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|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Número de solicitud
|Fecha de publicación
|14 Jun 2001
|Fecha de presentación
|3 Ene 2001
|Fecha de prioridad
|7 Jul 1999
|También publicado como
|Número de publicación
|Hulya Demiryont
|Cesionario original
|Hulya Demiryont
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|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citada por (11), Clasificaciones (27), Eventos legales (6)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet
[0001] The present invention is directed to transparent substrates having multi-layer coatings for thermal insulation properties, as well as to methods of manufacturing such multi-layer coated articles. The invention relates, in particular, to coated, transparent glass substrates which are heat treatable. Certain preferred embodiments are suitable especially for automotive and architectural applications, exhibiting high visible light transmittance and high infra-red (IR) energy reflectance.
[0002] Coated glazing products having anti-solar properties, that is, low transmittance of wavelengths in the infra-red range, are known to those skilled in the art. Coatings for glazing products are disclosed, for example, in European patent application 0 646 551 A1 entitled Heat-Treatment Convertible Coated Glass and Method of Converting Same. That document discloses silver coatings comprising a layer of Si3N4 over a layer of nickel or nichrome, over a layer of silver, over a second layer of nickel or nichrome, over a second layer of Si3N4. Sputtering is disclosed for producing such coating. Sputtered deposition of a multi-layer coating is described, for example, in European Patent Application 0,418,435 to Nalepka. The multi-layer coating of Hayward et al. is said to comprise a layer of sputtered zinc, tin, titanium, indium/tin or bismuth oxide, next a layer of sputtered silver or silver alloy, then a layer sputtered titanium or stainless steel and finally a layer of zinc, tin, titanium, indium/tin or bismuth oxide. Such multi-layer film is said to have excellent visible light transmission while controlling both near infra-red solar energy and far infra-red reflected energy. A temperable coated article is suggested in U.S. Pat. No. 5,552,180 to Finley et al. The coated article of Finley et al. employs a metal-containing film such as titanium nitride which ordinarily oxidizes at the high temperatures encountered during glass tempering, along with an overcoating of a protective layer of a silicon compound and an undercoating with a stabilizing metal-containing layer. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,990,784 to Gelber a multi-layer coating for architectural glass is suggested, comprising first and second metal layers with a dielectric layer disposed between them. Gelber suggests that the transmission properties of the coating can be changed independent of its reflection properties, by varying the thickness of the metal layers while maintaining the ratio of their thicknesses constant.
[0003] Similar coatings are disclosed in European Patent Application 97104710.5 published as EP0796 825 A2, wherein a low emissivity sputtered coating employs controlled index of refraction of an undercoat layer of an appropriate dielectric material below a first Si3N4 layer. Also a layer of silver is used, sandwiched between layers of nichrome. The term "nichrome" is used to designate a layer which includes some combination of nickel and chromium, at least some of which is in its metallic state, although same may be oxidized. In a similar way, the term "silver" means that the layer consists essentially of metallic silver, but may include some other elements in small concentrations that do not adversely affect the performance characteristics of the silver in the system as a whole. Bent or toughened silver coated glass is taught in European Patent Application 87300601.9 published as No. 0233 003. An additional layer of aluminum, titanium, zinc, tantalum or zirconium is used over the silver layer, or both over and under the silver layer. In recent years, the popularity of coated glasses has occasioned numerous attempts to achieve a coated glass article which, prior to heat-treatment, can be coated, and which thereafter, can be heat-treated without adversely changing the characteristics of the coating or the glass itself (i.e., the resulting glass article). One of the reasons for this is, for example, that it can be extremely difficult to achieve a uniform coating on an already bent piece of glass. It is well-known that if a flat glass surface can be coated and thereafter bent, much simpler techniques can be used to get a uniform coating than if the glass has been previously bent. This is true for architectural, automotive, and residential glasses.
[0004] Various difficulties have been encountered by those skilled in the art in developing commercially suitable coatings for architectural and automotive glazing. In particular, it has proved difficult to achieve coatings which provide good attenuation of direct solar radiation, that is, good anti-solar properties. There has long been need in the glazing industry for coating systems which can be uniformly deposited, especially by sputtering onto large surface areas with fast deposition rates, low deposition power density, good film quality, including high film durability, bulk or near bulk density, and long shelf life. As used here, large area deposition refers to deposition onto transparent substrates suitable in size for architectural and automotive glazing applications.
[0005] It is an object of the present invention to provide coated articles meeting some or all of these industry needs. In particular, it is an object of at least certain preferred embodiments of the invention to provide heat-treatable coated glass articles comprising a substantially transparent glass substrate with a substantially transparent coating on the surface of the substrate, which coating has good transmittance of visible light as well as good anti-solar performance characteristics. In accordance with certain preferred embodiments, it is a further object to provide glazing units incorporating such coated glass. It is an object of at least certain preferred embodiments of the invention to provide heat-treatable coated glass articles comprising a substantially transparent glass substrate with a substantially transparent coating on the surface of the substrate, which coating has medium level of transmittance of visible light as well as extremely high anti-solar performance characteristics. Such coated articles can be used for architectural purposes and automotive applications, e.g., windshields with heat shielding properties, or windshields with defrosting and anti-fogging properties.
[0006] It is a further object of the invention to provide methods of manufacturing the aforesaid coated articles. In accordance with preferred embodiments, such manufacturing includes applying a coating in accordance with the invention. Optionally, the methods disclosed here further include the steps of applying an electrically conductive bus bar, if desired, and performing heat treatment of the coated article, e.g., bending or tempering, and also optionally conducting laminating processes.
[0007] Additional objects and advantages of the present invention will be readily understood by those skilled in the art given the benefit of the following disclosure of the invention and detailed description of preferred embodiments.
[0008] In accordance with a first aspect of the invention, a heat-treatable, coated glass article of manufacture comprises a substantially transparent substrate with a substantially transparent multi-layer coating on a surface of the glass substrate. The substantially transparent coating comprises a first anti-reflection layer of dielectric material overlying the surface of the substrate. Preferably, the anti-reflection layer is directly on the surface of the substrate. As used here and in the appended claims, any particular layer of the substantially transparent, multi-layer coating is said to be "directly" on or to "directly" overlie the substrate or another layer of the coating if no other layer of the coating is positioned between them. In this regard, any particular layer of the coating may be said to lie directly on another layer of the coating notwithstanding that there may be a slight transition zone between the two layers involving migration of the material of one layer into the other and/or interlayer reaction products different from the primary composition of the layers. A first buffer layer, most preferably a chromium buffer layer, overlies the first anti-reflection layer. Preferably it lies directly on the anti-reflection layer. A chromium buffer layer, as that term is used here, means a layer which is essentially metallic chromium, such as a layer deposited by sputtering from a chromium metal target in an inert atmosphere. It may be in part oxidized, especially in preferred embodiments wherein the chromium buffer layer scavanges oxygen from an adjacent silver or copper metal or silver-copper mixed metal IR reflective layer and/or from anti-reflection layers during a heat treatment step, as further discussed below. An infrared reflective layer of silver metal or copper metal or silver-copper mixed metal directly overlies the first chromium buffer layer. A second chromium buffer layer directly overlies the infrared reflective layer. Finally, a second anti-reflection layer of dielectric material overlies the second buffer layer. Preferably, it directly overlies the second buffer layer. Preferably, the first and second anti-reflection layers of dielectric material are SnO2, in view of the good D.C. magnetron sputter deposition properties of SnO2 and its compatibility with other preferred materials of the film stack coating disclosed here. Other suitable anti-reflective materials for use in the coating include other oxide and nitrade materials, such as, for example, WO3, TiO2, ZnO, BiOx and Si3N4. Additional suitable anti-reflection layer materials will be apparent to those skilled in the art given the benefit of this disclosure. Similarly, the use of copper, copper-silver, or most preferably silver in the IR reflective layer, especially with the chromium buffer layers sandwiching it, provides highly durable coatings which are heat-treatable and, in fact, even yield improved spectral properties upon undergoing heat-treatment. That is, especially in preferred embodiments, heat treatment of the system with or without the IR reflective layers shows several significant effects. First, optical transmittance of the coated article improves upon heat treatment. There is a temperature threshold to start transparency improvement, around 400° C., to start the oxidation of the buffer layers. Second, electrical resistance reduces upon heat treatment e.g., sheet resistance of 6 Ohm may be reduced to 3 Ohm after heat treatment. This improvement in sheet resistance is believed due to the diminishing of interface scattering at the abrupt Ag—Cr. The degree of interface by forming an extended interface of Ag—CrOx upon heat treatment. Crystalinity degree of the Ag film may also improve upon heat treatment, producing increased conductivity. This effect is achieved at least in preferred embodiments without noticeable degradation in the IR properties of the system. This excellent electrical conductance of the system allows the electrical heating of the coated glass in certain preferred embodiments by conducting an electrical current through the Ag layer. Third, optical transmittance of the system with anti-reflecting oxide layers improves, as does durability as compared with buffer-silver-buffer three-layer system.
[0009] Unless the individual instance of usage clearly indicates otherwise, reference herein to heat-treatable glass should be understood to mean glass with a coating according to the present invention, which has not been heat-treated (but which can undergo heat treatment successfully in accordance with the principles disclosed here) or which has not been heat-treated. The term heat-treated is used to mean glass which has been subjected to a heat-treating process, such as tempering, annealing and/or bending, etc.
[0010] It is one advantage of the present invention that the heat-treatable, coated glass articles disclosed here exhibit certain improvements or changes in spectral properties upon undergoing heat-treating (e.g., at temperatures of about 600° C.). Visible light transmittance increases and sheet resistance decreases, and both mechanical stability and environmental stability improve with heat-treating. In a typical embodiment employing a multi-layer coating deposited by D.C. magnetron sputtering on clear soda-lime-silica glass having a glass thickness from 2.2 mm thick for an automotive windshield application to 6 mm thick for common architectural applications, using SnO2 layers about 20 nm to 60 nm thick for the anti-reflection layers, chromium buffer layers about 1 to 4 nm thick, and a silver metal IR reflectance layer 6 nm to 17 nm thick, emissivity may improve, typically, from a value of 0.15 to 0.01, visible transmittance may increase or may reduce, e.g., from a value of about 85% to about 70%, and sheet resistance will improve from about 13 Ohm/sq. to only about 1.5 Ohm/sq., with no haze occurring. Thus, the coated glass disclosed here can be used as different products. Before heat treatment, coated glass in accordance with an embodiment of the invention may have grey-blue color and Tvis of 50% to 70%. After heat-treating, the same glass may have Tvis of about 70% to 85% and be colorless.
[0011] In accordance with certain preferred embodiments, such heat-treatable, coated glass is especially well-suited for use in motor vehicle windshield applications with high transmittance, low visible light reflectance and high energy reflectance, wherein a polyvinyl butyryl or other suitable polymer sheet is sandwiched between one coated glass sheet as disclosed here and an uncoated sheet. Certain especially preferred embodiments employing a coating having the above five layer coating structure, wherein the first buffer layer is a chromium buffer layer of 2 nm and the second buffer is a chromium buffer layer of 2.5 nm, and the infrared reflective layer is a silver metal layer 10 nm thick, when the glass of the windshield (in total for both glass sheets) is about 2.2 mm thick soda-lime-silica glass, have visible light transmittance greater than 76%, solar energy transmittance less than 50%, and solar reflectance (IR region) of at least 25%. In such especially preferred windshield embodiments, and in other preferred embodiments of the invention disclosed here, the infrared reflector layer is silver and each of the chromium buffer layers has a thickness which is about 10% to 30% of the thickness of the silver layer after heat treatment. In such especially preferred windshield embodiments, and in other preferred embodiments of the invention disclosed here, the first buffer layer is about 20% thinner than the second buffer layer.
[0012] In accordance with certain preferred embodiments, such heat-treatable ,bendable, coated glass is especially well-suited for use in architectural applications, especially for round buildings or buildings with cylindrical outside elevators. Certain especially preferred embodiments employing a coating having the above five layer coating structure, wherein the buffer layers are chromium buffer layers of 4 nm for first buffer and 4 nm for the second buffer the infrared reflective layer is silver metal 14 nm thick, and the glass of about 6 mm thick soda-lime-silica glass, have the ratio of visible light transmittance/total solar energy transmittance of about 50/27. This assumes, for example, a 6 mm-12 mm-6 mm two pane configuration, with the coating at the surface No. 2. Such terminology, when used herein, means that a first 6 mm pane in spaced 12 mm from the second 6 mm No. 1; its inside surface is surface No. 2; etc.
[0013] In accordance with another aspect, a heat-treatable coated glass article is provided, having a substantially transparent coating, preferably deposited on soda-lime-silica glass by D.C. magnetron sputtering, wherein the coating comprises:
[0014] a first anti-reflection layer of dielectric material overlying the glass substrate
[0015] a first buffer layer overlying the first anti-reflection layer
[0016] a first infra-red reflective layer of silver metal directly overlying the first buffer layer
[0017] a second buffer layer directly overlying the infra-red reflective layer
[0018] a second anti-reflection layer of dielectric material overlying the second buffer layer
[0019] a third buffer layer overlying the second anti-reflection layer
[0020] a second infra-red reflective layer of silver metal directly overlying the third buffer layer
[0021] a fourth buffer layer directly overlying the second infra-red reflective layer
[0022] a top anti-reflection layer of dielectric material overlying the fourth buffer layer.
[0023] In accordance with certain preferred embodiments, such heat-treatable, coated glass is especially well-suited for use in motor vehicle windshield applications, wherein a polyvinyl butyral (PVB) or other suitable polymer sheet is sandwiched between one coated glass sheet as disclosed here and an uncoated sheet. Such preferred embodiments have very low reflectance of visible light and high transmittance of visible light, as well as low total solar energy transmittance and high solar reflectance (IR region). Certain especially preferred embodiments employing a coating having the above nine layer film stack, wherein the buffer layers are chromium buffer layers of 1 nm to 4 nm thickness, the infrared reflective layer is silver metal around 50 nm to 60 nm thick, when the glass of the windshield (in total for both glass sheets laminated with PVB) is about 5.5 mm thick soda-lime-silica glass, have visible light transmittance greater than 75%; total solar energy transmittance less than 50%; and solar reflectance (IR region) of at least 25%. In such especially preferred windshield embodiments, and in other preferred embodiments of the invention disclosed here, each infrared reflector layer is silver and each of the chromium buffer layers has a thickness which is about 10% to 30%, the thickness of the silver layer after heat treatment.
[0024] The chromium buffer layers are found to perform a crucial role in rendering the coated glass articles disclosed here durable and effective. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is currently understood that the chromium buffer layers, although deposited as chromium metal, oxidize to some degree, especially during heat-treatment of the coated glass. The buffer layers oxidize by taking oxygen from adjacent layers, such as SnO2 or other oxide material of an adjacent anti-reflection layer. There is a resulting increase in volume of the chromium buffer layer and corresponding increase in buffer layer density without cracking of the buffer layer. This is highly advantageous, since the buffer layer should be crack-free and void-free following heat treatment to prevent oxygen diffusion through the buffer layer to the silver metal IR reflection layer. Also, the high-density of the buffer layers reduces or eliminates the adverse affects of migration of silver into the buffer layers. Thus, long term durability and performance are achieved in the multi-layer coated, heat-treatable glass articles disclosed here. In preferred motor vehicle windshield embodiments of the present invention, the multi-layer heat-treatable coating is provided on one of the two glass panes which sandwiched between them a PVB sheet. Preferably, the coating is provided on the inside glass pane (i.e., the one facing the exterior pane vehicle passenger compartment rather than the exterior pane), most preferably on the so-called surface No. 2 of the windshield, i.e., on the outside surface of the inside pane (i.e., adjacent the PVB sheet). The two glass panes, one coated and one uncoated, typically are paired and bent together. In accordance with preferred embodiments, special powder to prevent the glass panes sticking together are usually used between the matched panes during such bending process can be eliminated. The multi-layer coating serves to prevent sticking. Moreover, the multi-layer coating in accordance with preferred embodiments is sufficiently durable and though, that it can be placed into contact with the second glass pane during the bending process without causing unacceptable scratching or other degradation of the coating.
[0025] In accordance with another aspect of the invention, methods are provided for making the coated article disclosed above. Such methods comprise providing a substantially transparent substrate, typically with appropriate surface preparation steps being performed on the surface to be coated. The multi-layer, anti-solar coating is then formed on the surface of the substrate. The first anti-reflection layer of dielectric material is deposited, followed by the first chromium buffer layer, followed by the silver metal infra-red reflective layer, followed by the second chromium buffer layer, followed by the second anti-reflection layer. In accordance with preferred embodiments, each of the layers of the substantially transparent coating is deposited by sputtering in a series of sputter stations arranged sequentially in a single sputtering chamber through which the transparent substrate passes at constant travel speed. Suitable partitions, such as curtains or the like, separate one sputter station from the next within the sputtering chamber, such that different deposition atmospheres can be employed at different stations. A reactive atmosphere comprising nitrogen or oxygen or both can be used, for example, at a first station to deposit an anti-reflection layer, followed by a non-reactive atmosphere consisting essentially of argon or other suitable inert gas at a subsequent station for depositing the silver metal IR reflection layer.
[0026] In accordance with certain highly preferred embodiments of the manufacturing method disclosed here, the substantially transparent coating is deposited by multiple passes, preferably two passes through such multi-station sputtering chamber. If the multi-station sputtering chamber has a sufficient number of cathodes, e.g., at least nine cathode materials mentioned above, this method is especially suitable, for example, for depositing the nine layer coating disclosed above in a single pass. Alternatively, during each of the passes through the sputtering chamber, a multi-layer coating is deposited comprising the aforesaid first anti-reflection layer, first chromium buffer layer, silver metal layer, second buffer layer and second anti-reflection layer. Coatings formed in accordance with such multi-pass methods of the invention are found to have substantially improved coating properties, including especially colour spectral uniformity.
[0027] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the present disclosure, that the present invention is a significant technological advance. Preferred embodiments of the substantially transparent coatings disclosed here have excellent spectral performance characteristics, including excellent transmittance of visible light and advantageously high anti-solar properties, that is, high attenuation levels of direct solar radiation. Employing the above disclosed silver metal infra-red reflective layer, sandwiched between chromium buffer layers, together with the anti-reflection layers results in novel multi-layer coatings which are highly suitable for large area deposition by planar DC magnetron sputtering. Fast deposition rates can be obtained, even employing advantageously low deposition power densities. The resulting coating has high durability, bulk or near bulk density and long shelf life.
[0028] Additional features and advantages of the various embodiments of the present invention will be further understood in view of the following detailed description of certain preferred embodiments.
[0029] Various preferred embodiments of the coated article of manufacture and method of manufacture disclosed above are discussed below with reference to the appended drawing in which:
[0030]FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a coated article of manufacture according to a first preferred embodiment;
[0031]FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a second preferred embodiment;
[0032]FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a motor vehicle windshield (partially broken away) in accordance with a preferred embodiment, having the coating of FIG. 2 on surface No. 2 of the glazing panes; and
[0033] FIGS. 4-7 are graphical representations of the spectral properties of various preferred embodiments described in Examples 1-3, respectively;
[0034] It should be understood that the schematic illustrations in FIGS. 1-3 are not necessarily to scale. In particular, the thickness of the various individual layers forming the substantially transparent multi-function coating are increased relative the thickness of the substrate for the purpose of clarity and ease of illustration.
[0035] The coatings disclosed here are thermostable in that, when subjected to thermal stress, they are resistant, against degradation, most notably in their capacity to block or transmit light. In addition, the term "thermostable" refers to a coating or coated article of manufacture which substantially retains its characteristic mechanical properties, such as body integrity, surface continuity, tensile strength and adhesiveness (e.g., between coating and substrate). The term "thermal stress" is herein taken to mean the stresses encountered upon exposure to high temperatures used for heat treatment, e.g., for tempering or bending the glazing substrate. Typically, such temperatures are in the range of 590° C. to 650° C. The solar coatings of the invention are thermostable at the tempering temperature of the glazing substrate and/or at its bending temperature.
[0036] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art, given the above disclosure and the following detailed description, that the coated articles disclosed here, comprising a substantially transparent glass substrate carrying a substantially transparent coating have numerous commercially significant applications. For ease of discussion, the following detailed description of certain preferred embodiments will focus primarily on articles suitable for automotive or architectural glazing applications. It will be within the ability of those skilled in the art, given the above disclosure and this detailed description, to employ the invention in alternative applications.
[0037] Referring now to FIG. 1, a coated article 10 is seen to comprise a substantially transparent substrate 12 having a main surface 14 carrying substantially transparent, multi-layer coating 16. In preferred embodiments, the substantially transparent substrate is a flat or curvo-planer pane of glass or glass ceramic. It is highly preferred that the substantially transparent substrate be a panel of glass selected from the group consisting of soda-lime-silica glass, borosilicate glass, aluminosilicate glass, vycor, fused silica and vitreous silica. It is particularly preferred that the glass be soda-lime-silica glass. Coating 16 provides thermal insulation or anti-solar performance characteristics for the coated article. Coating 16 includes a first anti-reflection layer 18 directly on the surface 14. Numerous suitable materials for anti-reflection layer 18 are disclosed above and will be apparent to those skilled in the art given the benefit of this disclosure. Most preferably anti-reflection layer 18 is formed of SnO2. It should be understood that all references here and in the appended claims to an oxide, unless otherwise clear the context of any particular instance of its use, are intended to include variations in the degree of oxidation. Chromium buffer layer 19 lies directly on anti-reflection layer 18. Silver metal layer 20 lies directly on buffer layer 19. Second buffer layer 22 directly overlies silver metal layer 20. The overlying anti-reflection film 24 is exposed to the atmosphere. It will be within the ability of those skilled in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to determine suitable thickness for the individual layers of coating 16, given the benefit of the disclosure, including suitable thickness for silver metal layer 20 adapted to the intended application of the coated article. Silver metal layers of greater thickness will provide enhanced infra-red reflectivity, while thinner silver metal layers will provide increased transmittance of light in the visible wavelength range. In accordance with certain preferred embodiments, the silver metal layer has a thickness between 6 nm and 18 mm, more preferably between 8 nm and 12 nm for automotive applications and between 8 nm and 16 nm for architectural applications.
[0038] It will be within the ability of those skilled in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to employ additional coatings or additional coating layers with the multi-layer, heat-treatable, thermal insulation coatings disclosed here. For example, transparent oxide or nitrite over-layers may be used at the surface of the coating exposed to the atmosphere. Also, colour control layer(s) can be used, preferably at the interface of the coating with the glass substrate or on a different surface of the glass substrate. One or more other additional coatings may be used, e.g., an all-dielectric anti-reflecting coating system on a different surface of the glass substrate, preferably on the number 4 surface of a double pane (interior side). Such AR coating improves the visible transmittance of the overall coated article. Also, adhesion enhancing layer(s) can be used, e.g., at the interface of the coating with the glass substrate or on a different surface of the glass substrate.
[0039] The adhesion increasing layer or colour forming layer preferably has a thickness less than 50 Å and is formed preferably of silicon or tungsten metal. It will be within the ability of those skilled in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to select a suitable material and thickness for the colour control layer to achieve both enhanced uniformity and desired hue or colour of the coated article. Reference here to uniformity of colour refers to reduction in blotchiness or the like which may otherwise appear in a coated article
[0040] An alternative preferred embodiment of the coated articles disclosed here is illustrated in FIG. 2, having a substantially transparent soda-lime-silica glass substrate 32. A substantially transparent, heat-treatable coating 36 is carried on surface 34 of substrate 32. In coating 36, first anti-reflection layer 38 directly over the surface 34 of substrate 32.
[0041] The anti-reflection layer 38 in coating 36 of coated article 30 is comparable to anti-reflection layer 18 in the embodiment of FIG. 1. Directly overlying anti-reflection layer 38 is a first buffer layer 40, preferably a chromium buffer layer, for the reasons discussed above. Silver metal layer 42 in the embodiment of FIG. 2 corresponds generally to silver metal layer 20 in the embodiment of FIG. 1. Similarly, second buffer layer 44 corresponds generally to buffer layer 22 in the embodiment of FIG. 1. It will be within the ability of those skilled in the art to select a suitable thickness for buffer layer 40, in conjunction with selection of the thickness of buffer layer 44, to provide good protection for the silver metal layer 42 and the other layers of coating 36 within the constraints of meeting spectral performance requirements in the finished article. Oxide layer 46 directly overlies record buffer layer 44, and may be deposited in two parts. Specifically, if a double pass sputtering deposition is carried out as disclosed above, a first portion of oxide layer 46 may be deposited at the last deposition station during the first pass of the glass substrate through the sputtering chamber. The second portion would then be deposited at the first deposition station during the final pass. Third buffer layer 48 directly overlies oxide layer 46. Second IR reflection layer 50 directly overlies third buffer layer 48. Fourth buffer layer 52 directly overlies silver metal layer 50. Outer anti-reflective layer 54 directly overlies fourth buffer layer 52, and is exposed to the atmosphere or to the space between pane 32 and a second, coated or uncoated pane used with pane 32 to form a double-glazed unit. Such space between two panes can be a vacuum or filled with inert gas. The coated surface also can be positioned to lie against a PVB laminating sheet in a windshield construction or the like. Anti-reflection film 54 in the embodiment of FIG. 2 corresponds generally to tin oxide or other oxide anti-reflection layer 24 in the embodiment of FIG. 1. The thickness of the outer anti-reflection layer, that is, anti-reflection layer 24 in FIG. 1 and 44 in FIG. 2, is selected to provide, in conjunction with the other layers of the coating, suitably low reflectance of visible light, with reflectance color preferably being neutral or grey-blue in the unheat-treated condition.
[0042] In accordance with certain preferred embodiments, the coated article 30 is subjected to a tempering step subsequent to deposition of the coating 36. Coating 36 survives exposure to the high temperatures required for tempering a glass substrate, such as a soda-lime-silica glass substrate intended for architectural or automotive applications.
[0043]FIG. 3 illustrates a motor vehicle windshield partially broken away, in accordance with a preferred embodiment. A first pane 62 is laminated to a record sheet 64 by PVC sheet 66 between them. The inside pane 62, i.e., the one toward the motor vehicle passenger compartment, was bent in tandem with outer pane 64 and then separated for laminating. A heat-treatable, multi-layer coating 70, in accordance with the present disclosure is on surface No. 2 of the windshield, i.e., inside surface 68 of outside pane 64. Preferably coating 70 is in accordance with the coating shown in FIG. 1 or FIG. 2. Above figure showing two panes of glass window, withe the temperable multi functioning coating on the No. 2 surface is necessary here.
[0044] The heating temperature/time profile of the bending furnace or lehr used for bending a heat-treatable coated glazing of the present invention is important. Suitable lehrs include, for example, a Tamglass bending furnace for simultaneous shaping of the two panes of an automobile windshield by gravity sag forming. The top pane preferably is coating free and the inside of the lower pane comprises the coating. Such bending furnace has five thermal zones. A first heating zone is from room temperature to 350° C. A second heating zone is from 350° C. to 620° C. A third heating zone is the bending zone and the last two zones are the cooling regions where glass cool downs slowly at first and then faster. The total time of the bending process is typically about 30 minutes: 15 min. for heating & bending and 15 min. for cooling. The best results of bending in the third zone occur for typical automotive soda-lime-silica glass, at about 615° C. over 45 to 60 seconds. It will be within the ability of those scheduled in the art to determine alternative suitable temperature/time profiles given the benefit of the present disclosure.
[0045] Preferred embodiments of the coated articles disclosed here can be prepared in accordance with various suitable techniques employing commercially available equipment and materials. Preferably, the substantially transparent dual-function coating is formed on the surface of the substantially transparent substrate by cathodic sputtering. In accordance with certain preferred embodiments, a coated article is manufactured by depositing each of the layers of the coating in sequence. Preferably, each of the layers is deposited in turn as the substrate travels continuously through a multi-station sputtering chamber. Thus, in manufacturing the embodiment of FIG. 1, for example, as the substrate passes through a first sputtering station within such multi-station chamber, the first anti-reflection layer of dielectric material is deposited by DC magnetron sputtering onto the surface of the substrate. Depending on the substrate travel speed, deposition parameters, and the thickness of the anti-reflection layer, one, two or more sputtering stations can be used to deposit the same coating material. In this way, one can achieve shorter deposition cycle time. After having deposited the first anti-reflection layer onto the glass surface, the buffer layer and infrared reflective layer are then deposited by sputtering as the substrate passes through a subsequent station of the multi-station chamber. The second buffer layer is deposited at a subsequent station within the chamber, and then the second anti-reflection layer is deposited on a subsequent station. Preferably, the substrate moves continuously through the chamber, such that the individual layers are deposited onto the substrate as it is traveling. The individual stations are sufficiently isolated by curtains or other suitable partition means, such that the reactive atmosphere employed at a first sputtering station does not contaminate the non-reactive atmosphere employed at an adjacent station. In this regard, where less than all stations of a multi-station deposition chamber are to be employed, for example, where an eight-station chamber is to be used to deposit a four-layer coating, a station can be left unused between one employing a reactive atmosphere and another employing a non-reactive atmosphere to achieve better isolation. Suitable multi-station sputter deposition chambers are commercially available, including pilot plant size coaters, for example, Model Z600 from Balzers Process System GmbH, D-63755, Alzenau, Germany, and full commercial scale coaters, for example, Interpane 1993 model Coater available from Interpane Glass Industrie AG, Sohnr Eystasse 2137697 Lauenförde, Germany. Table A gives the typical process parameters for Model Z600 pilot plant coater and for an Interpane 1993 Model production coater.
Parameters Z600 Interpane Maximum Substrate 40 × 50 600 × 300 Dimensions, cm Background Pressure, 5 5 mbar (10−5) Power Density (Watt/cm2) 0.2-5 0.2-5 Working Pressure, 1.5-4 2-7 mbar (10−3) Argon, sccm sputter sputter Oxygen, sccm reactive reactive Nitrogen, sccm reactive reactive
[0046] Advantageously, such preferred multi-station sputtering chambers employ sputter targets which are wider than the glass substrates being coated and are mounted in a direction extending perpendicular to the travel direction of the substrate. It will be within the ability of those skilled in the art to select suitable deposition conditions and parameters for magnetron DC sputtering of the various layers disclosed above for the transparent coated articles of the present invention. The following deposition parameters are suitable for a typical deposition process to produce a heat-treatable, multi-layer coating in accordance with the embodiment of FIG. 1 coating on a soda-lime-silica glass substrate 40 cm wide by 50 cm long traveling at a rate of 2 meters per minute through the sputtering chamber.
[0047] 1. The sputtering chamber is initially evacuated to about 5×10−5 millibar and then raised to an operating pressure of approximately 3×10−3 millibar by the injection of operating gases at the various sputtering stations.
[0048] 2. Tin oxide anti-reflection layers are deposited by sputtering from a pure tin target in an operating atmosphere of 3.2×10−3 millibar with an Argon/Oxygen flow rate ratio of 45/82, at a power level of about 4 to 5.5 Watts/cm2. The throw distance from the tin target to the substrate is typically about 5 to 15 cm.
[0049] 3. The silver infra-red reflective layer is deposited from a pure silver target in a non-reactive atmosphere, for example, a substantially pure argon atmosphere, in an operating atmosphere of 2.0×10−3 millibar at a power level of about 0.4 to 2.6 Watts/cm2. The throw distance from the silver target to the substrate is typically about 5 to 15 cm.
[0050] 4. The chromium buffer layers are deposited from a chromium target in a non-reactive atmosphere, for example, a substantially pure argon atmosphere, in an operating atmosphere of 11×10−4 millibar at a power level of about 0.4 to 1.0 Watts/cm2. The throw distance from the silicon target to the substrate is typically about 5 to 15 cm.
[0051] In accordance with certain preferred embodiments, a substantially transparent, heat treatable coating in accordance with the structure of the embodiment of FIG. 2 described above is formed by passing the substrate through the multi-station sputtering chamber a first time, followed by passing it through the sputtering chamber a second time. Preferably the deposition characteristics and process parameters are maintained the same before the two passes, such that substantially identical sets of layers are deposited during each pass. Optionally, a slightly thicker final oxide layer is deposited for enhanced performance characteristics. In general, it would be understood that the thickness of the deposited layers will be determined largely by the deposition power level, working gas conditions, and the exposure time. The exposure time is determined primarily by the speed at which the substrate is traveling through the sputtering chamber, although additional thickness can be achieved by employing multiple targets for a deposited layer. Throw distance is also a significant factor in determining layer thickness. In preferred embodiments employing sputtering targets wider than the substrate, advantageously small throw distances can be used without sacrificing uniformity of deposition thickness.
[0052] It has been found that, generally, multi-pane glazing systems employing the heat-treatable coating of the present invention provide best results when the coating is placed at the second surface as illustrated in FIG. 3.
[0053] The present invention is further disclosed by the following examples, which are intended for purposes of illustration and not limitation.
[0054] The following examples illustrate coated articles according to the invention, and their manufacture. In each of the following examples, a soda-lime-silica glass panel 30 cm wide by 30 cm long by 6mm thick is passed through a multi-station sputtering chamber, Model Z600 available from Balzers Process System. At the same time, for visual inspection, measurement and characterizations, test pieces also were coated in the system. That is, same, a 5 cm wide by 5 cm long by 2.2 mm thick glass was used for windshield applications and the same size test pieces of 6 mm thick samples for architectural applications. The glass panel traveled in each case through the sputtering chamber at a travel speed of 2 meters per minute. Immediately prior to entering the sputtering chamber, the glass panel surface to be coated was washed with demineralized water (max 5 microsiemens) and substantially dried by pressurized air. For each of the examples, the sputtering conditions are provided for each layer of the dual-function coating. In those of the examples involving a double-layer structure, as disclosed above, the deposition conditions and parameters were identical for the first and second passes unless otherwise stated.
[0055] The spectral properties were measured for the resultant coated article of each example. Perkin Elmer Model Lambda 900 UV Vis NIR spectrophotometer was used to measure the optical performance of each sample, e.g., transmittance, T %, reflectance from film side, R %, and reflectance from glass side, R′ %, with all spectra being measured over the 350 nm-2100 nm spectral region. Reference herein to spectral properties in the IR range mean 750 nm to 2100 nm. The weighted spectral averages of the visible region, Tvis, Rvis, R′vis and other performance and color information shown in Tables 1-6 were determined by the "Window 4.0", and Uwinter and Usummer were calculated using the "Window 4.1" calculation program both publicly available from the USA Department of Energy. These "U" values are a measure of overall conductance of the thermal energy in terms of Watt/m2 K, calculated using the following table:
Outside Temp Inside Temp Wind Speed Wind Direct Solar Tsky Name (° C.) (° C.) (m/s) Direction (W/m2) (° C.) Esky Uwinter Uvalue −17.8 21.1 6.7 0 Windward 0.0 −17.8 1.00 Solar −17.8 21.1 6.7 0 Windward 0.0 −17.8 1.00 Usummer Uvalue 31.7 23.9 3.4 0 Windward 783.0 31.7 1.00 Solar 31.7 23.9 3.4 0 Windward 783.0 31.7 1.00
[0056] In addition, the Rs surface resistance was measured by a Signatron four probe, and emissivity, e was measured by an IR spectrometer and calculated from the following equation:
e=1−(1/((1+0.0053)×R s))2
[0057] Ref.: K. L. Chopra, S. Major, D. K. Pandya. It was found that measured and calculated values fit well with each other for the films having surface resistance Rs less than 10 Omhs. The shading coefficient, sc, was calculated as the performance ratio, Tvis/Tsolar, was used to determine the quality of the coatings. The theoretical limit of the Tvis/Ttotal solar ratio is 2.15.
[0058] This example shows the properties of a bendable and otherwise heat treatable coated glass suitable for motor vehicle windshield applications. In Table 1 below, the coated glass of this example is identified by reference No. 1345. The same glass following heat treatment as described below is identified in Table 1 as Sample No. t1345. The same sample following such heat treatment and then lamination to an uncoated but otherwise substantially identical glass pane by means of a PVB polymer layer sandwiched between the two glass panes is identified by reference number LI 345. The sample of this example is a single silver/single pass sample. That is, the glass is passed through the DC magnetron sputtering chamber only once (hence, being referred to as a single pass coating) wherein it is coated, in order, with an anti-reflection layer, chromium buffer layer, silver layer, second chromium buffer layer and finally second anti-reflection layer. Thus, the coated glass sample of this example has only a single layer of silver in the film stack which makes up the coating deposited on the glass in the sputtering chamber.
[0059] The glass panel was prepared and passed through the multi-station sputtering chamber as described above. In this example, the heat-treatable multi-layer coating was SnO2/Cr/Ag/Cr/SnO2 where the first SnO2 layer (directly on the glass substrate surface) and the topmost SnO2 layer have the same thickness, but the first Cr layer is thinner than the second Cr film. The total thickness of the coating was around 920 Å.
[0060] At station 1 within the multi-station sputtering chamber, a 39 nm thick layer of SnO2 was deposited by sputtering from a tin target at 5.1 Watts/cm2 in an atmosphere of Argon and Oxygen gasses with the flow ratio of 45 to 82 sccm (i.e., with Argon and Oxygen flow rates of 45 sccm and 82 sccm, respectively) at a vacuum level of 3.2×10 −3 mbar.
[0061] At station 2, within the multi-station sputtering chamber, a 2 nm thick layer of Cr was deposited by sputtering from a chromium target at 0.4 Watts/cm2 in an atmosphere of Argon gas with a flow rate of 20 sccm at a vacuum level of 11×10−4 mbar.
[0062] At station 3, within the multi-station sputtering chamber, a 95 nm thick layer of Ag was deposited by sputtering from a Silver (Ag) target at 1.3 Watts/cm2 in an atmosphere of Argon gas with a flow rate of 50 sccm at a vacuum level of 2.0×10−3 mbar.
[0063] At station 4, within the multi-station sputtering chamber, a 2.5 nm thick layer of Cr was deposited by sputtering from a chromium target at 0.4 Watts/cm2 in an atmosphere of Argon gas with the flow rate of 30 sccm at a vacuum level of 11×10−4 mbar.
[0064] At station 5, within the multi-station sputtering chamber, a 39 nm thick layer of SnO2 was deposited by sputtering from a tin target at 5.1 Watts/cm2 in an atmosphere of Argon and Oxygen gasses with a flow rate of 45 to 82 sccm at a vacuum level of 3.2×10−3 mbar.
[0065] The resultant coated glass panel, Sample No. 1345, had good color uniformity. Its spectral properties are shown in Table 1 below, and spectral transmittance and reflection properties of the coated panel of this Example 1 are shown in the graphs of FIG. 4, wherein the horizontal axis shows wavelength and the vertical axis shows level of transmittance. Specifically, FIG. 4a shows intensity as a function of wavelength for Sample No. 1345, that is, the coating as deposited. FIG. 4b shows corresponding spectral properties for Sample No. t1345, that is, the coating after heat treatment at 635° C. for 1 minute. FIG. 4c shows the spectral properties for Sample No. LI 345, that is, the laminated glazing system incorporating the glazing pane carrying the heat-treated coating and laminated by means of a PVB lamination layer to a second, uncoated glazing pane. In all cases, the spectral properties include transmittance (T %), reflection measured from the coated side (R %), and reflection measured from the uncoated side (R′ %). As noted above, coated articles of these examples were characterized by spectrophotometric measurements (Perkin Elmer Lambda 900 UV/VIS/NIR Spectrometer), resistance measurements (signatone four probes Model SYS 301 instrument combined with Keithly Model 224 current source and Model 2000 multimeter), and thickness measurements (Tencor Alpha Step Model 500). Film thicknesses were measured by a Tencor Model Alpha step 500 thickness measuring apparatus. Mechanical properties of the samples were determined by a Taber Abraser machine. Environmental stability of the samples were evaluated by using a weathering cabin controlling ambient temperature and humidity. Spectrophotometric measurements were taken over 300 nm to 2100 nm spectral region, including transmittance T %, reflection R % measured from the coated side, and reflection R′ % measured from the glass (uncoated) side. As can be seen from Table 1 and the graphs of FIG. 4, the coated panel prepared in accordance with this Example 1 has excellent transmittance of visible light together with good anti-solar properties. In addition, it has excellent environmental properties and long shelf life, specifically, passing a test of at least two weeks in the humidity chamber at 60° C. and 95% relative humidity with substantially no degradation observed throughout the sample surface of 40 cm by 50 cm, including the edges of the laminated product Sample No. 1345. Furthermore, the coating process can be seen from the description here to be fast and economical, so as to be commercially suitable for producing automotive and architectural glazing products. In that regard, the sputter deposition process required only approximately 2.5 minutes.
[0066] This example illustrates a double pass/double silver layer coating system. That is, in this example, the soda-lime silica glass pane is passed through the DC magnetron sputtering chamber substantially as in Example 1 above, but is then passed through the DC magnetron sputtering chamber a second time to produce a double-layer coating. The resultant coating system deposited onto the glass surface has two IR reflective layers, that is, two layers of silver in the film stack which forms the coating. It will be appreciated from the foregoing disclosure and discussion of the invention, that single pass, single silver layer systems are advantageous in that they are simpler to produce, and are suitable for both automotive and architectural applications. Double pass, double silver layer coating systems, however, in accordance with the invention, also provide excellent spectral properties, environmental durability, etc. In accordance with this Example 2, the glass panel was prepared and passed through the multi-station sputtering chamber as described above in Example 1, except coating was doubled, that is, a coating system of SnO2/Cr/Ag/Cr/SnO2/Cr/Ag/Cr/SnO2 system was deposited with the respective thicknesses (measured in nanometers) of 40/2/7/2/80/2/7/2/40. The total thickness of the resultant coating was around 182 nm. As mentioned above, in this example the coating was produced by passing the glass panel twice through the coater. The same deposition parameters were maintained during the second pass. The coated sample of this Example 2 was subjected to heat treatment as in Example 1. The resulting heat treated sample is identified in table 1 below by reference No. t1288. The corresponding sample after being laminated to an uncoated but otherwise substantially identical pane by means of a PVB laminating layer is identified in Table 1 below by Reference No. L1288. The spectral properties of Sample No. t1288 and Sample No. L1288 are shown in Table 1 below. Spectral transmittance and reflectance properties of the coated panel of Example 2 are shown in the graphs of FIG. 5a and 5 b. Specifically, FIG. 5a shows the spectral properties T, R and R′ as intensity (%) as a function of wavelength for Sample No. t1288. FIG. 5b shows the corresponding spectral properties for the laminated Sample No. L1288. Performance values for Sample No. tl288 and Sample No. L1288 also are given in Table 1, below. The samples of this Example 2 were found to have excellent environmental properties and a long shelf life comparable to those of Example 1. More specifically, as can be seen from Table 2 and the graph of FIG. 5, the coated panel prepared in accordance with this Example 2 has excellent transmittance of visible light together with good anti-solar properties. In addition, it has excellent mechanical properties, including long shelf life. Furthermore, the coating process can be seen from the description here to be fast and economical, so as to be commercially suitable for producing automotive and architectural glazing products.
[0067] Addition examples of the present invention were prepared to show architectural applications. Specifically, sheets or panes of soda-lime-silica glass having the same composition as in Examples 1 and 2, being 6 mm thick, were used to prepare four architectural glass glazing products. In each case, a first 6 mm pane coated as described below was spaced 12 mm from a second, uncoated 6 mm thick pane. The coating was carried on surface No. 2 of the resultant double pane architectural glazing product. In all four samples, the coating system was deposited under the same conditions recited above in Example 1 except as follows. In the first sample, Sample No. t 1372 IG, the chromium and silver layers were thicker than in Example 1. Specifically, the silver layer was 14 nm thick and the two chromium layers, which sandwich the silver layer between them, were each 4 nm thick. The tin oxide layers each was 22 nm thick. The spectral properties of the resulting Sample No. 1372 (tested as a single pane corresponding to the test of Sample 1345 shown in FIG. 4a) carrying the coating system SnO2/Cr/Ag/Cr/SnO2 are shown in FIG. 6a. Specifically, spectral values T, R and R′ are shown in FIG. 6a as a function of wavelength. In FIG. 6b the corresponding spectral properties for the same sample after heat treatment are shown. The heat treatment was the same as that for Example 1. Additional performance characteristics of the heat treated Sample t1372 are shown in Table 1, below.
[0068] A series of additional samples in accordance with this Example 3 were prepared, having the same chromium and silver film thicknesses as for the first Sample No. 1372, above. Specifically, each of these additional samples was prepared in accordance with the method of Example 1, having 4 nm thick (before heat treatment) chromium layers sandwiching between them a 14 nm thick silver layer. The thickness of the tin oxide layers of these additional samples was varied. More specifically, the samples were prepared, each carrying a coating system of SnO2/Cr/Ag/Cr/SnO2 on 6 mm thick glass, wherein each of the two tin oxide layers for the sample had the thickness given below.
Sample No. Thickness of SnO2 Layers t1372 22 nm t1376 35 nm t1378 55 nm t1377 65 nm
[0069] In each case, the thickness recited above is for each of the tin oxide layers, rather than for the two tin oxide layers combined. FIG. 7 shows the transmission spectra for these four samples. As seen there, as the oxide layer thicknesses increase, the transmission maxima or color shifts from blue toward yellow. The same color shifts are observed for reflectance. Additional performance properties for these samples are provided in Table 1, below. It should be noted that the transmission spectra shown in FIG. 7 are for each of the samples following heat treatment as described for the sample of claim 1, at 650° C. As noted above, the performance characteristics provided in Table 1 below are for each of the samples used in a "6+12+6" double glazing product, that is, a double glazing wherein a first 6 mm pane carrying the respective coating for that sample is paired with a second 6 mm, uncoated pane with a distance of 12 mm between the two panes. Excellent mechanical properties, including long shelf life are obtained for the heat treated samples and for the double pane glazing products made using the coated samples of this example.
TABLE 1 PERFORMANCE TABLE FOR MULTI-FUNCTIONAL GLAZING SYSTEM Optical Properties Sol. Energy Visible Region Region Relat. Reflection Reflection Therm. Prop. Shading Solar Heat Color Coordinates System Trans. OUT IN Trans. Out In Winter Summer Coef Factor Gain Transmittance Reflectance (Out) Descr. Tvis R1 R4 Tsol R1 R4 U win U sum SCc SHGCc RHG TL a* b* RL a* b* AUTOMOTIVE GLAZING 1345 0.74 0.06 0.05 0.47 0.26 0.32 6.20 5.99 0.63 0.54 445 88.8 −3.20 0.38 29.3 7.34 −9.10 1345 0.84 0.06 0.05 0.54 0.27 0.31 6.36 6.05 0.69 0.59 483 93.2 −2.20 2.64 29.6 5.23 −9.30 1345 0.76 0.12 0.12 0.48 0.29 0.26 6.24 5.98 0.63 0.54 444 90.1 −3.70 1.96 40.5 5.94 5.89 1288 0.76 0.07 0.07 0.50 0.27 0.30 6.36 6.10 0.65 0.56 458 89.8 −0.30 1.77 31.7 3.49 1.22 1288 0.75 0.07 0.07 0.44 0.29 0.26 6.20 6.00 0.60 0.51 423 89.1 −2.00 3.73 32.7 0.75 −1.10 ARCHITECTURAL GLAZING (6 + 0.50 0.33 0.34 0.23 0.45 0.46 1.63 1.65 0.31 0.27 211 76.6 −12.00 −1.60 63.2 10.30 16.10 12 + 6) t1372 IG (6 + 0.37 0.47 0.48 0.20 0.49 0.50 1.63 1.65 0.28 0.24 188 68.6 −9.80 −16.00 73.1 2.64 31.70 12 + 6) t1372 IG (6 + 0.44 0.33 0.37 0.22 0.41 0.44 1.63 1.65 0.31 0.26 206 71.5 −4.60 14.90 64.1 1.35 −7.80 12 + 6) t1372 IG (6 + 0.49 0.33 0.32 0.23 0.44 0.45 1.63 1.65 0.33 0.29 236 75.3 −8.50 11.00 63.8 3.59 −1.00 22 + 6) t1372 IG
[0070] It will be apparent from the foregoing disclosure that alternative embodiments are possible within the scope of the invention, including, for example, modifications to the preferred embodiments described above. It will be recognized by those skilled in the art, given the benefit of the present invention, that coated articles of manufacture in accordance with the present invention can be prepared which are more or less colorless, depending on the thicknesses of the various films employed to form the coating. In particular, increasing the thickness of one or more of the anti-reflection oxide layers and/or decreasing the thickness of the silver infra-red reflective layer can be employed to provide a more colorless sample. This is consistent with the discussion in Example 7, above. Correspondingly, a more color-forming article can be prepared by decreasing the thickness of the anti-reflection layers and increasing the silver layer thickness. Additional alternative embodiments of the present invention, including those employing SnO2 and the like can be employed in accordance with the principles disclosed here to provide color-forming or colorless coated articles within the scope of the present invention.
|Patente citante
|Fecha de presentación
|Fecha de publicación
|8 Abr 2004
|8 Ago 2006
|Centre Luxembourgeois De Recherches Pour Le Verre Et La Ceramique S.A. (C.R.V.C.)
|Coated article with tin oxide, silicon nitride and/or zinc oxide under IR reflecting layer and corresponding method
|22 Ago 2003
|26 Dic 2006
|Centre Luxembourgeois de Recherches pour le Verre et la Ceramique S.A, (C.R.V.C.)
|Heat treatable coated article with tin oxide inclusive layer between titanium oxide and silicon nitride
|28 Abr 2006
|2 Mar 2010
|Cardinal Cg Company
|Coatings having low emissivity and low solar reflectance
|8 Sep 2006
|30 Mar 2010
|Cardinal Cg Company
|High shading performance coatings
|28 Abr 2006
|20 Jul 2010
|Cardinal Cg Company
|Low-emissivity coating having low solar reflectance
|31 Jul 2003
|15 Abr 2004
|Krisko Annette J.
|Temperable high shading performance coatings
|22 Ago 2003
|24 Feb 2005
|Centre Luxembourgeois De Recherches Pour Le Verre Et La Ceramique S.A. (C.R.V.C.),
|Heat treatable coated article with tin oxide inclusive layer between titanium oxide and silicon nitride
|8 Abr 2004
|24 Feb 2005
|Centre Luxembourgeois De Recherches Pour Le Verre Et La Ceramique S.A. (C.R.V.C.)
|Coated article with tin oxide, silicon nitride and/or zinc oxide under IR reflecting layer and corresponding method
|28 Abr 2006
|5 Oct 2006
|Hoffman Wayne L
|Coatings having low emissivity and low solar reflectance
|22 Dic 2009
|30 Sep 2010
|Soladigm, Inc.
|Fabrication of low defectivity electrochromic devices
|20 Ago 2004
|3 Mar 2005
|Guardian Industries
|Heat treatable coated article with tin oxide inclusive layer between titanium oxide and silicon nitride
|Clasificación de EE.UU.
|428/630, 428/433, 428/623, 204/192.27, 428/434
|Clasificación internacional
|Clasificación cooperativa
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|18 Ene 2006
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The Walking Dead Season 2 Discussion *Spoilers*
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February 27 2012, 04:16 PM
Fleet Admiral
Location: Atlanta, Georgia
Re: The Walking Dead Season 2 Discussion *Spoilers*
marillion wrote:
^^ Agreed... Rick has just about had enough and by kicking the crap out of Shane, we can tell that he's the one who actually fighting for something besides himself. I actually didn't hate Lori in this episode, and I liked the fact that she agreed with Andrea (while not agreeing with her methods) regarding the suicide issue.
Andrea also had a great point. Why would women automatically be the one's to wash clothes and cook the food? It's sexist to assume that women would automatically fall back into that roll in this situation.
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NPR Newscast
4min 45sec
August 31, 2007 The case of the Little Rock Nine 50 years ago still reverberates in our cultural history. We discuss its impact on Arkansas and the nation.
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August 31, 2007 Fifty years ago in Little Rock, Ark., nine black children were thwarted in their attempt to attend the all-white Central High School. Members of the Arkansas National Guard, along with an angry mob, refused to let them into the school.
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August 31, 2007 Changing high schools can be a big blow for a teenager, but Ricardo Pitts-Wiley also had to deal with the racial backlash of desegregation in 1960s Michigan. Then he found his professional calling and peace in an unexpected place: a Shakespeare play.
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August 29, 2007 President Bush is marking Hurricane Katrina's devastating blow by celebrating those he says have "dedicated their lives to the renewal of New Orleans." With the region far from its former self after two years, some here think it's the president's dedication that should be in the spotlight.
August 28, 2007 Michael Vick, suspended quarterback for the Atlanta Falcons, pleaded guilty on Monday to a felony charge for running a dogfighting ring on his Virginia property. The case has pushed animal cruelty into the spotlight and sparked a national conversation about race and justice.
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August 28, 2007 The King Tut exhibition has drawn millions. But some African-American scholars believe the exhibition makes King Tut look too white. The debate over King Tut's race led the Franklin Institute Science Museum in Philadelphia, where the show is currently on display, to sponsor a conference on the subject.
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August 27, 2007 Two years after Hurricane Katrina emptied New Orleans, more than 90,000 evacuees live in Houston, permanently it seems. Life for all of them has been difficult, and their stories are a mix of sadness, loneliness and triumphant hope.
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August 26, 2007 Montpelier is the Virginia home of James Madison, the country's fourth president. Madison's home has recently been restored to the way it appeared in the president's day. There is also a new scholarly research effort underway to reconstruct an accurate social history of the slave population that lived there.
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August 24, 2007 In this week's political chat, bloggers Marisa Trevino of Latina Lista.net and Josue Sierra of Townhall.com discuss Sen. Barack Obama's pronouncements on Cuba policy, White House hopefuls who are confirmed to for a fall presidential forum sponsored by the Spanish-language television network Univision, and what the candidates must do to appeal to Latino voters.
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August 23, 2007 Illinois Sen. Barack Obama recently asserted that he would put red states in play because of the impact he would have in bringing out black voters. Political analyst David Bositis talks with Robert Siegel about the potential impact of a black candidate on black voter turnout in the presidential race.
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August 22, 2007 NFL quarterback Michael Vick plans to plead guilty to federal dog fighting charges next week. The case has ignited a spirited public debate. There are questions as to whether his support among some African-Americans is simply due to race, based on a belief that Vick is just the latest high-profile black man to be vilified in the press. Hear a debate on this issue.
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August 22, 2007 As the federal government steps up raids on businesses that employ illegal immigrants, officers are arresting people who have lived in the country for years, and may have American-born children. Guests discuss increased enforcement, and the changing politics of the immigration debate.
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August 21, 2007 Longtime activist Carolyn Goodman died Friday at age 91. She was the mother of Andrew Goodman, one of the three civil rights workers brutally murdered during the Mississippi Freedom Summer in 1964. Services were Sunday.
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August 20, 2007 Kameri Christy-McMullin is a professor at the University of Arkansas. McMullin's group is behind a new study suggesting that African-American women who are college educated are far more likely to experience domestic abuse than those with a less education.
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August 20, 2007 A study from the University of Arkansas suggests that college-educated, African-American women are at a greater risk of being abused by a spouse or significant other. In this week's Behind Closed Doors, Zoe Flowers, an author and survivor of domestic abuse, shares her story and her reaction to the findings.
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Menards Photos
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You work with great people, for high school and college kids they are flexible with hours
There is no home life when you work full time or management, benefits sucks, hours suck, you're not allowed to go to school if you are full time not even online classes
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I applied in-person. The process took 5 days. I interviewed at Menards (Madison, WI).
If you can get in there for an interview then it's pretty easy interview process. Usually you have to keep on the HR to get interviewed. Have to apply in store or online.
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If sticks and stones break bones, what can two-by-fours and two-inch nails do? That is what Menard is wondering now that its biggest rivals (#1 home improvement giant The Home Depot and #2 Lowe's) are hammering away at its home turf. One of the largest home improvement chains in the Midwest, Menard has more than 250 stores in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota ... More
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The Alcohol Knowledge Test
Their result for The Alcohol Knowledge Test ...
Congratulations! You're ### proof, with specific scores in beer (6) , wine (7), and liquor (12).
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They scored 19% on proof, higher than 92% of your peers.
They scored 6% on beer index, higher than 83% of your peers.
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Vanilla extract has more alcoholic content than you do. You're a lightweight, and if you went to a liquor store you'd probably buy triple sec and drink it straight from the bottle. Get out to the ba... Read more
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Introduction to Molecular BiologyAuthor:
Peter Paolella
Edition: 1
Pub Date: 1997
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math
Summary: This new introduction to molecular biology has been designed for students from a science background. It focuses on concepts of molecular biology, emphasises gene function and control and applies these processes to the "big picture" of cell function.
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Pub Date: 1997
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math
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Staybridge Suites Sioux Falls at Empire Mall
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"Scientifically this is a huge achievement," said Mark Hildebrand, a marine biology professor at Scripps and a coauthor of the study. "Five years ago people said you would never be able to get more lipids without affecting growth negatively. This paper shows that there isn't an intrinsic barrier and gives us hope of more new things that we can tryit opens the door to a lot more work to be done."
In addition to lowering the cost of biofuel production by increasing lipid content, the new method has led to advances in the speed of algal biofuel crop production due to the efficient screening process used in the new study.
"Maintaining high growth rates and high biomass accumulation is imperative for algal biofuel production on large economic scales," the authors note in the paper.
"It seems especially fitting that Scripps-UC San Diego is displaying so much leadership in the field of sustainable biofuels from algae, for instance with the California Center for Algae Biotechnology starting here, given the history of the institution playing such a pivotal role in climate change research," said paper coauthor William Gerwick, a distinguished professor of oceanography and pharmaceutical sciences at Scripps's Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine and UC San Diego's Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. "But these advances do not happen in isolation, and the current project is a great illustration of how different labs can collaborate to achieve greater advances than possible singly."
|Contact: Mario Aguilera
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Staggering Facts Behind Cruise Ship Cuisine
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UAE: Biggest climber in visa index
Click here for the top 10 rankings in the regionOctober 8, 2015 6:09
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MIDEAST STOCKS-Markets to rise on stronger global environment
Abu Dhabi's ADWEA in talks with banks for $350 mln project bond
Emirates hints at no Dubai Airshow orders, pushes decision on A350/787 to next year
UAE minister says plans to boost oil output capacity on track
MIDEAST STOCKS-Saudi, Egypt markets barely move in early trade
Qatar Q2 GDP growth accelerates to 4.8 pct year/year
UAE says reforms will better protect foreign workers
United Arab Bank secures $125 mln three-year loan
MIDEAST STOCKS-Saudi hit by weak oil, commodities; Egypt down modestly
MIDEAST STOCKS-UAE markets narrowly mixed in thin, early trade
As an Etihad flight is grounded thanks to a drunk British passenger, just weeks after a British 'couple' is arrested, Kipp asks: Are Brits the UAE's worst nationality?
January 25, 2011 3:01 by shafeer
Ah, you crazy, crazy British people. Not long after a man and a woman are banged up in Dubai for being intimate outside of marriage, an Etihad flight from Abu Dhabi is diverted from Heathrow and escorted into land at Stansted by two RAF fighter jets thanks to a drunk British passenger.
First up, the romantic couple: Danielle Spencer, a British woman, and Toby Carroll, a New Zealand banker, were arrested after an incident involving his ex-girlfriend, an apparently fiery Brazilian. Having broken-up with the Brazilian, Carroll called the police after she showed up at his flat to find him 'entertaining' Spencer. Reports say she went on a rampage with a knife, and Carroll called the police fearing for his and Spencer's safety.
Unfortunately what he didn't bank on was being arrested for sex outside marriage. In fact, all three of them have been arrested. The case has received a great deal of attention from the British press, for the obvious appeal of a love triangle, for Carroll's position as a high flying analyst, and for Spencer's past. Apparently she was a pole dancer at a well known chain of UK strip clubs, on arrival in Dubai got herself a breast enlargement, and lost one job for being too flirtatious. The tabloid press has lapped it up.
And then this week we have the case of a man arrested on an Etihad flight from Abu Dhabi to Heathrow. The flight was diverted following an incident on board, and wound up being escorted by two RAF fighter jets to Stansted airport (London's default destination for security threatened flights). A police spokeswoman said: "A 37-year-old man, a British national, has been arrested following an incident on board an Etihad Airways plane travelling from Abu Dhabi to Heathrow. The pilot reported a passenger causing disruption and making threats."
Etihad was more diplomatic, saying the plane had been diverted to "offload a disruptive guest". The precise details of the story are not clear, but the Guardian reports that the man was understood to have been drunk.
Why is it that Kipp is always reading about British people getting themselves into these fixes? Perhaps it's because the British press are more efficient at getting these stories, or perhaps it is because there are so many British people out here. What do you think? Are British people the worst behaved in the UAE?
2 Comments
This sort of irresponsible and lazy journalism really winds me up (yes I'm British!) so I'm hoping the incendiary question is meant just to spark a reaction.
So here it is. Are Brits the worst nationality in the UAE? How about – Lebanese family beat their maid, Pakistani rapes 4 year old boy, Emirati kills 2 in high speed road accident etc etc (all of which have recently been reported in the UAE press). I'm guessing you'll censor this / not print it because it could be construed as racist. Shame no-one ever thinks it's racist to stereotype the British.
Are you just trolling? Let's look at the current UAE courts page in Gulf News:
Indian blacksmith sexually molests 15-year-old girl.
12 Iranians and two Pakistanis planned to smuggle 2.5 tonnes of hashish through the coast of Khor Fakkan.
An Egyptian and an Emirati chief deny asking for a Dh350,000 bribe from a businessman in order not to disconnect the electricity from a 16-villa compound.
Emirati policeman and his niece jailed after an incestuous relationship, which led to an illegitimate pregnancy.
Chinese man and Chinese woman accused of running a brothel and forcing sisters, aged 14 and 16, into the sex trade.
A Jordanian student claimed in court that he did not intend to threaten to kill someone who blocked the driveway behind his car.
African man steals a couple's savings of Dh19,000.
Oh, and the British couple and the Brazilian.
So that's 12 Iranians, three Emiratis, two Pakistanis, two Chinese, two British, a Jordanian, an Indian, a Brazilian and an African.
So the answer to your question "Are the Brits the UAE's worst nationality?" is, no, it's the Iranians, followed by the Emiratis.
In Pictures: Greatest office characters
January 24 2011
January 25 2011


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Frame Material: Manufactured wood
|Hand Painted: Yes
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|Product Type: Toy organizer
|Finish: White
|Solid Wood Construction: No
|Number of Items Included: 1
|Style: Contemporary; Nursery
Interior Storage Sections Included: Yes
|Stackable: Yes
|Eco-Friendly: No
|Country of Manufacture: China
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About the ManufacturerFor the perfect accessory to brighten up a room, KidKraft has it all. With imagination, innovation and inspiration, KidKraft creates timeless, heirloom-quality furniture that children, and their parents, love. Fun and functionality merge to enthrall and entertain, inspiring children with endless opportunities for imaginative play.
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Great product - better than competitor's more pricey version! Jac-Lyn from Warren, NJ on 08/04/2015 – Verified Buyer
Love love love this storage seat. My kids use the top as a place to play and the storage cubbies are a perfect spot to hide all the extra toys instead of leaving them on the ground. Would highly recommend for those looking at the competitors version - way too pricey at that other store and gives the same exact look. Pros: Easy assembly, multi-functional
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Perfect for what we were looking for! Marla from Morgan Hill, CA on 09/23/2015 – Verified Buyer
My tween son loves this. He uses it as a catch-all for his books and drawings. We have it sitting right next to his bed so he can get into it whenever he feels inspired. Happy boy, clean room, happy momma :) Pros: Looks just as advertised once put together (easily done) Cons: I thought this was a bit pricey for my budget and I wish it had more color options.
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Excellent storage Mandy from Cincinnati, OH on 10/28/2014 – Verified Buyer
Even after reading reviews and looking at measurements, I was still surprised by how much storage space these units provide. They are easy to assemble, very sturdy, and very roomy. My two year old loves the easy access to her toys and they look great in her room. I'll be buying more in the espresso finish for elsewhere in our home.
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Love this storage unit Mindy from Orange, CA on 01/27/2015 – Verified Buyer
This is perfect for our playroom! Looks very similar to a style at land of nod. Easy to put together, sturdy and fits so much in it. Love that it's easily accessible for my daughter to grab toys from too.
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Good way to organize Pauline from Riverside, CA on 04/02/2015 – Verified Buyer
Bought one of these a few years ago and loved it. Decided to buy the second one to stack on each other. I have it in my daughters closet. Just throw all her dolls, toys, etc... In there out of sight. Very sturdy as well.
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