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A Theoretical Framework for Transfer ofKnowledge Across Modalities in Artificial andBiological SystemsFrancesco Orabona, Barbara CaputoIdiap Research Institute1920 Martigny, SwitzerlandEmail: {forabona, email@example.com Fillbrandt, Frank W. OhlLeibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburg, GermanyEmail: {frank.ohl, firstname.lastname@example.com—Learning from sensory patterns associated withdifferent kinds of sensors is paramount for biological systems,as it permits them to cope with complex environments whereevents rarely appear twice in the same way. In this paper1we want to investigate how perceptual categories formed inone sensory modality can be transferred to another modalityin biological and artificial systems. We first present a studyon Mongolian gerbils that show clear evidence of transfer ofknowledge for a perceptual category from the auditory modalityto the visual modality. We then introduce an algorithm thatmimics the behavior of the rodents within an online learningframework. Experiments on simulated data produced promisingresults, showing the pertinence of our approach.I. INTRODUCTIONOne of the magnificent abilities of higher animals andhumans is to cope with a highly complex environment in whichevents rarely appear twice in the same way. The ability to ex-tract abstract categories from specific sensory experiences canbe considered as basic for dealing with the variety of things.It is a hallmark of cognition that, once formed, categories canalso be transferred to newly encountered, rare stimuli, leadingto their quick identification.Research on artificial cognitive systems has the ambitiousgoal to build autonomous agents exhibiting similar capabili-ties. Significant progress has been achieved in the last yearsin the fields of visual categorization [1], [2] and detection ofincongruent events [3]. Still, artificial systems are far fromachieving performance even remotely comparable to thoseof biological systems, particularly in terms of dealing withunexpected stimuli. A crucial aspect is that biological systemsbuild categorical models using multi sensory information. Awidely acknowledged advantage of multimodal category mod-els for artificial systems is their robustness. A less explored,but equally fundamental property, is that information on onesingle modality can be exploited to boost learning in anothermodality. Specifically, in this paper we want to investigatehow perceptual categories formed in one sensory modality(audition) can be transferred to another modality (vision). We1This work was supported by the EU project DIRAC (FP6-0027787,www.diracproject.org).first looked at biological systems: our previous work in theauditory system has shown that already rodents (Mongoliangerbils) are capable of abstracting from learned experiences byforming categories [4]. Furthermore, using electrophysiologi-cal analysis, we demonstrated that the formation of auditorycategories is accompanied by the emergence of specific spa-tiotemporal patterns of neuronal activity in auditory cortex.During training the electrocorticogramm was recorded frommultielectrode arrays implanted onto the primary auditorycortex of the Mongolian gerbils. All electrodes in the arrayshared the same waveform and the amplitude of the com-mon waveform was modulated in the two spatial dimensionsforming Amplitude Modulated patterns (AM-patterns). Themoment the animals were able to sort new events into thecorrect categories coincided with the evolvement of category-specific AM-patterns. These AM-patterns only correlated withthe stimulus category but not with the specific physical featuresof the stimulus [5]. Here we move forward, and we addressthe transfer of formed categories from one sensory modalityto another sensory modality. We trained Mongolian gerbils toassociate two different presentation rates ('slow' versus 'fast')of stimuli with Go- versus No-Go- responses using an activeavoidance paradigm (section II). Animals were trained first inthe auditory modality; when they produced correct responsesreliably, the modality was switched to vision. The observedbehavioral results indicate that the animals could transfer therate-response association learned in the auditory modality tothe visual modality, i.e. to information derived from a disjunctset of sensors.Armed with this knowledge, we designed a theoreticalframework for transfer of knowledge across modalities thatmimics the behavioral response of Mongolian gerbils. Ouralgorithm uses the online learning framework, where thelearner receives one input at a time, and takes action based onits current knowledge. Then, the environment gives feedbackto the learner on the validity of the selected action. The goalof the learner is to minimize the number of mistakes on theinput sequences. Within this framework, we assume that thetwo modalities are connected via a mapping function, i.e. thatit is possible to predict one modality, given the other one.
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This results in an algorithm for transfer of knowledge acrossmodalities. Experiments show both the effectiveness of thepresented framework and its consistency with the biologicalfindings. To the best of our knowledge, our model representsthe first attempt to implement a biologically motivated algo-rithm for transfer of knowledge across modalities.The rest of the paper is organized as follows: section IIdescribes the experiments showing how Mongolian gerbilshave the capacity to transfer categorical knowledge formedin the auditory modality to the visual one. Section III presentsthe algorithm that performs transfer of knowledge acrossmodalities exhibiting a behavior similar to that of Mongoliangerbils. The paper concludes with a summary.II. TRANSFER OF KNOWLEDGE ACROSS MODALITIES INBIOLOGICAL SYSTEMSIn this section we describe our study on the transfer offormed categories from one sensor modality to another. Wetrained Mongolian Gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) to asso-ciate two different presentation rates ("slow" versus "fast")of stimuli with Go- versus No-Go-responses using an activeavoidance paradigm. Animals were trained in a shuttle box:in response to one of the stimulus rates (the Go-stimulus) theanimals had to jump across a hurdle to avoid electrical footshock (the Go-response). In response to the other stimulusrate (the No-Go-stimulus) animals should stay in their currentshuttle box compartment (the No-Go-response), if they jumpednevertheless (false alarm) they would receive a mild footshock. Animals were trained first in the auditory modality:here they had to discriminate the rates of tones. When theyproduced correct responses reliably the modality was switched.Now the animals had to discriminate the same stimulus ratesin visual flash stimuli. For one group of animals (the congruentgroup, n = 20) the stimulus response association stayed thesame from auditory to visual training (i.e. both during theauditory and the visual training the animals had to respondto the "fast" stimuli with the Go-Response and to the "slow"Hz stimuli with the No-Go-Response). For a second groupof animals (the incongruent group, n = 13) the associationbetween the stimulus rate and the response was reversedfrom auditory training to visual training (i.e. if they hadto associate the Go-response with the "fast" stimuli duringauditory training, then during visual training they had to asso-ciate the "slow" stimuli with the Go-response). Discriminationperformance was quantified using the discriminability index dwhich is derived from signal detection theory [6]. Differencesbetween the discrimination performance of the congruent andthe incongruent group was tested using the Mann-Whitney-U-Test. The rate of spontaneous hurdle crossings determinedfrom the 3-minute break before the start of the first trial wasgenerally low (congruent group: 1.2±1.3 1/min, incongruentgroup: 1.66 ± 1.53, mean ± standard deviation).Expectedly, the auditory discrimination was easily learnedby all animals: within a few training sessions they showedthe appropriate discriminative behavior. After switching themodality, animals of the congruent group learned the visualdiscrimination faster than animals of the incongruent group.Moreover, they acquired a higher overall rate of correctresponses (z = −3.71; p < 0.01). The behavioral re-sults indicate that the animals could use the rate-responseassociation learned during auditory training for their visualdiscrimination. Figure 1 (a) shows as a representative examplethe performance of one animal in terms of the rate of correctresponses to the Go-stimulus (hits) and the rate of incorrectresponses to the Nogo- stimulus (false alarms). We see a highrate of correct responses to the Go-stimulus already in thefirst session after the modality switch (15th training session),which indicates a knowledge transfer.For the analysis of the neurophysiological basis of audio-visual category transfer, the electrocorticogram was recordedfrom two 16-multielectrode arrays, chronically implanted ontoprimary auditory cortex and primary visual cortex in 10animals (congruent group: n = 6; incongruent group: n = 4).The dynamics of crossmodal interactions were investigatedby analysis of spatiotemporal activity patterns in the ongoingelectrocorticogram (ECoG) using a multivariate pattern classi-fication procedure [7], [8]. Cortical activity patterns associatedwith the Go- and the No-Go stimuli were determined in thespatial distribution of signal power: in the β- and γ-band (15Hz to 80 Hz) of the ECoG the root mean squared amplitudewas calculated in single time windows of 180 ms for everyrecording channel of the auditory and visual cortex. Datawindows were stepped in 20 ms steps through each trial. Thetemporal development of the amplitude patterns across elec-trodes can be described by the trajectory of a vector in a spacewith one dimension for each channel. To compare trajectoriesfrom Go- and No-Go-trials the trajectories were averagedacross subsets of trials to get the corresponding centroids.Trials not used for centroid computation were classified trial bytrial as closer to a Go-centroid or closer to a No-Go-centroidon the basis of a Euclidean distance metric. The probabilityof finding at least the observed number correctly classifiedas CS+ and CS− trials was determined for all 20 ms timesteps of a trial under the assumption of the null hypothesisof randomly sorting trials into classes (p = 0.5) using thecumulative binomial distribution. A Bonferroni corrected α-level of p = 0.001 was used for significance determination[9]. During auditory training, patterns could be classifiedcorrectly only in the electrocorticogramm taken from trainingsessions where the animals started to discriminate the ratesof tones. Interestingly, patterns could be observed both in theauditory and the visual cortex, but not each time a patternoccurred in the auditory cortex there was also a pattern in thevisual cortex. At earlier time points during the course of atrial patterns occurred predominantly in the auditory cortex,especially during earlier phases of training there were nosignificant patterns in the visual cortex at that time. Only atlater time points after the start of the stimulus patterns couldbe observed in both cortices. In addition, we observed thatduring early phases of auditory training, when the animal wasjust about to learn the discrimination (showing already somecorrect responses but not yet producing them reliably), patterns
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12345678 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28session(a)00.10.20.30.18.104.22.168.80.91response rate CS−CS+12345678 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28session(b)00.10.20.30.18.104.22.168.80.91response rate CS−CS+Fig. 1.and the rate of incorrect responses to the Nogo-stimulus (CS-) across the training sessions. First 14 sessions are auditory training, the following sessionsvisual training.Performance of an animal with transferring of information (a) and one without transferring (b). Rate of correct responses to the Go-stimulus (CS+)appeared only in the auditory cortex. During visual trainingin the congruent group there were both animals which learnedthe visual discrimination fast and achieved a reasonably rate ofcorrect response, and animals which did not reach significantlevels of discrimination performance. In animals not showingcorrect responses during the first sessions of visual trainingwe can suspect that there was no transfer learning. Figure 1(b) shows as an example the performance of an animal notshowing signs of knowledge transfer. In these sessions alsono significant patterns could be detected. Nevertheless, someanimals started to produce some correct responses in laterphases of the training. For these animals patterns could beidentified in the visual cortex. When the animals became betterin discriminating the stimuli patterns could also be found in theauditory cortex, but still they could be classified more reliablyin the visual cortex. For animals showing a decent amount ofcorrect response already during the first training sessions, wecan suspect that they transferred the rate-response associationlearned during auditory training to the visual training. In theseanimals patterns could be detected in both the auditory and thevisual cortex already during the first training sessions. Oftenpatterns in the auditory cortex could be classified with higherreliability. These findings fit well to our expectation: in visualtraining phases we assume that there might be transfer learningacross modalities. But we have to take into considerationthat even during auditory training, when information transferacross the cortices was neither required nor helpful, patternswere found both in the auditory cortex and the visual cortex.Apparently, the default state of the system is to share themeaning of a stimulus among cortices even though there isno immediate need to do so implied by the experimentalsituation. This could give an explanation on why transferlearning might work fast and easily: when other cortices arealready informed about the rate-response association, theycould make use of this information when stimuli are presentedin the modality they are specific for. But this also meansthat the emergence of patterns in multiple cortices is not theneural correlate which distinguishes between transfer learningand simple discrimination learning. Nevertheless some of ourfindings seem to be specific for transfer learning. We alreadynoted that, during auditory training, patterns appeared in theauditory cortex first. Also during visual training, when theanimals showed no indication of transfer learning, significantpatterns could be detected first and predominately in thevisual cortex. Obviously the cortex primarily involved in thefeature extraction process also seems to have a priority in theproduction of patterns. It seems that the evolvement of patternsin only one single cortex indicates that the animal somehow isinvolved in the process of category learning, whereas patternsin both cortices indicate that the animals successfully sortsstimuli into categories which have already been formed. Incontrast to this, in animals showing correct responses alreadyin the first training sessions, after the modality switch patternscould be observed in both the auditory cortex and the visualcortex. Also these patterns appear early in the course of thetrials. We suggest that in these animals both cortices areinvolved already during the process of category learning.III. TRANSFER OF KNOWLEDGE ACROSS MODALITIES: ATHEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR ARTIFICIAL SYSTEMSWe now turn to artificial systems, with the aim to developan approach able to simulate the behavior of the knowledgetransfer observed in the experiments with the MongolianGerbils. In particular our aim is to design a learning algorithmthat is able to replicate the finding that using knowledgefrom another source helps to improve the performance. Herethe performance is measured by the number of mistakes thesystem does on a sequence of inputs. We want to stress thatwe do not claim that the proposed method has a biologicalplausibility. All we aim for is that it can capture some criticalaspects of the observed biological behavior.
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In the rest of the section we present qualitatively ourarchitecture (section III-A). In section III-B we give thedetails of the implementation and we provide its theoreticalanalysis within the online learning framework. We report ourexperimental findings, proving the soundness of our approach,in section III-C.A. The ArchitectureThe proposed architecture is composed by a cascade ofdifferent classifiers, see figure 2. In the first layer we have twoclassifiers that work independently on the two modalities, i.e.,audio and video. The second layer combines the outputs of thefirst layer with a weighted sum. The weights are continuallyand automatically adjusted to guarantee good performance. Asshown in the next section, this layer grants to the system theability to exploit the old knowledge gained when trained witha different modality. Still the system is robust, in the sensethat if the old knowledge is useless or even adversarial, theperformance will not be damaged that much. Moreover it isadaptive, that is it wisely uses the old and new knowledge tohave always the best performance possible.We also assume that there is a "link" between the twomodalities (the "Mapping" box in the figure). That is, it is pos-sible to predict one modality from the other one. Note that thismapping does not have to be perfect, a noisy reconstruction ofone modality from the other one will suffice. In the biologicalexperiments this mapping function is represented by the factthat the audio and video signal have the same frequency. In ourexperiments we learn the mapping offline (this can be doneusing any standard regression method). Note that, during thisoffline learning phase, the system is fed with inputs from thetwo modalities at the same time. However, during this stagethe inputs are not associated with any task.The learning takes place in two different phases. In the firstphase the system is learning using only the first modality,figure 2.a. The second classifier is inactive, so the output ofthe weighted sum is just equal to the output of first classifier.In the second phase, figure 2.b, the environment switches tothe second modality and the system starts learning with thesecond classifier. At the same time the input is transformedinto the first modality by the mapping function and fed to thefirst classifier. As a result, the output is given by classifiers inboth modalities, even if only one was received as input.B. Implementation and AnalysisTo choose the algorithms for the different blocks of ourarchitecture we first note that the classic framework of batchlearning is not suited to model the learning task of theMongolian Gerbils. We need instead to use the online learningframework [10]. In this framework the learner receives oneinput at the time and it acts based on its current knowledge.After its action, the environment gives feedback to the learneron the validity of the selected action. After each feedback,the learner can update its internal model. The sequence ofinputs can be of any length and no assumption is done onthe order of the data. The aim of the learner is to minimizethe number of mistakes on any sequence of inputs. Note thatin this framework there is no distinction between a trainingand a testing phase, as in batch learning. On the contrary,the system is continuously used to predict (and decide whichaction to do) and updated after each action. This modelsexactly the situation of the experiment with the MongolianGerbils. Algorithms of this kind are for example the well-known Perceptron [11], ALMA [12], Passive-Aggressive [13].For a more comprehensive introduction to the topic see [10].As said above, there are not hypothesis on the order ofarrival of the inputs nor any I.I.D. (Independent and IdenticallyDistributed) assumption. Still the algorithms have theoreticalguarantees on the worst case performance. More formally theperformance is measured with a non-negative loss function, forexample the number of shocks in the biological experiment. Itis possible to show for the above algorithms an upper boundon the cumulative regret, that is the difference between its totalloss over the input sequence and the loss of the best sequenceof actions it could have done. In the following we show thatthe design of the system allows us to prove an upper boundon the cumulative regret.Let us define formally the setting. The system receives ateach time step t an example (xt,yt) where xt∈ Rdis calledan instance and yt∈ {−1,+1} is called a label. We assumewithout loss of generality that ?xt? ≤ 1,∀t. We also definethe hinge loss with margin 1 of a hypothesis u on the example(xt,yt) as?(u,xt,yt) = max{0,1 − ytuTxt} ,and we define the cumulative loss, D, of u on the first Texamples asT?The online algorithms of the first layer learn a mapping f :Rd→ R. In the following we consider the linear setting, butit can be easily generalized to the non-linear version throughthe use of Kernels [14]. The algorithms we have chosen arePassive-Aggressive (PA) classifiers, the simplest possible [13].The prediction of the algorithm is sign(wThyperplane and represents the hypothesis of the system at timet. Starting from the null hypothesis, w0= 0, the classifier isupdated with the following rule(1)D =t=1?(u,xt,yt) .(2)tx), where wtis anwt+1= wt+ αtxt(3)αt= min??(wt,xt,yt)?xt?2,1?.(4)Hence the hypothesis is updated each time there is a predictionerror or the prediction is correct but the magnitude of theprediction is too low, i.e. the algorithm is not confident enough.Note that the update of the first classifier is stopped in thesecond phase, that is we are just using its knowledge withoutupdating it anymore.For PA it is possible to prove an upper bound on themaximum number of mistakes, M, the algorithm does on asequence of examples, relatively to any hypothesis u ∈ Rd,
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ClassifierModality 1ClassifierModality 2OnlinecombinationWorldMappingModality 1Modality 2 ClassifierModality 1ClassifierModality 2OnlinecombinationWorldMappingModality 1Modality 2(a)(b)Fig. 2. Diagram of the system in the two phases. The gray boxes are active.even chosen with the prior knowledge of the entire sequenceof examples:M ≤ ?u?2+ 2D .(5)The algorithm used to update the weights of the second layeris the Incrementally Adaptive Weighted Majority (IAWM)[15]. Denote with o(1)tand o(2)tand second classifier at time t. The output of IAWM isthe predictions of the firstβ(1)t o(1)t+ β(2)t o(2)t,(6)where β(1)and β(2)are two positive weights, with sum equalto one, selected by the algorithm in order to minimize theupper bound on the cumulative regret. We refer the reader to[15] for the exact details of the update rule of IAWM. Chainingthe bound of the PA with the bound of IAWM we have that?where M2is the number of mistakes done by the classifier 2,trained on the new data. This bound tells us that in the worstcase scenario, that is when the mapping function is useless,we can expect the performance of the system to be close to theone of second classifier. In particular the number of mistakesof the overall system will be equal to the ones of the secondclassifier alone plus a term that is just O(√M2). In otherwords, the system is betting on the utility of the mappingfunction, but in the case the mapping is wrong or too noisyit will still recover the performance of the learning withoutany transfer of knowledge. However when the mapping is notnoisy we expect to obtain better performance, as we show inthe experimental results.Moreover it is reasonable to think that old knowledge isuseful only for a short period of time, that is when the secondclassifier did not acquire enough samples. After a certainamount of time the performance of the second classifier willreach the performance of the first one. When this happens, theIAWM will automatically online set its weights to give moreimportance to the new knowledge. In the next section we willshow experimentally this intuition.A very important case is when the task at hand is linearlyseparable, that is D is equal to zero. So from (5) we recover aconvergence bound, i.e. after a finite number of mistakes thealgorithm converges to a solution that will correctly classifyany future instance. This means that also the bound in (7) willM2+ 22M2log2 + 3log(1 + M2) + 8 ,(7)become a finite number. In particular we have?that is a constant, independent of the ordering of the inputsand their number.?u?2+ 2?u?2log2 + 3log(1 + ?u?2) + 8 ,(8)C. Experimental ResultsAs preliminary tests, we have used the '3' vs '8' discrimi-nation task of the MNIST database and a subset of the census-income (Adult) database2, widely used to benchmark machinelearning algorithms. For both the databases we have randomlysplit the features in two groups. Each group models onemodality of training inputs. In this way we are sure that eachmodality carries more or less the same amount of informationand that it should be possible to build the mapping functionfrom one set of features to the other one.We have used a standard Support Vector Regression methodto build the mapping function, using 1000 examples. We use4000 examples for each of the two phases of learning. Thekernel used is a homogeneous polynomial of degree 5 forMNIST and a Gaussian Kernel for Adult.In figure 3 we show the average online number of mistakesduring the second phase, that is the number of mistakes untiltime t divided by t, for MNIST. The performance of the systemis compared to the performance of the classifier that is trainedonly using the second modality. This corresponds to usingonly the new knowledge available to the system. The otherbaseline is given by the performance of the first classifierused with the mapping function, that corresponds to usingonly the old knowledge. As said above, in the first steps theperformance of first classifier, fed with the mapping function,is better than the performance of the second one. After about1000 examples, the second classifier reaches a performancesimilar and after that point it gets better. The performance ofthe proposed system is always close to the best one betweenthe two systems. This can be seen even better in figure 4,where we have plotted the weights of the last layer. In factaround 1000 examples the two weights are equal, while beforethe weight of first classifier is higher (more importance to oldknowledge) and after it is lower (more importance to newknowledge).Similar results are shown in figure 5 and figure 6, showingresults obtained from the Adult database. Again the perfor-mance of the system, measured by the number of mistakes at2www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/∼cjlin/libsvmtools/
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1011021031040.050.10.150.18.104.22.1680.40.45Number of samples (on logarithmic scale)% of mistakes Classifier trained on the old modalityClassifier trained on the new modalityProposed modelFig. 3.of examples, during the second phase of learning.Average online error on MNIST dataset as a function of the number10110210310400.10.20.30.22.214.171.124.80.91Number of samples (on logarithmic scale) Weight of the old modelWeight of the new modelFig. 4.examples, on the MNIST dataset.Weights of the online combination as a function of the number oftome t divided by t, is close to the best one between theclassifier using only the old knowledge and the one usingonly the new knowledge. As predicted by the theory, when theperformance of the system is worse than the one of the secondclassifier, for example around 1000 samples, the difference issmall.IV. CONCLUSIONSIn this paper we addressed the problem of knowledge trans-fer across modalities in biological and artificial systems. Wespecifically investigated how perceptual categories formed inone sensory modality could be transferred to another sensorymodality in biological systems, and how to design learningalgorithms able to mimic this behavior for artificial systems.We presented a study on Mongolian gerbils indicating quiteclearly that the animals could use associations learned in theauditory modality when engaged in a visual discriminationtask. In addition, we presented an algorithm, developed within1011021031040.050.10.150.188.8.131.520.40.450.5Number of samples (on logarithmic scale)% of mistakes Classifier trained on the old modalityClassifier trained on the new modalityProposed modelFig. 5.of examples, during the second phase of learning.Average online error on Adult dataset as a function of the number10110210310400.10.20.30.184.108.40.206.80.91Number of samples (on logarithmic scale) Weight of the old modelWeight of the new modelFig. 6.examples, on the Adult dataset.Weights of the online combination as a function of the number ofthe online learning framework, that improves performance onone modality by transferring knowledge from another one,via a mapping between the two modalities learned off line.Experiments on two different databases show the effectivenessof our approach. In the future we will explore the connectionbetween our approach and multi-task learning [16], [17]. Wewould also like to extend our algorithm so to be able to buildmore complex mappings across modalities. Specifically, wewould like to have algorithms able to build one-to-many, oreven better many-to-many multi sensory mapping, with theaim to cope with stimuli that can be associated with morethan one category at a time.REFERENCES[1] B. Leibe, A. Leonardis, and B. Schiele, "Robust object detection withinterleaved categorization and segmentation," IJCV, 2008.[2] V. Ferrari, L. Fevrier, F. Jurie, and C. Schmid, "Group of adjacentcontour segments for objec detection," IEEE Trans. PAMI, 2008.
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[3] D. Weinshall, H. Hermansky, A. Zweig, L. Jie, H. Jimison, and M. Pavel,"Beyond novelty detection: Incongruent events, when general and spe-cific classifiers disagree," in Proc NIPS, 2008.[4] W. Wetzel, T. Wagner, F. Ohl, and H. Scheich, "Categorical discrimina-tion of direction in frequency-modulated tones by Mongolian gerbils,"Behav Brain Res, 1998.[5] F. Ohl, H. Scheich, and W. Freeman, "Change in pattern of ongoingactivity with auditory category learning," Nature, 2001.[6] C. C. MacMillan NA, Detection theory: a user's guide.University Press, 1991.[7] J. Barrie, W. Freeman, and M. Lenhardt, "Spatiotemporal analysis of theprepyriform, visual, auditory and somestethic surface EEGs in trainedrabbits," J. Neurophysiol., 1996.[8] W. Freeman and J. Barrie, "Analysis of spatial patterns of phase in theneocortical gamma EEG of rabbits," J. Neurophysiol., 2000.[9] S. H. F. W. Ohl FW, Deliano M, "Early and late patterns of stimulus-related activity in auditory cortex of trained animals," Biological Cyber-netics, pp. 374–379.[10] N. Cesa-Bianchi and G. Lugosi, Prediction, Learning, and Games.Cambridge University Press, 2006.[11] F. Rosenblatt, Psychological Review.[12] C. Gentile, JMLR.[13] K. Crammer, O. Dekel, J. Keshet, S. Shalev-Shwartz, and Y. Singer,"Online passive-aggressive algorithms," JMLR, 2006.[14] B. Sch¨ olkopf and A. Smola, Learning with Kernels.USA: MIT press, 2002.[15] P. Auer, N. Cesa-Bianchi, and C. Gentile, "Adaptive and self-confidenton-line learning algorithms," Journal of Computer and System Sciences,2002.[16] Y. S. Abu-Mostafa, "A method for learning from hints," in Proc NIPS,1993.[17] Y. Jin and B. Sendhoff, "Knowledge incorporation into neural networksfrom fuzzy rules," Neural Processing Letters, 1999.CambridgeCambridge, MA,
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LIMA, Peru -- Exploding rockets streaked through the Lima sky early Tuesday as Peruvians rang in the new year with fireworks despite a weekend blaze sparked by a firecracker that ravaged the capital's downtown and killed 290 people.
President Alejandro Toledo had asked Peruvians not to light fireworks to celebrate New Year's out of respect for the victims of Saturday's fire, Peru's deadliest on record.
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BETHANY — The smells of fried corn dogs and funnel cakes.
The sights of award-winning livestock, pies and jams.
BETHANY — The smells of fried corn dogs and funnel cakes.
The sights of award-winning livestock, pies and jams.
The sound of "step right up, everyone's a winner" being called out over squeals of joy from children on carnival rides.
Those memories are as vivid today for older Oklahomans as they were in childhood, and Grace Living Center Bethany hopes to help keep them alive for its residents again this year.
"When I was younger the fair was always the event of the year, and even to this day it is something I get excited to go to," said Grace Living Center resident Pat Lee, 75. "I love getting to eat all the interesting fried foods. The strawberry crepes are my favorite fair dessert!"
Activities Director Andrea Anfuso says the trip to the Oklahoma State Fair is the highlight of the year for many of the home's residents. That's why she and other staff members devote hours to helping raise the extra money needed to cover the costs of the outing. It was Anfuso who came up with the idea of hosting a massive yard sale.
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Anfuso and fellow staff members donate items to the sale, but it is the generous donations from members of the community that help make it successful.
"We couldn't do this without the support of the community and we welcome their donations," Anfuso said, encouraging everyone to clear out the items they no longer want and help Grace find them new homes at the annual Grace yard sale, which is fast approaching.
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Jimmy Haslam, CEO of Pilot Flying J, discusses accusations of rebate fraud, in April. Today, Haslam said that an audit found problems with only a small number of the company's customers' accounts.
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September 30, 2013 Months after federal agents raided its Tennessee offices, Pilot Flying J's CEO says it is working to pay companies who were cheated. Seven members of the truck-stop company's sales staff have pleaded guilty to fraud charges.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu arrives Monday at the White House to meet with President Obama. The two are expected to discuss Iran's nuclear program, Syria's civil war, and peace negotiations with the Palestinians.
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A new free market for medical marijuana in Canada will replace small growers with large-scale indoor farms.
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September 30, 2013 The country wants to replace home and small-scale production with quality-controlled marijuana produced by large growers. Officials are tapping in to what they say will be a $1.3 billion medical marijuana market serving as many as 450,000 Canadians.
Iraqis look at the site of a car bomb attack in Baghdad, where at least 10 car bombs were detonated during the city's rush hour Monday.
Khalid Mohammed/AP
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September 30, 2013 Most of the explosions struck areas with large Shiite populations; news agencies report as many as 13 or 14 separate explosions.
The upper parking lot entrance to the Westgate Mall is seen above vehicles that plunged during the collapse of the upper level. Kenyan officials are urging patience with the pace of the flow of information about the attack.
Ben Curtis/AP
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September 29, 2013 Kenyan authorities say they've made another arrest in the deadly attack on an upscale mall that shocked Nairobi last week. But officials are also facing questions over reports of intelligence that may have given warnings about the attack, which ended with at least 67 deaths.
This 1958 Chevrolet Cameo pickup truck with 1.3 miles and a three-speed transmission sold for $140,000 at Saturday's auction of vehicles stockpiled for decades by car dealership owner Ray Lambrecht.
Nati Harnik/AP
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September 29, 2013 Hundreds of cars that were stockpiled by a Chevrolet dealer in Nebraska are finally being sold — many for the first time. The Lambrecht Chevrolet collection stretches back to the 1950s and has drawn bids and interest from around the world.
September 29, 2013 The attack occurred as many students of an agricultural college slept. As many as 50 people may be dead as a result of violence that is being blamed on the group Boko Haram.
A file image taken from a video released by Change.org shows a woman driving a car as part of a 2011 campaign to defy Saudi Arabia's ban on women driving.
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September 29, 2013 Sheikh Saleh al-Luhaydan warned women against driving cars by saying it could affect their ovaries. His comments come a month before a planned day of disobedience, when activists will call for women to drive — a right they do not have in Saudi Arabia.
Pakistani rescue workers, police officers and civilians look for people who were wounded and killed at the site of a car bomb explosion in Peshawar, Pakistan, Sunday.
Mohammad Sajjad/AP
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September 29, 2013 An explosion has killed at least 37 people in Peshawar, Pakistan, where authorities say they suspect a car bomb was detonated in a street market near a police station. The powerful blast left a scene of devastation, with casualties and severe damage to nearby buildings.
The federal government remains on track to miss a midnight Monday deadline to fund its operations. Chambers of Congress sharply disagree over a temporary funding bill. Here, the Capitol is seen Saturday.
J. Scott Applewhite/AP
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September 29, 2013 The federal government has moved closer to the brink of a shutdown, as the House of Representatives approved a temporary funding bill Saturday night that the Senate and White House say has no chance of becoming law. Here's what the legislators are saying.
September 28, 2013 The National Security Agency's effort to find connections between suspects has led the agency to collate reams of phone and e-mail data with information from sources that include GPS data and Facebook, according to The New York Times. The newspaper cites documents provided by former NSA contract worker Edward Snowden.
A map shows the movements of the Granite Mountain Hotshot crew as they fought the Yarnell Hill fire in late June.
Arizona State Forestry Division
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September 28, 2013 The 19 firefighters who died after being trapped by an Arizona wildfire in late June were only about 600 yards from a designated safety zone at a ranch, according to a task force formed by the Arizona State Forestry Division to investigate the firefighters' deaths.
Iran's President Hassan Rouhani waves as his motorcade leaves Tehran's Mehrabad Airport upon his arrival from New York Saturday, one day after he spoke to President Obama by phone.
Atta Kenare /AFP/Getty Images
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September 28, 2013 Despite reports of a shoe being thrown at President Hassan Rouhani's car, he had many backers among the crowds that gathered near Tehran's airport Saturday. Some voiced their support; others criticized the U.S. and Israel.
The incoming president of the International Cycling Union, Brian Cookson (right), shakes hands earlier this month with Pat McQuaid, the incumbent he defeated.
Fabrice Coffrini/AFP/Getty Images
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September 28, 2013 Britain's Brian Cookson says he will focus on helping cycling recover from years of doping scandals. "I felt I owed it to the cycling world to put an end to the misery that we were all going through," he says.
Women's health clinics have sued the state of Texas over its new abortion law, which they say will close more than a third of abortion providers in the state. Here, advocates for and against the bill are seen outside the Texas Capitol in Austin in July.
Eric Gay/AP
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September 28, 2013 Approved in a contentious process this summer, the Texas bill is scheduled to take effect on Oct. 29. Opponents say it would close more than a third of the clinics that provide abortions in the state.
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Company's Report Outlines Strategic Citizenship Priorities: Innovating for the Future, Enhancing Access, Safeguarding the Environment and Protecting Patients and Consumers
ABBOTT PARK, Ill., April 27 /PRNewswire/ -- Abbott today announced the release of its 2008 Global Citizenship Report entitled, "Advancing Innovation." The report provides an update on Abbott's progress and results in 2008 in delivering on the company's mission to improve people's lives around the world, focused on four key areas: innovating for the future, enhancing access, safeguarding the environment, and protecting patients and consumers.
"We appreciate this opportunity to share news of our continued progress in addressing the most important impacts that our company makes in our world," said Miles D. White, chairman and chief executive officer, Abbott. "These are the areas in which our business has the greatest effects on society and the environment, and which offer us the greatest opportunity to make a difference in the challenges facing our world today."
Key highlights of Abbott's citizenship work in 2008 include:
|SOURCE Abbott
Copyright©2009 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved


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Total Time:
2 hrs 15 mins
Active Time:
35 mins
30 mini éclairs
These tiny pastries laced with tart lemon cream make a nice treat at a dinner party. Meyer lemons are delicious but sweet, so we added real lemons to the éclair filling for a good acid bite.
What to buy: If you can't find Meyer lemons, you can use regular lemons.
Game plan: You can make the Meyer lemon filling as early as 5 days ahead, but be sure to keep it in a tightly sealed container to avoid picking up refrigerator smells. The éclairs are best freshly assembled.
This recipe was featured as part of our Cooking with Winter Ingredients photo gallery.
For the puff dough:
For the whipped cream filling:
Beverage pairing: Schramsberg Crémant Demi-Sec, California. A good demi-sec sparkler is a combination of wonderful opposites: creamy mouthfeel and prickly bubbles; toasty/yeasty aromas and citrusy bite. All of these make it a perfect pair with the éclairs and their light, flaky crust and sharp, lemony cream.
These easy chocolate éclairs call for a can of refrigerator breadstick dough, another of whipped cream, and some chocolate sauce.
A sweet-tangy lemon cream sandwiched between double-ginger gingersnaps.
Tiny, tangy, and sweet.


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NXN Meet Info (8)
Course Info
As the gun sounds athletes will jockey for position across a flat, open 370m straightaway. At the end of 370m, competitors make their first turn onto the rolling terrain of the main loop. As runners near the completion of the first main loop, they will proceed to take a slight right turn towards the 1-mile mark.
As runners pass the 1-mile they'll make their way onto the back loop where the biggest hill on the course resides. As runners crest the hill they make a sweeping 180-degree turn to start the long loop back towards the start line.
As runners pass the start line, they'll jump back on the main loop to circumnavigate it a second and last time. After completing the main loop runners will peel off and head towards the finish. Just before the 3-mile mark athletes hit two short, steep climbs sure to burn at this stage in the race.
After cresting the final climb runners can show off their kick on the 400m flat, fast straightaway into the finish line.
What footwear should I race in at Glendoveer?
Will the golf course be open during NXN?
Can we preview the course before the Championshp Race?


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Daniel Ellsberg, the former Defense Department official who leaked the Pentagon Papers exposing the Vietnam War lies, is alarmed at the many parallels between Vietnam and President Obama's new military campaign against ISIS in Iraq and Syria, as Barbara Koeppel reports.
Lost History
Standing Up for Lessons of Dissent
There is a general belief that Americans don't care much about history, preferring to bask in self-reverential "exceptionalism" with U.S. behavior beyond criticism. But students outside Denver are taking to the streets to protest right-wing efforts to strip dissent from the history curriculum, writes Peter Dreier.
Oh, What a Webb We Weave…
Despite overwhelming evidence linking the CIA to drug traffickers, that sordid reality remains one of the great taboos of the mainstream U.S. media, which rallies to destroy anyone who points out the facts, a fate that befell journalist Gary Webb, as Greg Maybury explains.
Hung Out to Dry
From the Archive: With Hollywood poised to release "Kill the Messenger," a movie showing how the mainstream U.S. media destroyed journalist Gary Webb for reviving the Contra-cocaine scandal in the mid-1990s, we are reposting Georg Hodel's 1997 account of how Webb was betrayed by his own editors.
The Chile Coup, 9/11 and James Foley
Time and history sometimes intertwine in ways more poetic than linear, such as the multiple crimes associated with the date September 11 and the legacy of bearing witness to suffering that led journalist James Foley to his death in Syria, as Martín Espada explained to Dennis J Bernstein.
The CIA/MSM Contra-Cocaine Cover-up
Exclusive: With Hollywood set to release a movie about the Contra-cocaine scandal and the destruction of journalist Gary Webb, an internal CIA report has surfaced showing how the spy agency manipulated the mainstream media's coverage to disparage Webb and contain the scandal, reports Robert Parry.
Obama's Propagandistic UN Address
Exclusive: The longer President Obama has been in office the less honest he has become, a problem growing more apparent in his second term as he reads speeches containing information that he knows to be false or at least highly misleading, Robert Parry recounts.
Obama's Risks of Escalation
As President Obama launched the first waves of U.S. airstrikes against Islamic State and other targets in Syria, the risks of further military escalation or other expected developments abound, as ex-CIA analyst Paul R. Pillar explains.
High Cost of Bad Journalism on Ukraine
Exclusive: By driving a wedge between President Obama and President Putin over Ukraine, America's neocons and the mainstream media can hope for more "shock and awe" in the Mideast, but the U.S. taxpayers are footing the bill, including $1 trillion more on nuclear weapons, writes Robert Parry.
Blocking a 'Realist' Strategy on the Mideast
Exclusive: Official Washington's influential neocons appear back in the driver's seat steering U.S. policy in the Middle East toward a wider conflict in Syria and away from a "realist" alternative that sought a Putin-Obama collaboration to resolve the region's crises more peacefully, reports Robert Parry.


text: 1. How to make Semantic-complete-jump(or semantic-fast-jump) not ask for the confirmation like, Symbol (BSC_FALSE): I want to go to the definition of the symbol(on which cursor is placed) in one key stroke(just like M-. (in plain emacs with etags). 2. how to go back to the point from where i called Semantic-complete-jump.(or semantic-fast-jump) just like M-* (in plain emacs with etags). regards, Anand


text:
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NPHW Proclamation
April 06, 2015
National Public Health Week starts today! To kick things off, President Obama issued a proclamation recognizing the value public health workers deliver to our country every day. Take a look!
April 06, 2015
National Public Health Week starts today! To kick things off, President Obama issued a proclamation recognizing the value public health workers deliver to our country every day. Take a look!
October 05, 2015
Oct 5 news: Mental health reaction, women centered drug treatment, heart disease prevention The Daily Beast—John Oliver Rips GOP's Oregon Shooting Reaction: 'Worst Time to Talk About Mental Health' Following Thursday's horrific mass shooting at Oregon's Umpqua Community College, perpetrated by a 26-year-old armed with six guns, President Obama laid the blame squarely at the feet of the American people for not doing more about gun control. "This is a political choice that we make to allow this to happen every few months in America," said Obama. "We collectively are answerable to those families who lose their loves ones because of our inaction." The GOP's crop of 2016 presidential candidates instead cited "mental health" as the chief cause of mass shootings. AJPH mental health study—Q&A with Mishka Terplan of the University of Maryland In their new research article, "Women-Centered Drug Treatment Services and Need in the United States, 2002–2009", authors Mishka Terplan, Nyaradzo Longinaker, Lindsay Appel, MD explore the options available to women in the US seeking treatment for substance use disorder. Although calls for more facilities prepared to meet the unique needs of women patients have been growing for 30 years, the authors say that their research indicates a decline […]
The American Public Health Association champions the health of all people and all communities. We strengthen the profession of public health, promote best practices and share the latest public health research and information. We are the only organization that influences federal policy, has a 140-plus year perspective and brings together members from all fields of public health.
During the first full week of April each year, APHA brings together communities across the United States to observe National Public Health Week as a time to recognize the contributions of public health and highlight issues that are important to improving our nation. For nearly 20 years, APHA has served as the organizer of NPHW. Every year, the Association develops a national campaign to educate the public, policymakers and practitioners about issues related to each year's theme.
Learn more at www.apha.org.
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text:
I thought it would be fun to start a baby bump thread for us mutliple mamas.
Thanks, kabohner. I don't use any site like that. :( If I start, I'll remember!
noel- you can also just upload your pic to your baby center pictures and from there you can copy the image and paste in into your post.
Ally- So cute!!
4 Months! :)
Married to my soul mate since May 2010 and now expecting our first babies-BOY/GIRL TWINS! Jaxson & Jayleigh are due January 4, 2013!
I am a little behind, here is my 16 week pic


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Headquartered in a loft in downtown Los Angeles, Joie is a women's clothing line catering to the savvy, fashion minded, modern woman. With the concept "Casual, Comfortable, and Luxurious", the designs are constantly inspired by the Southern California lifestyle and it's laid back, yet sophisticated way of life. From their silk dresses that hang just right to their cotton tees you never want to take off, Joie has the lush wardrobe pieces you've been dreaming of.
If an item you would like to purchase is out of stock, you can place a Special Order Inquiry. REVOLVE will then check the availability and obtain an approximate arrival date for the item, if available. Typically, it takes up to 3-4 weeks to verify this information.
Placing a Special Order Inquiry is absolutely free and there is no obligation to follow through with a purchase.
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I went back and forth on these for a few weeks before I decided to get them. In the end they were worth it. Unlike the other reviewers I found that these fit true to size. The leather is soft and the sole of the shoe, while thin, is quite solid. I went on a very long walk in these the first time out and my feet were comfortable. It took no time to break these in. This style is much more versatile than it would seem. There's a reason Revolve has them on their models in all kinds of outfits; these go with track pants, dresses (long and short), shorts...Worth the money!
I love these shoes, they are cute and so confortable!I can walk hours and hours without any problem! the fabric is fantastic, the color gorgeous(look the same than the pics). These sandals are quite expensive but the leather is soft and beautiful, the quality is here.An important detail is that the zip is covered with a soft piece of suede leather, so your feet will be protected.(I have very sensitive feet and almost all shoes hurt me) As said before, go 1/2 size smaller.
i love the style of these sandals...but there are 2 little flaws...they are at least half a size too big...i'm normally a 7.5 in sandals and an 8 in closed toes shoes and i had to order these in a size 7 and it's still a little big but i wouldn't go as far as a 6.5...also because of the zipper on the back of the shoes, so it's a little hard...but overall these sandals are gorgeous
These are super cute although beware that they are a half size large. Having said that, because they are a thong style it doesn't really matter and I always find my feet swell up in the heat anyway. The leather is really soft, great quality, made in Italy. This is a flattering style of gladiator, it is not over the top strappy, studded etc. and therefore not too trendy.
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Star Gazing 10.10.15 view
Ciara, Kim Wayans, Danai Gurira and More! view
Rihanna, Whoopi Goldberg, Tamron Hall and More! view
Smokey Robinson and judge Nicki Minaj at FOX's American Idol Season 12 Top 8 Live...
Smokey Robinson and judge Nicki Minaj at FOX's American Idol Season 12 Top 8 Live Performance Show in Hollywood, California.
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text:
Orlando Magic v New York Knicks
Kenyon Martin of the New York Knicks attempts a shot against Arron... Nieuwsfoto'sArron Afflalo,Basketbal,Basketbal - NBA Pro,Horizontaal,Inspanning,Kenyon Martin,Madison Square Garden,New York Knicks,Orlando Magic,Schieten,Sport,Stad New York,Treffer,Verenigde StatenPhotographer Nathaniel S. ButlerCollection: National Basketball Association 2013 NBAENEW YORK, NY - MARCH 20: Kenyon Martin #3 of the New York Knicks attempts a shot against Arron Afflalo #4 of the Orlando Magic on March 20, 2013 at Madison Square Garden in New York City. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and or using this photograph, User is consenting to the terms and conditions of the Getty Images License Agreement. Mandatory Copyright Notice: Copyright 2013 NBAE (Photo by Nathaniel S. Butler/NBAE via Getty Images)


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In This Section
Journal Forum
Synthetic Reverberator - January 1960
1 comment
Multichannel Sound Reproduction Quality Improves with Angular Separation of Direct and Reflected Sounds - June 2015
1 comment
Clean Audio for TV broadcast: An Object-Based Approach for Hearing-Impaired Viewers - April 2015
2 comments
AES E-Library
Introduction to Acoustic Measurements
This tutorial paper reviews the process of instrumentation and measurement as applied to the acoustic and electroacoustic elements of audio systems. The dynamic nature of audio system components is shown to motivate the application of frequency domain techniques. These methods impose measurement bandwidth and frequency resolution constraints when practically implemented on digital instrumentation. The difficulties of isolating the performance of electroacoustic transducers from their acoustic environment are discussed and the limitations introduced by spatially sampling an acoustic field by single point microphone measurements are considered.
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Agatha Christie's Whodunnit The Unexpected Guest
* Additional fees apply. No coupon or promo codes necessary to enjoy the displayed discount price.
The last date listed for The Unexpected Guest was Saturday September 28, 2013 / 8:00pm.
Currently at Wade James Theatre
Spooky Thriller I'll Be Back Before Midnight
- Full Price:
- $15.00
- Our Price:
- $5.00 - $7.50
The line between the real and the supernatural blurs in I'll Be Back Before Midnight, a thriller by… More
Venue Details
Reviews & Ratings
Featured review from funthingsRed Velvet
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The talent was excellent! It was fun, entertaining and I would return to see it again.
star this review starred report as inappropriate
I thought since it was Agatha Christie the play would move along faster than it did. My companion and I both dozed off a couple of times during the play.
star this review starred report as inappropriate
it was a sweet local theater with good seats and a professional crew... just right for a Saturday night... or any night/matinee... the play kept us guessing until the very ending surprise!
star this review starred report as inappropriate
We found this play through Goldstar. To our amazement, The Driftwood Players has been around for 55 Years! The venue is an older theatre that has been well kept. The play was well acted and it was a thoroughly enjoyable evening out. There is a...continued
There's free parking at this event.


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We stayed at the Aegeon Beach Hotel on the final night of our Greek holiday this month to be reasonably close to Athens Airport (30 mins) without staying at the (expensive) Sofitel there. It is in a picturesque spot overlooking the Temple and a lovely beach with good sunset photo opportunities!
Staff were friendly and helpful. Room had huge bed, balcony overlooking garden and beach, no tea and coffee making kit. Bath/shower was fine when we finally figured out how to turn it on! Beach towels are provided and guests have the choice of comfy loungers and brollys in front of the hotel. Breakfast was rather enjoyable with an excellent choice including bacon and sausages.
We didn't have dinner at the hotel but went to one of the two tavernas next door just for a change which was busy.
Check-out was easy except that we wanted to pay in cash but our booking agent had already whipped the money off our credit card! Not the hotel's fault.
A very pleasant and quiet last night's stay close to ATH.


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The University of Nebraska—Lincoln Band Program
About UNL Bands
Founded in 1879, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln band program has grown from a single small ROTC band to encompass seven ensembles that perform for a combined audience of well over one million people annually.
The Glenn Korff School of Music at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln enthusiastically invites all students, regardless of academic major, to participate in one or more of our bands. Additional information about each of our band ensembles is available under the ensemble heading in the drop down menu at the top of the page. Auditions for the fall concert and jazz ensembles are scheduled for the first week of classes in August. We encourage you to explore the rich tradition of our band program.
Winter Festival for Winds and Percussion, January 22–24, 2016
The Winter Festival is a unique concert band and chamber ensemble festival for high school sophomores, juniors and seniors. The festival is designed to give participants an outstanding and comprehensive playing experience. Festival participants are chosen through a recorded audition process. Students attending the festival are involved in three different ensembles: an honor band; a chamber ensemble coached by one of the Glenn Korff School of Music's talented applied wind and percussion faculty; and a large symphonic band that combines the festival honor band with the University Wind Ensemble. Students also participate in a masterclass with the applied wind and percussion faculty.
The Winter Festival application period is from September 18, 2015 through November 18, 2015.
Marching Band Schedule for October 10
8:00 AM Westbrook Music Building (WMB) open for marching band students and staff
8:30 AM Percussion rehearsal begins at Stadium (open to the public.)
9:00 AM Full band rehearsal begins at Stadium (open to the public.)
11:00 AM Break time; meal on your own; pep band performances; change into uniforms
12:00 PM Chancellor's Pre-Game Event (Misty's pep band) in Lied Center.
12:00 PM Unity Walk on the east side of the Stadium (Football Friday pep band)
12:30 PM President's Pre-Game Event in the Lied Commons (Grandmother's pep band)
12:30 PM CMB uniform inspection
1:00 PM CMB meeting in room 132 WMB; battery percussion warm-up on the west steps of Sheldon Museum of Art
1:30 PM Warm-up concert on the north side of Kimball Recital Hall.
1:45 PM CMB departs WMB for Stadium
2:30 PM Kick-off of Wisconsin vs Nebraska football game
6:30 PM CMB returns to WMB.
6:45 PM Kappa Kappa Psi uniform pick-up for cleaners at 23-1 WMB; clean building
7:30 PM CMB finished for the day


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April 27, 2014
que vergaaaa mas rica
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Bridgette B - Bankin' On New Bouncin' Bub-Bubs
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que vergaaaa mas rica
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Geriatric Behavioral Services
Geriatri Behavioral Services is located at #4 Doctors Park, Gibson City, IL 60936 View Map and open Monday thru Friday 8a.m. to 4p.m. For your free no risk assessment call (217) 784-4540.
At Geriatric Behavioral Services we are here to provide seniors with quality mental health treatment. We help through the use of a multidisciplinary treatment team of a Psychiatrist, a Therapist and a Registered Nurse. Our Goal is to provide a safe environment for our patients to come and share their feelings with others that are experiencing similar issues.
Multidisciplinary Treatment Team
The Multidisciplinary Treatment Team meets once a week for patient treatment planning as well as discussing patient's progress and any concerns.
Dr. Repetto provides medication management. He sees patient's initially to admit them into the program. During this time, he completes a psychiatric evaluation and evaluates any medication or need for additions or changes in meds. Thereafter, he sees them again every 14 to 21 days typically to gain information from them on their progress and re-evaluate their medication. He participates in treatment planning at this time as we discuss the patient's progress and continued work towards treatment goals.
Kenna Dunlap-Johnson, MSW, LCSW
The therapist/program director oversees the smooth operation of the program while also providing therapeutic services. After admission into the program, the therapist will complete a psychosocial assessment with the patient within 5 days post admission. The therapist provides group therapy sessions (3 per treatment day). During these sessions, processing is done with patients surrounding progress towards treatment goals as well as processing on specific topics such as depression, anxiety, coping, grief and loss.
The therapist also provides individual, family, and marital therapy as needed. These are typically 30/45/70 minute sessions that are done after group therapy hours. Individualized treatment goals are focused on in these sessions.
The RN meets with our patients daily to complete a daily nursing assessment. During this time, she is evaluating them for any physical or emotional symptoms that could be present. The RN also provides a weekly nursing education group on topics such as relaxation, medication education, self-esteem, exercise promotion, pain management, problem solving, fall and safety precautions, smoking cessation, nutrition, discharge planning, medication compliance, and social skills. The RN monitors patients, while in programming, on an ongoing basis to identify health needs, problems, and symptoms.
After Graduation
At Geriatric Behavioral Service we provide after care for up to one year post graduation from the program. During aftercare, the patient is contacted at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year to identify progress and if re-assessment is needed.
For your free no risk assessment call (217) 784-4540.
Click here to learn more about our Behaviroal Wellness Center and Telepsychiarty Services
Latest News &
Items of Interest
October is Depression Awareness Month
Contributed by Vicki Angstmann, MAC GAH Geriatric Behavioral Services October is Depression [...]
Baby Central RV visits Gibson City Harvest Fest on October 10th
The Baby Central RV is making its final stop for the season at the Gibson City Harvest Fest on [...]
GAH Designated as an Emergent Stroke Ready Hospital
Gibson Area Hospital & Health Services CEO, Rob Schmitt, is proud to announce that as of August [...]
Doctor to speak at next Ford-Iroquois Extension Ag Breakfast
Courtsey of the Paxton Record: Dr. Donald Reese, a family practice physician for Gibson Area [...]
Donald Reese, M.D. Joins Gibson Area Hospital & Health Services
Gibson Area Hospital & Health Services (GAHHS) recently recruited Donald Reese, MD, to begin [...]


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Promise Keepers - Eden Prairie, Minnesota
Grace Church | October 9-10, 2015
Society is crumbling around us. Marriages are collapsing. Pornography is winning the battle for men's minds. And our children are abandoning the Church. But there is hope.
When a child is the first to attend church, 31⁄2% of the families follow. When a wife/mom is the first to attend church, 17% of the families follow. When a dad/husband is the first to attend church, 93% of the families follow. In the words of Dr. Tony Evans, "As the man goes, so goes the world." America – and the World – needs men with a renewed passion for obedience to God, and His Word.Become a Legacy Partner
Promise Keepers exists because of the regular financial support of husbands and wives, and fathers and mothers, who believe that changing the hearts of men leads to revival in our communities, cities, states, nation, and world.
These monthly supporters are called Legacy Partners, and are the financial backbone of Promise Keepers. Your commitment to fund the day-to-day operations of this ministry, results in thousands of changed lives at every event.
When you become a Legacy Partner, you receive the following benefits:
Men's lives all across the nation are being radically changed through The First Hour for Men 30-day program. With The First Hour for Men, Mark W. Koch gives men a simple pathway that will help the reader become a true man of God in every area of their lives. This unique and simple 30-day study guide instructs men how to pray, what to pray for, how to spiritually guard and protect themselves and their families, and how to grow closer to God in their everyday lives.View Events


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Box Office: 'Noah' Off to Strong Start in South Korea, Earning $1.1 Million Thursday
UPDATED: Darren Aronofsky's big-budget biblical epic -- inspired by the story of Noah's Ark -- stars Russell Crowe.
Darren Aronofsky's Noah has landed in its first international market to strong results. The biblical epic debuted Thursday to $1.1 million from 750 screens in South Korea -- the top opening-day gross of 2014.
PHOTOS: 'Noah's' Berlin Premiere: Emma Watson, Jennifer Connelly, Douglas Booth Flood the Red Carpet
The turnout in South Korea -- a haven for tentpoles -- bodes well for the big-budget film, which hopes to play both as a mainstream event movie and as an offering for faith-based audiences (South Korea also has a large Christian population). Inspired by the story of Noah's Ark, the Paramount and New Regency film stars Russell Crowe in the title role.
Thursday's gross in South Korea was on par with Gravity's opening day in South Korea last year, and 15 percent ahead of Inception, which earned $950,000 on its opening day. And it came in with three times as much as Snow White and the Huntsman.
Noah opens in Mexico -- a predominantly Catholic country -- on Friday, a week before it debuts in the U.S. and other key foreign markets.
The biblical epic has received a great deal of attention because of Aronofsky's unique take on the well-known religious story, including portraying Noah as a man concerned with environmental issues as he prepares his ark for the flood.
Working with church leaders, Paramount altered its marketing campaign in recent days to say that Aronofsky's movie is inspired by the story of Noah's Ark, versus being a literal adaptation.
And on Wednesday, Crowe, Aronofsky, producer Scott Franklin and Paramount vice chairman Rob Moore -- who were in Rome for a screening of the film -- briefly met with Pope Francis when attending the weekly papal general audience in St. Peter's Square.
The film has been banned in several Middle Eastern countries for contradicting Islamic law by portraying a prophet. Earlier in March, censorship boards in Qatar, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates informed Paramount they will not allow the release of the film. Similar rulings are expected in Egypt, Jordan and Kuwait, according to Paramount insiders.
Noah also stars Anthony Hopkins, Emma Watson, Jennifer Connelly, Douglas Booth, Logan Lerman and Ray Winstone.
Never miss a story. Stay up-to-date with THR's Daily Headlines.
Must Reads
A Widow's Threats, High-Powered Spats and the Sony Hack: The Strange Saga of 'Steve Jobs'
Rick Moranis Reveals Why He Turned Down 'Ghostbusters' Reboot: "It Makes No Sense to Me"
Hollywood's 100 Favorite TV Shows
Dan Rather Reflects on His Dramatic CBS Exit That Inspired 'Truth': "I Have a Lot of Wounds"
'The Martian's' Matt Damon Talks 'Bourne' Return, Politics and PC Flubs: "Oh My God, I Look Like an Asshole"
The Insane Battle Over Sam Simon's Will — Should the Simpson's Co-Creator's Trust Pay $140,000 Per Year For One Dog's Care?
'Empire's' "Batshit Crazy" Behind-the-Scenes Drama: On the Set of TV's Hottest Show
Hollywood's Notable Deaths of 2015


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We hear from Theater Five this week with their episode from February 25, 1965 titled Toby's Wonderful Egg.
Browsing: theater five
More from Theater Five on this episode. We'll hear The Big Freeze, their episode from September 16, 1964.
Theater Five aired from August 1964 to July of 1965, and produced 260 episodes for ABC radio. The episode we'll hear today is titled If The Spirit Moves You, and first aired March 18, 1965.
We'll hear from Theater Five again this week with an episode from June 10, 1965 titled, The Wishing Stone.
Strange Tales returns this week with another episode of Theater Five. This one, titled Little Girl, Little Girl first aired February 26, 1965.
On this episode we'll hear from Theater Five with Rebellion Next Week, which first aired August 10, 1964.
This week we'll hear The Man Who Loved Jelly Roll from Theater Five. This episode originally aired October 20, 1964.
We'll hear again from Theater Five this week, and their episode from January 14, 1965 titled The Wandering Spaceman.
This weeks hour of radio drama begins with an episode from Theater Five titled Ring Of Evil. That one first aired August 19, 1964. Then it's Incredible But True with Death Notice. We close with Vincent Price as The Saint in The Fake Amnesia Killer, which first aired November 13, 1949 (begins at 26:36).
Theater Five brings us In Absence Of All Intelligent Life for out sci-fi fix this week. This episode first aired July 26, 1965.


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Trivium official music video for the track Built To Fall. 'Built To Fall' is the title track and first single from the fifth studio album by American heavy metal band Trivium (2011). ,,,,
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The Blog
Mitt Romney's New Ad: 'Bump in the Road'
9:45 AM, Jun 13, 2011 • By MARK HEMINGWAY
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Romney's out with his first major ad of the election season, and if you suspected that he was planning a campaign that's heavily focused on the economy, it sure looks like that's the case:
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Footwear etc. Rewards: Enjoy $10 in Rewards Just for Signing Up!
Select your desired product options and we will notify you when it is back in stock.
The Birkenstock Arizona Soft Footbed is a casual unisex slide sandal with two adjustable buckle straps for the perfect fit.
Birkenstock USA began over 40 years ago when our founder, Margot Fraser, had a dream of sharing the comfort and health benefits of Birkenstock footwear. A few years earlier, while visiting a German resort, she had tried on her first pair and was extremely impressed at how good they felt. From there, Margot learned that the original Birkenstock contoured footbed was invented and manufactured in Germany by Konrad Birkenstock in 1897. In fact, the Birkenstock family has been shoemakers for over 230 years – more than two centuries of creating and perfecting a tradition of walking comfort.
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Ventral striatum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Ventral striatum
|Striatum ventrale
|NeuroLex ID
|Ventral striatum
|Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
The ventral striatum is a portion of the striatum which functions as part of the reward system.[1] It consists of the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle.[2] In non-primate species, the islands of Calleja are included.
The primary outputs of the ventral striatum project to the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra pars compacta. Some of its other outputs include projections to the extended amygdala, lateral hypothalamus, and pedunculopontine nucleus.[3]
See also[edit]
- ^ Gregorios-Pippas L, Tobler PN, Schultz W (March 2009). "Short-term temporal discounting of reward value in human ventral striatum". J. Neurophysiol. 101 (3): 1507–23. doi:10.1152/jn.90730.2008. PMC 2666398. PMID 19164109.
- ^ Ubeda-Bañon I, Novejarque A, Mohedano-Moriano A, et al. (2007). "Projections from the posterolateral olfactory amygdala to the ventral striatum: neural basis for reinforcing properties of chemical stimuli". BMC Neurosci 8: 103. doi:10.1186/1471-2202-8-103. PMC 2216080. PMID 18047654.
- ^ Ferré S, Lluís C, Justinova Z, Quiroz C, Orru M, Navarro G, Canela EI, Franco R, Goldberg SR (June 2010). "Adenosine-cannabinoid receptor interactions. Implications for striatal function". Br. J. Pharmacol. 160 (3): 443–453. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00723.x. PMC 2931547. PMID 20590556.
Two classes of MSNs, which are homogeneously distributed in the striatum, can be differentiated by their output connectivity and their expression of dopamine and adenosine receptors and neuropeptides. In the dorsal striatum (mostly represented by the nucleus caudate-putamen), enkephalinergic MSNs connect the striatum with the globus pallidus (lateral globus pallidus) and express the peptide enkephalin and a high density of dopamine D2 and adenosine A2A receptors (they also express adenosine A1 receptors), while dynorphinergic MSNs connect the striatum with the substantia nigra (pars compacta and reticulata) and the entopeduncular nucleus (medial globus pallidus) and express the peptides dynorphin and substance P and dopamine D1 and adenosine A1 but not A2A receptors (Ferréet al., 1997; Gerfen, 2004; Quiroz et al., 2009). These two different phenotypes of MSN are also present in the ventral striatum (mostly represented by the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle). However, although they are phenotypically equal to their dorsal counterparts, they have some differences in terms of connectivity. First, not only enkephalinergic but also dynorphinergic MSNs project to the ventral counterpart of the lateral globus pallidus, the ventral pallidum, which, in fact, has characteristics of both the lateral and medial globus pallidus in its afferent and efferent connectivity. In addition to the ventral pallidum, the medial globus pallidus and the substantia nigra-VTA, the ventral striatum sends projections to the extended amygdala, the lateral hypothalamus and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. Finally, unlike the dorsal striatum, the substantia nigra pars reticulata is not a main target area for the ventral striatum, which preferentially directs its midbrain output to the substantia nigra pars compacta and the VTA (Heimer et al., 1995; Robertson and Jian, 1995; Ferré, 1997). It is also important to mention that a small percentage of MSNs have a mixed phenotype and express both D1 and D2 receptors (Surmeier et al., 1996).
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ventral striatum.
|This neuroanatomy article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


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We had a group of twenty people staying at the Trinity Capital Hotel and the Cafe Cairo Bar made a perfect spot for gathering. It served tasty hot whiskies if you get cold and damp from the weather. Cafe Cairo stayed open late and offered a nice place to land if you wished to have one last drink before bed.
Cafe Cairo is nicely decorated and the servers were quick and polite. Prices were about what you would expect from a Dublin hotel.
If you own or manage Cafe Cairo, register now for free tools to enhance your listing, attract new reviews, and respond to reviewers.


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Book your room at Eco-lodge Shalala
Villa, 1 Double BedMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child)
Bungalow, 1 BedroomMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child)
StudioMax Occupancy: 2 guests
Bungalow, 2 BedroomsMax Occupancy: 6 guests (up to 5 children, 1 infant)
Bungalow, 5 Bedrooms, Private Pool, Garden AreaMax Occupancy: 12 guests (up to 6 children)
Get an overview of this hotelFamily-friendly hotel with restaurant and outdoor pool
This family-friendly Playa del Carmen hotel is located by the ocean, within a 10-minute walk of Coco Beach, Mamitas Beach Club, and Quinta Alegria. Yucatek Divers and Nuestra Senora del Carmen Catholic Church are also within 1 mi (2 km).
Hotel Features
This hotel features a restaurant, an outdoor pool, and dry cleaning. WiFi in public areas is free. Other amenities include express check-in, express check-out, and tour/ticket assistance.
Room Amenities
All 4 rooms offer free WiFi, Egyptian cotton sheets, and rainfall showerheads. In-room massages and ceiling fans are also available to guests.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
The hotel offers a restaurant. High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. This family-friendly hotel also offers an outdoor pool, a terrace, and tour/ticket assistance.
- Airport transportation (surcharge)
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Express check-in
- Express check-out
- Free parking nearby
- Free WiFi
- Garden
- Luggage storage
- Multilingual staff
- Number of buildings/towers - 3
- Number of floors - 2
- Outdoor pool
- Restaurant
- Terrace
- Total number of rooms - 4
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Wedding services
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free parking nearby
Room Amenities
- Ceiling fan
- Daily housekeeping
- Egyptian-cotton sheets
- Free WiFi
- In-room massage available
- Private bathroom
- Rainfall showerhead
Where to Eat
Eco-lodge Shalala has a restaurant on site.
Nearby Things to Do
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Cave exploring/spelunking nearby
- Ecotours nearby
- Boat tours nearby
- Scuba diving nearby
- Parasailing nearby
- Windsurfing nearby
- Golfing nearby
- Snorkeling nearby
- Bicycle rentals nearby
Spa Services
- Aromatherapy treatments
- Massages
Hotel Policies
Minimum check-in age is 21
Special check-in instructions:
Check-out time is Noon
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Kids stay free! Children under 8 years old stay free when using existing bedding.
Pets allowed, Only dogs are allowed, Maximum number of pets per room 1
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
No rollaway/extra beds available
No cribs (infant beds) available
24-hour check-in
All guests must please contact the property ahead of time to make arrangements for check-in using the information on the reservation confirmation received after booking.
Optional extras
- Pet fee: MXN 10 per pet, per night
We should mention
Reservations are required for massage services. Reservations can be made by contacting the hotel prior to arrival, using the contact information on the booking confirmation. Children 8 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding.


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The Bronx Bull (2014)
Want to See
Critic Consensus: No consensus yet.
Movie Info
Jake LaMotta was known as the "Bronx Bull" for his sheer ferocity and unrelenting style of boxing, but where did all of this rage come from? This film explores Jake's life as a youngster, shedding light on the source of his anger and his ability to withstand the incredible levels of punishment encountered in the ring. We also see Jake after his tremendous fighting career, dealing with the pain and violence that has dominated his life.
|Directed By:
|Martin Guigui
|Written By:
|Rustam Branaman, Martin Guigui
as Jake LaMotta
as Rocky Graziano
as Jake LaMotta (young)
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community center
Sartell Narrows Down Site Locations On Proposed Community Center
Questions Still Circle Around Proposed Sartell Community Center Design
Figuring out the best direction for the proposed Sartell Community Center still has city officials at a stand still. During tonight's (Monday) city council meeting, the council met for the first time with the architects to provide a direction the city would like to go on the facility.
Somali Community Center Being Developed in Minneapolis
Sartell Residents Weigh In On Proposed Community Center
More space for youth and senior activities was the consensus during tonight's (Monday) input session on the proposed Sartell Community Center. Residents, concerned seniors, school leaders and youth activity directors piled into Sartell city hall to throw out their wish list on what the community center should include.


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Headline / News / NFL / Sports Entertainment
Erin Andrews Gets Videobombed by a Bunch of Weirdos
by Robert Littal | Posted on Monday, September 9th, 2013
I am just going to assume these guys were inspired by Eminem on Saturday night.
I hope they didn't follow Andrews home.
H/T SI Hot Clicks


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Dubai real estate prices drop, but not for long
If you're looking for an apartment, now is the timeOctober 6, 2015 6:07
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MIDEAST STOCKS-Markets to rise on stronger global environment
Abu Dhabi's ADWEA in talks with banks for $350 mln project bond
Emirates hints at no Dubai Airshow orders, pushes decision on A350/787 to next year
UAE minister says plans to boost oil output capacity on track
MIDEAST STOCKS-Saudi, Egypt markets barely move in early trade
Qatar Q2 GDP growth accelerates to 4.8 pct year/year
UAE says reforms will better protect foreign workers
United Arab Bank secures $125 mln three-year loan
MIDEAST STOCKS-Saudi hit by weak oil, commodities; Egypt down modestly
MIDEAST STOCKS-UAE markets narrowly mixed in thin, early trade
They will campaign in the opening round of the first dedicated professional drifting tournament in the Middle East.
December 3, 2010 12:15 by Rasha Reslan
JDM Allstars professional drift squad are coming to Dubai, and they mean business. They will campaign in the opening round of the first dedicated professional drifting tournament in the Middle East.
UAE Drift has invited sixteen of JDM Allstars top drivers, handpicked for this 'end-of-season' burnout. With drivers frustrated at the freezing weather conditions in Europe, Dubai has been selected as the country of choice for some much needed sunshine on the start of their Middle East tour.
Dubai Festival City arena will host this very special exhibition match, to be contested on the afternoons and evenings of Dec 9/10/11th under floodlights. The custom made pro Drift track will emulate the JDM Allstars signature urban design, the biggest staging of its kind to be built in the Middle East.
Commenting on the Launch of UAE Drift, JDM Allstars Managing Director, Niall Gunn stated, "This is an exciting time for the JDM Allstars brand and working on this exciting new project with UAE Drift is something we have been aiming for, to strengthen our international exposure. Already the UAE follows JDM Allstars online, so it's great to bring our top drivers direct to our fans outside of Europe. I'm sure this is going to be a significant event for the UAE, and the Middle East"
Visitors will experience some of the most extreme professional drift drivers from around the world. Australian Drift Champion 2010 and JDM Allstars reigning Champion Luke Fink, will be arriving especially to launch his new team in Dubai, while 2009 JDM Allstars Champion and Dutch Champion, Remo Niezen will amaze the crowds in his impressive 500hp 'Falken Tyres' BMW, he will be hoping for a strong run to snatch the UAE crown.
There are strong contingents from Ireland with 2008 European Champion and 2010 Irish Champion, 19 year old James Deane in his 'Nexen Tyres' Nissan PS13, joined by team mate Christy Carpenter in his purple 600hp 'Nexen Tyres' Nissan S15.
"This is a very exciting event for the region, with our own UAE Drift Academy already underway, we are happy to partner with UAE Drift to promote the sport, this is a skilled motorsport activity and all drift drivers should be trained professionally to achieve these results safely and only perform at sanctioned, well organized events. We believe there is a lot of talent in the region for Drifting and we aim to help people enjoy it, we already have developed a core EMSF Drift team who have been trained in Drifting and we are really excited about this event, commented Ahmed Sharif", EMSF Director.
During the Drift tournament, visitors will also be entertained by the 'Rage Extreme Zone' and Live music will fill in the night, featuring acts such as MTV Europe Music Awards nominee Hamdan from ABRI, UK's award winning Hip-Hop band 'Foreign Beggars' and the popular Egyptian group 'Arabian Knightz'. Modified Cars & Bikes will combine all this action with clubs attending from all over the UAE. Supercars, Dream cars and Custom cars as well as the best tuner shops, trading areas and event partners will be displaying their products in the vendor areas.