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April 18, 2007
NCAA set to ban recruit text messaging
Jeremy Crabtree
Recruiting Editor
However, it looks like text messages are about to become a thing of the past when it comes to recruiting.
The NCAA's Division I Management Council voted on Tuesday to eliminate the use of text messaging in college recruiting. The committee opted for an outright ban, which was first proposed by the Ivy League, over another proposal that would merely limit text and instant messaging to certain days of the week and particular hours. If approved by school presidents and chancellors on the Division I Board of Directors next week, the measure will take effect Aug. 1.
Anna Chappell said these forms of communication have become too costly, too intrusive in a prospect's life and the line between coach and prospect has become blurred.
"It's intruding on their lives and creating inappropriate relationships with coaches," Chappell said in a statement posted on the NCAA's official Internet site.
"If you don't stop it now, what roads are you going to have to cross later on? If you want to 'keep up with the times' and 'keep up to speed with student-athletes,' you forget that student-athletes as a whole said they wanted the elimination of text-messaging. It's too expensive for a lot of student-athletes to afford, and it's too intrusive on study time, practice time, even family time."
Rob Ianello, the chairman of the Division I assistant coaches committee for the American Football Coaches Association, learned of the NCAA's decision first thing Wednesday. He and his committee had worked for nearly two years to come up with different proposals that would limit or put a cap on the amount of texting that could be done by coaches.
However, all of the proposals the AFCA committee came up with were rejected by the NCAA.
"We're extremely disappointed," Ianello, who is the recruiting coordinator at Notre Dame, said. "We've argued time and time again the benefits of text messaging. This is how young people today communicate, and I think this is a totally short-sighted move by the NCAA.
"We've put a considerable amount of time and effort into this issue, and the NCAA has failed to keep up with how people communicate today. That's the way I communicate with my players here on campus, and I know assistant coaches all across the board were strongly in favor of keeping some sort of text messaging."
Ianello said he'd be shocked if the proposal doesn't get approved by the Division I Board of Directors. However, that doesn't take away his belief that the move is the wrong one.
"The AFCA came up with some proposals that we submitted to this same subcommittee that would have taken months away from when coaches could text a recruit," Ianello said. "It would have taken some, and it would have given some. The proposals would have put a cap on it and really regulated how it was done. But they totally shot it down. I'm surprised they took it this far."
"That proposal from my perspective was a non-starter because of the myriad of administrative issues with it. If I'm a coach recruiting in New York, the proposal would have let me make a call at 5 p.m., but I'm calling a prospect at California when he's in class. (She meant text messaging but said calling)."
"We heard from a lot of compliance directors who found the middle-ground position unworkable."
Current NCAA legislation treats texting like it does letters, and there are no restrictions limiting when a coach can send a message to a prospect. Recruits often tell stories of coaches contacting them 10, 20 or even 30 times a day, hoping to build a relationship that will eventually result in the prospect signing a national letter of intent with that school.
"For me, it was easier to text message with a coach than it was to talk to him on the phone," said Lawrence (Kan.) Free State four-star tight end Christian Ballard, who recently signed with Iowa. "That way, I could communicate with them when I wanted to, and I could also chose who I wanted to respond to and who I wanted to ignore. It also allowed me to think about what I wanted to say before I really said it. When you're typing you have to think about what you're saying, instead of just coming right out and saying it.
"I built a special bond with many of the coaches that recruited me through text messaging."
But for every prospect like Ballard that loved the communication via text messages, there are examples like former three-star prospect Delashaun Dean out of Fairfield, Calif. Dean, now a redshirt freshman receiver at Arizona, said he once racked up an $800 cell phone bill from text messaging with coaches.
Former Rivals.com No. 1 player in the country, Derrick Williams, said he thinks the ban could be a good thing.
Many high school coaches can see both sides of the issue.
"Well, it's probably going to help the college coaches out as far as how much time they spend," Cedar Hill, Texas, coach Joey McGuire said. "I know they spend a great amount of time having to text message kids and develop that time. But, I hate for coaches to not be able to develop relationships with these kids. I don't know a good way to do it with all these regulations, but I understand they have to be in place. I hate for them to start governing everything where you can't develop a relationship with a kid."
According to published reports, several NCAA sub-groups oppose the ban: Women's Basketball Issues Committee, Men's Basketball Issues Committee, Football Issues Committee and Academics/Eligibility/Compliance Cabinet. Every Division I assistant football coach reached by Rivals.com on Wednesday morning agreed with those committees that this proposal has gone too far.
"We were in the Division I assistant coaches committee meeting at the AFCA Convention, and the discussion about this proposal from the Ivy League was brought up," Southern Methodist University recruiting coordinator Eric Roark said. "Everybody was asking why the Ivy League was proposing such a drastic shift. They don't even recruit. They don't offer athletic scholarships. I think almost everybody agreed that proposal was idiotic."
While there is disagreement on this issue, one thing is clear: This new regulation is going to put the onus back on the high school coaches to become more involved in the recruiting process. Instead of texting a prospect to have them call them when they're free, college coaches will now rely on the high school coaches to help them build the relationship with the prospects.
That can be both good and bad, but most college football assistants agree the bigger schools will have a strong advantage now thanks to this ruling.
High school coaches might be more willing to help get a kid to call back if they've received a message from a national power like Notre Dame, Texas, USC or Florida. But what about the smaller schools or a school that's trying to build a program?
As with many things when it comes to recruiting, this new ruling definitely has sparked a bit of controversy. It looks like college coaches are going to have to find more traditional uses for their cell phones after Aug. 1.
Talk about it in The Main Board
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OMB: Agencies HSPD-12 postings improve
GAO: HSPD-12 program needs clear goals
The security badge for the future
Civilian agencies should think about access from a cross-government perspective, said Michael Mestrovich, president of the Federation for Identity and Cross Credentialing System (FiXs).FiXs is a coalition of commercial companies, government contractors and other organizations that want to set up a worldwide network for establishing interoperable identities and cross-credentialing.FiXs proposition: If agencies agree on a common model for authenticating individuals, they can avoid duplicating work when employees move from one building or system to another. Why go through the whole authentication process if another agency has already done the work?However, for that approach to work, civilian agencies must come to terms with one another and the Defense Department on a common authentication process, Mestrovich said.Until they get that trust model set up between themselves and the DOD, nothing else is going to matter, said Mestrovich, president and chief executive officer of Unlimited New Dimensions. Civilian agencies are supposed to be working towards one, but weve not seen it yet.The FiXs approach could save civilian agencies money and provide for interoperability of credentials, said Bob Martin, director of identity management and assurance at American Systems.It provides a common platform for authentication, which is where the savings come in, Martin said. At the same time, it would allow agencies to apply their own authorization at the local level.Agencies also must agree on a governance process for collaborating, Mestrovich said. Ongoing collaboration should enable them to resolve problems that crop up, decide on interoperability standards, establish and manage system architectures, devise testing procedures, and develop security and privacy policies.Mestrovich said FiXs could go a long way toward helping agencies work together, but agencies will need time to reach that goal. There are still wide cultural gaps and many personality issues to overcome. Brian Robinson
Based on the Defense Departments early experience using personal identity verification cards to merge physical and information security solutions, DOD officials and other experts suggest civilian agencies keep the following points in mind.n Start with a plan. The plan should address the deployment strategy, expected benefits and anticipated problems.n Get top-level support. Grass-roots efforts are good in concept, but high-level officials often need to step in and push things along.n Pay attention to local differences. Agencies should assess the state of technology at each site to identify potential snags that could hinder deployment.n Know whos in and whos out. Even if agencies have an identity management system in place, managers should re-evaluate the ability of those systems to handle the coming volume of Homeland Security Presidential Directive 12 identification cards.n Start small. Experts say civilian agencies should follow DODs example of conducting, small, focused test projects before broadly deploying converged security solutions.
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CipherWord Dictionary
- May 12, 2013
( 8)
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Disc 1:
The Final Cut (2007) Feature (Blu-ray)
Introduction to the Final Cut by director Ridley Scott
Commentary by Director Ridley Scott
Commentary by Executive Producer/Co-Screenwriter Hampton Fancher, Co-Screenwriter David Peoples, Producer Michael Deeley and Production Executive Katherine Haber
Commentary by Visual Futurist Syd Mead, Production Designer Lawrence G. Paull, Art Director David L. Snyder and Special Photographic Effects Supervisors Douglas Trumbull, Richard Yuricich and David Dryer
Disc 2:
3 Theatrical Features
Ridley Scott Introduction to the 1982 Theatrical Cut
Ridley Scott Introduction to the 1982 International Cut
Ridley Scott Introduction to the 1992 Director's Cut
Disc 3:
Photo Gallery + Dangerous Days, Existing EC + Workprint
"Dangerous Days: The Making of Blade Runner" Documentary (8 parts)
· Part 1 Incept Date – 1980: Screenwriting and Dealmaking
· Part 2 Blush Response: Assembling the Cast
· Part 3 A Good Start: Designing the Future
· Part 4 Eye of the Storm: Production Begins
· Part 5 Living in Fear: Tension on the Set
· Part 6 Beyond the Window: Visual Effects
· Part 7 In Need of Magic: Post-Production Problems
· Part 8 To Hades and Back: Release and Resurrection
4 Trailers
The Electric Dreamer: Author Philip K. Dick RT: 18:52
Sacrificial Sheep: The Novel vs. The Film RT: 14:57
Philip K. Dick: The Blade Runner Interviews RT: 27:38 [audio only]
· Introduction by Paul M. Sammon
· Inspiration for 'Electric Sheep'
· The Meaning of 'Electric Sheep'
· Wanting to Write the Script
· Hollywood
· Not Asked to Write the Script
· Adapting Books to Movies
· Being Left Out of the Production
· Problems with the First Screenplay
· Hating Hampton Fancher's Script
· Lashing Out Against 'Blade Runner'
· Meeting Ridley Scott
· Loving David Peoples' Script
· Viewing 'Blade Runner' Footage
· Harrison Ford
Signs of the Times: Graphic Design
Fashion Forward: Wardrobe and Styling
Screen Tests: Rachel and Pris
The Light That Burns: Remembering Jordan Cronenweth
Deleted and Alternate Scenes with Introduction by director Ridley Scott
1982 Promotional Featurettes
· On the Set
· Convention Reel
· Behind-the-Scenes Outtakes
· Original Trailers and TV Spots
· 1981 Teaser Trailer
· 1982 Theatrical Trailer
· 1982 TV Spot
· 1992 Director's Cut Trailer
· 2007 Dangerous Days Teaser Trailer
· 2007 Final Cut Trailer
· Promoting Dystopia: Rendering the Poster Art
· Deck-A-Rep: The True Nature of Rick Deckard
· Nexus Generation: Fans & Filmmakers
Workprint Feature Version with Introduction by Ridley Scott
Commentary by Future Noir Author Paul M. Sammon
All Our Variant Futures
Disc 4:
Final Cut Feature Disc on DVD
Introduction to the Final Cut by director Ridley Scott
Commentary by Director Ridley Scott
Commentary by Executive Producer/Co-Screenwriter Hampton Fancher, Co-Screenwriter David Peoples, Producer Michael Deeley and Production Executive Katherine Haber
Commentary by Visual Futurist Syd Mead, Production Designer Lawrence G. Paull, Art Director David L. Snyder and Special Photographic Effects Supervisors Douglas Trumbull, Richard Yuricich and David Dryer
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One of my favorite films of all time and this release really shows it off. All significant versions of the film are included as well as an excellent bunch of extras including a... Read morePublished 6 days ago by Darrin Williamson
The main features seem to be that the narration was removed and a few (but not all) continuity errors were fixed. None of the deleted scenes are restored. Read morePublished 6 days ago by Kindle Customer
|From this Discussion
|Backwards double-dip?
ummm if you READ, it says it has all the special features from the last edition. The 5-disc set had 2 DVD's and Blu-rays were BD-25 Capacity. This set has 3 BD's and one DVD. Do the math. One of the BD's is likely going to be BD-50 in size (the bonus disc) and have The workprint and all of the... Read More
May 24, 2012 by M. Pereira | See all 12 posts
|Are all the versions in blue ray or only final cut?
Yes. Look here www.blu-ray.com. click on the picture of the cover. You will see the front and back of the BD!
Nov 20, 2013 by Jørgen Holteng | See all 2 posts
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 3, 1987
|Filing date
|May 9, 1985
|Priority date
|Aug 18, 1982
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Thornton W. Sargent, III, Alexander T. Shulgin, Chester A. Mathis
|Original Assignee
|The Regents Of The University Of California
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Non-Patent Citations (28), Referenced by (19), Classifications (11), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The government has rights in this invention pursuant to contract No. W-7405-ENG-48 awarded by the United States Department of Energy.
This is a continuation-in part of Ser. No. 409,064, filed Aug. 18, 1982.
The present invention is directed to radiopharmaceutical compounds and methods of use thereof in methods of measuring cerebral blood flow in mammals.
While gamma-emitting radiopharmaceutical compounds are known to be administered to a patient for purposes of therapy and/or diagnosis for determining their location and kinetics by means of external detection and imaging devices, such techniques have not been widely applied to studies on the mechanism of the action of drugs (pharmacodynamics), and particularly to pharmacodynamics in the brain. The use of gamma-emitting radiopharmaceuticals is important because such compounds yield continuous data on organ concentration of a suitably labelled material in an animal or human without disturbing normal body functions during the experiment. However, the time required to synthesize radiopharmaceuticals generally precludes the use of those with half-lives shorter than a few minutes, yet in some cases short-lived isotopes offer important advantages over those with longer half-lives. For example, a short-lived isotope exposes the patient to a lower radiation dose and allows the performance of repeat tests at a short interval of time or the following of one radiopharmaceutical investigation immediately by another one. Therefore, while conventional gamma-emitting radiopharmaceuticals may be useful for therapy or diagnosis, it is desirable in many cases to have short half-life radiopharmaceuticals. While Sargent et al., Neuropharmacol 14; 165-174 (1975), found that 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-amphetamine, labelled with 77 Br or 82 Br, concentrated in the brain, thereby having potential use as a brain scanning pharmaceutical, the high-energy gamma rays of the bromine isotope were found to limit resolution by gamma imaging devices. The use of iodine isotopes 131 I and 123 I emit lower energy gamma rays and are useful for imaging purposes, but it was found that when labeling the amphetamine derivative with iodine by dilution of non-radioactive iodide, the product had relatively low specific activity and also required a relatively long period of synthesis, i.e., at least 15 minutes. Furthermore, it was necessary to protect the amine function of the amphetamine derivatives in order to prevent oxidation by ICl, the labeling reagent. Therefore, the time required to remove the amine protection group precluded the use of short half-lived iodine isotopes.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide radiopharmaceutical compounds which are useful for pharmacodynamic investigations in mammals.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide novel pharmaceutical compounds which concentrate in the brain of mammals and are useful for the detecting of cerebral blood flow.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method of detecting cerebral blood flow in mammals utilizing radiopharmaceuticals which concentrate in the brain.
These and other objects will be apparent from the following description.
The present invention is directed to a method of measuring blood flow and a flow of other materials carried via blood, by administering to animals a radioactively labelled compound of the formula I: ##STR2## wherein R1 and R2 are independently alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms or benzyl;
R3 is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, benzyl, cyclopropylalkyl of 4 to 6 carbon atoms, or cyanoalkyl of 2 to 6 carbon atoms;
R4 is hydrogen, benzyl or alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms;
with the provisos that R4 is not isopropyl and when R4 is methyl, R3 is not benzyl;
and X is a radioactive halogen.
The present invention further provides a method of preparing such compounds, particularly by utilization of novel intermediates which may be utilized to produce radioactive compounds of short half-lives.
In the accompanying FIGURES, FIG. 1 is a plot of the brain and blood radioactivity in a dog as a function of time after intravenous administration of 131 I-2, 5-dimethoxy-4-iodo-N,N-dimethylamphetamine.
FIG. 2 is a plot of relative radioactivity detected in the brain and outside the brain in a cross-section through the head of a dog as a function of time after injection of 122 I-2, 4-dimethoxy-5-iodo-N,N-dimethylamphetamine.
The compounds useful according to the present invention are radioactive compounds having the following formula (I) ##STR3## wherein R1 and R2 are independently alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms or benzyl;
R3 is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, benzyl, cyclopropylalkyl of 4 to 6 carbon atoms, or cyanoalkyl or 2 to 6 carbon atoms;
R4 is hydrogen, benzyl of alkyl or 1 to 6 carbon atoms;
with the provisos that R4 is not isopropyl and when R4 is methyl, R3 is not benzyl;
and X is a radioactive halogen. Both D and L stereoisomers are encompassed by the formulae herein.
Representative alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl. Additionally, R1, R2 or R3, but not R4, may be isopropyl.
The group R3 may also be cyclopropylalkyl, such as, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopropylethyl or cyclopropylpropyl, or cyanoalkyl, such as, cyanomethyl, 1-cyanoethyl, 2-cyanoethyl, 3-cyanopropyl, 4-cyanobutyl or 5-cyanopentyl.
The radioactive isotope X may be a halogen atom. Particularly preferred are 122 I, 123 I, 124 I, 125 I, 131 I, 74 Br, 75 Br, 76 Br, 34m Cl, 18 F. The iodine isotopes are most preferred, particularly 122 I.
A preferred class of compounds according to the present invention comprises those in which R1 and R2 are methyl. The most preferred compound is the one in which R1, R2, R3 and R4 are all methyl.
Another preferred class of compounds according to the present invention is the class having the formula (II): ##STR4## wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4 are as described above and I is a radioactive isotope, and the ring-subtituent positions are 2,4-dimethoxy-5-iodo, 3,5-dimethoxy-2-iodo, and 2,6-dimethoxy-3-iodo. A particularly preferred isotope is 122 I.
The above compounds are useful for pharmacodynamic studies in mammals, particularly in the study of brain blood flow. The compounds according to the present invention may be useful as agents for positron or single photon imaging of the brain blood flow and for locating the sites of brain strokes. Once administered to an animal the radioactive compounds according to the present invention will concentrate in the brain and may be detectable by positron tomographic imaging or by other conventional devices capable of imaging gamma rays through animal tissue. The radioactive label used in the present compounds is preferably 122 I which has a half-life of 3.6 minutes and provides the subject with a low radiation dose. The short half-life of 122 I also permits flow measurements at intervals of 15-20 minutes and will allow repeat studies of the subject for measurement of changes in the regional cerebral blood flow after therapeutic intervention, or during controlled stimulation states. Other labels with longer half-lives may also be used, such as, 131 I, 123 I, and the like.
To produce compounds in accordance with the present invention, intermediates of the following formula III are prepared. ##STR5## wherein R1, R2, R3, R4 are as defined hereinabove. To prepare compounds of formula III appropriate dialkoxyphenylisopropylamines are first prepared according to the method Braun et al., Journal of Labeled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals, 14; 767-773 (1978), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The dialkoxy-phenylisopropylamine may then be N-mono or di-alkylated according to known procedures. The intermediate of the formula III may then be radiolabelled to form compounds according to the present invention.
Alternatively, if a radioactive label is to be used having a relatively long half-life, such as 131 I, the compounds according to the present invention may be made by reductive amination, using an appropriate amine, NHR3 R4, of the intermediate IV having the following formula: ##STR6## wherein R1, R2, R3, and R4 are as defined hereinabove and X* is a radioactive halide, such as 131 I. The procedures for reductive amination are set forth by U. Braun, A. T. Shulgin and G. Braun, J. Pharm. Sci. 69: 192-195 (1980), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The intermediate III may be synthesized according to the procedures set forth in Examples 3-6 below.
The generator system for forming radioactive ICl is described by Richards et al., Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isotop., 30; 250 (1979), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The radioisotope 122 I is a positron-emitting radionuclide daughter of 122 Xe. A chamber according to the method described by Richards et al. is provided with Cl2 and 122 Xe and as the 122 Xe decays to form 122 I, the following reaction takes place:
1/2Cl2 +1/2I2 =ICl
The ICl is reacted directly with the intermediate III to form the compounds according to the present invention. The reaction may be carried out in a suitable solvent, preferably glacial acetic acid and the reaction is complete in approximately one minute. The product is purified by conventional techniques, such as high pressure liquid chromatography or ion exchange chromatography.
An advantage of the present synthesis is that the precursor having the formula III is non-interfering because it is not labelled. Moreover, the iodine substitution appears to occur substantially at one position of the phenyl ring.
Yields of the iodination of III may be in the range of 80-90%.
Alternatively, a chamber according to the method described by Richards et al. may be evacuated and 122 Xe transferred to fill the vacuum. The 122 Xe decays to form 122 I- which attaches itself to the vessel wall, and the 122 Xe is removed. The 122 I- is put into aqueous solution and oxidized with an oxidant, such as Chloramine T, so that the 122 I reacts with III to form 122 I-labelled products of the class II. Yields of up to 85% may be achieved by this method.
If a long lived radioactive label such as 131 I is desired, the radioactively-labelled intermediate III is formed within the reaction chamber, removed and purified by conventional procedures, and reductively aminated with an appropriate amine to produce compounds according to the present invention.
It has been found that when using an Anger Mark II whole-body Scanner, which is capable of imaging gamma rays with energies as high as 2.0 MeV over the entire body in a single scan, with a resolution of 20 mm., injections as low as 75 μCi of 131 I labelled compounds of the present invention are detectable from regions of interest over the brain of a dog and a plurality of scans over 30 minutes may be taken. Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown data from a scan of a dog after injection of a compound of the present invention of 75 μCi (2,5-dimethoxy-4-(131 I)-α,N,N-trimethylamphetamine). As it may be seen from FIG. 1, at the five-minute observed maximum in brain, 3.6% of the total body activity was located in the brain. The brain/blood ratio at five minutes was at 7.5 and reached a maximum of 8.7 after eight minutes.
The experiment set forth in Example 1 is repeated using the corresponding 122 I-labelled compound. Labelling with 122 I may be accomplished as described in Example 7.
To a solution of dimethoxybenzene (6.9 g) in 50 ml acetic acid was added over 3 minutes a solution of 20 g ICl in 20 ml acetic acid. The mixture was gradually heated on a steam bath for 2 hours. After 1 hour the formation of solids was evident. Heavy crystallization occurred after cooling with cold water. The crystalline solids were filtered washed with acetic acid to yield 16.7 g of a steel grey solid. The steel grey solids were suspended in about 200 ml water and solid Na2 S2 O4 was added until the solids were white and flocculent. The white solids were filtered, washed with water and recrystallized from boiling acetonitrile (50 ml). A second recrystallization yielded white crystalline 2,5-diiodo-1,4-dimethoxybenzene, melting point 167�-168� C.
To a suspension of 19.2 g of the 2,5-diiodo-1,4-dimethoxybenzene prepared according to the procedure of Example 3 above, in 500 ml ether at 0� C. was added 33.6 ml of 1.6N butyl lithium in hexane. After stirring at 0� for 10 minutes, 8.0 ml N-methyl-formanilide was added. The mixture was stirred at 0� C. for 10 minutes then allowed to come to room temperature to a gentle reflux. The reaction mixture was then added to 800 ml water and 20 ml concentrated hydrochloric acid. After filtration and washing with ether, the filtrate was allowed to separate and the ether phase was collected and evaporated under vacuum to yield 22.0 g of a yellow solid. The solid was further dried under vacuum, collected, pressed onto a plate and washed with methanol. The solid was then ground to a powder with 20 ml methanol, filtered, washed with methanol and recrystallized from 60 ml boiling 95% ethanol and dried to yield 5.0 g yellow crystalline 2-formyl-5-iodo-1,4-dimethoxybenzene, melting point 134�-136� C.
To 4.8 g of the product made in accordance with the procedures of Example 4 above in 100 ml nitroethane was added 0.3 g ammonium acetate. The mixture was heated on a steam bath for 51/2 hours, decanted from the solid residue and stripped. The resultant solid was collected in a beaker and crystallized from 20 ml boiling methanol. The crystals were collected and filtered to yield of 6.0 g crude solid. This crude solid was added to 0.6 g of crude product from a previous preparation and crystallized from 65 ml boiling methanol. The resultant crystals were filtered and air dried to yield 2.3 g gold crystalline 1-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-nitroprop-1-ene, melting point 117�-118� C.
To 2.1 g of the product made in accordance with the procedure of Example 5 above in 10 ml hot acetic acid was added 4 g electrolytic iron in 20 ml warm acetic acid. The mixture was heated on a steam bath to form a product comprising white solids and heavy black oil. The oil and solids were heated for one half hour with 500 ml water, filtered to remove iron and brown colored residues and washed with dichloromethane several times. The dichloromethane extracts were combined and washed with 5% sodium hydroxide. The dichloromethane was removed under vacuum to yield 3.9 g of a pale amber oil. This oil was distilled at 0.4 mm at 120�-130� C. to yield 1.1 g colorless oil which was collected in a flask. Scratching the flask produced crystalline 1-acetonyl-4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxybenzene. This may be converted to the 131 I -labelled derivative by known iodine exchange methods, such as, by exchange with Na.sup.(+)131 I.sup.(-).
To generate 122 Xe-122 I, a carrier-free xenon gas consisting of 122 Xe is pumped into a liquid nitrogen cooled storage vessel, which is connected in a closed system to a storage vessel.
The reaction vessel is cooled with liquid nitrogen, and the storage vessel is then warmed to room temperature. The radioactive xenon is transferred by cryogenic pumping to the reaction vessel. In repeated tests, using a small geiger counter to monitor presence of radioactivity in each vessel, the xenon may be transferred from one vessel to the other in 10 seconds. After allowing 15 minutes for buildup of the 122 I daughter in the reaction vessel, the xenon is transferred back to the storage vessel by cryopumping. Approximately 50 mCi of 122 I has been measured remaining in the reaction vessel, identified by measuring the half-life at 3.5 minutes over two log cycles of decay.
The xenon gas consists of a carrier-free mixture of 127 Xe, 125 Xe, 123 Xe and 122 Xe as products of the bombardment of 127 I with 68 MeV protons, from the reactions (p,n), (p,3n), (p,5n) and (p,6n) respectively. The proportion of each species of xenon at any time depends on the time after bombardment because of the different half-lives. To maximize the amount of 122 I compared to the other xenon daughters 125 I (T1/2 60 d) and 123 I (T1/2 13 h), the holding time of the xenon in the reaction vessel is kept as short as possible, i.e. about 2 or 3 half-lives of 122 I. For purposes of analysis of the chemical form of the radioactive iodine, a longer buildup time was allowed in order to accumulate the normally undesirable 125 I, to utilize the more convenient 60 d half-life. A small quantity of precursor of the class II and Chloramine T are added in dilute phosphoric acid solution (0.2M). The 122 I is oxidized by Chloramine T to form a reactive intermediate that reacts with II at 60� C. to form the desired product, an 122 I-substituted-dialkoxy-N,N-dialkylamphetamine. The product is then purified by driving it through an anion exchange column by air pressure and collecting the correct fraction in the receiving vessel. An alternative reaction scheme instead of adding Chloramine T is to add Cl2 to produce carrier-free 122 ICl which reacts with II at 140� C. in acetic acid.
Once transferred to the storage vessel, the radio-xenon can be kept there for days at room temperature without release of radioactivity.
Na125 I in dilute NaOH may be purchased from New England Nuclear Corporation. 2,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde and 3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde may be obtained commercially (Aldrich Chemical Co.).
A solution consisting of 25 g of 2,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (Aldrich) in 200 ml of nitroethane was treated with 0.5 g anhydrous ammonium acetate and held on a steam bath for 12 hours. The solvent was removed in vacuo from the mixture yielding 22.3 g of yellow crystals, m.p. 80�-81� C., upon cooling in 50 ml of methanol.
A solution of 22 g of the above nitrostyrene in 200 ml warm glacial acetic acid was added to a suspension of 50 g of electrolytic iron dust in 200 ml glacial acetic acid. The mixture was heated on a steam bath until reaction commenced as evidenced by copious bubbling and frothing. The resulting paste was maintained on the steam bath for 2 hours after addition of an additional 100 ml of glacial acetic acid. The dark grey reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of 3 L water and the unreacted Fe removed by suction filtration. The filtered solids were washed with 100 ml CH2 Cl2, the filtrate extracted with 3�150 ml CH2 Cl2, the pooled organic extracts washed with 100 ml 5% NaOH and the solvent stripped in vacuo to yield 21.3 g of a pale straw-colored oil. The oil was distilled (125�-145� C./0.4 mm) yielding 12.7 g of the title ketone as a clear, colorless oil.
In the same manner, the 3,5-dimethoxybenzylmethyl ketone (colorless oil) may be prepared.
A solution of 12.4 g of the above ketone in 160 ml methanol was added to a warm solution of 35 g dimethylamine hydrochloride in 50 ml methanol. There was added 3.5 g sodium cyanoborohydride with vigorous stirring and a dropwise solution of conc. HCl-methanol (1:1) as needed to maintain the reaction at pH 6. Approximately 2 ml of the HCl/methanol solution was added over 3 days. The solvent was removed in vacuo and 2 L dilute sulfuric acid added to the residues and extracted with 2�200 ml CH2 Cl2 (discarded), made basic with 200 ml 25% NaOH, and reextracted with 3�150 ml CH2 Cl2.
The pooled extracts were stripped of solvent in vacuo yielding 16.1 g of a colorless oil which was distilled (105�-115� C., 0.4 mm) to yield 10.6 g of the title compound as a clear, colorless oil.
Two ml of a 0.20M phosphoric acid solution containing 10 mg of 2,4-dimethoxy-α-N,N-trimethylamphetamine (2,4-DNNA) and 100 micrograms of Chloramine T were added to a stainless steel loop on whose interior surface 30 mCi of 122 I-iodide had been deposited by 40 mCi of 122 Xe. The radiochemical yield of the title compound was 85% in this case (17 mCi). The characteristic retention times of the starting amine and product were 14 ml and 24 ml utilizing a 10 μm, 250�4.6 mm Hamilton PRP-1 HPLC column eluted with methanol, 2M NB4 OH and 1M NH4 NO3 (650:50:25). The NMR of the product showed ortho/para splitting consistent with the 2,4-dimethoxy-5-I pattern (in CDCl3 ; δ(ppm) 0.91 (doublet 3H, CH3 CH), 2.34 (singlet, 6H, (CH3)2 N); 2.76 (multiplet, 2H, CH2), 2.85 (multiplet, 1H, CHCH3), 3.83 (singlet, 3H, CH3 O), 3.88 (singlet, 3H, CH3 O), 6.40 (singlet, 1H, phenyl C3 -H), 7.43 (singlet, 1H, phenyl C6 -H).
The 5-122 I-2,4-dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylamphetamine prepared as above was injected into a dog that had been anesthetized and positioned in the Donner 280 crystal PET (position emission tomography) system, with the image plane as a coronal section through the head. The animal was first imaged after injection of 82 Rb from a 82 Sr-82 Rb generator, a diffusable tracer which concentrates in perfused tissues but does not cross the blood-brain barrier. FIG. 2 shows the number of counts in the brain region as a function of time after injection; the activity in brain reached a maximum at 2-3 minutes and remains constant until 8-10 minutes. The characteristics demonstrated in this example are those desired for a brain flow imaging radiopharmaceutical: rapid labeling chemistry, rapid incorporation into brain, maintenance of a constant level for sufficient time to obtain an image, rapid decay after the imagine time to reduce patient radiation dose and/or permit a second study within a short time and use of a positron-emitting isotope for utilization of PET imaging.
3-122 I-2,6-dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylamphetamine was prepared as follows:
A solution of 10.0 g of 2,6-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (prepared from resorcinol dimethyl ether, butyl lithium and N-methyl-formanilide) was dissolved in 50 ml nitroethane, treated with 0.5 g anh. ammonium acetate, and held on the steam bath for 2 h. Removal of the solvent in vacuo gave a heavy reddish oil which, upon dissolving in 25 ml methanol and cooling, yielded canary-yellow crystals, 12.0 g, m.p. 100�-102� C.
An analytical sample from methanol had m.p. 101.5�-102.5� C. Anal: C,H,N.
A solution of 11.5 g of the above nitrostyrene in 80 ml warm acetic acid was added to a suspension of 35 g electrolytic iron dust in 150 ml acetic acid. The mixture was heated on the steam bath until a vigorous reaction set in. The resulting paste was thinned with another 40 ml acetic acid, and heating was maintained for an hour. The reaction was quenched in 1.5 L water with stirring, decanted from unreacted Fe, and extracted with 3�100 ml CH2 Cl2. The pooled extracts were washed with 50 ml 5% NaOH, and the solvent was removed in vacuo to yield 10.5 g of a pale amber oil. This was distilled (95�-105� C./0.4 mm) yielding 8.7 g of the title ketone as a colorless oil. Anal: C,H.
A solution of 7.6 g of the above ketone in 100 ml methanol was added to a (warmed) solution of 25 g dimethylamine hydrochloride in 60 ml methanol. With good stirring there was added 3.3 g NaCNBH3, and conc. HCl dropwise as needed to maintain the reaction at about a pH of 6. When acid was no longer required (about 48 h) the methanol was removed in vacuo, and the residues poured into 2 L dilute sulfuric acid. The mixture was extracted with 2�100 ml CH2 Cl2 (discarded), made basic with 25% NaOH, and reextracted (3�100 ml) with CH2 Cl2. The pooled extracts were stripped of solvent yielding 2.38 g of a colorless oil which was distilled yielding 1.29 g of the title compound as a white oil. Anal: C,H,N.
Two ml of an 0.20M phosphoric acid solution containing 10 mg of 2, 6-dimethoxy, N,N-trimethylamphetamine (2,6-DNNA) and 100 g of Chloramine T were added to a stainless steel loop on whose interior surface 30 mCi of 122 I-iodide had been deposited by 40 mCi of 122 Xe. The 122 I had been allowed to accumulate for 15 min. and the 122 Xe was removed by cryogenic pumping prior to the addition of the solution containing 2,6-DNNA. The stainless steel loop was heated to 60� C. within a few seconds by resistive heating and the reaction was allowed to proceed for 90 seconds at 60� C. The contents of the stainless steel loop were then pushed onto an 0.9 cm�4 cm anion exchange column (BioRad AG1-X8 acetate form) with 10 ml of an 0.10M pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solution. The 2, 6-dimethoxy-3-(122 I)-α-N,N-trimethylamphetamine (30% radiochemical yield) was eluted in 10 ml of the neutral, buffered solution and unreacted 122 -I-iodide (70%) remained on the anion exchange column. The entire radiochemical synthesis and product cleanup required approximately 2 min. and yielded 6 mCi of product. The assignment of the iodine substitution position, and the chromatographic characteristics of the title compound were established by a separate synthesis in the same manner but at millimolar scale. With HPLC, the starting amines and product had retention volumes of 9 ml and 20 ml on a Hamilton PRP-1 column eluted with methanol/2M NH3 /1 M NH4 NO3 (650/50/25).
NMR of the product showed splitting consistent with a 2,6-dimethoxy-3-I pattern on the phenyl ring (in CDCI3, δ(ppm) 6.46 (doublet, 1H, phenyl C5 -H, JORTHO =8.7 Hz) and 7.57 (doublet, 1H, phenyl C4 -H, JORTHO =8.7 Hz).
In the same manner, 3,5-dimethoxy-2-(122 I)-iodo-α,N,N-trimethyl amphetamine may be prepared (68% incorporation of 122 I removed from the loop). NMR (CDCl3) δ0.99 (d, 3H, CH3 CH), 2.42 (6H, (CH3)2 N), 2.66 (q, 2H, CH2), 3.06 (m, 1H, CH3 CH), 3.80 (3H, CH3 O), 3.85 (3H, CH3 O), 6.30 (d, 1H, phenyl C6 -H, Jm =2.7 Hz), 6.43 (d, 1H, phenyl C4 -H, Jm =2.7 Hz).
In the same manner, 2,4-dimethoxy-5-(122 I)-iodo-α,N,N-trimethyl amphetamine may be prepared (85% incorporation of 122 I removed from the loop). NMR (CDCl3) δ0.91 (d, 3H, CH3 CH), 2.34 (6H, (CH3)2 N), 2.76 (m, 2H, CH2), 2.85 (m, 1H, CHCH3), 3.83 (3H, CH3 O), 3.88 (3H, CH3 O), 6.40 (1H, phenyl C3 -H), 7.43 (1H, phenyl C6 -H).
The compounds according to the present invention may be administered in any convenient method for introducing foreign substances into the blood stream of mammals. The weight dosage of the radioactive compounds does not appear to be critical and the lower weight dosage limit would be dependent only on the lower detection limits of the radioactive imaging device which is utilized. The radioactively-labelled compounds according to the present invention may be diluted by conventional pharmaceutical carriers for administration into the subject. Intravenous injection is the preferred method. The gamma ray imaging scanner may be a commercially available unit, such as, a Positron Emission Transaxial Tomograph, useful for scanning 122 I, a Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomograph, useful for scanning 123 I, or a conventional scintillation camera.
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|Nps Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
|Calcium receptor-active molecules
|Oct 6, 1999
|Jan 29, 2002
|Nps Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
|Inorganic ion receptor active compounds
|Aug 30, 1999
|Sep 10, 2002
|Research Corporation Technologies, Inc.
|Benzamide compounds for cancer imaging and therapy
|Jan 5, 2001
|Feb 11, 2003
|Research Corporation Technologies, Inc.
|Compounds for cancer imaging and therapy
|Jan 29, 2002
|Mar 23, 2004
|Nps Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
|Inorganic ion receptor-active compounds
|May 6, 1993
|Nov 24, 1994
|Christy S John
|Compounds for cancer imaging and therapy
|U.S. Classification
|424/1.85, 564/384, 568/308, 564/373, 568/436, 564/374, 424/1.89
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 27, 1985
Owner name: REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA THE, BERKE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:SARGENT, THORNTON W. III;SHULGIN, ALEXANDER T.;MATHIS, CHESTER A.;REEL/FRAME:004445/0125;SIGNING DATES FROM 19850529 TO 19850531
|Aug 27, 1990
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 1, 1994
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Sep 2, 1998
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Eyou Dipajimoon (Cree) | Feb 6, 2013 | 1:09
Reverend Tom Corston
After the TRC hearings in Maliotenam, some complained that representatives of the government and the church did not participate. Corston says he was already planning to come to Val d'Or. He says some former students want his support before or after testifying... and for him, his role is to listen.


text:
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 4, 2004
|Filing date
|Feb 6, 2004
|Priority date
|Aug 9, 2001
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Fufang Zha, Anthony Stubbs
|Original Assignee
|Fufang Zha, Stubbs Anthony James
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (46), Classifications (9), Legal Events (1)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
[0001] The present invention relates to membrane filtration systems and, more particularly, to a method and apparatus for improving the filtration efficiency of such systems by providing an improved cleaning system for the membranes.
[0002] Any discussion of the prior art throughout the specification should in no way be considered as an admission that such prior art is widely known or forms part of common general knowledge in the field.
[0003] In a membrane filtration process, the method used to physically clean membranes is of vital importance. An efficient membrane cleaning strategy can maintain a stable permeability of the membrane and reduce the frequency of chemical cleans. A commonly used method to physically clean membranes is a backwash (also called "backflush" or "backpulse") with the permeate/filtrate or a gas. The backwash method is typically used to eject solids blocking the membrane pores and partly dislodge the cake that may have formed on the membrane surface.
[0004] Backwash with pressurized gas has proved a very efficient cleaning method and is now widely used in the field of microfiltration processes. The limitation to this method is the membrane pore size. Backwash of membranes with permeate has no limitations to the pore size, but the backwash efficiency is generally lower than gas backwash and the transmembrane pressure (TMP) recovery not enough to offset the fouling rate. Further means are employed to enhance the backwash efficiency, such as dosing chemicals to the backwash permeate, or in combination with gas scrubbing.
[0005] Maruyama et al in Japanese Patent No. JP2031200 discloses a hollow fibre membrane backwashing method. The method involves the following sequence: stop filtration, air-scour membrane, fill the membrane vessel, backwash with permeate under pressurized air and drain the waste. This procedure is repeated to achieve a higher efficiency. Sunaoka et al in a U.S. Pat. No. 5,209,852 describes a process for scrubbing hollow fibre membranes in modules. This process is composed of a two-stage air scrubbing and draining to clean the membranes.
[0006] A lot of effort has been made to more effectively lift solids accumulated on the membrane surface and in the pores by optimising the backwash pressure and enhancing the air scrubbing efficiency. Another important step to achieve an efficient cleaning, which has been largely ignored, is the removal of solids that have been exfoliated off the membrane, from the membrane modules. The typical methods presently used are by draining down of the waste or by feed-and-bleed. Feed and bleed involves continual bleeding of waste containing feed out of the filtration system. The outcome is the accumulation of solids within the modules, particularly towards the two ends of a module and the effect becomes more serious if the membranes are densely packed in a module.
[0007] It is an object of the present invention to overcome or at least ameliorate one or more of the disadvantages of the prior art outlined above or at least provide a useful alternative.
[0008] According to one aspect, the present invention provides a method of cleaning a membrane filtration module, said module including at least one membrane located in a feed-containing vessel, the membrane having a permeable wall which is subjected to a filtration operation wherein feed containing contaminant matter is applied to one side of the membrane wall and filtrate is withdrawn from the other side of the membrane wall, the method comprising the steps of:
[0009] a) suspending the filtration operation;
[0010] b) performing a cleaning process on the membrane wall to dislodge contaminant matter therefrom into liquid surrounding the membrane;
[0011] c) performing a high velocity sweep of the feed-containing vessel to remove the liquid containing the dislodged contaminant matter; and
[0012] d) recommencing the filtration operation.
[0013] Preferably, the cleaning process of step b) includes a fluid backwash of the membrane pores. For preference, the fluid backwash includes a liquid and/or gas backwash. For further preference, the cleaning process includes gas scrubbing of the surface of the membrane.
[0014] Preferably, the sweep of the feed-containing vessel is performed periodically in different directions within the vessel during operation of the cleaning method.
[0015] The contaminant matter may include solids, soluble species or other material removed from the feed during the filtration process.
[0016] Preferred embodiments and examples of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
[0017]FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of the membrane module assembly according to one embodiment of the invention;
[0018]FIGS. 2a to 2 d show schematic representations of the membrane module of FIG. 1 during the membrane cleaning sequence according to the invention;
[0019]FIG. 3 shows a graph of transmembrane pressure (TMP) versus time for the module of FIG. 1 illustrating cleaning efficiencies of various backwash regimes;
[0020]FIG. 4 shows a graph of transmembrane pressure (TMP) versus time for the module of FIG. 1 illustrating the effect of the high velocity sweep on membrane cleaning;
[0021]FIG. 5 shows a schematic representation of a membrane module according to a further embodiment of the present invention; and
[0022]FIG. 6 shows a graph of transmembrane pressure (TMP) versus time for the module of FIG. 5 illustrating the effect of the gas injection on scrubbing efficiency.
[0023] In the preferred embodiments, the membrane cleaning regime may include a combination, in part or in whole, depending on the feed water quality, of one or more backwash methods.
[0024] A backwash or blowout, or a combination of both, may be used to dislodge the solids blocking the membrane pores.
[0025] The backwash is normally achieved by forcing the permeate in a reverse direction to filtration through the membrane pores. The backwash flow rate is usually in a range of 50-500% of the filtration flow, more commonly in a range of 100-300% of the filtration flow.
[0026] Blowout is another method of removing solids from the membrane pores by creating a rapid and explosive decompression within the filtration vessel. In this method, the two sides (feed side and permeate side) of a membrane are firstly pressurized to a specific value. Then the discharge valve on the feed side is opened to generate an instantaneous negative transmembrane pressure (TMP). The solids in membrane pores are then blown out by the instantaneous negative TMP. As described below, in one embodiment, the blowout can also be integrated into a high velocity sweep step.
[0027] Another method of removing solids build-up from the membrane walls uses gas scouring to exfoliate the membrane surface. This method uses gas bubbles moving past the membrane surface to achieve an efficient scrubbing. Gas scouring is widely used in the membrane filtration processes where suction is applied to the permeate side of the membrane wall to induce filtration. For the pressurized membrane filtration systems, gas scrubbing is achieved by injecting gas, usually air, into the bottom end of the membrane module while the permeate is withdrawn from the upper end, as described in Japanese Patent No. JP2031200 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,209,852.
[0028] After the backwash step, the solids removed from the membranes are normally removed from modules by draindown of the waste. The velocity during a normal draindown is limited by the gravity force on the liquid within the vessel. The shear force thus generated is weak and may not be high enough to flush accumulated solids out of the modules and/or strip solids off the surface of the membrane. The situation is more manifest in hollow fibre membrane modules having a high fibre packing density.
[0029] Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, a preferred embodiment of one form of module cleaning will be described.
[0030]FIG. 1 illustrates a membrane module assembly 5. A hollow fibre membrane module 6 is located in a vessel 7. The module 6, in this example, contains a plurality of porous hollow fibre membranes 8, the ends the fibres opening into respective upper and lower permeate collection headers 9 and 10. Filtration takes place by applying feed to the outer wall of the fibres and withdrawing permeate through the fibre lumens. Filtrate/permeate is removed from both ends of the module 6 through ports 11 and 12 connected to headers 9 and 10 respectively. Feed inlet ports 13 and 14 and waste discharge ports 15 and 16 are provided at the upper and lower ends of the vessel 7, respectively. Valves AV1 and AV2 control the flow of feed to ports 13 and 14 while valves AV8 and AV5 control the flow of scouring gas. The flow of filtrate or permeate from the headers 9 and 10 is controlled by valves AV3 and AV4 while backwash flow to these headers is controlled by valves AV7 and AV4. Valves AV5 and AV6 control waste discharge from ports 15 and 16.
[0031] The steps of the process will now be described with reference to FIGS. 2a to 2 d.
[0032] Step 1. Filtration. During a typical dead-end filtration process, valves AV1-4 are open. The raw feed water is fed via valves AV1 and AV2 entering the upper and lower inlet ports 13 and 14 while the permeate is withdrawn from the top and bottom ports 11 and 12 of the module 6 (as best shown in FIG. 2(a)).
[0033] Step 2. Air scouring. At the end of the filtration step, valves AV1-4 are closed, and then the upper discharge valve AV5 and the gas inlet valve AV8 are open. Gas (usually air) is then introduced into the module 6 through valve AV8 and the lower port 14 to scour the membrane as illustrated in FIG. 2(b).
[0034] Step 3. Pressurization via backwash. When the gas scouring stops, valves AV5 and AV8 are closed. The vessel 7 is left partly filled with gas and water. A permeate backwash is initiated by opening valves AV4 and AV7. The pressure in the vessel 7 gradually increases during the backwash to pressurize the remaining gas within the vessel 7 (see FIG. 2(c)) and finally the pressure on both sides of the membrane walls equalizes. A pressurized gas pocket is thus formed within the vessel 7.
[0035] Another way to create such a gas pocket is to drain down or partly drain down the liquid waste at the end of the filtration Step 1 or after the gas scouring in Step 2. In this case it takes longer time to pressurize the gas, and consumes more permeate, but will achieve a higher average sweep velocity. The sweep velocity is desirably greater than 0.03 m/sec and preferably in the range 0.3 m/sec to 2.0 m/sec.
[0036] Step 4. Blowout and high velocity sweep down (FIG. 2(d)). When the pressure on the permeate side approaches that on the feed side of the membrane wall, which is also the maximum discharge pressure of the backwash pump, valve AV6 is opened. An instantaneous negative TMP is generated across the membrane wall, which achieves a second backwash of the membrane pores. Simultaneously, the high-pressure gas pocket formed on the feed side rapidly expands and sweeps down the solids out of the membrane module at a high velocity through port 16. The high velocity sweep may also create a high shear force to assist scrubbing the membrane surface. The maximum negative TMP and sweep velocity that can be achieved depend on the resistance in the drain line and the pressure on the permeate side of the membrane. At the end of the fast drain, the backwash pump is stopped and valves AV6 and AV7 are closed. The sequence then returns to the start of filtration.
[0037] The process described above generates both a blowout effect and a fast drain-down of the vessel 7. Therefore good cleaning efficiency can be achieved. Other means to achieve a high velocity sweep may include the use of the feed pump to deliver a sweep flow or employing compressed air/gas applied to the vessel housing the module or an external vessel, to achieve a high velocity sweep. An external vessel may be used where formation of a pressurized gas bubble within the feed containing vessel is difficult due to module configuration. In such an arrangement a gas containing region is provided within a further vessel coupled to said feed-containing vessel. The feed-containing vessel and the further vessel are sealed as a whole following said cleaning step and pressure applied to gas within the gas containing region to pressurize said gas, the pressure is then released by opening the feed-containing vessel to atmosphere so as to cause the pressurized gas to expand and produce said high velocity sweep of the feed-containing vessel. An external vessel may also be selectively coupled by a valve to the feed-containing vessel and contain pressurized gas and/or liquid which is released by opening the valve into the feed containing vessel to produce the high velocity sweep.
[0038] A further method of achieving a highly efficient sweep is to change the sweep direction (upwards and downwards sweep) from time to time. The times of the sweep in one direction and the frequency of change of the sweep direction depend on the module configuration, feed water quality and the operating conditions of the filtration system.
[0039] It will be appreciated that the method of cleaning membranes described above can also be applied to the inside-out filtration process, filtration by suction and other types of membranes, including flat sheet, tubular, spiral wound as well as other configurations.
[0040] A number of tests were conducted using different cleaning regimes. These tests are described below.
[0041] Short Term Tests
[0042] A hollow fibre membrane module with a surface area of 33 m2 (based on OD) was installed in a process illustrated in FIG. 1. Filtration was conducted by pressurizing the shell side of the module for 10 minutes and at a flux of 52 L/m2/hr. The feed water quality was poor with a turbidity of 35 NTU. At the end of filtration a membrane cleaning procedure was started. The following cleaning strategies were conducted and the cleaning efficiency is compared in FIG. 3.
[0043] Strategy 1: Permeate backwash only. The cleaning protocol involved the permeate backwash only at a flow rate of 3.2 m3/hr and a duration of 15 seconds. Solids were removed by pumping the feed water at a flow rate of 3.5 m3/hr from the lower inlet port and sweeping out of the module through valve AV5 for 38 seconds. The TMP kept rising after each backwash, indicating poor backwash efficiency.
[0044] Strategy 2: Air scouring and permeate backwash. The cleaning strategy included a pre-aeration for 15 seconds at an air flow rate of 8 m3/hr and then the permeate backwash similar to Strategy 1 plus a continued aeration for 15 seconds. The solids were removed by the normal sweep as in Strategy 1. The TMP dropped after such cleans and a better cleaning efficiency was achieved.
[0045] Strategy 3: High velocity sweep down. The sequence was air scouring for 15 seconds, gravity drain down of waste (5 seconds), permeate backwash with the shell side valves closed till the pressure at the permeate side reached 480 kPa (20 seconds), then opening the drain valve to achieve a blow-out and high velocity sweep down (10 seconds). FIG. 3 shows that such a high velocity sweep-down further recovered TMP and removed the foulant on the membranes. The high velocity sweep not only removed accumulated solids from the module, it also provided further scouring of the membrane surfaces.
[0046] Strategy 4: Similar to Strategy 3 with a slightly different time scale: gravity drain for 10 seconds, backwash and pressurization for 30 seconds followed by high velocity sweep down for 5 seconds. Similar effect to Strategy 3 was recorded.
[0047] The above strategies were repeated and the results illustrated effectiveness of the high velocity sweep down in removing accumulated solids from module.
[0048] Extended Test on Effect of High Velocity (HV) Sweep
[0049] An extended test was conducted in the same pilot machine and on the same site as in Example 1. The strategy combining air scouring and permeate backwash (Strategy 2 in Example 1) was used to clean the membranes. Fouling of the membrane was reflected in the TMP rise during a constant flux operation process. The TMP change profile was recorded on a data logger device and FIG. 4 illustrates the TMP profile. After three days (October 30-November 2) TMP rose by 5.5 kPa. Then the control program was changed to allow one high velocity sweep (Strategy 4 in Example 1) for every eight-hours of operation. The TMP was quite stable during the next six days and only a rise of 1 kPa was recorded. On November 8, the special high velocity sweep was removed and the TMP increased rapidly without the fast sweep. The extended test again illustrated the effectiveness of the high velocity sweep in cleaning of membranes.
[0050] A further aspect of the invention relates to an improved gas scouring method where permeate can be withdrawn from both ends of the module. According to this aspect there is provided a method of cleaning a membrane filtration module, said module including at least one elongate membrane positioned in a feed-containing vessel, the membrane having a permeable wall which is subjected to a filtration operation wherein feed containing contaminant matter is applied to one side of the membrane wall and filtrate is withdrawn from the other side of the membrane wall, the method comprising the steps of;
[0051] a) suspending the filtration operation;
[0052] b) dislodging contaminant matter from said membrane wall into liquid surrounding the membrane by flowing gas bubbles along the one side of the membrane wall, said gas bubbles being formed by feeding gas into said feed-containing vessel through an opening therein.
[0053] Preferably, the opening is positioned laterally of the membrane.
[0054] In the prior art gas or air was introduced into the modules via the bottom port and the permeate taken from the top end only. The details of such a module configuration are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,156,200.
[0055] In the above examples 1 and 2, we have shown the introduction of gas into a module when the permeate is withdrawn from both ends. FIG. 5 illustrates the module configuration and the ports for alternative gas injection. In this configuration, port 12 is connected to the gas source via valve AV9 and the backwash line through valve AV4 is removed. Permeate is withdrawn from one end through port 11.
[0056] There are two choices of introducing gas into the module 7. The first option is to introduce gas into the bottom pot of the module via port 12. Alternatively gas can be injected via shell side feed port 14. This method allows the application of gas scouring to the situation where the permeate is taken from both ends of a module. FIG. 6 compares the TMP profile by changing the injection of gas into port 12 or 14. Under the same operating conditions, injecting gas into a different port did not produce any significant effect on the gas scrubbing efficiency.
[0057] It will be appreciated that further embodiments and exemplifications of the invention are possible with departing from the spirit or scope of the invention described.
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|U.S. Classification
|210/636, 210/798
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 28, 2007
Owner name: SIEMENS WATER TECHNOLOGIES CORP., PENNSYLVANIA
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:U.S. FILTER WASTEWATER GROUP, INC.;REEL/FRAME:018940/0319
Effective date: 20060804


text:
I have come across an odd problem using 'Helvetica Neue W01 97 Black Cn' @font-face font from webfonts.fonts.com
When used in Windows based browsers (tested FF and IE), in this case in a submit button, the text seems to acquire an extra 4px or so of padding (see ff-pc-style.png). In the case of my current design, this centers it perfectly in the submit box.
In OS X, across Firefox, Safari, Chrome and Opera, the padding is lost, yet an extra 0.4px is added to the line height and height (see ff-pc-style.png).
If I remove the custom font, the fallback font (Arial), appears properly centered in OS X.
Why does this occur? And how would I get round it?
Platform detection seems like overkill just to fix a font ...


text:
Pakistan's Ties to Terror Group Are Unclear
NEW DELHI -- The sole surviving gunman in last year's Mumbai terror attacks may have sealed his fate with a dramatic courtroom confession Monday, but Pakistan's determination and ability to dismantle the group that plotted the assault remains an open question.
Pakistan, after initially denying that any of its citizens took part in the assault that left more than 170 people dead, has in the past six months sought to convince India and the U.S. that it is doing everything in its power to shut down the group thought to be responsible, Lashkar-e-Taiba.
"The Pakistani nation and its government fully understand the enormity of the challenge," said Farahnaz Ispahani, a spokeswoman for Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari. "This nation has paid in blood for its commitment against terrorism."
Five of the alleged plotters arrested in Pakistan weeks after the attack are to go on trial in the coming days. Pakistani officials say Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani earlier this month gave his Indian counterpart a dossier detailing what Islamabad knows about Lashkar's involvement in the attack.
But U.S. and Indian officials still see worrying signs of business as usual. Lashkar's co-founder, Hafiz Mohammed Saeed, was released last month from house arrest by a Pakistani court, which cited a lack of evidence to hold him. The group's infrastructure is still largely intact, even if its leadership is in disarray, say U.S. and Pakistani officials.
"Lashkar has a pretty deep bench, and so from an operational perspective it can keep going," said Stephen Tankel, an expert at King's College London who is writing a book on Lashkar.
Lashkar is believed to have a few thousand active members and many more in reserve. The group, if left intact, could remain an obstacle to better relations between India and Pakistan. That would likely hamper the fight against the Taliban by keeping the bulk of Pakistan's large military focused on the border with India, not the militants.
Yet Lashkar's long ties to Pakistan's powerful security establishment -- and deep roots it has put down in rural villages through its charity arm -- leave the government with a difficult challenge. The army and the Inter-Services Intelligence spy agency insist they no longer support Lashkar, but the relationship remains ambiguous. An ISI official acknowledged in an interview that the spy agency still maintains informal contacts with Lashkar but insisted colleagues were purely monitoring the group, not aiding it. "We don't operate in a safe part of the world," the officer said. "It's our job to know what they are doing."
U.S. and other Western officials say they believe that some weapons and money still flow to the group but that the aid is limited and not provided on orders from top commanders. Intelligence field officers and Lashkar operatives "have definitely been growing apart," said a U.S. official. "But the relationship is still there on some level."
Lashkar was one of a number of Islamist groups once nurtured by the ISI and used as a proxy against Indian forces in the divided Himalayan region of Kashmir and Afghanistan. Many of those groups have now turned on Pakistan, launching suicide attacks in cities and fighting alongside the Taliban in the northwest.
Lashkar has remained focused on India, India's part of Kashmir and, to a lesser extent, Afghanistan, say U.S. and Pakistani officials. With Pakistan's resources stretched thin by the Taliban and its militant allies, "it is hard for us to devote what we need to devote to winding up an organization like Lashkar," said a senior Pakistani official.
But, the official pointed out, Pakistan is taking action against those it can link directly to the Mumbai attack.
On Monday, the lone survivor of the attackers, Mohammed Ajmal Kasab, a Pakistani being tried in an Indian court, detailed how he had been recruited and trained by Lashkar. The case was adjourned Tuesday while the judge decides whether to accept his guilty plea and confession.
Mr. Kasab described how he and a friend were directed to a Lashkar office when they sought training as bandits in Rawalpindi, a city near Islamabad that is dominated by the military.
Those offices still operate, just in a more low-key way. A former Lashkar member who later went to work for the group's alleged charity arm, Jamaat-ud-Dawa, said in an interview last month that he was still working with "the same people."
Jamaat was shut down in December after the United Nations declared it a front for terror. Officials say it has since re-emerged under the guise of Falah-i-Insaniat, which helped provide aid to people who fled fighting between the army and Taliban in the Swat Valley.
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