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413 Titles Match Your Query
Showing 1 through 25 of 413
Lake Chichancanab Isotope and Mineralogy Data: Central American Drought and the Classic Maya Civilization [NOAA_NCDC_PALEO_2001-014]
Oxygen isotope and sediment composition data from Lake Chichancanab, Mexico. The data are interpreted as a moisture balance proxy, and indicate drought conditions in the years 800-1000 AD, corresponding ...
Cariaco Basin 50KYr Radiocarbon Calibration and Reconstruction [NOAA_NCDC_PALEO-2004-006]
Cariaco Basin 50KYr Radiocarbon Calibration and Reconstruction. Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) 14C data from planktonic foraminifera from Ocean Drilling Program Site 1002, cores 1002D ...
Increase in the Asian SW Monsoon During the Past Four Centuries, NOAA/NCDC/WDC Paleoclimatology [NOAA_NCDC_PALEO_2002-049]
This data set consists of faunal abundance data from Arabian Sea Box Cores. [ABSTRACT] Climate reconstructions reveal unprecedented warming in the last century, however little is known about trends ...
Arctic Environmental Change of the Last Four Centuries [NOAA_NCDC_PALEO_ARCTIC]
Abstract (from the online documentation): A compilation of paleoclimate records from lake sediments, trees, glaciers, and marine sediments provides a view of circum-Arctic environmental variability ...
Baffin Island 1250 Year Summer Temperature Reconstruction [NOAA_NCDC_PALEO_2003-075]
Data consists of summer temperature reconstruction based on laminae thickness in sediments from Donard Lake, Baffin Island, Canada. ABSTRACT (from the online documentation): Clastic varved sediments ...
Cariaco Basin 2000 Deglacial 14C and Grey Scale Data [NOAA_NCDC_PALEO_2000-069]
This data set contains Cariaco Basin 2000 Deglacial 14C and Grey Scale Data. Cariaco2000_pc56_greyscale.txt is updated from earlier published data, with a new age model. ...
Cariaco Basin G. bulloides Abundance Data [NOAA_NCDC_PALEO_2000-005]
Cariaco Basin G. bulloides Abundance Data Latitude: 10?45.46' N Longitude: 64?41.68' W Bathymetry: 395 m Variable names: Depth in core, Age, G. bulloides abundance ...
Cariaco Basin Stable Isotope Data [NOAA_NCDC_PALEO_2001-075]
This data set consists of Planktonic foraminiferal oxygen isotope data from Cariaco Basin piston cores PL07-39PC and PL07-43PC. Records from these two cores are spliced together to produce a data ...
Eastern Oregon NOAA Climate Divisions 7 and 8 PDSI and Precipitation Reconstructions, 1705-1979 [NOAA_NCDC_PALEO_96-029]
These data are reconstructed drought index and precipitation for NOAA Oregon climate divisions 7 and 8, derived from tree-ring data by Gregg M. Garfin and Dr. Malcolm K. Hughes of the Laboratory of ...
El Malpais Precipitation Reconstruction [NOAA_NCDC_PALEO_96-002]
Water Year Annual Precipitation Reconstruction at El Malpais National Monument near Grants, New Mexico. The tree-ring chronology associated with this reconstruction can be found in the holdings ...
Global Temperature Patterns in Past Centuries [NOAA_NCDC_PALEO_2000-075]
Data consists of cold-season Nino 3 region (an estimate of El Nino-related temperature variability) reconstructed data. See: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/ei/ei_reconsb.html
Mapping Eastern North America Vegetation Change Over the Past 18,000 Years [NOAA_NCDC_PALEO_94-007]
These maps are based on 11,700 fossil pollen samples and 1744 modern pollen samples. Twenty-one pollen taxa were included in analyses: Alnus, Fraxinum, Populus, Tilia, Fagus, Betula, Ulmus, Abies, ...
Multi-Millennial Nevada Precipitation Reconstruction [NOAA_NCDC_PALEO_2000-049]
This data set consists of reconstructed precipitation for Nevada Climate Division 3, annual July through June. Trees used for the reconstruction are bristlecone pine from Methuselah Walk, White ...
Northern Hemisphere Surface Temperature Reconstruction Sensitivity Comparisons [NOAA_NCDC_PALEO_2005-057]
Results are presented from a set of experiments designed to investigate factors that may influence proxy-based reconstructions of large-scale temperature patterns in past centuries. The factors ...
Northern Hemisphere Temperature Reconstruction for the Past Millennium [NOAA_NCDC_PALEO_1999-014]
Abstract (from the online documentation): Building on recent studies, we attempt hemispheric temperature reconstructions with proxy data networks for the past millennium. We focus not just on the ...
Optimal Surface Temperature Reconstructions Using Terrestrial Borehole Data, WDC Paleoclimatology [NOAA_NGDC_PALEO_MANN2003]
This data is an optimal Northern Hemisphere mean surface temperature reconstruction from terrestrial borehole temperature profiles spanning the past five centuries. The pattern of borehole ground ...
Precipitation Reconstruction for Huashan, China [NOAA_NCDC_PALEO_96-020]
This data set consists of precipitation reconstructions for Huashan, Shaanxi Province, in the central People's Republic Of China, based on tree-ring data.
Sacramento River Annual Flow Reconstruction [NOAA_NCDC_PALEO_2001-081]
This data set consists of reconstruction of total annual flow, in millions of acre/feet, of the Sacramento River, based on tree ring chronologies from 869-1977 AD.
Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) Reconstruction [NOAA_NCDC_PALEO_1998-038]
EXPERIMENTAL DENDROCLIMATIC RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SOUTHERN OSCILLATION This file documents reconstruction of the winter (DJF) season of Allan's version of the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). It ...
Southwestern USA Linear Regression and Neural Network Precipitation Reconstructions, NOAA/NCDC/WDC Paleoclimatology [NOAA_NCDC_PALEO_2002-080]
This data set consists of a comparison of the linear regression and neural network models for precipitation reconstruction from a network of tree ring chronologies. Data include the reconstructed ...
Upper Colorado River Flow Reconstruction [NOAA_NCDC_PALEO_2007-052]
New tree-ring records of ring-width from remnant preserved wood are analyzed to extend the record of reconstructed annual flows of the Colorado River at Lee Ferry into the Medieval Climate ...
Laguna Pallcacocha Sediment Color Intensity Data and ENSO Variability During the Holocene, WDC/Paleoclimatology [NOAA_PALEO_ENSO]
This data set represents a continuous lacustrine (lake) sedimentary record of Holocene El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability Laguna Pallcacocha, Southern Ecuadorian Andes, Ecuador. ...
BIOME 6000: Reconstructed Biomes from Palaeoecological Data [NOAA_NCDC_PALEO_2001-046]
The Global Palaeovegetation Mapping (BIOME 6000) Project is a community-wide collaboration inaugurated in 1994 under the joint auspices of four of the elements of the International Geosphere-Biosphere ...
Utah Climate Center Global Weather Observation Data On-Line [UTAH_CLIM_WX_ONLINE]
The Utah Climate Center in association with the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) offers an extensive global database of surface weather observations. This data can be obtained via ...
Eastern Colorado Palmer Drought Severity Index Reconstruction, NOAA/NGDC/WDC Paleoclimatology [NOAA_NGDC_PALEO_WOODHOUSE]
This data set consists of Eastern Colorado May/June/July Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) Reconstruction based on tree ring chronologies in the western Great Plains and Front Range. ...
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Canonical Tag: the experts explain
Last week at SMX West the three 'big ones', Google, Microsoft and Yahoo, announced the 'biggest thing since Sitemaps': Canonical Tags. With the Canonical Tag the duplicate content issue should belong to the history.
But how does this work exactly? A lot of experts have given their view on it. From Vanessa Fox on Searchengineland to Joost de Valk at his own blog, all the experts have given their explanation. And also Google, Microsoft and Yahoo gave their explanation.
The best way is to go right to the source. We informed you before that Google posted a long article about it on their webmastercentral blog, Microsoft and Yahoo did the same on theirs.
Now at his personal blog Matt Cutts gave a good explanation of what the Canonical Tag is all about. He was also interviewed last week at SMX and explained it in a very easy way. See the interview below.
Finally a tip is to go to Searchengineland where Vanessa Fox did a very accurate explanation. Now you will know all!
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DC Shoes returns to be one of the sponsors for the 2012 Street League. Check out the dates and get yourself a ticket.
The 2012 SLS DC Pro Tour dates and stops are as follows:
– Stop One: May 18 – 19th – Sprint Center, Kansas City, MO
Live on ESPN2, May 19 – 9:00PM ET
– Stop Two: June 15 – 16th – Citizens Business Bank Arena, Ontario, CA
Live on ESPN2, June 16 – 9:30PM ET
-Stop Three: July 14 – 15th – Jobing.com Arena, Glendale, AZ
Live on ESPN2, July 15 – 7:00PM ET
-Championship: August 26th – Prudential Center, Newark, NJ
Live on ESPN2, August 26th – 5:00PM ET
Tickest go on sale April 2nd at www.streetleague.com – the home for all info on the tour including ticket info, broadcast schedule, and athlete info for the 2012 Street League DC Pro Tour Fueled by Monster Energy.


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Not only swift in its destruction, the pathogen is also remarkable in its ability to change. For example, it can quickly adapt to new plant hosts, attacking even genetically resistant potatoes that have been painstakingly bred to fend off P. infestans infection. How the pathogen can adapt so rapidly to these immune potatoes has long puzzled scientists.
To understand the genetic basis for the pathogen's adaptive success, the researchers, led by scientists at the Broad Institute and the Sainsbury Laboratory, decoded the P. infestans genome. They produced a high-quality genome sequence and compared it to the genomes of two relatives: P. sojae, which infects soybeans, and P. ramorum, which prefers oak and other trees and causes a condition known as sudden oak death.
One of the most striking findings to emerge from these comparisons is the expanded nature of the P. infestans genetic blueprint: It is two and a half to four times the size of its relatives' genomes.
But perhaps even more surprising than the genome's large size is the source of its added bulk. Nusbaum and his colleagues determined that the additional genomic real estate does not reflect more genes per se, but instead stems from a massive expansion in the amount of repetitive (once considered to be "junk") DNA. In fact, this type of DNA accounts for about 75% of the entire P. infestans genome.
"Such a large amount of repetitive DNA is pretty surprising, since there is a metabolic cost to maintain it," said Nusbaum. "As a genome biologist, I have to wonder how the organism benefits from having it."
The researchers gained some key insights into the potential advantages of carrying this glut of repetitive DNA by probing its genomic structure. They made three critical observations:
|Contact: Nicole Davis
Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard


text:
Bar Tools
Tool Sets
- Copper Hammered Bar Tool Set $79.95
- Rabbit Velvet Champagne Set $29.95
Cocktail Shakers & Mixing Glasses
- Copper Hammered Cocktail Shaker $69.95
- W & P Mason Jar Infuser & "Infuse" Book Set $39.95 – $54.95
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- Marble Bottle Opener $19.95
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- Copper Hammered Double-Sided Jigger $19.95
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Home Bar Accessories & Bar Essentials
If you are fond of entertaining at home, you can set up your own bar with our selection of home bar accessories. We offer you an array of bar essentials that includes bottle openers, stir sticks, jiggers, ice buckets, muddlers, strainers, jiggers and other mixing tools. The selection also includes bar tool sets that make a great gift for housewarming and other occasions. Complement the bar accessories with our set of cheese tools that can help you host stylish cheese and wine parties. For outdoor entertaining parties like a backyard barbecue you can use our BBQ accessories to make delicious food that can be paired with homemade drinks.


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RE: [medievalsawdust] Thank you!
Expand Messages
- --you bad girl;)
Speaking of shave horses, it seems like I've started quite the
disturbance over at Regia. So far no one can find their documentation
for the shave horse that they have on their website~! Oooops! ;o> They
say they are still looking, and will let me know what they find out
about it. When they do, I'll pass it along here.Halvgrimractually enjoying watching them sweat;)
Your message has been successfully submitted and would be delivered to recipients shortly.


text: ... Madisan dancing in the hallway ... Alex singing along with a song ... Oscar spinning on a toy while holding his little hammer ... Meadow playing with toys and trying to hug Oscar. ... and later, students sitting at work stations completing tasks or working with a speech or occupational therapist. Occasional outbursts can be heard when one of the students does not want to do something. Tantrums are thrown in severe cases. Good behavior is rewarded by extra snacks and playtime. All of this constitutes a typical day at school by most accounts. The four students at this school range in age from 4 to 9 years. Most complete the same activities with slight variations according to their particular needs. They each follow a different daily schedule, only coming together for morning group, lunch and outside playtime. But the separation doesn't bother them. Actually, for the most part, they prefer it. These students attend a special school called The Helping House, and each struggles with different degrees of autism or other developmental delays. Amanda Johnson, who has a long list of degrees and certifications, not only in teaching, but also in special education with emphasis in autism and severe emotional disorders, opened the school with Josie Johnson in the fall of last year. Josie's 9-year-old daughter Madisan attends the school daily. Johnson is assisted by a teacher's aide, Maria Tostado, and an intern, Nikki Roberts, from SFA. Autism, according to the Autism Society of America Web site, is a spectrum disorder that allows varying symptoms and severities in the 1-in-150 children diagnosed in the United States. Major signs of autism are difficulty with verbal and non-verbal skills, lack of social interaction and repetitive behaviors, and the symptoms generally appear within a child's first three years. "Autism is a spectrum disorder," Johnson said. "It's phenomenal that no two kids are alike." Jan Ward from Professional Speech and Language Services uses puzzles as a symbol for autism because, like a puzzle there are many different pieces to it - speaking abilities, information processing, degrees of understanding - and the treatment for each child - therapies, diet, learning styles - also have to be pieced together. Where Hollywood usually portrays the savants who have special skills, such as Dustin Hoffman in "Rainman" and Miko Hughes in "Mercury Rising," less than 10 percent of autistic people have those skills. "One thing where I get stuck is I don't know what a lay person knows about autism," Johnson said. What one sees on television may be accurate for someone, but not for all autistic people. "They (autistic or developmentally delayed children) can be very unpredictable," Johnson said. "They can be very loving. They learn like other kids learn." It just may take more effort. With Madisan, who has an appraxic speech diagnosis where her oral motor skills aren't as developed, it was difficult for her to understand rhyming words. After trying about eight different strategies, Johnson decided to take the auditory component out, and Madisan was able to match the words visually. "I really feel strongly that it doesn't matter if your kid comes to school here," Johnson said. "I want to be a resource. If someone gets a diagnoses of autism, there's going to be a whole process (of learning and looking for resources), and you can cut a lot of time off that process if you know who to go to. If they'll call me, I can help them. "It's not that we are limited to this building and these four kids. We want to have a bigger outreach than that." Among their "bigger outreaches" are support groups. They offer a bilingual support group to parents with autistic children and a gluten/casein-free diet group, which is recommended by Johnson for all children with autism. Other services include parent training, social events, community outings and peer mentoring. The school can help parents with children not yet diagnosed, too. Oscar doesn't have an official medical diagnosis, but he has social impairment, language impairment and self-stimulatory behavior, which are the three main components of autism. "I'm not a diagnostician, and I'm not a doctor, but to me his development delay lines right up with what I do, with the kids that I work with that do have a specific autism or pervasive developmental disorder label," Johnson said. Some parents do not want to hear the diagnosis of autism but will accept that their child is developmentally delayed. For many, there is a grieving process for the parents, which can be healthy for them, but not good for the kids, Johnson said. "There needs to be some action, something needs to be done, I think support groups are great for that grieving ... grieving the child you're not going to have, or that you 'lost' at that time." The Helping House offers other benefits for children in addition to the one-on-one attention. The students also receive customized lesson plans. "In public schools, it's (required by) law that you write their goals on their grade level," Johnson said. "A kid in the ninth grade has to have their goal on a ninth grade level, even if developmentally they are 6. It gets to be kind of hard to do. We keep them caught up cognitively, and we can also focus on behavioral and functional living goals. "It's really important that behaviors are manageable at a young age, because the bigger they are, the more difficult they can be. My goal for the kids, when they leave here, is that we have done everything we can as an intensive early learning program to get them ready to mainstream. "I would like to think that they all have that possibility (of living independently)," Johnson said. "It's just finding the right combination of treatments and therapies. "It's so intriguing, because everyone wants to find the answer, and I don't know that there is one answer," she said. "I think it's going to be a combination of things for every kid." To contact The Helping House, call 936-371-1536 or visit the Web site at www.the-helping-house.org. Donations are accepted to cover expenses and provide tuition/scholarships. Computers are also needed for the students. Madisan Johnson, 9, completes a task of fitting shapes into the correct place at the independent work station at The Helping House. Activities are lined up along the shelf above the desk. As a student finishes one task, he or she will place it in the completed basket and move on to the next until every task is complete. Then, the student will replace all the tasks on the shelf for the next person. Christy Wooten/The Daily Sentinel The Helping House in Nacogdoches is a school for autistic and developmentally delayed children. They complete activities, interact with one another and learn important skills which will help them live a more normal life. Christy Wooten/The Daily Sentinel


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by Miller, Alex
""There is a moment in our lives when we must decide which world we belong to. The world of our dreams or the other one. We can't all drift back and forth between them without risking losing our place in both."" From one of Australia's most revered contemporary authors comes the romantic saga of Emily Stanton and her restless struggle against the conventions of her time. When Alex Miller's mother died several years ago, she left him the fragmentary journal she'd kept while living briefly in Paris as a young woman in the 1920s. Inspired by this surprising entree into his mother's emotional life and her conflicted passions of young womanhood, Miller has written "Conditions of Faith." In spare, precise prose, Miller brings us into vivid 1920s Australia, France, and Tunisia and gives us a taste of feminism at the beginning of the century through the story of Emily Stanton. Like Henry James's Isabel Archer before her, Emily is beautiful and headstrong, restless, idealistic, and determined to live a fulfilling life despite smothering social conventions. It's 1923 and at age twenty-five, Emily, an Australian, impulsively marries Georges Elder, a French-Scottish engineer ten years her senior. Suddenly she is propelled from Melbourne, where she is a promising scholar of classical civilizations, to Georges's small, conventional flat in Paris. Quickly dismayed at the traditional life she has married into, Emily resolves to look elsewhere for the exotic adventure and intellectual stimulation she believes to be her due. She will "live a Parisian fairy story," she determines, which suits her until it leads to an illicit liaison and unwanted pregnancy, altering her life irrevocably.At the center of the book is "the problem of a reason for living," a problem that society says should be solved, for women, by motherhood. For Emily, though, it's not sufficient. Her search for fulfillment will take her as far as the ruins of Carthage and ultimately challenge society's most deeply cherished beliefs about motherhood and family. "Conditions of Faith" is at once a provocative romance and an elegant meditation on a timeless dilemma.
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Waterfront Suites and Marina
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Brannen Lake - Nanaimo
... br> So the stream was not totally dried out, so Gine went along the creek to find the falls: it was not really overwhelming with the trickle of water coming down… maybe after a drought this is not the best falls.
After scrambling up we decided we are not checking the next dry water fall…. That's for another time.
A walk ...
A Waning Journey
... to Nanaimo and Living Forest RV Park. We made good time and pulled into the park just after 6 PM. Living Forest is a large park south of Nanaimo and near the Duke Point Ferry terminal. The park is listed as one of the best on Vancouver Island our experience here matches. The park is situated on a bluff and terraced so most sites enjoy a view. The park had many large trees throughout. One section ...
Happy Tree
... of days.
On Wednesday I went for a bike ride on Audrey's mountain bike, because there are mountains everywhere. Well, they're not really mountains but to me it feels like it if I compare it to my daily bike rides in Holland. Apparently I'm Dutch, because I've seen only roughly 20 people riding their bikes so far since we got here. It was a few degrees below zero. I went to Kitty Coleman Park and did some beautiful sightseeing along the seashore there ...
Long drive with views on the way
... very beautiful views and lots of cars. We still drive the Pontiac together but things are getting better and probably by the time we come back to Perth we will drive on the wrong side of the road.
We were half way to Nanaimo and at Duncan you will never guess where we had a pit stop for a coffee break a place that we only go to only to get an icecream and that is MACDONALD'S $5.00 for two Lattes. People here drive ...
Rain, fog & BEARS!!!
... Just to get out of the rain will be so nice, but to be able to do some research on where to get Toby looked at as well will be a plus. We had a quick Skype call with my family and then had pizza for tea - our first home delivery hehe. Talk about a cruisy day.... Sunday 12.05.13: Wishing both of our mums & Nan the biggest HAPPY MOTHERS DAY!! We love you heaps & hope you have a fantastic day! :) xxxxxx Also a big happy birthday to Josh :) xxxx TODAY WE SAW A FREAKING ...


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Find out what's on at Sage Gateshead, a landmark venue for live music and concerts in Gateshead, Newcastle and the North East.
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For his orchestral rollercoaster ride 'A Hero's Life', Richard Strauss cast around for a...
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Fire in the North Sky: Epic Tales from Finland (Adverse Camber)
Elite Wedding Show - This Is The Big One!
Folkworks: Leveret plus support from The Lindie Quartet
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Tom Kerstens' G Plus Ensemble: New Work by Anna Meredith and John Metcalfe


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 14, 2003
|Filing date
|Mar 27, 2001
|Priority date
|Mar 27, 2001
|Fee status
|Publication number
|David R. Peale, Walter Framski, Lih Lin
|Original Assignee
|Tellium, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (10), Classifications (6), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an optical switch having movable optical switching elements, and more particularly to monitoring and controlling temperature variations of micro-machined micro-mirrors in an optical switching device.
2. Description of the Related Art
Increasing demands for high-speed Internet service and wireless communications are soon expected to outstrip current telecommunications capacity. Because optical fiber networks are capable of transmitting huge volumes of data at blinding speeds, telecommunications carriers are turning to optical fiber networks in an effort to meet future needs.
In order to implement tomorrow's optical fiber networks, the telecommunications industry needs new optical devices that are inexpensive, efficient, and scalable to accommodate future optical telecommunications network expansion. Telecommunications providers prefer optical fiber networks that can be reconfigured quickly and efficiently. This gives the optical network the flexibility to accommodate growth and changes in future communications patterns. The ability to reconfigure quickly and efficiently also enables the network to restore failed communications by rerouting the communications to bypass the failure.
Optical fiber networks can be reconfigured at network nodes using optical switches to change the coupling between incoming optical fibers and outgoing optical fibers. Currently under development are optical switches that use movable micro-mirrors. These optical switches couple the optical signals between input and output fibers entirely in optical form, instead of converting the optical signals to electrical signals, switching the electrical signals, and converting the switched electrical signals back to optical signals.
To successfully operate such switches, the components—including fibers, lenses, and the micro-mirrors—must be properly aligned and the angular position of the movable micro-mirrors must be precisely controlled. If the angular position of the movable micro-mirrors is off and/or if the other components are not properly aligned, some or all of the light from the input fibers will not reach the selected output fiber. At switching speeds needed for optical communication, a micro-mirror based switch must accurately and reliably move a mirror into position on command and hold maximum input-to-output optical coupling its position over long time scales.
In an optical switch utilizing movable micro-mirrors, beams of light are switched by reflecting the light beams off surfaces of steerable micro-mirrors. For efficient and reliable switching, the mirror surfaces should be substantially free to target the reflected beams with minimal divergence and high precision. However, it has been found that the temperature of a structure supporting moveable micro-mirrors may adversely affect the geometry of the micro-mirrors. It also has been found that temperature gradients may be present across structures supporting moveable micro-mirrors in an optical switch. Temperature gradients cause differential micro-mirror shapes between regions at different temperatures and/or localized alteration of a micro-mirror shape. Depending on the temperature a micro-mirror acquires in either scenario, differences between the coefficients of thermal expansion of micro-mirror materials may cause a micro-mirror to curve into either a concave or convex shape.
Generally, the ambient temperature across a micro-mirror supporting structure may affect the radius of curvature of the its micro-mirrors. Changes in the radius of curvature of a micro-mirror may increase the optical loss of an optical switch by defocusing light beams reflecting off the mirror, and thus cause inefficient and/or inaccurate translation of a light beam in the switch from an input fiber to a selected output fiber.
As shown in FIG. 9a, a micro-mirror 22 operating within a stabilized temperature may have little or no curvature along axis 900. In some applications, micro-mirror 22 may have a predetermined curvature or operate with an acceptable level of curvature. Micro-mirror 22 may be formed of a semiconductor material 22-a, such as silicon, having a light reflecting coating 22-b formed on its upper surface. Because the upper surface of micro-mirror 22 has limited curvature, light rays 901 incident on the micro-mirror surface will be reflected with accuracy toward the intended target 902.
If material 22-a and coating 22-b have different coefficients of thermal expansion, one material forming the mirror, 22-a or 22-b, may expand to a greater extent than another material, 22-b or 22-a, and thus cause the mirror to curve or deform. FIG. 9b shows micro-mirror 22 operating at a temperature greater than the stabilized temperature. As illustrated in FIG. 9b, if a substantial curvature occurs in a micro-mirror 22, a portion of the incident rays 903 are directed away from the intended target 902. Thus, an increase in curvature may cause an increase in the number of rays failing to reach the intended target within the switch.
While the temperature of the overall switch package containing a mirror-supporting structure may be controlled effectively using known heat sinking methods, the mirror supporting structures within the package are subject to localized heating due to differences in local heat sink efficiency. For example, the entire mirror supporting structure temperature may rise or fall relative to other switch sections or portions. Temperature gradients across a surface of a mirror supporting structure also may arise from power dissipated in circuitry near, in, or on the mirror supporting structure, from optical power dissipated in more in some regions of the supporting structure than others, and/or from other conditions affecting the switch's ambient environment.
Hence, for accurate and reliable optical switching, mirror-supporting structures in movable micro-mirror switches should be insensitive to temperature variations that would otherwise affect a desired optical signal path. Thus, there remains a need in the art for optical fiber switching systems that are responsive to changes in ambient temperature that may otherwise cause inefficient and inaccurate translation of light beams from input fibers to selected output fibers.
The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances and has as an object to provide an efficient and reliable optical switch.
One aspect of the present invention is an optical switch system that maintains a substantially uniform temperature across an element of an optical switch.
Another aspect of the present invention is an optical switch having a structure for monitoring a temperature variation across an element of the switch.
Yet another aspect of the present invention includes a structure and method for adjusting the temperature of portions of a movable mirror assembly.
Additional aspects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The aspects and advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.
FIG. 1 provides a schematic of an illustrative optical switch design that includes micro-mirrors in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2 provides an illustrative embodiment of an optical switch design using micro mirrors in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 3a provides a top view of an illustrative optical switch that includes movable micro-mirrors in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 3b provides a cross-sectional view of FIG. 3a taken along line I-I′.
FIG. 3c provides a top view of the electrode arrangement included in the optical switch of FIG. 3a.
FIG. 4 provides a schematic of an illustrative temperature control system in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 5 provides a first exemplary embodiment of a temperature sensing and control system in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 6 provides a second exemplary embodiment of a temperature sensing and control system in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 7a provides cross-sectional view of a third exemplary embodiment of a temperature sensing and control system in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 7b provides a top view of FIG. 7a as seen from line II-II′.
FIG. 7c provides a top view of a fourth exemplary embodiment of a temperature sensing and control system in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 8a provides a fifth exemplary embodiment of a temperature sensing and control system in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 8b provides a cross-sectional view of FIG. 8a taken along line III-III′.
FIG. 8c provides top view of FIG. 8b as seen from line IV-IV′.
FIG. 9a provides a cross-sectional view of a micro-mirror having a substantially flat reflecting surface.
FIG. 9b provides a cross-sectional view of a micro-mirror having a curved reflecting surface.
Reference will now be made in detail to the present exemplary embodiments of the invention illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Whenever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.
The present invention is particularly useful for reliable and accurate control of steerable mirror elements used to switch optical signals in optical telecommunications network systems that carry optical communications signals, such as wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) signals, over optical fibers. In particular, the present invention includes switching system structures and methods that sense and respond to non-uniform temperature variations arising in optical switch elements that include movable micro-mirrors. A localized temperature variation may be sensed by placing temperature-sensing elements in regions of a micro-mirror supporting structure (mirror chip) to provide signals indicative of each region's localized temperature. Signals from the plurality regions may be compared to each other and/or to a reference value, to determine variances in temperature across the chip surface. The system response to one or more non-uniform spatial temperature distributions may include local heating of corresponding regions and/or locally cooling corresponding regions to bring the temperature distribution into a desired level of uniformity.
Alternatively or in combination with the foregoing, the present invention also may include switching system structures and-methods that sense the temperature of one or more optical switch elements supporting a plurality of micro-mirrors, compare the sensed temperature with a predetermined value or range of values, and respond to the sensed temperature by cooling and/or heating the optical switch elements when the sensed value is different from the predetermined value or is outside the predetermined range of values. For example, in addition to heating or cooling localized regions of the micro-mirror supporting structure to attain substantial uniformity of temperature across a surface of the supporting structure, a response to a sensed temperature of one or more temperature sensors placed on or integrated in the supporting structure also may include heating and/or cooling the structure to a temperature that lies within an desirable operating range.
The present invention provides a system and method for monitoring and controlling the temperature of a micro-mirror supporting structure that keeps the radius of curvature of the micro-mirrors under close control. FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic of an optical switch 10 according to the present invention. The optical switch 10 according to the present invention may be configured as an optical cross connect (OXC), an add-drop multiplexer (ADM), or another optical switch arrangement.
The optical switch 10 switches optical signals from a plurality of input optical fibers 20-1 to 20-j (collectively "input optical fibers 20") to selected output fibers 25-1 to 25-j (collectively "output optical fibers 25"). The input optical fibers 20 and output optical fibers 25 may be arranged in any way, for example a k x j/k rectangular array, such as a square array. The present invention is not limited by the types of the optical signals carried by the input optical fibers 20 and output optical fibers 25. Each optical input fiber 20 may carry WDM signals, a single wavelength optical signal that was demultiplexed from a WDM signal by a wavelength division demultiplexer, or other types of optical signals. Similarly, each optical output fiber 25 may carry WDM signals, single wavelength optical signal to be multiplexed with other optical signals by a wavelength division multiplexer, or other types of optical signals. The optical signals typically carry information and may have wavelengths of about 1300-1500 nm, for example. While FIG. 1 shows a schematic of an embodiment with j input optical fibers 20 and j output optical fibers 25, the number of input optical fibers may differ from the number of output optical fibers.
The input optical fibers 20 carry optical signals that are supplied, respectively, to a lens arrangement 30. The lens arrangement 30 may include a plurality of micro-lenses 32 arranged in an array. Alternatively, lenses 32 may be integrated with fibers 20. Micro-lenses 32 are preferably arranged so that each input optical fiber 20 is aligned with a micro-lens 32. In this way, optical signals emitted from an input fiber 20 will pass through one of the micro-lenses 32. Micro-lenses 32 direct optical beams from the input optical fibers 20 to a first arrangement of micro-mirrors 100-1, which will be described in greater detail below.
The first micro-mirror arrangement 100-1 includes a plurality of movable micro-mirrors 122. The micro-mirrors 122 may be arranged in an array, e.g., a rectangular or square array. Of course, other arrangements of the micro-mirrors 122 may be used as well. In a preferred embodiment, each input optical fiber 30 corresponds to one micro-lens 32 of the first lens arrangement 30 and one micro-mirror 122 of the first micro-mirror arrangement 100-1. Using the micro-mirrors 122 and responsive to control signals, the first micro-mirror arrangement 100-1 couples the optical beams from the lens array 30 to selected movable micro-mirrors 122 of a second arrangement of micro-mirrors 100-2. The second micro-mirror arrangement 100-2 includes micro-mirrors 122 that may be arranged in an array, e.g., a square or rectangular array or other arrangement. The second micro-mirror arrangement 100-2 need not match the first micro-mirror arrangement 100-1. While not shown in FIG. 1, one or more lenses or other optical devices may be interposed between the mirror arrangements 100-1, 100-2, such as described, for example, in U.S. application Ser. No. 09/769,481, filed Jan. 26, 2001, and hereby incorporated by reference.
Each micro-mirror 122 of the first arrangement 100-1 is preferably movable to permit an input beam to be reflected by the micro-mirror 122 to any micro-mirror 122 of the second arrangement 100-2. The micro-mirrors 122 of the second arrangement 100-2, also responsive to control signals, receive and couple the optical beams through a second lens array 35 to output fibers 25. The second lens arrangement 35 includes micro-lenses 32, which may be arranged in an array, aligned with output optical fibers 25. Micro-lenses 32 direct the optical beams into output optical fibers 25. Accordingly, optical signals carried on input optical fibers 20 may be selectively coupled to output optical fibers 25.
Micro-mirrors 122 of the second micro-mirror arrangement 100-2 are preferably movable to permit a light beam received from any of the micro-mirrors 122 of the first arrangement 100-1 to be directed through a micro-lens 32 of second lens arrangement 35 to an output optical fiber 25. In one embodiment, each micro-mirror 122 of the second arrangement 100-2 corresponds to one micro-lens 32 of the second lens arrangement 35 and one output optical fiber 25.
Micro-mirror arrangements 100-1 and 100-2 can be controlled to redirect or switch the coupling of optical signals. For example, as shown in FIG. 1, movable micro-mirror 122-1 of arrangement 100-1 directs an optical signal to movable micro-mirror 122-(k+1) of arrangement 100-2. However, responsive to control signals, movable micro-mirror 122-1 of arrangement 100-1 may redirect the optical signal it receives from input optical fiber 20-1 to movable micro-mirror 122-2 of arrangement 100-2. Micro-mirror 122-2 may be controlled to receive the optical signal and provide it to optical fiber 25-2.
While FIG. 1 shows a one stage switching arrangement, one or more additional stages of micro-mirror arrangements may be interposed between micro-mirror arrangements 100-1 and 100-2 to form a multi-stage switching arrangement.
The present invention uses sense circuitry 40, shown schematically in FIG. 1, to sense the temperature of micro-mirror arrangements 100-1 and 100-2. In accordance with the present invention, sense circuitry 40 includes circuitry for receiving a signal from one or more temperature sensors distributed in regions about mirror arrangements 100-1, 100-2. Optical switch 10 may also include other sensing circuitry, such as the capacitance and/or optical sensing circuitry in mirror feedback control systems disclosed in copending application Ser. No. 09/756,675, filed Jan. 10, 2001, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
Sense circuitry 40 may continually or periodically monitor the temperature of a micro-mirror or regions near one or more micro-mirrors within an optical switch 10. Sensing circuitry 40 generates a signal corresponding to a temperature sensed by one or more temperature sensors provided on mirror arrangements 100-1, 100-2. While sensing circuit 40 is shown schematically in FIG. 1, a single sensing circuit 40 may be provided for one or more temperature sensors. For example, several temperature sensors provided about mirror arrangements 100-1, 100-2 may share one sensing circuit on a continuous or a time-sharing basis. Alternatively, a plurality of sensing circuits may be provided on mirror arrangements 100-1, 100-2 to receive signals from a plurality of temperature sensors. For example, regions including a plurality of micro-mirrors may each include a sensing circuit 40 for sensing a temperature from one or more temperature sensors provided in each region. The plurality of micro-mirrors may form groups that include two or more mirrors, each having one or more temperature sensors placed near or on micro-mirrors of the group. Of course, each micro-mirror in mirror arrangements 100-1 and/or 100-2 may have its own associated temperature sensor that is paired with separate sensing circuitry 40. On the other hand, only one temperature sensor may be provided for each of the mirror arrangements 100. Alternatively or in combination with providing temperature sensors on or in proximity of micro-mirrors, one or more temperature sensors may be provided with circuitry provided on micro-mirror arrangements 100-1, 100-2.
Signals indicative of temperature generated by sensing circuitry 40 are received by a controller 50 that may adjust the temperature in a sensed region when a predetermined temperature value is reached and/or when variations exist between a plurality of sensed regions. Controller 50 may initiate a cooling process in one or more regions having a higher temperature than other regions to bring the temperature distribution on the surface of mirror arrangements 100-1, 100-2 to a desired level of uniformity. Alternatively, controller 50 may initiate a heating process of one or more temperature sensed regions of arrangements 100-1, 100-2 to achieve a desired temperature level.
Controller 50 may additionally receive control inputs and generate output control signals to control the position of the micro-mirrors 122 of the first and second micro-mirror arrangements 100-1 and 100-2. Controller 50 may also receive feedback signals that are based on sensed capacitive and/or optical power signals, such as described in copending application Ser. No. 09/756,675, filed Jan. 10, 2001, and incorporated by reference. The controller 50 may be, for example, a computer or application-specific circuit. However, it is to be understood that controller 50, as well as sense circuitry 40, may be provided separate from other controlling or sensing circuitry provided with optical switch 10.
Sense circuitry 40 may be provided with controller circuitry 50 on the mirror arrangements 100-1 and 100-2. Alternatively, sensing circuitry 40 may be provided separate from arrangements 100-1 and 100-2, and/or with separately provided controller circuitry 50. While the sense circuitry 40 and controller 50 are shown separately in the schematic of FIG. 1, it should be understood that this is for clarity. The sense circuitry 40 and controller 50 may be integrated into a single sense and control device. Alternatively, the functionality of the sense circuitry 40 and/or controller 50 may be distributed among multiple sensor and controller units.
FIG. 2 shows an example of an embodiment using the steerable micro-mirror arrangement 10 schematically shown in FIG. 1. As shown in FIG. 2, input optical fibers 20 and output optical fibers 25 are arranged in two-dimensional arrays. While input optical fibers 20 and output optical fibers 25 are shown in a rectangular array, it is to be understood that input and output optical fibers may be arranged in any way that allows optical coupling of fibers 20, 25 to respective lenses 32. Similarly, lens arrangements 30 includes micro-lenses 32 arranged in arrays and each are preferably aligned with an input fiber 20 so that light signals from each input fiber 20 will pass through one of the micro-lenses 32. In this way, optical beams emitted from the input fibers 20 will pass through one of the micro-lenses 32 and be directed from the input fibers 20 to one of the micro-mirrors 122 of the first arrangement of micro-mirrors 101-1. The micro-mirror arrangements 100-1, 100-2 and lens arrangement 30, 35 may also be of the types disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 09/691,193, which respectively incorporate radiation emitting and detecting elements, and is hereby incorporated by reference. Lens arrangement 35 also may include optical couplers or taps that can be fused with an output fiber 25 to draw a small portion of the optical power switched to an output fiber 25 for monitoring and feedback purposes, such as the types disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 09/756,675, filed Jan. 10, 2001. The micro-mirrors 122 of the first and second arrangements 100-1, 100-2 are formed by microelectromechanical system (MEMS) elements arranged in an array. The first MEMS arrangement 100-1 is positioned at an angle to lens array 30 and generally faces the second MEMS arrangement 100-2 with some offset. The second MEMS array 100-2 is positioned at an angle to the second lens array 35. Accordingly, an optical path from an input fiber to an output fiber traverses a generally "Z" shaped path, as illustrated in FIG. 2. As noted above, one or more lenses or other optical devices may be interposed between the first and second MEMS arrays 100-1, 100-2. In such a case, the lens(es) may refract the light beams as they pass between the MEMS arrays 100-1, 100-2. Notwithstanding, the beam path from the input fiber to the output fiber still generally may be Z-shaped.
As shown in FIG. 2 with a single optical beam, the first lens array 30 receives the input optical beam from the input optical fibers 20 at a micro-lens 32 and directs the input beam to a movable micro-mirror 122 of the first MEMS arrangement 100-1. Depending on the angular position of the movable micro-mirror 122, the input optical beam is reflected to a selected movable micro-mirror 122 of the second MEMS arrangement 100-2. The movable micro-mirror 122 of the second MEMS arrangement 100-2 reflects the input optical beam through a lens 32 of the second lens array 35 to a selected one of the output optical fibers 25. Thus, the optical beam passes out of the input optical fiber, passes through a lens 32 of the first lens array 30, is reflected by the first and second MEMS arrangements 100-1, 100-2, passes through a lens 32 of the second lens array 30, and is directed into a selected output optical fiber 25.
FIGS. 3a to 3 c illustrate top and cross-sectional views of an exemplary MEMS micro-mirror arrangement that may use the temperature sensing and temperature control elements of the present invention. For example, the MEMS micro-mirror arrangement exemplified by FIGS. 3a to 3 c may form part of a MEMS micro-mirror arrangement 100, such as shown in FIG. 2. FIG. 3b represents a cross-section of the MEMS micro-mirror arrangement taken along axis I-I′ of FIG. 3a. FIG. 3c is a plan view intended to provide a simplified rendering of the bottom portion of the MEMS micro-mirror arrangement shown in FIG. 3b.
The MEMS micro-mirror arrangement 100 may be formed using MEMS technology. Of course, this is exemplary and other technologies may be used consistent with the present invention. The arrangement 100 includes a substrate 110, which may be formed, for example, of single crystalline silicon, on which multiple micro-mirrors are formed in an array. FIG. 3a shows four micro-mirrors in a rectangular array for purposes of explanation. It should be understood that substrate 110 may include any number of micro-mirrors (one or more) and that the micro-mirrors may be arranged in any way. More particularly, the substrate 110 includes a plurality of micro-mirrors 122 and corresponding mirror mounts 124 for mounting the micro-mirrors 122. The micro-mirrors 122 may be formed with a conductive coating, such as gold, to form conductive mirror plate 122-a and provide a reflective surface. Each micro-mirror 122 and corresponding mirror mount 124 form a movable micro-mirror unit 120. FIG. 3a shows four movable micro-mirror units 120 for purposes of illustration. Of course, the micro-mirror arrangement 100 may have more or fewer than four movable micro-mirror units 120.
FIGS. 3a-3 c show rectangular mirror cells 121, each including a-micro-mirror unit 120, for purposes of illustration. However, a micro-mirror cell 121 may assume other shapes, such as circular, triangular or honeycomb shapes. Micro-mirrors also may be formed into groups including two or more cells 121. In an arrangement having grouped cells, micro-mirror cells 121 may be arranged adjacent to one another, in a non-adjacent arrangement, or in an arrangement having a combination of adjacent and non-adjacent cells 121.
As shown in FIG. 3a, each mirror mount 124 may be formed as a gimbal. In particular, the mirror mount 124 includes a mounting arm 125 coupled to the remainder of the substrate 110 by pivot arms 126-1, 126-2 and coupled to the micro-mirror 122 by pivot arms 127-1, 127-2. Pivot arms 126-1 and 126-2 enable the mounting arm 125, and thus the micro-mirror 122, to pivot with respect to the substrate 110 about a first axis 126. Pivot arms 127-1 and 127-2 enable the micro-mirror 122 to pivot with respect to the mounting arm 125 about a second axis 127 orthogonal to the first axis 126. Pivot arms 126-1, 126-2, 127-1, 127-2 may be formed as torsional elements, such as serpentine springs or other elastic/pivoting devices that provide resistance and restoration forces to micro-mirror 122. FIG. 3a shows the mounting arm 125 to be circular for purposes of illustration and not by way of limitation. Of course, the mounting arm 125 may be, for example, rectangular, elliptical, or other closed loop shape, or U-shaped, or arcuate.
The micro-mirror arrangement 100 further includes a sub-mount 112 beneath the substrate 110. The sub-mount 112 may be formed, for example, of silicon or another semiconductor material or compound, or an insulative material on which a semiconductive material or compound may be formed. Micro-mirror arrangement 100 may optionally include a spacer layer (not shown) that separates the substrate 112 from substrate 110. In such an arrangement, substrate 112 can be silicon, ceramic, epoxy, polyimide, an oxide or other like materials, and the spacer layer can be silicon, ceramic, epoxy, polyimide, an oxide or other like materials. In addition, the spacer can be omitted and mesa-like extensions of the substrate 112 (not shown) can be used to support a plurality of substrates 110.
FIG. 3c provides a top view of one mirror cell 121. Similar to FIGS. 3a and 3 b, FIG. 3c is intended to provide a simplified rendering of the arrangement of position control and/or capacitance sensing electrodes 170 and/or 171 on submount 112 for purposes of explaining the invention. Outlines of mirror mount 124 and micro-mirror 122 are schematically shown for purposes of generally illustrating the relative position of micro-mirror 122 to the underlying electrode arrangement.
As shown in FIG. 3c, sub-mount 112 includes a plurality of electrodes 170 and/or 171 arranged in groups corresponding to the movable micro-mirror assemblies 120 and, in particular, to the micro-mirror 122 and mounting arm 125 of the movable micro-mirror units 120. Each of the electrode groups is located in within cavities (mirror wells) 150 defined by substrate 110 and submount 112. As shown in FIG. 3c, each mirror well may include four mirror quadrants a, b, c, and d that are defined by electrode axes 128 and 129. While electrode axes 128 are illustrated as being offset from axes 126 and 127, the electrode axes may be respectively aligned with axes 126 and 127. It is to be understood that any angular relationship may exist between the electrode axes and mirror rotational axes may as long as the electrodes are driven accordingly.
Electrodes 170 are provided on a bottom surface of mirror well 150 and underlie a micro-mirror 122. Electrodes 170 are positioned under micro-mirror 122 and may have a major plane substantially parallel with an upper surface of submount 112. It is to be understood that major surfaces of electrodes 170 may not be planar or flat with respect to a surface of submount 112. For example, electrodes 170 may be positioned at an angle with respect to an upper surface of submount 112, or include segmented portions positioned at different heights relative to one another. Sidewall electrodes 171 also may be included within mirror well 150 in segmented portions along the wall of well 150 and positioned at a periphery of micro-mirror 122 to substantially surround electrodes 170. Electrodes 171 are shown as a "head-less" configuration having a height that is less than the height of the mirror well 150, such as the types described in copending application Ser. No. 09/772,084, filed Jan. 30, 2001, and hereby incorporated by reference. Sidewall electrodes may alternatively extend vertically to substantially the height of the well and/or be formed in a plurality of sidewall electrodes of different height.
Electrodes 170 and/or sidewall electrodes 171 act on the micro-mirror 122 and mounting arm 125 to control the angular position of the micro-mirror 122 by electrostatic force. In the embodiment of FIG. 3c, electrodes of quadrant a and quadrant c control the angular position of the micro-mirror 122 about axis 126. Electrodes of quadrant b and quadrant d control the angular position of the micro-mirror 122 about axis 127. Consequently, by appropriate control of electrodes 170 a-170 d and/or sidewall electrodes 171 a-171 d, the surface angle of micro-mirror 122 may be controlled. Accordingly, micro-mirror 122 can be used to steer an incident light beam to a particular location, a function useful in optical switches.
Mirror 122 may be actuated by an electrostatic force field that exists between conductive portions of mirror 122 and the arrangement of mirror control and/or capacitance sense electrodes 170, and/or vertically elongated arrangement of control and/or capacitance sense sidewall electrodes 171, when position control voltages are applied to electrodes 170 and/or electrodes 171. The electrostatic force field results from positive (negative) charges that accumulate on the control/sense electrodes 170 and/or 171 upon applying position control voltages. Positive (negative) charges on electrodes 170 and/or 171 induce negative (positive) charges in nearby conductive portions of micro-mirror 122. According to Coulomb's law, a force between a first and second object having quantities of charge Q1 and Q2, respectively, is proportional to each of the charges Q1 and Q2 and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Hence, when an induced charge exists in a conductive portion of mirror 122 by a voltage applied to electrodes 170 and/or 171, an attractive force will act on the mirror 122 (using electrodes 170 and/or 171 as a reference point). However, since axes 126 and 127 support mirror 122, this attractive force may cause rotation of mirror 122 about one or both of axes 126 and 127, and thus provide torque to mirror 122 about these axes.
Since the attractive force on micro-mirror 122 is proportional to an electric field between an electrode 170 and/or 171 and an associated micro-mirror conductive portion, electric fields existing between electrodes 170 and/or electrodes 171 and the conductive portion of micro-mirror 122 supply torque on the mirror about mirror axes 126 and/or 127, and thus move micro-mirror 122 into an angular position. In each electrode quadrant a to d, electrodes 170 and sidewall electrodes 171 may be driven with control voltages simultaneously, independently, or in a cooperative fashion to provide electric fields that angularly position a micro-mirror 122. While the description above assumes that the mirrors are actuated by electrostatic force, it should be appreciated that the mirrors may be actuated by other alternative or additional mechanisms consistent with the present invention.
FIG. 4 provides a generalized schematic of an embodiment of a temperature control system 400 in accordance with the present invention that may be used in a micro-mirror arrangement, for example, the MEMS micro-mirror arrangement exemplified by FIGS. 3a to 3 c. The micro-mirror array may include one or more of the temperature control systems 400, but only one is shown for purposes of explanation. As shown in FIG. 4, a temperature sensor 42 may be provided on a micro-mirror 122, within a micro-mirror well 150, adjacent one or more micro-mirrors 122, or elsewhere on or in a switching substrate 100. The temperature sensor 42 senses the temperature at or near the micro-mirror(s) 122 and generates a sensed temperature signal indicative of the temperature. The temperature sensor 42 may be, for example, a P-N junction device or other known temperature-sensing devices, such as temperature variable resistance devices (e.g., a thermistor). For example, a temperature of a region in a switching substrate 100 may be determined by incorporating a P-N junction device in the substrate. P-N junction devices may include discrete diodes or other devices, such as transistors, that include one or more P-N junctions. A P-N junction has a temperature variable forward voltage drop that may be measured at a particular junction temperature by operating the P-N junction at two or more current densities. The absolute temperature of the device junction, and thus the temperature of the area occupied by the junction, is proportional to differences in the measured forward voltage drop at the two or more current densities. Alternatively, the forward voltage drops of identical P-N junction devices operating at different current densities may be utilized to determine an absolute temperature of a substrate region that includes the devices. The present invention may use any of the foregoing methods and/or other known methods for determining a temperature of the switching substrate 100.
As shown in FIG. 4, temperature sensor 42 is thermally coupled with mirrors formed in the switching substrate 100. A controller 50 may generate and provide a control signal to one or more heating and/or cooling device 55 positioned on or near micro-mirrors 122 in response to the sensed temperature signal. A suitable heating device may be a resistor, for example. The cooling device may be a thermoelectric cooler (TEC) or a thermionic cooler, but any suitable cooler may be used.
The control signal of the controller 50 may be indicative of the relative increase or decrease of temperature desired. Controller 50 may compare a voltage or current level of the sensed temperature signal with levels of sensed temperature signals from one or more additional sensors coupled with control circuit 50. Control circuit 50 may then activate one or more heating and/or one or more cooling devices 55 located on the switching substrate 100 to bring substrate to a desired level of temperature uniformity. In one exemplary embodiment, the operating temperature of a switching substrate may assume any one of a plurality of temperature values in a desired operating temperature range. Controller 50 may attain a substantially uniform switching substrate temperature and within the desired temperature range by providing signals to heating and/or cooling devices 55 that are based on a least amount of energy needed to attain a value within the desired range. For environments having variable ambient temperatures, this embodiment may provide an efficient use of energy since controller 50 may control the substrate temperature at any one of a plurality of set points within the desired operating temperature range. For example, controller 50 may choose a set point in the desired operating range that requires a least amount of energy consumed by all switch cooling and/or heating devices 55 used to raise and/or lower the temperature of the substrate, or areas of the substrate.
Alternatively, controller 50 may appropriately activate heating and/or cooling devices 55 to substantially maintain an area of the switching substrate 100 at a predetermined set point temperature. The set point temperature may be set or adjusted during manufacture of the optical switch, its installation, or during operation. For example, the set point temperature may addressable by other control equipment of or for the switching substrate 100. The set point temperature may be transmitted and stored in the controller 50 through the other control equipment. The control signal may simply activate the heating and/or cooling device, which may remain activated until turned off by the controller 50 or for a predetermined time. As another example, the switching substrate may be warmed by heating devices 55 to maintain a desired operating temperature. If the ambient temperature rises above the desired temperature, the controller 50 may signal one or more of the heating devices 55 to provide less heat to the switching substrate in order to maintain the substrate at the desired operating temperature. Of course, in environments where an ambient temperature may exceed a desired set point, cooling devices 55 may be used to reduce temperature in "hot" substrate areas. In some embodiments, the heating and/or cooling device 55 may include only heating element(s) or cooling element(s). In other embodiments, the element(s) may operate to heat and/or cool the micro-mirrors, in accordance with the control signals generated by controller 50. For example, separate heating and cooling elements 55 may be provided on or near the micro-mirrors.
Controller 50 may include temperature sense circuitry that provides a signal to, and senses a response from a temperature sensor 42. For example, sense circuitry in controller 50 may provide two current density signals to a P-N junction device on switching substrate 100 and measure the difference in the voltage drops between the two applied current densities, as described above. Sense circuitry also may include a circuit for generating a signal that is indicative of the sensed temperature from the measured difference in voltage drop across the P-N junction. Alternatively, sense circuitry may include other temperature signal generating devices, such as a resistor bridge circuit including one or more a variable resistor sensors 42.
Controller 50 may employ analog and/or digital designs. The control and/or sensing circuitry may be integrated into switching substrate 100, on the sub-mount 112, provided by one or more separate driver chips, or provided by any combination of the foregoing. Coupling between any of control circuitry 50, temperature sensor 42, heater devices 55, and/or cooler devices 56 may be achieved using conductive traces or wires provided on submount 112 and/or conductive vias formed in the submount 112, or other conductive paths.
FIG. 5 is an illustration of a temperature sensing and control system in accordance with a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 5, a plurality micro-mirrors 122 are distributed in the form of an array on substrate 110 of a mirror arrangement 100-1 or 100-2. A P-N junction diode temperature sensor 542 is provided in switching substrate 100 within a central region of a mirror group in the mirror array, and is electrically connected with temperature sense circuitry 540 with conductors 501 and 502. Temperature sensor 542 may be the only temperature sensor provided on the substrate 100. Alternatively, several sensors may be provided to respectively monitor several mirror groups on a common substrate. Temperature sense circuitry 540 is connected with signal path 503 with controller 550. Controller 550 is shown connected by signal paths 504 to one or more heater and/or cooler devices 555 provided with a plurality of mirrors of a mirror group. Each mirror group is shown in FIG. 5 as including four mirrors 122, but each mirror group may include more or less than four mirrors. For example, in some applications, a mirror group may include every micro-mirror on a switching substrate 100 and one monolithic heating and/or cooling device may be provided to heat/cool the entire substrate. As described above, sense circuitry 540 may be provided on the surface substrate 110 with control circuit 550, provided separately on the substrate surface, or provided elsewhere on the switching substrate 100.
In operation, the temperature sense circuitry 540 shown in FIG. 5 provides controller 550 with a sensed temperature signal based on a signal received from sensor 542. Controller circuit 550 may activate heating and/or cooling devices 555 based on a comparison of one or more additional temperature sensed mirror groups in the micro-mirror array. Activation of heating and/or cooling elements 555 may instead be based on a sensed temperature that falls below or rises above an acceptable threshold reference temperature value.
FIG. 6 is an illustration an exemplary temperature control system in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 6, heating and/or cooling devices 655, and temperature sensors 642, are positioned near each micro-mirror 122 provided on a switch substrate 100. A sensor 642 and a heating/cooling device 655 may instead be provided on each micro-mirror 122 or within a well containing drive electrodes underlying the mirror. Sensing circuitry for receiving signals from sensors 642 is shown as included within a controller 650. Sensing circuitry may instead be provided separate from controller 650 and coupled to the controller along a signal path from a mirror or group including a plurality of mirrors. Controller 650 may be provided near or remote from the illustrated mirror group, as described above. While controller 650 is shown as providing control to a group of four micro-mirrors 122, controller 650 also may represent a controller connected with only one mirror, or connected to additional micro-mirrors 122 on a switch substrate 100 (not shown).
While heating/cooling devices 655 are shown as surrounding micro-mirrors 122, it is to be understood that each heating element/cooling device 655 may be positioned in any location proximal to or on each micro-mirror 122. Alternatively or in a combination with heating or cooling devices provided on or in close proximity to a mirror, a heater and/or cooling device 655 may be included with circuitry provided on switching substrate 100 near a mirror being sensed. For example, a resistor may be provided with mirror drive circuitry to heat the area near a micro-mirror. For cooling the area near a micro-mirror, a thin-film thermionic cooling device may be positioned over circuitry near the mirror or on other areas in proximity of a micro-mirror. For a detailed description of thermionic cooler devices, see U.S. Pat. No. 5,955,772, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
FIGS. 7a-7 b and 7 c respectively illustrate third and fourth exemplary embodiments of temperature control systems in accordance with the present invention where temperature sensing and control is provided to each micro-mirror.
In the third exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7a, a temperature sensing device 742 and a heater device 755 may be integrated within the structure of a micro-mirror 122. As shown in FIG. 7a, a micro-mirror 122 may be formed with a semiconductor material substrate 710, such as silicon. The micro-mirror material may be doped with n- and p-type dopant materials to form a P-N junction temperature sensor 742. Overlying substrate 710 is an insulating layer 760, such as silicon oxide or nitride material. Formed on insulating layer 760 is a resistance film 755, such a nichrome thin film or other resistance film. A planarizing insulating film 762 is formed over the resistance film to provide a flat surface for reflecting film 122-a. FIG. 7b is a top view of FIG. 7a as viewed from the upper surface film 755 downward. As shown in FIG. 7b, micro-mirror 122 is connected to mirror mount 724 (partially shown) by pivoting structures 726-1 and 726-2. Wiring 744 and 746 couple sensor 742 with sensing circuitry provided with the switch. Wiring 757 and 759 couple heater device 755 with a controller of the switch. Wiring 744, 746, 757 and/or 759 may be provided on mirror mount 724 or in an air bridge configuration spanning the distance from mirror 122 to a surface of switching substrate 100.
Instead of positioning heating devices on a micro-mirror 122, heating devices may be placed within the mirror well and/or integrated into the switching substrate submount. As shown in FIG. 7c, a heating device 755 may be positioned under a drive electrode arrangement 770/771 (shown in outline) at the bottom of a micro-mirror well 750 formed in the switching substrate 710. A temperature sensor 742 may be placed on or adjacent the mirror 122 (shown in outline) to provide a controller (not shown) with a sensed temperature signal. The controller may respond to the sensed temperature signal by providing power to the heating device 755. The heating device warms the area that includes the electrode arrangement 770/771 along the bottom of the well. Heat flowing from device 755 is transferred to the micro-mirror 122 through the switching substrate and the gas within the well 750. As the mirror warms, the controller may reduce or turn off power to the heating element. Hence, a controller may maintain the temperature of micro-mirrors in a mirror supporting substrate at a substantially uniform value. Alternatively or in combination with heating devices underlying a micro-mirror electrode arrangement, heating devices may be positioned within the well. For example, heating elements may be positioned on the well floor adjacent electrodes 770 and/or 771. Of course, the embodiments described above also may include one or more cooling devices for reducing a temperature of a micro-mirror 122, such as those described above, and/or other cooling arrangements, such as the fifth exemplary embodiment described below.
FIGS. 8a to 8 c illustrate an exemplary temperature control system in accordance with a fifth embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 8a, a switching substrate 100 contains a 16�25 (N�M) array of micro-mirrors 122. Substrate 100 also includes a plurality of sensing regions 810, each comprising 16 mirrors. It is to be understood that the foregoing 16�25 array and the 16-mirror groups are presented by way of example. Any value of N and M, and any number of mirrors X may be used to respectively form a mirror array and mirror group in the array, where N, M, and X may take on any number of the set {1, 2, 3 . . . }. Furthermore, micro-mirrors of the present invention may be formed into non-rectangular arrays or other symmetric and/or asymmetric arrangements. In each sensing region 810, a temperature sensor 842 is provided to sense the temperature of the region. As described above, sensors 842 may be coupled with sensing and controller circuits that activate heating and/or cooling devices.
As shown in FIG. 8b, the present embodiment uses a cooler device 855 that includes separately controllable TEC 855-a subunits sandwiched between plates 855 b and 855 c, for example, ceramic plates. Cooler device 855 is positioned on the backside of switching substrate 100 so that each TEC 855-a may allow heat to transfer from a sensing region 810 to a corresponding cooler subunit 855-a. A heat sink device 880 may be placed in thermal contact with the cooler device 855 to provide additional heat dissipation from the substrate 100.
FIG. 8c illustrates an exemplary array of TECs 855-a as seen from above a plane defined by the bottom of ceramic plate 855 b. Dotted lines that section regions 810 in FIG. 8a also are shown in FIG. 8c to illustrate an exemplary positional relationship between regions 810 of the switching substrate 100 and respective TEC subunits 855-a. Wiring 855 e and 855 f is provided along each row of TEC subunits 855-a. An appropriate DC bias applied between a pair of the wiring 855 e and 855 f will cause a selected TEC subunit 855-a to pump heat from its corresponding region 810 of the switching substrate 100. Wiring 855 e and 855 f may be coupled to circuitry of a controller that may address a particular TEC subunit 855-a to cool its corresponding region 810 based a temperature sensed by one or more sensors 842. As described above, each region may be separately controlled to a set value, or controlled in relative fashion with other sensed temperature values on the switch substrate. While separately controllable TEC units and/or heating elements are described above, it is to be understood that a monolithic cooling element and/or heating element, or commonly controlled groups of heating and/or cooling elements may be provided over one or more surfaces of a switching substrate 100 to cool/heat the entire substrate.
As should be clear from the embodiments described above, the present invention presents a system for controlling temperature in an optical switch having movable micro-mirrors. Control of switch temperature reduces the occurrence of curvature in micro-mirrors that would otherwise result in undesirable signal losses. Thus, the present invention provides a structure that is useful in optical switching architectures requiring precise and stable switching.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 27, 2001
|Nov 28, 2005
Owner name: ZHONE TECHNOLOGIES, INC., CALIFORNIA
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Effective date: 20060809
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|Fee payment
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Effective date: 20111014


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