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Secretary Richard K. Sullivan Jr.
Secretary, Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs
Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs
The Patrick-Murray Administration has set ambitious renewable energy and energy efficiency goals for the Commonwealth. In fact, we have adopted energy efficiency as the Commonwealth's 'first fuel' to meet our energy needs. Energy efficiency locks in energy savings, reduces pollution, cuts our dependence on imported sources of energy, creates local 21st Century jobs, and is a key component for creating a cleaner and more sustainable energy future in Massachusetts.
On August 25, I was invited to Springfield to tour the EcoBuilding Bargains business center, which is a federal stimulus-funded project under construction. I was inspired by this project to transform a 100-year-old building while reducing energy costs by over 50 percent and creating local jobs. It will serve as a living example of why energy efficient building upgrades are a worthy investment.
With community donations and $900,000 in stimulus funds allocated through the DOER's High Performance Building initiative, this project will provide a lasting impact on energy costs and consumption.
As a result of this upgrade, the EcoBuilding Bargains center, a branch of the Center for EcoTechnology, will double its capacity to provide low-cost recycled and surplus building materials for residential and commercial buildings. The new 'green' building has a committed space for training that will be used to teach residents and businesses about energy efficiency and sustainable building practices. The core mission of EcoBuilding Bargains' staff is sustainability: they are selling it and, with these energy efficiency improvements, they are practicing it.
Learn more:
Energy Recovery Dollars at Work
EcoBuilding Bargains Expansion Blog
Recent Posts
Advancing Zero Net Energy Buildings posted on Aug 13
When I started an internship this summer with the Leading by Example program at the Department of Energy Resources (DOER), I knew that I would be working on projects related to energy efficient and sustainable buildings. While I was familiar with LEED certification, I didn't …Continue Reading Advancing Zero Net Energy Buildings
Women Shaping the Agenda in Energy and the Environment posted on Jul 28
I joined the Department of Energy Resources (DOER) as an intern in the Renewable Energy Division at the start of the summer. As a recent graduate, one of my main internship goals has been not only to learn about the energy industry and policy, but …Continue Reading Women Shaping the Agenda in Energy and the Environment
Getting Started and Gaining Insight into Energy Storage posted on Jul 14
I joined the Department of Energy Resources (DOER) team a few months ago and, as you might imagine, have been introduced to a mountain of new information. Before I joined DOER, I had a very general understanding of what the department actually did for the …Continue Reading Getting Started and Gaining Insight into Energy Storage


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It was very uncivil of you to demean...<quoted text>Do you need to be a smart ass? I am trying to be civil.
Because God has touched me. I know He's real.How can you 'know with 100% certainty" of something that has zero evidence?
I am not "science", I am only me. I know that God is real.Science does not claim to know anything with 100% certainty without massive amounts of evidence.

subset: commoncrawl


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Guest column: John Knowles, Ave Maria School of Law
By John Knowles
Director of Development and External Affairs
Ave Maria School of Law
The Florida Legislature has overwhelmingly approved allowing students to deliver "inspirational messages" at public schools. At first, some have asked me what the concern is about. People get it when I inform them that the "inspirational message" can be delivered as a prayer to God.
What a different country this is than the one that was founded more than two centuries ago. Most of the men and women who founded this republic left their countries of origin – at least partly – because those older nations ruthlessly oppressed certain religions and persecuted many practitioners of certain faiths. The contributions of those founding generations of Americans, who happened to be mostly Christian but represented a wide variety of denominations with diverse and sometimes conflicting traditions, included the founding of great educational institutions. Of the first 108 universities founded in America, 106 were distinctly Christian and had an independent, religious character. Faith in God and embrace of Christian moral principles was in those days considered the foundation of and first step towards an enlightened life, and as a result the freest and fairest nation in history was established.
My friends who oppose school prayer, I believe, come from an understandable place. No student should be forced to say prayers that he or she does not believe in or have to struggle through in-your-face indoctrination while trying to get an education. I also don't believe that the state should be promoting certain religions through state institutions like public schools. The current legal regime on this matter, which is developed largely through the U.S. Supreme Court cases Engel v. Vitale (1962), Abington School District v. Schempp (1963), and Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971), basically forbids the school from involving religion in official activities and programs.
Schools have to maintain a secular character and there cannot be extensive "intertwining" between the school activity and religious practice. However, each student's right to prayer is protected under his or her constitutional "free exercise" rights, and for me this is what the Florida bill is really about.
Under the legislation passed Thursday, any student is allowed to use the "inspirational message" how he or she chooses. Some might use the time to recite the "Our Father", another might choose to recall speeches from great orators like Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. or Abraham Lincoln. A Jewish student might recite the Amidah or "Standing Prayer," and dozens of other prayers from the world's great religions will also likely be heard. I imagine many students might not have anything to say at all, which is their right and is just fine. But those who have a desire to express their faith in something bigger and more extraordinary than just this world will also have their few moments. It might just lead to greater understanding amongst children of each other's traditions and perspectives. It might even drive some students to think more deeply about personal character, morality, and how people that do not necessarily look like them or talk like them are still beautiful divine creations worthy of respect and kindness.
This is a good bill that reflects the common-sense feelings of most Floridians, which is likely why it enjoys such broad support and is bipartisan in nature (it was introduced by a Democrat and drew votes from all political ideologies.) I encourage Gov. Rick Scott to sign this legislation and I look forward to visiting a public school sometime soon and hearing how a special young person uses his or her "inspirational message" — whether it is one that I have heard throughout my life or one that I have never heard before.
Knowles is an alumnus of Western Michigan University and a dual-degree graduate of Michigan State. Views expressed here are his own.
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University of Redlands > News >
All News >
Leslie Brody
Don't miss Redlands Professor Leslie Brody at the Mark Taper Auditorium of the Los Angeles Central Library in conversation with Patt Morrison, L.A. Times columnist and radio host, KPCC, 89.3 FM, about her new book, "Irrepressible: The Life and Times of Jessica Mitford."
7 p.m. Feb. 10.
The 83-year-old instrument was fully restored in 2003 and features 4,266 pipes.
© 2015 University of Redlands. All Rights Reserved.


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420 Views 2 Replies Latest reply: Sep 26, 2012 10:20 AM by Gary - former developer
K.S. Sep 26, 2012 9:41 AM
Re: Repairing Vinyl LPs via Digital Audio in response to Gary - former developer
I can't remember exactly what Audacity does, but it's still available:
And found this:
Gary - former developer Sep 26, 2012 10:20 AM
Re: Repairing Vinyl LPs via Digital Audio in response to K.S.
I have all of the tools mentioned by K.S. (including his link). They do what they do but what they do doesn't really repair vinyl recordings.
They all have general purpose filters that with enough patience will reduce the vinyl recording problems somewhat. But they are all universally fussy (read hit-and-miss time consuming) to use.
I'm looking for something specifically targeted at my specific task.


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Community Profile
doing masters and so working on project in image processing
Professional Interests: image processing
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hello, i am a novice user in matlab my question is:
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img =imread(['C:\Users\shree\Desktop\final data\target\' num2str(i) '.jpg']);
please help me for writing a program for reading the 100 images from some folder. aftr doin thi i'll do some operations on same....
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A mural victory in Whitney Pier
Updated on October 12, 2015 - SYDNEY — There's an eye-catching addition to the streetscape of Whitney Pier these days.2
Updated at 12:31 - CHETICAMP — The walk-in X-ray service at Sacred Heart Community Health Centre in Cheticamp will be out of service on Wednesday due to the unavailability of staff..
Updated at 06:57 - OTTAWA _ There weren't any whistles, but there were more than a few bells, as the marathon federal election campaign entered its final week Monday..1
13:41 - CHARLESTON, W.Va. - Prosecutors are continuing to replay phone calls ex-Massey Energy CEO Don Blankenship secretly recorded in his office..
Updated at 12:39 - ARLINGTON, Texas _ Down 2-0 in the American League Division Series, Blue Jays manager John Gibbons did not look his normal relaxed self in the visiting manager's office at Globe Life Park..
Updated at 09:43 - TORONTO _ The Canadian dollar was trading below 77 cents US and U.S. index futures were pointing to a negative trading day Tuesday..
Updated on October 09, 2015 - Name: Jennifer Nolan.
Updated on October 12, 2015 - Something interesting happened in the Catholic universe on Oct. 6..4
Updated on October 12, 2015 - RAVE: Harbour development. We've said it before and we'll say it again. A proposed eight-storey residential/commercial development with underground parking at the corner of Dorchester Street and the Esplanade in downtown Sydney would be a good thing....
Updated on October 12, 2015 - Many rural communities think that they are doing just fine, notwithstanding the state of decline in economic and demographic geography..


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The story of two Englishmen with a Russian Red Cross unit during the campaigns against the Austrians.
See it as donating a moment of your social media time, every little thing helps us improve and stay online.
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"When you can tell the story and it doesn't bring up any pain, you know it is healed." - Iyanla Vanzant, Broken Pieces
I'd never have spent the money on a wedding dress if I knew I was just going to a costume party.
Married for over 15 years
2 beautiful sons
You may not control all the events that happen to you, but you can decide not to be reduced by them. Maya Angelou
James Taylor
~Feel your emotions, but control your behavior~ Unknown
This is it. The darkest day. The blackest hour. Chin up, shoulders back. Let's see what we're made of, you and I.
- The Doctor


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Top Definition
A practice wherein a lady fills a condom with water, ties it shut, and puts it in the freezer until it's solid ice, and then pleasures herself with it in front of a mirror.
Sally tried to fridge-stuff the elephant, but the stupid cocksicle melted.
by GeniusAndWizard September 30, 2010


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NBA Sixth Man of the Year: Top Five Early Candidates
2013-14 NBA Sixth Man of the Year: Top 5 Early Candidates
J.R. Smith is the reigning NBA Sixth Man of the Year after a year when he was arguably the second-most important player for the New York Knicks. Coming off of the bench in all 80 games that he played, Smith averaged 18.1 points and 5.3 boards per game while shooting a decent 42.2 percent overall and 35.6 percent from three.
Through the start of the 2013-14 season, though, Smith has looked about as far away from Sixth Man of the Year as he possibly could. After starting the season serving a suspension, Smith hasn't had much success at all. In 19 games, he's averaging just 10.5 points per game on only 33.6 percent shooting from the field. Moreover, the Knicks have even taken him out of his sixth man role lately to try and get Smith jump-started this year.
If Smith continues to play like this, he's certainly not going to be the first back-to-back winner of the award since Detlef Schrempf from in the 1990-1991 and 1991-1992 seasons. As a result, the award is up for grabs this year.
Recent developments throughout the league have also made the award even more up for grabs. With Anthony Davis injured and out for a while, Ryan Anderson might not be eligible for the award as a player has to come off the bench in more games than he starts to qualify. Moreover, Greivis Vasquez being traded away from the Sacramento Kings has put Isaiah Thomas in the starting lineup, which will more than likely render him ineligible for the award, even though he'd likely be the favorite if he were still coming off of the bench.
Even with Anderson and Thomas, two guys who would undoubtedly be in contention to take home the honor, seemingly out of the race, there are plenty of candidates that have a solid case to make for being the league's Sixth Man of the Year. Here are the top five candidates through the early going of this season.
5. Alec Burks - Utah Jazz G
Because he's putting up his production for the Utah Jazz, arguably the worst team in the league right now, many people haven't noticed the high level that third-year guard Alec Burks has been playing at. In 27.1 minutes per game, the guard is averaging a solid 12.9 points, 2.6 assists and 2.8 rebounds per game with solid percentages of 43.1 from the floor and 34 from long-distance. While Burks may not be putting up the biggest stats, his play has been a bright spot for the Jazz in the abyss that has been the start to their season.
4. Markieff Morris - Phoenix Suns F
While Eric Bledsoe and Goran Dragic are deservedly getting the headlines regarding the Phoenix Suns' shocking start to the season, Markieff Morris has been a force off of the bench. Playing 25.8 minutes per night, Morris has averaged 12.5 points, six boards and 0.9 steals per game on solid 49.5 percent shooting and knocking down 33.3 percent of his rare three-point attempts. Morris has been a spark on the glass and offensively as sort of a stretch four with the Suns and, though they might still be better than expected, Phoenix wouldn't be as good as they have been without Morris' solid play.
3. Manu Ginobili - San Antonio Spurs G
I'll be the first to admit that the 2013 NBA Playoffs had me writing off Manu Ginobili. However, he's come out this season and looked rejuvenated for the San Antonio Spurs. Ginobili has affected the game all over the floor, putting up solid numbers offensively, on the glass and defensively this season. Perhaps time and age will catch up with Manu as the season rolls on, but he's been great through the part of the year that's been played out.
2. Jamal Crawford - Los Angeles Clippers G
Personally, Jamal Crawford would have gotten my vote for Sixth Man of the Year over Smith last season. I thought the way he played off of the bench as the Los Angeles Clippers' only real consistent option off of the bench was phenomenal and that his consistency gave him the edge over Smith. Though he's no longer the only option on the wings now, he's still having a great year with the Clips, averaging 16 points, 2.5 assists and 2.4 rebounds per game this year. Even at 33 years old, Crawford is still getting it done and in contention for his second time being the Sixth Man of the Year.
1. Reggie Jackson - Oklahoma City Thunder G
Many people wondered who would step up off of the bench for the Oklahoma City Thunder after the departure of Kevin Martin this summer and Reggie Jackson has answered the call. Though Jeremy Lamb has been solid as well off of the bench, Jackson has been a force as a reserve, averaging 12 points, 3.5 assists, 3.8 rebounds and 0.9 steals in just 24.6 minutes per game while also shooting an impressive 47.3 percent from the floor. He's exciting, young, and would get my vote as Sixth Man of the Year if the season ended today.
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The following groups of prehistoric reptiles, to quote Lore Sjoberg, "are not technically speaking dinosaurs but end up in the dinosaur section of the plush toy aisle nonetheless."
This can get quite confusing, as no matter what your dictionary tells you, scientists have been waffling on the subject of dinosaurs for as long as there has been a name for them.
!Flying reptiles
[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterosauria Pterosaurs]] (usually called ''Pterodactyls'' in media and in pop-language) are often referred as the "flying dinosaurs"; they actually were closely related to them, but technically were not true dinosaurs.
[[folder:Pterosaurs in media]]
In RealLife, pterosaurs were the main flying beings in the Age of Dinosaurs, coexisted with their land-living relatives for 160 million years and eventually went extinct together with the last dinosaurs. Like about dinosaurs, there are several issues about ptero-portrayals in media. They go far further than simple AnachronismStew and MisplacedWildlife, they regard ''every'' pterosaurian biological feature. Here were fall in the CriticalResearchFailure field,and its easy to imagine [[ArtisticLicensePaleontology ptero-scientists cry]] [[DarthWiki/WallBanger more than every other colleague]].
* In fiction, these "reptiles" usually act as [[GiantFlyer air-born terrors]] to menace humans and/or other animals, usually grabbing them with improbable eagle-like feet and magically strong enough to lift and carry their victims in flight, often giving them to their nestlings just like eagles. In RealLife pterosaurs had very weak legs with non-opposable digits and caught their food with their mouth instead. And [[ScienceMarchesOn it has been recently discovered]] they didn't have any nestlings to feed: pterosaurs reproduced like lizards, burying and abandoning their soft eggs, until the hatchlings (termed "flaplings" by some paleontologists) emerged, strong-boned and ready to fly on their own.
* Especially in older media, they are often portayed with [[MixAndmatchCritter Bat Wings]], tying into the whole DinosaursAreDragons thing. Actually their wing-membranes were substained by ''only one'' overly-long digit, the fourth one (not the fifth as sometimes heard), which was as robust as the rest of the forelimb. The 1°, 2°, and 3° finger were normal-sized and protruded from the anterior wing-edge like the 1° digit of modern bats. More persistant is the depiction of the wings as loose, bat-like flaps of skin -- in RealLife, the wing membranes were thin but taut sheets of muscle, containing several distinct layers of complex muscle fibers which essentially made them into shape-shifting organs for on the fly adjustments.
* We dont know at all which kind of sounds they emitted in RealLife, but expect to hear them [[NoisyNature screeching loudly and continuously]] (usually in a mixed crow-vulture-seagull manner), and also fanning their wings as noisily as possible.
* They tend to be represented ''always'' huge. In RealLife there were ''many'' types of pterosaurs (just like what happens to modern birds) and they were astonishingly diverse in size, being from the size of a crow up to a small airplane.
* They weren't either dinosaurs, nor were they birds. Further, they were not even the ancestors of any modern flier[[note]]dinosaurs were[[/note]]: instead, they were only ''relatives'' of dinosaurs (and thus birds, of course).
Its worth noting, however, that ScienceMarchesOn has been a crucial factor in pterosaur portraits. Like dinosaurs, pterosaurs have undergone a sort of scientific "renaissance" since the seventies. Before that, they were considered cold-blooded creatures covered in scales and very unlike modern birds. Scientists used to think pterosaurs had weak wing-muscles and fragile wing-membranes; this made the RealLife pterosaurs qualified as awkward gliders --- contrasting with the "powerful flyers" popular view. Since the "renaissance" palaeontologists have upgraded these animals as "the first ever vertebrates able to fly properly", and nowadays it's clear they were active and efficient fliers with large brains, good eyesight, excellent sense of balance, skin covered in down-like structures (just like the most bird-like theropods), and with high-rate metabolism. Due to the structure of their wings pterosaurs should be particularly able in soaring (a bit like modern albatrosses), but were also capable to flap their wings.
Most discovered pterosaurs appear to have lived in marine, coastal, or other watery habitats, but more dryland-loving kinds surely existed as well: some of the smallest species were probably able to climb trees. They were mainly predators of small preys (insects, fish, small land vertebrates etc. according to the species), but some could have been fruit-eaters: some (expecially ''Pterodaustro'') were flamingo-like filter-feeders. Like dinosaurs, we don't know what coloration they had: different kinds of pterosaurs surely had different colors. Modern paleo-artists can depict them with motifs reminescent of those of modern birds, but may also portray them with duller colors (just like what happens with dinosaurs). The pterosaurs' motion on land has long been a mystery: their footprints have been discovered only since the 1990s, and scientists now think most (if all) pterosaurs were quadrupedal. Despite all these discoveries and theories, even today the pterosaurs remain one of the most enigmatic group of prehistoric beasts, as their fossil record has always been one of the scarcest of all.
Sadly, all the issues above are usually glossed over in pop-media, even today. See PteroSoarer to get into this in depth.
!!Stock Pterosaurs
Very few pterosaurs have been portrayed in non-docu media, despite their notable variety in RealLife. Among pterosaurs listed here, only three can be called "pterodactyls" without getting totally wrong: ''Pteranodon'', ''Quetzalcoatlus'', and of course ''[[ExactlyWhatItSaysOnTheTin Pterodactylus]]''. The other two, ''Rhamphorhynchus'' and ''Dimorphodon'', were more primitive than the former and are usually called "rhamphorhynchs."
Surprisingly, stock pterosaurs are ''not'' (necessarily) the biggest/coolest-looking ones --three out of five are not bigger than an eagle or a stork. Instead, they were among the very first scientifically-described kinds, in the XIX century. ''Pterodactylus'', ''Rhamphorhynchus'', and ''Dimorphodon'', [[note]]The normally-sized ones[[/note]] were discovered in Europe ''before'' the 1820s (the decade in which the "first dinosaurs" were named). The last two were initially classified as ''Pterodactylus'' and recognized distinct only after the 1820s. With its 7 m/24 ft wide wingspan, ''Pteranodon'' was found in USA in the last quarter of the XIX century, during the "Bone Wars." [[note]]Oddly, it too was initially classified as ''Pterodactylus''.[[/note]] Its sheer size ("Whoa the biggest flier ever!") and its crest soon made it the new iconic pterosaur, and still preserves its status today.
Several interesting new pterosaurs were discovered in the second half of the XX century, but only one managed to achieve some consideration in media: ''Quetzalcoatlus'', because was the only one clearly bigger than the pteranodont, and the new "biggest flying animal ever." In the 2000s, ''Ornithocheirus'' gained some popularity as well thanks to a memorable apparition in ''WalkingWithDinosaurs'', but only because was (wrongly) described as [[UpToEleven the biggest flying animal ever existed]]. The others (''Dsungaripterus'', ''Pterodaustro'', ''Tapejara'', ''Eudimorphodon'', ''Sordes'', and so on) were largely ignored outside dino-books and documentaries. If youre looking for these and other non-stock pteros, see [[UsefulNotes/PrehistoricLifeNonDinosaurianReptiles here]].
!! Toothed or toothless? ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteranodon Pteranodon]]'' ***
''Pteranodon'' lived 86-84 million years ago on what were then the shorelines of Kansas and other midwestern US states. It had the typical traits of the most evolved pterosaurs, the Pterodactyloids a.k.a. "literal pterodactyls." It had an elongated head, weak hindlimbs, only a hint of tail, and very long wings with a huge "wing-finger," while the other digits were very small and maybe almost useless. It was one of the most specialized flying animals that ever lived, but very clumsy on land, where it arguably walked slowly on all fours.
It was thought pteranodonts lived a bit like modern seashore birds, laying its eggs on cliffs and using ascendent winds to take off. However, the take off method is now known to have been wrong; rather, pteranodonts, like all pterosaurs, could vault from level ground with their wings. Roosting in cliffs is not entirely unlikely, though. Like modern albatross, they could have been vagrant or migratory. Contrary to what is sometimes said, ''Pteranodon'' probably didnt survive enough to see the meteorite--its fossil record ends a dozen million years before the mass-extinction. Among pterosaurs, only [[UsefulNotes/PrehistoricLife Azdarchids]] have left fossils from 65 mya: one of them was ''Quetzalcoatlus'' (see below).
The backwards-pointing crest is the most striking feature of ''Pteranodon''. It was laterally flattened in RealLife, but in media expect to see it with a conical shape, often resembling a ''horn''. The real purpose of this crest is still unclear. It is traditionally described as a sort of balancing-pole to better balance the long head, or as a rudder to maintain it stabilized during flight. However, this doesnt explain why only males had such a big crest, while the females one was extremely shortened. Once was thought long- and short-crested individuals belonged to different species. [[note]]An astounding thing is, short-crested pteranodonts are ''almost never'' shown even in documentary media![[/note]] This bony protrusion could simply be a display device, like is hypothized as well for Stegosaurs plates, Triceratops horns and frill, Spinosaurus "sail," and so on. This could explain why the males one was so big compared with the females.
In popular portrayal, an ever-present mistake is to show Pteranodonts as [[ToothyBird toothy creatures]]. When present, these teeth usually resemble those of the other well-known ptero, ''Rhamphorhynchus'' (see below). The fact that the genus name ends in ''odon'' (meaning tooth in Greek) could lead people in error, too. Actually, ''odon'' is preceded by the greek "privative A" (becoming ''an'' when followed by a vowel). Thus, ''anodon'' means ''with no teeth''. (See also ''[[UsefulNotes/PrehistoricLife Ludodactylus]]''.)
In RealLife, ''Pteranodon'' was substantially a giant pelican in behaviour. Its long toothless beak was useful to catch fish, and the shape of its lower jaws seem to show a sort of "pouch" to store fish in flight, even though this is not sure. It was once thought that ''Pteranodon'' would snatch fish on the fly with its beak, but now it's believed that it would have dived into the water and swam for food (again, much like a pelican). If alive today, ''Pteranodon'' could not be that danger for us folks as shown everywhere in media. Weighing only about 20 kg, [[note]]Compared to body size pterosaurs were even lighter than birds, having totally hollow bones like straws. For example, the prehistoric vulture ''Argentavis'' had a similar wingspan of the pteranodont, but is extimated 80 kg.[[/note]] was too light to lift a 70 kg man up in the air. And if it really could have done so, certainly didnt with its weak hindlimbs but with the mouth instead. Finally, since its beak was straight and smooth-edged, a child could easily have got out of it by wriggling.
''Pteranodon''s nifty crest on its skull, along with the fact that it held the size-record for almost a century, has made it THE pterosaur in popular imagination. Its iconic status among pterosaurs coud be partially justified. Its not only one of the first discovered pterosaurs, but perhaps also the most common in fossil record. Hundreds of specimens are known, while most other pterosaur kinds are much, much rarer, often known from a single individual. The vast majority of Pteranodons belong to the species all people know, ''Pteranodon longiceps''.
# '''Entry Time:''' 1925
# '''TropeMaker:''' ''Film/TheLostWorld'' (film)
!! Dragon-tailed fisher: ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhamphorhynchus Rhamphorhynchus]]'' **
''Rhamphorhynchus'' ("sharp beak") was first found in Germany in the XIX century, and lived in the Late Jurassic in the same locations of several other pterosaurs and also ''Archaeopteryx'' and ''Compsognathus''. It was the second named pterosaur after the prototypical ''Pterodactylus'', and the first one known with a long tail. Its the namesake of the primitive pterosaurs called Rhamphorhynchoids. Like ''Archaeopteryx'', ''Rhamphorhynchus'' has left exquisite remains. Some specimens with prints of wing membranes are known since the XIX century. It was just these ''Rhamphorhynchus''es that definitively showed pterosaurs were airborn critters, not water-living as believed by some at the time.
''Rhamphorhynchus'' had a wingspan of about 2 m / 6 ft, relatively short wings, a narrow snout slightly pointing upwards, robust hindlimbs, and long tail. Two recognizable traits are the protruding teeth and the diamond-shaped "fin" put vertically on its tail-tip. As ''Rhamphorhynchus'' lived in coastal lagoons, the teeth were probably apt to catch fish in flight. The typical tail-fin was made of soft tissue (its know only thanks to prints in the rocks).
''Rhamphorhynchus'' tail has often been compared with a dragons or a devils, and the large teeth give it a deceptively "menacing" look (actually it wouldnt be more dangerous than a gull if alive today). We now know it was covered in hair-like structures like its close relative ''[[UsefulNotes/PrehistoricLife Sordes pilosus]]'' (which just means "[[RuleOfCool hairy devil]].")
Its striking look, the earliness of its discover and the completeness of many remains have contributed to make ''Rhamphorhynchus'' the second most commonly portrayed pterosaur in mediaexpecially the older ones. ''Rhamphorhynchus'' has become quite rare today--pterosaurs shown in the most recent movies generally are ''Pteranodon'' or (more often) imaginary Giant Fliers.
Like ''Pteranodon'', ''Rhamphorhynchus'' tends to be portrayed incorrectly in fiction, often as big as a pteranodont or even bigger. Another classic mistake is to show rhamphorhynchs with flexible tails (a bit like what happens to "raptors") and sometimes with ''triangular'' fins. Actually their tail was stiffened by bony tendons, and was a steering device during flight. [[note]]It's not to exclude that only males had the "fin." If so, this thing could have been for display.[[/note]] Finally, a very Undead-Horse subtrope is to apply the "devilish" rhamphorhynchoid tail to [[RuleOfCool every]] [[TheyJustDidntCare other]] [[MixAndMatchCritter pterosaur]], expecially ''Pteranodon''. Actually pterodactyloid pterosaurs had stubby tails without distinction.
# '''Entry Time:''' 1940
# '''TropeMaker:''' Disney/{{Fantasia}}
!! Divine beast: ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetzalcoatlus Quetzalcoatlus]]'' *
This is, for now, the Ultimate GiantFlyer among prehistoric animals. Lived in North-America at the very end of the Cretaceous 70-65 mya (but some think its distribution was worldwide). ''Quetzalcoatlus'' was discovered in the 1970s in Texas from incomplete remains. Its wingspan was extimated from 10 m / 35 ft up to 16 m / 50 ft, with the lower range being the most likely. [[RuleOfCool Of course]], pop-media have often followed the higher one. This "living airplane" took the Pteranodon's reputation over as "the biggest flier ever" in those years. Its describer named it from an Atzec divinity: Quetzalcoatl, the "feathered snake" (the animal itself is often called "the quetzalcoatl.")
''Quetzalcoatlus'' was long described as similar to an upscaled ''Pteranodon''. Indeed, both animals had a long toothless beak and an atrophied tail. Some depictions show ''Quetzalcoatlus'' with a small cranial crest, others show it crestless. Compared to a pteranodont, ''Quetzalcoatlus'' had much longer/stronger hindlimbs, a bigger body, a longer/stiffer neck, and shorter/wider wings with the "hands" closer to the wingtips than to the shoulders. Its diet has long been an enigma (Fish? Small reptiles? Carrions?). In the 2000s, scientists re-studied its anatomy, and today ''Quetzalcoatlus'' is thought a mainly terrestrial animal, walking on its four long limbs, and eating small land critters like a stork. [[note]]It's worth noting that the terrestrial hypothesis was already postulated just after the first find, but initially not demostrated.[[/note]]
The astonishing thing is, in spite of being [[http://pterosaurs.wordpress.com/2008/05/16/azhdarchid-paleobiology-part-i/ as tall as a giraffe]] when on land, ''Quetzalcoatlus'' could still ''fly''. Giving its size, it should have been an extremely powerful flier, capable to frequent several habitats, and maybe even to travel worldwide. An almost-identical relative, ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatzegopteryx Hatzegopteryx]]'', was recently described from Europe. It was extimated even bigger than ''Quetzalcoatlus'', but they could be the same animal.
Despite their impressiveness, ''Quetzalcoatlus'' has received great attention only in dino-books and documentaries, while is still rare in films and dino-stories. No matter if, with its size and terrestrial habits, it could have been the ''only'' pterosaur potentially dangerous for humans if alive today. A downsized ''Quetzalcoatlus'' flying robot capable to flap its wing was built in the 1990s by an paleo-amateur: the first ptero-flight after 65 million years.
# '''Entry Time:''' 1980s
# '''TropeMaker:''' Documentary media
!! The first named Mesozoic reptile: ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterodactylus Pterodactylus]]'' *
Rarely will you see any other pterosaur in fiction, but if you do, it will either be ''Pterodactylus'' or ''Dimorphodon''. In the original novel ''The Lost World'' (1912), the two scientists argue if the pterosaurs they meet are one of the two. Whatever kind they were, they are enormously oversized[[UpToEleven even bigger than a Pteranodont]]. In RealLife both were not bigger than a large seagull. In recent stories, ''Pterodactylus'' and ''Dimorphodon'' were rarely portrayed, but are common in documentaristic media due to their historical relevance.
''Pterodactylus'' was the ''first'' fossil recognized by science as belonging to a prehistoric animal completely different to the modern ones (well before the first dinosaurs); this happened in year 1809, when concepts like "extinct" and "antediluvian" (the word "prehistoric" came later) were still highly controversial. Obviously, ''Pterodactylus'' was the very first flying reptile ever found, and even early paleontologists tended to refer to the whole group as 'pterodactyls' long before the name Pterosaur was coined; this explains why ''pterodactyl'' has become the stock name of pterosaurs.
Several ''Pterodactylus'' species were recognized in the past. Today only one has remained valid, ''Pterodactylus antiquus'', about the same size of a ''Rhamphorhynchus''. Some alleged ''Pterodactylus'' species were described from individuals no bigger than a sparrow: this led the genus to be described as "one of the tinies pterosaurs ever." [[ScienceMarchesOn Recent research]] suggests these specimens were actually juveniles, which deceptively resemble miniaturized adults. The fact that newborn pterosaurs were virtually identical to adults is a recent discovery which strongly astonished scientists and paleo-fans: none of the still-living fliers shows powered flight soon after its birth.
''Pterodactylus'' was one of the first appeared pterodactyloid pterosaurs (Late Jurassic Europe), and shared its habitat with the more archaic ''Rhamphorhynchus''. Its body-shape was more similar to a miniaturized pteranodont than to a rhamphorhynch, with long, thin jaws, elongated wings, weak hindlimbs, small "wing-hands," and stubby tail. Usually depicted as a generic-as-it-gets pterosaur, the latest findings show it had a small crest made of skin on the back of its head. Moreover, its apparently generic teeth could have been specialized for something---traditionally described as a fish- or insect-hunter, ''Pterodactylus'' could have been a filter-feeder in coastal lagoons (though not so specialized as another relative, ''[[UsefulNotes/PrehistoricLife Pterodaustro]]'') or perhaps a wader/prober like a shorebird.
# '''Entry Time:''' 1852
# '''TropeMaker:''' Crystal Palace Park
!! A toothed toucan: ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimorphodon Dimorphodon]]'' *
''Dimorphodon'' was a rhamphorhynchoid that lived in Early Jurassic, 190 mya. Found in England, it shared with ''Rhamphorhynchus'' the elongated stiffened tail, but we don't know if it had a "fin." Its more striking trait is its oversized skull, even bigger than the body itself! Despite appearences, the head of ''Dimorphodon'' was lightened by wide openings in the skull, and the animal couldnt have troubles to lift it, a bit like modern toucans and hornbills with their beaks.
Its name, "two-shaped teeth," recalls that of the famous ''Dimetrodon'' ("two-measured teeth"). It had [[ExactlyWhatItSaysOnTheTin two kinds of teeth]] (while most pterosaurs have only one). Some teeth were bigger and sparse among the smaller ones. With this kind of dentition, the feeding habits of ''Dimorphodon'' have always been matter of speculation. It could have been a fisher, a hunter of small land animals, an insectivore, or all these things. Later evidence reveals that the latter two were more likely, however, as it has few to no adaptations for fishing, but many for terrestrial hunting and leaf-litter grubbing.
''Dimorphodon'' is often depicted as a frequent flyer (the ''Literature/{{Dinotopia}}'' books even portray it as an InstantMessengerPigeon!), but later research suggests that it was quite the opposite. While ''Dimorphodon'' could fly, it was also rather heavy for such a small animal, making flight rather strenuous for it. It's believed that, like similarly loaded birds, ''Dimorphodon'' would have only flown in times of emergency. Interestingly, this is ''not'' an illustration of ''Dimorphodon's'' primitiveness, as many pterosaurs before it were excellent flyers. This likely means that ''Dimorphodon's'' poor flight ability was actually an evolutionary adaptation.
More archaic than ''Rhamphorhynchus'', ''Dimorphodon'' shows several primitive traits which betray how dinosaurs and pterosaurs were closely related. The three free wing-fingers were strong and large-clawed, not unlike those of a feathered theropod (indeed, its species name, "macronyx" means "large claw"). The hindlegs were long and powerful, and the animal was believed to have walked bipedally used its long tail for balance, but this is unlikely. Its stocky skull was more similar to a theropod dinosaur than to a pterosaur, with nasal openings on the tip of the nose (most pterosaurs had nostrils just in front of the eyes). A strange anatomical thing is one elongated digit in each hindfoot, which could have been attached to the wing membrane. If so, the dimorphodont could have used it to better-control the flight, like modern bats do with their feet. More evolved pterosaurs lost this super-toe altogether. Despite its primitive anatomy, ''Dimorphodon'' was a fully pterosaur with all the pterosaurian traits. (See also ''[[UsefulNotes/PrehistoricLife Eudimorphodon]]''.)
''Dimorphodon'' doesn't typically appear in the media beyond dinosaur books. However, this might change on June 12 2015, with the release of ''Film/JurassicWorld'', which has ''Dimorphodon'' as a featured creature ([[PteroSoarer naturally]] as the [[DeathFromAbove "winged menace"]] role). There's even a toy of it!
# '''Entry Time:''' 1912
# '''TropeMaker:''' ''Literature/TheLostWorld''
!!Other pterosaurs
Sorry, these ones aren't here. If you're looking for ''Nyctosaurus'', ''Pteranodon sternbergi'', ''Dsungaripterus'', ''Ornithocheirus'', ''Anurognathus'', and others, see [[UsefulNotes/PrehistoricLifeNonDinosaurianReptiles here.]]
!Swimming Reptiles
Similarly, these animals are often collectively referred to as "swimming dinosaurs," but this time they were ''not'' close relatives of true dinosaurs; some of them were not even related to each other. If you'd like to see a seagoing dinosaur, watch ''[[EverythingsBetterWithPenguins March of the Penguins]]''.
[[folder:Sea-reptiles in media]]
Four main groups of sea reptiles can be recognized in media: Plesiosaurs, Ichthyosaurs, Mosasaurs, and Pliosaurs. In RealLife there were other sea-going reptiles in the Mesozoic, but being less-impressive than the former, they dont gain much attention. (except for the giant turtle ''Archelon'', that shows up occasionally). As with most prehistoric animals, only the largest will be mentioned from each group: ''Elasmosaurus'' for Plesiosaurs, ''Liopleurodon'' for Pliosaurs, and ''Tylosaurus'' for Mosasaurs -- with the exception of the Ichthyosaurs. Ichthyosaurs will be represented only by ''Ichthyosaurus'' which was actually small for the group, though that won't stop them writers from making it bigger. However, in old media ''Plesiosaurus'' is frequent as well, even though was a very small member of the eponymous group (but dont worry: it is shown regularly oversized as well).
Interestingly, unlike dinosaurs, marine reptiles were ''already'' well-known to science at the beginning of the 19th century. Their fossil record is overall wealthier and better-preserved than that of the dinosaurs. Significantly, the very ''first'' "antediluvian" reptiles entered in narrative media were not dinosaurs, but the Ichthyosaur and the Plesiosaur which battle each other in the novel ''Literature/JourneyToTheCenterOfTheEarth'' written by Jules Verne in 1864. Both animals were enormously oversized and depicted in a ''very'' fanciful way: if you read the novel, you'll find them more like MixAndMatchCritter-related [[SeaMonster sea-monsters]] than their RealLife counterparts. The "ichthyosaur" is similar to a mixup of whales-crocodiles-dragons-snakes-whatnot, and has not the familiar fish-like shape of a RealLife Ichthyosaurus. The plesiosaur is a bit more realistic, but has a serpentine neck and the shell of a sea turtle. However, some of these errors are due to ScienceMarchesOn, as well se in the single sections below.
Possibly thanks to Verne, the battle against prehistoric marine reptiles has become stock in paleo-art and pop-culture, just like its land-placed equivalent "Carnivorous vs. Herbivorous Dinosaur." One of the opponents is always a long-necked Plesiosaur, while the other may alternate between a Mosasaur (known plesiosaur predators), an oversized ''Ichthyosaurus'' (other ichthyosaurs were plesiosaur predators, but not this one), or a Pliosaur (graphic RealLife evidence in the form of a decapitated plesiosaur). In these portraits, ichthyosaurs, mosasaurs, and pliosaurs tend to be used indifferently, often confused each other and portrayed as generic "giant swimmers."
Another long-standing cliche makes sea-reptiles the pterosaurs' archenemies. You probably have already seen the scene of a "prehistoric leviathan" emerging abruptly from the surface of the sea, grabbing a giant flying reptile with its jaws (the victim is usually ''Pteranodon''), and dragging it underwater to eat it (Creator/DougalDixon once speculated that long-necked plesiosaurs would be soecialist seabird hunters if they survived to the present). In RealLife this could be possible only for the biggest mosasaurs and pliosaurs[[note]]and even then, we don't have any evidence that either of these types of animals preyed on pterosaurs; in fact, we have more evidence that sharks and Spinosaurid dinosaurs would have fancied a leathery-winged snack[[/note]]. Giant ichthyosaurs did roam the seas, but in their time pterosaurs were still ''very'' small. Even though giant plesiosaurs like ''Elasmosaurus'' could have interacted with giant pterosaurs, their small mouth was unable [[FridgeLogic to swallow whole]] [[GiantFlyer Giant Fliers]] like ''Pteranodon''. ''Pteranodon'' bones have been discovered in the belly of a plesiosaur fossil, but they come from a small, female or juvenile pterosaur, not a gigantic male, and in any case they were probably shaken about before being eaten, rather than swallowed whole.
!! Turtles inside a snake's body: [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesiosaur Plesiosaurs]] **
Plesiosaurs (more correctly, plesiosauroids) are the most distinctive marine reptiles, and lived worldwide throughout the Mesozoic, 210-65 mya. With their long necks, massive body, short tails, small heads, and four paddle-like limbs, their look may recall that of a "flippered brontosaur," but they were actually very different than a sauropod dinosaur. They were carnivorous like all known marine reptiles. With their small mouths, they arguably ate only small items, like fish, juvenile reptiles, or shellfish. Their hunting tecniques are still matter of discussion -- active hunting, ambush-predation, bottom-feeding or even partial filter-feeding are all possible. They had pointed teeth protruding from their jaws, but were perhaps covered by lips in the living animals. [[RuleOfCool For obvious reasons]], expect to see plesiosaurs with ever-visible teeth fitted outside their mouth, often oversized and more protruding than in RealLife, literally making a snake-like head.
The association with snakes and turtles seems a constant when talking about plesiosaurs. Even scientists once used to describe these animals as "[[MixAndMatchCritter turtles into a snakes body]]" or "[[MixAndMatchCritter snakes into a turtles body]]." Their body was actually turtle-like (except for the lack of shell of course), and their neck had a huge number of vertebrae (even 76 in ''Elasmosaurus''!). Classic depictions show plesiosaurs with extremely flexible necks capable to coil and to dart like a snake. ScienceMarchesOn however, and it was discovered in the 2000s (thanks to simulations in CGI) their neck was much more rigid than previously thought, a bit like what is happened to sauropod dinosaurs.
These animals are traditionally described as slow turtle-like swimmers, using their four flippers as oars and propelling awkwardly their bulk through the water. In classic paleo-art plesiosaurs will usually be portrayed in a swan-like posture when emerged, and will use their neck as a periscope when swimming underwater. According to biomechanical studies, theyd kept their neck straight to better plough the water, and used their flippers to literally "fly" underwater, even though the exact movement of the flippers is still uncertain (see also "Pliosaurs" below). Maybe plesiosaurs were among the most skilled swimming animals of all time. Like whales compared with dolphins, larger species should have been less-agile than the smaller ones. Some portrayals show plesiosaurs with a sort of fin at the end of their tail, but its only speculative. If really present, it acted only as a rudder, as plesiosaurs tail was too weak to propel the animal.
The commonly shown species is ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasmosaurus Elasmosaurus]]''. It was one of the largest plesiosauroids, 40ft/13m long (like a grey whale), but since only a small portion of its length was of body, it weighed "only" 8-10 tons (like a large killer whale). The 20ft/7m long neck made more than half the entire length, and was actually longer than the body. Living in Late Cretaceous in the inland North-American Sea, the elasmosaur was discovered in the USA during the Bone-Wars. Its describer, Edward Cope, made an astounding mistake in its first attempt to rebuilt its skeleton (see UsefulNotes/PrehistoricLife). The prototypical ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesiosaurus Plesiosaurus]]'' was the first described plesiosaurian (1810s), even before ''Megalosaurus'' and ''Iguanodon''. First found in England, it was much smaller (16 ft long),earlier (first Jurassic), and much shorter-necked than ''Elasmosaurus''.
Possibly thanks to their dinosaurian-look and the association with snakes, Plesiosaurs have been the most iconic and depicted sea reptiles in media. Like dinosaurs and pterosaurs, expect to see them as [[PrehistoricMonster scary monsters]] with an [[EverythingTryingToKillYou killing attitude towards humans]]. If alive today, even the biggest Elasmosauruses wouldnt be more aggressive than most whales (although they could unintentionally capsize your tiny boat or raft). And every time a plesiosaur shows up, ''someone'' will bring up the [[StockNessMonster Loch Ness Monster]].
# '''Entry Time:''' 1852 (''Plesiosaurus''); 1933 (''Elasmosaurus'')
# '''TropeMaker:''' Crystal Palace Park (''Plesiosaurus''); ''Film/KingKong1933'' (''Elasmosaurus'')
!! Kron and his (oversized) son: [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliosaur Pliosaurs]] *
The long-necked plesiosauroids belong to the Sauropterygian supergroup, which also includes the Pliosaurs (or Pliosauroids, so-called from their obscure namesake, ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliosaurus Pliosaurus]]'') and other less-known groups of sea-reptiles. Together, Plesiosauroids and Pliosauroids make the Plesiosauria, a.k.a. "plesiosaurs" in broader sense, originated from the same common ancestor in the Triassic seas. Their relationship of Sauropterygians with modern reptiles has long been unclear. Once, they were placed with Ichthyosaurs in their own subgroup (see further), and not related with any still-living reptilian group. Today, plesiosaurs sensu lato (pliosaurs included) are thought not closely related to ichthyosaurs. They seem only loosely related with modern lizards, rather that with crocodiles and dinosaurs.
Like Plesiosauroids, Pliosauroids too were widespread throughout the Mesozoic, 218-65 mya. Both subgroups shared the same body plan, with rigid bodies, short tails, and the two pairs of powerful flippers--perhaps alternately-moved making a typical "double-wings" swimming effect (as seen in ''WalkingWithDinosaurs''). The difference stays in front of their shoulders. Pliosaurs had very short stocky necks, and their head was far bigger than an ''Elasmosaurus''. Their teeth were less-numerous, but much longer and stronger: like elasmosaurs, expect to see them visible when the mouth closed, even though they could have been hidden by lips in RealLife. Despite the resemblances, the head-anatomy of plesios and plios was the same. Both had eyes and nostrils placed above to see out of water when the remaining head was submerged. Both shared a singular trait: each nostril had two chambers like fish, possibly giving them a directional sense of smell. We dont know if they passed more time near the surface or in the deeps, but some think pliosaurs were more deep-creatures than plesiosaurs.
Pliosaurs were variably-sized, some were not bigger than dolphins, but the biggest one are candidates for "the largest sea reptile" title - even though their size has often been exagerrated. Among the latter, ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liopleurodon Liopleurodon]]'' and ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronosaurus Kronosaurus]]'', were among the top-predators of the Jurassic and early Cretaceous oceans respectively. Once extimated 16 m long (10 m are more likely), ''Kronosaurus'' is named from Cronus, a Greek goddity who [[IAmAHumanitarian devoured its own offsprings]] (Zeus and Poseidon among them). About the same length was the equally-coolly named ''Liopleurodon'', virtually identical to the former but with less teeth. As is usual with marine superpredators, both are usually depicted as [[CarnivoreConfusion merciless ever-hungry]] [[PrehistoricMonster killing machines]].
Despite this, Pliosaurs have been the least-portrayed group of sea-reptiles, and still remain mainly documentary-animals. The kronosaur has long been the most commonly shown pliosaur in books and documentaries until 1999, when a memorable appearance of an [[RuleOfCool extraordinarily oversized]] [[note]]The fictional length 80ft/25m was based on misidentified bone fragments; in reality, the species maxed out at 25ft/7m long.[[/note]] ''Liopleurodon'' on WalkingWithDinosaurs rapidly made it the new iconic member of the family (very similarly to ''Deinonychus'' à ''Velociraptor'' thanks to ''Film/JurassicPark''). In the show, an old male liopleurodon was described weighing 150 tons (a bit less than the Blue Whale) and [[UpToEleven the biggest predator of all time]]. In particular, the scene in which he pulls the ichthyosaur in pieces [[NightmareFuel disturbed many viewers]] (even though the sad final scene where hes stranded and slowly dies gives it a bit of humanity). To give the idea about how the animal remained impressed in pop-consciousness: [[FollowTheLeader all successive depictions]] have shown Liopleurodons with the WWD blue-white color-patterns. [[note]]For some reason, unlike dinosaurs and pterosaurs, marine reptiles are almost-always shown with dull colors even in modern portraits. However, they could have been very colorful like modern tropical seagoing animals.[[/note]] Another species that is starting to rise in popularity is the recently discovered ''Pliosaurus'' ''funkei'', known in popular culture as ''Predator'' ''X''. At an estimated 13 metres and 25 tons in weight (originally it was over 15 metres and 45 tons but ScienceMarchesOn), it's likely that it was the largest of this group and this was coupled with a bite that was estimated to be four times that of T-rex. Is it any wonder this thing is becoming popular?
# '''Entry Time:''' 1999
# '''TropeMaker:''' ''WalkingWithDinosaurs''
!! Fishes, dolphins, or lizards? [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyosaur Ichthyosaurs]] *
Ichthyosaurs have the very evocative name of "fish-lizards": they really resembled large fish in shape and swimming style, but recall modern dolphins as well thanks to their flippers and their long "nose." Like fishes and unlike dolphins, they had ''four'' flippers (foreflippers were usually bigger) and an ''upright'' caudal fin. As a group, Ichthyosaurs were the most ancient marine reptiles, and were widespread from the Middle Triassic until the Late Cretaceous, 245-90 mya, but went extinct 25 million years before the mass-extinction. Once, ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs and pliosaurs were put together in their own reptilian supergroup, the "Euryapsids," unified by having a single pair of skull-openings on the top of the skull. Today, "euryapsids" are firmly put in the Diapsid supergroup (which also included dinosaurs, pterosaurs and all living reptiles except maybe turtles). Icththyosaurs were among the very first diapsids to have evolved: since they are not related with any modern animal group (thus preventing good comparisons), they still remains quite mysterious critters.
Descended from a still-unknown land-living ancestor (remember ''every'' lineage of marine reptiles did descend from four-limbed terrestrial reptiles), Ichthyosaurs were the most marine of all marine reptiles and never came onto land, not even for laying their eggs. In fact, their young were born alive just like modern dolphins, as we can see in some fossils of mothers dead with their offspring ''just getting out of their body''. We now know that plesiosaurs also reproduced in the same way and probably never left the water either -- however, the scene of a long-necked plesiosaur which crawls on the seashore like a sea-lion is a [[ScienceMarchesOn staple in artworks]]. Ichthyosaurs are extremely abundant in fossil record: several individuals are preserved with soft tissue and, sometimes, ''even the print of the whole body''. Thanks to the latter, we know they had a dorsal fin and a crescent-shaped caudal fin other than the four paired "flippers." A strange thing is, unlike modern sharks, the backbone curved ''downwards'' at the tail level, and filled the lower lobe of the caudal fin, not the upper one.
Their eyes were noticeably large for good vision; most portraits show ichthyosaurs with round pupils and no eyelids like a typical fish. Skull nasal openings were just in front of the eyes, but the nostrils could have been on the head-top. Their skin was smooth and hydrodynamic like a dolphin, as shown in fossil prints. The mouth was usually filled with acute teeth: most ichthyos were fish-eaters, but also ammonites and other shellfish were in their menu. We don't know what amount of time they passed underwater: maybe they could extract some oxygen directly from the water like modern sea-turtles, but certainly did breath regularly like every reptile. The resemblance with dolphins means artists classically show ichthyosaurs jumping out of water in a dolphinish style, but this is not proven. Unusually for extinct reptiles, "Fish-lizards" often escape the fate to be described as "monsters".... at least in modern docu-media. [[ScienceMarchesOn Originally]], ichthyosaurs were depicted more crocodile- or mosasaur-like, with no caudal or dorsal fins. The famous "ichthyosaur" in Vernes novel is just based on this early interpretation. Several other fictional ichthyosaurs [[FollowTheLeader have then been inspired by the original]].
Today, more updated ichthyosaurs are regular sights in dino-books. Theyre very useful to show evolutive mechanisms, making a classic example of "convergent evolution" with fish and cetaceans. On the other hand, they are rarely seen in recent dino-stories, much less than the long-necked plesiosaurs. Maybe they are not that exotic-looking, or just not impressive enough to attract writers intrerest. The species shown is always ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyosaurus Ichthyosaurus]]'', because was the first discovered ([[OverlyLongGag in the 1810s. in England, before the "first known dinosaurs]]," and the prototype of the group. Being only 8/10 ft long in RealLife, expect to see it oversized and over-scary. And never mind that some other ichthyos (''[[UsefulNotes/PrehistoricLife Temnodontosaurus, Cymbospondylus, Thalattoarchon, Shonisaurus]]''), being 25 ft long or more and at least two of them being apex predators that killed huge prey, could be very apt for the role. The absence of ''Shonisaurus'' is particularly strange: as large as a sperm-whale, it could be the biggest known sea-reptile.
# '''Entry Time:''' 1852
# '''TropeMaker:''' Crystal Palace Park
!! Sea-serpents: [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaur Mosasaurs]] *
The most recent group of Mesozoic sea-reptiles, Mosasaurs lived worldwide in the Late Cretaceous, at the end of the Age of Dinosaurs. They replaced Ichthyosaurs and coexisted with the last Plesiosaurs. While Ichthyos and Plesios were not closely related with any modern reptile, Mosasaurs are the only prehistoric animals which literally deserve the title of "giant lizards." They belong to the [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamata Squamates]], the group containing modern lizards and snakes [[note]]Never forget snakes ''are'' legless lizards just as birds are flying dinosaurs[[/note]], and were closely related to modern snakes and monitor-lizards. Indeed, due to their elongated shape, they have often been compared with the legendary "sea-serpent," and often depicted with a speculative dragon-like crest running along their back in much old paleo-art.
Descended from monitor-like animals, Mosasaurs often reached gigantic sizes, but exaggerations tend to be common. Some source talk about 20 m long animals, even though most giant mosasaurs were probably no more than 10 m long. With their slender bodies, they were also less-heavy than the robust plesiosaurs and pliosaurs. To be more hydrodynamic, they could have lost the original lizard-scales and developed a smooth skin-texture, like ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs. Their tail was long and laterally-flattened: unlike plesiosaurs, they swum in a shark-like manner swinging their tail side-to-side. Since many modern snakes and lizards are ovoviviparous (that is, produce eggs that hatch inside the mothers body), this could be true also for mosasaurs. In this case, they had no need to come ashore to reproduce, and lived entirely in water (now confirmed). As their limbs were fin-like, this could be a proof. All marine-reptiles described here obtained their flipper-like limbs in the same way of modern cetaceans, embedding their original digits in one single fleshy mass, and enormously multiplying the number of phalanxes (ichthyosaurs took this to an extreme).
Mosasaur heads were similar to those of modern lizards, but with a longer snout. Like the latter, theyd have had fleshy lips. Like modern snakes, their mouth had a notably loose hinge between the jaws: this allowed mosasaurs to swallow big items without tearing them in pieces (which they could still do). The teeth were conical or specialized for crushing on the smaller species and serrated on the three largest species (the 40+ foot giants that are most often depicted), the upper ones placed in two rows on each half-jaw, again like modern snakes and monitors. According to stomach contents, Mosasaurs were very generalist feeders: fish, sharks, squids, pterosaurs, early birds like ''[[UsefulNotes/PrehistoricLife Hesperornis]]'' and even smaller mosasaurs have been found. [[note]]This ''doesnt necessarily mean'' they were cannibals, though: the preyed mosasaurs could be from different species than their predators. After all, modern orcas do eat smaller dolphins.[[/note]] We dont known if mosasaurs had a forked tongue and ever-open eyes like many modern squamates, nor if they had heat-sensors like some boas and rattlesnakes: these things usually don't preserve in fossil record. However, it is interesting to know that a fairly close relative of both ''Mosasaurus'' and ''Tylosaurus'', ''Platecarpus'', is known to have a tail fluke on the dorsal and ventral sides of the tail, akin to sharks. It's thus possible that all mosasaurids shared this feature.
Like pliosaurs and ichthyosaurs, Mosasaurs are a staple in documentaristic media, but are not-so-common in stories. Most "giant leviathans" with huge jaws seen in fiction tend to be generic monsters a-la-Verne, rather than precise kinds of sea-reptiles. And dont exclude to see mosasaurs confused with [[ArtisticLicensePaleontology sharks]]. ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tylosaurus Tylosaurus]]'' and the namesake ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurus Mosasaurus]]'' are the stock members of the mosasaur family: needless to say, they're among the largest, up to 10-15 m long. The former was found during the "Bone Wars" in USA. The latter has a much more fascinating story. Found in the Netherlands near the Mosa river at the end of the 1700 (hence its name), ''Mosasaurus'' was not only the first sea reptile ever discovered, but the second fossil recognized by science as belonging to a Mesozoic reptile, after ''Pterodactylus''. See also UsefulNotes/PrehistoricLife.
# '''Entry Time:''' 1852
# '''TropeMaker:''' Crystal Palace Park
!! A turtle outside a snake's body: ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archelon Archelon]]'' *
The only other marine reptile which has appeared in fiction more than once, ''Archelon'' lived in the same Late Cretaceous inland shallow sea which once covered the Great Plains. Discovered at the start of the XX century, it shared its habitat with ''Elasmosaurus'', ''Tylosaurus'', and the flying ''Pteranodon'': its size and armor made adult Archelons virtually unattackable by predators. (Even though in [[WalkingWithDinosaurs WWD]] a dead archelon is shown killed by a giant mosasaur, but the latter was oversized).
Not all Mesozoic reptiles were exotic critters, however. ''Archelon'' was just what it seems: just a sea-turtle. But it fits perfectly the subtrope "Everything was huge at dinosaur times": it's among the largest known fossil turtles--4 m/13 ft long and weighing some tons, ''Archelon'' was 2-3 times bigger than the biggest modern turtle (the [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermochelys_coriacea Leatherback turtle]], confirming TurtlePower is TruthInTelevision. However, it was not the ancestor of modern sea-turtles: it pertained to a different lineage, the Protostegids, which went extinct along the other giant reptiles at the end of the Cretaceous. Its name is a {{Portmanteau}} of ''arche'' (primeval) and ''chelon'' (turtle).
As turtles and tortoises have virtually remained unchanged since their first apparition in the Triassic, ''Archelon'' had the same traits seen in modern chelonians: beaked jaws, forelimbs transformed in strong flippers (with multiple phalanxes as usual), weaker hind-flippers and short tail. However, its armor was lighter than most modern turtles, and maybe the shell was leathery instead of horny. The modern turtle which mostly resembles an archelon could just be the Leatherback. As modern species of sea turtles eat very different items (some eat shellfishes, others seaweed, and some jellyfishes), we dont know what were the archelons preferences. Almost certainly it came ashore to lay its eggs like its relatives.
Among the rare ''Archelon'' appearences in fiction, the most remembered is in Harryhausens ''One Million Years BC''. The turtle is the first animal cavemen encounter in the island, [[UpToEleven upsized in such a degree to be as big as a house]]. Surprisingly, many viewers think it was [[{{Slurpasaur}} live-acted by a Real Life turtle]], but it too is Stop-Motion like most other animals here.
# '''Entry Time:''' 1966
# '''TropeMaker:''' ''[[HarryhausenMovie One Million Years B.C.]]''
!!Other sea reptiles
Sorry, these aren't here. If you're looking for ''Stenopterygius'', ''Temnodontosaurus'', ''Mixosaurus'', Polycotylids, Thalattosuchids, Nothosaurs, Placodonts, and others, see [[UsefulNotes/PrehistoricLifeNonDinosaurianReptiles here.]]
!Mammal-like reptiles
At least Pterosaurs and the above-mentioned seagoing animals are from the same Mesozoic time-period. Don't even get us started on how [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsida Synapsids]] (commonly named "mammal-like reptiles") are sometimes labeled dinosaurs.
[[folder:Synapsids in media]]
Most synapsids lived well before the apparition of the first dinosaur; indeed, synapsids were the very first large land vertebrates and diversified much during their permanence on Earth, until most of them got wiped out in the Permian mass extinction. In the Brave New World that followed, the few surviving non-mammalian species were outcompeted by [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archosaur archosaurs]], the group containing dinosaurs, pterosaurs and crocodilians.
Synapsids had an extraordinary relevance in the history of evolution because they were the ancestors of mammals and thus of '''[[WhatMeasureIsANonHuman mankind ]]''' itself, and yet they have not gained popularity like that of the dinosaurs, probably because of their relatively small size compared to things like ''T. rex'' or Sauropods.
''[[TaxonomicTermConfusion Technically]]'' they are not even "reptiles": they should better be called "mammal ancestors" or "proto-mammals".
!! Hairy lizard, or naked mammal? ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetrodon Dimetrodon]]'' **
Lived in North America 280 million years ago, in the Permian period (just before the Triassic one). It is the only mammal-like "reptile" whose popularity matches that of the stock dinosaurs, thanks to its mohawk-esque crest (sail) on its back. Its iconic status among mammal-like reptiles is partially justified by its fossil abundance--dozens of specimens are known, juveniles included. As one could expect at this point, it was discovered [[OverlyLongGag in North America during the US Bone-Wars, in the second half of the XIX century]].
Being a very early mammal-ancestor, ''Dimetrodon'' has still a lizardy shape, with long tail, long body, splayed legs, and skull with a small braincase. Fossil prints show a lizard-like gait. Other traits, on the other hand, were quite mammalian: a laterally-flattened trunk (not wider-than-taller like most modern reptiles); a solid skull with one single pair of temporal opening placed near the maxillary hinge (the so-called "synapsid" condition also seen in mammals, us humans included); and differently-shaped teeth -- ''Dimetrodon'' just means "teeth with two lengths." Even though all teeth were conical, the anterior ones were small and crammed together like incisors, while the longest teeth were in the place mammals have usually their canines. Behind them, the posterior teeth were small and not apt for chewing food unlike our molars, but are somewhat analogue to those seen in primitive insectivorous mammals. More evolved synapsids like ''[[Usefulnotes/PrehistoricLife Cynognathus]]'' achieved a clearly mammalian anatomy, with more erect limbs, shorter tails, larger brains, and teeth very similar to mammals.
Its "sail" substained by elongated vertebral spines has always been an headache for scientists. The classic theory consider it a thermoregulating device. Put against the solar rays it could have captures much heat like a solar panel; if put parallel to them, it was more like a radiator, dispersing heat. Considering its desertic habitat, this hypothesis still remains a good one. Other theories are mating or threat display, inter-specific identification, and so on. Maybe the sail served for all these purposes. Among external features, ''Dimetrodon'' could also have had some sparse hair, hints of auricles and maybe even proto-milk glands. These things are totally unsure, and given its primitiveness, are unlikely. The coloration is totally speculative--living in harsh habitat, it should be brownish like modern desert mammals, but its sail could have been vividly coloured and/or able to change colors for display purpose. Sadly, synapsid soft tissues are virtually unknown. No eggs or nests are known from the dimetrodont, and we dont know if it was oviparous, or viviparous like modern mammals (if the latter is true, viviparity was achieved independently).
''Dimetrodon'' is usually described as the top-predator of its time, shown hunting early "amphibians" like ''[[UsefulNotes/PrehistoricLife Eryops, Diplocaulus, Seymouria]]'' etc., as well as what could be called its Non-Identical Twin, ''Edaphosaurus''. Its crest, its (apparently) [[ReptilesAreAbhorrent reptilian look]] and the meat-eating attitude makes the dimetrodon a predestined victim of DinosaursAreDragons and PrehistoricMonster both in Fiction and in docu-media. However, if compared with other famous prehistoric animals, ''Dimetrodon'' could appear rather [[{{Narm}} narmy]] in comparison. If we imagine a battle against a Tyrannosaurus/Deinosuchus/Smilodon/Mosasaur, the primitive and relatively small dimetrodont would always result the loser -- this could also be true when put against modern predators (lions, kodiak-bears, Nile crocs etc), as well as most ancient and modern giant herbivores. But in Permian landscapes, ''Dimetrodon'' was still faster and more powerful than every other land animal, definitively debunking the {{Narm}} thing.
Although ''Dimetrodon'' is more closely related to ''you'' than to any dinosaur, and predated the first dinosaur by at least a country mile of geologic time, it is often mixed with dinosaurs in toy collections just because it [[RuleOfCool looks cool]]. In movies and comics, it may even show up living with Cavemen. Expect to see it with a giant iguana-like look and ''scaly'' skin. Actually, scales are a strict reptilian thing, and ''Dimetrodon'' hide was probably naked like modern hairless mammals, with some [[ScienceMarchesOn hardened fish-like belly scales left over from its amphibian ancestry]]. Its shape makes the dimetro the most abused animal within the {{Slurpasaur}} trope. For example, in the 1970 film version of ''Literature/JourneyToTheCenterOfTheEarth'' some Caribbean iguanas with a ridiculous crest attacked on their backs live-act ''Dimetrodon''s , which of course attack the humans.
# '''Entry Time:''' 1940
# '''TropeMaker:''' Disney/{{Fantasia}}
!! Other synapsids
Sorry, these aren't here. If you're looking for ''Ophiacodon'', ''Sphenacodon'', ''Cotylorhynchus'', ''Estemmenosuchus'', ''Anteosaurus'', ''Titanosuchus'', ''Dicynodon'', ''Thrinaxodon'', and others, see [[UsefulNotes/PrehistoricLifeNonDinosaurianReptiles here.]]
Even prehistoric ''mammals'', are sometimes mislabeled dinosaurs. Colloquially, this is often true of fish as well, or any prehistoric-looking creature, such as the [[UsefulNotes/PrehistoricLife Coelacanth]].
[[folder:Mammals in media]]
Among mammals, those living in the Ice Age are the most portrayed, because they lived along with [[AllCavemenWereNeanderthals the most iconic hominid species]].
!!One and the same? The [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolly_mammoth Woolly Mammoth]] and the [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastodon American Mastodon]] ***
Mammoths and Mastodons often show up in anything dealing with prehistory, though usually associated with the Ice Ages thankfully. The species definitely most portrayed of these is ''Mammuthus primigenius'', better-known as the Woolly Mammoth. Probably the most iconic non-dino prehistoric animal of all, thanks to the countless, extraordinarily well-preserved known specimens with soft tissues, which make it perhaps the ''only'' prehistoric animal almost as scientifically well-known as a still-living animal.
A common misconception about the Woolly Mammoth is saying it was ''larger'' than modern elephants: actually the 'woolly' was the same size as its tropical, 21st century cousins--perhaps this is due to the confusion with other mammoth species that ''were'' a bit larger, like the [[UsefulNotes/PrehistoricLife Emperor Mammoth]] and [[UsefulNotes/PrehistoricLife Columbian Mammoth]]). Also note that only males had the typical huge, curly tusks: the females' tusks were not that different from those of modern elephants. As preserved fossil hair are often reddish-brown, some depictions show woollies with this color: actually, this is due to a chemical change since 10.000 years ago. When alive they were blackish, as seen in the ''[[WalkingWithDinosaurs Walking With]]'' series.
It's worth noting that mammoths, scientifically speaking, are just another type of elephant, since they belong to the same phylogenetic branch. An Asian Elephant is slightly more closely related to ''mammoths'' than to his more distant African modern relative (thus mammoths ''weren't'' the direct ancestors of elephants as heard sometimes). On the other hand, the Mastodon is ''not'' a true elephant but just a distant relative of ''both'' modern pachyderms ''and'' mammoths -- its scientific name, ''Mammut americanum'', is misleading. Like the true mammothes, the mastodon has left exquisite remains (ex. those in the Californian tarpits). Lived during the Ice Ages but in warmer climates than ''Mammuthus primigenius'', and was neighbour and possible prey for the "sabertooth" ''Smilodon''. Interestingly, in some languages the adjective "mastodontic" has become a household word as a synonym of "huge", "enormous", but the animals wasn't actually that big compared with other extinct proboscideans (it was a bit smaller than a bush elephant). For other extinct elephant relatives, see [[UsefulNotes/PrehistoricLifeMammals Prehistoric Life]].
!!Knife-teeth: ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smilodon Smilodon]]'', aka the "Saber-toothed Tiger" ***
Saber-tooth cats, with their distinct fangs, are just as iconic in pop-culture. There were many species of them, but the only saber-toothed cats you'll ever likely see are ''Smilodon fatalis'' and ''Smilodon populator'', which is larger but [[RuleOfCool has a less awesome name]].
Although "saber-tooths" belongs to the cat family Felidae, they are in a separate branch of that clade from to modern felines; thus, the popular denomination "Sabertooth tiger" is not correct at all. The "tiger" thing means that ''Smilodon'' is often heard roaring just like an actual tiger or a lion, though only the big cats of the genus ''[[PantheraAwesome Panthera]]'' (that is, Lion, Tiger, Jaguar and Leopard) could make roars thanks to the structure of their larynxes unique of this group. Even though scientists say the structure of the small bones in its mouth are set up for making a sort of roar, these roars arguably were''not'' identical to that of modern big cats.
It will probably use its sabers for every conceivable task, like slaying herbivores the size of the mastodons or ''Megatherium'' with a single stab, despite the fact that most real sabertooths (as well as their relatives, the [[UsefulNotes/PrehistoricLife scimitartooths]] and [[UsefulNotes/PrehistoricLife dirktooths]]) had relatively delicate fangs that could not safely be used for stabbing. Instead, they probably slashed out the throats of prey from below. Oh, and it'll be stripy, like a tiger, which -- in ''S. populator'' 's case -- isn't completely impossible, given that it lived on grasslands.
Expect to see ''Smilodon'' heavily interacting with humans, as our ancestors' main predator: in RealLife other carnivores such as [[UsefulNotes/PrehistoricLife prehistoric lions]] were probably more important predators. And expect to see it ''living alongside woolly mammoths''. Even though they were contemporary, their habitat in RealLife was largely different, with Smilodons preferring warmer climates. And, naturally, don't exclude seeing saber-toothed cats somehow living alongside dinosaurs, and in the worst scenario, [[NinjaPirateZombieRobot fighting against a T. rex]].
In RealLife, Smilodon was a bear-like specialized predator that was powerful but very slow-moving and mobile only in a straight line (in other words, a MightyGlacier), living in wolf-like packs with both sexes actively hunting. The teeth were used only for slashing the throat of prey that and already been subdued with its bodybuilder-like forearms. It went extinct 10,000 years ago, after the ice age ended. Theories have been raised as to how they died off, such as through climate change thanks to the end of the Ice Age, the lack of big pray for it to hunt, or that humans changed their habitat by setting fires, killing off its food supply.
!!Other prehistoric mammals
Sorry, these aren't here. If you're looking for ''Mammuthus columbi'', ''Mammuthus imperator'', ''Mammuthus sungari'', ''Mammuthus trogontherii'', Dwarf elephants, ''Titanohyrax'', ''Machairodus'', ''Homotherium'', ''Megantereon'', ''Dinofelis'', ''Ursus spelaeus'', ''Arctodus'', ''Miacis'', ''Brontotherium'', ''Embolotherium'', ''Paraceratherium'', ''Megaloceros giganteus'', ''Bison priscus'', ''Bison antiquus'', ''Andrewsarchus'', ''Livyatan'', ''Megatherium'', ''Mylodon'', ''Castoroides'', Ceratogaulids, ''Phoberomys'', ''Palaeochiropteryx'', ''Planetetherium'', ''Diprotodon'', ''Thylacosmilus'', ''Thylacoleo'', ''Gigantopithecus'', and others, see [[UsefulNotes/PrehistoricLifeMammals here.]]
!! Other extinct creatures
Sorry, these aren't here. If you're looking for ''Aurornis'', Enantiorns, Neorns, ''Teratornis'', Crocodylomorphs, ''Protosuchus'', ''Hallopus'', ''Pristichampsus'', Mekosuchines, ''Bavarisaurus'', Megalania, ''Postosuchus'', ''Rutiodon'', ''Euparkeria'', ''Erythrosuchus'', ''Kuehneosaurus'', ''Sharovipteryx'', ''Longisquama'', ''Scutosaurus'', ''Procolophon'', ''Eudibamus'', ''Triadobatrachus'', ''Karaurus'', ''Eocaecilia'', ''Eryops'', ''Cacops'', ''Platyhystrix'', ''Ichthyostega'', ''Tiktaalik'', Coelacanths, ''Eusthenopteron'', Lungfish, Acanthodes, ''Palaeoniscus'', ''Cheirolepis'', ''Megalodon'', ''Haikouichthys'', Trilobites, ''Pterygotus'', Ammonites, ''Orthoceras'', Rudists, ''Lingula'', Graptolites, ''Cothurnocystis'', and others, see [[UsefulNotes/PrehistoricLifeBirds here]], [[UsefulNotes/PrehistoricLifeNonDinosaurianReptiles here]] or [[UsefulNotes/PrehistoricLifeOtherExtinctCreatures here]].


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U.S. House panel prepares to grill VW on cheating timeline
4:38 pm U.S. ET | Oct. 6, 2015
VW waited two months after acknowledging a software abnormality in its cars to tell regulators the algorithm was designed to cheat emissions tests, according to a staff memo prepared for lawmakers investigating the automaker....
VW sued by West Virginia over clean diesel claims
6:29 am U.S. ET | Oct. 6, 2015
West Virginia is suing Volkswagen AG for deceiving car buyers after the EPA said last month that the company had installed software to hide that its diesel engines exceeded pollution standards....
VW considers diesel fixes ranging from upgrade to new car, report says
Oct. 6, 2015 08:34 CET
VW Group is exploring options from a simple software upgrade to replacing cars as a fix for its rigged diesel vehicles. The automaker needs to upgrade cars from its namesake brand as well as the Audi, Seat and Skoda marques....
Fiat, Ford offer incentives to win sales from VW in Italy
Oct. 5, 2015 15:14 CET
Fiat Chrysler and Ford are offering incentives in Italy to encourage owners of Volkswagen Group models that may be affected by the German automaker's diesel emissions scandal to buy new models from their brands -- but some dealers are skeptical about the campaign....
VW offers $2,000 loyalty bonus to avert defections
4:15 pm U.S. ET | Oct. 5, 2015
Volkswagen is offering a $2,000 incentive to prevent U.S. owners from abandoning the brand following its violation of diesel emissions tests....
VW has no evidence against suspended top engineers, report says
1:41 pm U.S. ET | Oct. 5, 2015
VW has not found any evidence against three top engineers suspended as part of its internal investigation into the rigging of U.S. emissions tests, a source told Reuters today....
VW's Horn must use his candor wisely
12:01 am U.S. ET | Oct. 5, 2015
VW of America CEO Michael Horn's candor could be his best asset or his Achilles' heel as he assumes the burden of being Volkswagen's public face in the U.S., a key pillar in its hopes for a recovery from the diesel emissions scandal....
Tennessee reviews provisions to recoup investment from VW
6:33 am U.S. ET | Oct. 5, 2015
Tennessee lawmakers will review the state's investment of hundreds of millions in incentives for Volkswagen's Chattanooga plant and provisions for recouping money if the company's emissions-cheating scandal threatens jobs....
Volkswagen in no rush to name names
12:01 am U.S. ET | Oct. 5, 2015
Volkswagen executives know they need to quickly placate customers and stakeholders demanding to know who is responsible for diesel emissions cheating that could cost the company tens of billions of euros. Yet at the same time, VW insiders say new CEO Matthias Mueller must avoid mistakes when it comes time to name individuals....
New VW boss in N.A. was a hit in China
12:01 am U.S. ET | Oct. 5, 2015
Winfried Vahland, Volkswagen's new North American chief, is a former General Motors executive who won his spurs reviving VW's business in China and later boosting its Skoda subsidiary in the Czech Republic....
Lesson not learned will cost VW
12:01 am U.S. ET | Oct. 5, 2015
As it drove to become the world's biggest automaker, Volkswagen forgot the lessons of one of the most painful chapters in its history. And it will pay a price....
VW plans special board meeting Wednesday to elect Poetsch chairman
5:08 pm U.S. ET | Oct. 4, 2015
VW's supervisory board plans a special meeting Wednesday to elect CFO Hans Dieter Poetsch to the role of chairman as the company's probe into emissions violations gains speed. Several VW engineers have confessed to using special software starting in 2008 to pass U.S. emissions tests and salvage a major engine program, German media reported....
VW emissions violations put self-certification under new scrutiny
12:01 am U.S. ET | Oct. 4, 2015
VW's diesel scandal has exposed holes in the U.S. emissions testing regime, prompting regulators to launch new tests. It's also prompting a second look at the principle of self-certification, the streamlined system by which automakers and regulators work to ensure compliance with federal clean-air laws....
VW's deep political ties in Germany seen as a key asset
Oct. 3, 2015 06:01 CET
At VW Group, political connections come already fitted. The company's political and economic power -- about a third of VW's almost 600,000 positions are in Germany -- ensures the scandal engulfing VW is too big a threat to national prosperity for the government to be a neutral observer....
VW's new chairman: Emissions crisis a threat to our 'existence'
10:19 am U.S. ET | Oct. 3, 2015
Hans Dieter Poetsch, the incoming chairman of Volkswagen AG, sees the global scandal around the rigging of emissions tests as a threat to the company's viability, albeit a surmountable one, a newspaper reported....
EPA: Post-VW emissions scrutiny the new normal
7:09 pm U.S. ET | Oct. 2, 2015
The tougher auto emission tests that U.S. regulators adopted in the wake of Volkswagen's violations with diesel engines are permanent and could lead to more regulations down the road if more problems surface, a senior EPA official said Friday....
The Japanese emissions equipment maker that humbled VW
12:01 am U.S. ET | Oct. 2, 2015
Horiba, an obscure Japanese manufacturer that makes about 70 percent of the world's auto emissions testing systems, played a key role in uncovering violations that promise to dog Volkswagen for months to come....
VW turns to insiders to probe, recover from emissions violations
12:19 pm U.S. ET | Oct. 2, 2015
Volkswagen AG will rely on a small group of company insiders to lead its recovery from a diesel-emissions scandal that's left regulators, investors and 11 million customers still awaiting answers two weeks after it disclosed violations of U.S. environmental laws....
BLOG: Old Auto scandals create opening for New Auto
3:23 pm U.S. ET | Oct. 2, 2015
Facing a rising tide of disruptors, Old Auto desperately needs to stop being its own worst enemy....
California to launch separate VW emissions probe, report says
6:42 am U.S. ET | Oct. 2, 2015
California plans to conduct its own probe of Volkswagen in the widening fallout from the company's admission that 11 million of its diesel vehicles use software to cheat emissions tests, a person familiar with the matter told Bloomberg....
Schaeffler pushes ahead with IPO amid VW scandal
Oct. 2, 2015 13:31 CET
Schaeffler Group is sticking to plans for an initial public offering, shrugging off the market turbulence prompted by the Volkswagen Group diesel scandal. VW Group is the part supplier's biggest customer....
Berlin says no signs carmakers other than VW manipulated tests
Oct. 2, 2015 12:56 CET
The German transport ministry has no indications that any carmakers other than Volkswagen have manipulated emissions tests, a spokesman said today. Separately, authorities in France, Italy and Switzerland took further action again the automaker....
U.S. sales rise 16% on double-digit gains at Detroit 3, Nissan, Toyota, Honda
8:00 am U.S. ET | Oct. 1, 2015
U.S. light-vehicle sales, propelled by Labor Day promotions, fatter deals throughout the month, low gasoline prices and higher light-truck demand, rose 16 percent in September on double-digit gains at the Detroit 3, Toyota Motor, Nissan Group and Honda Motor. The seasonally adjusted annual sales rate surged to 18.17 million....
BLOG: Look again: VW dropping but industry is rocking
5:45 pm U.S. ET | Oct. 1, 2015
Take wandering Labor Day out of the sales equation and look at August and September as a single period. No brand was as bad as it looked in August, or as good as it looked in September, especially Volkswagen....
VW's Horn to face U.S. House panel over emissions violations
6:38 pm U.S. ET | Oct. 1, 2015
Volkswagen of America CEO Michael Horn will go before a U.S. House panel next week to answer questions from lawmakers about the company's violations of U.S. diesel emissions rules....
- VW will recall diesel models in Europe starting in January, Mueller says
- EU industry chief seeks faster action on emissions tests despite German objections
- Ford of Europe boss bullish about brand's financial rebound
- Renault-Nissan said to discuss new structure as Ghosn seeks to counter French control
- UK car sales rise 9% on strong demand for diesel
Mazda marketer slams autonomous cars, protects 'Zoom-Zoom'Russell Wager says he has a 'real problem' with self-driving cars because they could erase popular tag lines and even brands.
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Preview: Jaybird Bluebuds X Headphones
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A guest post by Laura of Loose Nuts Cycles in Atlanta, GA In my last post, several weeks ago, I introduced you all to the Swobo Fillmore. For the last month or so, I've been riding this bike and have an update for all of you interested in hearing more about it.
An Introduction to the 2013 Swobo Fillmore
A guest post by Laura of Loose Nuts Cycles in Atlanta, GA I love a good mountain bike ride, but if I can't make it out of the city, there are few things better than cruising around town on a beautiful, warm day with a great bike underneath you. Atlanta
Review: Surly Merino Wool Longsleeve Jersey
This winter I've had the opportunity to add pretty key pieces to my cold weather attire. With a good amount of cold base miles, I've shredded some items and some have stayed strong and worthy of a solid review. A few different long sleeve jerseys are my main highlights from
Preview: Po Campo Roscoe Cross Body Bag
Ever since Po Campo sent out an email a couple weeks back about the new colors in the Roscoe Crossbody bag I've been waiting patiently for Quality Bicycle Products to get them instock. I had hoped they would get them in before Frostbike (industry trade show this week) but unfortunately
Preview: Chrome Niko Camera Bag
Chrome has launched a big brother to their Niko Messenger Camera Bag. Meet the Niko Camera Pack The Niko pack was designed and built for day shooting and travel with a tough weatherproof denier nylon outer shell and military grade truck tarpaulin liner. It has a fully customizable interior compartment
All City Cycles Ladies Clothing
All City Cycles, one of the awesome brands I represent, and a group of cool kids, have released some new clothes for us bike geeks out there. See the full line up on the All City website.


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Vic Meyers Golf Course At Sun Lakes
- 34228 Park Lake Rd NE, Coulee City, WA 99115
- (509) 632-5738
- www.sunlakesparkresort.com
|9 total holes at facility
|Green fees - $26 to $28 (estimate)
|Built in 1947
|Driving Range: Yes
|Municipal Resort golf course
Vic Meyers Golf Course At Sun Lakes is a 9-hole regulation length golf course in Coulee City, Washington. This short layout has 3 sets of teeboxes for a fun, but challenging golfing experience. Online tee times may be available at Vic Meyers Golf Course At Sun Lakes or at nearby golf courses, usually offered at a discount from the normal rate.
|Course Rating
|Back Tees
|Course Superintendent: Steve Johansen
|Manager: Kendra Hunt
Notice: Sometimes there may be inaccuracies, even though the info is generally correct. If you locate any wrong facts, please let us know.
Please login to add your review.


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Help Someone In Need This Holiday With The Christmas Angel Tree
Several Christmas Angel Trees across the city need your help to make simple holiday wishes come true.
Several Christmas Angel Trees across the city need your help to make simple holiday wishes come true.
Looking for a nice, REAL tree for this year's decorating? Tired of the old plastic tree, or even worse, the little crappy table-top version you see in your bachelor friends' apartments? You're in luck, as we've got the handle on some of the best places to grab your beautiful tree for this Christmas!
What happens when the country and the national media laugh at your holiday lights extravaganza? If you're City Rep. and County Judge wannabe Eddie Holguin, you hold a news conference to clarify and answer questions about the Shawver Park Christmas lights display.
The El Paso Chapter of the Association of Government Accountants has teamed up with the City of El Paso Environmental Services Department to help keep local children warm.
Last Thursdays with the Downtown Arts District will come alive tonight from 6:00 – 9:00 p.m. and include Halloween and Día de los Muertos festivities.
Here are the top 10 hottest toys for Christmas this year.
It's no joke when you get pulled over for drinking then driving home intoxicated.
Whether it's Labor Day or any day of the week, these two recipes are a sure win.
If you rely on public transportation, then you should know what the Sun Metro holiday schedule will be like.
The El Paso Symphony Orchestra will perform a free concert celebrating America's Independence on Thursday, July 4, 7:30pm at Biggs Park, Fort Bliss.
The single most important day of the year is upon us, and it's a national holiday that everyone in the family can enjoy.


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I love ice cream. Now, I slice and throw any bananas that may be brown, on the outside, in freezer bags and put in the freezer. When I want some "ice cream" I pull them out put some in a bowl, still frozen, and drizzle with sugar free chocolate syrup. Guilt free "Sundae"!!! Soooo yummy
Slice a large banana and put it in a ziplock bag - freeze for 1.5 hours. TASTY
When bananas get overripe, I slice them and freeze them on wax paper on a cookie sheet. Once frozen I store them in a freezer bag. If I feel like a little something sweet, I can pop out a slice of banana and it tastes like ice cream to me. Not many calories at all in a slice of banana!
Peel banana, cut slices 1/4" - 1/2". place toothpick in each slice, place slices on wax paper, place in freezer until frozen. great frozen snack - tastes just like banana ice cream. Some people like to dip in chocolate before freezing, but I like them better plain. Enjoy!


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BackgroundNBA In The Zone 2000 has all 29 NBA teams and 300 players. Features include slam dunk and three-point shootout contests, play-calling, play-by-play from NBA announcer Ray Clay, and 4-player support.
Official URLOfficial Site
Recent threads
- this game is good! Aug 28
Freak 2345
Feb 09, 05 3:11pm
It's almost in the zone
Hey people i got a pretty good basket-ball game here..goes by the name of:NBA In the...
Jun 11, 00 7:00am
- Genre: Basketball (PSX)
- Developer: Konami
- Publisher: Konami
Released North America Feb 1, 2000


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Search the Collection
Sitter in 1 portrait
by Walter Bird
Arthur Robin Adair(1913-1981), Diplomat
Sitter in 1 portrait
by Walter Bird
bromide print, 3 September 1964
NPG x163406
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