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In many bird species colour traits influence social dominance and breeding success. In our study we first evaluated whether the colour of the basic plumage (tail feathers grown at the end of the breeding season), that provides an index of individual quality, influenced winter habitat use by yellow warblers. We then evaluated whether winter habitat use (inferred using δ13C and δ15N signatures of winter grown greater-coverts) influenced alternate plumage colouration, after controlling for individual quality using basic plumage colouration. Finally, we investigated whether basic and alternate plumage colouration influenced arrival dates, mate acquisition, breeding phenology and reproductive success of yellow warblers breeding in southern (Revelstoke, B.C.) and arctic (Inuvik, N.W.T.) Canada.
The colour (chroma and hue) of tail feathers, grown on the breeding grounds, was not related to subsequent winter habitat use. Greater covert and tail feather colour (chroma and hue) were correlated, suggesting genetics and/or individual quality played a role in pigment deposition. After controlling for individual difference in tail colour, δ13C values did not explain any variation in greater covert colour, but birds with high δ15N signatures had greater coverts with higher chroma. Male arrival dates varied with tail chroma in Revelstoke and tail hue in Inuvik. Males that arrived early paired with older and/or more colourful mates that initiated clutches earlier, and at one site (Revelstoke) were more likely to fledge young. In addition, in Revelstoke (but not Inuvik) males with high tail hue also acquired more colourful mates. In contrast, after controlling for individual differences in tail colour, greater covert colour did not affect male arrival date, the quality of the mate obtained or reproductive success in either population.
Our results suggest that plumage colour effects on breeding phenology and mate acquisition result from differences in the intrinsic quality of individuals rather than a carry-over effect of winter habitat use.
Keywords:Carry-over effects; Seasonal interactions; Breeding phenology; Plumage colour; Carotenoid-based colouration; Yellow warbler; American redstart
Carry-over effects, where events or processes in one season affect the performance of an individual in a subsequent season, have been argued to be a widespread phenomena with the potential to influence both individual fitness and population dynamics [1]. In migratory birds, for example, individuals with access to high quality winter habitat may be in better condition at the end of the winter period [2,3], depart on migration [4,5] and arrive on the breeding grounds earlier [6,7] and as a consequence have higher reproductive success [8-10]. In this example, the relationship between winter habitat quality and subsequent reproductive success may arise because high quality winter habitat confers a fitness advantage to individuals (extrinsic factors) or because high quality winter habitat is accessed by high quality individuals who perform well throughout the annual cycle (intrinsic factors). Our ability to disentangle the roles of extrinsic and intrinsic factors in driving carryover effects is undermined by the difficulty of manipulating these factors independently in wild populations [1], but see [4].
Carry-over effects associated with access to high quality winter habitat may be generated because winter habitat influences migration and breeding phenology (see refs above), but could also arise because winter habitat conditions influence sexually selected plumage ornamentation involved in inter- and intra-sexual interactions on the breeding grounds (e.g. [11]). Study of the relationships between sexually selected plumage, winter habitat use, and breeding performance in birds that undergo moults on both breeding and wintering grounds may provide an opportunity to evaluate the relative importance of extrinsic and intrinsic factors in driving carryover effects. In these species, the colour of basic ("non-breeding") plumage, grown on shared breeding grounds at the end of the breeding season, provides an index of individual quality that is largely independent of variation in breeding habitat [12,13]. In contrast, the colour of alternate ("breeding") plumage grown on the wintering grounds is likely to reflect both individual quality and the resources available in the winter habitat occupied. The importance of extrinsic factors to carry-over effects can then be assessed by investigating how the colour of alternate plumage influences individual breeding performance after controlling for the colour of their basic plumage (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Potential pathways for seasonal interactions. Summary of possible pathways for seasonal interactions mediated through sexually selected carotenoid plumage colouration of feathers grown on the wintering grounds (greater covert chroma and hue) and individual quality (as measured through plumage coluration of tail feathers grown on shared breeding grounds).
Carotenoid pigments deposited in feathers contribute to the red, orange and yellow plumage of many bird species (e.g. house finch Haemorhous mexicanus[14]; American redstart Setophaga ruticilla[15]; American goldfinch Spinus tristis[16]). Carotenoids are unique in that they cannot be synthesised de novo in the body [15] and therefore have to be ingested with food. Carotenoid-based plumage colouration is known to be affected by access to dietary carotenoids (e.g. [14,17]). Carotenoids also reflect immune responses to parasite load (e.g. [18]) and may play an important role as antioxidants [19], although their relative importance compared with other antioxidants is under considerable debate see [20]. The degree of carotenoid-based colouration in plumage may therefore be an indicator of both the compound's availability in the environment and an individual's ability to dedicate it to pigmentation, rather than other functions [21,22]. Colourful individuals may therefore be expected to occupy superior habitat [23] and/or be in superior condition [12,13,24].
Yellow warblers Setophaga petechia are neotropical migrants that undergo two moults per year: a complete prebasic molt on the breeding grounds prior to fall migration, and a partial prealternate molt on the wintering grounds where they replace contour feathers and some or all of their greater coverts and tertials [25,26]. The yellow pigmentation of both basic and alternate plumage in this species is produced by a single carotenoid pigment, lutein [27]. Plasma and feather lutein concentration has previously been shown to be positively correlated with feather colour (chroma) in adult American goldfinches [16] and nestling great tits, Parus major[17]. In this study we examined the relationship between the yellow colour (chroma and hue) of basic and alternate plumage (tail and greater covert feathers, respectively), winter habitat use, and breeding performance of yellow warblers in British Columbia and the Northwest Territories of Canada.
We first examined whether the colour of the basic plumage grown on the breeding grounds (tail feathers) influenced winter habitat use, inferred using stable isotope signatures (δ13C and δ15N) in alternate plumage. We then assessed whether winter habitat use influenced the colour of the alternate plumage (greater coverts) grown on the wintering grounds, after controlling for individual variation in basic plumage colouration. Finally, we investigated whether the colour of the basic and alternate plumage influenced arrival dates, mate acquisition, breeding phenology and reproductive success. We predicted that (1) individuals with more colourful basic plumage would acquire higher quality (more mesic) wintering habitats (2) individuals from high quality winter habitats would have more colourful alternate plumage and (3) more colourful males would arrive earlier, pair with older and more colourful mates, and have greater reproductive success. Evidence that winter habitat use influences the colour of an individual's alternate plumage, and their subsequent breeding performance, after controlling for the colour of their basic plumage would indicate the importance of extrinsic factors in driving carryover effects.
Study species and locations
Yellow warblers are small (9–11 g) migratory songbirds that breed throughout North America and over-winter in Mexico, Central America, and in northern regions of South America [28]. Western and eastern breeding populations are partially segregated on the wintering grounds, with western populations over-wintering in Mexico and Central America, while eastern populations over-winter in Central and South America [29]. Wintering yellow warblers often maintain foraging territories and display interspecies aggression [28,30,31]. In Mexico yellow warblers have clearly defined home ranges, respond with aggression to conspecific playback [32] and show evidence of winter site fidelity [Valdez Juarez, unpublished data]. This species breeds in riparian and wet deciduous habitat, and overwinters in a variety of habitat types, ranging from riparian forests, swamp and mangrove to dry coastal scrub, and agricultural areas including pastures and sun/semi-shade coffee plantations [10,30,33]. Drake [32] also found that some winter habitat types (riparian and agricultural), but not others (scrub) are preferentially occupied by older males, suggesting that winter habitat varies in quality.
Between 2009 and 2011, we collected feather samples and reproductive data from two populations of Yellow Warblers breeding in western Canada. In Revelstoke, British Columbia (50° 57'N, 118° 10' W; hereafter Revelstoke) pairs were monitored at three sites of approximately 30 ha along the Upper Arrow Lakes Reservoir (elevation 435–442 m). This habitat consisted of seasonally flooded grassland and riparian habitat dominated by willow shrubs (Salix spp.) and black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa). In Inuvik, Northwest Territories (68° 21' N, 133° 45' W; hereafter Inuvik) pairs were monitored at one, 24 ha site located along the Mackenzie River (elevation 3–6 m). This habitat was dominated by willow shrubs (Salix spp.) and green alder (Alnus crispa) at elevations that experienced seasonal flooding during spring ice-break and white spruce (Picea glauca) intermixed with these species at elevations above the flood zone.
Feather sampling
Breeding individuals were captured at both study locations through targeted mist-netting using audio playback. Males were generally captured within one to three days of their arrival on territories. Females were generally captured later in the season, often during nest building. Individuals were classified as yearlings (i.e. second year birds) or older birds (i.e. after-second year birds) based on the shape and colour of their primary coverts, the presence of a moult limit, and the shape and colour of their tail feathers [25]. Previously unbanded birds were marked with a combination of three colour bands and a Canadian Wildlife Service-issued aluminium band. We collected one tail feather (the third outer right rectrix) and three greater coverts feathers per individual, sampling a total of 119 individuals in Revelstoke (male = 66, female = 53) and 244 individuals in Inuvik (male = 130, female = 114). Yellow warblers are known to replace a variable number of greater coverts each year during their prealternate molt, and only newly replaced feathers (easily identifiable based on wear and colour) were collected for this study. Greater covert feathers were chosen over breast feathers to reflect winter grown colouration, as we have observed more variable isotopic signatures in breast feathers indicating that some may be moulted at different points in the year.
We determined the hue (colour) and chroma (purity of colour) of the yellow regions of greater covert and tail feathers from digital images using Adobe Photoshop CS6. An additional image depicts the colour properties hue and chroma more clearly [see Additional file 1]. Feathers were first scanned in colour at 1500 dpi with a yellow reference chip (hue = 40, chroma = 78). Three measurements were then collected from the yellow inner web of the tail feathers, the broad yellow edge of the greater coverts, and the reference chip using the eyedropper tool set to a 5x5 pixel sampling area. We then averaged the three measurements to produce single hue and chroma values for the basic and alternate plumage of each individual. To account for differences in the scans, hue and chroma measures were standardized against the standard reference chip, and these residual colour values were used in all analyses. Colour measures produced using similar methods have high repeatability (e.g. [17,24]) and are strongly correlated with spectrometer reflectance values [34]. The repeatability of hue and chroma measures in our study was high (Tail feathers: hue = 0.85, chroma = 0.94, n = 30; Greater coverts: hue = 0.88, chroma = 0.89, n = 30).
Additional file 1. Hue and Chroma chart. Chart showing changes in colour with increasing values of hue and chroma. This chart does not consider other colour properties (e.g. brightness) but represents how a yellow swatch changes with differing hue and chroma values.
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Winter habitat use
We inferred aspects of winter habitat use using stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) signatures from winter-grown greater coverts. Feathers grown in wetter (mesic) habitats are expected to have lower δ13C levels than feathers grown in drier (xeric) habitats as δ13C in the diet varies with the photosynthetic pathways utilized by plants at the base of the food chain [35]. Consistent with this, the δ13C values of blood samples collected from yellow warblers captured in riparian habitat in Mexico are more depleted than δ13C ratios found in drier scrub and agricultural habitats [10], which, due to male bias observed in riparian suggests higher habitat quality [32]. Previous studies of American redstarts [4], and black-throated blue warblers (Setophaga caerulescens) [3] have also found that birds wintering in more mesic habitat had more depleted δ13C ratios and are in superior condition to birds from xeric scrub habitats, suggesting that mesic habitats are high quality winter habitats for warblers and that habitat quality can be evaluated using δ13C ratios. δ15N values are more difficult to interpret as they can vary with trophic level of dominant prey items [36], can be influenced by local landscape factors (e.g. agriculture), and, on a larger geographic scale, are also influenced by temperature and precipitation [37]. In yellow warblers, blood-δ15N is more enriched in the dry Pacific coast region of Mexico and more depleted in the wetter Gulf region of Mexico [10].
The isotopic analysis of greater covert samples was conducted at the University of California Davis Stable Isotope Facility (California, USA). Prior to analysis, feathers were washed in a 2:1 chloroform:methanol solution for 24 hours, and air-dried for a further 24 hours to remove remaining solvent. 1 ± 0.2 mg of tissue from each individual was analyzed using a PDZ Europa ANCA-GSL elemental analyzer interfaced to a PDZ Europa 20–20 isotope ratio mass spectrometer (Sercon Ltd., Cheshire, UK). Delta values are expressed relative to the international standards: Vienna PeeDee Belemnite (V-PDB) for δ13C and Air for δ15N. Estimated measurement precision is 0.2% for δ13C and 0.3% for δ15N.
Breeding phenology and reproductive success
Study sites were monitored every one to three days beginning in early- and mid-May in Revelstoke and Inuvik, respectively. We recorded when male yellow warblers first arrived on a territory ("arrival date"), determined the identity of their mate, and followed pairs (30–50 pairs per season) throughout the entire breeding season. We located all nests by following females during nest-building or by conducting systematic searches of suitable nesting habitat. "Clutch initiation date" was defined as the date when females laid the first egg in their first nest of the season. These nests and all re-nesting attempts were checked every three days to determine clutch and brood size, the nest fate, and fledging success. The number of yellow warbler offspring fledged from a nest was assumed to equal the number of nestlings in the nest on day 7 (nestlings typically fledge on day 9), unless evidence of predation was observed. Fledging success was usually confirmed by locating the parents with some or all of their fledglings. Annual productivity for an individual was defined as the sum of all within-pair offspring successfully fledged over all nesting attempts of the season.
Data analysis
We first examined whether tail and greater covert colour (hue and chroma) varied in the two breeding populations and described how feather colour varied with gender and age within the two populations. We also assessed whether there was a correlation between the colour (hue and chroma) of the tail and greater covert feathers within individuals and a correlation between the two measures of colour (hue and chroma) within either feather block.
We next examined whether the δ13C and δ15N signatures of greater coverts grown on the wintering grounds was related to the colour (hue and chroma) of an individual's tail feather grown on the breeding grounds the previous summer. In this analysis we initially examined how δ13C or δ15N varied with sampling year, breeding population, and the gender and age of an individual. We did this by a starting with a full model that included all of these main effects and their two-way interactions and progressively dropped non-significant (p > 0.05) terms until only significant terms remained. We then asked whether adding tail colour (hue or chroma) explained any additional variance in δ13C and δ15N signatures. Hue and chroma measures were added independently as the two measures were correlated (see results). Significance was assessed using an F-test associated with the effect of dropping terms from a more complex model including all significant terms and the term of interest.
We next evaluated whether the colour (hue or chroma) of the greater coverts varied with winter habitat use, inferred from the δ13C and δ15N ratios of the same feathers. We initially fitted full models that included all main effects; breeding population, gender, age, tail hue or tail chroma and two-way interactions between breeding population, gender and age. Greater covert hue and chroma were modelled together with the appropriate tail colour measure, which was included in the models to control for within individual ability to access and deposit carotenoid pigments as tail colour is developed on shared breeding ground and therefore primarily reflects individual quality. We then progressively removed non-significant interaction terms and main effects until only significant terms remained. We then asked whether adding δ13C and δ15N values to the model explained any additional variance in greater covert colour (hue or chroma). Significance was again assessed using an F-test associated with the effect of dropping terms from a more complex model including all significant terms and the term of interest.
Finally we examined how the colour, either hue or chroma, of the tail feather and greater coverts influenced male arrival date, the clutch initiation date, colour and age of an individual's mate, and the annual productivity of male yellow warblers in Revelstoke and Inuvik. Models examining arrival dates controlled for any variation associated with year or age before examining the effect of tail colour alone or tail plus greater covert colour. Models that included both tail and greater covert colour allowed us to assess the importance of any winter habitat effects that influenced greater covert colour, while controlling for individual quality using tail feather colour. Models examining when males acquired a mate (estimated using the clutch initiation date), as well as the age, and the colour of the mate (greater covert hue and chroma) controlled for arrival effects before examining the effect of tail colour alone or tail plus greater covert colour. Models examining annual productivity controlled for any variation associated with year, timing of breeding (clutch initiation date), age and attributes of the mate (age, hue and chroma), before examining the effects of tail colour alone or tail and greater covert colour. Models therefore controlled for any upstream effects of plumage colour and only examined direct effects of plumage colour on aspects of breeding performance. In all of these analyses, models examined the independent effects of either hue or chroma.
We used general linear models to examine factors influencing arrival dates, clutch initiation dates, and the colour of the mate acquired. We used a generalized linear model with a binomial distribution to examine factors influencing the age of the mate acquired (0-SY, 1-ASY). In these models significance of the tail and greater covert colour terms was assessed by comparing the fit of models with and without these terms using likelihood ratio tests. We used zero-altered Poisson (ZAP) models [38] to examine factors influencing the annual productivity of male yellow warblers in Revelstoke and Inuvik. ZAP models simultaneously model the effect of explanatory variables on the failure/success of individuals (0/1) and the number of young fledged if individuals are successful. These models are well suited to the analysis of productivity data where a large proportion of individuals fail to raise any young and productivity cannot be described by a normal, poison or negative binomial distribution (e.g. [39]). In these models significance of the tail and greater covert colour terms was again assessed by comparing the fit of models with and without these terms using likelihood ratio tests. An additional file presents the data set comprised of breeding data, isotope signatures and feather colour scores used in analyses [see Additional file 2]. All analyses were conducted in R 2.15.1 (The R foundation for Statistical Computing 2012).
Additional file 2. Breeding, isotope and colour score dataset. Excel spread sheet of data set used in analyses. Includes individual's greater covert isotope signatures, feather hue and chroma scores, and breeding attributes (arrival date, clutch imitation date, number of fledglings, mate age and mate colour).
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Population plumage characteristics
The chroma of an individual's basic (tail) and alternate plumage (greater covert) were correlated (r = 0.68, p < 0.001, n = 357), as were the hue of an individual's basic and alternate plumage (r = 0.51, p < 0.001, n = 356). Within feather blocks, the hue and chroma values of tail feathers were correlated (r = 0.52, p < 0.001, n = 356), as were the hue and chroma values of greater covert feathers (r = 0.67, p < 0.001, n = 362).
Yellow warblers in Revelstoke were more colourful than yellow warblers in Inuvik (Table 1 and Table 2); birds in Revelstoke had tail feathers and greater coverts with higher chroma and hue. Male yellow warblers also had tail feathers and greater coverts with higher chroma and hue than females. Older birds were generally more colourful than yearling birds. Older males had tail feathers with higher chroma values than yearling males, and all older birds had greater coverts with higher chroma values than yearling birds. Old birds also had tail feathers with higher hue than yearling birds, and older birds from Revelstoke birds had greater coverts with higher hue than yearling birds from Revelstoke.
Table 1. Site, sex and age specific colouration of yellow warbler plumage
Table 2. Breeding location, sex and age impacts on tail and greater covert colour
Basic plumage colour and winter habitat use
The chroma and hue values of an individual's tail were unrelated to the δ13C or δ15N signatures of their greater coverts (Table 3). δ13C signatures varied with year and differed among populations. Birds from had greater coverts with, on average, more depleted δ13C signatures than birds from Revelstoke (LS means ± SE; Inuvik = -23.22 ± 0.13; Revelstoke = -21.86 ± 0.17). Males also tended to have more depleted δ13C signatures than females (Males = -22.67 ± 0.14; Females = -22.38 ± 0.15) but δ13C signatures did not vary with age. δ15N signatures varied with year and sex, but did not differ among populations or vary with age. Males had greater coverts with more enriched δ15N signatures than females (Males = 8.82 ± 0.11; Females = 8.45 ± 0.12) (Table 3).
Table 3. Impacts of breeding location, sex, age and tail colour on wintering habitat acquisition
Winter habitat use and alternate plumage colour
δ13C signatures from an individual's greater coverts were not related to the chroma or hue of the yellow edges of their greater coverts, after controlling for variation in chroma and hue associated with breeding population, sex, age and tail colour (Table 4). These results are not altered if we do not control for variation in chroma or hue of the tail (GC Chroma: δ13C, F = 0.49, p = 0.48; GC Hue: δ13C, F = 0.54, p = 0.46).
Table 4. Impacts of breeding location, sex, age, tail colour and winter habitat on greater covert colour
Individuals with greater coverts with more enriched δ15N signatures had greater coverts with higher chroma values, even after controlling for variation in chroma associated with breeding population, sex, age and tail colour (Figure 2, Table 4). δ15N signatures were not related to the hue of an individual's greater coverts after controlling for variation in hue associated with breeding population, sex, age and tail colour (Table 4). These results are not altered if we do not control for variation in chroma or hue of the tail (GC Chroma: δ15N, F = 8.78, p = 0.003; GC Hue: δ15N, F = 0.45, p = 0.50).
Figure 2. Effects of tail chroma and nitrogen ratios on greater covert colour values. Relationship between A) Tail chroma values and residual greater covert chroma values that control for the effects of sex, age and nitrogen isotope ratios in greater covert feathers, and B) Nitrogen isotope ratios in greater covert feathers and residual greater covert chroma values that control for the effects of sex, age and tail chroma values.
Plumage colour and breeding performance in Revelstoke
After controlling for year-to-year variation in male arrival dates and the earlier arrival of older males, males with higher tail chroma arrived earlier than individuals with lower chroma values (Figure 3). In contrast, tail feather hue values were unrelated to male arrival dates. After controlling for tail colour, neither greater covert chroma nor hue explained any additional variation in male arrival dates (Table 5). However, it is important to note that we would have detected a link between greater covert chroma and arrival dates had we not controlled for tail chroma in the model (GC Chroma, F = 4.5, p = 0.04). Male arrival date influenced mate acquisition: early arriving males obtained mates that initiated breeding earlier, were older and had greater coverts with higher hue values. Tail colour also had a direct effect on mate acquisition; males with higher tail hue obtained mates that were older and had higher greater covert chroma and hue values. After controlling for arrival date and tail colour, male greater covert chroma and hue values did not explain any additional variation in the clutch initiation date, age or colour of their mate (Table 5). Males that obtained a mate that initiated breeding earlier had higher annual productivity, because breeding early increased the probability of producing at least one fledgling over the course of the breeding season. Male tail feather and greater covert colour (chroma and hue) had no direct effect on annual productivity of males in Revelstoke (Table 6).
Figure 3. Effects of tail and greater covert colour on male arrival dates. Relationships between A) Tail chroma values and residual arrival date (controlling for age and year) for male yellow warblers in Revelstoke. B) Greater covert chroma values and residual arrival date (age, year and tail chroma) for Revelstoke. C) Tail hue values and residual arrival date (age, year and age*year interaction) for males in Inuvik and D) Greater covert hue values and residual arrival (age, year, age*year interaction and tail hue) for Inuvik. Lines of best fit included when significant (p > 0.05).
Table 5. Effects of plumage colour on male yellow warbler breeding phenology
Table 6. Effects of male age, breeding phenology, plumage colour and mate characteristics on reproductive success
Plumage colour and breeding performance in Inuvik
After controlling for the earlier arrival of older males in some years, males with higher tail hue arrived earlier than individuals with lower hue values (Figure 3). In contrast, tail feather chroma values were unrelated to male arrival dates. After controlling for tail colour, greater covert chroma and hue did not explain any additional variation in male arrival dates (Table 5). Again, had we not controlled for tail hue, it would appear that increased greater covert hue was associated with earlier arrival dates (GC Hue, F = 3.99, p = 0.05). Male arrival date influenced mate acquisition; early arriving males obtained mates that initiated clutches earlier in some years, and had greater coverts with higher chroma (Table 5). Annual productivity was lower in 2011 than 2010 and 2009, but did not vary with female clutch initiation date, age or colour. Male tail feather and greater covert colour (chroma and hue) had no direct effects on the clutch initiation date, age or colour of their mate, or the annual productivity of males in Inuvik (Table 6).
Carry-over effects may be driven by both extrinsic factors and the intrinsic quality of individuals, and isolating these factors is difficult in wild populations [1]. In this study, we attempted to separate the role of winter habitat carry-over effects and the role of intrinsic quality on plumage characteristics that are associated with breeding events by using two feather groups, moulted at different points in the annual cycle. This enabled us to partially control for individual factors ("quality") that might influence colouration. With this approach, we found only limited evidence that winter habitat quality was linked to alternate plumage colouration, and no evidence that this winter grown plumage explained any variation in breeding phenology, mate acquisition, or reproductive success. Basic colouration was associated with male arrival date and some aspects of mate quality, suggesting that intrinsic factors and not a wintering to breeding season carry-over effect influenced individual productivity among male yellow warblers in temperate and arctic Canada.
Sexually selected plumage characteristics, although generally considered a reproductive trait, may also be utilized in conspecific competition for resources and/or access to wintering territories (e.g. [40,41]). Previous work with American redstarts indicate that both yearling and adult males with brighter tail feathers hold wetter (higher quality) wintering territories and that this relationship is detectible in the δ13C signatures of claw samples collected on the breeding grounds [41]. In contrast, we found no evidence that the colour of summer-moulted tail feathers was correlated with either δ13C or δ15N signatures of winter grown feathers in yellow warblers. Yellow warblers from Inuvik had greater coverts with more depleted δ13C signatures than yellow warblers from Revelstoke suggesting they occupy wetter (potentially higher quality) territories on the wintering grounds. This would be consistent with Newton's [42] hypothesis that northern populations may arrive on wintering grounds earlier, and be more likely to occupy high quality habitat, because they finish breeding before southern populations. Male yellow warblers had more enriched δ15N signatures than females, which could be consistent with geographic sex-segregation on the wintering grounds [43,44].
Carotenoid based plumage colouration may reflect environmental carotenoid availability (e.g. [14,17]), but could also represent an individual's genetic or phenotypic quality and their ability to consume, modify, transport and/or deposit carotenoids. Within-individual consistency in plumage colouration has been reported in captive goldfinches (Carduelis tristis) assessed before and after being fed carotenoid-rich diets [45], suggesting that carotenoid colour is influenced by factors other than the external environment. In our study, basic and alternate plumage colour was correlated, indicating that intrinsic factors likely contribute to carotenoid colour in yellow warblers.
Access to resources on high quality winter habitat can be linked to the condition of neotropical migrants throughout the overwinter period [3,6] and could also be expected to be associated with the colour of carotenoid-based winter grown plumage. However, alternate plumage colour did not vary with the δ13C signatures of greater covert feathers of yellow warblers from either Revelstoke or Inuvik. Similarly, Lindsay [46] found no relationship between the "yellow-ness" (hue) and δ13C signatures of winter-grown plumage of yellow warblers in Ohio. The available data therefore suggest that moisture levels in winter habitat are not linked to the colour of winter plumage in yellow warblers. In contrast, greater covert chroma values did vary with the δ15N signatures of greater covert feathers in yellow warblers in Revelstoke and Inuvik (Figure 2). Since δ15N signatures of blood samples collected from yellow warblers on the Pacific coast are more enriched than those collected from yellow warblers in the Gulf region of Mexico [10] access to dietary carotenoids may vary across the yellow warbler winter range. The latter result suggests one possible pathway by which winter habitat quality could influence sexually selected plumage and carry-over to influence breeding phenology and reproductive success in yellow warblers.
The colour of sexually selected alternate plumage may be associated with breeding phenology and subsequent reproductive success because more colourful males acquire a mate more rapidly (e.g. [47]), or pair with older and/or more colourful females (e.g. [48]). In this study, the colour of the basic plumage grown on the breeding grounds was correlated with male arrival on the breeding grounds the following year. In Revelstoke male arrival dates varied with tail chroma values, whereas in Inuvik male arrival dates varied with tail hue (Figure 3).
Male arrival dates were subsequently linked with the age and/or colour of their mate and the onset of breeding, which in Revelstoke determined male reproductive success. In Revelstoke, tail colour (hue) also had direct links to the age and colour of the mate the male acquired. Male plumage colour was therefore associated with variation in the timing of breeding and mate acquisition in both populations. However, the colour of the winter grown alternate plumage explained no additional variation in breeding phenology, mate acquisition, or reproductive success in either population, suggesting that winter habitat use that was associated with greater covert chroma values did not carry-over to influence reproduction.
As plumage colouration is used in sexual signalling we predicted that plumage colour would have direct links to male productivity, either because more colourful males are higher quality individuals and provide more parental care [49], or because females paired with higher quality mates invest more in offspring than those paired with less colourful males [50]. We found no evidence that male plumage colour was associated with productivity in either of our studied populations. However in our study, productivity was defined as the number of young fledged over the course of the breeding season. Plumage colouration may additionally be linked to fledgling quality and number of recruits produced; as seen in blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) in which males with higher hue values have been shown to produce fledglings in better condition [51] and the probability of fledgling recruitment has been shown to increase with maternal age and female brightness [52]. Plumage characteristics may also have direct effects on productivity through extra-pair paternity if plumage influences access to extra-pair copulations and the likely-hood of cuckoldry as previously observed in amount of breast streaking in yellow warblers [53] and in plumage colouration in American redstarts [54]. As we were interested in habitat influences on colour we limited our study of yellow warblers to the environmentally acquired carotenoid based colouration, and did not examine plumage streaking in these populations.
Carry-over effects between seasons are likely due to a complex interaction between intrinsic factors related to the individual and extrinsic factors [1]. Previous studies have detected effects of winter habitat quality on over-winter condition, timing of migration and breeding success [3,6,55]. This study suggests that these carry-over effects could be driven principally by the intrinsic quality of individuals. This study therefore highlights the importance of isolating intrinsic quality when assessing potential carry-over effects, and emphasizes the need for experiments, such as removal/upgrade experiments [4], that can further disentangle the role of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on carry-over effects. Such experiments would also be necessary in examining the potential for habitat-based carry-over effects that could arise due to loss or change in winter habitat quality which could result, for example, in high-quality individuals being forced to winter in low-quality remaining habitat.
Availability of supporting data
The data set supporting the results of this article is included within the article in Additional file 2.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
DJG and AD designed the study. AD and TBJ collected the feather samples and reproductive data. TBJ and DJG performed the statistical analysis. TBJ performed the colour analysis and drafted the manuscript; TBJ, AD and DJG edited the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
We thank the many people that have assisted with data collection in Revelstoke and Inuvik: M. Hepp, M. Martin, G. Dixon-MacCallum, K. Tonnesen, S. James, S. Topp, C. Grande and M. Pennell. We are also grateful to G. Pang, L. Davidson, A. Manavi, P. Gaind and K. Hunter for their assistance with feather processing. We thank the Nihtat Gwich'in Renewable Resource Council, the Inuvik Hunters and Trappers Committee and the Inuvik town council for their approval to work in the Inuvik area. The Aurora Research Institute, J. Ingram and B. Bartzen at Environment Canada provided local knowledge, technical and administrative support. Research support came from the Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Program, BC Hydro, Friends of Mount Revelstoke and Glacier National Parks, three Northern Studies Training Program (NSTP) grants, and a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery grant to DJG. AD was supported by an NSERC CGS-D and TBJ was supported by a NSERC USRA.
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Dale J: Ornamental plumage does not signal male quality in red-billed queleas.
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Zuur A, Saveliev A, Ieno E: Zero Inflated Models and Generalized Linear Mixed Models with R. UK: Highland Statistics Ltd; 2012.
Cockburn A, Sims RA, Osmond HL, Green DJ, Double MC, Mulder RA: Can we measure the benefits of help in cooperatively breeding birds: the case of superb fairy-wrens Malurus cyaneus?
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McGraw K: Winter plumage coloration in male American goldfinches: do reduced ornaments serve signaling functions in the non-breeding season?
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Reudink MW, Studds CE, Marra PP, Kurt Kyser T, Ratcliffe LM: Plumage brightness predicts non-breeding season territory quality in a long-distance migratory songbird, the American redstart Setophaga ruticilla.
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Newton I: Can conditions experienced during migration limit the population levels of birds?
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Komar O, O'Shea BJ, Peterson AT, Navarro-Sigüenza AG, Murphy MT: Evidence of latitudinal sexual segregation among migratory birds wintering in mexico.
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Drake A, Martin M, Green DJ: Winter habitat use does not influence spring arrival dates or the reproductive success of yellow warblers breeding in the arctic.
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McGraw KJ, Hill GE: Carotenoid access and intraspecific variation in plumage pigmentation in male American goldfinches (Carduelis tristis) and northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis).
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Lindsay A: Seasonal events and associated carry-over effects in a neotropical migratory songbird, the yellow warbler (Dendroica petechia). MSc thesis: Ohio State University, Department of Biological Sciences; 2008.
Siefferman L, Hill GE: Structural and melanin coloration indicate parental effort and reproductive success in male eastern bluebirds.
Behav Ecol 2003, 14:855-861. Publisher Full Text
Osmond MM, Reudink MW, Germain RR, Marra PP, Nocera JJ, Boag PT, Ratcliffe LM: Relationships between carotenoid-based female plumage and age, reproduction, and mate colour in the American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla).
Can J Zool 2013, 91:589-595. Publisher Full Text
Germain RR, Reudink MW, Marra PP, Ratcliffe LM: Carotenoid-based male plumage predicts parental investment in the American redstart.
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Senar JC, Figuerola J, Pascual J: Brighter yellow blue tits make better parents.
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Doutrelant C, Grégoire A, Grnac N, Gomez D, Lambrechts MM, Perret P: Female coloration indicates female reproductive capacity in blue tits.
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Yezerinac SM, Weatherhead PJ: Extra–pair mating, male plumage coloration and sexual selection in yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia).
Pro R Soc B 1997, 264:527-532. Publisher Full Text
Reudink MW, Marra PP, Boag PT, Ratcliffe LM: Plumage coloration predicts paternity and polygyny in the American redstart.
Anim Behav 2009, 77:495-501. Publisher Full Text
Norris DR, Marra PP, Kyser TK, Sherry TW, Ratcliffe LM: Tropical winter habitat limits reproductive success on the temperate breeding grounds in a migratory bird.
Proc R Soc B 2004, 271:59-64. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text


text: Chromed Lamborghini Murcielago LP640 Is Just A Bit FlashyMark ArnoldFiled to: Lamborghini MurcielagoNoveltiesLamborghini Murciélago LP640lamborghini LP640LamboLamborghiniChrome Lamborghini8/27/08 3:40pmEditDeleteInvite manuallyPromoteDismissUndismissBlock for jalopnikHideShare to KinjaGo to permalinkThis "chrome" Lamborghini LP640 may seem a bit over the top — and it is. But in the world of ridiculous bling-factor hypercars, it really doesn't come as much surprise. You take a standard Lamborghini Murcielago LP640, which even Jeremy Clarkson thinks is subtle, tack on some parts from the German tuners at Hamann, and finish it all off with a simple coat of chrome. And look: It only costs about $630,000 if you want to buy it. That's not even as expensive as a Lamborghini Reventón. [Mayfair Prestige via carscoop]27ReplyLeave a reply

subset: commoncrawl


text:
WAKEFIELD, MA, Oct. 1 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ - NUCRYST Pharmaceuticals Corp. today announced that on September 30, 2007 it signed amended agreements with Smith & Nephew wound management for the manufacture and sale of Acticoat(TM) dressings with SILCRYST(TM) nanocrystalline coatings. The two companies first entered into the agreements in 2001, when Smith & Nephew bought the Acticoat(TM) brand from NUCRYST and agreed to grant NUCRYST exclusive manufacturing rights, plus pay manufacturing cost reimbursement, a royalty on sales and milestone payments linked to agreed-upon sales and performance targets.
"The advanced wound care market, including the silver dressing segment, has become significantly more competitive since we signed the original agreements in 2001," said David C. McDowell, Vice President Operations for NUCRYST Pharmaceuticals. "As a result, both parties recognized the need to restructure the agreements to enable Smith & Nephew and NUCRYST to jointly support the continued growth of the Acticoat(TM) brand in the context of increasing competitive pressures."
Joe Woody, President of Smith & Nephew Advanced Wound Management commented "We are very pleased to maintain our long relationship with NUCRYST, in particular through Acticoat(TM) and nanocrystalline silver antimicrobial dressings which offers patients worldwide proven clinical benefits and an improved quality of life".
Highlights of the material changes made to the agreements include:
- Smith & Nephew will advance $5 million of a milestone payment to
NUCRYST in 2007.
- Under the previous agreements, the price paid by Smith & Nephew for
Acticoat(TM) products was NUCRYST's fully allocated cost of goods
sold including equipment depreciation. To provide Smith & Nephew with
greater costing certainty of the Acticoat(TM) product line, the
costing mechanism has been amended starting in 2007 to a fixed
overhead c
|SOURCE NUCRYST Pharmaceuticals Corp.
Copyright©2007 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved


text:
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World Champion Tyler Severance has helped design another fantastic yo-yo. This yo-yo is reminiscent of the YYF Severe but YYF now presents the Supernova.
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After the great success of the Severe, YoYoFactory and Tyler Severance introduce the Supernova. This project initially was designed as a refined Severe, but after many modifications and an altered profile, the new Supernova was born. With improved weight distribution and a solid feel, great stability and smooth play is the result.
Since the design of the YYF SuperStar there has not been a yo-yo which has been so praised by the team YYF players. This is definitely a top class competition yo-yo, so if you want to step your play up to the next level, the Supernova will help you do that.
Made from 7075 grade aluminium and a spectacular splash anodization this yo-yo not only players superb but looks the part too. The Supernova is fast becoming a favourite of the top players so do not delay and gets yours now!
Special Editions
- Vashek Kroutil (blue and red) Edition.
- Gacek Edition featuring a gold splash on black (adds €10.00)
- Vashek Kroutil Edition EYYC 2012 (adds €10.00).
- Jason Lee Edition EYYC 2012 (adds €10.00).
|Butterfly / Wing.
|67.50 gr.
|56.30 mm.
|44.20 mm.
|4.80 mm.
|Size C .250x .500x .187 in. SPEC YYF.
|80.Gap Type:
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|Large Bearing Slim Pads. (Pads Standard)


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San Diego, CA 92130
Cardiff Store Relocates to Solana Beach in September
25% off all Treats at all Stores on Wednesday 8/26/15
Carmel Valley & Carlsbad grooming salons open May 15th
Raw Goat's Milk is the new hot product for dog health.
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Wash dogs to raise money for you school, team or club PLAY now
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Our mission is simple: Provide San Diegans with the healthiest pet foods and top-of-the-line, natural dog grooming services for their four-legged loved ones while supporting local, dog-friendly communities.
Our pet grooming team consists of handpicked dog and cat stylists each with in-depth knowledge of premium pet haircuts while maintaining a cage-free environment of animal compassion. We also have our premium, river rock U-Do-It tubs for customers who like to role their sleeves up and share in the dog bathing experience.
The idea for Dirty Dogs was conceived by the Btesh family's youngest son, Joel. In 2007 Joel wasn't able to find premium dog foods and a fun dog washing facility for the family dogs, Revo and Moe. The family conceptualized Dirty Dogs as a place that not only provided premium services and foods, but also as a place where people could come to learn more about their pets and have positive experiences with them.


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Originally posted on Fox Sports Kansas City | Last updated 4/11/12
OAKLAND, Calif. (AP) -- Danny Duffy pitched six sharp innings and the Kansas City Royals beat the Oakland Athletics 3-0 in a rain-shortened game on Tuesday night. Mike Moustakas hit an RBI double in the fourth and Mitch Maier added a solo homer in the seventh for Kansas City, which lost 1-0 at Oakland on Monday night. The start of the game was delayed 43 minutes by rain, and a steady drizzle continued throughout the night. A second delay was called after Eric Hosmer struck out in the top of the eighth during a downpour. The bat slipped out of Hosmer's hands and landed just above the steps in the Royals dugout, prompting umpires to call for the tarp. The game was officially called at 11:07 p.m. local time. Duffy (1-0) allowed one hit, struck out eight and walked four in his first game of the season. Three of the left-hander's five career wins have come in Oakland, and he had little problem keeping that streak going despite the wet conditions. Aaron Crow pitched a 1-2-3 seventh f...
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Sounds Like: The Smashing Pumpkins, Coheed and Cambria, Muse, Queens of the Stone Age
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Bio: Icarus Landing is a genre-defying five-piece out of Hollywood, CA. Alternative, indie, hard rock, and more. Brand new single and video "Call to You" was released on New Year's Day, 2013.
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Crispy Chews For Small Animals
The Crispy Chews are made of dried vegetable slices. They can be put onto the ka-bob treat and chew dispenser. They are available in 2 different color assortments, including red, yellow, blue and breen, yellow and orange. They are perfect for chinchillas, ferrets, guinea pigs, hamsters, mice, gerbils, pet rats, and rabbits. Either Place Anywhere In the Small Pets Home Or On A Super Pet Ka-Bob. Size: 3 Pieces.
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Revlon ColorBurst Lip Butter in Peach Parfait
258 reviews
54% would repurchase
Package Quality: 3.9
Price: $$
Package Quality: 3.9
Price: $$
on 11/11/2012 5:42:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
I have always hated lipsticks. I have fairly big lips so I feel like lipstick would just be too much. Basically I live on lip balms. I decided to give this a try because a Youtuber has been raving about them
Good: Love the color! It's like my lips but more pronounced. Quite natural. Tube is cute. Very hydrating!
Bad: There is wayy too much shimmer/glitter in this one. The base peachy color is beautiful but too much golden speckles. At first, it doesn't really show, it just looks like it's glossy. However, as the lipstick wears off, the glitter still stays on my lips. Looks weird... Also, doesn't last quite long but it's not a deal breaker for me.
I might buy this again but also try another color to see which one is the best!
on 11/10/2012 7:07:00 AM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Acne-prone, Fair-Medium, Warm
Hair: Brown, Straight, Medium
Eyes: Brown
Love this guy! I actually had really low expectations for this shade in particular. On my lips it gives me this lovely sheen with a light hint of coral/peach but still a very neutral warm color against my skin complexion. I didn't want anything bright like tutti fruitti [whatever the orange shade is]. It's moisturizing and stayed well on my lips for a good 3-4 hours before fading.
on 11/10/2012 1:17:00 AM
Age: 18 & Under
Skin: Combination, Fair, Warm
Hair: Brunette, Wavy, Medium
Eyes: Grey
HG status! After finishing my favorite lipstick of all time (a discontinued lancome bonus gift that was a soft pink rose with a bit of glitter), I was on the hunt for the last 2 years trying to find a replacement...which lead to a huge drawer of lip products that I thought would come close to the lipstick...Until I found this!
Keep in mind that just by looking at the product is NOT the best way to determine if you like it or not...It's different on the lip. The color is a beautiful, soft, warm rose, rather than the "peach" parfait in the color name. Yes, there is glitter, but on the lip it adds another dimension and its only noticeable in a good way. It's intimidating in the tube, but it's perfect on. The color is medium sheer, think somewhere between tinted lip balm and lipstick...It is very buildable.
The packaging is pretty and goodlooking in your purse or bag, and the lid won't fall off.
I took off one lippie because of the "lip butter part". It is moisturizing, but I do have lip balms that leave my lips softer than this. There is room for improvement, but it's pretty close to perfect...
My advice for getting it to work the absolute best for you is to exfoliate your lips (helloooo sugar scrub!), and put on a quick swipe of chapstick before applying it in order for it to look and feel smooth.
on 11/8/2012 7:27:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Warm
Hair: Red, Wavy, Coarse
Eyes: Hazel
Not a very unique color, but I like it and plan to use it all. It applies smooth and puts a nice pink-peach tint with tiny gold sparkles on my lips. I would say it compliments a warm skin tone best. While it is somewhat sticky, I'm also not used to wearing glossy lipsticks/glosses, it has a nice natural glow.
on 11/6/2012 12:50:00 AM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Normal, Medium, Warm
Hair: Brown, Straight, Medium
Eyes: Brown
I was excited to try this on as it's the one used in the ad. However,on my pigmented lips,it's just a tad darker than my lipshade. It's okay,looked natural and shimmery. Im a bit on the fence here. I am unsure if I like it or not. Nothing fantastic though.
on 11/3/2012 5:57:00 PM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Normal, Medium, Warm
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
I bought this due to all the hype. However, I am disappointed in this product. First, the packaging is hard to work with. Whenever I try to open the tube, it's so hard to get the tube to slide off. Second, this lipstick has so much glitter and shimmer in it that it's gritty. This product is not moisturizing at all, so a lip balm is definitely needed. Also, this color did not show up as peach on me, but more of a pinkish/nudeish glittery shade. It was my lips but better, but the glitter is so annoying that I just don't like this. My sister likes the lip butters so I will give it to her.
on 10/29/2012 6:15:00 PM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Sensitive, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Straight, Fine
Eyes: Brown
I bought this in Peach Parfait and as much as I would've liked it, the packaging really disappointed me to the fact I threw it out. The color was quite nice however, twisting up the lipstick and twisting it back down did not turn out to be normal. The lipstick itself was turning and ended up being the lipstick was the opposite direction of the packaging and kept on rotating on its own! I'm not sure what happened but my experience isn't the only one that has had it happened to. The lipstick eventually became slanted that when twisting it back down, the whole thing smudged against itself and made a mess, so I threw it out. Besides the horrible packaging, the color pay off was decent. It's not hugely pigmented but gives a soft peachy red color. I probably won't buy this again as other lipsticks have been coming up and I've been quite liking LeBalm tinted lip stick from L'Oreal as the packaging is sturdy and gives slight color, which I like.
on 10/26/2012 6:48:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Fair, Warm
Hair: Blond, Wavy, Medium
Eyes: Blue
I bought this one because I saw the ad in a beauty magazine and saw a blonde actress wearing it (I can't recall who it was) We had the same colourings so I assumed the color would look as pretty on me as it was on her...
The color was very sub-par and didn't look like I was wearing much more than a sticky gold glitter gloss. The colour didn't show at all.
Next was the texture--- It was very grainy and sticky. Not smooth and buttery like the other lip butters. I know this must be the shimmer.
I definitely wouldn't buy this colour again. Go with strawberry shortcake as a better substitute.
on 10/24/2012 6:49:00 PM
Age: 30-35
Skin: Sensitive, Fair, Neutral
Hair: Brown, Straight, Fine
Eyes: Brown
Since I don't own anything in my lipcolor arsenal remotely resembling peach, I though this was a good place for me to begin. And since I already owned one Lip Butter and loved the formula, it was an easy choice to pick this one up, especially since it looked so gorgeous in the tube. On me, this is anything but peach. It looks exactly as pictured in the arm swatch photo above, an extremely shimmery pink, and while it is not horrible, I don't like the way this looks on me.
I do feel said shimmer slightly on the lips, but it doesn't bother me that much. What does irk me is that if there is even a hint of dryness on my lips, it will be enhanced tenfold with this color. So overall, I'm having a difficult time warming to this. It is being retired until Spring in my makeup drawer. I'll be sticking with Pink Truffle.
Edit: I'm trying to wear this more, but it is just not working. If anything, it has been looking more patchy and dry, and the glitter has even started to irritate my lips. Ugh, sorry to say this turned out to be a massive fail on all counts.
on 10/6/2012 11:16:00 PM
Age: 18 & Under
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Warm
Hair: Brunette, Wavy, Medium
Eyes: Brown
Beautiful neutral pink with soft gloss finish. Wouldn't buy again, formula is very gritty on your lips.
Popular Lips Products
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Monthly newsletter: Read the latest issue
Learn more about our degree programs and admission requirements
Find the information you need to conduct your research and academic studies
See KCU's beautiful campus
See faculty research interests
KCU-COM alumni enjoy free CME in conjunction with Homecoming
The members of the Student Osteopathic Anesthesia Association (SOAA) are involved in many activities to enhance their knowledge of the field of anesthesia. The organization sponsors speakers covering topics such as acceptance to an anesthesia residency program, pain management, pediatric anesthesia and cardiac anesthesia. In addition, members are provided opportunities for clinical experience.
1750 Independence AvenueKansas City, Mo. 64106-14531-800-234-4847 | 816-654-7000


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- Find a rental
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Villa with pool in Alfaz del Pi / Albir till 8 per
From $72 / night
Payment Protection
Description from the owner
Description from the owner
Bedrooms: 3/
Bathrooms: 3/
Sleeps: 8/
Type: Villa
A beautiful villa in one off the nice places of the Costa Blanca, Alfaz del Pi ( Albir) with partial sea view and on 20 minutes walking distance from the beach.
The villa has a separated guest house for 2 till 4 persons with its own facilities, like kitchen, bathroom and Toilet.
The guest house has two beds plus a double sofabed.
WiFi fast internet is possible in the villa plus Dutch satellite TV.
Also extra cots are possible to organize.
The main house has two double bedrooms with two bathrooms plus two toilets.
Also a large kitchen with dishwasher and a large livingroom.
Finally, but certainly not least the garden from 1000 square meters ...Read more
About the owner
About the owner
- Response rate: 100%
- Response time: Within a day
- Calendar updated: 3 weeks ago
Overall rating:
Additional Location Information
Location of Altea
Situated in the Spanish Costa Blanca, in between Valencia and Alicante, lies Altea, the village of artists and fishermen. This town in Alicante, a province in the south-eastern region of Spain borders the Mediterranean Sea and lies approximately 50 kilometres northeast of the city of Alicante and 130 kilometres south of Valencia . Altea offers different residential areas where you can find luxurious Holiday rental Villas, Houses, Homes and Holiday rental Apartments.
General information about Altea
Altea, with its approximate 20.000 inhabitants, stretches a surface of 34.4 square kilometres and is built on a hill of the Costa Blanca. The fabulous basilica with its resplendent blue domes, graciously crowns the top of the mountain. Built onto the hillside, the old town centre with its many slim streets and alleys, has become home to many an artist and contains many cosy, characteristic restaurants and bistros.
Tourism, having increased significantly on the Costa Blanca from the 1950´s onward through Altea s Mediterranean climate, child-friendly beaches, and characteristic downtown area, is a main means of livelihood for the town and its people.
History of Altea
Altea s history goes back many centuries and is characterised by the manifold civilisations which have passed Altea on their way along the course of time. Iberians, Fenicians, Muslims, Greeks, and Romans have all left their marks. It appears that the name Altea is also of Greek origin, as it is thought to have come from the Greek word Altahia, meaning `I heal´. Since the town is located at the mouth of the Algar river (meaning 'the river of health'), historians assume that in the old days Altea was a hamlet with strategic, medical, and beneficial value.
Landscape and surroundings of Altea
Situated along a bay, Altea is sealed in by the mountains and the sea. It offers a panoramic view of the picturesque blue domes of the Virgen del Consuelo church, also known as the Nuestra Señora del Consuelo church. This church is built on the hill and stretches high above the historical downtown area. Here you will also find a labyrinth of paved streets and flights of stairs well worth a visit. You are treated to special views looking down the scenic streets and coastline, and absorbing the interesting and beautiful spots of Altea.
Beaches in Altea
Cliffs and pebbled beaches vary each other along Altea s 6 kilometres long beach. Little bays and beaches follow in succession from the Barranco del Mascarat up to the pier marking the border with L'Alfás del Pi.
Near the old town centre lies the Playa de la Roda beach, while the biggest beach, Cap Blanch, can be found a little further south, merging seamlessly with the Albir beach. Further north lies the Playa de Cap Negret beach, a pebble beach with at its end a small inlet with black rocks named Cala del Soio. Another beach favourite is L´Olla, situated right across from its namesake island.
Altea's borders are marked by the mountain peak Mascarat and the Sierra de Bernia, where one will find inlets with small pebble beaches such as La Barreta, La Solsida, and La Galera.
Sights in Altea
Besides the previously mentioned church of Virgen del Consuelo with its magnificent blue domes, Altea offers a range of museums:
Museo étnico de la Musica (Ethnic museum of Music), with its collection of Carlos Blanco Fadol, is considered one of the world's most important in its field. A fabulous concert-hall offers a diverse range of drama -and musical performances for your enjoyment.
Museo Navarro Ramón.
Sala de Pinturas, the museum housing the art of painting
Casa de Cultura, in which temporary collections are on display.
Additionally there are band competitions and festivals amongst which is the "Vila d Altea International Music Band Competition" taking place in November or December and bringing together over 500 musicians. A major fireworks display supported by a smashing show of sights and sounds takes place in the night of the second Saturday of August.
Things to do in Altea
Every visitor to Altea is invited to a journey of exploration on foot. The labyrinth of narrow alleys offering a gorgeous view over the Bay of Altea is what has given Altea its fame. On your way you will pass numerous small stores, boots, and galleries offering a wide range of hand-crafted goods. A stone's throw away from Altea lies Cactuslandia, hosting a collection of over a thousand species of cacti and parrots that will most surely amaze you. Multiple amusement parks are found in the direction of Benidorm, such as Terra Mítica, Spain's first Theme Park on The Costa Blanca. This Theme Park is divided into five areas representing five lost civilizations of bygone ages. Its attractions take you back to the myths and legends of these ancient cultures. Aqualandia is a very large Water Theme Park in which young and old alike can have an unforgettable experience in its many swimming pools with springboards, rapid currents, waterfalls, and a stunning range of waterslides. Gorgeous exotic animals and creatures of the sea await you at Safari Park Vergel or Zoopark Mundomar, both of which also host a variety of shows and attractions.
Sports and recreation in Altea
The beach at Marina Greenwich offers a variety of sporting facilities. One may scuba dive, fish, surf, attend the sailing school or rent a yacht. Similar activities are on offer over at the harbour and at the water sports club. Those who love a good game of golf will also feel welcome in Altea. Situated by Altea la Vieja, against the backdrop of the Mountains of Bernia, one discovers the Don Cayo Club de Golf, a nine-hole golf course with an amazing view.
Completed in 2005 between la Sierra Finestrat and the Mediterranean Sea, Club de Golf Real de Faula offers a spacious twin eighteen-hole golf course. The area also hosts two 5-star hotels, swimming pools, tennis lanes, a kids club, a fitness centre, restaurants and shopping facilities.
Gastronomy of Altea
The characteristic Spanish dishes are also richly represented in Altea. Most typical for the region, as for all of the Costa Blanca, is -undoubtedly- the rice, which is prepared in over 300 different ways. In the mountains, rice is used as one of the ingredients in the famous stew, and so are pork, sausage, pumpkin, turnip, beets, chick peas, and beans. Seaside restaurants always offer fish and shellfish on their menus. The countless (fish)restaurants in the harbour serve the most delicious local specialities on offer: Dorade, Lubina a la Sal (in a crust of salt) or grilled with a nip of olive oil, garlic, and lemon juice. Gastronomy in the Costa Blanca also includes honey-sweet deserts, such as nougat and ice cream from Xixona, grapes, raisins, dates, almond pie, pastry drenched in sweet syrup accompanied by coffee liqueur from Alcoy and herb liqueur from the Sierra Mariola. The premium red, light red, and rosé wines originate from the Alto Vinalopó and Marina Alta districts.
More About This Location
Beach or lakeside relaxation, City vacations, Rural retreats, Warm winter getaways, Waterfront
Getting There
Nearest train station
Nearest airport, 43 miles
Car is recommended


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"I was really apprehensive about this game and the key is we took care of the ball in the second half and that's not easy against Maryland. We battened down the hatches and really settled down in the second half."
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"Obviously, getting the first goal in any game is key. And then to score again so early in the second half, that helped, too. At halftime, we talked about being more creative in the box, to take a few more chances; I guess some of what we said was still in their minds."
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"We made some key plays defensively in the second half. We got our hands on some balls, got some important stops and got a little out of everybody."


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27 Smooth Sailing TV 'Ships
These 27 couples show us that it is possible to have a great love story on television without all of that unnecessary drama. Isn't that refreshing?!?
Posted in: Multi-Show
The cast of Parenthood includes Peter Krause, Lauren Graham, Craig T. Nelson, Dax Shepard, Bonnie Bedelia, Monica Potter, Erika Christensen and Mae Whitman.
It's on a hit movie and revolves around the ups and downs of the large, unique, colorful and imperfect Braverman family. It's a one-hour drama.


text: Just About Every Car You'd Find In 1967 FranceMurilee MartinFiled to: car moviesMoviesFrancePeugeotCitroenVolvo1960s9/18/08 4:20pmEditDeleteInvite manuallyPromoteDismissUndismissBlock for jalopnikHideShare to KinjaGo to permalinkWhen I think of horrible traffic jams in France, I always picture the scenes from Julio Cortázar's short story "Highway Of The South." However, it's hard to beat Jean-Luc Godard's 1967 film Week End in that department, with this famous 7-minute-plus tracking shot showing an incredibleassortment of European cars. You'll see Citroëns, Panhards, Facel Vegas, NSUs, and much, much more. Thanks to SOS10 for the tip! 43ReplyLeave a reply


text: Biden Calls For End To 'Malarkey' In Health Care Debate Share Tweet Pin-it Bookmark Comment Newscom / BRIAN KERSEY ByChristina BellantoniPublishedDecember 7, 2009, 4:46 PM EST The White House has deployed Vice President Joe Biden again on health care, this time to blast what he says are "distortions" on Medicare.In a new Web video at WhiteHouse.gov, Biden says he's spent his career fighting for Medicare.He says health care critics are using "malarkey" and scare tactics, and even mention's Sen. Tom Coburn's "die sooner" health care remarks on the Senate floor."We're not raiding Medicare," Biden says in the nearly 5-minute long video, which you can watch after the jump.The White House says the video is an attempt to explain to seniors how the bill being debated on Capitol Hill will "strengthen and preserve Medicare and provide benefits for seniors." Follow TPM's health care coverage here.


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As your Allstate agency we can help with your insurance needs
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Get quality protection at a great price. Every policy comes with the support of a knowledgeable and friendly Allstate agent.
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As a Personal Financial Representative in Orange, I know many local families. My knowledge and understanding of the people in this community help me provide customers with an outstanding level of service. I look forward to helping families like yours protect the things that are important – your family, home, car and more. I can also help you prepare a strategy to achieve your financial goals.
I'm proud to work with a financially sound and stable company like Allstate. They've been protecting families and their assets for over 80 years. Now, they offer financial and life insurance solutions. These products, combined with years of experience, can help you achieve your future financial goals.
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Send Me An Email


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Wayfair Business JOIN FREE!
One Account. Five Sites. Exclusive Discounts.Learn More
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Product Information:
The Alvin and Co. Titan Melamine Office Height Drafting Table is a multi-purpose desk that can be used for drawing or as a work station. This drafting table is made of wood, which ensures that it is sturdy and enables years of reliable use. It sports a lacquer oak finish. The Titan Melamine Office Height Drafting Table by Alvin and Co. can be adjusted in height as well as angled in a way that is best suited for you. Its sleek drawer is useful for storing your stationary in an easily accessible way. This table is available in multiple sizes that you can choose from.
Product Details
Additional Documents
Weights & Dimensions
42" W x 31" D Size
48" W x 31" D Size
|Application: Office; Home office
|Base Material: Wood
|Drawers Included: No
|Style: Traditional
|Product Type: Drafting table
|Top Finish: Oak
|Solid Wood Construction: Yes
|Country of Manufacture: China
About the ManufacturerAlvin & Company is one of the primary sources for drafting supplies and drawing equipment in the country. Together with this core group of products, they are committed to meeting the needs of multiple markets with an expanding range of fine art, hobby and craft supplies. Their large selection of drawing room furniture makes them an industry leader.
The employees of Alvin & Company are committed to meeting their customers' high expectations for service and product selection. They serve today's needs -and tomorrow's-for graphic arts, drafting and fine arts products. Dedicated to the pursuit of excellence in all aspects of their business, they rely on their employees to create and develop opportunities that set them apart from the competition.
More About This Product
Free Shipping
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Ships via: FedEx/UPS
Enter your shipping zip or postal code to calculate shipping estimatesGet Delivery Estimate
We want you to love it. If you don't, you may return your purchase within 30 days of delivery. All you need to do is visit our Self-Service Return Center for instructions. Return credits are issued within 24 hours once the item is received and inspected. Please note that shipping charges are non-refundable. The cost of return shipping will be deducted from your refund. 30-Day Return Policy
Overall Rating
Based on 2 reviews
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Good quality, matches description. Jason from Scottsdale, AZ on 02/24/2015 – Verified Buyer
Good quality, easy to assemble, but kind of expensive for what it is.
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Sturdy and looks nice to boot!
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Atlas Shrugged
View Single Post
January 6 2013, 05:58 AM
Forever Your Ghoul
Vice Admiral
Location: scotpens
Re: Atlas Shrugged
scnj wrote:
I think the funniest thing to me is that there's a movie in 2012 about how trains will save the economy. Trains.
Atlas Shrugged
was originally published in 1957, passenger trains were a huge business. You couldn't change that element of the novel or it would be a completely different story.
Besides, it could still happen.
J. Allen wrote:
. . . The premise itself is decent enough; that a guy comes up with a new kind of steel that can handle massive amounts of heat and pressure, and other companies try to get it out from under him (which is what would really happen). How it was all executed, however, was so poorly done, it's laughable. Especially when you toss in the perpetual motion machine plot device to make it all work.
Yes, I think Ayn Rand was out of her depth when she tried using science fiction concepts (the "free energy" engine, the invisibility screen). Of course, a lot of folks here would say she was out of her depth just writing novels.
All the universe or nothingness. Which shall it be, Passworthy? Which shall it be?
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text:
Devon Allman's Honeytribe
Saint Louis, MO
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Devon Allman's Honeytribe
Saint Louis, MO
Friday, November 30th, 2012 at 9:00pm
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text:
Arrowfield Luxury Apartments
From $350 / night
Description from the owner
Description from the owner
Bedrooms: 3/
Bathrooms: 3/
Sleeps: 6/
Type: Apt. / Condo
Set in a spectacular alpine setting, the apartments are just moments away from the thriving, historic settlement of Arrowtown and directly opposite world class golf at Millbrook Resort.
These stylish apartments offer 1, 2 & 3 bedroom options, and include fully equipped kitchens open plan with a spacious dining and lounge area, gas fires with stone schist surrounds and 2 ensuite bathrooms. A heated indoor lap pool, tennis court, gymnasium and walking tracks complete this wonderful holiday experience.
Arrowfield provides a central base for the year round traveler to experience and explore all the beautiful Queenstown-Lakes region has to offer. ...Read more
About the owner
About the owner
Scott & Teresa J.
Scott & Teresa J.
- Response rate: 80%
- Response time: Within a day
- Calendar updated: 3 days ago
Overall rating:
Additional Location Information
Spectacular alpine setting, 2 mins drive or 10 mins walk from Arrowtown's restaurants, shops & cafes. 15 mins drive from Queenstown Airport, 20 mins drive from Queenstown. Walking & biking tracks from the door. Each apartment comes with its own internal access single garage & plenty of off-street parking options available. Public buses leave from Arrowtown.
More About This Location
Lake nearby, Mountain nearby


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text:
Can my home page be my post page and if so do I create a post page or not?
Can my home page be my post page and if so do I create a post page or not?
Hi Racemosa,
Of course your home page can show your latest posts. You can set it that way by going in your dashboard to "appearance"..."customize." At the bottom of the options list is "static front page." Click on the dropdown arrow and select "your latest posts." Then, click on "save" at the top. Now your posts should appear on your front page. Don't forget to reload the page if you already had it open.
Check back and let me know how it's going: )
I presume this is resolved...
I am using this theme, and I have a similar questions, hope its ok to post here.
I am creating a silo website using this theme, and I need for the blog page to be like the home page, and I know to select it using the static page and select blog for latests posts, or the way I did it was to call a page blog and choose the template of blog (which is great and works), but I want my front page to be static but have the same look as the blog now does.
I cant have my front page as posts though it has to be a static page.
My thoughts are that it might need to be a html page or I might have to use some sort of page builder so it looks the same.
Any suggestions? The website is:
@Lollygreen - you should start your own thread - this one is already resolved. You can do so here:
This topic has been closed to new replies.


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Domini Min Model
Xavier HungPhotographer Male Taipei City, Taipei City, Taiwan
My Website: Xavier Hung Face bookMy MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/xavierhung
Mayhem # 213316
About Me
I am a Photographer located in Taiwan. I worked for companies in Taipei, Beijing, Shenzhen and Shanghai with over 10 years of experience after I graduated from French's art school. I am Majoring in Ad, Fashion, glamour. I am very open for TFCD/TFP which can be scheduled depending on model or make up artist. Thanks for taking time to view my portfolio and am much appreciated. Feel free to contact me if you come to Taiwan.
ELLE BAZAR VOGUE FHM COSMO CLEO SHAP PLAYBOY etc...
Domini Min Model
Ploy Model
danilapanf... Retoucher
Alina Belova Retoucher
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1980 Flt HarleyMotorcycles for sale - 4 found
Barn find one owner FLT. Cleaned fuel system, rebuilt front brake system someone put wrong type2 days ago on ebay.com
I'm listing a 1980 Harley FLT Tour Glide. The bike has several new parts including a HarleyOver 1 month ago
Here for sale is my 1980 FLT "Tour Glide" . This is the first rubber mounted engine bike producedOver 1 month ago
1980 FLT TOUR GLIDE 1340 SHOVEL HEAD , 5 SPEED , SEALED CHAIN DRIVE , AMF HARLEY DAVIDSON NEWOver 1 month ago
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