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Pulau Aman Things to Do
Adventure to the village.
We are taking a little walk on this village,only can knew they are only have a small school,farm and fish farm.One thing is i never see car,they transport with motorcycles and bicycles.A small island can hold the life till the end,I am very appreciated.more
Korek Siput
This family from Bukit Mertajam, came here every weekend to Pulau Aman for family picnic and digging (korek) for clams (siput) called Siput Nangka.more
Hello Barney..
Malaysian local goats saying Hello to Barney.. It is good to rear goats in this small island knowing that there is no harimau (tiger) around to kill the goats. Haha..Any visitors from oversea and childrens should be happy to see the local goats, they are so cute :-)more
I found the oldest Sukun Tree
Declared by Mardi as the oldest Sukun Tree in Malaysia, planted by a Quran teacher in Pulau Aman. Earlier trip, I can't find this tree, and this time I found it, just the next road going to the children playground in Pulau Aman. Amazing, the tree still bears a lot of fruits. :-)more
Road Names in Pulau Aman
Small road with BIG Road Names, you can't find any car in Pulau Aman, strange for a small fishing village with so many road names. I am sure the villagers should be proud to say "Hey, that's my grandfather's road"more
Friendly people
I hanged out at the Pulau Aman Jetty for a few minutes, taking more pictures of cos. Its amazing I can really feel the peaceful of the Island, no motorbikes, no cars but bicycles. The people are so friendly and most of them looking at you with a smile on their face and have a small talk with you asking where you are from and so on.more
Telaga Emas (Golden Well)
As you see the Pulau Aman Map, there's a Telaga Emas (Golden Well) along the island. According to the history, a villager around 1789, dugs a well and found a tempayan (large earthernware jar for storing water) that turned into golden tempayan. Then the British in Penang heard of the golden tempayan and came to dig and dig the well but they cant...more
So much Buah Sukun Trees..
Step foot in Pulau Aman, you can see a lot of Buah Sukun Trees greeting you.. What a lovely tree with large leaves and the fruit looks like a green cannonball.. Almost every kampung house have this tree.. On my way to Telaga Emas, there's an old Buah Sukun tree that was planted around 1890 by a Tok Guru Al-Quran - Tok Awang Bin Akid. Even though...more
Kampung - Beautiful Kampungs
There are about 245 populations of 40 families in Pulau Aman. Majority of them are Kaum Melayu, and most of them workes as fisherman and some of them have small industry of process belacan, dried fish and shrimps, Buah Sukun crisps and Homestay. And I am there like a lost chinese girl in Pulau Aman..haha.. (Cina sesat)more
Boat trip to Pulau Gedong
The neighboring island of Pulau Gedong is isolated and uninhabitated.You can arrange with the local fishermen for a group trip round the island. It will be more interesting if you are into fishing.Apparently, a local made a lot of money from selling large plot of land on this island to the late rags to riches Penang millionaire Low Boon Siew. At...more
Looking for the oldest tree
In Pulau Aman, I was surprised by the many breadfruit trees (sukun in Malay) grown.Apparently some of the trees are very old. Not sure how old and you may wander to find the oldest tree that has a sign written claiming it so. I did not find it as we were in a hurry.The leaves of the tree are fleshy green, wavy and unique in shape. They provide...more
Digging for shell fish at the beach
On departing Pulau Aman, you can see the happy faces of children and some parents with their plastic bag harvest of the day - a bagful of small shell fish (bivalves) which the locals call "siput".It is a fun activity of two or more digging into a hole into the sandy or gravel beach near the water line, exposing these small bivalves and spoting them...more
For avid anglers
Many regular tourists come here for fishing. Do bring your own fishing gear and bait. Did not see any "tourist" shop for fishing enthusiasts. Most are busy out fishing or repairing their nets.You can arrange for boat fishing trips around Pulau Aman and the next-door Pulau Gedong.Or just fish off the boat jetties. The new boat jetty is hardly been...more
Walkabout the Island
You can walk around the village and go by the houses. There are no fences and the locals are friendly. You can see them repairing their nets or sleeping on the hammocks.There are no cars on the island. The paths do have road names and many of the houses have the names of the owners displayed on signs.As the island is quite small, you will not get...more
Pulau Aman Restaurants
Worst Service of Restaurant Terapung...
very bad service from the owner and staff. the owner is a racist too. restaurant didn't provide price tag too, and the owner will scold you if you ask for the price. Average one mantis prawn will cost you around RM40-RM50, so it's not cheap. Pulau Aman still is a nice place to visit, but please skip this restaurant. Not worth it. very bad service...more
Coconut Juice
To avoid the crowds in Pulau Aman, its best not to go on weekend, Saturday and Sunday. The restaurant was so crowded with customers, we just have to buy our drinks (whole coconut juice) and sit beside the beach. What a pity!!Don't come on weekend.more
Fresh Seafood, yummmmmy...
The only Pulau Aman's famous floating seafood restaurant. The seafood was so fresh as you can see fishermen bringing in all the live catch, which include varieties of prawns, fish, flower crabs and mantis prawns. You can even choosing and catching your own and get the restaurant to cook for you at minimal charges. (They only steamed and dip in...more
Pulau Aman Transportation
2 wheel drive
If you are too lazy to walk around Pulau Aman, then I would suggest you to rent a bicycle for RM2 per hour..Refer to Seberang Perai Fisherman Associationat Pulau Aman Jettymore
Batu Musang Jetty to Pulau Aman
A 10-15 minutes boat ride from the Batu Musang new jetty brought us to Pulau Aman. The fare is only RM6.00 a person.Contact : Seberang Perai Fisherman Associationmore
Fast Boat from Batu Kawan to Pulau Aman
In the old days, you take the boat from Bukit Tambun through the river before crossing the Penang Southc Channel Sea to Pulau Aman.Today, there is a new beautiful Batu Kawan jetty. You drive from Penang Island, cross the Penang Bridge and then exit to Bukit Tambun and continue to Batu Kawan, passing by the Batu Kawan Stadium. The area looks...more
Pulau Aman Shopping
Fisherman Market: Fresh Seafood
A lot of visitors to Pulau Aman just came here to buy the fresh seafood, caught by the fisherman from the sea. Fresh big prawns, flowers carb, seabass, grouper, white promfret, live mantis prawns (most popular seafood by the chinese, I like it too) and it is way much cheaper to buy here.
You can buy the seafood and ask the restaurant to cook for you for a fee, mostly they steamed and dip in maggi chilli sauce but I preferred the garlic chili sauce suitable for most seafood dishes.
Pulau Aman Off The Beaten Path
Koooo... koooo.. koooo...
I found the Island have a lot of Ayam Katik / Ayam Serama..in english - Pygmy or Pretty Chickens.. They sure looked pretty...and some of local chickens.. koooo..kooo..kooo..
Pulau Aman Favorites
Great view from Batu Kawan
Even if you do not take the boat acroos to Pulau Aman, you can enjoy a panoramic view from the new jetty at Batu Kawan. From the there, you can see the hills of Bukit Mertajam and Juru on the mainland, the Penang Bridge, Penang Island, Pulau Jerejak and of course Pulau Aman (closest) and Pulau Gedong.On the way out of Batu Kawan as well as at the...more
The Simple Life
This is no art gallery but it caught my attention. At the village jetty, there was a display of children art competition of drawing Malayisan flag and celebration of this year 50th Year of Independence (Merdeka). So although Pulau Aman is relatively isolated, the spirit of patriotism and sense of belonging in the bigger world is not lost here. It...more
Island wildlife
Came across a pair of deer kept behind fences. Apparently, the deer once were allowed to roam around the village. The rearing of goats on the islands has also stopped over the years. Being a small island, it is difficult to support grazing animals, domesticated or introduced.But if you look into the sky, you will see, throughout the day, majestic...more
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Explore Deeper into Pulau Aman
- Eating prawn (shrimp) noodles
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Grillo wins Web.com Tour Championship
PONTE VEDRA BEACH, Fla. (AP) Argentina's Emiliano Grillo made a 25-foot birdie putt on the final hole Sunday to win the Web.com Tour Finals-ending Web.Com Tour Championship, and Rob Oppenheim got the last PGA Tour card when Lucas Glover shook up the order with a closing bogey.
The 23-year-old Grillo beat Chez Reavie by a stroke in the last of the four events that replaced PGA Tour qualifying school, finishing with a 1-under 69 for a 14-under 266 total on the Dye's Valley Course at TPC Sawgrass.
"I gave my best out there, and I think the best thing I did all day was making that putt on 18," Grillo said. "It's been a great week. I'm on the PGA Tour and it feels great."

subset: commoncrawl


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KROQ Top 500 Songs of the '90s (Labor Day 2007)
KROQ Top 500 Songs of the '90s (Labor Day 2007)
KROQ Top 500 Songs of the '90s (Labor Day 2007)
03.31.11 Radhika Seth
An ode to the father of the electric age.
Only one day, though. Let's not get carried away.
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This is by all, the World's Most Dangerous Comic!
My version of what "Ninja Cat comes closer without moving" would be like if Alfred Hitchcock directed it. Thanks to BullehNL for the awesome video. I just ad...
I ordered taco bell in the voice of elmo.....very funny....and tell me what you think!!!!!!! Also heres a link to a soundboard that Shinyapplz has made with ...
Shaun Micallef plays a drunk where the studio set is a tilted room. From the first season of the Micallef Show on the ABC.


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The federal CIO told House watchdogs that IT reform would be implemented with strict oversight, but there are already rumblings inside agencies about possible exceptions.
In today's complex cybersecurity environment, these three elements form the foundation of agencies' ability to defend networks and data.
The former DHS CIO will tell Congress how experienced government and industry IT hands can support the new acquisition legislation.
Rules and data are relatively easy to share, but capturing an organization's deep, experience-based knowledge requires special effort.
Box's CEO discusses innovation, the "black box" of government and getting Silicon Valley to engage with agencies.
New survey shows that CEOs, CIOs and CISOs might have the wrong idea about how secure their networks really are.
Using HHS Buyers Club as a model, the procurement office wants to encourage other agencies to launch acquisition innovation labs.
The Professional Services Council's CIO and CISO survey also highlighted worries over an aging IT workforce.
'Very old systems' and a lot of valuable, unencrypted data left millions vulnerable, despite the application of interior and perimeter defenses.
A National Research Council study suggests utilizing NGOs to help Foggy Bottom identify growing trends in science and technology.
GAO studies have shown increasing use of reverse auctions, including some instances where they weren't used very effectively.
OPM is partnering with CSID to try to manage the fallout from a massive breach of some 4 million federal personnel records.
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Kevin Hart Arrested on DUI Suspicion
The comedian allegedly was speeding over 90 mph on the 101 Freeway.
Comedian/actor Kevin Hart was arrested for suspected drunk driving while on the 101 Freeway early Sunday morning, the Associated Press reports.
A Highway Patrol Officer told the AP that Hart was traveling at a speed of more than 90 mph, did not pass a sobriety test when he was pulled over and was held for a misdemeanor DUI.
VIDEO: 'SNL': Kevin Hart Plans His Oscar-Winning Performance
"I was actually drunk, so there's no arguing that," he told TMZ. Hart elaborated that he also was charged with resisting arrest because he tried to take off his watch while being handcuffed.
Hart's BET reality series The Real Husbands of Hollywood recently was renewed for 12-episode second season.
His recent film roles include parts in The Five-Year Engagement, Little Fockers and Death at a Funeral.
Never miss a story. Stay up-to-date with THR's Daily Headlines.
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Houssine Kharja would be happy to join Fiorentina this summer, the Genoa player's agent has confirmed.
It's understood that the two clubs have agreed a €3m co-ownership deal in principle, with personal terms now set to be discussed.
"He is close," Beppe Galli told Firenze Viola. "I know that an agreement between the two clubs has basically been agreed, even if I don't know about the details.
"Now I need to speak with the Viola, something which I think will occur during the next few days," he added.
"I can say that Houssine would be very happy to join Fiorentina, it's a fantastic destination. We're hopeful it will be done."
The midfielder returned to Genoa this summer after spending six months on loan with Italian giants Inter.
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Month: March 2010
Anti-gun Organizations Join Forces To Boost Advocacy Efforts
Two gun violence prevention organizations have announced they are joining forces in an effort to strengthen state-level advocacy efforts. Freedom States Alliance (FSA) merged with States United to Prevent Gun Violence (SUPGV) and assumed its name on Feb. 23.
Exercise May Reduce Patient Anxiety
According to a recent study, regular exercise can significantly reduce anxiety symptoms that accompany a chronic illness. After analyzing the results of 40 randomized clinical trials, researchers from the University of Georgia found that patients who exercised on a regular basis reported a 20 percent reduction in anxiety symptoms compared to those who did not exercise.
Hey, Washington—Reconcile This!
Thank goodness for a conference in Scottsdale, Ariz., last week. I had day-long duties as the master of ceremonies—which meant I was not able to watch Barack Obama's seven-hour healthcare summit on TV. The analysts I trust—and even a few I don't like—say the whole affair was bor-ing. Obviously the president had no intention of compromising with the Republicans. Now Democrats are talking about reconciliation. Read this article to see what Geopolitical Editor Chip Wood thinks about that tactic…
Sarah Palin's Spokeswoman Meg Stapleton Resigns
Former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin's top adviser and spokeswoman Meg Stapleton, who was rumored to have a "difficult" relationship with the media and some Republicans, has resigned.
CIS Study Links Rising Immigrant Population To Diminished GOP Support
As the immigration reform issue continues to create controversy among Washington's lawmakers, the Center for Immigration Studies (CIS) has released a report on the likely partisan consequences of continued mass immigration.
Toyota, Clean Teeth, Expensive Comics and More Trouble For Tiger
*That was an unfortunate choice. You've got to feel sorry for Anna Bernasek, a writer who labored for months over a new book on the importance of trust in building […]
Scott Brown To Campaign For John McCain In Arizona This Weekend
As Republican lawmakers who are up for reelection later this year face tough battles ahead of them, they are increasingly counting on their party's rising stars to boost their electoral chances.
GOP Looks For Democratic Support To Oust Charles Rangel
At the end of February, the House ethics committee "admonished" Representative Charles Rangel (D-NY) for allowing a private company to fund two trips that he and other members of the Black Caucus took to the Caribbean in 2007.
Supreme Court To Hear Chicago Gun Ban Case
In one of the biggest cases to come before the Supreme Court in years, justices are hearing arguments today in McDonald v. Chicago over the city's 28-year-old handgun ban. It has also prompted both proponents and opponents of the ban to once again voice their cases.
GOP, Democrats Butt Heads Over Healthcare Reform
On Thursday, three dozen Republican and Democratic lawmakers met at the White House-initiated healthcare summit and agreed on one thing; the current system needs changing. Unfortunately, liberal and conservative leaders came to an accord on little else, leaving the often contentious six-and-a-half hour televised meeting with an uncertain plan on how to proceed.
Obama And McCain Get Personal, Clash Over Healthcare Reform
Discussions between President Obama and Senator John McCain became heated during Thursday's healthcare summit, culminating with the commander-in-chief reminding the Arizona Republican that he is no longer campaigning for the nation's top leadership position.
Unemployment Benefits Expire Following A One-man Filibuster In The Senate
Unemployment insurance and COBRA benefits expired for millions of U.S. citizens on Sunday after Senator Jim Bunning (R-Ky.) single-handedly stopped a $10 billion bill that would have funded several extension programs.
Study: Bitter Melon Extract May Prevent Breast Cancer Cell Growth
Results of a recent study have suggested that bitter melon extract, a common dietary supplement, may help protect women from breast cancer cell growth. "Our findings suggest that bitter melon extract modulates several signal transduction pathways, which induces breast cancer cell death," said lead researcher Ratna Ray, professor in the department of pathology at Saint Louis University.
The Unthinkable by Amanda Ripley
Each of us secretly hopes that, should we find ourselves facing a disaster, we would respond nobly if not heroically. And we certainly hope that we would never just freeze, like a deer caught in the headlights—or worse, panic.
But how we respond to crisis may be hardwired into our brain's circuitry long before we're confronted with a disaster situation. And while practice or preparation can help us to respond properly, we may have little actual control over what we do in a disaster.
That's the conclusion of Amanda Ripley's The Unthinkable, which has a subtitle: Who Survives When Disaster Strikes—And Why?
Ripley, an award-winning journalist for Time magazine, has covered some the world's biggest disasters over the course of her career. In this book she retraces some of history's biggest calamities—from the 1917 explosion of the munitions ship Mont Blanc, to plane crashes, calamitous fires, the 9/11 World Trade Center attacks, hostage situations and mass shootings—and studies people's responses in an effort to find out why some survive the seemingly unsurvivable while others perish in situations where survival should have been assured.
Human Rights Organizations Uncover Evidence Of Congressional Deception In CIA Secret Detention Affair
According to top international human rights groups there is evidence that key congressional members knew about the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) interrogation and detention programs, and that the United States government covered up the details of its cooperation with Polish authorities in the so-called rendition flights.
Poll Shows Americans Consider Government To Be Broken
An overwhelming majority of Americans believe that the United States government system is broken, but most also say that there is some hope for it to improve, according to a recent CNN-Opinion Research Corporation poll.
The Liberation of Kuwait
It was 19 years ago that something extraordinary in recent U.S. history took place: The United States won a war. On Feb. 27, 1991, then-President George Bush (George W's father) […]
GOP Condemns Obama Administration For 'Failed' Mortgage Assistance Program
Republican lawmakers blasted the Obama administration's mortgage assistance program last week, claiming that it has harmed the nation's economic recovery.
Commander in Chief?
I hate to be a stickler for presidential definitions especially after Bill Clinton said: "It depends on what the meaning of the word 'is' is." But given President Obama's woeful performance as America's Commander in Chief, I think he needs to be educated on the meaning of war. Read this article to learn whether the president understands what the word "war" means…
Can Drinking Coffee Reduce The Risk Of Stroke?
According to a recent United Kingdom (UK) study, drinking coffee on a regular basis may lower the odds of having a stroke. Researchers from the University of Cambridge in England monitored nearly 23,000 men and women over a 12-year period and found that "self-reported coffee consumption was inversely related to stroke risk."
Senate Extends Key Aspects Of Patriot Act For One Year
The Senate has voted to temporarily extend several key provisions of the USA PATRIOT Act, the nation's primary counterterrorism surveillance law. Lacking a filibuster-proof majority, Senate Democrats decided against adding new privacy protections to the provisions, which had been scheduled to expire at the end of February.
Human Rights Activists Call For Judicial Boycott As Report Clears Bush Officials Of Misconduct
The Department of Justice (DOJ) has found that Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals Judge Jay Bybee, then working as a DOJ lawyer, exercised "poor judgment" when he prepared legal memos regarding the use of torture on detainees in United States custody. Although the document failed to recommend disbarment, it has fueled an independent and long-running campaign to have Bybee disbarred.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|25 Jul 2006
|Filing date
|29 Apr 2004
|Priority date
|5 May 2003
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Artur Knaus, Wilhelm Seelandt
|Original Assignee
|Dichtungstechnik G. Bruss Gmbh & Co. Kg
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (20), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (36), Classifications (12), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
An oil separating device for a combustion engine.
The instant invention relates to an oil separating device for a combustion engine, particularly an internal combustion engine.
An oil separating device as known from EP 0 472 130 A1 comprises a passage for so-called blow-by gases flowing from the combustion chambers of the cylinders of an internal combustion engine through the piston rings into the crankcase, to be returned through the oil separating device to the inlet manifold section of the internal combustion engine, said passage being defined by a slot in a slotted plate arranged transversely of the inlet direction of the blow-by gas and disposed at a fixed distance from a baffle around which the blow-by gas undergoes sharp deflection, whereby the oil particles are separated at the walls of the oil separator.
Efficient oil separators are desirable in crankcase ventilation of internal combustion engines in order to meet the strict legal exhaust gas regulations and the demand for less oil consumption.
Investigations made by the inventors have shown that the efficiency of oil separation varies in accordance the conditions of mounting of the engine, such as the inclination of the longitudinal axis of the engine and the type of charge control of the cylinders of the internal combustion engine.
Conflicting aims for the development of oil separators with gravity separation result from the requirement that there be little pressure loss because, with increasing volume flow, i.e. rising flow velocity, the pressure loss increases non-linearly. In view of the fact that in internal combustion engines the blow-by flow may vary considerably with the engine operation conditions and as, moreover, a conventional gravitational separator will not achieve satisfactory efficiency before a sufficiently high flow velocity is reached, separators of simple structure built so far cannot be more than a compromise between a decent degree of efficiency at small volume flows and great pressure losses at great volume flows.
It is, therefore, an object of the invention to provide a highly efficient oil separator for an internal combustion engine of simple structure and low tendency of contamination in which pressure losses are small and which works independently of mounting conditions of the engine and which also permits adaptation to different systems of charge control.
Claim 1 serves to meet these objects.
In an oil separating device according to the invention, at least one elastic member controlling a passage for blow-by-gas from the crankcase to the inlet manifold is exposed to the blow-by gases. The elastic member controls a variable flow cross sectional area of the passage for the blow-by-gas, thus creating almost constant flow velocities that are sufficient to provide the gravitational effects for separating the oil particles from the gas flow. This has an essential advantage in that the pressure loss rises approximately linearly with the volume flow increase across the operating range. The slot width of the or each passage varying with the volume flow or the pressure differential of the pressures prevailing in the gas flow upstream and downstream of the passage makes it possible to adapt the separating performance of the oil separator to all installation conditions and charge control methods of the internal combustion engine occurring in practice.
According to an advantageous modification of the invention the spring force of the elastic member which counteracts the pressure of the blow-by gas is provided by at least one spring member which limits the slot width of the or each passage.
In an advantageous structural embodiment of the invention the plurality of spring members are presented by the windings of a helical spring, the passages being defined between the windings. The spacing between individual windings defining the slot width varies with the volume flow through the passages or with the pressure differential between the pressures in the blow-by gas flow upstream and downstream of the passages.
A baffle may serve to separate the oil particles from the gas flow, and this baffle may be embodied by the inside wall of an oil separator casing. But it may also suffice to utilize the downstream wall portions of the windings of the helical spring themselves for separating and discharging the oil particles.
In another advantageous embodiment, of which the total height is much less, the or each elastic spring member may be embodied by a leaf or tongue spring exposed transversely of its longitudinal extension to the flow of the blow-by gas, thus uncovering a slot of a size in correspondence with the magnitude of the volume flow of the blow-by gas to let the gas pass through.
The best possible separating effect to get the oil separated from the blow-by gas is obtained according to an advantageous modification of this second embodiment of the invention with which a plurality of tongue springs clamped in cantilever fashion may be arranged transversely of the flow direction, especially in a common plane, to be exposed simultaneously to the blow-by gas flow.
A high degree of separation may be enhanced still further by forming the or each tongue spring with a baffle edge upon which the gas flowing through the slot impinges at high velocity, leaving behind oil that has been separated.
Especially preferred is an oil separating device comprising an oil separator which is integrated in the valve hood of the internal combustion engine, such as known from DE 198 13 702 C1. The integration of the oil separator in the valve hood according to the invention has the advantage that the blow-by gases can be directed through the existing oil return flow bores in the engine block towards the existing valve hood, whereby conduits for blow-by gases outside of the engine can be dispensed with.
Further modifications of the invention are protected by the other subclaims.
The invention will be described further, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
In the embodiment of an oil separating device according to the invention shown in
The feed pipe 2 which extends from below into the vertical casing is closed at its inner upper end 12 and in its jacket, slightly below that upper end, longitudinal slots 7 are formed through which the blow-by gas enters a chamber 13 in the interior of the casing via a space within a helical tension spring 8. The helical tension spring 8 is slightly biased between a lower spring plate 9 which is firmly connected to the feed pipe 2 and an upper, movable spring plate 10 which is guided axially at the closed upper end 12 of the feed pipe 2 by a guide sleeve 11 formed in one piece with the movable spring plate 10. The vertical cylindrical inside wall of the casing 1 presents the baffle 4. In its upper range, said wall limits the chamber 13 which serves to collect the oil-free gas and through the ceiling of which passes the discharge pipe 3 for this gas.
Passages or slots s are defined between the windings of the helical tension spring 8, the slot width thereof depending on the volume flow through the slot or on the pressure differential between the pressure of the blow-by gas within the feed pipe 2 or the helical tension spring 8 and the pressure within the chamber 13 outside of the helical tension spring 8. The blow-by gas flows at great velocity through the slots s between the windings 81 towards the cylindrical baffle 4. The heavy oil particles entrained by the gas impinge on the baffle 4 and drip down from it into the collecting space 5. From the collecting space 5 they flow back into the crank-case through the oil drain pipe 6. On the other hand, the gas which has been freed of oil is deflected upwardly towards the discharge pipe 3 in the direction of the arrows shown. Alternatively and/or additionally, the windings 81 of the helical tension spring 8 themselves, with their downstream wall portions at the outside of the spring, may provide the required surfaces for separation and deviation of the oil to be separated. In that event a baffle 4 may become superfluous.
The embodiment of an oil separating device according to the invention as shown in
Oil-bearing blow-by gas which flows through the feed pipe 22 into the casing 21 urges the resilient tongues 28 away from the corresponding openings 31 into an open position so that the gas first will pass through the openings 31 in the partition 30, then through the slots s between the resilient tongues 28 and the partition 30, ultimately hitting the baffles 24 at high speed and, thereby, separating the oil entrained in the gas flow. This oil will flow from the open lower ends 24 a, 24 b (
The embodiment illustrated in
In the other modification shown in
The embodiment according to
In the embodiment according to
In the embodiment shown in
In another modification the baffle 24 of the embodiment illustrated in
Instead of providing a slit 313, the border strip may be roughened.
The structure of the sintered body may easily be manufactured as requiring merely insertion of the sintered body 100, which is a component to be made at low cost, into the oil drain pipe 41.
According to
The features disclosed in the specification above, in the claims and drawing may be significant for implementing the invention in its various embodiments, both individually and in any combination.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|1 Nov 1966
|15 Jul 1969
|Sheppard William L
|Crankcase breather system
|26 Jan 1979
|2 Oct 1979
|Ford Motor Company
|Integrated PCV valve and oil filler cap
|27 Jul 1984
|29 Oct 1985
|Kawasaki Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
|Breathing device for four stroke engine
|16 Jul 1984
|11 Feb 1986
|Aisin Seiki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Oil separator
|25 Nov 1985
|5 May 1987
|Kawasaki Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
|Overhead-valve engine
|22 Aug 1990
|18 Jun 1991
|Sealed Power Technologies, L.P.
|PCV oil separator system
|1 Mar 1993
|12 Jul 1994
|Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd.
|Hermetically sealed electric motor compressor
|19 Jan 1995
|12 Dec 1995
|Outboard Marine Corporation
|Engine breather construction
|30 Jun 1995
|3 Dec 1996
|Filterwerk Mann & Hummel Gmbh
|Crankcase ventilator for internal combustion engines
|4 Dec 1997
|28 Sep 1999
|Fuji Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
|Oil separating apparatus for engine
|27 Mar 2000
|12 Feb 2002
|Harley-Davidson Motor Company Group, Inc.
|Breather assembly for an internal combustion engine
|21 Aug 2000
|2 Apr 2002
|Richard J. Shaw
|Motor vehicle fuel cap inlet and outlet vent apparatus
|6 Mar 2001
|28 May 2002
|Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
|Gas-liquid separation device for internal combustion engine used in outboard motor
|7 Feb 2003
|16 Dec 2003
|Kawasaki Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
|Four-cycle overhead valve engine
|18 Jul 1981
|27 Jan 1983
|Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag
|Cyclone oil separator
|17 Oct 2000
|2 May 2002
|Bosch Gmbh Robert
|Vorrichtung zur Trennung von Gas und Fl�ssigkeit-Festk�rperpartikeln aus einem in einer Leitung str�menden Gas-Fl�ssigkeit-Festk�rperpartikelgemisch und Verfahren zur Trennung derselben
|16 Aug 1996
|19 Feb 1998
|Daimler Benz Ag
|Ventilation device for crankcase of internal combustion engine
|22 Oct 1999
|26 Apr 2001
|Volkswagen Ag
|Entl�ftungsvorrichtung mit �labscheider f�r ein Kurbelgeh�use einer Brennkraftmaschine
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|21 Oct 2005
|5 Aug 2008
|Fleetguard, Inc.
|Oil mist removal device with oil fill
|28 Jun 2005
|6 Jan 2009
|Cummins Filtration Ip, Inc.
|Inertial gas-liquid separator with variable flow actuator
|23 Aug 2007
|10 Nov 2009
|Cummins Filtration Ip Inc.
|Two stage drainage gas-liquid separator
|11 Jan 2007
|19 Jan 2010
|Cummins Filtration Ip Inc.
|Multistage variable impactor
|12 Jul 2006
|16 Mar 2010
|Cummins Filtration Ip Inc.
|Oil fill cap with air/oil separator
|29 May 2006
|21 Sep 2010
|Mahle International Gmbh
|Device for separating a gas-liquid mixture
|22 Jul 2008
|12 Oct 2010
|Cummins Filtration Ip, Inc.
|Oil mist removal device with oil fill
|31 Jul 2008
|9 Nov 2010
|Cummins Filtration Ip, Inc.
|Gas-liquid separator with dual flow impaction and coalescence
|15 Nov 2007
|9 Nov 2010
|Cummins Filtration Ip, Inc.
|Space-effective filter element
|17 Oct 2007
|28 Dec 2010
|Cummins Filtration Ip, Inc.
|Inertial gas-liquid separator with constrictable and expansible nozzle valve sidewall
|20 Dec 2007
|1 Mar 2011
|Cummins Filtration Ip, Inc.
|Multistage multicontroller variable impactor
|8 Dec 2009
|3 May 2011
|Cummins Filtration Ip, Inc.
|Multistage variable impactor
|26 Dec 2006
|10 May 2011
|Lg Chem, Ltd.
|Apparatus for separating oil from blow-by gas of engine
|15 Nov 2007
|14 Jun 2011
|Cummins Filtration Ip, Inc.
|Authorized filter servicing and replacement
|24 Mar 2009
|21 Jun 2011
|Cummins Filtration Ip, Inc.
|Inertial gas-liquid separator with axially variable orifice area
|15 Feb 2006
|13 Sep 2011
|Steeve Fontaine
|Oil circulating device for internal combustion engine
|27 Jan 2010
|13 Sep 2011
|Cummins Filtration Ip Inc.
|Oil fill cap with air/oil separator
|8 Apr 2008
|1 Nov 2011
|Cummins Filtration Ip, Inc.
|Inertial gas-liquid separator with valve and variable flow actuator
|22 Jul 2008
|13 Dec 2011
|Cummins Filtration Ip, Inc.
|Gas-liquid separator with expansion transition flow
|10 Jun 2011
|14 Feb 2012
|Cummins Filtration Ip, Inc.
|Authorized filter servicing and replacement
|29 Apr 2011
|21 Feb 2012
|Cummins Filtration Ip, Inc.
|Multistage variable impactor
|20 Nov 2009
|10 Apr 2012
|Cummins Filtration Ip Inc.
|Inertial gas-liquid impactor separator with flow director
|16 Feb 2012
|14 Aug 2012
|Cummins Filtration Ip, Inc.
|Multistage variable impactor
|10 Jun 2009
|4 Sep 2012
|Kohler Co.
|Breather assembly with standpipe for an internal combustion engine
|29 May 2008
|2 Oct 2012
|Nok Corporation
|9 Dec 2008
|5 Mar 2013
|Mahle International Gmbh
|Oil mist separator
|27 Jun 2008
|12 Mar 2013
|Brp-Powertrain Gmbh & Co. Kg
|Internal combustion engine oil tank arrangement
|12 May 2009
|30 Jul 2013
|Mann + Hummel Gmbh
|Separator for crank housing ventilation of an internal combustion engine
|6 Apr 2012
|24 Feb 2015
|Cummins Filtration Ip Inc.
|Inertial gas-liquid impactor separator with flow director
|27 Aug 2013
|22 Sep 2015
|Cummins Filtration Ip, Inc.
|Inertial gas-liquid separator and porous collection substrate for use in inertial gas-liquid separator
|21 Oct 2005
|15 Jun 2006
|Knauf Craig R
|Oil mist removal device with oil fill
|29 May 2008
|29 Jul 2010
|Nok Corporation
|9 Dec 2008
|17 Feb 2011
|Andreas Enderich
|Oil mist separator
|12 May 2009
|12 May 2011
|Mann+Hummel Gmbh
|Separator for Crank Housing Ventilation of an Internal Combustion Engine
|27 Jun 2008
|7 Jul 2011
|Brp-Powertrain Gmbh & Co Kg
|Internal combustion engine oil tank arrangement
|17 Sep 2012
|20 Mar 2014
|Ford Global Technologies, Llc
|Crankcase ventilation via crankcase pulsation
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|7 Sep 2004
Owner name: DICHTUNGSTECHNIK G. BRUSS GMBH & CO. KG, GERMANY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:KNAUS, ARTUR;SEELANDT, WILHELM;REEL/FRAME:015762/0573
Effective date: 20040816
|11 Jan 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|5 Dec 2013
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


text:
Bistro1860May 3, 2014Lounge • Louisville, United States
I am standing outside because my dinner still has not been served after almost two hours. Overpriced. Move along somewhere else.
I am standing outside because my dinner still has not been served after almost two hours. Overpriced. Move along somewhere else.
The issue here is that there are too many good things to eat! We'll have to come back often to get to them all.
It's a great workout especially if you're out if shape like me.
Burgers rival Kuma's across the street. Tuna was fabulous. This is our new "go to" place.
A fantastic traditional Italian eatery. Great wait staff. Food very tasty.
The second best public course in the area. Friendly staff. Bunkers could use some sand.
Menu is way too big. Would have been interested in seeing how food was but service was atrocious and we just ended up having drinks.
We used to come here often when we lived nearby. We loved it then, but the food and service began to deteriorate during our previous visits a few years ago. Apparently the trend has continued...
One of the best happy hours in town...really! Can't beat two for one drinks!
Menu has changed since spring...baked spaghetti no longer available...boo!!
Mr. Williamson is an expert in pre- and post-Civil War American West history. He is here intermittently...stop and chat with him and make sure you take a picture with him!
The two ladies who own this place really know how to cook! The chorizo and egg taco was fabulous, the steak was tender and tasty. Make sure you leave a generous tip...they deserve it!
Don't take too much club off if the first tee.
Enjoy the great golf course view and the fridge stocked with Yuengling.
Pancho Villa skillet is good, Breakfast Quesadillas okay; but both VERY greasy from the chorizo....food almost swimming in grease.


text:
Esplanade Hotel
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
How has this hotel rated in the past?
- Free High-Speed Internet
- Breakfast Available
- Multilingual staff
- Non-smoking hotel
- Air-Conditioning
- Bar/lounge
Travelers also recommend:
TripAdvisor Reviews Esplanade Hotel Cologne
Travel Blogs from Cologne
Getting' ready to cruise
... successfully with the help of a few friendly people. Germans are very helpful and if you ask for assistance go out of their way to get you to where you want to go. We arrived at the cruise boat successfully and were ushered on board to our cabin. I was initially disappointed with the view of concrete from our French balcony (see photo) until Rosanne pointed out we were still in dock! However, as you can see from the followup pic we now have a much more scenic ...
Fun day in Cologne
... was simply multi colours, which reminded me of the Keith Green song Stained Glass. While we waited for the film we noticed a long queue of people. We realised they were waiting for food. A group of people, we think attached to the cathedral, were handing out plates of hot food and a bread roll, to anyone who was willing to line up for it. One of the people serving food was in a wheelchair. It was a long queue and a reminder yet again of the poverty that is a world ...
Super-sized barges
... amp; as soon as you have finished another one is served & a mark on your mat keeps tally of how many you have drunk. The idea is that the beer is always 'fresh'...cool & freshly drawn. Worked well..J had an impressive number of marks......
Very very comfortable night & almost the end of our trip! Sigh...
book the last 2 nights.....
Where Eau de Cologne was Introduced
... the catherdral hoping that the mass would be over before we had to return to the ship, but the Bishop was saying the mass and we know of no Bishop who would cut the service short!
After waiting for awhile outside the cathedral we decided to further drown our sorrow by going to the local brewery located nearby to sample their locally brewed beer, accompanied by a freshly made pretzel, of course. It was then back to the ship and a vow to ...
So calm in Cologne
... so I crossed the next bridge along and came across one of the better Christmas markets of my time in Germany. This not only had an ice rink, it also had a curling arena! As it was earlier in the day, the market was quiet so I took the chance to have a proper look round, away from the crowds. The market continued along the street and connected with the market right outside the Dom cathedral. I took a walk through the shopping streets of ...


text:
Tory Burch's polka-dot 'Tammy' top is inspired by a vintage photograph. This graphic piece has a black bib front and is lined through the body for opacity. Subtle pleat detail adds fullness to this lightweight, fluid style.
Black and sand stretch-silk georgetteButton fastenings along front91% silk, 9% spandex; body lining: 100% polyesterDry cleanDesigner color: Black/ Blush Champagne
Product code: 445274 - Need help? Contact us


text:
How Many Hours Would It Take You to Work Off Today's College Tuition?
October 06, 2015
Politicians like to say, "I worked my way through college." Compared with today's kids, they had it easy.
Raise Our Taxes. Please.
April 15, 2015
A Tax Day reminder: The government needs more revenue.
Congress Shouldn't Bother Trying to Balance the Budget
March 17, 2015
It's bad politics and bad policy.
Payday Loans Are Bleeding American Workers Dry. Finally, the Obama Administration Is Cracking Down.
February 11, 2015
Such loans seem like easy money for hard-hit workers—but their APR is nearly 400 percent.
Germany's Stubbornness on Greece Is Threatening European Unity
February 11, 2015
The stakes have never been higher.
Underspending, Not Debt, Is Holding the Country Back
January 26, 2015
Listen up, Republicans.
House Republicans Have Voted to Increase the Debt by Nearly $1 Trillion This Year
August 04, 2014
Since January 1, they've passed legislation that would increase the long-term debt by nearly $800 billion.
The Ultimate, Definitive Guide to the Budget Deficit
July 16, 2014
Step 1: Stop worrying about it so much.
The Hypocritical, Bipartisan Fearmongering of the Fiscal Summit
May 14, 2014
Welcome to the sad, hypocritical end of the austerians
We've Made Huge Progress on the Long-Term Debt
May 06, 2014
It may have hurt the economy, but long-term debt projections are way down.


text:
More in Business Development
How to Test Market Your Big Idea on a Small Scale
Many new businesses fail because entrepreneurs, convinced that their idea is the next big thing, fail to test it with real consumers.
How to Hone in on Your Business Niche
Many entrepreneurs attempt to be all things to all consumers, but that can bring challenges when trying to compete with larger businesses in the general marketplace.
How to Create an Influencer Marketing Campaign
Given a choice, your prospective customers are less likely to succumb to paid media and more likely to heed the recommendation of someone they trust.
4 Ways Your Small Business Can Compete With Corporate Giants
Ready to compete with the big guys? It's all about innovation, agility and listening to your customers. Learn how to be David, and take down Goliath.
How to Use Social Responsibility to Improve Your Brand
If you haven't yet established a social responsibility program for your small business, here are some tips to help you get started.
7 Tips for Negotiating the Best Deal With Your Suppliers
When is the last time you renegotiated pricing with your suppliers? It's one of the best ways to decrease your expenses so you can realize more profit.
New Business Accelerator Will Take Veteran-Owned Businesses to the Next Level
Miami incubator and accelerator Venture Hive and a Florida city are partnering to offer programs to help military veterans transition to entrepreneurship.
How to Research Competitors to Boost Your Market Share
One thing standing between you and your goal to gain as much market share — and revenue — as possible is your competitors.


text:
De Blasio Is Running Out of Options in His Pre-K Duel With Cuomo
State pols are no closer to approving a tax hike on the rich.
State pols are no closer to approving a tax hike on the rich.
The city announced plans to rescind three planned charter schools, all run by his antagonist, Eva Moskowitz.
Back to business, after some distractions.
He won't take questions about a non-scandal — and that raises questions.
The mayor's speeding motorcade is yet another distraction from his important goals.
The outgoing Yankee faced reporters today for the first time since announcing his retirement.
Do Hillary Clinton's years at the State Department offer insight into what kind of president she would be?
Recent leaks are a departure from Ray Kelly's department.
His first State of the City made it clear that remained his overriding goal.
There are drastic splits along racial, geographic, and economic lines.
Bill de Blasio's landslide has made him a beacon for liberals nationally. But does Park Slope really play in Peoria?
Maybe Jon Stewart can get to the bottom of that eating-pizza-with-a-fork blasphemy.
One of the biggest players may be a right-wing representative from California.
Tension? What tension?
The mayor is headed to Albany, and the tussle over new taxes on the rich will be front and center.
The attorney general will open for the star senator tonight.
Cuomo is doubling down on De Blasio's signature issue with a new $1.5 billion plan.
The New York governor was nimble in keeping his distance from New Jersey's expanding political mess.
Defense is for suckers.
A test batch has resulted in 12,000 violations since September.


text:
The Tunnel: Season 1, Episode 7
Episode #1.7 (2 Dec. 2013)
Ratings: 8.0/10 from 43 users
Reviews: write review | 1 critic
With four truths completed, the police seem to be gaining some ground against their enemy but have no concrete answers. TT's getaway car is found abandoned. It's a police car... Is TT a cop... See full summary »
Director:Philip Martin
Writer:Emma Frost
Stars:Stephen Dillane, Clémence Poésy, Adeel Akhtar | See full cast and crew »


text:
Welcome to Smogon! Check out the Smogon Info Hub for everything you need to know about starting out in the community. Don't forget to introduce yourself in the Introduction Thread, too!
Welcome to Smogon Forums! Please take a minute to read the rules.
[OU] Twist at Rain Team
Discussion in 'BW OU Teams' started by TenaciousAfroman, Jul 9, 2013.


text:
From inside the book
Try this search over all volumes: "Amazonia" "American Atlantic Shipping"
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What people are saying - Write a review
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Avondale Shipyards barges boats building built Cable capacity Carboline cargo carrier cleaning coal coating Company complete construction CONSULTANTS Continued Corp Corporation cost cranes deck diesel engines Division docks drilling drydock electrical electronic equipment facilities fleet fuel oil Furuno gear Gulf handling Hitachi Zosen Houston hull hydraulic installation International Jackup Jeffboat Lisnave load Loran maintenance Manager manufacturers MARINE ENGINEERING/LOG MARINE ENGINEERS marine industry maritime ME/LOG ment million monitoring NAVAL ARCHITECTS navigation Ocean offshore operation Orleans P.O. Box Phone port President propeller propulsion pump radar range Reader Service Card requirements rigs Ro-Ro Sales ship repair Shipbuilding shipyard simulator speed steel Street supply tank tankers Telephone Telex tion tons Trade Transportation tugs turbochargers U.S. Coast Guard U.S. Navy units valves vessels WHPX worldwide Write yard York


text:
Deviant Art
You should date a guy who writesDate a guy who writes. Date a guy whose fingers are stained with ink, whose pockets are filled with pens, and whose eyes smile and dance with curiosity. Date a guy who notices things like the colour of your hair and the way you have your coffee, not because he has to, but just because it's a habit of his to notice things. Date a guy who can barely get around a computer, but is expert with his word processor. It doesn't matter; he prefers pen and paper anyway.More Like This
Find a guy who writes. You'll find him just outside a library. He'll like the idea of being outside, on the verge of a thousand worlds, a few steps away. He'll love the idea of being outside, on the brink of one world, a few carefully placed letters away.
Or he will be inside a café. He doesn't care whether it's boutique or Gloria Jeans, moodily or well lit, though he likes it there especially when it's raining. He will be the one with a notebook in one hand, pen in the other,
Broken hearts and Bloody wristsMore Like This
Ribbons in her hair and scars beneath her sleeves
Her soul is slowly dying as tormentors turn to thieves
The mask on her face doesn't cover her eyes
So she can't cover her sorrow with her lies
She's so beautiful
It's breathtaking
She's so sorrowful
It's heartbreaking
Trace your veins with this blade,
Still the fiery flames of hate
Your pleasures pain, a steel caress,
You hide your hurt, shield your distress
She's so beautiful
It's breathtaking
She's so sorrowful
It's heartbreaking
When comes the time for pain to end?
Until that day your heart descends
Your soul gives up, your life decays
You'll find no cause to change your ways
There's no chance to save her anymore
Her soul is scarred; she's lost this war
|Sta.sh Submit


text:
Catharine Gale
BSc, PhD
- Primary position:
- Professor of Cognitive Epidemiology
After graduating with a 1st class degree in Population Studies from the University of Southampton, Catharine Gale obtained a Medical Research Council studentship and completed a PhD on the role of antioxidant vitamins in cerebrovascular disease and cognitive decline at the MRC Environmental Epidemiology Unit (now the MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit). Catharine currently leads work on cognitive function across the MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology's programmes of research. She is co-leader of the Cognitive Epidemiology research group at the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh. She was appointed as a part-time Reader in Cognitive Epidemiology in the Department of Psychology at the University of Edinburgh in 2012. Catharine was appointed to a Chair in Cognitive Epidemiology at the University of Southampton in 2015.
BSc Population Studies, University of Southampton 1994
PhD, University of Southampton 1997
Appointments held
1997/2002 Research Fellow, MRC Environmental Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton
2002/2007 Senior Research Fellow , MRC Epidemiology Resource Centre, University of Southampton
2007/2010 Principal Research Fellow, MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton
2010/2014 Reader, MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton
2014/2015 Associate Professor, MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton
2012 onwards Reader in Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh
The University of Southampton's electronic library (e-prints)
Book Section
Research Interests
Catharine's current research has three main themes.
Resilience and vulnerability to frailty and its outcomes in later life. This research investigates lifecourse social and psychological risk factors for physical frailty in older people, and the biological and behavioural mechanisms that may underlie these associations, and examines whether psychological, social, biological, physical or behavioural factors can moderate the risk of adverse outcomes in people who are frail. This research is conducted in collaboration with colleagues at the Universities of Southampton and Edinburgh, and uses data from several cohorts from the UK and USA.
Cognitive ability and negative emotions in relation to morbidity and mortality. Catharine co-leads a programme of work using data from several UK and overseas cohorts to investigate the mechanisms whereby lower cognitive ability in youth increases vulnerability to subsequent mental and physical ill health and earlier death. This includes investigation of potential behavioural or biological mediators of intelligence-health associations, examination of the extent to which negative emotional states or traits interact with intelligence to influence health or moderate its influence, and exploration of the hypothesis that body system integrity might underlie links between intelligence and mortality. She is leading a project which uses data from UK Biobank to investigate the extent to which shared genetic aetiology underlies associations between cognitive ability and health or negative emotional factors and health.
Influences on cognitive ability in childhood. Catharine has responsibility for the cognitive function component of the Southampton Women's Survey children's follow-up. Detailed cognitive testing of cohort members at age 6 years is nearly complete. These data will be used to examine influences on the children's general intelligence and other domains of cognition, including exposures pre-conception, during pregnancy and early childhood.
Academic unit: Human Development and Health Academic Units
Affiliate academic units: Human development and physiology Research group
Responsibilities in the Faculty of Medicine
Member of the Ethics Committee
Selector of medical students
External Responsibilities
Member of editorial board, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
Member of editorial board, Scientific Reports
Member of grant reviewing committee, Health Research Board, Ireland
Member of grant reviewing committee, Academy of Finland
Member of Steering Committee, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh
External examiner, MSc Health Research Methods, University of Birmingham
Teaching Responsibilities
Module leader (Dissertation) MSc Diabetes Best Practice
Lecturer, 'Epidemiology - concepts, analysis, & applications' MSc Public Health
Course co-ordinator and lecturer, 'Intelligence, personality and health', MA or BSc Psychology (University of Edinburgh)
Lecturer, 'Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology', MSc Psychology of Individual Differences (University of Edinburgh)
Lecturer, 'Research skills', MSc Psychological Research Skills (University of Edinburgh)
Course co-ordinator, 'Literature review' MA or BSc Psychology (University of Edinburgh)
Supervises undergraduate projects and dissertations for MSc courses.
Currently supervises 5 PhD students
Professor Catharine Gale
Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton Southampton General Hospital Mailpoint 801 South Academic Block Tremona Road Southampton SO16 6YD or Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton Building 85 Life Sciences Building Highfield Campus Southampton SO171BJ
Room Number: SGH/MRC/MP95
Telephone: (023) 8077 7624 x180
Facsimile: (023) 8070 4021
Email: email@example.com


text:
About "Tree-NA" by greenttentacle
Design by greenttentacle
Love the additions. It just draws the eyes to look at the whole thing.
Great, great idea
really great idea
nice! :)
It turned out really nice looking. Well done! (you know? one of my first tries here at threadless was a dna strand with buttons and joysticks, and it had a placement very similar to this one)
on green for sure!
great job! $5
Definitely better on green, totally loving it!
this look awesome! $$$555
haha I love it, my favorite part is the bear!
ooooh, i love it on green!!
and blue is good too!!
love the concept. $5
great concept
super idea- $$
Looks totally tubular on the hoodie, great idea and really nice execution.
love it on green
Great idea! 5
that was some dream! $$$$$$$$$$
Yes great idea that looks good on the T!
nice on jacket!
Wow, this is clever and well done! I like the placement a lot!
Great idea and great execution!
The hoodie looks awesome! Good work!
Awesome work on this. Easy 5 for me.
Looks great on blue!
yes! that's cool! must 5$! :))
Cool idea
great idea and illo gt!
Cool Beans!
Looks great Ro! Clever concept, nice execution.
cool idea. i love r style. very nice
Yay last day!! Good luck!


text:
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Prevue Hendryx Calypso Creations Caterpillar Large Bird Toy
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Calypso creations caterpillar large bird toy Designed for large birds Toy materials include wooden circles, plastic beads, crinkly paper, plastic straws and knotted rope Provide many hours of entertainment for larger parrots and Macaws Product Type: Hanging Toy Bird Size: Large Material: Rope/Wood/Acrylic Pet Category: Birds Primary Color: Blacks & Grays
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Publications (35)173.35 Total impact
Article: Depletion of Cyclophilins B and C Leads to Dysregulation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Redox Homeostasis[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Protein folding within the endoplasmic reticulum is assisted by molecular chaperones and folding catalysts that include members of the protein disulfide isomerase and peptidyl-prolyl isomerase families. In this report, we examined the contributions of the cyclophilin subset of peptidyl-prolyl isomerases to protein folding and identified cyclophilin C as an ER cyclophilin in addition to cyclophilin B. Using albumin and transferrin as models of cis-proline-containing proteins in human hepatoma cells, we found that combined knockdown of cyclophilins B and C delayed transferrin secretion but surprisingly resulted in more efficient oxidative folding and secretion of albumin. Examination of the oxidation status of ER protein disulfide isomerase family members revealed a shift to a more oxidized state. This was accompanied by a >5-fold elevation in the ratio of oxidized to total glutathione. This "hyperoxidation" phenotype could be duplicated by incubating cells with the cyclophilin inhibitor cyclosporine A, a treatment that triggered efficient ER depletion of cyclophilins B and C by inducing their secretion to the medium. To identify the pathway responsible for ER hyperoxidation, we individually depleted several enzymes that are known or suspected to deliver oxidizing equivalents to the ER: Ero1αβ, VKOR, PRDX4 or QSOX1. Remarkably, none of these enzymes contributed to the elevated oxidized to total glutathione ratio induced by cyclosporine A treatment. These findings establish cyclophilin C as an ER cyclophilin, demonstrate the novel involvement of cyclophilins B and C in ER redox homeostasis and suggest the existence of an additional ER oxidative pathway that is modulated by ER cyclophilins.Journal of Biological Chemistry 07/2014; 289(33). DOI:10.1074/jbc.M114.570911 · 4.57 Impact Factor
Article: Vitamin K epoxide reductase contributes to protein disulfide formation and redox homeostasis within the endoplasmic reticulum[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The transfer of oxidizing equivalents from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) oxidoreductin (Ero1) oxidase to protein disulfide isomerase is an important pathway leading to disulfide formation in nascent proteins within the ER. However, Ero1-deficient mouse cells still support oxidative protein folding, which led to the discovery that peroxiredoxin IV (PRDX4) catalyzes a parallel oxidation pathway. To identify additional pathways, we used RNA interference in human hepatoma cells and evaluated the relative contributions to oxidative protein folding and ER redox homeostasis of Ero1, PRDX4, and the candidate oxidants quiescin-sulfhydryl oxidase 1 (QSOX1) and vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR). We show that Ero1 is primarily responsible for maintaining cell growth, protein secretion, and recovery from a reductive challenge. We further show by combined depletion with Ero1 that PRDX4 and, for the first time, VKOR contribute to ER oxidation and that depletion of all three activities results in cell death. Of importance, Ero1, PRDX4, or VKOR was individually capable of supporting cell viability, secretion, and recovery after reductive challenge in the near absence of the other two activities. In contrast, no involvement of QSOX1 in ER oxidative processes could be detected. These findings establish VKOR as a significant contributor to disulfide bond formation within the ER.Molecular biology of the cell 04/2012; 23(11):2017-27. DOI:10.1091/mbc.E12-02-0102 · 4.47 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: In this chapter we present the evidence that calnexin (CNX) and calreticulin (CRT) function as molecular chaperones to assist in the folding and subunit assembly of the majority of Asn-linked glycoproteins that pass through the endoplasmic reticulum. Mechanistic insights into how this function is accomplished have been provided through diverse approaches which include interfering with the recognition of glycoproteins through CNX/CRT's lectin site, expression of CNX/CRT and model substrates in heterologous systems, gene disruption, and reconstitution of function with purified components in vitro. Furthermore, the domain organization and locations of functional sites have been revealed through mutagenesis and the recent determination of the structure of the ER luminal domain of CNX and a portion of CRT. The controversial issue of whether CNX/CRT function solely as lectins or also as "classical" chaperones that recognize the unfolded polypeptide portion of glycoproteins is presented and the evidence supporting current models is discussed in detail.07/2011: pages 49-62;
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ABSTRACT: Calreticulin and calnexin are key components in maintaining the quality control of glycoprotein folding within the endoplasmic reticulum. Although their lectin function of binding monoglucosylated sugar moieties of glycoproteins is well documented, their chaperone activity in suppressing protein aggregation is less well understood. Here, we use a series of deletion mutants of calreticulin to demonstrate that its aggregation suppression function resides primarily within its lectin domain. Using hydrophobic peptides as substrate mimetics, we show that aggregation suppression is mediated through a single polypeptide binding site that exhibits a K(d) for peptides of 0.5-1 μM. This site is distinct from the oligosaccharide binding site and differs from previously identified sites of binding to thrombospondin and GABARAP (4-aminobutyrate type A receptor-associated protein). Although the arm domain of calreticulin was incapable of suppressing aggregation or binding hydrophobic peptides on its own, it did contribute to aggregation suppression in the context of the whole molecule. The high resolution x-ray crystal structure of calreticulin with a partially truncated arm domain reveals a marked difference in the relative orientations of the arm and lectin domains when compared with calnexin. Furthermore, a hydrophobic patch was detected on the arm domain that mediates crystal packing and may contribute to calreticulin chaperone function.Journal of Biological Chemistry 06/2011; 286(31):27266-77. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M111.258467 · 4.57 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Calreticulin and calnexin are key components in maintaining the quality control of glycoprotein folding within the endoplasmic reticulum. While their lectin function of binding monoglucosylated sugar moieties of glycoproteins is well documented, their chaperone activity in suppressing protein aggregation is less well understood. Here, we use a series of deletion mutants of calreticulin to demonstrate that its aggregation suppression function resides primarily within its lectin domain. Using hydrophobic peptides as substrate mimetics, we show that aggregation suppression is mediated through a single polypeptide binding site that exhibits a Kd for peptides of 0.5-1 μM. This site is distinct from the oligosaccharide binding site and differs from previously identified sites of binding to thrombospondin and GABARAP. Although the arm domain of calreticulin was incapable of suppressing aggregation or binding hydrophobic peptides on its own, it did contribute to aggregation suppression in the context of the whole molecule. The high resolution X-ray crystal structure of calreticulin with a partially truncated arm domain reveals a marked difference in the relative orientations of the arm and lectin domains when compared to calnexin. Furthermore, a hydrophobic patch was detected on the arm domain that mediates crystal packing and may contribute to calreticulin's chaperone function.Journal of Biological Chemistry 06/2011; · 4.57 Impact Factor
Article: Participation of lectin chaperones and thiol oxidoreductases in protein folding within the endoplasmic reticulum[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Protein folding within the endoplasmic reticulum occurs in conjunction with a complex array of molecular chaperones and folding catalysts that assist the folding process as well as function in quality control processes to monitor the outcome. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the calnexin/calreticulin chaperone system that is directed primarily toward Asn-linked glycoproteins, as well as the protein disulfide isomerase family of enzymes that catalyze disulfide formation, reduction, and isomerization. We highlight issues related to function and substrate specificity as well as the functional interplay between the two systems.Current opinion in cell biology 11/2010; 23(2):157-66. DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2010.10.011 · 8.47 Impact Factor
Article: Functional Relationship between Protein Disulfide Isomerase Family Members during the Oxidative Folding of Human Secretory Proteins[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: To examine the relationship between protein disulfide isomerase family members within the mammalian endoplasmic reticulum, PDI, ERp57, ERp72, and P5 were depleted with high efficiency in human hepatoma cells, either singly or in combination. The impact was assessed on the oxidative folding of several well-characterized secretory proteins. We show that PDI plays a predominant role in oxidative folding because its depletion delayed disulfide formation in all secretory proteins tested. However, the phenotype was surprisingly modest suggesting that other family members are able to compensate for PDI depletion, albeit with reduced efficacy. ERp57 also exhibited broad specificity, overlapping with that of PDI, but with preference for glycosylated substrates. Depletion of both PDI and ERp57 revealed that some substrates require both enzymes for optimal folding and, furthermore, led to generalized protein misfolding, impaired export from the ER, and degradation. In contrast, depletion of ERp72 or P5, either alone or in combination with PDI or ERp57 had minimal impact, revealing a narrow substrate specificity for ERp72 and no detectable role for P5 in oxidative protein folding.Molecular biology of the cell 09/2010; 21(18):3093-105. DOI:10.1091/mbc.E10-04-0356 · 4.47 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The calnexin cycle is a process by which glycosylated proteins are subjected to folding cycles in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen via binding to the membrane protein calnexin (CNX) or to its soluble homolog calreticulin (CRT). CNX and CRT specifically recognize monoglucosylated Glc(1)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) glycans, but the structural determinants underlying this specificity are unknown. Here, we report a 1.95-Å crystal structure of the CRT lectin domain in complex with the tetrasaccharide α-Glc-(1→3)-α-Man-(1→2)-α-Man-(1→2)-Man. The tetrasaccharide binds to a long channel on CRT formed by a concave β-sheet. All four sugar moieties are engaged in the protein binding via an extensive network of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic contacts. The structure explains the requirement for glucose at the nonreducing end of the carbohydrate; the oxygen O(2) of glucose perfectly fits to a pocket formed by CRT side chains while forming direct hydrogen bonds with the carbonyl of Gly(124) and the side chain of Lys(111). The structure also explains a requirement for the Cys(105)-Cys(137) disulfide bond in CRT/CNX for efficient carbohydrate binding. The Cys(105)-Cys(137) disulfide bond is involved in intimate contacts with the third and fourth sugar moieties of the Glc(1)Man(3) tetrasaccharide. Finally, the structure rationalizes previous mutagenesis of CRT and lays a structural groundwork for future studies of the role of CNX/CRT in diverse biological pathways.Journal of Biological Chemistry 09/2010; 285(49):38612-20. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M110.168294 · 4.57 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex play a vital role in cellular immunity, reporting on the presence of viral or tumor-associated antigens by binding peptide fragments of these proteins and presenting them to cytotoxic T cells at the cell surface. The folding and assembly of class I molecules is assisted by molecular chaperones and folding catalysts that comprise the general ER quality control system which also monitors the integrity of the process, disposing of misfolded class I molecules through ER associated degradation (ERAD). Interwoven with general ER quality control are class I-specific components such as the peptide transporter TAP and the tapasin-ERp57 chaperone complex that supply peptides and monitor their loading onto class I molecules. This ensures that at the cell surface class I molecules will possess mainly optimal peptides with a long half-life. In this review we discuss these processes as well as a number of strategies that viruses have evolved to subvert normal class I assembly within the ER and thereby evade immune recognition by cytotoxic T cells.Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology 07/2010; 21(5):512-9. DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.12.013 · 6.27 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The presentation of antigenic peptides by class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex begins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where the co-ordinated action of molecular chaperones, folding enzymes and class I-specific factors ensures that class I molecules are loaded with high-affinity peptide ligands that will survive prolonged display at the cell surface. Once assembled, class I molecules are released from the quality-control machinery of the ER for export to the plasma membrane where they undergo dynamic endocytic cycling and turnover. We review recent progress in our understanding of class I assembly, anterograde transport and endocytosis and highlight some of the events targeted by viruses as a means to evade detection by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells.Traffic 09/2009; 10(12):1745-52. DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0854.2009.00979.x · 4.35 Impact Factor
Article: Loss of Specific Chaperones Involved in Membrane Glycoprotein Biosynthesis during the Maturation of Human Erythroid Progenitor Cells[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The production of erythrocytes requires the massive synthesis of red cell-specific proteins including hemoglobin, cytoskeletal proteins, as well as membrane glycoproteins glycophorin A (GPA) and anion exchanger 1 (AE1). We found that during the terminal differentiation of human CD34(+) erythroid progenitor cells in culture, key components of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein translocation (Sec61alpha), glycosylation (OST48), and protein folding machinery, chaperones BiP, calreticulin (CRT), and Hsp90 were maintained to allow efficient red cell glycoprotein biosynthesis. Unexpected was the loss of calnexin (CNX), an ER glycoprotein chaperone, and ERp57, a protein-disulfide isomerase, as well as a major decrease of the cytosolic chaperones, Hsc70 and Hsp70, components normally involved in membrane glycoprotein folding and quality control. AE1 can traffic to the cell surface in mouse embryonic fibroblasts completely deficient in CNX or CRT, whereas disruption of the CNX/CRT-glycoprotein interactions in human K562 cells using castanospermine did not affect the cell-surface levels of endogenous GPA or expressed AE1. These results demonstrate that CNX and ERp57 are not required for major glycoprotein biosynthesis during red cell development, in contrast to their role in glycoprotein folding and quality control in other cells.Journal of Biological Chemistry 04/2009; 284(21):14547-57. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M809076200 · 4.57 Impact Factor
Article: ERp57 Does Not Require Interactions with Calnexin and Calreticulin to Promote Assembly of Class I Histocompatibility Molecules, and It Enhances Peptide Loading Independently of Its Redox Activity[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: ERp57 is a thiol oxidoreductase that catalyzes disulfide formation in heavy chains of class I histocompatibility molecules. It also forms a mixed disulfide with tapasin within the class I peptide loading complex, stabilizing the complex and promoting efficient binding of peptides to class I molecules. Since ERp57 associates with the lectin chaperones calnexin and calreticulin, it is thought that ERp57 requires these chaperones to gain access to its substrates. To test this idea, we examined class I biogenesis in cells lacking calnexin or calreticulin or that express an ERp57 mutant that fails to bind to these chaperones. Remarkably, heavy chain disulfides formed at the same rate in these cells as in wild type cells. Moreover, ERp57 formed a mixed disulfide with tapasin and promoted efficient peptide loading in the absence of interactions with calnexin and calreticulin. These findings suggest that ERp57 has the capacity to recognize its substrates directly in addition to being recruited through lectin chaperones. We also found that calreticulin could be recruited into the peptide loading complex in the absence of interactions with both ERp57 and substrate oligosaccharides, demonstrating the importance of its polypeptide binding site in substrate recognition. Finally, by inactivating the redox-active sites of ERp57, we demonstrate that its enzymatic activity is dispensable in stabilizing the peptide loading complex and in supporting efficient peptide loading. Thus, ERp57 appears to play a structural rather than catalytic role within the peptide loading complex.Journal of Biological Chemistry 03/2009; 284(15):10160-73. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M808356200 · 4.57 Impact Factor
Article: Distinct Contributions of the Lectin and Arm Domains of Calnexin to Its Molecular Chaperone Function[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Calnexin is a Ca2+-binding transmembrane chaperone of the endoplasmic reticulum that recognizes Glc1Man5-9GlcNAc2 oligosaccharides on folding glycoproteins as well as non-native elements of the polypeptide backbone. This latter mode of recognition enables calnexin to suppress the aggregation of both glycosylated and nonglycosylated substrates. The luminal portion of calnexin (S-Cnx) consists of two domains, a globular lectin domain and an extended arm domain. To understand the function of these domains during the interaction of calnexin with non-native protein conformers, we tested deletion mutants of S-Cnx for their abilities to suppress the aggregation of nonglycosylated firefly luciferase. The arm domain alone exhibited no capacity to suppress aggregation. However, stepwise truncation of the arm domain in S-Cnx resulted in a progressive reduction in aggregation suppression potency to the point where the globular domain alone exhibited 25% potency. To characterize the polypeptide-binding site, we used hydrophobic peptides that were competitors of the ability of S-Cnx to suppress luciferase aggregation. Direct binding experiments revealed a single site of peptide binding in the globular domain (Kd = 0.9 microm) at a location distinct from the lectin site. Progressive truncation of the arm domain in S-Cnx had no effect on the binding of small peptides but reduced the binding affinity of S-Cnx for large, non-native protein substrates. Because protein substrates exhibited no binding to the isolated arm domain, our findings support a model in which calnexin suppresses aggregation through a polypeptide-binding site in its globular domain, with the arm domain enhancing aggregation suppression by sterically constraining large substrates.Journal of Biological Chemistry 02/2009; 284(6):3433-44. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M804866200 · 4.57 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Dying tumour cells can elicit a potent anticancer immune response by exposing the calreticulin (CRT)/ERp57 complex on the cell surface before the cells manifest any signs of apoptosis. Here, we enumerate elements of the pathway that mediates pre-apoptotic CRT/ERp57 exposure in response to several immunogenic anticancer agents. Early activation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-sessile kinase PERK leads to phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha, followed by partial activation of caspase-8 (but not caspase-3), caspase-8-mediated cleavage of the ER protein BAP31 and conformational activation of Bax and Bak. Finally, a pool of CRT that has transited the Golgi apparatus is secreted by SNARE-dependent exocytosis. Knock-in mutation of eIF2alpha (to make it non-phosphorylatable) or BAP31 (to render it uncleavable), depletion of PERK, caspase-8, BAP31, Bax, Bak or SNAREs abolished CRT/ERp57 exposure induced by anthracyclines, oxaliplatin and ultraviolet C light. Depletion of PERK, caspase-8 or SNAREs had no effect on cell death induced by anthracyclines, yet abolished the immunogenicity of cell death, which could be restored by absorbing recombinant CRT to the cell surface.The EMBO Journal 02/2009; 28(5):578-90. DOI:10.1038/emboj.2009.1 · 10.43 Impact Factor
Article: Lectin-deficient Calreticulin Retains Full Functionality as a Chaperone for Class I Histocompatibility Molecules[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Calreticulin is a molecular chaperone of the endoplasmic reticulum that uses both a lectin site specific for Glc(1)Man(5-9)GlcNAc(2) oligosaccharides and a polypeptide binding site to interact with nascent glycoproteins. The latter mode of substrate recognition is controversial. To examine the relevance of polypeptide binding to protein folding in living cells, we prepared lectin-deficient mutants of calreticulin and examined their abilities to support the assembly and quality control of mouse class I histocompatibility molecules. In cells lacking calreticulin, class I molecules exhibit inefficient loading of peptide ligands, reduced cell surface expression and aberrantly rapid export from the endoplasmic reticulum. Remarkably, expression of calreticulin mutants that are completely devoid of lectin function fully complemented all of the class I biosynthetic defects. We conclude that calreticulin can use nonlectin-based modes of substrate interaction to effect its chaperone and quality control functions on class I molecules in living cells. Furthermore, pulse-chase coimmunoisolation experiments revealed that lectin-deficient calreticulin bound to a similar spectrum of client proteins as wild-type calreticulin and dissociated with similar kinetics, suggesting that lectin-independent interactions are commonplace in cells and that they seem to be regulated during client protein maturation.Molecular biology of the cell 07/2008; 19(6):2413-23. DOI:10.1091/mbc.E07-10-1055 · 4.47 Impact Factor
Article: Potent Lectin-Independent Chaperone Function of Calnexin under Conditions Prevalent within the Lumen of the Endoplasmic Reticulum †[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Calnexin is a membrane-bound chaperone of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that participates in the folding and quality control of newly synthesized glycoproteins. Binding to glycoproteins occurs through a lectin site with specificity for Glc1Man9GlcNAc2 oligosaccharides as well as through a polypeptide binding site that recognizes non-native protein conformations. The latter interaction is somewhat controversial because it is based on observations that calnexin can suppress the aggregation of non-glycosylated substrates at elevated temperature or at low calcium concentrations, conditions that may affect the structural integrity of calnexin. Here, we examine the ability of calnexin to interact with a non-glycosylated substrate under physiological conditions of the ER lumen. We show that the soluble ER luminal domain of calnexin can indeed suppress the aggregation of non-glycosylated firefly luciferase at 37 degrees C and at the normal resting ER calcium concentration of 0.4 mM. However, gradual reduction of calcium below the resting level was accompanied by a progressive loss of native calnexin structure as assessed by thermal stability, protease sensitivity, intrinsic fluorescence, and bis-ANS binding. These assays permitted the characterization of a single calcium binding site on calnexin with a Kd = 0.15 +/- 0.05 mM. We also show that the suppression of firefly luciferase aggregation by calnexin is strongly enhanced in the presence of millimolar concentrations of ATP and that the Kd for ATP binding to calnexin in the presence of 0.4 mM calcium is 0.7 mM. ATP did not alter the overall stability of calnexin but instead triggered the localized exposure of a hydrophobic site on the chaperone. These findings demonstrate that calnexin is a potent molecular chaperone that is capable of suppressing the aggregation of substrates through polypeptide-based interactions under conditions that exist within the ER lumen.Biochemistry 11/2006; 45(42):12906-16. DOI:10.1021/bi0614378 · 3.02 Impact Factor
Article: Functions of ERp57 in the Folding and Assembly of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Molecules[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: ERp57 is a thiol oxidoreductase of the endoplasmic reticulum that appears to be recruited to substrates indirectly through its association with the molecular chaperones calnexin and calreticulin. However, its functions in living cells have been difficult to demonstrate. During the biogenesis of class I histocompatibility molecules, ERp57 has been detected in association with free class I heavy chains and, at a later stage, with a large complex termed the peptide loading complex. This implicates ERp57 in heavy chain disulfide formation, isomerization, or reduction as well as in the loading of peptides onto class I molecules. In this study, we show that ERp57 does indeed participate in oxidative folding of the heavy chain. Depletion of ERp57 by RNA interference delayed heavy chain disulfide bond formation, slowed folding of the heavy chain alpha(3) domain, and caused slight delays in the transport of class I molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. In contrast, heavy chain-beta(2)-microglobulin association kinetics were normal, suggesting that the interaction between heavy chain and beta(2) -microglobulin does not depend on an oxidized alpha(3) domain. Likewise, the peptide loading complex assembled properly, and peptide loading appeared normal upon depletion of ERp57. These studies demonstrate that ERp57 is involved in disulfide formation in vivo but do not support a role for ERp57 in peptide loading of class I molecules. Interestingly, depletion of another thiol oxidoreductase, ERp72, had no detectable effect on class I biogenesis, consistent with a specialized role for ERp57 in this process.Journal of Biological Chemistry 06/2006; 281(21):14622-31. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M512073200 · 4.57 Impact Factor
Article: Williams, DB. Beyond lectins: the calnexin/calreticulin chaperone system of the endoplasmic reticulum. J Cell Sci 119: 615-623[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Calnexin and calreticulin are related proteins that comprise an ER chaperone system that ensures the proper folding and quality control of newly synthesized glycoproteins. The specificity for glycoproteins is conferred by a lectin site that recognizes an early oligosaccharide processing intermediate on the folding glycoprotein, Glc1Man9GlcNAc2. In addition, calnexin and calreticulin possess binding sites for ATP, Ca2+, non-native polypeptides and ERp57, an enzyme that catalyzes disulfide bond formation, reduction and isomerization. Recent studies have revealed the locations of some of these ligand-binding sites and have provided insights into how they contribute to overall chaperone function. In particular, the once controversial non-native-polypeptide-binding site has now been shown to function both in vitro and in cells. Furthermore, there is clear evidence that ERp57 participates in glycoprotein biogenesis either alone or in tandem with calnexin and calreticulin.Journal of Cell Science 03/2006; 119(Pt 4):615-23. DOI:10.1242/jcs.02856 · 5.43 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: MHC class I molecules bind cytosolically derived peptides within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and present them at the cell surface to cytotoxic T cells. A major focus of our laboratory has been to understand the functions of the diverse proteins involved in the intracellular assembly of MHC class I molecules. These include the molecular chaperones calnexin and calreticulin, which enhance the proper folding and subunit assembly of class I molecules and also retain assembly intermediates within the ER; ERp57, a thiol oxidoreductase that promotes heavy chain disulfide formation and proper assembly of the peptide loading complex; tapasin, which recruits class I molecules to the TAP peptide transporter and enhances the loading of high affinity peptide ligands; and Bap31, which is involved in clustering assembled class I molecules at ER exit sites for export along the secretory pathway. This review describes our contributions to elucidating the functions of these proteins; the combined effort of many dedicated students and postdoctoral fellows.Immunologic Research 02/2006; 35(1-2):151-62. DOI:10.1385/IR:35:1:151 · 3.10 Impact Factor
Article: In vitro assays of the functions of calnexin and calreticulin, lectin chaperones of the endoplasmic reticulum. Methods Mol Biol[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Calnexin and calreticulin are molecular chaperones of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) whose folding-promoting functions are directed predominantly toward aspargine-linked glycoproteins. This is a consequence of calnexin and calreticulin being lectins with specificity for the early oligosaccharide (OS)-processing intermediate, Glc1Man9GlcNAc2. In addition, they interact with non-native conformers of glycoprotein polypeptide chains to prevent aggregation and recruit the thiol oxidoreductase ERp57 to catalyze glycoprotein disulfide formation/isomerization. In vitro assays of these functions have contributed greatly to our understanding of how calnexin and calreticulin promote glycoprotein folding. This chapter describes the isolation of Glc1Man9GlcNAc2 OS, as well as the assay used to measure OS binding. Furthermore, details are provided of assays that detect ERp57 binding by calnexin and calreticulin, as well as the abilities of these chaperones to suppress the aggregation of non-native protein substrates.Methods in Molecular Biology 02/2006; 347:331-42. DOI:10.1385/1-59745-167-3:331 · 1.29 Impact Factor
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University of Toronto
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- • Department of Biochemistry
- • Department of Immunology
McGill University
Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry