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Article: How does political instability affect economic growth?
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Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1560524 " "H Ho ow w d do oe es s p po ol li it ti ic ca al l i in ns st ta ab bi il li it ty y a af ff fe ec ct t e ec co on no om mi ic c g gr ro ow wt th h? ?" " A Ar ri i A Ai is se en n F Fr ra an nc ci is sc co o J Jo os sé é V Ve ei ig ga a NIPE WP 5/ 2010
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Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1560524" "H Ho ow w d do oe es s p po ol li it ti ic ca al l i in ns st ta ab bi il li it ty y a af ff fe ec ct t e ec co on no om mi ic c g gr ro ow wt th h? ?" " A Ar ri i A Ai is se en n F Fr ra an nc ci is sc co o J Jo os sé é V Ve ei ig ga a N NI IP PE E* * WWP P 5 5/ / 2 20 01 10 0 URL: http://www.eeg.uminho.pt/economia/nipe * NIPE – Núcleo de Investigação em Políticas Económicas – is supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology through the Programa Operacional Ciência, Teconologia e Inovação (POCI 2010) of the Quadro Comunitário de Apoio III, which is financed by FEDER and Portuguese funds.
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1 * The authors wish to thank Luísa Benta for excellent research assistance. ** The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Central Bank of Chile and the International Monetary Fund. How does political instability affect economic growth?* Ari Aisen** Central Bank of Chile and International Monetary Fund Santiago, Chile email@example.com Francisco José Veiga Universidade do Minho and NIPE Escola de Economia e Gestão 4710-057 Braga, Portugal email@example.com Abstract The purpose of this paper is to empirically determine the effects of political instability on economic growth. Using the system-GMM estimator for linear dynamic panel data models on a sample covering up to 169 countries, and 5-year periods from 1960 to 2004, we find that higher degrees of political instability are associated with lower growth rates of GDP per capita. Regarding the channels of transmission, we find that political instability adversely affects growth by lowering the rates of productivity growth and, to a smaller degree, physical and human capital accumulation. Finally, economic freedom and ethnic homogeneity are beneficial to growth, while democracy may have a small negative effect. Keywords: Economic growth, political instability, growth accounting, productivity. JEL codes: O43, O47
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2 1 A dissenting view is presented by Campos and Nugent (2002), who find no evidence of a causal and negative long-run relation between political instability and economic growth. They only find evidence of a short-run effect. 1. Introduction Political instability is regarded by economists as a serious malaise harmful to economic performance. Political instability is likely to shorten policymakers' horizons leading to sub-optimal short term macroeconomic policies. It may also lead to a more frequent switch of policies, creating volatility and thus, negatively affecting macroeconomic performance. Considering its damaging repercussions on economic performance the extent at which political instability is pervasive across countries and time is quite surprising. Measuring political instability by Cabinet Changes, that is, the number of times in a year in which a new premier is named and/or 50% or more of the cabinet posts are occupied by new ministers, figures speak for themselves. In Africa, for instance, there was on average a cabinet change once every two years in the period 2000-2003. Though extremely high, this number is a major improvement relative to previous years when there were, on average, two cabinet changes every three years. While Africa is the most politically unstable region of the world, it is by no means alone; as similar trends are observed in other regions (see Figure 1). The widespread phenomenon of political (and policy) instability in several countries across time and its negative effects on their economic performance has arisen the interest of several economists. As such, the profession produced an ample literature documenting the negative effects of political instability on a wide range of macroeconomic variables including, among others, GDP growth, private investment, and inflation. Alesina et al. (1996) use data on 113 countries from 1950 to 1982 to show that GDP growth is significantly lower in countries and time periods with a high propensity of government collapse. In a more recent paper, Jong-a-Pin (2009) also finds that higher degrees of political instability lead to lower economic growth.1 As regards to private investment, Alesina and Perotti (1996) show that socio-political instability
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3 2 Perotti (1996) also finds that socio-political instability adversely affects growth and investment. For a theoretical model linking political instability and investment, see Rodrik (1991). generates an uncertain politico-economic environment, raising risks and reducing investment.2 Political instability also leads to higher inflation as shown in Aisen and Veiga (2006). Quite interestingly, the mechanisms at work to explain inflation in their paper resemble those affecting economic growth; namely that political instability shortens the horizons of governments, disrupting long term economic policies conducive to a better economic performance. This paper revisits the relationship between political instability and GDP growth. This is because we believe that, so far, the profession was unable to tackle some fundamental questions behind the negative relationship between political instability and GDP growth. What are the main transmission channels from political instability to economic growth? How quantitatively important are the effects of political instability on the main drivers of growth, namely, total factor productivity and physical and human capital accumulation? This paper addresses these important questions providing estimates from panel data regressions using system-GMM on a dataset of up to 169 countries for the period 1960 to 2004. Our results are strikingly conclusive: in line with results previously documented, political instability reduces GDP growth rates significantly. An additional cabinet change (a new premier is named and/or 50% of cabinet posts are occupied by new ministers) reduces the annual real GDP per capita growth rate by 2.39 percentage points. This reduction is mainly due to the negative effects of political instability on total factor productivity growth, which account for more than half of the effects on GDP growth. Political instability also affects growth through physical and human capital accumulation, with the former having a slightly larger effect than the latter. These results go a long way to clearly understand why political instability is harmful to economic growth. It suggests that countries need to address political instability, dealing with its root causes and attempting to mitigate its effects on the quality and sustainability of economic policies engendering economic growth.
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4 3 The periods are: 1960-64, 1965-69, 1970-74, 1975-79, 1980-84, 1985-89, 1990-94, 1995-99, and 2000-04. The paper continues as follows: section 2 describes the dataset and presents the empirical methodology, section 3 discusses the empirical results, and section 4 concludes the paper. 2. Data and the empirical model Annual data on economic, political and institutional variables, from 1960 to 2004 were gathered for 209 countries, but missing values for several variables reduce the number of countries in the estimations to at most 169. The sources of economic data were the Penn World Table Version 6.2 – PWT (Heston et al., 2006), the World Bank's World Development Indicators (WDI) and Global Development Network Growth Database (GDN), and the International Monetary Fund's International Financial Statistics (IFS). Political and institutional data were obtained from the Cross National Time Series Data Archive – CNTS (Databanks International, 2007), the Polity IV Database (Marshall and Jaggers, 2005), the State Failure Task Force database (SFTF), and Gwartney and Lawson (2007). The hypothesis that political instability and other political and institutional variables affect economic growth is tested by estimating dynamic panel data models for GDP per capita growth (taken from the PWT) for consecutive, non-overlapping, 5-year periods, from 1960 to 2004.3 Our baseline model includes the following explanatory variables (all except Initial GDP per capita are averaged over each 5-year period): • Initial GDP per capita (log) (PWT): log of real GDP per capita lagged by one 5-year period. A positive coefficient, smaller than 1, is expected, indicating the existence of conditional convergence among countries; • Investment (% GDP) (PWT). A positive coefficient is expected, as greater investment shares have been shown to be positively related with economic growth (Mankiw et al., 1992);
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5 4 Here, we follow Levine et al. (2000), who accounted for macroeconomic stability in a growth regression by including the inflation rate and the size of government. 5 In order to avoid heteroskedasticity problems resulting from the high variability of inflation rates, Inflation was defined as log(1+Inf/100) 6 There is an extensive literature on the effects of institutions on economic growth. See, among others, Acemoglu et al. (2001), Acemoglu et al. (2003), de Hann (2007), Glaeser et al. (2004), and Mauro (1995). • Primary school enrollment (WDI). Greater enrollment ratios lead to greater human capital, which should be positively related to economic growth. A positive coefficient is expected; • Population growth (PWT). All else remaining the same, greater population growth leads to lower GDP per capita growth. Thus, a negative coefficient is expected; • Trade openness (PWT). Assuming that openness to international trade is beneficial to economic growth, a positive coefficient is expected. • Cabinet changes (CNTS). Number of times in a year in which a new premier is named and/or 50% of the cabinet posts are occupied by new ministers. This variable is our main proxy of political instability. It is essentially an indicator of regime instability, which has been found to be associated with lower economic growth (Jong-a-Pin, 2009). A negative coefficient is expected, as greater political (regime) instability leads to greater uncertainty concerning future economic policies and, consequently, to lower economic growth. In order to account for the effects of macroeconomic stability on economic growth, two additional variables will be added to the model:4 • Inflation rate (IFS).5 A negative coefficient is expected, as high inflation has been found to negatively affect growth. See, among others, Edison et al. (2002) and Elder (2004); • Government (%GDP) (PWT). An excessively large government is expected to crowd out resources from the private sector and be harmful to economic growth. Thus, a negative coefficient is expected. The extended model will also include the following institutional variables:6
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• Index of Economic Freedom (Gwartney and Lawson, 2007). Higher indexes are associated with smaller governments (Area 1), stronger legal structure and security of property rights (Area 2), access to sound money (Area 3), greater freedom to exchange with foreigners (Area 4), and more flexible regulations of credit, labor, and business (Area 5). Since all of these are favorable to economic growth, a positive coefficient is expected; • Ethnic Homogeneity Index (SFTF): ranges from 0 to 1, with higher values indicating ethnic homogeneity, and equals the sum of the squared population fractions of the seven largest ethnic groups in a country. For each period, it takes the value of the index in the beginning of the respective decade. According to Easterly, et al. (2006), "social cohesion" determines the quality of institutions, which has important impacts on whether pro-growth policies are implemented or not. Since higher ethnic homogeneity implies greater social cohesion, which should result in good institutions and pro-growth policies, a positive coefficient is expected.7 • Polity Scale (Polity IV): from strongly autocratic (-10) to strongly democratic (10). This variable is our proxy for democracy. According to Barro (1996) and Tavares and Wacziarg (2001), a negative coefficient is expected.8 Descriptive statistics of the variables included in the tables of results are shown in Table 1. -- Insert Table 1 about here -- The empirical model for economic growth can be summarized as follows: itti it t iit t i t iitδPIYYYεμνγ++++++=−−−WλXβ''lnlnln,1,1, iTtNi,...,1,...,1== (1) where Yit stands for the GDP per capita of country i at the end of period t, Xit for a vector of economic determinants of economic growth, PIit for a proxy of political instability, and Wit for a vector of political and institutional determinants of economic growth; α, β, δ, and λ are the 7 See Benhabib and Rusticini (1996) for a theoretical model relating social conflict and growth. 8 On the relationship between democracy and growth, see also Acemoglu, et al. (2008). 6
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parameters and vectors of parameters to be estimated, νi are country-specific effects, μt are period specific effects, and, εit is the error term. With γα+=1, equation (1) becomes: itti itt i,it t iYitδPIYεμνα++++++=−WλXβ''lnln1, iTtNi,...,1,...,1== (2) One problem of estimating this dynamic model using OLS is that Yi,t-1 (the lagged dependent variable) is endogenous to the fixed effects (νi), which gives rise to "dynamic panel bias". Thus, OLS estimates of this baseline model will be inconsistent, even in the fixed or random effects settings, because Yi,t-1 would be correlated with the error term, εit, even if the latter is not serially correlated.9 If the number of time periods available (T) were large, the bias would become very small and the problem would disappear. But, since our sample has only 9 non-overlapping 5-year periods, the bias may still be important.10 First-differencing Equation (2) removes the individual effects (νi) and thus eliminates a potential source of bias: itt itt i,itt iYitPIδY.εμαΔ+Δ+Δ+Δ+Δ+Δ=Δ−WλXβ''1, (3) iTtNi,...,1 ,...,1== But, when variables that are not strictly exogenous are first-differenced, they become endogenous, since the first difference will be correlated with the error term. Following Holtz-Eakin, Newey and Rosen (1988), Arellano and Bond (1991) developed a Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimator for linear dynamic panel data models that solves this problem by instrumenting the differenced predetermined and endogenous variables with their available lags in levels: levels of the dependent and endogenous variables, lagged two or more periods; levels of 9 See Arellano and Bond (1991) and Baltagi (2008). 10 According to the simulations performed by Judson and Owen (1999), there is still a bias of 20% in the coefficient of interest for T=30. 7
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8 11 For a detailed discussion on the conditions under which GMM is suitable for estimating growth regressions, see Bond et al. (2001). the pre-determined variables, lagged one or more periods. The exogenous variables can be used as their own instruments. A problem of this difference-GMM estimator is that lagged levels are weak instruments for first-differences if the series are very persistent (see Blundell and Bond, 1998). According to Arellano and Bover (1995), efficiency can be increased by adding the original equation in levels to the system, that is, by using the system-GMM estimator. If the first-differences of an explanatory variable are not correlated with the individual effects, lagged values of the first-differences can be used as instruments in the equation in levels. Lagged differences of the dependent variable may also be valid instruments for the levels equations. The estimation of growth models using the difference-GMM estimator for linear panel data was introduced by Caselli et al. (1996). Then, Levine et al. (2000) used the system-GMM estimator11, which is now common practice in the literature (see Durlauf, et al., 2005, and Beck, 2008). Although several period lengths have been used, most studies work with non-overlapping 5-year periods. 3. Empirical Results The empirical analysis is divided into two parts. First, we test the hypothesis that political instability has negative effects on economic growth, by estimating regressions for GDP per capita growth. As described above, the effects of institutional variables will also be analyzed. Then, the second part of the empirical analysis studies the channels of transmission. Concretely, we test the hypothesis that political instability adversely affects output growth by reducing the rates of productivity growth and of physical and human capital accumulation.
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9 12 Their twice lagged values were used as instruments in the first-differenced equations and their once-lagged first-differences were used in the levels equation. 13 The results are virtually the same when secondary enrollment is used instead of primary enrollment. Since we have more observations for the latter, we opted to include it in the estimations reported in this paper. 3.1. Political Instability and Economic Growth The results of system-GMM estimations on real GDP per capita growth using a sample comprising 169 countries, and 9 consecutive and non-overlapping 5-year periods from 1960 to 2004, are shown in Table 2. Since low economic growth may increase government instability (Alesina et al., 1996), our proxy for political instability, Cabinet changes, will be treated as endogenous. In fact, most of the other explanatory variables can also be affected by economic growth. Thus, it is more appropriate to treat all right-hand side variables as endogenous.12 The results of the estimation of the baseline model are presented in column 1. The hypothesis that political instability negatively affects economic growth receives clear empirical support. Cabinet Changes is highly statistically significant and has the expected negative sign. The estimated coefficient implies that when there is an additional cabinet change per year, the annual growth rate decreases by 2.39 percentage points. Most of the results regarding the other explanatory variables also conform to our expectations. Initial GDP per capita has a negative coefficient, which is consistent with conditional income convergence across countries. Investment and enrollment ratios13 have positive and statistically significant coefficients, indicating that greater investment and education promote growth. Finally, population growth has the expected negative coefficient, and Trade (% GDP) has the expected sign, but is not statistically significant. -- Insert Table 2 about here -- The results of an extended model which includes proxies for macroeconomic stability are reported in column 2 of Table 2. Most of the results are similar to those of column 1. The main
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10 14 Since data for the Index of Economic Freedom is available only from 1970 onwards, the sample is restricted to 1970 to 2004 when this variable is included in the model. 15 Since Investment (%GDP) is included as an explanatory variable, the Area 2 will also affect GDP growth through it. Thus, the coefficient reported for Area 2 should be interpreted as the direct effect on growth, when controlling for the indirect effect through investment. This direct effect could operate through channels such as total factor productivity and human capital accumulation. difference is that Trade (% GDP) is now statistically significant, which is consistent with a positive effect of trade openness on growth. Regarding macroeconomic stability, inflation and government size have the expected signs, but only the first is statistically significant. The Index of Economic Freedom14 is included in the model of column 3 in order to account for favorable economic institutions. It is statistically significant and has a positive sign, as expected. A one-point increase in that index increases annual economic growth by one percentage point. Trade (% GDP) and Inflation are no longer statistically significant. This is not surprising because the Index of Economic Freedom is composed of five areas, some of which are related to explanatory variables included in the model: size of government (Area 1), access to sound money (Area 3), and greater freedom to exchange with foreigners (Area 4). In order to avoid potential collinearity problems, the variables Trade (% GDP), Inflation, and Government (% GDP) are not included in the estimation of column 4. The results regarding the Index of Economic Freedom and Cabinet Changes remain essentially the same. An efficient legal structure and secure property rights have been emphasized in the literature as crucial factors for encouraging investment and growth (Glaeser, et al., 2004; Hall and Jones, 1999; La-Porta, et al., 1997). The results shown in column 5, where the Index of Economic Freedom is replaced by its Area 2, Legal structure and security of property rights, are consistent with the findings of previous studies.15 In the estimations whose results are reported in Table 3, we also account for the effects of democracy and social cohesion, by including the Polity Scale and the Ethnic Homogeneity Index in the model. There is weak evidence that democracy has small adverse effects on growth, as the
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11 16 This technique for data reduction describes linear combinations of the variables that contain most of the information. It analyses the correlation matrix, and the variables are standardized to have mean zero and standard deviation of 1 at the outset. Then, for each of the five groups of variables, the first component identified, the linear combination with greater explanatory power, was used as the political instability index. Polity Scale has a negative coefficient, small in absolute value, which is statistically significant only in the estimations of columns 1 and 3. These results are consistent with those of Barro (1996) and Tavares and Wacziarg (2001). As expected, higher ethnic homogeneity (social cohesion) is favorable to economic growth, although the index is not statistically significant in column 4. The results regarding the effects of political instability, economic freedom, and security of property rights are similar to those found in the estimations of Table 2. The most important conclusion that we can withdraw from these results is that the evidence regarding the negative effects of political instability on growth are robust to the inclusion of institutional variables. -- Insert Table 3 about here -- Considering that political instability is a multi-dimensional phenomenon, eventually not well captured by just one variable (Cabinet Changes), we constructed five alternative indexes of political instability by applying principal components analysis.16 The first three indexes include variables that are associated with regime instability, the fourth has violence indicators, and the fifth combines regime instability and violence indicators. The variables (all from the CNTS) used to define each index were: o Regime Instability Index 1: Cabinet Changes and Executive Changes. o Regime Instability Index 2: Cabinet Changes, Constitutional Changes, Coups, Executive Changes, and Government Crises. o Regime Instability Index 3: Cabinet Changes, Constitutional Changes, Coups, Executive Changes, Government Crises, Number of Legislative Elections, and Fragmentation Index.
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12 17 The results for these 5 indexes are essentially the same when we include them in other models of Table 3 or in the models of Table 2. The same is true for indexes constructed using alternative combinations of the CNTS variables. These results are not shown here, but are available from the authors upon request. 18 The complete results of the 28 estimations of Table 5 and of the 16 estimations of Table 6 are available from the authors upon request. 19 The proxies of political instability were interacted with regional dummy variables in order to test for regional differences in the effects of political instability on growth. No evidence of such differences was found. o Violence Index: Assassinations, Coups, and Revolutions. o Political Instability Index: Assassinations, Cabinet Changes, Constitutional Changes, Coups, and Revolutions. The results of the estimation of the model of column 1 of Table 3 using the above-described indexes are reported in Table 4. While all indexes have the expected negative signs, the Violence Index is not statistically significant.17 Thus, we conclude that it is regime instability that more adversely affects economic growth. Jong-a-Pin (2009) and Klomp and de Haan (2009) reach a similar conclusion. -- Insert Table 4 about here -- Several robustness tests were performed in order to check if the empirical support found for the adverse effects of political instability on economic growth remains when using restricted samples or alternative period lengths. Table 5 reports the estimated coefficients and t-statistics obtained for the proxies of political instability when the models of column 1 of Table 3 (for Cabinet Changes) and of columns 1 to 3 of Table 4 (for the three regime instability indexes) are estimated using seven alternative restricted samples.18 The first restricted sample (column 1 of Table 5) includes only developing countries, and the next four (columns 2 to 5) exclude one continent at a time.19 Finally, in the estimation of column 6, data for the 1960s and the 1970s is excluded from the sample, while in column 7 the last 5-year period (2000-2004) is excluded. Since Cabinet Changes and the three regime instability indexes are always statistically significant, we conclude that the negative effects of political instability on real GDP per capita growth are robust to sample restrictions.
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13 -- Insert Table 5 about here -- The results of robustness tests for alternative period lengths are reported in Table 6. The models of column 1 of Table 3 (for Cabinet Changes) and of columns 1 to 3 of Table 4 (for the three regime instability indexes) were estimated using consecutive, non-overlapping periods of 4, 6, 8 and 10 years. Again, all estimated coefficients are statistically significant, with a negative sign, providing further empirical support for the hypothesis that political instability adversely affects economic growth. -- Insert Table 6 about here – 3.2. Channels of transmission In this section, we study the channels through which political instability affects economic growth. Since political instability is associated with greater uncertainty regarding future economic policy, it is likely to adversely affect investment and, consequently, physical capital accumulation. In fact, several studies have identified a negative relation between political instability and investment (Alesina and Perotti, 1996; Mauro, 1985; Özler and Rodrik, 1992; Perotti, 1996). Instead of estimating an investment equation, we will construct the series on the stock of physical capital, using the perpetual inventory method, and estimate equations for the growth of the capital stock. That is, we will analyze the effects of political instability and institutions on physical capital accumulation. It is also possible that political instability adversely affects productivity. By increasing uncertainty about the future, it may lead to less efficient resource allocation. Additionally, it may reduce research and development efforts by firms and governments, leading to slower technological progress. Violence, civil unrest, and strikes, can also interfere with the normal operation of firms and markets, reduce hours worked, and even lead to the destruction of some
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Talk:Enzyme Commission number
|WikiProject Molecular and Cellular Biology
|(Rated B-class, High-importance)
|WikiProject Computational Biology
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EC number template[edit]
There is now an automated template to insert EC numbers into articles. Please use Template:EC number with the number passed as an argument for automatic linking. JFW | T@lk 28 June 2005 21:09 (UTC)
Enzyme Commission[edit]
Shouldn't enzyme commission redirect to International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology? 22.214.171.124 03:42, 8 February 2007 (UTC)
clarification of the nomenclature book by IUBMB....[edit]
Is the book in Section History the same as the following...???
http://www.amazon.com/Biochemical-Nomenclature-Compendium-International-Biochemistry/dp/1855780054/ref=sr_11_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1242296363&sr=11-1 --22.214.171.124 (talk) 10:31, 14 May 2009 (UTC)
Please do not use the info for the reference that is not traceable by the public[edit]
Only police can figure out the location of this website http://www.expasy.org/contact.html --188.8.131.52 (talk) 05:03, 29 July 2009 (UTC)
What is the official/formal definition of....[edit]
Enzyme Commission number???--126.96.36.199 (talk) 05:43, 29 July 2009 (UTC)
and where can I find it?--22.214.171.124 (talk) 05:58, 29 July 2009 (UTC)


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Joshua Carpenter is the appellate chief for the Federal Defenders of Western North Carolina, Inc. Before joining that office in 2012, he served as a law clerk to the honorable Judge M. Blane Michael of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit and worked for several years in Washington, D.C. as a litigation associate at the law firms of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP and Covington & Burling LLP. Josh graduated magna cum laude from the Georgetown University Law Center, where he served as an Executive Articles Editor for The Georgetown Law Journal. He received a B.A. in Political Science and Economics from Marshall University and was a member of the university's Society of Yeager Scholars. Since joining FDWNC, he has argued 14 cases in the Fourth Circuit and in 2014, he argued Whitfield v. United States before the U.S. Supreme Court.
Paresh Patel has been with the Office of the Federal Public Defender for the District of Maryland as an appellate attorney since 2003. Before then, he worked as a staff attorney at the Public Defender Service in Washington, D.C. and the Office of the Appellate Defender in New York, New York. In 1999-2000, he clerked for the Honorable Ancer L. Haggerty of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon in Portland. Paresh earned his J.D. from American University in 1996, and he received his undergraduate degree from the University of Southern California in 1993.
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Our Animal Action Education programme helps children learn and care about animals
The dangers of wildlife trade
The global wildlife trade, legal and illegal, can:
- Threaten biodiversity and risk losing endangered species forever
- Spread infectious disease to livestock and humans
- Cause needless suffering to animals, as well as humans.
IFAW protects animals from illegal wildlife trade through:
- Wildlife crime intelligence fusion centre
- Chinese cultural icons plead for elephants' lives in media blitz
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Each generation that joins the animal welfare and conservation movement brings with it new energy and new ideas. The more we Read more »
Earlier this week a federal judge upheld the decision by the National Marine Fisheries Service to block the Georgia Aquarium Read more »
A whirlwind week in Washington, DC, came to a close with a major success in battling the elephant poaching crisis. In a Read more »
Since the ivory was sawn into 172 pieces to fit into the luggage shows savvy smuggling tactics. I am outraged by the Watch Video »
Jeff Flocken comments on CNN on the trophy hunt that led to the killing of Cecil the lion. Earlier this month, Watch Video »
Lion breeders, traders, canned hunting operators, hunters, cub petting and cuddling facility owners, beware. The Blood Watch Video »
Warning this video contains graphic material. For now, there is peace on the ice. Harp seals are currently "off Watch Video »
Today, the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) is launching the new global education program Keep Wild Animals Wild and a new online community to connect educators and students worldwide. "At the current rate of illegal wildlife trade Read more »
(Sept. 25, 2015 – Yarmouth Port, MA) The President of China, Mr. Xi Jinping, and the President of the United States, Mr. Barack Obama, made history today by announcing that the two countries would take swift action to protect elephants from the Read more »
As long as rhinos remain one of the globe's most persecuted animal species, World Rhino Day is no cause for celebration, conservationists have warned. "Rhino's continue to break records for all the wrong reasons. Year on year poache Read more »
Jeffrey Flocken, North American Regional Director, International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), issued the following statement regarding a bill (AB 96) passed in the California State Senate which bans the sale and purchase of elephant ivory and rhin Read more »
On Wednesday millions of animal lovers around the world will be raising a cheer for nature's biggest land animal, the elephant. "At a time when there is plenty to worry about with regards to elephants, World Elephant Day on August 12 is o Read more »
Jeff Flocken, North American Regional Director of the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), issued the following statement in response to Delta, United and American Airlines' bans on lion, leopard, elephant, rhino and buffalo trophies: Read more »
The U.S. March to save Elephants An elephant is killed, on average, every 15 minutes for its ivory…… the U.S. r Read more »
World Wildlife Day Infographic Serious Stats About Wildlife Crime Read more »
World Wildlife Day Ad Don't Let Them Disappear Shark Read more »
World Wildlife Day Ad Don't Let Them Disappear Rhino Read more »
In the struggle between the survival of African elephants and unchecked ivory consumption, consumption is winning. It' Read more »
Saddened by the trending news of #CeciltheLion's horrific demise? Confused by the status of the lion under the US Read more »
In yet another poaching incident fueled by the voracious demand for ivory in the East, five elephants – a female and Read more »
In the wake of Cecil the Lion's brutal killing, the world has turned its attention to the barbaric practice of trophy Read more »


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We only stayed one night on our way back to home. We ended up getting the family suite because there wasn't any other available rooms. It was a bit pricey for just the two of us but it was clean and they were nice enough to find a room for us.
Review collected in partnership with Days Inn
I made it. That drive from Sault St Marie to Thunder Bay is just amazing in the fall, it was such a beautiful day with so many places to stop. The days inn is nice , great location close to shopping and dining options. My king room was great, a comfy bed separate bedroom and a kitchenette with a full...
Thank you for taking the time to give us such a great review, it is very appreciated. I agree the drive along Lake Superior is amazing. I am so glad you found our hotel comfortable and the location convenient. I hope next time you come to Thunder Bay you will be able to stay a little longer and enjoy some...
This is only our second time here and it did not disappoint me. Not sure why I don't stay here more often but that is all about to change. The other hotels in TB really need to kick it up A FEW notches. Stephanie, you greeted us with a smile and made us feel so welcomed, and upon our departure...
This time I chose a suite over the standard king size room and I think I will go back to the standard room as the divider makes the business area so dark. They should have switched the arrangement, making the sleep area the dark area.
The breakfast has been geared down a bit, they still have waffles but no donuts...
We were at this hotel to see the area as it was on my bucket list to visit this far north of Superior. It was also our 43rd anniversary during our stay. Stephanie, the manager, went way beyond normal courtesies by her welcoming and warm personality. The hotel was clean and our room very much appreciated but the WOW factor...
Reading your kind words warmed my heart and made me smile, thank you so much for your wonderful comments!!
It was so lovely meeting you and your wife and I'm so glad that we were able to help you check off Thunder Bay in style. I do hope that you enjoyed the rest of your trip, it is people like...
Are these suites pet friendly? I have two small dogs (5LB and 25LB)
Can you tell me if your gym has elliptical machines?
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charlie bit me and it really hurt!
Design ID: 2935689
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– Last night's Green Bay Packers vs. Seattle Seahawks NFL game on ESPN drew 16.17 million viewers and led to the least-watched WWE RAW of the year with 3.79 million viewers.
This week's RAW did 3.77 million viewers the first hour, 3.99 million viewers the second hour and a low 3.60 million viewers in the third hour. The full rating isn't out yet but it should be somewhere between a 2.5 and 2.7.
Source: F4Wonline.com
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PageSender 3.1 Adds Fax Scheduling -- Don't want to wait for Panther's fax capabilities, or worse, wait only to find out they aren't what you need? Check out Smile Software's PageSender 3.1, an update to the company's Mac OS X fax software that integrates into Print dialogs. PageSender 3.1 adds scheduled and deferred faxing, manual sending, multiple local area codes and ten-digit dialing support, and more. PageSender requires Mac OS X 10.1.3 or later, and costs $30. A free 30-day demo is available. [ACE]
Thoughtful, detailed coverage of the Mac, iPhone, and iPad, plus the best-selling Take Control ebooks.
ChronoSync Secret Menubar Shortcut
For a quick way to run a ChronoSync document without opening it, use the ChronoSync menu in the menubar. Select "Show ChronoSync menu in menubar" in ChronoSync's General Preferences window to activate the menu bar menu. Once activated, you'll see the ChronoSync circling arrows icon in the menu bar, at the top right of your screen.
You can open any scheduled ChronoSync document directly from the menu bar. If you hold down the Option key while selecting a ChronoSync document, the synchronization will run immediately without the ChronoSync document opening.
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- Hey Jobs, Don't Make It Bad!
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PageSender 3.1 Adds Fax Scheduling
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Americas Best Value Inn - Pasadena / Houston
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
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The Countdown is On! 3 days!
... capital, Reykjavik, on Thursday. Goodness! These Northern European words are going to be the death of me! We start our journey home at midnight (GMT) on Thursday (8/13) via Berlin and Newark arriving Houston IAH on Friday at 4:50pm CDT. Unfortunately, the weather is not looking too rosy over there. Copenhagen will be the warmest with highs in the mid 70s and lows around ...
Chabelo is freed
... to make an example of Chabelo, just as selectively key people in other sectors, students, teachers, lawyers, journalists, women's group, campesino or agrarian leaders, human rights workers, are targeted for prosecution or assassination. The government strategy is to criminalize any form of opposition or resistance to the power of the oligarchy and military. Honduras is in a moment of awakening, ordinary citizens are complaining and taking to the streets ...
To Blog or Not To Blog?
After reading some friends' travel blog of their honeymoon trip and dining experiences on an app called TravelPod, I think I'm gonna give it a try. Why not? Electronic or paper? Why not both! I recently received a lovely Travel Journal from a friend that I just love, so my plans for this upcoming trip are to document ...
Setting sail
... and pampering by the super-friendly staff. Both of the pedicurists had been on this cruise before and had nothing but rave reviews.
After our toes were dealt with, it was lunch time so we schlepped our luggage over to Lone Star Tacos, just across the street. The breakfast taco and barbacoa beef taco were muy deliciosa.
A quick check with Uber let us know that there were a couple of drivers in the area, so Annette did something on her ...
Seguin TX to League City TX
... ALR blog is below.
There is a video at the top of each link below with a selection of photographs from the official photographer at the bottom of each page below
Registration Day:
http://www.legion.org/riders/216916/new -faces-same-results-legacy-run
Day 1 - Indianapolis IN to Rolla MO:
http://www.legion.org/riders/216922/pay ing-their-respects-raising-some-money
Day 2 - ...