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A CubeSat (U-class spacecraft)[1] is a type of miniaturized satellite for space research that usually has a volume of exactly one liter (10 cm cube), has a mass of no more than 1.33 kilograms,[2] and typically uses commercial off-the-shelf components for its electronics.
Beginning in 1999, California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly) and Stanford University developed the CubeSat specifications to promote and develop the skills necessary for the design, manufacturing, and testing of small satellites intended for low Earth orbit (LEO) that perform a number of scientific research and explore new space technologies. Although the bulk of development and launches comes from academia, several companies build CubeSats such as large-satellite-maker Boeing, and several small companies. CubeSat projects have also been the subject of Kickstarter campaigns.[3] The CubeSat format is also popular with amateur radio satellite builders.
- 1 History
- 2 Design
- 3 Notable past missions
- 4 Future projects
- 5 Dedicated launchers
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 External links
The CubeSat reference design was proposed in 1999 by professors Jordi Puig-Suari of California Polytechnic State University and Bob Twiggs of Stanford University.[4][5]:159 The goal was to enable graduate students to be able to design, build, test and operate in space a spacecraft with capabilities similar to that of the first spacecraft, Sputnik. The CubeSat as initially proposed did not set out to become a standard; rather, it became a standard over time by a process of emergence. The first CubeSats were launched in June 2003 on a Russian Eurockot, and approximately 75 CubeSats had been placed into orbit by 2012.[6]
The need for such a small-factor satellite became apparent in 1998 as a result of work done at Stanford University's Space System Development Laboratory. At SSDL students had been working on the OPAL (Orbiting Picosatellite Automatic Launcher) microsatellite since 1995. OPAL's mission to deploy daughter-ship "picosatellites" had resulted in the development of a launcher system that was "hopelessly complicated" and could only be made to work "most of the time". With the project's delays mounting, Twiggs sought out DARPA funding that resulted in the redesign of the launching mechanism into a simple pusher plate concept with the satellites held in place by a spring-loaded door.[5]:151–157
Desiring to shorten the development cycle experienced on OPAL and inspired by the picosatellites OPAL carried, Twiggs set out to find "how much could you reduce the size and still have a practical satellite". The picosatellites on OPAL were 10.1×7.6×2.5 cm, a size that was not conducive to covering all sides of the spacecraft with solar cells. Inspired by a 4-inch cubic plastic box used to display Beanie Babies in stores, Twiggs first settled on the larger 10-centimeter cube as a guideline for the new (yet-to-be-named) CubeSat concept. A model of a launcher was developed for the new satellite using the same pusher plate concept that had been used in the modified OPAL launcher. Twiggs presented the idea to Puig-Suari in the summer of 1999 and then at the Japan-U.S. Science, Technology, and Space Applications Program (JUSTSAP) conference in November 1999.[5]:157–159
The term "CubeSat" was coined to denote nanosatellites that adhere to the standards described in the CubeSat design specification. Cal Poly published the standard in an effort led by aerospace engineering professor Jordi Puig-Suari.[7] Bob Twiggs, of the Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics at Stanford University, and currently a member of the space science faculty at Morehead State University in Kentucky, has contributed to the CubeSat community.[8] His efforts have focused on CubeSats from educational institutions.[9] The specification does not apply to other cube-like nanosatellites such as the NASA "MEPSI" nanosatellite, which is slightly larger than a CubeSat.
The CubeSat specification accomplishes several high-level goals. The main reason for miniaturizing satellites is to reduce the cost of deployment and are often suitable for launch in multiples, using the excess capacity of larger launch vehicles. The CubeSat design specifically minimizes risk to the rest of the launch vehicle and payloads. Encapsulation of the launcher–payload interface takes away the amount of work that would previously be required for mating a piggyback satellite with its launcher. Unification among payloads and launchers enables quick exchanges of payloads and utilization of launch opportunities on short notice.
The standard 10×10×10 cm basic CubeSat is often called a "one unit" or 1U CubeSat, has a volume of one liter, and weighs no more than 1 kg (2.2 lb). They are scalable along only one axis, by 1U increments. CubeSats such as a 2U CubeSat (20×10×10 cm) and a 3U CubeSat (30×10×10 cm) have been built and launched. In recent years larger CubeSat platforms have been proposed, most commonly 6U (10×20×30 cm or 12×24×36 cm[10]) and 12U (20x20x30 cm or 24x24x36 cm[10]), to extend the capabilities of CubeSats beyond academic and technology validation applications and into more complex science and national defense goals.
Since CubeSats are all 10×10 cm (regardless of length) they can all be launched and deployed using a common deployment system called a Poly-PicoSatellite Orbital Deployer (P-POD), also developed and built by Cal Poly.[11] P-PODs are mounted to a launch vehicle and carry CubeSats into orbit and deploy them once the proper signal is received from the launch vehicle. P-PODs have deployed over 90% of all CubeSats launched to date, and 100% of all CubeSats launched since 2006.[dated info] The P-POD Mk III has capacity for three 1U CubeSats, or other 1U, 2U, or 3U CubeSats combination up to a maximum volume of 3U.[12]
Different classifications are used to categorize such miniature satellites based on mass.[13] 1U CubeSats belong to the genre of picosatellites.
- Minisatellite (100–500 kg)
- Microsatellite (10–100 kg)
- Nanosatellite (1–10 kg)
- Picosatellite (0.1–1 kg)
- Femtosatellite (0.01–0.1 kg)
Most CubeSats carry one or two scientific instruments as their primary mission payload.
Attitude control[edit]
Attitude Determination & Control (ADCS) for CubeSats relies on miniaturizing technology without significant performance degradation. Systems that perform attitude determination and control include reaction wheels, magnetorquers, actuators, star trackers, sun sensors, earth sensors, angular rate sensors, and GPS receivers and antennas. Examples of CubeSat reaction wheels include the Maryland Aerospace MAI-101[14] and the Sinclair Interplanetary RW-0.03-4.[15] Sinclair Interplanetary's SS-411 sun sensor[16] and ST-16 star tracker[17] both have applications for CubeSats and have flight heritage. Pumpkin's Colony I Bus uses an aerodynamic wing for passive attitude stabilization.[18]
CubeSat propulsion has made rapid advancements in the following technologies: cold gas, chemical propulsion, electric propulsion, and solar sails. The biggest challenge with CubeSat propulsion is preventing risk to the primary payload while still providing significant capability.[19] Most propulsion systems require pressurized tanks (cold gas, some forms of chemical and electric propulsion) or hazardous propellants. The CubeSat Design Specification (CDS) requires a waiver to deviate from general requirements (CDS Rev 13, 2013) limiting propulsion systems to the following: less than 1.33 kg mass for 1U, up to 4.0 kg mass for 3U, pressurization less than 1.2 standard atmospheres, less than 100 W-Hr of stored chemical energy, and no hazardous materials.[20]
Cold gas thrusters[edit]
A cold gas thruster uses a typically inert gas as the reaction mass, and usually consists of a pressurized tank, a valve to control its release and a nozzle, and plumbing connecting them. Examples of CubeSat cold gas thrusters are VACCO's PUC,[21] and Moog's 58E143.[22]
Chemical propulsion[edit]
Chemical propulsion systems use a chemical reaction to produce a high-pressure, high-temperature gas that accelerates out of a nozzle. Chemical propellant can be liquid, solid or a hybrid of both. Liquid propellants can be a monopropellant passed through a catalyst, or bipropellant (a mix of oxidizer and fuel). The benefits of monopropellants are relatively low-complexity/high-thrust output, low power requirements, and high reliability. Examples of chemical propulsion for CubeSats include Experiment Propulsion Lab's AM Motor,[23] Aerojet's MPS-120 hydrazine thruster,[24] and Busek's green monopropellant thruster.[25] Another example is hydrogen propulsion by on-orbit electrolysis of water.[26]
Electric propulsion[edit]
Electric propulsion uses electromagnetics or electrostatics to expel propellant (reaction mass) at high speed. Electric thrusters typically use much less propellant than chemical rockets because they have a higher exhaust speed (operate at a higher specific impulse) than chemical rockets, and can enable interplanetary travel for CubeSats.[27] Examples of electric propulsion include hall effect thrusters, ion thrusters, electrospray thrusters, and pulsed plasma thrusters. A student-led project at Duke University proposes to use electrospray propulsion to propel a CubeSat to Mars,[28][29] and NASA's Lunar IceCube proposes to use the Busek BIT-3 ion thruster to achieve lunar orbit.[30]
Solar sail[edit]
Solar sails (also called light sails or photon sails) are a form of spacecraft propulsion using the radiation pressure (also called solar pressure) from stars to push large ultra-thin mirrors to high speeds, requiring no propellant. Several CubeSats employ a solar sail as its main propulsion and stability in deep space, including the 3U NanoSail-D2 launched in 2010, the LightSail-1 scheduled for launch in April 2016,[31][32] and the proposed Near-Earth Asteroid Scout (NEA Scout).[33] The ESTCube-1 used an electric solar-wind sail.
CubeSats use solar cells to convert solar light to electricity that is then stored in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries that provide power during eclipse as well as during peak load times.[34] These satellites have a limited surface area on their external walls for solar cells assembly, and has to be effectively shared with other parts, such as antennas, optical sensors, camera lens, and access port. Recent innovations include additional spring-loaded solar arrays that deploy as soon as the satellite is released.
The low cost of CubeSats has enabled unprecedented access to space for smaller institutions and organizations but, for most CubeSat forms, the range and available power is limited to about 2W for its communications antennae.[13][35] They can use radio-communication systems in the VHF, UHF, L-, S-, C- and X-band.[13] For UHF/VHF transmissions, a single helical antenna or four monopole antennae are deployed by a spring-loaded mechanism.[13][35]
Because of tumbling and low power range, radio-communications are a challenge. Many CubeSats use an omnidirectional monopole or dipole antenna built with commercial measuring tape. For more demanding needs, some companies offer high-gain antennae for CubeSats, but their deployment and pointing systems are significantly more complex.[13][35] For example, MIT and JPL are developing an inflatable dish antenna with a useful range to the Moon.[36]
CubeSat forms a cost-effective independent means of getting a payload into orbit.[7] With their relatively small size, 1U CubeSats could each be made and launched to low Earth orbit (LEO) for an estimated cost (2014) of $65,000 to $80,000. After delays from low-cost launchers such as Interorbital Systems,[37] by 2015 launch prices have been $100,000[38]–$125,000,[39] plus approximately $10,000 to construct the CubeSat.[40] This price tag, far lower than most satellite launches, has made CubeSat a viable option for schools and dozens of universities and some companies around the world to develop their own CubeSats.
Notable past missions[edit]
One of the earliest CubeSat launches was on 30 June 2003 from Plesetsk, Russia, with Eurockot Launch Services's Multiple Orbit Mission. CubeSats were put into a Sun-synchronous orbit and included the Danish AAU CubeSat and DTUSat, the Japanese XI-IV and CUTE-1, the Canadian Can X-1, and USA's Quakesat.[41]
On February 13, 2012, three PPODs deployers containing seven CubeSats were placed into orbit along with the Lares satellite aboard an Avio Vega rocket launched from French Guyana. The CubeSats launched were e-st@r (Politecnico di Torino, Italy), Goliat (University of Bucarest, Romania), Masat-1 (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary), PW-Sat (Warsaw University of Technology, Poland), Robusta (University of Montpellier 2, France), UniCubeSat-GG (University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy), and XaTcobeo (University of Vigo and INTA, Spain).[42]
On September 13, 2012, eleven CubeSats were launched from eight P-PODs, as part of the "OutSat" secondary payload aboard a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket.[43] This was the largest number of CubeSats (and largest volume of 24U) successfully placed to orbit on a single launch, this was made possible by use of the new NPS CubeSat Launcher system (NPSCuL) developed at the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS). The following CubeSats were placed in orbit: SMDC-ONE 2.2 (Baker), SMDC-ONE 2.1 (Able), AeroCube 4.0(x3), Aeneas, CSSWE, CP5, CXBN, CINEMA, and Re (STARE).[44]
Five CubeSats (Raiko, Niwaka, We-Wish, TechEdSat, F-1) were placed into orbit from the International Space Station on October 4, 2012, as a technology demonstration of small satellite deployment from the ISS. They were launched and delivered to ISS as a cargo of Kounotori 3, and an ISS astronaut prepared the deployment mechanism attached to Japanese Experiment Module's robotic arm.[45][46][47]
Four CubeSats were deployed from the Cygnus Mass Simulator, which was launched April 21, 2013 on the maiden flight of Orbital Sciences' Antares rocket.[48] Three of them are 1U PhoneSats built by NASA's Ames Research Center to demonstrate the use of smart phones as avionics in CubeSats. The fourth was a 3U satellite, called Dove-1, built by Planet Labs.
The working principles of the theoretical electric solar wind sail (E-Sail) propulsion underwent successful testing in 7 May 2013 with the ESTCube-1, developed as part of the Estonian Student Satellite Program. During the ESTCube-1 flight, 10 meters of 20–50 micrometer thick E-Sail wire were deployed from the satellite to affect the attitude control.[49] To control the E-Sail element's interaction with both the plasma surrounding the Earth and the effect it has on the spacecraft's spinning speed, the students adapted two miniaturized electron emitters connected to the E-Sail element which it loads positively to 500 volts by shooting out electrons. The positive ions in the plasma push the E-Sail element and influence the satellite's rotation speed.
A total of thirty-three CubeSats were deployed from the ISS on February 11, 2014. Of those thirty-three, twenty-eight were part of the Flock-1 constellation of Earth-imaging CubeSats. Of the other five, two are from other US-based companies, two from Lithuania, and one from Peru.[50]
The LightSail-A is a 3U CubeSat prototype propelled by a solar sail. It was launched on 20 May 2015 from Florida. Its four sails are made of very thin Mylar and have a total area of 32 m2. This test will allow a full checkout of the satellite's systems in advance of the main 2016 mission.[51]
Future projects[edit]
An ambitious project is the QB50, an international network of 50 CubeSats for multi-point, in-situ measurements in the lower thermosphere (90–350 km) and re-entry research. QB50 is an initiative of the Von Karman Institute and is funded by the European Union. Double-unit (2-U) CubeSats (10×10×20 cm) are foreseen, with one unit (the 'functional' unit) providing the usual satellite functions and the other unit (the 'science' unit) accommodating a set of standardised sensors for lower thermosphere and re-entry research. 35 CubeSats are envisaged to be provided by universities in 19 European countries, 10 by universities in the US, 2 by universities in Canada, 3 by Japanese universities, 1 by an institute in Brazil, and others. Ten 2U or 3U CubeSats are foreseen to serve for in-orbit technology demonstration of new space technologies. All 50 CubeSats will be launched together on a single Cyclone-4 launch vehicle in February 2016.[52] The Request for Proposals (RFP) for the QB50 CubeSat was released on February 15, 2012.
2016 InSight mission: MarCO CubeSats[edit]
The 2016 launch of the InSight stationary lander to Mars, will include two CubeSats to flyby Mars to provide additional relay communications from InSight to Earth during entry and landing. This will be the first flight of CubeSats in deep space. The mission CubeSat technology is called Mars Cube One (MarCO), a six-unit CubeSat, 14.4 inches (36.6 centimeters) by 9.5 inches (24.3 centimeters) by 4.6 inches (11.8 centimeters). Marco is an experiment, but not necessary for the InSight mission, to add relay communications to space missions in important time durations, in this landing from the time of InSight atmospheric entry and landing.
MarCO will launch in March 2016 from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California on the same Atlas V rocket as the InSight lander. The two CubeSats will separate from the Atlas V booster after launch and then travel in their own trajectories to Mars. After separation, MarCO will deploy two radio antennas and two solar panels. The high-gain, X-band antenna is a flat panel to direct radio waves. MarCO will navigate to Mars independently from the InSight lander, making their own course adjustments on the flight. MarCO will fly by Mars while InSight is landing in September 2016.
During InSight's planned entry, descent and landing (EDL) in September 2016, the lander will transmit information in the UHF radio band to NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) flying overhead. MRO will forward EDL information to Earth using a radio frequency in the X band, but cannot simultaneously receive information in one band if transmitting on another. Confirmation of a successful landing could be received on Earth several hours after, so MarCO would be a technology demonstration of real-time telemetry during the landing.[53][54][55]
Cubesat Launch Initiative[edit]
NASA created in 2010 the 'Cubesat Launch Initiative' that aims to provide access to space for CubeSats developed by educational institutions and non-profit organizations.[56] Selected experiments fly as auxiliary payloads on NASA rocket launches or are deployed from the International Space Station.[57]
Dedicated launchers[edit]
NASA has launched more than 30 CubeSats over the last several years, and as of 2015, it has a backlog of more than 50 awaiting launch.[58] No matter how inexpensive or versatile CubeSats may be, they must hitch rides as secondary payload on large rockets launching much larger spacecraft, at prices starting around $100,000.[58]
SpaceX[59][60] and Japan Manned Space Systems Corporation (JAMSS)[61][62] are two recent companies that offer commercial launch services for CubeSats as secondary payload, but a launch backlog still exists. Meanwhile, India's ISRO has been commercially launching foreign CubeSats since 2009 as secondary payloads.[63]
Very few companies and research institutes offer regular launch opportunities in clusters of several cubes. ISC Kosmotras and Eurokot are two companies that offer such services.[64]
On 5 May 2015, NASA announced a program based at the Kennedy Space Center dedicated to develop a new class of rockets designed specifically to launch very small satellites: the NASA Venture Class Launch Services (VCLS),[58][65][66] which will offer a payload mass of 30 kg to 60 kg for each launcher.[65][67]
See also[edit]
- Canadian Advanced Nanospace eXperiment Program
- Cubesat Space Protocol
- Israeli Nano Satellite Association
- Nanosatellite Launch System
- Lunar IceCube
- ^ "NASA Venture Class procurement could nurture, ride small sat trend". Space News. 8 June 2015.
- ^ "CubeSat Design Specification Rev. 13" (PDF). California State Polytechnic University. Retrieved 2014-07-07.
- ^ http://singularityhub.com/2013/06/23/tiny-cubesat-satellites-spur-revolution-in-space/
- ^ Messier, Douglas (22 May 2015). "Tiny 'Cubesats' Gaining Bigger Role in Space". Space.com. Retrieved 2015-05-23.
- ^ a b c Helvajian, Henry; Janson, Siegfried W., eds. (2008). Small Satellites: Past, Present, and Future. El Segundo, Calif.: Aerospace Press. ISBN 978-1-884989-22-3.
- ^ "Cubist Movement". Space News. 2012-08-13. p. 30.
When professors Jordi Puig-Suari of California Polytechnic State University and Bob Twiggs of Stanford University invented the CubeSat, they never imagined that the tiny satellites would be adopted by universities, companies and government agencies around the world. They simply wanted to design a spacecraft with capabilities similar to Sputnik that graduate student could design, build, test and operate. For size, the professors settled on a 10-centimeter cube because it was large enough to accommodate a basic communications payload, solar panels and a battery.
- ^ a b Leonard David (2004). "CubeSats: Tiny Spacecraft, Huge Payoffs". Space.com. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
- ^ Rob Goldsmith (October 6, 2009). "Satellite pioneer joins Morehead State's space science faculty". Space Fellowship. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
- ^ Leonard David (2006). "CubeSat losses spur new development". Space.com. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
- ^ a b The official standard only defines up to 3U and 3U+ (a slightly larger but same-mass 3U). Larger sizes use have varying definitions depending on source. There is some confusion about 3U and 1U: the official standard claims a 3U masses at most 4 kg, while Spaceflight Services claims (see http://spaceflightservices.com/pricing-plans/ ) that 3U extends to 5 kg.
- ^ "Educational Payload on the Vega Maiden Flight – Call For CubeSat Proposals" (PDF). European Space Agency. 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
- ^ Matthew Richard Crook (2009). "NPS CubeSat Launcher Design, Process And Requirements" (PDF). Naval Postgraduate School. Retrieved 2009-12-30.
- ^ a b c d e Kakoyiannis, Constantine; Constantinou, Philip. Electrically Small Microstrip Antennas Targeting (PDF). Microstrip Antennas. Greece: National Technical University of Athens.
- ^ "Maryland Aerospace Reaction Wheels". Retrieved September 4, 2015.
- ^ "Sinclair Interplanetary Reaction Wheels". Retrieved September 4, 2015.
- ^ "Sinclair Interplanetary Sun Sensors". Retrieved September 4, 2015.
- ^ "Sinclair Interplanetary Star Trackers". Retrieved September 4, 2015.
- ^ Kalman, Andrew (4 Nov 2009). "Pumkin's Colony I CubeSat Bus" (PDF). Retrieved September 4, 2015.
- ^ Frost, Chad (February 2014). "Small Spacecraft Technology State of the Art" (PDF). NASA. NASA Ames. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
- ^ Mehrparvar, Arash (February 20, 2014). "CubeSat Design Specification" (PDF). The CubeSat Program, CalPoly SLO. The CubeSat Program, CalPoly SLO. Retrieved September 2015.
- ^ Bzibziak, R (Oct 2000). "Update of Cold Gas Propulsion at MOOG". Spacecraft Propulsion, Third International Conference. Bibcode:2000ESASP.465..553B. Retrieved 4 Sep 2015.
- ^ Dushku, Matthew (August 14, 2012). "Additively Manufactured Propulsion System". 26th Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites. Retrieved 4 Sep 2015.
- ^ "Aerojet CubeSat Thrusters". Aerojet Rocketdyne. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
- ^ "Busek Green monopropellant thruster". Busek Space Propulsion. Busek. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
- ^ "HYDROS - Water Electrolysis Thruster". Tethers Unlimited, Inc. 2015. Retrieved 2015-06-10.
- ^ Frost, Chad (Feb 2014). "Small Spacecraft Technology State of the Art" (PDF). NASA. NASA Ames. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
- ^ "Mars missions on the cheap". The Space Review (USA). 5 May 2014. Retrieved 2015-05-21.
- ^ "ion Electrospray Propulsion System for CubeSats (iEPS)". Space Propulsion Laboratory. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2015-05-21.
- ^ "Lunar IceCube to Take on Big Mission from Small Package". NASA. 2015. Retrieved 2015-09-01.
- ^ Louis D. Friedman (June 25, 2010). "LightSail-1 Passes Critical Design Review". The Planetary Society.
- ^ Davis, Jason (10 July 2014). "LightSail update: Launch dates". The Planetary Society. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
- ^ McNutt, Leslie; Castillo-Rogez, Julie (2014). "Near-Earth Asteroid Scout" (PDF). NASA. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Retrieved 2015-05-13.
- ^ "CubeSats: Power System and Budget Analysis". DIY Space Exploration. 2015. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
- ^ a b c Ochoa, Daniel (2014). "Deployable Helical Antenna for Nano-Satellite" (PDF). Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems. Retrieved 2015-05-21.
- ^ Chu, Jennifer (6 September 2015). "Inflatable antennae could give CubeSats greater reach". MIT News (USA). Retrieved 2015-05-21.
- ^ As noted in the linked article, Interorbital promised its Neptune 45 – intended to carry 10 CubeSats, among other cargo – would launch in 2011, but as of 2014 it had yet to do so.
- ^ "OSSI-1 Amateur Radio CubeSat launched". Southgate Amateur Radio News. 2013. Retrieved 2014-07-07.
- ^ "Spaceflight Services Pricing". Spaceflight Services. 2014. Retrieved 2014-07-07.
- ^ "Pumpkin Price List" (PDF). CubeSat Kit. 2014. Retrieved 2014-07-07.
- ^ "EUROCKOT Successfully Launches MOM – Rockot hits different Orbits". Eurockot Launch Services. Retrieved 2010-07-26.
- ^ ESA (13 February 2012). "Seven Cubesats launched on Vega's maiden flight". European Space Agency. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
- ^ Space.com (Sep 2012). "Air Force Launches Secret Spy Satellite NROL-36". Space.com. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
- ^ NRO (June 2012). "NROL-36 Features Auxiliary Payloads" (PDF). National Reconnaissance Office. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
- ^ Kuniaki Shiraki (March 2, 2011). "「きぼう」からの小型衛星放出に係る技術検証について" [On Technical Verification of Releasing Small Satellites from "Kibo"] (PDF) (in Japanese). JAXA. Retrieved March 4, 2011.
- ^ Mitsumasa Takahashi (June 15, 2011). "「きぼう」からの小型衛星放出実証ミッションに係る搭載小型衛星の選定結果について" (PDF). JAXA. Retrieved June 18, 2011.
- ^ "「きぼう」日本実験棟からの小型衛星放出ミッション" (in Japanese). JAXA. October 5, 2012. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
- ^ "Antares Test Launch "A-ONE Mission" Overview Briefing" (PDF). Orbital Sciences. 17 April 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
- ^ "Proba-V's fellow passenger" (PDF). European Space Agency. February 2013. p. 17. Retrieved March 25, 2013.
- ^ Debra Werner (February 11, 2014). "Planet Labs CubeSats Deployed from ISS with Many More To Follow". SpaceNews, Inc. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
- ^ Davis, Jason (January 26, 2015). "It's Official: LightSail Test Flight Scheduled for May 2015". The Planetary Society.
- ^ "QB50". Von Karman Institute. Retrieved 2015-03-30.
- ^ "NASA Prepares for First Interplanetary CubeSat Mission". Retrieved 2015-06-12.
- ^ "JPL | CubeSat". www.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-06-12.
- ^ "InSight". Retrieved 2015-06-12.
- ^ Mahoney, Erin. "CubeSat Launch initiative (CSLI)". Retrieved 2015-08-12.
- ^ Wall, Mike (11 August 2015). "NASA Offers Rocket Rides for Tiny Cubesats". NASA News (Space.com). Retrieved 2015-08-12.
- ^ a b c Dean, James (16 May 2015). "NASA seeks launchers for smallest satellites". Florida Today. Retrieved 2015-05-16.
- ^ Stephen Clark (2009). "Commercial launch of SpaceX Falcon 1 rocket a success". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
- ^ "CubeSATs launched with SpaceX". Citizen Inventor. 18 April 2014. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
- ^ "Spaceflight Partners with Japan Manned Space Systems Corporation (JAMSS) to Launch Eight CubeSats on the JAXA Astro-H Mission". Spaceflight. 5 November 2014. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
- ^ "Brazilian AESP-14 CubeSat was deployed from Kibo". JAXA. 5 February 2015. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
AESP-14 takes an opportunity of Kibo's paid utilization and is deployed by Japan Manned Space Systems Corporation (JAMSS) at the request of Brazilian Space Agency.
- ^ "ISRO launches CubeSats". Indian Space Research Organisation. 2009. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
- ^ Jos Heyman (2009). "FOCUS: CubeSats — A Costing + Pricing Challenge". SatMagazine. Retrieved 2009-12-30.
- ^ a b Wolfinger, Rob (5 May 2015). "NASA Solicitations: VENTURE CLASS LAUNCH SERVICE - VCLS, SOL NNK15542801R". NASA. Retrieved 2015-05-16.
- ^ Diller, George H. (7 May 2015). "NASA Hosts Media Call on Draft Solicitation for New Class of Launch Services". NASA. Retrieved 2015-05-16.
- ^ "NASA Issues Request for Proposals for Cubesat Launches". NASA (SpaceRef). 12 June 2015. Retrieved 2015-06-15.
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to CubeSat satellites.
- Cubesat introduction, 2-minute video, DIYspace.
- CubeSat Program official website Contains information about upcoming launches.
- Extensive list of Cubesat missions
- Amsat's list of CubeSats Generally kept well up to date


text:
Zero sort to come to PoultneyAugust 01,2013By Lucia Suarez
POULTNEY — Soon residents will not have to sort their different recyclables when taking them to the dump.
Town Manager Jonas Rosenthal said earlier this week the town is finalizing some construction and infrastructure changes at the town's transfer station so they can start offering single-stream recycling. He said they are constructing a new platform and have to finish the electrical work before they can kick off the new recycling program.
He hopes to have it completed next week.
"It allows the town to expand the types of recycling," said Rosenthal about the program also known as zero sort recycling.
The town entered into an agreement with Casella Waste Management Systems to begin compiling all recyclable materials together that will compacted before transported to the sorting facility in Rutland City. The contract is for 10 years and the town expects to see the cost of getting rid of the materials go down by more than 70 percent, Rosenthal said.
"There is a difference for cost per ton (of trash) and ton of recyclables," he said, adding there will be fewer hauls because of the compaction of materials.
The town manager said if the town increases recycling by 30 percent, it could save up to $40,000 a year.
Rosenthal said the transfer station is still not ready, but will be soon. In the meantime, they are trying to get the word out to residents while they get used to the new operating systems.
Under zero sort recycling residents will be able to recycle plastics 1-7, corrugated cardboard, boxboard, envelopes and mail, magazines and soft cover books, newspapers, white and colored paper, shredded paper, glass bottles and jars, aluminum cans, foils and plates and metal cans.
All these can be put together in one bin.
For more information, residents should contact Rosenthal at 287-9751 or visit www.zerosort.com.
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Britannia Edinburgh3
69 Belford Road, Edinburgh, EH4 3DG
Price FromView Rooms
- Good
- 170 guest reviews
"There are plenty of car park spaces and it's within easy walking distance to the Castle. The hotel itself is a little dated and could do wit..."
"Nice, cheap rooms. The castle is only a 30 minutes walk away...."
"really great hotel fantastic customer service definitely stay again really good value for money...."
"Upon arrival there was a queue out the door to check in which lasted about 20 mins, this was probably due to an event being on in Edinburgh..."
"Booked the room on line about 8 pm on the evening of our stay. Great value for money, customer service amazing, extramural helpful and frien..."
About the hotel
The Britannia Edinburgh Hotel is situated on the banks of the Water of Leith in area of the city. Just a 10 minute walk to the Dean Gallery and Princes Street. Only a short drive from Edinburgh Haymarket Train Station and many of the city's local attractions.
The hotel offers guest rooms with a light and airy feel and all modern facilities.
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Room Availability
Showing Thursday 8 October 2015 to Friday 9 October 2015Change Search
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- Main
- Disabled Facilities , Smoking allowed in bedrooms
- Hotel services
- 24 Hour Reception
- Family friendly
- Cots available
- Parking
- Car parking available onsite
- Business
- Wi-Fi Available , Wi-Fi Available In Public Areas , Wi-Fi Available In Rooms
- In room entertainment
- TV , [Channels] News
- In room facilities
- Tea/Coffee making facilities in each room
- Other
- Lift to all floors
- Accessibility
- Disabled Access Public Areas , Disabled Access Bedrooms , Disabled toilets on ground floor , Wheelchair Access , Wheelchair Access To Reception , Wheelchair Access To Restaurant , Wheelchair Access To Bar , Wheelchair Access To Disabled Car Parking Spaces
- Dining
- Bar
Useful Info Show/hide
- From 15:00 hours
- Until 11:00 hours
- 01/03/2013 to 01/03/2023 - Important Information: The hotel will charge a £2 administration fee on all credit card transactions. Guest are required to show photo identification and valid credit card upon check-in. The price shown is based on the occupancy and dates you have searched for. Prices and availability are subject to change based on the arrival date, number of nights and occupancy searched for. All prices are inclusive of all local taxes.
- Pets are not allowed
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Our reviews are from genuine LateRooms.com customers. We verify that the customer has stayed before leaving a review.
51% would recommend it to a friend
Customer service
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Great Value
There are plenty of car park spaces and it's within easy walking distance to the Castle.
The hotel itself is a little dated and could do with an extra member of staff as they have to work hard when it got busy but to there merit they did so. oh yeah and the beer prices are good for a city.
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Never ever again
The hotel is run down, the pics on the internet make it look good.
it was dirty, dingey, the bed had a dip in it and was uncomfortable. as a couple we kept rolling into the middle from each side. we also had no towels had to ring for them and took a while for them to be brought to us. the bathroom was disgusting. I would never stay here again. we ended up booking a room in another hotel for the rest of our stay.
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text: We came up for a lacrosse tournament and loved being on the lake, near the State Park, close to good food and the main areas of town. The rooms were quaint, clean and nice. You say small I say snug...and lovely. I am glad we did not stay in town because this had a beautiful view and nice staff.


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"By moving the U.S. embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, this legislation simply enforces current policy while reaffirming our commitment to Israel, one of our oldest and strongest allies," Heller said Tuesday. "Having spent time in Israel and seen firsthand the challenges that they face to ensure security and sovereignty, I believe the United States must stand firm in our commitment to the Israeli people."
Heller's bill would say it is U.S. policy to recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital. It also includes a sense of Congress that Jerusalem "must remain an undivided city" in which the rights of all ethnic and religious groups are protected.
That sense of Congress also encourages the president and secretary of state to "publicly affirm" that Jerusalem "must remain the undivided capital of the State of Israel."
A similar bill titled H.R. 104 was introduced in the House this past January by Rep. Scott Garrett (R-N.J.). Rep. Garrett's bill, like Senator Heller's, calls for the U.S. to recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital city and to relocate the U.S. Embassy to Jerusalem, but with a deadline of no later than January 1, 2015.
The issue of Israel's capital became a sticky one for Democrats last fall, when they removed recognition of Jerusalem as the capital from their political platform. After that omission was noted by the press, convention chairman and Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa held a vote to put the statement back into the official platform.
Villaraigosa asked for a voice vote three times before deciding — some say incorrectly — that attendees supported putting the Jerusalem language back into the platform.
Sens. John Cornyn (R-Texas), James Inhofe (R-Okla.) and Mark Kirk (R-Ill.) are co-sponsors of the resolution.
- Updated at 3:30 p.m. Thursday


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Posted| Updated
Treasurer Peter Costello says he expects the Tax Commissioner to release two tax schedules today in case the Federal Opposition prevents legislation for the Budget tax cuts from passing.
Topics: tax, business-economics-and-finance, australia
The union representing employees of a Goulburn rail workshop says it is hopeful about their future following a meeting with New South Wales Transport Minister John Watkins.
Topics: transport, states-and-territories, unions, goulburn-2580, act, orange-2800
Police in Bathurst are appealing for assistance to find an elderly man who has been missing for a week.
Topics: police, bathurst-2795
The Bathurst Regional Council has voted to send two representatives to South Korea next month to promote the benefits of a proposed $145 million centre for science, technology and emerging industries.
Topics: trade, budget, local-government, science-and-technology, bathurst-2795
The Federal Member for Maranoa in western Queensland says he is frustrated by the Federal Government's inaction on making changes to drought assistance.
Topics: drought, small-business, federal-government, rural, longreach-4730, mount-isa-4825, toowoomba-4350
Southern inland Queensland councils have different opinions on the idea of Sunday trading with Industrial Relations Commission hearings in the region wrapping up.
Topics: retail, local-government, toowoomba-4350, clifton-4361, dalby-4405, stanthorpe-4380, warwick-4370
Toowoomba seems to be the best place in Queensland to have a baby with more than 1,200 babies born in the Garden City last year.
Topics: pregnancy-and-childbirth, toowoomba-4350
Chelsea are facing fresh disciplinary action, this time from FIFA, after Manchester United and Norwegian side Lyn Oslo both complained to the world soccer governing body regarding the Premiership champions' role in the John Obi Mikel transfer affair.
Topics: english-premier, england
Posted| Updated
Chelsea are facing fresh disciplinary action, this time from FIFA, after Manchester United and Norwegian side Lyn Oslo both complained to the world soccer governing body regarding the Premiership champions' role in the John Obi Mikel transfer affair.
Topics: english-premier, england
Iran will not back down on resuming nuclear activities opposed by the West but may wait for a few weeks if talks with European powers go well, chief negotiator Hassan Rohani says.
Topics: unrest-conflict-and-war, world-politics, iran-islamic-republic-of
Queensland Premier Peter Beattie says he is unaware of racism towards foreign trained doctors.
Topics: doctors-and-medical-professionals, work, states-and-territories, longreach-4730, bundaberg-4670, cairns-4870, mackay-4740, maroochydore-4558, mount-isa-4825, rockhampton-4700, southport-4215, toowoomba-4350, townsville-4810
The White House says it is not looking at weaponising space in the face of a newspaper report stating the US Air Force is seeking presidential authority that could lead to such a program.
Topics: astronomy-space, world-politics, united-states
A safety expert from the University of South Australia says it is important that high risk industries such as aviation and defence keep up-to-date on new safety techniques.
Topics: emergency-planning, industry, adelaide-5000
Tasmania's Commissioner for Children, David Fanning, says he is pleased a code of conduct for teachers is being fast-tracked.
Topics: teachers, children, sexual-offences, launceston-7250
Posted| Updated
World oil prices have slumped to a three-month low as supply fears ease.
Topics: oil-and-gas, united-states
A taxi driver has been stabbed and robbed overnight in the Melbourne suburb of Broadmeadows.
Topics: crime, police, melbourne-3000
Posted| Updated
Manchester United's Cup final hopes have been dealt a double blow with injury doubts to two key defenders.
Topics: english-premier, england
Posted| Updated
Australian sprint ace Robbie McEwen, of the Davitamon team, held off Italian Alessandro Petacchi to win the 10th stage of the Tour of Italy in a photofinish overnight with another Australian, Stuart O'Grady, third.
The introduction of the second stage of the Western Australian Government's workers' compensation reforms is on hold until later this year.
Topics: work, states-and-territories, albany-6330, broome-6725, bunbury-6230, geraldton-6530, kalgoorlie-6430, karratha-6714
Posted| Updated
The South Australian Opposition says the resignation of the head of the state's mental health services is further evidence of a crisis in the system.
Topics: mental-health, work, port-pirie-5540, mount-gambier-5290, port-augusta-5700, port-lincoln-5606, renmark-5341
Posted| Updated
A Queensland minister is accusing the Federal Government of extortion over its decision to tie water project funding to support for industrial relations reforms.
Topics: federal---state-issues, industrial-relations, unions, longreach-4730, bundaberg-4670, cairns-4870, mackay-4740, maroochydore-4558, mount-isa-4825, rockhampton-4700, southport-4215, toowoomba-4350, townsville-4810
Police say five teenage boys have been charged over a car-jacking at Lakemba in Sydney's south-west.
Topics: crime, courts-and-trials, police, sydney-2000
New South Wales half-back Brett Kimmorley says he has something to prove in year's State of Origin series against Queensland starting in Brisbane next Wednesday.
Topics: state-of-origin, nsw, qld
Posted| Updated
A new report has recommended $180 million needs to be spent quickly to improve the state of New South Wales public schools.
Topics: schools, states-and-territories, orange-2800, bega-2550, broken-hill-2880, coffs-harbour-2450, dubbo-2830, lismore-2480, newcastle-2300, tamworth-2340, wagga-wagga-2650, wollongong-2500
Business tourism groups have welcomed the ACT Government's commitment to refurbish the convention centre within 18 months.
Topics: tourism, small-business, canberra-2600


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Archive for the 'Oldsmobile Fiesta' tag
Trio of 1953 GM semi-customs, plus first year Corvette, prove to be Pebble Beach bargains
1953 Oldsmobile 98 Fiesta. Photos by Brian Henniker, courtesy Gooding & Company.
Among collectors of mid-century GM automobiles, the show-car-derived 1953 Oldsmobile Ninety-Eight Fiesta, 1953 Cadillac Series 62 Eldorado and the 1953 Buick Roadmaster Skylark form the Triple Crown of desirable semi-customs. Any such assemblage needs a 1953 Chevrolet Corvette as well, and this year's Gooding & Company Pebble Beach auction gave buyers the chance to procure all four from a single collection. When the final numbers were tallied, however, the four cars sold for $698,500, or $191,500 less than their combined low pre-auction estimates.
All four cars came from the collection of Peter Klutt, owner of Legendary Motorcar Company and host of Dream Car Garage. A lifelong car guy, Klutt began restoring cars at an early age, when his father first taught him to weld. Today, his company is well established as a leader in both sales and restorations of classic cars, and Legendary Motorcar is entering its second season on the Velocity Channel. Klutt brought a total of 11 cars to the Pebble Beach sale, all offered at no reserve.
1953 Oldsmobile 98 Fiesta.
The first of the GM Triple Crown cars to cross the stage was the Oldsmobile Ninety-Eight Fiesta, finished in a pleasant two-tone white and turquoise. One of 458 examples built to commemorate Oldsmobile's 50th anniversary, this example spent much of its life in the care of long-term owners. Restored under the care of John McMullen in 1997, it was acquired by Klutt in 2007, when it was subjected to another, more thorough restoration. Kept in climate-controlled storage since the work was completed, the car had a pre-auction estimate of $225,000 to $300,000. Instead, it sold for the fee-inclusive price of $170,500.
1953 Cadillac Eldorado.
Next up was the Cadillac Eldorado, finished in Alpine White over red-and-white leather. One of 532 examples built by GM, the car came from the collection of Wayne Davis, and was acquired by Klutt in 2008. Though its restoration was described as "older," the Eldorado's pre-auction estimate ranged from $240,000 – $280,000, but the car traded hands for a fee-inclusive price of $187,000.
1953 Buick Roadmaster Skylark.
The Buick Roadmaster Skylark, also finished in white, but with a black-and-white interior, was the highest-volume Triple Crown car, with 1,690 examples built in 1953. Acquired by Klutt in 2007, the Buick was previously owned by John McMullen, who funded a frame-off restoration during his time with the car. As the most common example, the Skylark had the lowest pre-auction estimate, which ranged from $150,000 – $200,000; instead, it sold for a fee-inclusive price of $121,000.
1953 Chevrolet Corvette.
Though technically not a GM Triple Crown convertible, the first model year Corvette stands on its own as a desirable collector car, as just 300 examples were built. The Corvette from the Klutt Collection carried chassis number 157, and like all 1953 Corvettes was finished in Polo White with a red interior. Restored to NCRS guidelines prior to Klutt's acquisition, the car carried a pre-auction estimate of $275,000 – $350,000, but sold for a fee inclusive price of $220,000.
1934 Packard Twelve 1108 Sport Sedan.
Cars in the top-10 at Pebble Beach included a 1961 Ferrari 250 GT SWB California Spider, which sold for $16,830,000; a 1962 Ferrari 250 GT SWB Berlinetta Speciale, which sold for $16,500,000; a 1982 Porsche 956, the 1983 Le Mans winner, which sold for $10,120,000; a 1960 Porsche RS60, which sold for $5,400,000; a 1957 Ferrari 410 Superamerica Series II coupe, which sold for $5,087,500; a 1967 Ferrari 275 GTB/4, which sold for $3,877,500; a 1934 Packard Twelve 1108 Sport Sedan, which sold for $3,630,000; a 1965 Ferrari 500 Superfast, which sold for $3,025,000; a 1966 Ferrari 206 S Dino Spider, which sold for $2,310,000; and a 1998 Ferrari 333 SP, which sold for $2,090,000.
For complete results from the Pebble Beach sale, visit GoodingCo.com.
Hemmings Find of the Day – 1957 Oldsmobile Eighty-Eight Fiesta
It almost seems like a fantasy, but apparently Oldsmobile buyers could get a J-2 setup on their Fiesta station wagons, just as this 1957 Oldsmobile Eighty-Eight Fiesta station wagon is equipped. A three-speed manual could have been had as well, but this one has the Hyrda-Matic. With a recent repaint, redone interior, tuneup, and refurbishing throughout, this wagon appears entirely ready to hit the road and exercise all three of those carburetors. From the seller's description:
The car has the original 371 cubic inch V-8 engine with J-2 tri-power carburetors (3×2 barrels) and the original Hydra-Matic transmission. The wagon has been painted in the original Olds color scheme with base coat and clear coat. The wagon has a new interior and headliner with new carpet. The custom dual exhaust was installed by Tony's Exhaust Shop of Glen Burnie, Maryland, and is a true dual exhaust from the manifolds back with dual Magna Flow mufflers. The bumpers are new triple-plated chrome by Keystone Company of Michigan.
We have just completed an extensive mechanical rework of most of the major systems on this wagon. We added new weather stripping to all the doors, vent windows and cargo hatch areas. Complete rebuild of the brakes with new brake shoes, wheel cylinders, brake hoses and turned drums. Replaced the front wheel bearings and had our electrical shop rebuild the generator. Added new upper ball joints, control arm bushings and sleeves and replaced tie rods. Added seat belts for front and back seats. Installed a brand new gas tank and fuel lines from the Fusick catalogue and also rebuilt the J-2 tri power carburetors, rebuilt the fuel pump and added a new inline fuel filter and rebuilt the power steering pump.
Completed an oil and filter change with a complete tune up with new plugs, points, condenser and distributor cap, with new spark plug wires, and new valve cover gaskets. Added new Oldsmobile front and rear floor mats also from the Fusick catalog. Added brand new tires (BFGoodrich RWL) and gray igniter wheels from Coker Tire for $1,660. Completed a front-end alignment and spin balanced all tires and wheels. Also back flushed the radiator and added new coolant with all new hoses and belts. Replaced the wiper blades and repaired and adjusted the wiper transmission and linkage.
Location: Columbia, Maryland
Status: No Longer Available
View past picks: Hemmings Find of the Day Archive
See more Oldsmobiles for sale on Hemmings.com.
Bill Mitchell's post-war masterpiece, the Buick Riviera, turns 50
1964 Buick Riviera.
As long as we're pointing out semicentennials such as that of the Chrysler Turbine, we'd be remiss in failing to mention that Buick's grand-tourer-slash-personal-luxury car, the Buick Riviera, also turns 50 this year.
Buick Riviera was one of the biggest automotive newsmakers of the day. While the name dates back to 1949, when Buick applied it to the pillarless two-door hardtop version of the Roadmaster, the Riviera broke out as a separate car in 1963, but it almost didn't happen that way. Bill Mitchell reportedly got the inspiration for the Riviera's sharp lines and sporty nature from, respectively, Rolls-Royce and Ferrari, and then turned to Ned Nickles to flesh out the concept as a revived La Salle; it only became a Buick when Cadillac passed on the idea and GM then shopped it around to its other divisions.Still regarded as perhaps the best post-war automotive design worthy of graduating to Full Classic status, the
In that first year, power complemented styling with a standard 401-cu.in., 325hp V-8, or the optional 340hp 425. A finely tuned suspension provided great balance while front and rear leather bucket seats and center console made for both a stunning and comfortable interior. It brought a whole new meaning to the phrase "personal luxury car market" that up till then had been dominated by Ford's Thunderbird.
Describing its appearance is an exercise in adjectives; perhaps the best words collectively grouped together came from Lawrence Gustin and the late Terry Dunham (co-authors of The Buick: A Complete History) when they penned "but more significant than anything else was the styling, the sharply sculptured roofline, the sheer side panels, the low silhouette, and especially that unique frameless side window glass."
The Riviera remained a part of Buick's lineup for the next 36 years, and while it remained that marque's personal luxury car the entire time, it still went through several significant transformations. It went on to share a body shell with the Oldsmobile Toronado (yet remain rear-wheel drive) in 1966, adopt the polarizing boat-tail styling in 1971, finally switch to front-wheel drive in 1979, and then at its nadir suffer through a downsized generation and miss a model year in the mid-1990s. Along the way, it took a Motor Trend Car of the Year award, paced the Indianapolis 500, and earned accolades from the likes of Sergio Pininfarina and Raymond Loewy.
Since Riviera production ended in 1999, only a concept car in 2007 has carried the name, but with Buick reportedly bringing back some storied nameplates from its past, could a new Riviera be far behind?
Nor is the Riviera the only Buick celebrating an anniversary this year. Perhaps lost in the headlines is the 60th anniversary of the custom-crafted Skylark that, at the time, was itself a Buick designed to commemorate the division's 50th anniversary. Deservedly, it created its own set of headlines, mostly due to its stunning styling. The Skylark has good company this year, as its corporate siblings, the Cadillac Eldorado and Oldsmobile Fiesta, not only share the anniversary but should also be included in the styling discussion (refer to the SIA Flashback on the three special edition models posted earlier for further details). Furthermore, it should also be noted that Buick, Cadillac, Ford and Harley-Davidson are all sharing another production milestone: this year marks their 110th Anniversaries.
SIA Flashback – GM's Glamorous Threesome for 1953: Cadillac Eldorado, Buick Skylark, Oldsmobile Fiesta
It's a favorite of longtime car collectors to gather each of the special semi-custom GM cars of 1953 – the Cadillac Eldorado, Buick Skylark, and Oldsmobile Fiesta (some even include the first-year Corvette in that list) – particularly in matching color combinations, so it's no surprise that SIA eventually put together a comparison of the three, highlighting exactly what made the cars so special, written by John G. Tennyson for SIA #134, March 1993.
Four angels from GM heaven
I, at least, wasn't born in time to find myself enraptured by the treasures of the original General Motors Motorama as it appeared in 1953. This may be the next best scenario any of us is likely to experience. Mecum's annual Spring Classic Auction in Indianapolis will have a Motorama-themed sale involving four spectacular GM creations from 1953, being put up for bid individually.
Here's the lineup: Corvette number 274, built by hand at a temporary plant in Flint, Michigan, and restored by Brett Henderson of Blue Flame Restorations in Pendleton, Indiana, with original and NOS parts only. Next, a 1953 Cadillac Eldorado convertible with full optioning, including the signal-seeking radio, one of 532 produced. The 1953 Oldsmobile Fiesta is even more scarce, total build 458, with an estimated 10 percent survival rate, this one having a 2,500-hour restoration completed in 2009. Buick produced 1,690 Skylark convertibles in 1953, including this one, restored and finished in Patriot Blue. The auction, now in its 24th year, runs May 17-22 at the Indiana State Fairgrounds. Call 815-568-8888 or visit www.mecum.com.


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Copyrighted Songs Disappearing from GH World Tour's Sharing Service
As expected, your shared songs won't last long online if they're based on copyrighted music.
One of the most exciting features in Guitar Hero World Tour is the custom song creation tool, allowing gamers to write their own note charts and share them online. And unsurprisingly, by "write their own note carts," that has turned out to mean "write note charts based on music from other videogames." As MTV Multiplayer reports, a number of videogame-themed tunes have appeared in the top 50 most popular songs online, but some are being taken off the service due to copyright issues.
Among the most popular songs were tunes based on music from Super Mario Bros. and The Legend of Zelda, but recent searches showed that those songs had been taken offline. Other videogame songs that (at least when the search was conducted earlier this week) appeared in the top 50 included:
#1 -- Cerulean City ("Pokemon")
#6 -- Spark Mandrill ("Mega Man X")
#11 -- Bubble Bobble ("Bubble Bobble")
#17 -- Banjo Rockooie ("Banjo Kazooie")
#18 -- Airman ("Mega Man 2")
#20 -- Electric Chocobo ("Final Fantasy")
#22 -- Still Alive ("Portal")
#23 -- Brimstar ("Metroid")
#25 -- Green Hill Zone ("Sonic the Hedgehog")
#42 -- Farewell Hyrule ("The Legend of Zelda")
#44 -- DOOM Win Music ("DOOM")
As Multiplayer notes, it's especially odd to see "Still Alive" remain available for download, considering the official version of the song is available for purchase on Guitar Hero World Tour's direct competitor, Rock Band. We expect all of these songs (and any other songs based on copyrighted music) to be subject to removal at any time, which, yes, is kind of a bummer if you're really in the mood to rock out to Green Hill Zone (and who isn't?). But in the end, isn't the whole point of custom song creation to be, well, creative?
See Also
Rock Band 2 Lead Designer Criticizes Guitar Hero World Tour's Music Studio
Comments (22)
well that's lamePosted: Nov 13, 2008 12:00AM PST by TreyTable
how does O.C. Remix (love their stuff) get away with this type of thing? then again, I bet if somebody e-mailed SEGA asking for permission to do a "Green Hill Zone" remix on GH:WT, to get people hyped for Sonic Unleashed, it could work. Or hell, just say you're a big SEGA fan and you want to tune more people into SEGA's games. If the songs are good enough, it's like free advertising.
I wish everyone acted as south park creatorsPosted: Nov 10, 2008 12:00AM PST by Shoegaze_Buff
wouldn't have to deal with all this legal crap
HmmPosted: Nov 09, 2008 12:00AM PST by Dark_Jedi_Dave
I wonder if Activision is takind down the user-created songs only to sell them back to us for 160 MS points each, like they planned on doing.. faggots, why include the creation tool in the first place, you knew we'de create songs that we want
Um...Posted: Nov 09, 2008 12:00AM PST by cliff
For those of you who had the idea to keep uploading songs that Activision removes so that more people could download it, I have something to say. It doesn't work. I made a Mario song and Activision removed it. I tried uploading it again but it would not let me. It said that my song went against the terms of use and blah blah blah. There was no way for me to re-upload it. I couldn't even rename my song in order to trick them into thinking it was a different song. I had high hopes for GHTunes but now my hopes are no more.
Just one more reasonPosted: Nov 09, 2008 12:00AM PST by ExplicitBrain
the creation tool sucks in WT.
Ummmm....Posted: Nov 09, 2008 12:00AM PST by GlennQuaqmire
I'm pretty sure Still Alive was free on Rock Band. It sounds like Jonathon Coulton or Vavle or whatever just don't really care if people have the song, which is pretty cool of them...
Whoa, wait a minute....Posted: Nov 09, 2008 12:00AM PST by BlazingAero
Does one have to pay for these songs, or are they free to share? Because if they're free to share, and they've never been priced and sold before, then there should be no royalty issues. A street musician can go and play Beatles songs all day and night, in front of hundreds of people if he so chooses... just as long as he's not making money off his performance.
If these songs are merely shared and not sold, I don't see what the problem is... but I guess they closed the loophole by pointing out the fact that these tracks could help to promote the GH franchise, so it'd be Activision indirectly making money off of them. Oh well... sucks for fans.
@R_Bond,Posted: Nov 09, 2008 12:00AM PST by abercrombieco2
i did read it and he refered to them as douchbags , but my question was how are they being douchebage when they are just protecting them selfs, as for the guy who said if its a money issue why don't they go after it , who is it to say sega doesn't want there music in the game period because they own it. as for just keep putting it up there , im sure they will eventually punish ppl for repeating uploading certain songs, from what i read the problem is creating the songs , but putting them on there sever and having ppl download them is the problem.
Come on!Posted: Nov 09, 2008 12:00AM PST by Cronqvist
Is Activision willing to pay Sega and put all the resources together to come out with an official Green Hill Zone version? Of course not, and that's why they should stop being such assholes.
Or maybe they can, just to "exploit" Guitar Hero a little bit more (Activision's words, not mine).
curious casePosted: Nov 08, 2008 12:00AM PST by ExCode13
this is a weird case of copyright infringment since technically copyright only covers a specific concrete recording, not an iconic riff or anything like that, which means either these are really awesome creations that are similar enough to be threatening to the copyright, or activision is playing scared of being sued. Either way i kinda do wish more original stuff would break into the top charts
LAME!Posted: Nov 08, 2008 12:00AM PST by McClain142
What's the point of song creation if you can't riff on a known song? Of course people want to jam on video game music. And if people aren't putting up the exact song (like an MP3 file), what's the harm in letting people play around with it? Are they going to try to sell us these songs later on? I don't know, I get really annoyed off when people cry about copyrights when it's not going to cause any real harm.
@vsonic128,Posted: Nov 08, 2008 12:00AM PST by abercrombieco2
its obvious your like a little kid who doesn't know what copyrights are with that commment , how are they being douchbags by taking off only the copyrighted created songs? they have to remove them if its a legal issue and the legal owner of the copyright asks for the songs to be taken down. they aren't taking the songs down just to be duchebags , maybe you should read the story before you comment and make your self look like a idiot.
Lets be frankPosted: Nov 08, 2008 12:00AM PST by fatestninjaever
Yes, we all know that legal issues come up, and that we all knew that this would happen. But I remember reading somewhere that it was inspired by the modding community of the earlier games. Well, that community was for getting songs that were otherwise unavailable. So, why bother even to even put the mode in there if the main use is illegal. Cut out the middle man, leave the useless mode out.
The point is....Posted: Nov 08, 2008 12:00AM PST by Scoob79
If you recall the story of Activision looking to sell the created music. Like my comment there, it is capitalizing on the creativity of other people. All you hardcore GH:WT fans create the content for them at no charge (well, you pay for the tools), and they sell it. Now this begs the question, when you create something on there, who owns the copyright to your original creation? Does the game come with some kind of licencing agreement that forces those who use and post the creations to forfeit ownership to Activision? Seriously, does anybody looking to put a song on this game look that up, or just blindly create?
Well then what's the point?Posted: Nov 08, 2008 12:00AM PST by LoJo
Umm.. I thought the whole point of this was to copy awesome songs that would otherwise never be in the game. Kind of an end around if you will. But now it looks like just original tunes? Well that sucks. If people were talented enough to make an original song that was actually catchy, then they would have done so already with REAL music.


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Sunday, October 25, 2015 | Las Vegas (Henderson), NV
Heart Failure SAM Working Group
Attend Heart Failure SAM Working Group
Sunday, October 25, 2015
8:00 a.m. - 3:00 p.m.
Las Vegas (Henderson), NV
Green Valley Ranch Resort Spa Casino
|AAFP Member:
|New Physician:
|Student or Resident:
More in Henderson
Additional activities offered at this location:
- Practical Advances in Musculoskeletal and Sports Care - October 21-24, 2015
- Cerebrovascular Disease SAM Working Group - October 24, 2015
Separate registration and fee required.
Easily fulfill the knowledge assessment portion of the SAM process with one-day, topic-specific sessions that simplify the ABFM's MC-FP Part II requirement.
About the Course
- Review 60 core competency questions with experienced family physician faculty, and decide the best answer with your colleagues.
- The AAFP reports your answers directly to the ABFM on your behalf.
- Earn CME by completing the SAM process.*
*This working group is designed to help you fulfill the knowledge assessment portion of the SAM process. No CME is awarded. Completion of the clinical simulation on the ABFM website is required within one year of attending this working group in order to finish the SAM process and receive CME credit. A separate fee to the ABFM will apply.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this SAM, you will be able to demonstrate knowledge in:
- Explain the approach to evaluating patients in heart failure.
- Discuss the principles of neurohormonal antagonism in the treatment of heart failure.
- Explain current treatment options in heart failure.
- Review therapeutic recommendations for diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARB's, β-blockers and digoxin in heart failure.
Course Details
Americo Fraboni, MD, FAAFP, Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Family Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
David Weismiller, MD, ScM, FAAFP, Associate Professor, Department of Family Medicine, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
Course Materials
Registration includes online access to the syllabus one week before the course, and a hard copy syllabus available onsite. Additional information and instruction will be provided by email.
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Note: A limited number of rooms at the discounted group rate are available for conference registrants on a first-come, first-served basis, and cannot be guaranteed by the AAFP.
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What is the technical name for the variables shown by the SHOW ALL command in SQL*Plus? I want to know because the term "variable" is quite overloaded and I'd like to be specific.
Typing "help show" says :
Shows the value of a SQL*Plus system variable, or the current
SQL*Plus environment. SHOW SGA requires a DBA privileged login.
Are ALL of the variables listed considered "SQL*Plus system variables"? I've seen some sources which refer to them as "SQL*Plus environment variables", others which call them "parameters".
Are some of them "system variables" while others are "environment variables"/"parameters", or are these terms interchangeable, or what?


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Enhance your outfit with equestrian style in Tory Leather's 1" Bit Belt. In fine bridle leather with nickel snaffle bits and buckle.
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Our Fleece-Lined Dressage Saddle Case envelops your saddle in protective fabric. Designed to fit most dressage and all-purpose saddles, this saddle bag is made of water-repellent, 400 denier nylon with a heavy-duty zipper.
Keep your helmet dry, clean and protected from scratches in Dover's Fleece-Lined Helmet Bag. Made to fit ASTM/SEI certified helmets, it has a water-repellent outer, sturdy zipper and carry strap.
Slip your feet into Ovation® Dry-Tex® Harlequin Socks before pulling on your riding boots! Built-in moisture wicking helps keep your feet comfortable.
Dublin® Waterproof Fleece Gloves are great for winter riding or barn chores. Waterproof membrane protects your hands from getting wet.
The FITS® Hayley Hybrid Jacket is as cozy as a sweater and as tough as a weather-proof coat. Dirt-resistant and stretchy, this rider's jacket features soft shell fabric, Wind Pro® knit panels and a Dintex® waterproof, breathable membrane. Flattering seaming, a rear pocket, sophisticated plaid accents and 2-way zips make this jacket a must-have.
With performance features and warm comfort every rider can appreciate, this FITS® Tech Tread Wind Pro® Breech offers the most grip only where you need it. Water- and wind-resistant Wind Pro fabric with fleece inside keeps you cozy and wicks moisture for added comfort. The outer finish won't collect barn dirt.
Seriously stylish and warm, the Peak Performace Vest from Good Rider™ lets you be at your best this season. Quilted, down-filled front and back panels are combined with slimming and stretchy neoprene side panels for a sexy silhouette. A removable hood, many pockets and a two-way front zipper make this vest even more appealing.
This Goode Rider™ Peak Performance Parka keeps you warm without sacrificing feminine style. Distinctive neoprene side panels combine with down-filled front and back panels for a slimming and sexy silhouette not normally found in a warm winter jacket. Two-way front zipper, removable hood, multiple pockets and double-vented back are perfect features for riding.
The Goode Rider™ Equestrian Jean Breeches are created to fit like your favorite jeans and are made even better with four-way stretch denim. This ladies' knee-patch denim breech is sure to turn head with embossed spur motifs on the back pockets. It has a modified mid-rise with Custom Fit waistband, VELCRO® brand leg closures and Stretch Ultra™ patches.
Goode Rider™ Equestrian Jean Full-Seat Breeches offer the look and fit of your favorite jeans—only better. This full-seat denim breech features built-in four-way stretch and a Stretch Ultra™ full seat for flexible grip. Jean-style back pockets bear an embossed spur design.
The Goode Rider™ Iconic Breech is cut for a beautiful fit. Made of four-way stretch microfiber, this stylish knee-patch has a flattering mid-rise fit and a Custom Fit waistband for optimal riding comfort. Pocket detail adds distinctive style, while sock style bottoms and Stretch Ultra™ knee patches combine for an exceptional riding experience.
The Goode Rider™ Iconic Full-Seat Breech offers a beautiful fit and performance in four-way stretch microfiber. A flattering mid rise, Custom Fit waistband, Stretch Ultra™ full seat and sock bottoms combine for a great riding experience. Pocket detail adds distinctive style
Goode Rider™ Jean Rider Knee-Patch Breeches offer a great look and comfort in four-way stretch denim fabric. Detailed jean pockets and contrast Stretch Ultra™ knee patches are fashionable touches. Good Rider's Custom Fit waistband with hidden contour stretch elastic never binds or restricts.
The Goode Rider™ Jean Rider Full-Seat Breech is comfortable fashion for schooling with its four-way stretch denim and Custom Fit waistband. This ladies' breech is styled like your favorite jeans with a low rise and two front pockets. A Stretch Ultra™ full seat adds flexible grip.
Soft and luxurious super-fine Italian merino wool makes this Goode Rider™ Polo Sweater a cozy choice for chilly days. Based on classic polo shirt style, it has a feminine look with ruffled placket and mother-of-pearl details.
The Goode Rider™ Pro Rider Full-Seat Breech is fashionable, yet super comfortable. In four-way stretch twill microfiber fabric for excellent shape retention and recovery, this full-seat, low-rise breech offers a figure-flattering fit.
In smooth microfiber, the Goode Rider™ Signature Knee-Patch Breech offers the stretch, easy care and durability you demand of a breech. And it's fashionably styled, too, with a low rise waist, front slash pockets and back pockets embellished with horsebit embroidery.
The GPA® Classic Pro Helmet** blends classic styling with technical advantages. Now available with a smooth matte outer surface, this GPA helmet has a high-density polystyrene inner shell and an outer shell covered in synthetic suede and a polyethylene foam nape protector. **ASTM F1163-04a/SEI Certified.
The GPA® Easy Helmet** combines modern technology and design with GPA styling and a great price. The ventilated Easy Helmet has a clean look that's at home in competition as well as the schooling ring. A lightweight, easy care and comfortable riding helmet. **ASTM F1163-04a/SEI Certified.
The GPA® Speed Air Evolution Helmet** is designed for intensive riding. Vents on the front, back and sides accelerate air flow for effective cooling. Slim profile visor. Cushioned pad system in back provides extra comfort. Adjustable chin strap with a fast-locking buckle and center comfort pad. **ASTM F-1163-04a/SEI Certified.
Heritage Arctic Winter Mittens have a clever design that keeps a rider's hands warm in cold temperatures. Combining the best features of a mitten and a glove, Arctic Winter Mittens give you full control over your reins as you enjoy the warmth of having fingers together. They're lined in mircrofleece, insulated and made with synthetic leather palms for grip.


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greeting cards, rural scenes greeting cards, landscape greeting cards, country scenes greeting cards, abandoned house greeting cards, historic buildings greeting cards, roadside greeting cards, architecture greeting cards, towns greeting cards, edgecombe county greeting cards, north carolina greeting cards, mattcookstudio greeting cards
"Penny Hill" greeting card by Matt Cook. Ships within 2 - 3 business days and includes a plain white envelop for mailing and/or gift giving. Available in vertical and horizontal orientations.
Accomplished artists are fluent in the language of their craft. There is one of these artists that lives in Greenville, North Carolina named Matt Cook and once you get to know him you find his talents cover a wide spectrum. This prolific artist is not only proficient in oils and acrylics, but he is also a talented printmaker. His formal training in art began when he attended East Carolina University School of Art in Greenville, NC, where his primary focus was graphic design and Illustration. Upon finishing college, Matt worked in several advertising and internet firms in Virginia and North Carolina. After five years working in the advertising business, Matt devoted himself to painting full time. On any given day, you might...
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traditional potato salads are not healthy, this is good and healthy Love the flavors put together for it. can't wait to try it.
Country Potato Salad
From EatingWell: July/August 2008
This updated picnic potato salad gets subtle flavor from smoked ham. If you can find them, small, thin-skinned early potatoes are best in this salad.
11 Reviews for Country Potato Salad
my granddaughter and i love potatoe salad but because of how fatting it is, we just stay away from it. it's great to find a recipe with healthy ingredients. also it's not expensive to make. sounds great. can't wait to try it.
This is a great recipe, I didn't add the eggs (didn't have any) and it needed them, apart from that great!
Made this for the 4th of July and it was great! A nice, light dish--much better than heavier potato salad doused in mayo. Could have used a little mustard or something else to give it some zing.
Brian and Kelsey, Portland, OR
I made this for our mother's day brunch this year and it was a hit! Could have used a bit more egg though (but I just love egg in my potato salad :])
Hayley, Auburn, WA


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Enables Development of Molecular Quantitative Viral Load Assay
ORANGE COUNTY, Calif., April 30 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ -. Beckman Coulter, Inc. (NYSE: BEC) announced today that it has licensed certain rights to testing for the hepatitis C virus (HCV) from Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics. Under the agreement, Beckman Coulter can develop, manufacture and sell a quantitative viral load HCV blood test for use on the company's molecular diagnostic instrument, which is in development. As a result, Beckman Coulter expects to take a charge of $12 million in the second quarter of 2008.
(Logo: http://www.newscom.com/cgi-bin/prnh/20031202/BECLOGO)
HCV viral load testing is essential for managing patients affected by the hepatitis C virus and is used to monitor therapy for the duration of the infection. An estimated 180 million people are chronically infected with the hepatitis virus and an additional 3 to 4 million people are newly infected each year. A hepatitis C infection can cause acute hepatitis and chronic liver disease including cirrhosis and liver cancer. Two thirds of all liver transplants in developed countries are the result of these diseases(1).
Scott Garrett, chairman, president and CEO of Beckman Coulter, commented, "We are enthusiastic about the opportunity to meet our customers' growing needs for HCV testing. Our access to this intellectual property will expand the served market for our 'sample-to-result' molecular diagnostics system, expected to launch in 2010."
"We are pleased to collaborate with Beckman Coulter to broaden the
availability of this important test," said Dave Okrongly, senior vice
president, molecular d
|SOURCE Beckman Coulter, Inc.
Copyright©2008 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved


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Vizrt has collaborated with Perceptive Pixel to integrate its Viz|Engine and Vizrt software solutions with Perceptive Pixel's multitouch Media Wall.
Perceptive Pixel's multitouch display solutions, now integrated with Vizrt software, enable broadcasters to use gestures to control graphics presentations that they create with the full line of Vizrt software.
The Viz|Engine supplies uncompressed, real-time graphic and video output. Graphics can be run from Viz|Trio character generation software and Viz|Content Pilot content management software.
Perceptive Pixel's Media Wall is a 94in diagonal display supporting 1080p HD resolution that can sense an unlimited number of touch points simultaneously.
For more information, visit www.visrt.com.
M&A Deals Up in Q3 But Down From 2014, Says SNL Kagan
Carteris Re-Elected EVP of SAG-AFTRA
Guest Blog: Lifting the Spectrum Auction Fog
Showtime To Offer Early Look At `The Affair'
TiVo App for Fire TV Nears Launch
Skehan Communications Augments Production Truck Capacity with Matrox VS4-based Multi-channel Recording System
Fox UK launches first free to air channel
TVT signs 2020 deal with UKTV
El Capitan (OS X 10.11) Is Coming! What Should Video Pros Do About it?
A Look at the Innovative, Unscripted Love Story, 'Six Years'
Radiant Images Puts 16 Digital Cameras Through Extensive Testing


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Parc Management, LLC ReviewsParc Management, LLC 3
- Recommends
It is an extremely fun place to work. I am able to be creative and innovative in finding ways to establish a "look" we're going for. There is decent direction given and few restrictions.
There aren't really any downsides that I've experienced. As long as you're good at what you do, you are rewarded appropriately. They may not be as "giving" when it comes to compensation, but they make up for it in giving time off. I do wish though, that they would try to have people that are better at their position than anyone else in their department and more of a team player in the management positions. It is frustrating working under someone that is not as good as the people they are supposed to be managing.
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Martyr whose Apologia, or defense of the faith, is considered one of the most priceless documents of the early Church. Apollonius was a Roman senator who was denounced as a Christian by one of his slaves. The Praetorian Prefect, Sextus Tigidius Perennis, arrested him, also putting the slave to death as an informer. Perennis demanded that Apollonius denounce the faith, and when he refused, the case was remanded to the Roman senate. There a debate took place between Perennis and Apollonius that clearly outlines the beauty and the value of Christianity. Despite his eloquent defense, Apollonius was condemned and beheaded.
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Juan Diego was born in 1474 in the calpulli or ward of Tlayacac in Cuauhtitlan, which was established in 1168 by Nahua tribesmen and conquered by the Aztec lord Axayacatl in 1467; and was ... continue reading
Born in France in 1567, Francis was a patient man. He knew for thirteen years that he had a vocation to the priesthood before he mentioned it to his family. When his father said that he ... continue reading
"Jesus loved Martha and Mary and Lazarus." This unique statement in John's gospel tells us of the special relationship Jesus had with Martha, her sister, and her brother. ... continue reading | shop
Pelagia, more often called Margaret, on account of the magnificence of the pearls for which she had so often sold herself, was an actress of Antioch, equally celebrated for her beauty, her wealth and ... continue readingMore Saint of the Day
St. Josephine Bakhita was born in Sudan in 1869. This African flower, who knew the anguish of kidnapping and slavery, bloomed marvelously in Italy, in response to God's grace, with the Daughters of Charity, where everyone still calls her "Mother Moretta" (our Black ... continue readingMore Female Saints
St. Michael the Archangel - Feast day - September 29th The name Michael signifies "Who is like to God?" and was the warcry of the good angels in the battle fought in heaven against satan and his followers. Holy Scripture describes St. Michael as "one of the chief ... continue reading
The name Gabriel means "man of God," or "God has shown himself mighty." It appears first in the prophesies of Daniel in the Old Testament. The angel announced to Daniel the prophecy of the seventy weeks. His name also occurs in the apocryphal book of Henoch. He was the ... continue reading
At 33 Ambrose had it all - a successful career as a lawyer, an important position as governor of Milan, the approval and friendship of the emperor, and a large estate. Then the bishop of Milan ... continue reading
Barbara lived in the 4th century and brought up as a heathen. A tyrannical father, Dioscorus, had kept her jealously secluded in a lonely tower which he had built for that purpose. Here, in her ... continue reading
By Jennifer Hartline
St. Therese helps me understand: "the splendor of the rose and the whiteness of the lily do not take away the perfume of the little violet or the delightful simplicity of the daisy.if all flowers wanted to be roses, nature would lose her springtime beauty, and the ... continue readingMore Christian Saints & Heroes


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Tour the multipurpose mudroom that boasts a half shower, bench, and plenty of storage.
-Janice, this is the last great space within this kitchen area. It's the mud room. It's where people come in probably from the garage, and it's got all kinds of great places to sit. Let's try the bench. -Isn't this wonderful? -It's great. I love it, and we've also got this little half bench and a half shower. What inspired you with the shower? -Well, it just seemed right to incorporate some place for a drip-dry in close proximity to the laundry room. So, we can use it as a dip-dry and because the hobby for these homeowners are gardening, it also acts as kind of a, you know, an auxiliary to the potting. You know, wash off your boots over here with the little hand spray. You can fill up a bucket if you need to either for cleaning or for watering plants, and if you're in a bind, you can even wash the dogs' feed-off over here. -Perfect. -There's also---- If you look around the corner Linda, there is some shelves, open slat shelves. It's perfect to set those boots on for to---- So that they dry off.
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