and work registers 46 for storing temporary data during the course of hypothesization, test and syntactic analysis/generation in accordance with the processing program.
Next, description will be made of the operation of the system according to the illustrated embodiment of the invention.
When a user desires to determine a pair of a mode of expression and a target/translated expression peculiar to a particular field through the parsing or translation of a sentence used in that field, he or she first activates the processing program 41 through the keyboard 1. To this end, a start key may be provided on the keyboard. Additionally, when a pair of new language and literature belonging to a new field are to undergo translation in the machine translation or when the text corpus file is to be modified or corrected periodically as with the case of the text corpus file containing the textual sentences used in newspapers, periodicals and the like, the processing program 41 can be activated manually under the instruction of the user or automatically under the instruction issued periodically at a predetermined time interval.
The processing operation executed by the processing program 41 is illustrated in a flow chart in FIG. 1 which is referred to in the following description.
Upon activation of the processing program 41, a probably acceptable cooccurrence relation pattern is first selected from a cooccurrence relation table stored in the file 7 (step 101). In the case of the automatically activated processing mentioned above, different levels of priority may be assigned to cooccurrence relation patterns at the time of generating or creating the cooccurrence relation table for pattern selection. The selected pattern includes a portion depending on the language and a portion depending on a tree diagram of a sentence (or internal language) subjected to the parsing. An example of the language-dependency (or an example of the contents of the cooccurrence relation table contained in the file 7 shown in FIG. 2) is illustrated in FIG. 4. Referring to the Figure, the cooccurrence relation patterns such as "VERB AND OBJECT" and "ADVERB AND GOVERNOR (VERB)" can be seen in substantially all varieties of languages. In contrast, the cooccurrence relation patterns such as, for example, "FUKUSHI AND JODOSHI-GOBI (adverb and auxiliary suffix in Japanese e.g. "ze n ze n . . . na i", "VERB, PREPOSITION AND PREPOSITIONAL COMPLEMENT (in Europo-American languages)", and PHRASAL VERB e.g. "give up" can be regarded as the natural-language-dependent cooccurrence relation patterns. In any case, the cooccurrence relation bears a relationship to the syntactic analysis/generation rules in respect that (1) the cooccurrence relation represents the relation between or among the terms of internal language being subjected to the parsing, and (2) the cooccurrence relation can be made use of for eliminating ambiguity and/or outputting of an idiomatic translation.
The selection of the cooccurrence relation pattern (i.e. the cooccurrence relation pattern setting-up step 101) can of course be executed in response to a corresponding instruction issued through interactive procedure with the user. At this step, a list or table contained in the cooccurrence relation file 7 as illustrated in FIG. 4 is stored in the cooccurrence relation display data area 43 in accordance with the processing program 41 to thereby allow alternative candidates for the concerned cooccurrence relation to be displayed on the display device 2 so that the user can select one of the candidates. Alternatively, a candidate for the cooccurrence relation which the user desires to confirm may be set up under the instruction of the user.
When the candidate for cooccurrence relation is determined as described above, the candidate is stored in the hypothesized cooccurrence relation table 42 from the cooccurrence relation file 7 or through the keyboard 1. Subsequently, the processing program 41 determines whether the candidate by itself can be a hypothesized cooccurrence relation or is to be further restricted spontaneously or through interaction with the user to thereby establish the hypothesized cooccurrence relation for the target (step 102). By way of example, it is assumed that as a candidate for the cooccurrence relation "VERB AND OBJECT", a cooccurrence relation "VERB (=hi ku in Japanese) AND OBJECT" is hypothesized, whereupon usage of the words capable of constituting the object for the verb "hi ku (in Japanese)" is checked. As another example, a cooccurrence relation "VERB AND OBJECT (=ne dan in Japanese) is hypothesized. In that case, usage of the verbs which can take "ne dan" as the object thereof is checked. This procedure is referred to as the processing for establishing the hypothesis (i.e. hypothesized cooccurrence relation).
It should be mentioned here that some cooccurrence relations do not require the parsing mentioned above. By way of example, when a cooccurrence relation "If a certain noun is used in a specific target (translated) word peculiar to a certain field" is to be examined, no parsing in the strict sense is required. In this case, a source sentence and target/translated sentences are collated with each other to thereby select the target word used in the concerned field from a number of permissible candidate target words. Alternatively, instead of hypothesizing the target words, those target/translated sentences having words common to them are collected in a set, whereby one or two words making appearance in the collected sentences at a high frequency may be selected as the target word(s). In general, a word such as a technical term can have more than one target words in dependence on the technical field where the word is used. In that case, the first mentioned procedure, i.e. collation of the source sentence with the target sentences may be adopted to determine the target word pertinent to the concerned field without resorting to the parsing.
When the hypothesized cooccurrence relation to be tested is determined, as described hereinbefore, a certain term included in the hypothesized cooccurrence relation is picked up and textual sentences including that term are selected (step 103). For example, in the case of the cooccurrence relation "VERB (=hi ku in Japanese) AND OBJECT", the verb "hi ku" (in Japanese) is picked up to extract the textual sentences having that word "hi ku" from the text corpus file 8. As a consequence, the space to be searched upon subsequent tests can be reduced.
Next, each of the extracted or selected textual sentences is tested through the parsing procedure as to whether the hypothesized cooccurrence relation applies valid or not (step 104). In this case, when parts of speech and syntactic roles (noun, particle, subject, object or the like) are included as the terms of the cooccurrence relation, the analysis/generation program 44 is activated, whereby the parsing is performed by consulting the analysis/generation lexicon file 5 and the analysis/generation rule file 6, the results of the parsing being stored in the internal language table 45. For executing this processing, various known methods may be used. Accordingly, any further description in this respect will be unneccessary. For particulars, reference may be made, for example, U.S. application Ser. No. 415,601, filed Sept. 7, 1982, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,641,264, entitled "Method For Automatic Translation Between Natural Languages". The disclosure of this referenced U.S. patent is incorporated by reference in the present application. Taking as an example the cooccurrence relation "VERB (=hi ku in Japanese) AND OBJECT", the textual sentences in which the verb "hi ku" appears are parsed. On the basis of the result of the parsing, the words which can be the object for the verb "hi ku" are collected. An example of the results of this processing is illustrated in FIG. 5. If the result of the parsing of the cooccurrence relation is to be utilized in a machine translation, the target/translated sentence is further parsed to test also the target words. FIG. 5 shows examples of the cooccurrence relation in which the target/translated words of the verbs can be definitely determined, respectively. When a word is polysemic, there arises the possibility of the semantic restriction becoming severe.
Now, the processing program 41 determines whether or not the result obtained through the processing mentioned above is to be registered in the cooccurrence relation lexicon 9 (step 105). This decision may be made, for example, in dependence on the number of occurrences of the same cooccorrence relation from the text corpus file or in consideration of dispersion among the rows of the table shown in FIG. 5, i.e. the number of the objective words of the same species and category (this step corresponds to a step 111 described below). It should be mentioned that a prerequisite for this decision resides in that a sufficient number of the textual sentences are available to ensure the significance of occurrence of the cooccurrence relation pattern. The threshold with the reference to which decision for the registration is made can be empirically determined, by for example, a rate of occurrences of a pattern being 10% of 10 times, as exemplified in FIG. 5. The threshold may be varied or weighted as per the statistic processing result. Of the terms included in the hypothesized cooccurrence relation, the syntactic role such as "OBJECT" is not registered in the cooccurrence relation lexicon 9 but interpreted or considered to be temporally available for creating a hypothesized cooccurrence relation including as a term thereof a word or category code meeting that syntactic role. More specifically, the hypothesized cooccurrence relation "VERB (=hi ku in Japanese) AND OBJECT" is a so-called preliminarily hypothesized cooccurrence relation. Accordingly, when the words serving as the object are collected as shown in FIG. 5, it is then tested whether or not another interpretation (which may be considered equivalent to another hypothesized cooccurrence relation) of the hypothesized cooccurrence relation is possible (step 106).
As a further alternative, each of the rows of the table shown in FIG. 5 may be interpreted to be a hypothesized cooccurrence relation or alternatively the words may be collected for every category code to thereby abstract the hypothesized cooccurrence relations. By way of example, when each row itself is considered to represent a hypothesized cooccurrence relation, as first mentioned above, the cooccurrence relation "KAZE WO HIKU in Japanese (CATCH COLD in English)" applies semantically valid. In that case, assuming that a sentence "KAZE WO TABERU in Japanese (EAT COLD in English)" is inputted, the input sentence is determined to be erroneous because this sort of sentence is not contained in the cooccurrence relation lexicon 9. On the other hand, when "hypothesized cooccurrence relations are to be abstracted", a hierarchical structure (thesaurus) is established among words, wherein the category codes (which may also be considered to be semantic codes) of the words are stored in the analysis/generation lexicon file 5 at the addresses of the respective words to allow the hypothesized cooccurrence relations to be written by using a word of super concept (i.e. category codes) in the hierarchical structure. In this way, the individual hypothesis can be abstracted into a high-rank hypothesis. For example, hypothesized cooccurrence relations "KOME WO HIKU in Japanese (GRIND RICE in English)" and "MAME WO HIKU in Japanese (GRIND BEANS in English)" can be abstracted or combined into a high-rank hypothesized cooccurrence relation "KOKUMOTSU WO HIKU in Japanese (GRIND GRAIN in English)". In this connection, it is preferred that "GRAIN" does not serve as the word but functions as the category code.
When another interpretation (i.e. generation of another hypothesized cooccurrence relation) is possible (step 106), this hypothesis is generated (step 107) and decision is again made as to whether this hypothesized cooccurrence relation is to be registered in the cooccurrence relation lexicon 9 (step 105).
Now assuming that a hypothesized cooccurrence relation under consideration is determined to be registered in the cooccurrence relation lexicon 9 (step 105), it is then checked whether the same cooccurrence relation has already been registered in the lexicon 9 or whether a registered cooccurrence relation which corresponds to a super concept or subconcept of the relation now under consideration is present or not (step 109). If such a relation is absent, the hypothesized cooccurrence relation under consideration is registered (step 110). On the other hand, when the same hypothesized cooccurrence relation is present and when data of the frequency of appearance and probability has also been stored in the cooccurrence relation lexicon 9, the value of data is updated. When only a pattern is allowed to be registered, no registration is made. When the equivalent cooccurrence relation has been registered in a super concept or in a subconcept, the cooccurrence relation under consideration and the registered cooccurrence relation can be abstracted or combined into the cooccurrence relation of the super concept or alternatively both can be registered as a special case (step 111). In reality, it depends on the design concept of the syntactic analysis/generation system as to which registration methhod is to be selected.
When the cooccurrence relation lexicon 9 is considered to be a conventional data base, there arises a fear that data contradicting the existing data might be registered. For example, it is assumed that a cooccurrence relation "TORI WA TOBU in Japanese (BIRDS FLY in English)" and "TSUBAME WA TOBU in Japanese (SWALLOWS FLY in English)" have been registered. Based on this assumption, when a sentence "TONDEIRU PENGIN NO HANE in Japanese (FLYING PENGUIN'S FEATHER in English)" is inputted, then the word which "FLYING" modifies may possibly be regarded as "PENGUIN" which is a "BIRD", whereby a sentence "PENGUIN FLIES" which is apparently unnatural may be generated. In such a case, the processing system can prompt the user to discard the cooccurrence relation "BIRDS FLY" or alternatively register a cooccurrence relation "BIRDS EXCEPT FOR PENGUIN AND OSTRICH FLY" as the restricting condition descriptors. However, in view of the possibility of generation of an erroneous cooccurrence relation, it is not preferred to derive the conditional cooccurrence relation only from the interpretation of the textual sentences. In other words, it is desirable to generate the cooccurrence relations only for affirmative sentences and exclude those for negative sentences. More specifically, a sentence "THIS DOVE IS INJURED AND CAN NOT FLY" might allow a sentence "A DOVE CAN NOT FLY" to be derived. To prevent this, a restricting condition "EXCEPT FOR DOVE" will have to be unnaturally imposed to the first mentioned cooccurrence relation. Such undesirable possibility could be suppressed if an enormous number (e.g. several ten millions or more) of textual sentences were available in the text corpus file 8. Under the circumstances, in order to make the system of the instant embodiment work effectively with the text corpus file 8 of the capacity mentioned hereinbefore, it is preferred not to generate or derive the cooccurrence relation from the restrictively conditional cooccurrence relation e.g. a temporal sentence "THIS DOVE CAN NOT FLY" and the negative sentence. Turning to the aforementioned example, when the sentence "FLYING PENGUIN'S FEATHER" is to be protected against the erroneous parsing at any rate, two cooccurrence relations "BIRDS FLY" and "PENGUIN DOES NOT FLY" are both registered. Upon parsing, the cooccurrence relation having a term at which the word "PENGUIN" of low rank in the conceptual hierarchy (i.e. "PENGUIN DOES NOT FLY) is imparted with preference (or high priority), as a result of which a lexicon capable of functioning as the data source for the parsing can be prepared even if the lexicon inlcudes contradiction when used as the data base.
When the cooccurrence relation in concern can be neither registered nor interpreted in another way, it is checked if other hypothesized cooccurrence correlation is present (step 108). If so, the test of this hypothesis is performed (step 102). Further, in the case where a new hypothesized cooccurrence relation is to be created from that of super concept or subconcept and registered in the cooccurrence relation lexicon 9, the test of the hypothesis is also regained when it is decided that the new cooccurrence relation can not be obtained through abstraction of the cooccurrence relations entered in the rows of the table shown in FIG. 5 and thus the whole text corpus file 8 should preferably be examined again. The processing comes to an end when new hypothesized cooccurrence relation makes appearance no more. It should be noted that the user can interactively participate in the execution of the pattern selection step 101 and the decision steps 105, 106, 108 and 109.
FIG. 6 is a view showing an example of contents of the cooccurrence relation lexicon prepared according to the illustrated embodiment. The cooccurrence relation lexicon 9 can be obtained by executing the processing program 41 shown in FIG. 3 by the CPU 3 shown in FIG. 2.
The cooccurrence relation lexicon 9 includes pattern numbers, cooccurrence relation patterns, and the number of occurrences (or probability). In FIG. 6, the pattern number 1 indicates that the identified cooccurrence relation is a pattern composed of a verb and an object. Similarly, the pattern number 2 indicates a cooccurrence relation pattern composed of an adverb and a verb, the pattern number 3 indicates a cooccurrence relation pattern composed of a subject and a governor (verb), the pattern number 50 indicates a cooccurrence relation pattern composed of an adverb and a jodoshi-gobi (auxiliary suffix in Japanese), and the pattern number 51 indicates a cooccurrence relation pattern composed of a verb, a preposition and a prepositional complement (peculiar to Europo-American languages). The occurrence number or probability indicates the number of times the associated cooccurrence relation pattern appears in the text corpus file.
As will now be appreciated, according to the invention, a laborious procedure for hypothesizing the cooccurrence relations which are probably required upon parsing of a natural language and machine translation, preparing data for the cooccurrence relations by manually consulting textual sentences and testing the relations, as required in the case of the hitherto known techniques, can be reduced significantly by virtue of such arrangement that once the internal language for the syntactic analysis/generation has been determined, the cooccurrence relation lexicon can be automatically created and maintained by extracting automatically the cooccurrence relations considered to be necessary and adding new textual sentences regardless of alteration of the internal language. Further, the cooccurrence relations which are regarded as unnecessary can be prevented from generation to thereby enhance the efficiency correspondingly. In such a case, the cooccurrence relation lexicon can be prepared for the range of cooccurrence relations which can be checked without omission. Although the foregoing description has been made on the assumption that the illustrated embodiment is applied primarily for extracting the cooccurrence relations for parsing Japanese sentences and for extracting the cooccurrence relations to be utilized in generating Japanese sentences in the English-Japanese machine translation, it will be understood that the teachings of the invention can equally be applied to the parsing of an English sentence as well as extraction of the cooccurrence relation in a natural language or paired language other than English and Japanese.
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Owner name: HITACHI, LTD., 6, KANDA SURUGADAI 4-CHOME, CHIYODA
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text:
- ITV Report
So why the new set for ITV News Central ?
Live updates
- ITV Report
- National
One millionth Morris Minor sells for over £25,000
The lilac-coloured classic British car was sold at a specialist car auctioneers - 55 years after it rolled off the production line.Read the full story ›
- ITV Report
- National
Driverless car trials given green light
Trials of driverless cars will be launched today which could, eventually, save motorists six working weeks a year in driving time.Read the full story ›
UK's first driverless pod to be unveiled
A Coventry-based manufacturer will unveil the UK's first driverless pod later.
RDM Group employs 43 people in the city.
It will trial the 'LUTZ' Pathfinder pod in the summer.
Top tips for keeping kids safe online
Discuss and agree parameters before your child joins a social networking site. Check the minimum age requirements.
Consider whether a trusted adult should be added as a 'friend' and ensure your child has a 'private' profile.
Talk about the potential dangers of sharing personal data.
Remind your child that the same rules about bullying and stranger danger apply online as they do in public places and at school.
Ensure your child knows how to report and block people online.
Tell them they can talk to you about anything that upsets or worries them online - you're on their side.
- ITV Report
Superfast broadband covering more areas in the Midlands
300,000 more homes and businesses in the East and West Midlands now have access to superfast broadband in the Government's latest rollout.Read the full story ›
- ITV Report
IT firm IBM to create 300 new jobs in Leicester
IBM has announced today that it will open its first UK Services Centre in Leicester.Read the full story ›
- ITV Report
Banned! Notts County block Hungary Facebook users
The League One side received an unusually high number of posts from Hungarians about the signing of Balint Bajner.Read the full story ›
Jaguar Land Rover tests new bike safety technology.
A new device to warn motorists that a cyclist is approaching is being worked on by a team of researchers from Coventry based Jaguar Land Rover.
If a bicycle or motorbike is coming up the road behind the car, Bike Sense detects if it is overtaking or coming past the vehicle on the inside.
The top of the car seat will extend to 'tap' the driver on the left or right shoulder and ring a bell inside the car .
Almost 19,000 cyclists are killed or injured in the UK every year.
"Bike Sense takes us beyond the current technologies of hazard indicators and icons in wing mirrors.
If you see the dashboard glowing red in your peripheral vision, you will be drawn to it and know straight away that another road user is approaching that part of your vehicle."
- ITV Report
- National
UK residents 'watched at home' through webcam hack
Images of children's bedrooms and views into family living rooms and kitchens can be accessed via a Russian website, watchdog warns.Read the full story ›
- ITV Report
WhatsApp 'revenge porn' user jailed
Luke King from Nottingham believed to be the first person in the UK to be jailed for post 'revenge porn' onlne.Read the full story ›


text:
Paris—It seems LVMH, the world's largest luxurygoods conglomerate, would rather pay a multi-million dollar fine, than fight.
In its long-running contentious battle with Hermès over the stake LVMH built up starting in 2010, LVMH was levied with an 8 million euro fine (about $10.6 million) by The Autorite des Marches Financiers (AMF), the French stock market regulator, for failing to disclose its equity swamps that eventually amounted to its 23.1% stake in Hermès.
Hermès' majority shareholders, mostly members of the company's founding families, have been fighting LVMH over the stake which it considers hostile.
While LVMH had called the AMF ruling "weak" and "totally erroneous," today the luxurygoods giant acknowledged it would not continue to appeal the June decision by the AMF's disciplinary commission.
Appeal Would Interfere with 'Sound Management of LVMH's Investment'
"This decision reflects LVMH's commitment to ensuring the soundest possible management of its investment in Hermès," stated LVMH in a statement today. LVMH maintains its stake in Hermes is a friendly one, a mere investment not a takeover attempt.
But LVMH maintained its agreement with two of three banks involved in the swaps was not actually confirmed until October 2010. "As promptly remarked by eminent observers, the AMF disciplinary commission's position is therefore highly questionable, both in law and in fact."
"As a result, LVMH would be entirely justified in appealing the disciplinary commission's administrative decision, as envisaged at the time it was announced. However, the interests of LVMH's shareholders go beyond the defense of these legal principles. Instead, LVMH must also consider the time and cost of further proceedings and the fact that such proceedings would interfere with the sound management of LVMH's investment in Hermès."
While paying the fine to the AMF may end some of investigation into the swaps, LVMH still faces multiple lawsuits Hermès has initiated against it. LVMH responded with its own complaint Hermès against for slander and false accusations.
"LVMH will take all necessary action to end the baseless legal proceedings being pursued by Hermès management and to recover compensation for the serious harm their actions have caused," the parent to Louis Vuitton, Christian Dior, Bulgari and other luxury brands, added.
For commercial purposes, extract supplements can be obtained from the fruit of the pericarp. Garcinia cambogia reviews is performed by a physician Chen and Oz to prove that it is an herb for weight loss, a lot of research has been done. Studies, Garcinia cambogia extract supplementation decreases the weight of the body fat accumulation, was shown to have a positive effect on prevention. We are important substances such as cholesterol (LDL), reduces the serum leptin and triglycerides. In addition, it will increase the level of serotonin and cholesterol (HDL). The study also, Garcinia cambogia extract supplements, has proven that there are no significant adverse effects on many of the eight weeks, such as its use.


text:
268 Views 1 Reply Latest reply: Jan 13, 2013 2:01 PM by Winston Churchill
Winston Churchill Jan 13, 2013 2:01 PM
Re: I accidentally downloaded the french version of breaking bad but I wanted English. Is there anyway I can return it or do I need to buy the English version now? in response to Kevinfromnb Helpful
Welcome to the Apple Community.
Apple's policy on sales of digital content is that all sales are final. If however you wish to appeal to Apple, select the content which is causing a problem and use the 'Report a problem' button in Your Purchase History on your computer.
Currently, if your purchase happens to be your most recent purchase you will not be redirected to the report form, in this case use the report a problem option from the invoice that was emailed to you.


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Holiday Inn Express Kendalville
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Lara Exploration Receives Permission to Begin Drilling at Picha Project
Lara Exploration Ltd. (TSXV:LRA) announced that it has received permission from the General Mining Directorate of the Ministry of Energy and Mines of Peru, to start drilling on the Picha copper-silver porphyry project.
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DEFINITION of 'Bonded Bronze'
A mixture of bronze power and resin that is used in sculpture making. In bonded bronze sculpturing, the mixture is poured directly into a mold without the use of the more traditional wax casting process that uses molten metal (referred to as hot cast). Bonded bronze is also called cold cast bronze.
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Bronze, which is primarily composed of copper, can be an expensive material to work with as copper prices increase with world demand. The bonded bronze technique helps reduce the cost of a sculpture by bypassing more expensive steps, but also produces a sculpture that is less durable.
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CollectibleAn item that is worth far more than it appears because of its ...
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Switzerland Dismantles Cold War Explosive NetworkThe staunchly neutral nation feared a Soviet invasion.
Parents of Abducted Nigerian Girls Appeal to U.N.The parents of 200 Nigerian schoolgirls kidnapped by Islamist rebels in April have lost hope the Nigerian government would rescue them.
Israeli Settlers Threw Stones at U.S. Diplomats' CarsThe diplomatic delegation was coming to inspect vandalism to Palestinian-owned trees.
U.S., Allies Launch 23 Air Strikes Against Islamic StateStrikes near the Syrian cities of Kobani, Ar Raqqah and Al Hasakah destroyed Islamic State vehicles, buildings and fighting positions.
Spain's Judges Begin Work on Backlog of Corruption Cases Involving 2,000 PeopleJudges have 'inherited' 150 unresolved corruption cases, some involving high-profile individuals
Hermit State Wedding: Kim Jong-Un's Sister MarriesThe small group controlling North Korea just became even more close-knit.
2014 Was Deadliest Year For Iraq in Years: U.N.Violence in Iraq in 2014 killed at least 12,282 civilians, making it the deadliest year since the sectarian bloodshed of 2006-07.
Cologne Cathedral to Turn Out Lights in Protest at Anti-Muslim MarchThe grass-roots anti-Muslim movement has rapidly gained popularity and attracted condemnation from leaders
Abbas Trades Stalemate for Confrontation in Move to Join ICCThe move could lead to cases being brought against Israeli or Palestinian leaders
Madrid's Atocha Station Evacuated After Bomb ThreatA passenger pulled the emergency brake on a commuter train after a man threatened to blow himself up
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War in Syria Kills 76,021 People in 2014The Britain-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said 33,278 civilians were killed last year in the conflict.
Liberia Lifts Ebola Curfew To Allow New Year's Eve WorshipMedecins Sans Frontieres warned of growing complacency over the disease in the country.
Oil Prices End 2014 on Five-And-A-Half Year LowOil prices have collapsed this year as OPEC opted to maintain the same level of output despite a global glut.
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Netanyahu Threatens Israeli Response to ICC Approach"We will take steps in response and defend Israel's soldiers," Netanyahu said.


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|Trek Literature "...Good words. That's where ideas begin."
|Thread Tools
|October 27 2013, 02:15 AM
Re: Is Trek Still Too Eurocentric?
As I said before, it makes no sense to assume that something doesn't exist just because we haven't seen it in the limited sampling of the universe we've gotten in five Trek series. I mean, you could watch fifty US television series and never see a mention of, say, Nepal or anyone from there, but that doesn't mean Nepal doesn't exist in those shows' universes. It just didn't come up. Earth is a big place, after all.
Written Worlds -- Christopher L. Bennett's blog and webpage
|October 27 2013, 02:24 AM
Re: Is Trek Still Too Eurocentric?
Interestingly Asia was expected to stay pretty much level, with most of the population growth coming in South Asia and India. Southeast Asia, East Asia and Western Asia are supposed to actually lose population in the interim. (At current trends India's likely to surpass China in population by 2030)
North America has the "healthiest" demographic trends of any of the major regions, but the overall population is so much lower than Asia or Africa that it's not likely to really be a huge share.
And Europe's demographics are surprisingly steady.
|October 27 2013, 02:26 AM
Re: Is Trek Still Too Eurocentric?
|October 27 2013, 02:28 AM
Location: "Who are you?"
Re: Is Trek Still Too Eurocentric?
Of course, Star Trek implicitly honors Christopher Columbus, in the names of the shuttlecraft Columbus and the ships named Columbia. The United States honors him in the name of the District of Columbia, just for starters.
In terms of Star Trek references to date, that ship has sailed, no pun intended. I suppose that, going forward, writers might agree not to create new references.
I guess I have the following questions.
Assuming that we, in the real world, move towards a more enlightened society, what do you think should happen? Assuming it lasts indefinitely, do you think that the United States should change the name of Washington, D.C.? The name of the US capital is really doubly bad, isn't it, because it memorializes two men unworthy of such an honor in your book. Should the US be like the USSR, and just rename stuff (cf. Saint Petersburg) to make it more politically palatable? Certainly in the absence of a grass roots movement, that seems somewhat extreme.
I'm reminded of the following lines from Space Seed, which seem to establish some 23rd century attitudes, in universe:
A life is like a garden. Perfect moments can be had, but not preserved, except in memory. LLAP Leonard Nimoy (1931-2015)
|October 27 2013, 02:28 AM
Location: Secret Arctic Base
Re: Is Trek Still Too Eurocentric?
|October 27 2013, 05:50 AM
Rear Admiral
Location: Chillin' on Ligon II...
Re: Is Trek Still Too Eurocentric?
The British film 'Love Actually' was really good in showing different people of various races getting together in a casual manner. A reason that type of film wouldn't be made in America (or 'Amerikka.')
The film 'Hitch' with Will Smith had some controversy because Smith was opposite a non-black woman. The reason he was opposite Eva Mendez was to 'play it safe.' Too risky to be opposite a white female because it might upset some viewers, and it - the film - might be thought of as a 'black film' if he was opposite a black woman. Interestingly, in the same film, there was a white man romancing Navia Nguyen, an Asian female, and nothing was said. (Sidenote: Smith would, of course, produce the remake to 'The Karate Kid' which cast his son opposite an Asian female. Even though that relationship was a 'kid's romance,' the only controversy I would hear offline and read online would be due to their age - Jaden's character, Dre, probably wouldn't be interested in girls at his age. On the other hand, race wasn't brought up in the film, and the film would actually be popular and successful despite some story, pacing and acting issues).
Interestingly, even SeaQuest had Commander Ford (black) opposite the cute white female lead (whose name escapes me) but she broke it off for some lame reason towards the end of Season 2. However, around the same time in the same show, Ted Raimi's character (whose name escapes me) happens to hook up with an Asian female character who immediately falls in love with him (a trope that turns up in Pacific Rim and many other films and television shows - the Asian female that automatically falls for the white male lead). That same Asian actress in SeaQuest would also be cast opposite a white male in Babylon 5, yet the lead doctor in Babylon 5 (portrayed by a black actor) would have a relationship - one of the only romantic relationships in the show, I recall - with a black woman.
Last edited by Joel_Kirk; October 27 2013 at 06:08 AM.
|October 27 2013, 03:39 PM
Lieutenant Commander
Location: Reseda, CA
Re: Is Trek Still Too Eurocentric?
Discussions like this tend to bring out the fact that while Star Trek tries to present a future in which many of the issues that divide the human race today have been dealt with and moved beyond, the shows themselves were produced during a time period when that was not true. Thus, while many of us may feel that sexual preferences will not be an issue in 24th century society, TNG got criticized for not tackling gay and lesbian issues at a time when they were being hotly debated in 20th century society.
|October 31 2013, 04:48 AM
Location: Montgomery County, State of Maryland
Re: Is Trek Still Too Eurocentric?
What I would say is this:
We cannot escape our own history, and I don't expect us to. Washington, D.C., for instance, has an entire history and culture associated with it that has nothing to do with George Washington or Christopher Columbus; the word "Washington" is as likely to bring to mind an image of the 1963 March as it is to bring to mind the 18th Century military leader and slave owner. Generations of people have grown up, lived, and died identifying as Washingtonians -- most of them black, I might add. So, no, I don't expect us to re-name, say, Washington, D.C.
On the other hand, though, in the fictional future history of Star Trek, it seems to me that the writers, through the characters they create and the stories they tell, do have a chance to "escape history." That is, they have the chance to depict the rise and evolution of a fundamentally new culture and set of institutions that, because of its radical and science-fictional nature -- the egalitarian, democratic union of dozens of planets and their scores upon scores of distinct cultures -- can build on the best parts of the old while rejecting the worst.
So it seems to me that in depicting the Federation and its cultures and institutions, writers have an opportunity to "escape history" that we don't have in the real world.
So, no, I don't expect, say, Columbus, Ohio, to change its name -- but I sure as heck would hope that the Federation Starfleet wouldn't have a Starship Christopher Columbus. (The Oatmeal makes a strong argument for an alternative to celebrating Columbus, though -- I'm less inclined to object to a U.S.S. Bartolomé de las Casas.)
Democratic socialism is the hope of human freedom.
Last edited by Sci; October 31 2013 at 05:12 AM.
|October 31 2013, 09:37 AM
Location: "Who are you?"
Re: Is Trek Still Too Eurocentric?
A life is like a garden. Perfect moments can be had, but not preserved, except in memory. LLAP Leonard Nimoy (1931-2015)
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text: Bird Of Prey (snippet) by Haltya published on 2013-10-10T04:00:09Z based on the poem of you know who. Comment by Signz (T.R.M.G) This track is unique I like dope! 2015/07/11 08:26:11 +0000 Comment by BigBoy2 awesome track, love listening to this one, great work 2015/07/11 08:24:18 +0000 Comment by Happy Plasma jim <3 2014/01/29 20:44:48 +0000 Comment by The Light Speed Symphony smooth 2013/11/17 09:37:37 +0000 Comment by Mr. Euphoric book of nature is an instant classic, but im surpised by this: progressive beats with groovy suomi influences, is there new stuff coming? also the japan anime ep was very cool 2013/11/09 07:15:25 +0000 Comment by GoldiLock very nice man 2013/11/06 14:45:58 +0000 Comment by flavio.malandra yeahhhh 2013/11/05 21:59:21 +0000 Comment by DJ Sinnah X finally glad to get some psytrance back up on this, lovin this work, well produced and composed, great sample too RIP Morrison + Ray 2013/10/29 02:14:45 +0000 Comment by ⪽⩒⪾ aka WE familya cooooooooooooooollllllllll 2013/10/14 17:30:20 +0000 Comment by Haltya where am i? sometimes i just can't find myself :P 2013/10/12 06:43:54 +0000 Comment by DixiE KrystalZ Haltya there you are! 2013/10/11 23:56:33 +0000 Comment by dufuturo puta que pariu 2013/10/11 01:04:23 +0000 Comment by Digital Crates really epic jam here solid rolling bassline love that ! good mix of styles solid production here ! 2013/10/10 19:20:29 +0000 Comment by Margo Gontar love this atmosphere, really hypnotizing, synth line sounds awesome 2013/10/10 17:13:24 +0000 Comment by Synergy Cabin Records i like the break down and it had a strong intro too. good job on this 2013/10/10 16:44:57 +0000 Comment by Henrique Provenza I used to DJ a lot of psytrance back in the old days. I find this track really uplifting and mind blowing. really something I would play back then. perfect and ready for release 2013/10/10 15:20:09 +0000 Comment by CompleteJ really like the groove to the bass line, very driving and a lot of energy. would like to hear more of the track, to hear more arrangement changes. nice work. 2013/10/10 14:00:35 +0000 Comment by Real DJ Remax awesome man!! love the pluck you added it works so well 2013/10/10 13:34:42 +0000 Comment by J.L.G. (Berms Jerms) Great atmosphere on the track it has a very uplifting vibe to it, very unique structure turnup mayne! 2013/10/10 12:36:15 +0000 Comment by Camis Cav Keep working on it really nice 2013/10/10 12:20:19 +0000 Comment by Ju9em (ex:Jugem) WoW)... superb atmosphere ♬ 2013/10/10 11:43:12 +0000 Comment by Elevated Being Pretty good, but I'm missing some of the Haltya craziness!! Looking forward to hear more samples! :D 2013/10/10 05:54:27 +0000


text:
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dan Panaitan island, we have spent most of our life as field guides at
the active volcanic mountain of Krakatau or westerns Krakatoa, with this
years experiences also we are growing up in the field as jungle,
volcanic mountain and surfing expert, which know well about the
adventures spot and supported by our impressive and solid background of
the team with depth and breadth of knowledge and experiences.
Our team Work is fully operated by a team of
young, energetic people who are fanatical about keeping in touch, while
sharing the natural and cultural all of about Indonesia and also we have
team is already experience adventures we do make serve better to all of
our Client, and Our adventure tour packages are carefully designed with
the big consideration of the safety and the impact to the environment
we visit including building awareness of ecotourism, we also would like
to help our clients to plan and designing personalized itineraries for
explored Krakatau volcano, observe magnificent rain forest and his
wildlife at Ujung kulon national park, explore local Baduy tribe,
snorkeling, surfing and many to offer, as we are one of entire area.
Surely we are the winner of the best solution. just simply choose from
our tour package for suitable destinations and main interests an contact
us further question, day to day itineraries and our reasonable price
also any information you need to know about our tours, what you would
most like to do and see and we prepare itineraries for you to consider,
we will really glad to make individual offer. and be sure that our team
will give you quick assistance.
See You At Ujung Kulon Krakatau ,
Java Rhino Teams
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