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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 14, 2004
|Filing date
|Apr 19, 2001
|Priority date
|Aug 17, 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|William N. Borkan
|Original Assignee
|William N. Borkan
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (16), Non-Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (45), Classifications (8), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims priority of Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/225,823 filed Aug. 17, 2000.
The present invention relates to an implanted tissue stimulator system and catheters and more specifically for use in the intrathecal space.
The concept of using electronic stimulation systems for the purpose of controlling nerves or muscles is well known. These systems typically utilize an implantable or an external pulse generator. The external systems consist of a transmitter and antenna which transmits energy and/or stimulation signals transcutaneously through a patient's skin to an implanted receiver. The receiver provides signal processing of the received pulses and transmits the energy derived therefrom to activate electrodes implanted adjacent to specific types of tissue to be stimulated. A system like the one described above has been disclosed previously in U.S. Pat. No. 3,727,616. It is also known in prior art where more than one pair of electrodes are activated such as U.S. Pat. No. 3,449,768.
Problems arise in these prior art systems where electrode placement fails to provide the desired physical response. It may also occur later if a change in patient condition or electrode position occurs. This failure may also be caused by improper polarity of the stimulated electrodes relative to one another. Furthermore, it is often required that the electrodes be implanted surgically adjacent to one or more nerve fibers. This type of procedure involves inherent risks due to the fact that it is often performed in close proximity to the brain or spinal cord or other sensitive nerves or tissues. It is therefore desirable to perform the electrode implantation only once to minimize the surgical risks to the patient as well as the financial burdens. Moreover, even when a plurality of electrodes have been utilized, such that repeated surgical procedures are not required, the prior art systems did not provide for dynamic programming and reprogramming of different electrodes after surgery until U.S. Pat. No. 4,459,989 to Borkan.
The Borkan patent '989 disclosed an external stimulator system which allowed noninvasive programming of the stimulated electrodes. Each electrode was capable of assuming a positive, negative or open circuit status with respect to the other electrodes. This effectively allowed the electrodes to be "repositioned" non-invasively. That same programming ability (plus/minus/off) was later applied to totally implantable systems as well. The system had mono/biphasic control also. Further improvements are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,612,934 also to Borkan.
The application of spinal cord stimulation has shown itself to be effective in the treatment of pain and is under study for various other medical conditions. Initially, the leads were implanted by laminectomy and applied to the dura in the epidural space. The next generation of electrodes were positioned by percutaneous implantation. These were either placed into the intrathecal space or the epidural space. Due to the construction and nature of the electrodes used at that time (approximately 30 years ago), numerous complications occurred with the use of intrathecal catheter electrodes. These included CSF leakage. In addition, intrathecal electrodes were prone to significant movement and migration (as were the early epidural leads).
Therefore, development efforts were focused on percutaneous implantations in the epidural space. An example of a multielectrode catheter assembly for spinal cord stimulation is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,379,462 to Borkan.
Advances in catheter technology have allowed the widespread application of intrathecal catheters that deliver drugs for various medical applications. In addition, various fixation means for catheters have been developed and successfully utilized to eliminate the problem of electrode movement and migration. Therefore, it is now possible to develop a catheter electrode for placement into the intrathecal space without the problems and complications experienced previously.
The recent use of totally implantable stimulator systems with an implanted power source have resulted in increased emphasis on the amount of power required to deliver an effective stimulation regimen. In addition, use of multielectrode systems has put an even greater strain on the limited resources of an implanted power cell.
The intrathecal space provides a more direct means of delivering either drugs or electrical stimulation to the spinal cord. By definition, implantation of devices in the epidural space place stimulation or drugs outside the dura, significantly further away from the spinal cord. Intrathecal placement therefore allows significantly reduced levels of stimulation and drugs to create the same effect as a catheter placed epidurally.
Various stimulation catheters are disclosed to lie along and stimulate tissue in the intrathecal space. The electrodes on the leads are various sizes to conserve the battery as well as allowing a more defined area of stimulation. It may also include multiple channels or passages for delivery of drugs, thermal or photonic energy. The sheath includes a fixing element configured to fix the electrode in place along the tissue.
One embodiment of the intrathecal stimulation lead includes a sheath having at least one electrode along the exterior of a distal end of the sheath to lie in-line along the tissue. The fixing element may include at least one of the following: inflatable balloons, nitinol, tines and the sheath shape.
The sheath also include a passage extending from an inlet at the proximal end of the sheath to one or more outlets at the distal end of the sheath. The outlets may be located at one or more locations including, but not limited to, the area between the electrodes and on the electrodes. This passage may be used for dispensing of drugs. It may also be an optical channel or for a stilet to be used during positioning of the lead. This may be used without fixing elements.
Alternatively, one or more optical channels can be provided extending from a port at the proximal end of the sheath to a port at the distal end of the sheath. The port for the optical channel at the distal end may be located at one or more of the tip of the distal end, the area between the electrodes and on the electrodes. The optical channel can provide photonic energy to the tissue as well as functioning as a lens for a remote camera. The passage which extends from the inlet of the proximal end of the sheath to one or more outlets at the distal end of the sheath may be used with at least one electrode along the exterior of the sheath to lie along the tissue to be stimulated. The same passage (or another) may also allow the use of a stilet during positioning of the lead.
In one embodiment, the electrodes extend no greater than 270� about the exterior of the sheath. The leads can extend anywhere in the range of 30�-270�. This reduces the surface area of the electrodes and therefore the power required by the battery. It also allows the electrodes to have a more defined or localized stimulation. Wherein the electrodes extend less than 360� about the exterior of the sheath, the length of the each electrode along the sheath should be typically at least three millimeters. If the electrodes extends 360� about the sheath, the length of the electrodes along the sheath typically would be three millimeters or less. The currently preferred length is two to four millimeters.
In another embodiment, an additional electrode spaced along the length of the sheath from at least three in-line electrodes at the distal end of the sheath. By positioning the additional lead on the sheath it is closer to the distal electrodes and thereby reduces the current path compared to using the stimulator casing as the additional lead in a monopolar mode. The additional electrode has a surface area on the sheath greater than the surface area on the sheath of each the at least three electrodes. The additional electrode is typically at least twice the surface of the at least three electrodes and may be spaced, for example, at least 10 millimeters from the other electrodes. The increase in surface area can be by varying the length along the sheath or diminishing the circumference around the sheath of the electrodes. The lead may be activated in either a bipolar mode using two of the at least three electrodes and in a monopolar mode using the additional electrode as a common anode and at least one of the other electrodes as a cathode.
A method of neurostimulation according to the invention includes inserting a catheter electrode assembly into the intrathecal space and positioning it adjacent to the spinal cord. The catheter electrode includes a sheath having a distal and proximal end and at least three in-line electrodes along the exterior as well as a fixing element to fix the electrode in place along the spinal cord. The electrodes are fixed at a desired location along the spinal cord using the fixing element. The stimulation pulses are provided to one or more of the electrodes. Where the catheter includes a passage with one or more ports at the distal end of the catheter, the method further includes administering a drug through the passage.
The invention also anticipates an embodiment wherein the electrodes extend no greater than 60� about the exterior of the sheath, the electrodes are positioned along the nerve root where it enters the spinal cord (dorsal root entry zone). Alternatively, where the electrodes extend no greater than 90� about the exterior of the sheath, the electrodes may be positioned along the midline of the spinal cord to stimulate only the longitudinal and not the bending nerve fibers.
The catheter of the present invention can also be used for a drug treatment method. This method includes positioning a stimulation catheter adjacent to the tissue to be treated by the drug and administering a drug to the patient via the catheter. The tissue is then stimulated using the catheter. The catheter may include one or more contacts at the distal end if the catheter stimulation is by electric energy. As an alternative or in combination, an optical channel with one or more ports at the distal end of the catheter would provide stimulation by photonic energy. Alternatively, drugs may be administered systematically or concurrently with intrathecally administered agents.
The drug administered may be selected to be responsive to stimulation. Wherein the drug is responsive to light energy with a specific wavelength, the stimulation of the tissue is with the light energy of that specific wavelength using the catheter. Wherein the drug is responsive to heat or cold, the tissue is stimulated with heat or cold using the catheter. The heat may be produced by electrical energy or photonic energy. The cold may be produced by a Peltier effect device or other means for example gas or liquids. An additional optical channel with a port at the distal end of the catheter may be provided and is used to position the optical channel.
Finally, intrathecal stimulation by light energy may be administered via the catheter—with or without drugs or electrical stimulation—to activate certain tissues. These tissues may, in some cases, be treated in some manner to increase their sensitivity to this method of activation and maybe used in combination with electrical stimulation.
Other objects, advantages and novel features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a backbone and spinal cord.
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a catheter lead having 270� electrodes incorporating the principles of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a catheter lead with 90� electrodes positioned on the spinal cord.
FIG. 3A is a perspective view of the 90� electrode.
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a catheter lead with a 60� electrode positioned on the spinal cord.
FIG. 4A is a perspective view of the 60� electrode.
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a catheter lead with an additional common anode electrode according to the principles of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of another catheter lead with an additional common anode electrode.
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a catheter lead including a passage having an outlet at the tip of the electrode and a balloon fixation device. Provision for an optional stilet is also shown.
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a catheter lead with an outlet between the electrodes and a nitinol fixation device deployed according to the principles of the present invention.
FIG. 8A shows the nitinol fixation device in position prior to deployment.
FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a catheter lead with a passage having an outlet on the electrode and a tine fixation device according to the principles of the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a catheter lead wherein the passage is external the sheath according to the principles of the present invention.
FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a catheter electrode with a passage as well as two optical channels according to the principles of the present invention.
FIG. 12 is a nerve cuff lead employing the common anode principles of the present invention.
FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of another catheter electrode with a 90� electrode of reduced area according to the principles of the present invention.
FIG. 14 is a perspective view of a catheter electrode having a bent distal end according to the principles of the present invention.
Electrodes used for spinal cord stimulation are typically implanted in the epidural space 23 between the vertebra 24 and the dura 22, shown in FIG. 1. This is done for various reasons, including reduced complexity of the surgery, reduced potential complications, an increased stability of the implant. However, implantation in the epidural space requires a significant amount of additional stimulation power since the signal must be transmitted through the dura 22 and epidural space 23 and cerebrospinal fluid in order to reach its desired neural targets in the spinal cord 20. Anterior roots 25 and posterior roots 26 of the spinal cord 20 and Rami Communicantes 27 are also shown.
There were early stimulator leads 28 which were utilized in the intrathecal space 21 between the spinal cord 20 and the dura 22 without success. Typically, these leads resulted in inconsistent stimulation, overstimulation and, generally, ineffective therapy. However, they utilized technology approximately thirty years old. Due to development and implementation of better epidural leads, as well as the lack of a concern for energy requirements (since they were using an external battery pack), this methodology was quickly abandoned.
More recently, intrathecal catheters have been utilized extensively for administration of drugs including morphine and baclofen via implantable drug pumps. Catheter complications were so prevalent thirty years ago (CSF leakage, migration, etc.) are no longer a significant problem. Of course, administration of a drug does not require a precise electrode placement.
This new intrathecal neurostimulation electrode would uses for example four millimeter electrode contacts (more forgiving when it comes to precise electrode placement) and yet would require dramatically less power (less than 20% of the power required for current epidural electrodes) because the electrodes would be in direct contact with the CSF and much closer to the desired neural targets. The primary insulating factor resulting in higher power requirements for epidural leads is the lack of conductivity of the dura 22. The shunting effect of electrical current within the CSF is a much less significant factor. Therefore, an electrode designed with a stabilization means or fixing elements for use in the intrathecal space 21 utilizing materials generally accepted in the art for intrathecal drug administration would provide a unique, novel and advantageous method of stimulation of the spinal cord.
Fixation methods could include one or more of the following: inflatable balloons, tines which are either retractable with a stilet or simply pliable enough to fit through a specially designed introducer or a novel shape (D shape) or the use of nitinol. Any of these fixation methods, singly or in combination, can be used to provide stable electrode placement on a long term basis.
The advantages of an intrathecal electrode are dramatically reduced size and/or increased life of a neurostimulator implant. In addition, implantation in the intrathecal space allows the use of a larger diameter electrode catheter and, therefore, more electrodes can be placed, providing a wider selection of stimulation sites and stimulation paradigms. These stimulation paradigms could include sophisticated programs that switch stimulation between a number of electrodes slowly (over seconds or minutes, hours or days) to avoid accommodation of the stimulation or could be fast (approximately the same speed of the electrical activity of neurons in the spinal cord) artificially generating neural signals along the spinal cord 20 which could be perceived as any other sensory function with signals that travel through the spinal cord. For instance, a signal could be generated that would correspond to heat being applied to a patient's big toe, or pressure being applied to a patient's foot, or the sensation of a limb in a different orientation than it actually is.
Theoretically, tastes, smells, sights or even thoughts could be created in this manner allowing various artificial prosthesis (visual, auditory, etc.) to interface with the human body.
A first embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 2. A catheter lead 30 includes a sheath 32 having a plurality of electrodes 34 at a distal end 36 of the catheter 30. A proximal end 38 of the catheter 30 have contacts 39 to be connected to a stimulator, not shown. There is one contact 39 for each electrode 34. The length of the electrodes L1 are generally two to four millimeters. The distance D1 between the electrodes is typically six millimeters, for example. The electrodes are shown to extend 270 degrees about the circumference of the catheter.
In order to achieve further increases in battery life, the surface area of the active electrode contact can be reduced. An electrode with a specific orientation adjacent to the spinal cord would allow a 30�-270� electrode as opposed to the 360� electrodes used in all current catheter electrodes. This would also enable the electrodes to remain at the preferred three or four millimeters in length making it easier for physicians to hit the desired target and requiring fewer electrode contacts in the lead (also allowing a smaller lead). Different means could be used to stabilize the electrode in place, including (1) inflatable balloons, (2) nitinol, (3) novel shape electrodes, (4) mechanical system whereby tines are deployed upon removal of the stilet, (5) mechanical system of flexible tines.
A 270� electrode is illustrated in FIG. 2, a 90� electrode is illustrated in FIG. 3A and a 60� electrode is illustrated in FIG. 4A.
The small radius electrode, for example, 90� or less, allows a focused electrical stimulation field along the physiological midline PML of the spinal cord 20 and reduces the effective stimulation field in the area of the bending fibers. As illustrated in FIG. 3, the electrode 34 may also be placed at the nerve root midline NRML It is well known that bending fibers are preferentially stimulated when compared to longitudinal fibers. Thus, by positioning the lead adjacent to the desired longitudinal fibers, a focused stimulation of the longitudinal fibers will take place.
The small electrodes in the range of 30�-60� also allows selective activation of the fibers. This is particularly useful where the nerve enters the cord. Such placement is illustrated in FIG. 4, where the 60� electrode 34 is adjacent to the nerve roots 25,26.
For any of the above lead designs, an additional method of decreasing power requirements is to use monopolar stimulation. A large surface area common anode electrode is used in conjunction with a single electrode in the desired stimulation area on the electrode contact array. Monopolar stimulation is not new, but does provide the opportunity to decrease the power requirements for effective stimulation.
The incorporation of a large surface area anode electrode some distance away from the other active electrodes on the same catheter or along the length of an intrathecal catheter has never been performed or attempted. In the prior systems, the casing of the stimulator acted as the anode in a monopolar mode. Its distance from the distal electrodes created a long current path. This new and novel approach reduces the current path, creates a different field and also allows a unitary electrode system so that the stimulator device itself does not have to be made in two different configurations (one with an active case anode and one without). Therefore, a choice between bipolar and monopolar stimulation can be made after implantation using a stimulator (pulse generator) which could normally only provide bipolar stimulation.
As illustrated in FIG. 5, an additional electrode 35 is provided at the distal end 36 displaced from the other electrodes 34. The electrodes 34 are shown as 360� electrodes. As illustrated in FIG. 6, catheter electrode 40 includes a sheath 42 with having a plurality of inline electrodes 44 and an additional electrode 45 on the wire or sheath extension 47 extending from the distal end or paddle 46. The proximal end 48 has contacts 49 connected to each electrode and to a stimulator.
The electrodes 34,44 all have a length L1 and the additional electrode 35,45 has a length L2. Length L2 is greater than L1, at least twice its length. Thus, for example, if length L1 is two millimeters, the length L2 is four millimeters. The length L2 may be anywhere between 2-4 times that of the length L1. Also, it should be noted that the additional electrode 35,45 is spaced by a distance D2 from the nearest electrode 34,44. Where D1 is approximately six millimeters, the distance D2 is at least 10 millimeters and can be as much as 20 millimeters. With this distance, the electrode acts as a point source when used in conjunction with a second electrode. The electrodes 34,44 act as a point source when used in conjunction with the additional electrode 35,45 of the increased area.
Alternatively, a common anode or additional electrode 35 may be the same length as the other electrodes 34, but have a greater circumferential dimension than that of the electrode 34. This would increase the surface area of the additional electrode 35 relative to the other electrodes 34. Therefore, the electrodes 34 may be in the 30� to 270� configuration previously described. The separation difference between the electrodes 34 and that of 35 will allow operation as described with respect to FIGS. 5 and 6. Such an electrode is illustrated in FIG. 12 to be discussed below.
A catheter lead capable of stimulation electrically as well as dispensing drugs is illustrated in FIGS. 7-11. The catheter lead 50 has a sheath 52 with inline electrodes 54 spaced along the distal end 56. At the proximal end 58, terminal contacts 59 are connected internally to each of the electrodes shown. A passage 60 is provided in the sheath 50. In FIG. 7, an outlet 62 is provided in the tip of the distal end 56 and a balloon fixation device 63 is shown. Provision is also made for an optional stilet which is removable and may be used to assist in placement of the catheter. Various stilets 61 of different shapes and characteristics may be used with these leads.
In FIG. 8, the outlet 64 is shown in the space between the electrodes 54 and a nitinol fixation device 65 is shown in the deployed condition. In FIG. 8A, nitinol fixation device 65 is shown prior to the deployment through opening 53 in sheath 52. In FIG. 9, the outlet 64 is shown in or on the electrode 54 and a tine fixation device 67 is shown.
Although one fixation is illustrated on a specific Figure, any fixation device may be used with any of the catheters. Fixation methods may also include devices that are actively deployed and/or retracted (for instance by a stilet) in addition to the methods shown herein. Also, the fixation device may be located at any or more than one location or position along the catheter. A fixation device should be used where the catheter electrode is installed in the intrathecal space.
While FIGS. 7-9 show the passage 60 internal to the sheath 52, an external delivery 68 may be used as shown in FIG. 10.
The electrode catheter 50 may also include a single or pair of optical channels 70 and 72 having outlets or ports in the distal end. The fiberoptic channels and light energy delivered through a clear translucent area in the catheter is illustrated in FIG. 11. One of the channels can provide a source of light to be used as a further source of stimulation. The other channel will form a lens for a camera or other monitoring devices. The camera can be used in positioning the electrode or distal end. Channel 60 with outlet 64 is also shown for a drug delivery.
It should be noted that only a single optical path can be used to provide a source of light for a photon stimulation without the passage 60 or the outlet 64. It should also be noted that the passage 60 or external passage 68 for drug delivery may be used in combination with the light channel 70 without the electrodes 54. Although two channels 70, 72 are shown, any number of channels could be used and could include a combination of different types of channels—working channels for instruments, optical channels for light or camera, stilets etc.
The catheter of FIGS. 7-11 may be used in a percutaneous drug treatment method. The drug is administered to the patient and the stimulation cathode is positioned adjacent the tissue to be treated by the drug. The tissue is then stimulated using the catheter. This allows selective and localized drug treatment. Certain compounds change chemically when stimulated. Compounds can also be delivered via electropheretic means.
The intrathecal location of this catheter places it past the blood/brain barrier and therefore offers numerous unique opportunities for combination stimulation/drug treatment regimes. In addition, application of various forms of energy (heat, cold, etc.) independently or with stimulation allow indirect alteration of brain chemistry. Also the production of heat in a tissue may make the tissue more susceptible to absorption of a drug. The drug may be administered through the passage 60 or 68. The source of stimulation and/or the drugs may be external to the body or totally implantable. The implantable system could include a microprocessor, pump, port and an external port for refilling the pump or selection of a different drug or fluid.
The drug may be stimulated by electrical energy using the electrodes 54 or by photonic energy using the optic channel 70. Heat may be produced by either the electrodes 54 or the optical channel 70. Cold may be produced by a Peltier effect chip or other means, for example gas or liquids. If the drug is responsive to light energy of a specific wavelength, the stimulation uses light energy of that specific wavelength.
Finally, intrathecal stimulation by light energy may be administered via the catheter—with or without drugs or electrical stimulation—to activate certain tissues. These tissues may, in some cases, be treated in some manner to increase their sensitivity to this method of activation and maybe used in combination with electrical stimulation.
The lead 50 as illustrated in FIG. 12 is curved at its distal end 56 which includes the electrodes 54. Sheath 52 includes a wire extension 57 which includes the additional anode electrode 55 and the electrical contact 59. The curved distal end 56 wraps around the spinal cord or the nerves. This is another form of a fixing device. The stilet 61 can be inserted through passage 60 to maintain the distal end 56 linear until it is adjacent to the nerve or the spinal cord. The passage 60 may then be used for fluid delivery.
Different shape stilets may be used (bent tips for example) to improve steerability during positioning of the catheter, as illustrated in FIG. 14.
Additional electrode 55 has the same length L1 along the sheath 52 or wire 57 as does the electrodes 54. The difference is that electrodes 54 are illustrated as 270� electrodes, whereas additional electrode 55 is a 180� electrode. This difference in circumferential dimension provides the difference in surface area. This provides the minimum 2 to 1 surface area as previously discussed. obviously, the distance D1 between electrodes 54 is substantially less than the distance D2 between electrodes 54 and 55.
A modified 90� electrode is illustrated in cross-section in FIG. 13. Electrode 54 has a smaller radius or diameter A than sheath's 52 radius or diameter B. For example, the diameter A may be 0.0045 inches and diameter B may be 0.065 inches. The shape of the sheath and electrode allows introduction through a standard introducer needle. It still offers a reduced area electrode 54 and a stabilizing shape which may be used with or without tines or other fixation means.
Although the invention has been described for use with an implanted stimulator system (externally or internally powered), it should be noted that the same type of regime can be delivered by a non-implantable device. Applications for such non-implantable systems could include intra-operative testing of a stimulator system prior to implantation. An external stimulator system is connected to an implantable electrode for a period of trial stimulation prior to determining whether an implantation should be performed.
Although the present invention has been described and illustrated in detail, it is to be clearly understood that the same is by way of illustration and example only, and is not to be taken by way of limitation. The spirit and scope of the present invention are to be limited only by the terms of the appended claims.
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|Oct 12, 2011
|Dec 4, 2012
|Vilims Bradley D
|Combination electrical stimulating and infusion method
|Apr 16, 2008
|Dec 4, 2012
|Nevro Corporation
|Treatment devices with delivery-activated inflatable members, and associated systems and methods for treating the spinal cord and other tissues
|Mar 24, 2010
|Feb 19, 2013
|Spinal Modulation, Inc.
|Pain management with stimulation subthreshold to paresthesia
|Jul 1, 2011
|Aug 27, 2013
|Spinal Modulation, Inc.
|Hard tissue anchors and delivery devices
|Jul 14, 2011
|Jan 7, 2014
|Medtronic, Inc.
|Implantable medical lead including a plurality of tine elements
|Mar 19, 2008
|Apr 29, 2014
|Spinal Modulation, Inc.
|Neurostimulation system
|Nov 15, 2012
|Apr 29, 2014
|Nevro Corporation
|Treatment devices with deliver-activated inflatable members, and associated systems and methods for treating the spinal cord and other tissues
|Nov 22, 2010
|Jan 20, 2015
|Medtronic, Inc.
|Optical stimulation therapy
|Dec 6, 2007
|Mar 17, 2015
|Spinal Modulation, Inc.
|Delivery devices, systems and methods for stimulating nerve tissue on multiple spinal levels
|Jan 29, 2008
|Jun 2, 2015
|Spinal Modulation, Inc.
|Sutureless lead retention features
|Oct 27, 2009
|Jun 16, 2015
|Spinal Modulation, Inc.
|Selective stimulation systems and signal parameters for medical conditions
|Apr 25, 2003
|Oct 28, 2004
|Ad-Tech Medical Instrument Corp.
|Intracranial catheter assembly for precise treatment of brain tissue
|Apr 28, 2004
|Dec 2, 2004
|Tadlock Charles H.
|System, method, and combined electrical and chemical stimulation lead for stimulation of a person's nerve tissue
|Sep 7, 2005
|Mar 9, 2006
|Kim Daniel H
|Methods for stimulating a nerve root ganglion
|Sep 7, 2005
|Mar 9, 2006
|Kim Daniel H
|Methods for stimulating the spinal cord and nervous system
|Sep 7, 2005
|Mar 9, 2006
|Kim Daniel H
|Neurostimulation system
|Sep 7, 2005
|Mar 9, 2006
|Kim Daniel H
|Methods and systems for modulating neural tissue
|Sep 7, 2005
|Mar 9, 2006
|Kim Daniel H
|Methods of neurostimulating targeted neural tissue
|Sep 7, 2005
|Mar 9, 2006
|Kim Daniel H
|Methods for stimulating a dorsal root ganglion
|Sep 7, 2005
|Mar 9, 2006
|Kim Daniel H
|Stimulation components
|Oct 28, 2005
|Mar 16, 2006
|Putz David A
|Depth probe for intracranial treatment
|Oct 28, 2005
|Apr 13, 2006
|Putz David A
|Catheter assembly for intracranial treatment using dual lumens
|Oct 28, 2005
|Apr 13, 2006
|Putz David A
|Catheter system for intracranial treatment
|Feb 13, 2006
|Jun 15, 2006
|Medtronic, Inc.
|Implantable medical electrical stimulation lead fixation method and apparatus
|Jul 28, 2005
|Feb 1, 2007
|Cyberonics, Inc.
|Stimulating cranial nerve to treat pulmonary disorder
|Oct 30, 2006
|Mar 1, 2007
|Medtronic, Inc.
|Implantable medical lead including tine markers
|U.S. Classification
|607/117, 604/20
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 5, 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jul 30, 2012
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Dec 14, 2012
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Feb 5, 2013
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20121214

subset: commoncrawl


text: Toad fishing is for most fishermen a no-brainer. Cast this bait with a stiff rod and braided line, hold the rod up and crank fast enough to make the legs sputter on the surface. That might be good enough for weekend warriors, but toad fishing gets more involved when you make your living casting for cash, according to Frank Scalish of Cleveland, Ohio.


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"The inherent vice of capitalism is the uneven division of blessings, while the inherent virtue of socialism is the equal division of misery." ~ Winston Churchill
On This Day (1898) - U.S. Annexes Hawaii
After overthrowing Queen Lili'uokalani in a bloodless coup, and against the will of native Hawaiians. Manifest Destiny, bitches!
- Login to post comments
Emmett Harris, posted on July 07, 2011
Hmmm ... this reads like a conspiracy. But those never exist!
- Login to post comments
Suverans2, posted on July 07, 2011
Well, at least they "never exist" when they are perpetrated by those in power. Since 1909 a conspiracy between those in power is only a "conspiracy theory", something to be ridiculed, while a conspiracy against those in power remains a "conspiracy", something to be taken very seriously.
- Login to post comments


text:
Fekky »
[@ExplicitLDN] Top 5 Mixtapes of the last 5 years
First and foremost shout to ExplictLDN for taking on this task because within the team we all differing Top 5's which included the likes Youngs Tef, Giggs, Chip, Bugzy, Section Boys, Wretch 32, Mover,Read More »
[BANGER] Fekky – Way Too Much feat. Skepta
Big banger from big Fekky – Way Too Much ft SkeptaRead More »
[HARD] Fekky – 9 Lives [@FekkyOfficial]
I thank God my game has been tight enough to never require purchased a chick shoes. Fekky absolutely bodied this beat with this 9 Lives freestyleRead More »
Fekky [WARM UP SESSION]
Fekky has been working hard lately. This intro is a madness: "When it comes to talking wet, I'm the baptist / Fekky, all over the map cuz, atlas / barz, this is just practiceRead More »
FEKKY HAS DONE IT AGAIN, HE IS BACK WITH A GREAT NEW VIDEO FOR HIS LATEST SINGLE, AINT NORead More »
MOBOs 2014
A magnificent memorable MOBO awards night. The MOBOs had many magic moments, which includes Mel B setting the runway alight, Jessie J's fantastic voice, Sam Smiths award sweep or Fekky's jacket and Dan's GermanRead More »
Fekky – Let It Go
After collaborating with Dizzee Rascal; Fekky comes at us with some new musicRead More »
#SixtyMinutesLive – Dizzee Rascal, BBK, Lethal Bizzle, Tempa T, Fekky, Footsie & General Levy
This took it back quite a few years and hopefully we see more of this!! Is Dizzee Rascal looking to unlesh more Grime side this year? Either way Dizzee and a whole host ofRead More »
Krept & Konan – Don't Waste My Time Remix ft Chip, French Montana, Wretch 32, Chinx Drugz, Fekky
One of the best UK-US remixes so far this year! Krept & Konan team up with Chip, Wretch 32, Fekky, Chinx Drugz and French Montana with thier massive banger Don't Waste My Time. EverybodyRead More »


text:
For Maxine Trottier
Expand Messages
- Sorry I misplaced your e-mail address so am communicating here. The book was mailed 1st class on Monday morning marked as "printed matter" and you should surely have it by the end of the week. BTW, I really admire penwomanship such as yours.
Your message has been successfully submitted and would be delivered to recipients shortly.


text:
This mug is adorned with an image Pierpont Morgan's stunning, multi-tiered private library, part of the building designed by the firm of McKim, Mead & White in 1906 and considered one of New York's great architectural treasures. The interiors are regarded as some of the most beautiful in America.
Call (212) 590-0390Tuesday–Sunday11:00 a.m.–5:00 p.m.
Contact us online
Join and save 10%
All proceeds benefit the Morgan's programs.
• Shipping• Returns
225 Madison Avenue at 36th Street, New York, NY 10016
The Morgan is openTuesday through Thursday:10:30 a.m. to 5 p.m.Friday: 10:30 a.m. to 9 p.m. Saturday: 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.Sunday: 11 a.m. to 6 p.m.Visitor informationCurrent exhibitions
Become a member today
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text:
Pisac Indian Market
After touring Pisac's Inca site, dramatically set on a mountain spur an hour's hike above the village, get ready to haggle and barter at the market.
Finger puppets, pan pipes, woven ponchos, rugs, shawls, hats, jewelry, ceramics - you name it, you'll find it. Villagers from throughout the Sacred Valley come here to barter and sell produce, so the market has a lively everyday feel to it, rather than being geared to tourism.
The main market is on Sunday, with smaller markets held on Tuesday and Thursday. Sunday is also a good time to see locals wearing colorful traditional dress as they are led out of Mass by the town mayor holding his silver staff of office. The hubbub really hits the market after Mass finishes, at around 11am.
Practical Info
Tours & Tickets
Sacred Valley, Pisac and Ollantaytambo Full-Day Tour from Cusco
Discover the Sacred Valley of the Incas on this full-day excursion from Cusco. Travel to the scenic town of Pisac where you'll visit the local market and see ... Read more
Cusco, Peru
Duration: 8 - 10 hours
10-Day Best of Peru Tour: Machu Picchu, Cusco and Puno
Feel the magic that reverberates in the sacred Inca city of Cusco. Pass through the stunning Sacred Valley of the Inka, interact with the living ancient ... Read more
Cusco, Peru
Duration: 10 days (approx.)
5-Day Traditional Tour of Cusco, Sacred Valley and Machu Picchu
Enjoy a wonderful 5-day tour of Machu Picchu and see the best of Cusco and the Sacred Valley. Your small-group tour includes a professional guide and ... Read more
Cusco, Peru
Duration: 5 days (approx.)
Sacred Valley Private Tour: Chincheros, Ollantaytambo and Pisaq
The Sacred Valley tour is one of the most popular tours in the region. The Sacred Valley of the Incas was a crucial area for the Inca empire and it functioned ... Read more
Cusco, Peru
Duration: 1 day (approx.)
Sacred Valley of Cusco Full Day Tour
The Sacred Valley was one of the most important places in the Incan Empire. On this tour, you will get to see its main places and towns like Pisac and ... Read more
Cusco, Peru
Duration: 1 day (approx.)
Private Bike Tour: South Valley of Cusco and Pisaq Market
Explore a route off-the-beaten path and enjoy a perfect mix of culture and nature on this private South Valley Biking Tour. Visit the ruins of Tipón and ... Read more
Cusco, Peru
Duration: 6 hours (approx.)
8-Day Salkantay Trek to Machu Picchu
Hike through the Salkantay Trail to Machu Picchu, admiring the magic of the Andes and magnificent snow capped mountains with lakes, lagoons and wildlife. This ... Read more
Cusco, Peru
Duration: 8 days (approx.)
3-Day Express Tour of Cusco and Machu Picchu
Enjoy a 3-day tour which includes a city sightseeing tour of Cusco, where you will visit all the major sites in and around the city. You'll also have a tour of ... Read more
Cusco, Peru
Duration: 3 days (approx.)
Sacred Valley Overnight Tour from Cusco
Stay overnight and explore the Sacred Valley of the Incas in depth on this two-day excursion from Cusco. Take a walking tour through the town of Pisac to ... Read more
Cusco, Peru
Duration: 2 days (approx.)
Private Tour: Pisac, Ollantaytambo and Amaru Community Visit
This private tour will give you a chance to visit the local Andean community of Amaru and learn about their traditional way of life, try a variety of potatoes ... Read more
Cusco, Peru
Duration: Flexible


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Navajo lawmakers assess future for council speaker
FLAGSTAFF, Ariz. — It's a scenario that almost surely would cause a stir
anywhere: the leader of a government's legislative branch accused in a scheme to
divert public money to his family.
On the Navajo Nation, the lawmakers who elected Johnny Naize as Tribal Council
speaker largely have been silent in the public sphere about the bribery and
conspiracy charges against him. None has called for him to step down, and none
has thrown their support behind him to remain in the leadership post.
But they are talking among themselves and to their constituents about the image
the allegations create, and some are suggesting Naize should focus on resolving
the charges instead of leading lawmakers on the country's largest American
Indian reservation.
"If he's serving as a speaker while defending himself, he'll have little time
to do both," said Delegate Leonard Tsosie. "He needs to look at that, too. And
it's really for his own benefit."
Naize is scheduled to be arraigned in March on 10 counts of conspiracy and a
bribery count, stemming from an investigation into lawmakers' use of tribal
discretionary funds. Prosecutors say Naize's family received $36,550 in
discretionary funding in exchange for his providing $36,900 to family members of
current and former council delegates.
The money was intended for uses such as student financial aid, people facing
extreme hardship and assistance for elderly Navajo.
Naize says he won't step down and that he will devote his time as speaker to
"accomplishing the work of the Navajo Nation with the dignity and care that
Dine citizens deserve." His second consecutive term as speaker and as a council
delegate ends in January 2015.
The probe into the discretionary funds began after a larger Tribal Council of
88 delegates voted in 2009 to place then-President Joe Shirley Jr. on
administrative leave over allegations that he acted unethically and illegally in
dealing with two companies that had operated on the reservation.
The allegations never were made public, and Shirley never was charged. A tribal
judge ruled that the council acted outside its authority. The decision later
upheld by the tribe's Supreme Court came on the eve of an election that reduced
the council to 24 members.
Delegate Lorenzo Curley said the council believed it had the moral authority at
the time to place Shirley on leave until the allegations were cleared up.
The situation with Naize is similar, except that nearly all delegates on the
previous council and some on the current council once were suspected of nepotism
in doling out millions of dollars in discretionary funding.
"We all faced the same thing, so it's like, `Who is going to throw the first
stone?"' Curley said.
A law firm hired as special prosecutors has cleared nearly 20 former and
current delegates from wrongdoing in the discretionary fund investigation,
including Tsosie and Curley. Naize is among 19 facing criminal charges or
accused of ethics violations.
Delegate Joshua Lavar Butler, a former Tribal Council spokesman, said he would
like to see Naize resolve the charges as did tribal President Ben Shelly and
Vice President Rex Lee after they were elected to the posts. Shelly and Jim
agreed to repay the money they were accused of stealing but without admitting
"If I was the speaker and having this hover over me, I would seriously
consider finding a remedy to it," Butler said. "I would also stand by the
notion of innocent until proven guilty."


text:
Windsor Forest
250 West Sample Road, Pompano Beach, FL
Are you the manager of this property?Click here to claim this listing Check Your Credit Now
About Windsor Forest
You will enjoy relaxing at one of our two sparkling pools. We have something for everyone. Newly renovated, private patios/balconies, courtyard and pool views,12 on site laundry facilities, on line payment options. Apply on line via our website or stop in today.
As you search for your perfect apartment, please keep in mind that rental rates (including specials and discounts) and availability are very fluid in the apartment industry. Based on many factors, the rental rates (including specials and discounts) and availability can actually change not just daily, but hourly, if not even more quickly. While our advertisers do take steps to keep their information current, the rental rates or availability you may find here now at ForRent.com may not be the same as when you contact the communities.
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text:
Related quotes
"A prophetic word is the most precious word that comes from the mouth of God as we hold on tight to our faith and to His word without a disbelief in our situation until it's manifested."
"We present collections of words; why are they talking about baseball in the middle of a business e-mail?"
"My wife says the word fan is short for fanatic. But it's just that I love basketball and baseball, sports which promote both good exercise and teamwork."
"I don't know how to put this into words. In 16 years of working in Triple-A baseball, Mario was right at the top. There was just something about him."


text:
Posted 2 years ago in Accounting/Finance
Willory is a Payroll and Human Resource staffing, consulting and administrative service firm. We work with select clients and offer our candidates and consultants direct access to decision makers / hiring managers and career counseling. Not to mention, we are well networked with some of the best companies in the US.
For more information about our company, check out Willory.com
Browse internal auditor jobs in Akron, Ohio:
EnvisionRx - Twinsburg, OH
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text:
Articles tagged chase
16 Aug 2010 // 7:30 AM
If you want to know what's new on primetime TV this fall, stop right here.READ more
//Mixed media
K's Choice "Perfect Scar" (video) (premiere) // Music
Eddie Paul "The Warning Song" (video) (premiere) // Music
//Pm Picks
Considering Twitter: An Interview with App Artist Nora Reed
// Moving Pixels
"Twitter is a place where bots prevail. And where they don't rule, people, acting like bots, rule. This uneasy person-bot rapprochement offers a fertile space for artistic exploration.READ the article


text:
Free Shipping
Product Information:
This product has additional required/recommended options. To configure, add to your cart.
This Rizzy Rugs Kempton Shag Plum Area Rug is a stunning addition to your home. It is made of polyester, which ensures strength and durability. It is beautifully tufted and is solid plum, which is visually appealing. This rug is available in multiple sizes and you can choose the one that works well for your home. You can use a rug pad as it reduces wrinkles and slipping for a safe environment. This rug ensures longevity without compromising on softness or style. This Kempton Shag Plum Area Rug by Rizzy Rugs is a great blend of form and function.
Product Details
Weights & Dimensions
3'6" x 5'6" Rug Size
5' x 7' Rug Size
6' x 9' Rug Size
8' x 10' Rug Size
9' x 12' Rug Size
Round 3' Rug Size
|Construction: Handmade
|Technique: Tufted
Material: Synthetic
|Product Type: Kids Rug
|Primary Pattern: Solid
|Primary Color: Plum
|Gender: Girl
|Lifestage: Kid
|Outdoor Use: No
|Country of Manufacture: India
About the ManufacturerKnown for artistry in crafting beautiful hand-made wool rugs, Rizzy Home has built an expansive home fashion business.
More About This Product
Free Shipping
Ships to:
Ships via: FedEx/UPS
Enter your shipping zip or postal code to calculate shipping estimatesGet Delivery Estimate
We want you to love it. If you don't, you may return your purchase within 30 days of delivery. All you need to do is visit our Self-Service Return Center for instructions. Return credits are issued within 24 hours once the item is received and inspected. Please note that shipping charges are non-refundable. The cost of return shipping will be deducted from your refund. 30-Day Return Policy
Overall Rating
Based on 7 reviews
Customer PhotosAdd your own photo
Love this rug! Pam from WI on 01/15/2015 – Verified Buyer
This rug is wonderful! I ordered the small circular size and used it in a very simple powder room. Adds the perfect pop of color and the interesting texture is the best part of all! Very well constructed, I expect it will hold-up well.
Was this helpful? Yes 0 No 0
Happy with the rug Joshua from Louisiana on 04/08/2015 – Verified Buyer
This plum rug is a good quality one. It is absolutely what I was expecting and I am happy with the rug. Pros: good quality
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plum area rug Sharon from Las Vegas, NV on 09/23/2015 – Verified Buyer
I have this in the entry of my home. Everyone comments on the beautiful color and texture of the rug. Pros: perfect size
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purple rug Brian from Cleveland, OH on 11/18/2014 – Verified Buyer
Goes very nicely in my guest bedroom with the rest of the decor! Not the most comfortable to stand on but it looks great!
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mamacoughlin Anne from Centreville, VA on 09/11/2014 – Verified Buyer
Beautiful rug. Looks great in my daughters room, exactly what she wanted. Only drawback - it's not as soft as it looks and sometimes not comfortable to walk on in bare feet.
Was this helpful? Yes 0 No 0


text:
Narrow your search
An oven that roasts coffee. A garden next to the fridge. A robot chef. Welcome to your future kitchen.
From the Cheapskate: Ads are a necessary evil of the Web, and the truth is they're just not that evil, especially if they conform to AdBlock's Acceptable Ads guidelines.
Are you a bit of a shutterbug? Add that to the list of reasons to avoid the 16GB model of the latest iPhone.
Technically Incorrect: Tesla's CEO wants to create constant nuclear pulse explosions so that there'd be two little suns to heat the planet and make it ready for our arrival.
Using a non-invasive brain-control interface, engineer Chip Audette controlled a balloon shark by closing his eyes.
CNET editor Dong Ngo shows you a quick way to roll back to your previous version of Windows if you just completed an in-place upgrade to Windows 10. Or, if you're completely happy with Windows 10, how to regain the storage space occupied by the previous Windows' files.
A new technique uses the sun and moon as backgrounds to capture visuals of supersonic shock waves as a crazy-fast jet breaks the sound barrier.
Their marriage, and Nash's Nobel-worthy work on game theory, were at the heart of the 2001 film. At the time of their deaths, John was 86 years old and Alicia was 82.
A set of LED lamps on Kickstarter tease your mind into thinking they have 3D lamp shades.
Ashley and Khail watch the trailer for a VR experience taking place inside a person's mind, rejoice at Amazon's new offline video option for iOS and Android and check out a 54-propeller "super drone" made by a hobbyist. #TDMind


text:
- Original
- Value Price $24.99
- Savings 38%
- Tour proven resin (RZN) core material creates softer feel
- Faster cover for more ball speed and distance
- Less spin off driver for longer and straighter drives
- Dunham's special purchase
*Inventory may vary by store. Visit the Store Locator for details and contact info. Check out the Weekly Ad for additional savings.
At this time, the Dunham's Sports website does not offer online ordering. This website displays only a sample of the awesome products available in our stores. Stop by your local Dunham's for all the Big Names and Low Prices available.


text:
Secure Computing Whitepapers
Top Whitepapers
Five Steps to enabling a mobile workforce
Research shows that 94% of CIOs believe that enterprise mobility has become an important part of their enterprise IT strategy. While there are many benefits for business, there are still risks when it comes to security. This whitepaper looks at the steps all organisations to take when it comes to supporting a mobile workforce.
- FTSenior Consultant | Project work | National Systems IntegratorVIC
- CCE-Commerce - Senior Web Application DeveloperNSW
- CCMilitary simulation programmer with C# and Unity - 3 monthsNSW
- FTManual Test Engineer | Financial Institution | Web testingNSW
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- FTLinux Administrator with AWS & DevopsNSW
- FTField EngineerNSW
- FTSystems Administrator - Managed ServicesNSW
- FTSystems Administrator | National commercial law firm | MS, AWS & eDiscoveryNSW
Featured Whitepapers
Airbnb: Changing the Hospitality Landscape
Airbnb chose Akamai as the partner to help them build the capabilities they needed to grow and scale their business, without sacrificing the customer experience that was key to their success. According to CTO Nathan Blecharzyk, Airbnb chose Akamai to support their rapidly-growing business because of Akamai's ability to deliver large media files safely and securely across the globe, allowing them to scale the business as demand increased.
Latest News
- Microsoft links Power BI to Alteryx for deeper analytics
- SHA-1 hashing algorithm could succumb to $75K attack, researchers say
- IBM chases Intel with new Power-based Linux servers sold over the Web
- How the cloud gives Major League Baseball a new world of stats
- Amazon touts improved cloud security at re:Invent
- Microsoft gets an earful as Office for Mac 2016 users amp ire over crashes
- Amazon takes aim at Etsy with 'Handmade' store for handcrafted items
- 5 tips on cloud migration from those who know (with video)
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- The <i>Times</i>' need for speed on smartphones drives interest in Google's latest project
- Perl 6 is coming soon: What it will bring
- AWS security and compliance tools embrace enterprise clouds
- NEC's surveillance system will detect, track drones
- SingPost delivers mail in Singapore using a drone
- Customer surveys lead to new Target Australia iOS app


text:
Kuranda in a Day - Self Drive
- Convenient Self Drive Option
- Train & Skyrail with flexible finish time
|Based on 109 ratings
Kuranda in a Day - Self Drive Tours
|Self Drive Kuranda
|FROM $110 per adult
Kuranda in a Day - Self Drive Info
(Self-drive; Train Up, Skyrail Down)
- Self-drive to Skyrail, Captain Cook Highway, Smithfield
- Park your car free for the day
- Meet Cairns Tours coach at Skyrail, Smithfield
- 9.10am Coach transfer to Freshwater Station
- Kuranda Scenic Rail departs 9.50am
- Free time in Kuranda
- Skyrail depart Kuranda at your choice of time (last Skyrail is 3:30pm)
- Disembark at Skyrail Smithfield to collect your car
In summary: This tour is ideal for self-drivers as it gives you flexibility. You can spend as much or as little time in Kuranda as you wish. When you reach the end of your Skyrail journey you are able to simply get into your car and drive back to your hotel. If you plan to do the Gold Class upgrade you will be served an alcoholic beverage if you wish. This is on the train in the morning. If you prefer to do the Skyrail in the morning followed by the Gold Class Train in the afternoon so that you can enjoy an alcoholic beverage in the afternoon this is possible but it is a different tour.
Self-drive to Skyrail on the Captain Cook Highway, Smithfield. Leave your car in the car park - free of charge. Meet the Cairns Tours coach in the car park. You will be greeted by your Driver, who will collect your voucher, issue your Kuranda Boarding Pass and transfer you to Freshwater Station. Do not go into the Skyrail terminal to check-in. You are being transferred to Freshwater Station to meet the train first.
Kuranda Boarding Pass
Kuranda Scenic Rail: At Freshwater Station, board the famous Kuranda Scenic Rail for your 1.5hr journey to Kuranda.
Kuranda Village: Free time is allowed to explore this quaint village, including the Markets which operate daily.
Skyrail Rainforest Cableway: At your scheduled time, board Skyrail for your 1.5hr journey to Smithfield where you will disembark to collect your car. There are two stops en-route to explore Barron Falls and Red Peak Rainforest Boardwalks.
**Please note this is a self-guided tour
Gold Class Kuranda Scenic Rail provides a premium experience for passengers wanting that extra comfort and a little bit of luxury for a most memorable experience. Gold Class includes:
- 9.55am departure from Freshwater Station to Kuranda
- Dedicated personalised Gold Class attendant
- Individual seating, lounge-style chairs (24 seats in each carriage over 4 carriages)
- Ambient, historical décor, including timber look flooring, historical photographs and cedar interior
- Gift pack including Kuranda Scenic Railway badge, pen, postcard
- Souvenir trip guide available in 9 languages
- Optional exclusive tour of the Heritage-Listed Signal Cabin at Kuranda station
- Conducted 15 minutes after arrival for morning trains
- Food & beverage offerings will focus on Queensland and local Tablelands produce such as:
o Gallo Dairyland Cheese
o Skybury Coffee & Daintree Tea
o Wondaree Macadamias
o Mango to Go (100% pure mango "ice-cream" style treat)
o Freshly baked muffins with local fruit
o Sirromet Wines & Great Northern Brewing Company Super Crisp Lager
Kuranda Wildlife Experience includes entry to the Kuranda Koala Gardens, Birdworld and the Australian Butterfly Sanctuary. You will have access to all three attractions at a great saving off the normal admission price!
Djabugay Tours:
The Djabugay Aboriginal Guided Tour at Barron Falls provides a fascinating insight into the Aboriginal history, language, culture, stories and traditions of the indigenous rainforest people through a personalised, small group [maximum 10 guests] on a 40 minute guided walking tour through the rainforest. Walk in the footsteps of the Djabugay people on our natural rainforest trails.
Departures: Daily
GOOD NEWS!All payments made to Travstar do not incur a credit card surcharge.
Kuranda in a Day - Self Drive Packages
Reef Magic & Kuranda
Osprey Reef & Kuranda
Kuranda in a Day - Self Drive Guest Reviews (29)
Wednesday, August 26, 2015
My girlfriend and I had a wonderful day. The scenery was just wonderful and we spent lots of time taking some beautiful pictures and enjoying walks throughout our day.
Saturday, August 15, 2015
It was a memorable day out
Wednesday, July 29, 2015
Was a great way to see Kuranda and surrounding areas. Nice historic train ride up and beautiful views on the way down. Easy to book online.
Sunday, July 05, 2015
The self drive option worked out really well as our car was left at the sky rail which meant we could leave Kuranda whenever we felt like it by catching the sky rail down. A great day!
Wednesday, July 01, 2015
Ended up being a good day despite the weather
Wednesday, July 01, 2015
A lovely family day out!
Tuesday, June 30, 2015
Our family group of 6 adults & 2 yr old child thoroughly enjoyed the train trip up and skyrail down (great views), we had lunch at Kuranda and loved the butterfly park.
Saturday, June 13, 2015
Great experience, especially the cable car ride.
Sunday, May 24, 2015
The train ride was fantastic -educational and very interesting. Service was exceptional. The skyrail was breathtaking. A must do when visiting Cairns. Travstar were wonderful with their help. Highly recommend using Travstar and highly recommend experiencing the Kuranda train ride and skyrail.
Friday, May 15, 2015
What a wonderful day, and looked after by so many lovely people. Fantastic value for money. Thank you.
Thursday, May 14, 2015
Great days adventure!
Wednesday, May 13, 2015
great, had a wonderful time, stress free with arrangements and thoroughly enjoyed :-)
Monday, May 11, 2015
Easiest on line booking made during holiday and the best experience of the trip north
Monday, April 13, 2015
We thoroughly enjoyed the experience.
Tuesday, March 10, 2015
Skyrail was absolutely magnificent
Tuesday, March 03, 2015
The service provided by Travstar was exceptional. I would recommend using this service to book your activities. Helpful, friendly and efficient.
Monday, January 05, 2015
Excellent view on the train and skyrail. A must to visit if you like scenery viewing.
Thursday, August 21, 2014
Fantastic day out. The skyrail was the highlight especially when we went up through the mist. Exceptional.
Tuesday, July 15, 2014
Very good
Monday, October 21, 2013
Had a great time on this attraction in F.N.Q. One of the best things to do when in or near Cairns, train was in first class carriage from the 1940's. Service was great and staff knew when to take the best photos. Kuranda was too arts and crafts for me but may be OK for overseas visitors. Skyrail back to start was perfect way to finish this amazing day out. I would highly recommend this to anyone that is visiting this area of Australia.
Wednesday, July 24, 2013
This is my second Skyrail and Kuranda visit. The train ride was great even though it rained. We had a fantastic time in Kuranda village, even though the koala that I was holding bit and clawed me. He thought he was going to fall from my arms and got scared. My grandkids had no problem with him. We still enjoyed our koala experience immensely. The bird sanctuary was a hoot as the big Macaw tore my hat up and some other birds landed on my grandchildren. Lunch at the restaurant was awesome.
Friday, June 07, 2013
Great views
Thursday, September 06, 2012
We enjoyed this day. It was relaxing with many varied activities and options from which to choose. We would recommend this day to anyone.
Thursday, August 16, 2012
Really enjoyed this trip.
Wednesday, August 15, 2012
Just amazing. highlight of my trip.
Thursday, August 11, 2011
We thoroughly enjoyed the day out on the Scenic Rail and the Sky Rail. The few hours at Karanda was interesting as the last time we were in Karanda was in 1973.
Sunday, July 10, 2011
Thank you for such terrific organisation, from the bus driver (he was great) to the girls at Freshwater station, everything was great.
Tuesday, June 14, 2011
Travstar did a great job organising our bus, train and sky rail day of travel. We really enjoyed our day as everything was pre arranged and we could just enjoy ourselevs.
thank you !!!
Friday, July 30, 2010
Well organised and enjoyable day in Kuranda.
Kuranda in a Day - Self Drive Videos (2)
Kuranda in a Day - Self Drive Rates
|All prices shown in Australian Dollars
|Prices valid from now until 31 March 2016
|Self Drive Kuranda
|Train & Skyrail, Self Drive
|Train Gold Class & Skyrail, Self Drive
|Prices valid from now until 31 March 2016
|Diamond View - Child
|Diamond View - Adult
|Diamond View - Child
|Skyrail Diamond View | Family
|Child Age = 4-14 years
|Family = 2 Adults & 2 Children


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Otto Greule Jr/Getty Images
Who replaces Bishop Sankey as the Huskies' workhorse? (continued)
Up to five players could conceivably start at running back, but each comes with major question marks. Can senior Deontae Cooper come back strong after three knee surgeries? How about Jesse Callier, a former starter who came back from his own ACL surgery a year ago? Or perhaps sophomore Dwayne Washington (above) who showed potential to be a game breaker with his 11-carry, 141-yard, 2-touchdown effort against Oregon State?
As far as the Huskies' running back situation goes, there are plenty of intriguing questions, but very few concrete facts.


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Press Release |
AB Science: FINANCIAL CALENDAR
AB Science: FINANCIAL CALENDAR
* Reuters is not responsible for the content in this press release.
http://pdf.reuters.com/htmlnews/8knews.asp?i=43059c3bf0e37541&u=urn:newsml:reuters.com:20121221:nBw215821a PARIS--(Business Wire)-- Regulatory News: AB Science (Paris:AB): 2013 Publications Press releases are distributed after the closing of the stock market. April 29th : 2013 First Quarter Revenue and 2012 Full Year Revenue & Results August 29th : 2013 Half-Year Sales & Results October 15th : 2013 Third Quarter Revenue About AB Science Founded in 2001, AB Science is a pharmaceutical company specializing in the research, development and commercialization of protein kinase inhibitors (PKIs), a new class of targeted molecules whose action is to modify signaling pathways within cells. Through these PKIs, the Company targets diseases with high unmet medical needs (cancer, inflammatory diseases, and central nervous system diseases), in both human and veterinary medicines. AB Science has developed a proprietary portfolio of molecules and the Company`s lead compound, masitinib, has already been registered for veterinary medicine in Europe and in the USA, and is pursuing 8 on-going phase 3 studies in human medicine in GIST, metastatic melanoma expressing JM mutation of c-Kit, multiple myeloma, mastocytosis, severe persistent asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and progressive multiple sclerosis. The company is headquartered in Paris, France, and listed on Euronext Paris (ticker: AB). Further information is available on AB Science`s website: www.ab-science.com This document contains prospective information. No guarantee can be given as for the realization of these forecasts, which are subject to those risks described in documents deposited by the Company to the Authority of the financial markets, including trends of the economic conjuncture, the financial markets and the markets on which AB Science is present. AB Science - Financial Communication & Press Relations email@example.com Copyright Business Wire 2012


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The 2008 St. Paul National Poetry Slam Team—Sierra DeMulder, Michael Mlekoday, Khary J. aka 6 is 9, El Guante, and Ezra, plus Matthew Rucker—share their poetry, as well as discuss the upcoming Erotic Poetry Slam (on Sunday August 3rd at the Artists' Quarter).
They will compete against 79 other teams from around the US, Canada and Europe at the National Poetry Slam, this year in Madison, Wisconsin, August 4th – 9th.
In the second half of the show, Allegra Lingo returns to talk about her newest Fringe Festival show, Tipping the Bucket.
Hull, Dakota Dave : New ShirtHoliday, Billie : SummertimeKress, Carl McDonough, Dick : Heat WaveMacon, Uncle Dave : In the Good Old SummertimeJackson, Cliff his Crazy Cats : Torrid RhythmCochran, Eddie : Summertime BluesPatton, Charlie : Some Summer DayLouisiana Five : Summer DaysGolden Gate Quartet : Summer RainDominoes : Summertime Gal
A first hour of Africa – anticipating the Pan African Music Festival in town, August 6-11 ! And then an hommage to Willie Colon Hector Lavoe.
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Quantity Available:
Founded in 1949 by Giulio and Anna Castelli, Kartell has become the world leader—and innovator—in the realm of molded plastic furniture. Headquartered in Italy, Kartell works with designers worldwide to create their distinctive line of modern furniture, lighting and accessories. Dedication to discovering and employing new technologies and manufacturing methods results in a growing line of durable, stylish and cutting edge products.
The Sundial Bookcase is available with the following:
- Made of veneered, lacquered chipboard
- 4 shelves
- Injection molded PMMA dividers
- Designed by Nendo
Color: Black with Satin, White with Satin
- Item: Height 65", Width 39.4", Depth 13.8"
Manufacturer IDs: view
8012/03, 8012/09
Need help with some of our terminology? Check out Lumens' Lighting & Design Glossary.
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The Kartell Glossy Square Table designed by Antonio Citterio is one of a collection of tables ideal both for the home and office, characterized by a sophisticated design and elegant finishing. The light chromed steel structure criss-crosses and connects the ...
Made out of rich American black walnut with subtly splayed legs, the Copeland Furniture Catalina Bookcase is a stylish place to keep and show off your favorite books and collectibles. Flank on either side of the Catalina TV Stand to ...


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50 Female Inmates You Wouldn't Mind Getting Shanked By
List Criteria: Vote up all of the hottest gals sitting behind bars right now.
These are real quotes and these are real women in prison who can be found on Meet-an-inmate.com. The hottest women in prison include a wide variety of young women who, for whatever reason, found themselves on the wrong side of the law and, ultimately, behind bars. We all hear the stories of famous celebrities being locked up (we're looking at you, Lindsay Lohan), but Hollywood hotties aren't the only beautiful women who are locked up: Lovely ladies from all over the country are currently imprisoned. Sadly, their beauty is rarely seen outside prison walls, but now, with the help of this list, you too can gaze upon their lovely countenance. I've listed some of the most smoking hot beauties in prison here, so feel free to vote for your personal favorites. (And if you're really into prison / in prison, go vote for the best prison movies.)
Some of the hot women in prison on this list are just looking for pen pals. Doing time is no picnic, but these gorgeous prisoners are hoping to pass the hours away corresponding with friends on the outside. Other hot female inmates might be interested in something more – possibly true love. Some mention that they don't have time to play games in love, but really, if you think about it, they've got nothing but time. Here's a list of WIP films. Or how about a more refined touch? Hottest Classical Female Musicians.
Many of these women are incarcerated for very, very serious crimes, including murder, so keep that in mind. Some mention that they are working to better themselves while behind bars. Hopefully that happens. As one inmate puts it, "Even the best of people make mistakes right?"
A surprising number of hot inmates on this list say they're just looking for a good, honest person to spend time with, and some even mention they'd relocate for that person, if things worked out. Others simply want a penpal – nothing more.
The jail babes are super hot. We can't post pics of naked female prisoners but what we've presented here is the next best thing when it comes to these girls in jail.
- 1+ 13258- 4930
Maeghan Rice
Reason for Incarceration: Second-degree murder
"I got involved with the wrong guy at a young age and I am paying the price, now I want to find the right guy."
Click here to see what a women's prison really looks like.
- 2+ 8847- 4052
Sara Horne
- 3+ 9024- 4386
Jessica McKay
- 4+ 8100- 4611
Jamie Yoshimura
- 5+ 8188- 4968
Carmen Lewis
- 6+ 6406- 4853
Crystal Clamenza
- 7+ 5835- 4690
- 8+ 6131- 4971
Jillian Cini
Reason for Incarceration: Parole Violation
"I'm looking for someone who is generous, romantic, passionate, affectionate, dominant, versatile, nonjudgmental, supportive, sensuous, creative, understanding, attractive, handsome, sexy, fun to be with, and makes me laugh. Goatees are a plus, but not necessary."
- 9+ 5341- 4878
Andrea McCormick
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Jenny Decoteau
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- 13+ 4633- 4679
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- 15+ 3894- 4612
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Samantha Hughes
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Kataya Kitzman
- 18+ 2747- 3966
Bridgette Chaplin
- 19+ 2567- 3883
Miranda Dalton
- 20+ 2837- 4304
Elizabeth Kommes
- 21+ 2782- 4353
Reason for incarceration: Felony Burglary
Neiers, a member of the so-called "Burglar Bunch," was convicted in 2010 and sentenced to 180 days in jail for burglarizing actor Orlando Bloom's home. Neiers served just one month of that sentence.
- 22+ 2451- 4006
Crystal Phillips
"I'm a beach bunny with as much sex appeal as any Baywatch babe."
- 23+ 2239- 3768
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- 25+ 2145- 3813
Christine Coffman


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"Silver Gem Stocking Hanger Snowflake" is not available for sale online.
This item may be discontinued or not carried in your nearest store. Please call your local store to check in-store availability before heading there. For informational purposes, the product details and customer reviews are provided.
- Weighted chrome-finished base measures 5" wide to provide stability and comes with a velvet backing to protect mantle or furniture.
- Imported.


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Pat & AJ Post Show – Tuesday, January 6th [VIDEO]
To stay or not to stay at a hotel?
To stay or not to stay at a hotel?
Imagine dropping your cell phone in a panic to go find shelter from an impending tornado, only to find out that it was recording the whole time AND it's in-tact under a pile of rubble.
WHOA! Can he come over and clean MY house now please?
Are we the only parents who are NOT paranoid?
We're the only schlubs who didn't stay up late to watch the series finale of 'Sons of Anarchy.'
Coolest video I've seen in a really long time from the Londolozi Game Reserve in Africa!
Somebody get this poor little guy a cpap machine!
I can sympathize with these cute critters. I need a nap most of the time.


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Request a Deal
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People make it happen. Spread the word to request a deal!
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About this Business
- HoursSunClosedMon-Fri6:00 AM - 6:00 PMSat6:00 AM - 3:00 PM
From Our Editors
The infestation-busting team at Magic Pest Control calls upon more than three decades of experience when returning clients' homes to their bug- and scorpion-free selves. Certified specialists are trained in recognizing different types of infestations, and a 30-day warranty guarantees a pest-free zone. Magic's online resources, including a DIY site and a YouTube channel, educate homeowners about unwanted visitors and how best to deal with them via passive-aggressive post-it notes.
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Book your room at Courtyard by Marriott Detroit Livonia
Please enter your travel dates.
Get an overview of this hotel3-star hotel with restaurant and indoor pool
Situated in Livonia, this hotel is 0.2 mi (0.3 km) from Laurel Park Place and 2.2 mi (3.6 km) from Oasis Golf Center. Westland Center and Compuware Arena are also within 9 mi (15 km).
Hotel Features
A restaurant, an indoor pool, and a 24-hour fitness center are available at this smoke-free hotel. Free WiFi in public areas and free self parking are also provided. Other amenities include a spa tub, a 24-hour business center, and meeting rooms.
Room Amenities
All 137 rooms provide free WiFi and free wired Internet, LCD TVs with cable channels, and conveniences like refrigerators and coffee makers. Hair dryers, phones, and ironing boards are among the other amenities that guests will find.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
In addition to an indoor pool, Courtyard by Marriott Detroit Livonia provides a spa tub and a 24-hour fitness center. The hotel offers a restaurant. This 3-star property offers access to a 24-hour business center and meeting rooms.
High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. This business-friendly hotel also offers complimentary newspapers in the lobby, laundry facilities, and dry cleaning/laundry services. Onsite self parking is complimentary.
Courtyard by Marriott Detroit Livonia is a smoke-free property.
- 24-hour fitness facilities
- Express check-in
- Free WiFi
- 24-hour business center
- Smoke-free property
- Express check-out
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Elevator/lift
- Indoor pool
- Television in lobby
- Free newspapers in lobby
- 24-hour front desk
- Number of floors - 3
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Laundry facilities
- Meeting rooms 2
- Total number of rooms - 137
- Restaurant
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Free self parking
- Spa tub
Family Friendly Amenities
- Indoor pool
- Free Wi-Fi
- Laundry facilities
- Refrigerator
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi , Free wired high-speed Internet
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Premium TV channels
- Air conditioning
- Climate control
- Phone
- Refrigerator
- Coffee/tea maker
- Daily housekeeping
- Private bathroom
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Shower/tub combination
- Iron/ironing board
- Desk
- Cable TV service
- Cribs/infant beds available
- Free WiFi
- Free wired high-speed Internet
Where to Eat
Full breakfasts are available for a surcharge and are served each morning.
The Bistro - This restaurant specializes in American cuisine and serves breakfast and dinner. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar. Happy hour is offered.
Nearby Things to Do
An indoor pool and a spa tub are on site. Other recreational amenities include a 24-hour fitness center.
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible path of travel
- Accessible parking
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Cribs (infant beds) are available.
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.


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Secondary menu
Yawning is so contagious that it can spread to dogs and monkeys.
To bring the Olympic spirit to developing nations in the late 1990s, the Olympic Committee allowed a small number of "wild card" athletes to join the Games.
Last year I saw Andy Daly perform at MaxFunCon, a convention of nice people that happens to include a lot of indie/alternative comedy.
In case you weren't obsessively refreshing mentalfloss.com all week, here's what you
George Hart shows us how to cut a bagel such that it ends up as two linked bagel-rings.
In honor of the Olympics: could you be a medalist? Find out with the Guardian's retro interactive game.
By now, you've seen the opening ceremonies of the 2012 London Olympics.
Jerk Test: Do You Flick Lit Cigarettes Into An Orangutan Cage?
If you said yes, you are a huge jerk. A tremendously humongous mega jerk. If that sounds crazy, it's not.
Since 1916, Hallmark has churned out billions of greeting cards, but no single card has had the staying power of the legendary Pansy Card—the king of the
While it's not unusual for a film to have unused screenplays hiding in a filing cabinet somewhere, the lost scripts of Indiana Jones are a fascinating look at what might have been for everyone's favor
We're taking a look back at the fine art competitions that originated in ancient Greece and were revived as part of the modern Olympics from 1912 to
Plane Carrying Proposal Banner Crashes
Mike Flynn hired a plane to carry a banner saying "Will you marry me?" over the beach where his girlfriend Michelle would see it.
For the last 100 years, the Olympic spirit has come with an asterisk for the United States. It's not doping. It's not underage gymnasts.
All eyes are on London for the start of the 2012 Olympics, so today's mentalfloss.com Brain Game Free-for-all Friday challenge tests your knowledge of the most recognizable Games symbol.
The "mystery woman" seen with Kim Jong-Un recently was the source of international speculation, which all turned out to be wrong.
As the Olympic Games get set to kick off in London with the opening ceremony on Friday, we know that the next couple of weeks will feature some fantastic athletic stories to inspire us, amaze us, and


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Create ringtones on Audiko.net! The best opportunity to download a free Hocus Pocus ringtones for your iPhone or mobile. Elect your favorite segment from your favorite piece of music - Quitte à t'aimer, Wo:Oo, Come Little Children, or any other track. Then download the prepared Hocus Pocus ringtones to your gadget, and enjoy Hip-Hop music by Hocus Pocus every time your phone rings. If you like Hip-Hop or maybe Turntablism and Rap music, then you will probably like TTC, La Caution, or IAM as well. For all who want a free Hocus Pocus ringtone, we also recommend listening to Funk, Rap Francais, and Acid Jazz. You are welcome to gain your ringtone both in the MP3 and m4a formats, compatible with both mobile phones and iPhones. Just select a track, and choose free Hocus Pocus ringtones download option.
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|Come Little Children
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Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Alternative forms[edit]
vambrace (plural vambraces)
- The piece of armor designed to protect the arm from the elbow to the wrist.
- The pieces of armor protecting the arm from the shoulder to the wrist. Not in common use in this sense, most scholars preferring the narrower definition, of armor for the lower arm.
Related terms[edit]
External links[edit]
- Wikipedia article on armor.


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Properties to rent in Birmingham Road, Bromsgrove B61 0DL
Keywords and filters like garden and parking live here
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Filter your 1 result Clear filters
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£400 pcm (£92 pw) Birmingham Road, Bromsgrove B61 Flat to rent
Ideally located within walking distance of local shops and Bromsgrove High Street, this one bedroom second floor flat has been redecorated throughout with brand new carpets and will be available ... see full details and 7 photos
Note: Distances are straight line measurements
- Bromsgrove (1.3 miles)
- Barnt Green (2.9 miles)
Marketed by Arden Estates, B61.


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Cultural Education - Cultural SustainabilityTaylor and Francis 2008; US$ 62.95
This volume is a path-breaking contribution to the study of efforts of diaspora, indigenous, and minority groups, broadly defined, to use education (formal and informal) to sustain cultural continuity while grappling with the influences and demands of wider globalizing, nationalizing, or other homogenizing and assimilatory forces. Particular attention... more...
Extended Schools and Children's CentresTaylor and Francis 2008; US$ 44.95
Featuring helpful checklists, models of good practice, templates and photocopiable resources that can be used in development work, this highly practical book will be an invaluable resource for anyone involved with implementing Every Child Matters in extended schools and children?s centres. As well as setting out roles and expectations, this unique... more...
Genius DeniedSimon & Schuster 2007; US$ 16.99
With all the talk of failing schools these days, we forget that schools can fail their brightest students, too. We pledge to "leave no child behind," but in American schools today, thousands of gifted and talented students fall short of their potential. In Genius Denied , Jan and Bob Davidson describe the "quiet crisis" in education: gifted students... more...
Teaching through BasqueMultilingual Matters 2008; US$ 79.95
This volume focuses on research in education in the Basque Country where Basque is very often the language of instruction for some or all the school subjects. The volume provides background information about the Basque educational system; about academic and linguistic results related to the use of Basque as the language of instruction and the challenges... more...
HomeschoolingPenguin Publishing Group 2008; US$ 24.95
This intimate, eminently practical memoir of a successful homeschooled family of six children illuminates today?s most exciting choice in education, and shows how it works from cradle to college . What is it that homeschoolers do that the public schools can?t or won?t? There are at least as many answers as there are studies. But nothing can capture... more...
Minority Status, Oppositional Culture, & SchoolingTaylor and Francis 2008; US$ 63.95
This book is the definitive and final presentation of John Ogbu?s cultural ecological model and the many debates that his work has sparked during the past decade. The theory and empirical foundation of Ogbu?s scholarship, which some have mistakenly reduced to the "acting white hypothesis," is fully presented and re-visited in this posthumous collection... more...
Gifted and Talented Children 4-11Taylor and Francis 2008; US$ 40.95
Can you recognize and tell the difference between gifted and talented children? Do you know how to provide the support they need? Responding directly to current thinking in education, this book raises practitioners? expectations, and shows you how to identify children in your class as gifted and talented. Christine Macintyre addresses the nature/nurture... more...
Students with Disabilities, Learning Difficulties and DisadvantagesOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2008; US$ 70.00
This book provides an internationally comparable set of indicators on educational provision for students with disabilities, learning difficulties and disadvantages (DDD). It highlights the number of students involved, where they are educated special schools, special classes or regular classes and in what phases of education pre-primary,... more...
Identifying Special Needs in the Early YearsSAGE Publications 2007; US$ 30.00
Offering connections to existing legislation, this invaluable reference presents step-by-step instructions for identifying individual children's needs in all early years settings and provides guidelines for involving parents. more...
A Parent's Guide to Tutors and TutoringWiley 2008; US$ 16.95
A Parent's Guide to Tutors and Tutoring offers a survivalguide for helping parents decide whether or not to hire a tutor;advice for choosing the right person; and ideas for evaluating ifthe job is well done. In addition, the book includes suggestionsfor selecting a tutor for kids with special needs and shows what ittakes to tutor for an individual... more...


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Aquarium , 30 Litre Fish tank Full setup .
For sale i have a fully cycled 30 Litre Aquarium With white gloss wooden lid Has a white led strip on the lid & also fitted a blue sub light for the inside of tank . comes with blue backdrop looks great photo do not do it justice . it comes wit


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I recall reading somewhere recently that you can obtain the server session start-time in timestamp format of the exact time a php session started for a user, but I cannot find this article again.
What I do not want is the request time (ie the time the
'REQUEST_TIME') or the "current timestamp" as of the execution of
date() because (if I understand these correctly) they will change for each request and each script execution.
What I want is the time that the session was initiated on the server, and this logically can only be one moment in time.
There was apparently a was of retrieving this information.
Can anyone help?