text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 31, 1988
|Filing date
|Dec 11, 1985
|Priority date
|Dec 18, 1984
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Roger Lagadec, Claudia Brandes, Yukio Fukuju
|Original Assignee
|Willi Studer AG & Sony Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (4), Classifications (23), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to a method for processing sequential values of a digital signal for its coded recording on a recording medium, in which the values are assigned to at least 2 different categories and the values assigned to different categories experience different relative delays, as well as a method for reproducing the coded digital signal, and finally an apparatus for processing the sequential values of a digital signal according to the method of this invention.
Digital signals are obtained by sampling values, for example the amplitude of an analog signal at given points in time. Those values are quantized, and are further used as data words of n bits word length. A so-called format defines a structure according to which those data words will be connected together, which is important for exchanging signals between machines. Such a format can, for example, define that the data words must be grouped into blocks, and that those blocks must also contain redundant data words for data protection.
Such a format can also specify the division of a sequence of data words from one channel onto several sequences for recording on a recording medium, as well as the rules for coding the data words.
Formats which are particularly well suited for recording on a recording medium define an assignment of the incoming data words to several categories. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,393,502, incoming data words from a channel will be separated into odd and even data words and distributed to two parallel processing channels. The following processing of the data words on both parallel channels is identical. Data words from one processing channel (say, the even data words), however, experience a different delay from data words from the other processing channel. One of the advantages of such a formatting is apparent in the case of damage to the recording or the recording medium, particularly when the capability of the decoding circuitry for error correction has been exceeded. If the damaged zone does not extend along the recorded track beyond the distance mentioned as separating even and odd data words, only one of the data words categories will be affected locally by the damage. In the case of audio data, missing or erroneous data words coming from one of the processing channels can be replaced by interpolated values derived from the other processing channel. If, for example, there is a major data disruption caused by a fingerprint, two zones can be observed at reproduction. In the first zone, for example, most of the odd data words will be erroneous. In the second, most of the even data words will be erroneous. In the first zone, the erroneous samples can be replaced by data words obtained by interpolation from even data words. In the second zone, the erroneous samples can be replaced by data words interpolated from odd samples. In the case of recordings using tape as a recording medium, recordings are often combined by cutting and splicing. A particular type of error then occurs when interleaving is used for coding the data words. As a consequence of interleaving, data words which were originally consecutive are separated by relatively large distances, in which other data words are recorded. In the case of a tape cut, the sequence of the data words is corrupted, and so-called interleave errors occur. One result is that the redundant data words which were added to the original data words for their protection cannot fulfill this function anymore. This leads to uncorrectable errors at readout. In this case also, missing data words from one processing channel can be replaced by interpolated values from the other processing channel, and vice-versa. A crossfade of the audio signals from the one piece of tape to the other is also possible.
State-of-the-art codes for the recording of digital audio signals generally allow only a very limited protection of the data words against the effects of fingerprints, tape cuts etc.
In order to increase the reliability of digital recordings, it is usual to record the same signals more than once, using separate tracks. In this way, and because separate tracks only rarely exhibit coincident errors, a more reliable reproduction of the data can be obtained, by reproducing all the recorded signals and keeping only the data words which have been recognized as error-free.
The disadvantage of such recording methods is that erroneous or missing data words can only be retrieved from another track if the error patterns on the multiple recording tracks are not correlated or identical. This, however, is generally the case with errors caused by fingerprints, tape cuts etc., which always affect several or all tracks.
An object of this invention is to provide a method and an apparatus for the recording and reproduction of digital signals with which the loss of constitutent samples on the recording medium due to damages can be avoided to a further extent than before.
The advantages offered by the invention are to be seen principally in that greater damage to the recording medium can be tolerated than with previous protection methods without leading to uncorrectable errors. An important advantage is that missing or erroneous data words can be replaced by their true equivalents as recorded on other tracks. These data words are replicas of the correct ones, rather than more or less well approximated values derived by interpolation. This is particularly important and advantageous in the case of digital audio signals. Audio signals protected according to the invention allow the reproduction of the correct signal even in cases of fingerprints and mechanical cuts.
In the following, the invention will be outlined on the basis of illustrations relating to only one of several possible implementations.
FIG. 1 shows a sequence of consecutive data words in natural order, represented schematically;
FIGS. 2 and 3 shows each a different sequence of data words according to FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 shows an appratus for processing the data words;
FIGS. 5, 6 and 7 show each a schematic representation of different processing channels;
FIGS. 8, 9 and 10 shows each another implementation of an apparatus for processing the data words;
FIGS. 11, 12 and 13 show each a part of a mechanism for coding, represented schematically;
FIG. 14 shows part of a tape-based recording medium;
FIGS. 15 and 16 show sequences of data words from two channels and their arrangement (distribution) onto several tracks;
FIG. 17 shows schematical representation of the processing of data words in a coding unit;
FIG. 18 shows a further implementation form of an apparatus according to the invention; and,
FIGS. 19 and 20 show each a part of an apparatus according to the invention.
The description of the invention will be based on digital audio signals derived from an analog audio signal by sampling according to familiar techniques which need not be covered here.
Thus, FIG. 1 shows a sequence 1 of values of data words 2 through 10 corresponding to consecutive samples of the audio signal. FIG. 2 shows the same values 2 through 9 of the sequence 1, in which the whole sequence is shifted in time and space by one value. This corresponds to a displacement by one sampling interval. FIG. 3 shows the same values 2 through 11 in a partly permuted sequence 12. This sequence 12 can be derived from the sequence 1 by permuting within pairs of consecutive values.
FIG. 4 shows a recording channel 13 and a reproducing channel 14 of a state-of-the-art recording and reproducing machine, as for example a digital audio tape recorder. Such devices, have, as is well known, at least a coding unit 15 and decoding unit 16. Such units 15 and 16 can also be combined into a single unit for coding and decoding. Conceptually, coded data words are brought to a recording head, recorded onto the tape, read by a reproduce head, and brought to a decoding unit. Coding and decoding units generally consist of a storage circuit supplemented by ancillary circuitry such as address generators etc. The recording and reproducing channel 13, 14 is split, between a signal separating unit 17 and signal selection unit 18, into parallel processing channels 19 and 20. Channel 20 also has a coding unit 21 and a decoding unit 22, in the same way as channel 19. In channel 20, the coding unit is preceded by a delay unit 23. In channel 19, the decoding unit 16 is followed by a delay unit 24. The delay units 23 and 24 consist, for example, of a register or of memories. The decoding units 16 and 22 each have two outputs 25, 26 and 27, 28, respectively. Outputs 25 and 27 carry the acutal signals, while outputs 26 and 28 carry marking information which identify the data words on the outputs 25 and 27 as correct or erroneous.
FIG. 5 shows data words in two processing channels 29 and 30 as they can occur, for example, in the reproduction of decoded data words from a 2-track recording on magnetic tape. For illustration, we can assume that channel 29 contains only one category of data words, say the even samples, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 of sequence 1, while channel 30 only contains the odd samples 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 of sequence 1. 31 and 32 represent two areas in which a majority of erroneous samples exist, as a result of a fingerprint or splice. As a consequence of the different delays in the processing channels 29 and 30, the areas 31 and 32 display a relative displacement 33. An error pattern according to FIG. 5 an be observed, for example, when a sequence 1 according to FIG. 1 is fed to both processing channels 19 and 20 (see FIG. 4), in the case where the circuit of FIG. 4 does not have delay units 23 and 24 and where the sequence 1 disrupted by damage to the recording medium is observed at a position 34.
FIG. 6 represents data words on 2 processing channels 35 and 36 in a similar way to FIG. 5. The difference is that the sequence 1 feeds the circuit according to FIG. 4, in which the delay units 23 and 24 are in operation.
FIG. 7 is a combination of FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, and indicates in particular an area 37 in which a crossfade between two consecutive signals 38 and 39 can be implemented best.
FIG. 8 shows an arrangement according to FIG. 4 in simplified representation with coding and decoding units 40 and 41, delay units 42 and 43, selectors 44 and 45 and a selector 46. Another selector 79 is connected via lines 80, 81 and 82 to the selectors 44, 45 and 46. Lines 83 and 84 transmit the data words from the coding and decoding units 40 and 41 to the selectors 44 and 46. Lines 85 and 86 transmit the word marks belonging to the data words.
FIG. 9 shows a further implementation of this arrangement. An input channel 47 feeds data words to two main channels 48 and 49. There they are, in their turn, split into 4 channels 50 through 57, each one having a coding and decoding unit 58 through 65. In the main channel 49, a delay unit 66 precedes all channels 54 through 57, while in the main channel 48 a delay unit 67 is placed afer the channels 50 through 53. A selector 68 combines the main channels 48 and 49 to an output channel 69.
FIG. 10 shows another implementation of the apparatus according to the invention, with 4 parallel processing channels 19, 20, 19a and 20a. Each of these processing channels uses a storage circuit 76 or 76a, which is connected to the recording channel 13 as well as, via outputs 25, 27, 25a and 27a, to selectors 88 and 88a, respectively. Further outputs 26, 28, 26a and 28a carry data words markings. Selectors 88 and 88a also have outputs 14 and 14b for data words and 14a and 14c for data words markings. Two address generators 78 and 78a are also used, and are connected to the memories 76 and 76a via data busses 77 and 77a. Inputs 87 and 87a deliver timing signals to the address generators 78 and 78a.
FIG. 11 shows schematically a part of storage circuit 76 of FIG. 10, in which well-known operations for coding the incoming data words blocks take place. Such storage circuits have an operation which can be described by a structure of columns and lines. Out of the totality of columns and lines, only two columns 115 and 116 and two lines 117 and 118 have been represented. Intersections of the columns and lines correspond to memory positions, of which only one memory position 119 at the intersection of column 116 and line 118 has been represented. Individual data words 101 through 112, 102' through 112' and 101" through 112" are represented at different positions of the storage circuit 76. The same also holds for FIGS. 12 and 13.
FIG. 14 shows part of a recorded tape 120 with tracks 121 through 128 for recording from different channels.
FIG. 15 shows data words 132 numbered 1 through 24 and data words 132 are, in this example, distributed onto 4 tracks 133 through 136. Two pairs of tracks 133, 134 and 135, 136 correspond, respectively, to two processing channels 137 and 138. The concept of a "track" is generally used in order to identify the area on which data are recorded at some distance from the edges of a recording medium. As long as the data are present within a device's processing circuitry, the concept of "channel" is preferably used. In order to avoid introducing the concept of "sub-channels", we shall speak here of "tracks", meaning that part of a channel which has been obtained from it by some splitting operation. This means that data words 132 of track 133 will later actually be recorded onto the same track of the recording medium. Twelve consecutive data words 132 on a track 133, 134, 135 or 136 correspond to a block 139. According to the well-known rules of the DASH format, a block 139 also contains redundant data words for protection, which need not be represented here. The arrows 140 and 141 indicate, in the case of the channels 137 and 138, according to which rule the data words in the tracks 133, 134, 135 and 136 must be ordered. The rules represented here correspond to the DASH-M version of the DASH format.
FIG. 16 shows an arrangement of data words 132 from 2 channels 143 and 144 onto twice 4 tracks 145 through 148 and 149 through 152. The data words 132 are numbered from 1 through 48. Again, the arrows 153 and 154 indicate according to which rule the data words 132 from each channel must be distributed onto the 4 tracks. Those rules are part of the DASH-S version of the DASH format.
FIG. 17 shows the same data words 132 from FIG. 15 schematically in their arrangement within a coding unit. Prior to the coding unit, they are processed serially, whereas the processing is parallel within the coding unit. The 12 data words 12 or the blocks 139 of each track of FIG. 15 are therefore represented by numbers 133', 134', 135' and 136'. At position 155, the even and odd data words 132 are represented as groups 156 through 163, and the actual sequence within the groups 156 through 163 has undergone a further permutation according to the coding rules of the DASH-M format. In the coding process, the data words experience different delays, so that they do not remain consecutive. They form groups 156' through 163', according to the interleave rules of the format.
FIG. 18 shows an arrangement similar to that of FIG. 4. Therefore, identical blocks receive the same reference numbers and are not defined specificially again. Both channels 19 and 20 feed a distribution unit 164, which is connected via lines 165 and 166 with permutation units 167 and 168. Such permutation units are state of-the-art, and are already in use in digitally operating audio recorders. Lines 169, 170 and 171, 172 connect these with the coding units 15 and 21. Decoding units 16 and 22 are connected via lines 25 and 27 to inverse-permutation units 174 and 175, which in their turn are connected to selector 18 via lines 72 and 173. Lines 26 and 28 are used in a state-of-the-art way for transmitting the data words markings. The output of selector 18 are lines 176 and 177 for data words and 178 for data words markings.
FIG. 19 shows schematically a matricing unit 179 which can split data words from channels 19 and 20 onto two channels or tracks each, numbered 133, 134 and 135, 136. Such matricing units are also well known, and consist essentially of a storage circuit and an address generator. This can be programmed in such a way that the desired splitting and permutation of the data words is achieved. Parts of the coding units 15 and 21 as well as the permutation units 167 and 168 and the distribution unit 164 for such a matricing unit 179.
FIG. 20 shows a matricing unit 180, with which a distribution onto 8 tracks 145 through 152 can be achieved. It, as well as the matricing unit 179, can be preceded by a switching unit 181. The switching unit can combine channels 19 and 20 in such a way that the same data words appear on both channels. This means that all the data words of FIG. 15 and 16 carrying the same numbers will also carry the same value.
The method which is described here consists in feeding for example the same sequence 1 of data words two through 10 to 2 separate parallel channels. In one of the channels, the sequence will be coded without any modification. In the second channel, the sequence of the data words will be modified, so that a new sequence such as 2 or 3 will ensue. This modification can be, for example, that sequence 1 is delayed by one value, or that pairs of consecutive samples undergo a permutation. In the arrangement of FIG. 4, accordingly, the sequence 1 will feed recording channel 13 and be split into the 2 channels 19 and 20. In channel 19, sequence 1 will feed the coding unit 15, where even and odd samples will be processed separately, as implied by the two inputs 70 and 71. In channel 20, the sequence 1 will be for example shifted by one data words or sample in the delay unit 23, then delivered to the coding unit 21, in which it will be processed in the usual way. Let us assume that the recording medium has been damaged over an area less than the distance 33 defined by areas 31 and 32 in FIG. 5. The error pattern at output 72 of the delay unit 24 will be as shown in FIG. 5. At output 27 of the decoding unit 22, there is an error pattern according to FIG. 6. A comparison of these two error patterns show that the totality of the original data words is still reproduced. The missing data words of area 31 are to be found in channel 35, and the missing data words of area 32 in channel 36. This is also shown by FIG. 7. Corresponding areas 31' and 32' will be completed by data words from channels 30 and 29. In this way, no data words are missing. The erroneous data words of areas 31, 31' and 32, 32' are marked in the decoding units in a well known way, which means that data words markings will be delivered by the decoding units 16 and 22 together with the data words at outputs 26 and 28 and brought to selector 18. The selector selects valid data words and reconstructs, in a well known way, a complete sequence according to 1 at channel output 14. Data words carried by output channel 14 will also be accompanied by data words markings in a parallel output channel 14a. The arrangement according to FIG. 8 functions basically in the same way, with the difference that the selectors 44 and 45 can be used for eliminating the effect of the delay units 42 and 43. Via an electronic switch, a signal can be conveyed over line 80 to selectors 44, 45 and 79 and indicate whether the arrangement should process two separate signals present in time multiplex at input channel 13, or whether a single signal should be processed in the manner described in this invention. In the case of a double recording, the selectors 45 and 79 will be put in such a state by the signal on line 80 that they can receive signals over input B. Selector 44 will be switched to input A. In this state, selector 46 will be put in such a state by an output signal of selector 79 that it will create a sequence of output values for output channel 14 containing only valid data words from lines 83 and 84. Additionally, the data words markings on line 85 will be brought via line 81 to selector 79, which dictates the state of selector 46 between A and B according to whether a correct or an erroneous value has been identified by the corresponding data words marking. In the same way, the data words markings on line 86 can be observed. When recording 2 signals in time multiplex, selectors 45 and 79 will be switched in such a way that they can receive signals on their inputs A. Selector 44 will be switched to B. In this way, the delay units 42 and 43 will be bypassed via the inputs 74 and 75. At input A, selector 79 receives timing signals which control selector 6 via line 82 in such a way that both sequences are combined together.
An arrangement according to FIG. 9 will be chosen when the tape speed is low. In this arrangement, it is also possible to assign delay units to each processing channel rather than assigning one delay unit to all processing channels.
Instead of the delay of sequence 1 in one of the channels 19 and 20, a change of the sequence can be achieved, say by permutation by a change in the read and/or write addresses of a memory. As the coding units and the decoding units essentially consist of a storage circuit, this can happen in channel 20 by permuting the write addresses and reverse-permuting the read addresses. For this purpose, storage circuit 76 will be connected via a bus 77 to an address generator 78 containing the necessary sequences of addresses. Timing signals at input 87 control the address generator 78 accordingly. The data words permutation via permutation of the write addresses is illustrated schematically in FIG. 3.
In order to describe the coding process according to the invention in some detail, let us assume that a sequence of 12 data words belonging to the same block is processed in recording channel 13. We are considering the data words 101 through 112 in FIGS. 11 through 13 which occur in recording channel 13 in the following ordering:
This sequence will be delivered to all storage circuits 76, 76a. In storage circuit 76 of channel 19, only odd data words will be processed, while only even data words will be processed in storage circuit 76 of channel 20. This is shown in FIG. 11. The same holds for storage circuit 76a, which processes only odd data words in channel 19a and only even data words in channel 20a. This is shown in FIGS. 12 and 13.
In storage circuit 76, serially entering data words will be processed blockwise in parallel, as indicated by the position 130 of storage circuit 76 in FIG. 11. In a so-called scrambling operation, data words at position 131 of storage circuit 76 will be written at new locations. leading to a new sequence, for example: 102' 106' 110' 104' 108' 112' 101' 105' 109' 103' 107' 111'
Individual data words will be differently coded in a well known way during the coding process. This produces after the coding a distribution of the data words 101 through 112 in storage circuit 76 as illustrated in FIG. 11. For example, the even data words undergo more delay than the odd data words, as can be seen by reference to a time axis t.
FIG. 11 shows the relative position of the individual data words of a data block in channels 19 and 20. FIG. 12 and 13 show the data words 101 through 112 as coded in channels 19a and 20a. This means that in the multiple recording proposed here, the same data words are recorded once according to FIG. 11 and once according to, for example, FIG. 12 or FIG. 13. In the coding according to FIG. 12, the position of the individual data words will be permuted according to a selectable rule of ordering. This permutation within a block of data words, which can be seen from FIG. 11 and FIG. 12, has the effect that the same data words are not recorded simultaneously on the recording medium. For example, data word 109 will come out of the channel 19a later than it will come out of channel 19, etc.
If, during coding the doubly recorded data words 101 through 112 in channels 19a and 20a, the processing of odd and even data words is permuted, an arrangement of the data words 101 through 112 as seen in FIG. 13 results. In this process, two groups of data words are permuted. Identical data words from channels 19a and 20a are put further apart than data words from channels 19 and 20. Clearly, the combination of arrangements of the data words in FIG. 11 and 13 protects the data words more effectively in the case of damage to the recording than that of FIG. 11 and FIG. 12.
FIG. 14 shows further a particularly advantageous arrangement of two recording channels with four tracks each. Let us assume only that tracks 121 through 124, i.e. one half of the recording carry unmodified data words sequences, i.e. such ones according to FIG. 11. Tracks 125 through 128 carry a second recording according to FIG. 12 or FIG. 13, with permuted or delayed data. If one half of the tape recording 120 is damaged, the other half may still contain all the necessary data words.
In the case of an audio recording, the method proposed here is not restricted to the audio signals themselves, but can be recommended also for auxiliary signals. Such auxiliary signals have been described, for example, under the name of "Labels".
FIGS. 15 through 20 show how the method proposed here operates for data words 132 organised according to the DASH format. We shall assume that the data words 132 appear in their natural sequence in the channels 19 and 20 of the apparatus illustrated in FIG. 18 of FIGS. 19 and 20. In the case of distributing data words from channel 19 or 137 onto the individual tracks 133 and 134, the rules of DASH-M are used. The distribution occurs according to the arrows 140. The distribution of data words from channels 20 or 138 onto tracks 135 and 136 occurs according to arrows 141. The rules described here have the effects of breaking up the sequences in both tracks, and of ensuring that identical samples appear in the top tracks 133 and 134 of channel 137 and in the bottom tracks 135 and 136 of channel 138. This is particularly clear when comparing the data words 132 carrying the numbers 1 through 4 from channels 137 and 138. These operations take place in the distribution unit 164 and in the permutation units 167 and 168 or in the matricing unit 179.
After this, the data words 132 of tracks 133 and 134 are written via lines 169 and 170 into the coding unit 15, where they can be processed in parallel. There, they are also separated into categories (even or odd with respect to their relative position within the group), so that groups 156 through 159 can be formed. The same occurs with data words of tracks 135 and 136 which enter the coding unit 21 via lines 171 and 172 and form groups 160 through 163. In the coding units 19 and 21, all data words are delayed according to well-known rules, forming groups 156' through 163' which display different temporal and spatial distributions. At a later stage, the data words of groups 156' and 157', 158' and 159', 160' and 161', and 162' and 163' will be recorded on the same respective tracks. A comparison based on FIG. 15 of data words from different groups shows that they are offset temporally and spatially. This is the case, for example, for data word 132 with number 3, as illustrated by arrow 182. Groups 162' and 163' will be recorded with a record head 183 on one track of the recording medium 184 in the illustrated sequence. This also holds for the other groups 156' through 161' on other tracks. This illustrates that, if the same data word 132 is processed twice in two recording channels 19 and 20 or 137 and 138, in which the distribution of the data words onto the tracks and the permuted sequencing in tracks 133, 134, 135 and 136 are made according to the rules of DASH-M, then two versions of the same sample are recorded as far apart on the recording medium as possible, which reduces the risk of losing them both because of damage or errors.
In the case of signal reproduction, a reproduce head (illustrated in 185 for one track only) is used, and the same processing is used in reverse. In decoding units 16 and 22 and in inverse-permutation units 174 and 175, sequences of data words 132 are formed, as illustrated in FIG. 15. Possibly, some of the data words 132 are missing or erroneous, due to errors in recording or reproduction. Therefore, each of the data words 132 receives, in the decoding units 16 and 22, a marking. This means that in the decoding units 16 and 22, parallel to the registers for the data words, there is a register for the marking, which can be only for 1 bit, and indicates whether the data word 132 in the corresponding register is correct or not. This is done via checking methods which are well-known and unrelated to the invention.
The markings go through a processing path identical to that of the data words. Selector 18 can detect, on the basis of the markings, whether a given data word is correct or not. In a double recording of a signal over 2 parallel channels 19 and 20, each data word occurs twice, and selector 18 can reconstruct a sequence of data words which is composed as far as possible of correct data words.
In order to split data words from 2 channels 143 and 144 onto 4 tracks each (145 through 148 and 149 through 152), as seen from FIG. 16, it is necessary to use an arrangement basically similar to that of FIG. 18. The difference is that, after the distribution unit 164, 4 identical channels instead of 2 will follow. The operation of this arrangement, however, is identical, and need not be repeated here. In this case also, identical data words 132 will be recorded twice, though not necessarily twice on the same pair of tracks. This is illustrated in one case by the data words with numbers 1, 14, 5 and 2 in FIG. 16.
Matricing units 179 and 180, preceded by a switching unit 181, can operate with one single unit programmed for given rules of distribution and permutation of data words, and operate selectably for the single recording of 2 different data signals in time multiplex onto 2 or 4 tracks, or for the double recording of one data signal, all within the same format. Clearly, the number of tracks of 2 or 4 indicated here are only illustrative examples. As the DASH format is based on numbers of tracks per audio channel which are powers of 2 (1, 2 or 4), the invention and apparatus presented here can be applied without difficulty.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 15, 1971
|Sep 25, 1973
|Kybe Corp
|Redundant offset recording
|Mar 10, 1980
|Feb 16, 1982
|Baldwin John L E
|Recording of digital signals
|Jul 6, 1979
|May 4, 1982
|Soundstream, Inc.
|Apparatus and an improved method for processing of digital information
|Oct 9, 1980
|Jul 12, 1983
|Masato Tanaka
|Method and apparatus for communicating digital information words by error-correction encoding
|Nov 8, 1982
|Mar 19, 1985
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Interleaved redundancy in data recording
|"A Design of Professional Digital Audio Recorder" by Doi et al., A.E.S. Preprint, 3/82.
|A Design of Professional Digital Audio Recorder by Doi et al., A.E.S. Preprint, 3/82.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 18, 1991
|Feb 22, 1994
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Data rearrangement processing apparatus for digital video signal recording apparatus
|May 12, 1995
|Mar 17, 1998
|Cirrus Logic, Inc.
|Fault tolerant sync mark detector enabled relative to a frequency of an acquisition preamble for sampled amplitude recording
|Sep 27, 1995
|May 1, 1996
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Digital signal recording apparatus in which interleaved NRZI modulation is generated with a lone 2T precoder
|Oct 30, 1995
|May 1, 1996
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Digital signal recording apparatus
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 11, 1985
Owner name: SONY CORPORATION, 6-7-35 KITASHINAGAWA, SHINAGAWA-
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Owner name: WILLI STUDER AG, FABRIK FUR ELEKTRONISCHE APPARATE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:LAGADEC, ROGER;BRANDES, CLAUDIA;FUKUJU, YUKIO;REEL/FRAME:004495/0040;SIGNING DATES FROM 19851118 TO 19851202
|Jan 10, 1989
|Certificate of correction
|Nov 1, 1991
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Nov 20, 1995
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Nov 29, 1999
|Fee payment
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I have extensive experience in the areas of: tractor trailer and commercial vehicle litigation, oilfield injuries/death, brain/head injuries, spinal cord injuries, burn and electrical injuries, medical malpractice, wrongful death, serious auto acc...
Practice areas & skills: Brain Injury, Wrongful Death, Defective and Dangerous Products, Personal Injury, Car Accidents
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I am a partner with the firm of Searcy & Searcy, P.C., located in Longview, Texas. I am a native East Texan, having been born and raised in Marshall, Texas. Since starting to practice, I have handled a variety of cases including representing debto...
Practice areas & skills: Bankruptcy & Debt, Litigation, Foreclosure, Government
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Alan was born and raised in Pittsburg, Texas.
After graduating from Pittsburg High School, Alan earned a Bachelor of Science degree summa cum laude from Howard Payne University in Brownwood, Texas, where he majored in political science and ...
Practice areas & skills: Car Accidents, Medical Malpractice, Wrongful Death, Trucking Accident
Avvo Rating: 7.9
Licensed since 2010
I was born and raised in Grand Prairie, TX, and attended South Grand Prairie High School. I received a B.S. in Finance, summa cum laude, from Texas Tech University in 2007, and in 2010, I obtained my Juris Doctorate, cum laude, from Baylor Uni...
Practice areas & skills: Car Accidents, Personal Injury, Wrongful Death, Trucking Accident, Brain Injury
Licensed since 1994
Practice areas & skills: Defective and Dangerous Products, Personal Injury, Wrongful Death
4.5 stars 8 reviews
Licensed since 2003
As so many Texans say, "I wasn't born here, but I got here as fast as I could!" I consider myself a Longview-native, having lived here since the age of three. A 1996 Longview High School Graduate, I earned my Bachelor of Arts in political science ...
Practice areas & skills: Family
Licensed since 1986
Practice areas & skills: Personal Injury, Employment & Labor, ERISA, DTPA


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A few topics for your consideration:
- Still no drinking water in Columbia — Which is the one lasting effect of the flood for those of us who did not get washed out of our homes. For more, follow the link.
- McCarthy Quits Speaker's Race, Leaving G.O.P. in Disarray — Because, you know, it was in such great shape before. I have a theory: The only reason the GOP hasn't split into more than one party before now is that people today have been programmed to think in binary terms, to the point that they can't imagine new parties. To them, you're either left or right, Democrat or Republican, and nothing else is conceivable. Back in our pre-1860 politics, new parties would form in response to such disagreement. Which, you know, is how we got the GOP.
- Russian Missiles Fired at Syria Struck Iran, U.S. Says — Nice shooting there, Ivan. I mean, go ahead and pull somebody else into the fighting, why don't you?
- Airman who helped stop French train attack is stabbed — Airman 1st Class Spencer Stone's wounds were significant, but he's in stable condition.
- New Diet Pepsi Leaves Some With a Bad Taste — Some? Some? Was there ever a Diet Pepsi bottled that did not leave a bad taste? I've got a suggestion for you, folks: If you don't want the calories, drink water. (Unless, of course, you're in Columbia this week.)


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Nothing Was the Same
by Drake
- Record Label: Island
- Release Date: Sep 24, 2013
- Summary: The third full-length studio release for the Canadian artist features guest appearances from 2 Chainz, Big Sean, Jay-Z, and Majid Jordan.
- Record Label: Island
- Genre(s): Rap
- More Details and Credits »
Score distribution:
Positive: 31 out of 33
Mixed: 1 out of 33
Negative: 1 out of 33
Sep 23, 2013This lush, un-hurried album reveals a surer character, rebuking other rappers who talk smack "just to get a reaction" and even relatives diminished by easy money and proximity to fame.
Sep 25, 2013Nothing Was the Same wrestles Drake's successes with his ever-lingering insecurities, and like some of the best music, we can see ourselves in these songs. It's an exhilarating change of pace for the genre.
Sep 19, 2013This isn't Drake at his most exposed.... Production-wise, however, it's his most mature, and frankly, most beautiful.
Sep 23, 2013Nothing Was The Same showcases new skills--trimming the unnecessary songs, and focusing on narrative details the way he does on "From Time"--that will strengthen Drake's arsenal and help him continue to cement his status as a pop-rap heavyweight for years to come.
Sep 19, 2013Drake's pop music con job is just too well executed despite all its obvious flaws to not be enjoyed.
Sep 25, 2013His relentless delivery ensures that words spill out in defiance of the breath required to sustain them. But rate does not guarantee quality, and on Nothing Was the Same, his lyrics are worse than ever.
Score distribution:
Positive: 53 out of 75
Mixed: 11 out of 75
Negative: 11 out of 75
Sep 24, 2013One of the best artist in the game!!! This albums beats sound amazing and are so smooth! Love every song in this album! This is a must get itsOne of the best artist in the game!!! This albums beats sound amazing and are so smooth! Love every song in this album! This is a must get its worth it believe me GET IT!!!!!!!!!!!… Expand
Sep 25, 2013Incredible album. Drake does it again. Production was amazing. Drake stepped up his bars. Easily the best album this year and will most likelyIncredible album. Drake does it again. Production was amazing. Drake stepped up his bars. Easily the best album this year and will most likely down as a classic.… Expand
Jun 4, 2014Read my name! Yeahhhhh. Cuz we started from the bottom now we here, started from the bottom now my whole team here n****. Best album ofRead my name! Yeahhhhh. Cuz we started from the bottom now we here, started from the bottom now my whole team here n****. Best album of Drake's by far.… Collapse
Sep 29, 2013Not as good as Take Care in my opinion, but a very solid album. Drake's "confident" personality doesn't appeal to me as much and doesn'tNot as good as Take Care in my opinion, but a very solid album. Drake's "confident" personality doesn't appeal to me as much and doesn't convert into great music. The sad emotions we got from do shine through in places (Too Much, From Time) and make out to be some of the best tracks on the album.… Expand
Mar 10, 2015Great album! Drake brings back the passion from when he first started. Tracks are banging! Other rappers should take note on how an albumGreat album! Drake brings back the passion from when he first started. Tracks are banging! Other rappers should take note on how an album should sound.… Expand
Dec 16, 2013I'm generally new to Drake, but since "Started from the Bottom" & "Hold On, We're Going Home" gave me completely different impressions II'm generally new to Drake, but since "Started from the Bottom" & "Hold On, We're Going Home" gave me completely different impressions I figured I'd check this out as a full-length introduction. I definitely like it more than I don't, even if I'll have more to say on the negative side of things. The album starts with 2 great songs that capture the best of both sides of Drake's songwriting. "Tuscan Leather" has a very interesting instrumental, taking one vocal sample & manipulating it into 3 differently-paced & equally well-arranged beats, one for each verse of the chorusless track. Lyrically it's basically brag-rap, but the kind of brag-rap I can get behind, more than anything because it sounds authentic in a way. He takes the time to feel rightfully confident about his success, while never getting overly obnoxious or idiotic about it. Is it complicated or clever all the way through? Not exactly. But I think it does what it set out to do pretty well. Same could be said about closing track "Pound Cake Paris Morton Music 2", which has a decent verse from Jay-Z & another great vocal sample-driven beat. Meanwhile tracks like "Furthest Thing", "From Time" & "Too Much" lament the effect these successes have on personal relationships & the conflict presented between loved ones & fame in a really clear & effective way over comparatively much more downbeat & solemn instrumentals driven by atmospheric synths. And while "Hold On, We're Going Home" has a few lovey-dovey cliches & can be a bit repetitive, but I still can't help but love it as a well-written smooth R&B-laced pop song. Either way, it's clear that Drake does have the talent to make songs with moods this different work cohesively together.
Unfortunately I feel like he can't really carry either of those personalities over the duration of a whole hour-long album, since after a while both tend to get stale. On the braggadocios side of things, for me "Worst Behavior", "The Language" & "All Me" (feat. the always insufferable 2Chainz & Big Sean) are all major low points, filled with lazy about wealth delivered with a delivery that sound like he's not even trying to have any real flow or cadence. Then there's "Started from the Bottom". Look, if you've seen any kind of criticism of this song then you've heard the arguments that he grew up an actor on a very popular show & lived in an upper-middle class neighborhood with a very stable home life, which is far from "the bottom". Also that his ideas of "struggle" are traffic & the occasional argument with your parents. But I read an interview where he said that his real troubles were with getting into the rap game transitioning from TV. Which really makes this song more of a wasted opportunity than anything else. I would've found a song where he details the problems he faced making this transition in the beginning of his music career very interesting if he put enough good thought & imagery in there. Instead he made a short, lazy throwaway single that didn't exactly help convince hip hop fans that he's worth listening to. But on the other side of things you have these monotonous breakup songs that just drag the album down for me & paint Drake as a whiny prick who just won't let go of the past. One more track I'll mention is "305 to My City", a bizarrely pointless love song to a stripper that's pretty much inconsequential & has a chorus that really grates on me.
The other problem I have is Drake's vocals. I get that he wants to blur the lines between rapper & singer, and he's definitely capable in both areas on a technical level, but would it kill this guy to emote once in a while?! Around 70% of the time, he's in this flat monotone that's somewhere between the 2 vocal styles that just comes off awkward to me. No matter how emotional his lyrical content might get, I can never feel him expressing it vocally. And it's not like the rapper/singer vocalist hasn't been done well before. It's just that Drake seems to be unable to decide what to do on a given song, and instead settles for a boring medium that does neither vocal style justice & only drags the song down because of it. Heck, the few moments where he dedicates a song or verse to one of these styles, like "Tuscan Leather" or "Hold On, We're Going Home", are easily 2 of the moments on this album I found most entertaining sound-wise. Overall, I didn't dislike this album as much as I was fearing, but I didn't like it as much as I was hoping. It's a decent outing, if quite a mixed bag. While I'm not a fan of Drake quite yet, I can definitely see potential in his abilities to make an album that's great top to bottom.
Top 5 tracks: Furthest Thing, Hold On We're Going Home, Tuscan Leather, Too Much, From Time
Score: 64/100
(For a longer & more detailed review, look up the Facebook page "That Non-Elitist Music Fan".)… Expand
Feb 23, 2015Isn't rap about lyrics? Production is decent but lyrically this album is trash. Drake has only had one decent verse his entire career, andIsn't rap about lyrics? Production is decent but lyrically this album is trash. Drake has only had one decent verse his entire career, and that was on Forever. "F*** you Hip-Hop, my life sentence is served b***"… Expand
Awards & Rankings
|Sticky Fingers [Deluxe Edition] - The Rolling Stones
|You Can Make Me Dance, Sing or Anything: 1970-1975 [Box Set] - Faces
|Miles Davis at Newport: 1955-1975 The Bootleg Series, Vol. 4 - Miles Davis
|Elitism for the People 1975-1978 [Box Set] - Pere Ubu
|No Closer to Heaven - The Wonder Years
|M3LL155X [EP] - FKA Twigs
|Live at the Fillmore East: October 4th & 5th, 1968 [Box Set] - Sly & the Family Stone
|Radio Static High - Hey Colossus
|That's the Spirit - Bring Me the Horizon
|From Kinshasa - Mbongwana Star
|The RCA Victor and T-Neck Album Masters: 1959-1983 [Box Set] - The Isley Brothers
|Have You in My Wilderness - Julia Holter
|John Howard & the Night Mail - John Howard & The Night Mail
|Choose Your Weapon - Hiatus Kaiyote
|Summertime '06 - Vince Staples
|Something More Than Free - Jason Isbell
|Remembering Mountains: Unheard Songs By Karen Dalton - Various Artists
|The Blade - Ashley Monroe
|The Longest River - Olivia Chaney


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In This Section
Journal Forum
Synthetic Reverberator - January 1960
1 comment
Multichannel Sound Reproduction Quality Improves with Angular Separation of Direct and Reflected Sounds - June 2015
1 comment
Clean Audio for TV broadcast: An Object-Based Approach for Hearing-Impaired Viewers - April 2015
2 comments
AES E-Library
Application of Digital Integrated Circuits to Audio Amplification
In recent years, there has been growing interest in the possibilities of applying pulse, or -class D-, techniques to Audio amplification. Theoretically, pulse amplification is attractive, because it offers solutions to some problems which traditionally plague designers of linear, efficient power amplifiers. Nearly all suggested circuits, appearing in the literature, share a common burden of complexity, and are often the result of attempts to apply cumbersome discrete transistor techniques to the generation and amplification of pulse waveform. Monolithic logic circuits are now widely available, which are not only capable of simplifying and consolidating pulse generation, but of providing moderate amounts of power output, to directly drive a loudspeaker.
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Invite Freelancer to Project
You don't seem to have an active project at the moment. Why not post a project now? It's free!Post a project
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I have been working in the BPO industry for more than 5 years handling customer service accounts with financial background. My work experience are as follows: - Wipro BPO (June 2010- Present) Team Lead - Macy's Inc (June 2008- June 2009) Supervisor (Credit Services) - R Secure Command Security & Protection Service (July 2007- May 2008) Finance Officer - ePerformax Contact Center (May 2005 - May 2007) Team Lead - ICT Group (May 2002- May 2005) Assistant Team Lead


text:
B. Dolan
Men In Burka
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Men In Burka
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text:
Spotty rain, surreal lightning, and mighty winds were no match for Chicago's Grant Park
Released Albums
Lollapalooza 2015 Festival Review: From Worst to Best
Governors Ball 2015 Festival Review: From Worst to Best
Forty-five sets that capture the weekend's mud, madness, and mischief.
Top 10 Music Festivals and Headliners in North America: Spring 2015 Power Rankings
To quote Bob Dylan, "Things have changed."
In Photos: Sweetlife Festival 2015
Relive a weekend spent with The Weeknd, Kendrick Lamar, and Billy Idol
Boston Calling Spring 2015 Festival Review: From Worst to Best
Beck, My Morning Jacket, and St. Vincent keep the city's namesake festival strong.
Governors Ball announces 2015 After Dark shows
Post-festival shows include Hot Chip, Conor Oberst, Chromeo, Benjamin Booker, and more.
Album Review: Marina and the Diamonds – FROOT
Marina Diamandis' new LP leaves sassy pop hits behind to parade into ballad territory.
Governors Ball 2015 announces daily lineups
NYC music festival reveals who is playing and when.
Boston Calling reveals lineup for Spring 2015 festival
Beck, My Morning Jacket, Pixies, and Tame Impala highlight this year's festival.
SXSW 2015 announces third wave of bands
Best Coast, Arcade Fire's Will Butler, Marina and the Diamonds, and Diarrhea Planet highlight the latest additions.
Governors Ball reveals 2015 lineup
Björk, My Morning Jacket, Florence & the Machine, Lana Del Rey, Tame Impala, and more will travel to New York City in June.
Coachella's 2015 lineup revealed
Jack White, Drake, AC/DC, Florence & The Machine, Tame Impala, St. Vincent, and many more.


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I will cook a romantic dinner and will make breakfast in bed.
if you would like a relaxing massage after a long challenging day I will be there.
A little bit about me. I moved to California from Cincinnati in 1997, to be with the love of my life, however in 2007 we divorced.
I decided to stay in California, I moved from Los Gatos to Palo Alto
I'm easy going, a very nice sense of humor. Extremely sensual.
In 2012 I spent 3 weeks in Europe, France, Italy and Switzerland.It was a wonderful experience, except it would have been incredible with the women of my dreams.


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With 1.7 million freelancers, we'll match you with the perfect talent.
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Looking for an experienced graphic designer who can help me with Logo Design work for a new paddle board company that I'm starting. Additionally, I have an existing logo that I would like to be modified/ designed to look more professional.
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Metrocentro is a big shopping mall almost 2km south of Parque Libertad. Here you will find many shops selling clothes, electronics, toys, souvenirs etc. There is also a big supermarket and many fast food restaurants and cafés, and a cinema.
The Metrocentro in Santa Ana opened up in 1998.
- 1
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Get an instant answer from local experts and frequent travelers


text:
Characters: Gotham Girls
Caroline Greenway
- Fair Cop
- Jerkass: She usually criticizes her co-workers and doesn't exactly treat them with any real amount of respect.
- Kick the Dog: Her treatment of Batgirl.
- Ms. Fanservice: Has a nice figure and speaks in a sultry voice.
- Ungrateful Bitch: She still acts like a jerk towards Batgirl even though she tried to help her in one episode.
- You Meddling Kids: She claimed that she would have remained as commissioner if it wasn't for Harley Quinn.
Dora Smithy
- An Ice Person: After the end of the series she becomes this.
- Big Bad: Of season 3.
- Karmic Transformation: After the intense hatred she displays towards "costumed freaks", Mr. Freeze in particular, she falls into a vat of chemicals that turns her into an ice person like him.
- Knight Templar
- Reasonable Authority Figure: Towards Batgirl. That's before she's revealed to be the main villain of season 3 all along.


text:
Study: Twitter At Least 40 Percent Pointless
People who believe that Twitter's useful and important are not going to be pleased with the results of a new study. Pear Analytics tried to categorize 2,000 tweets, and found that 40.55 percent of them fell into the "pointless babble" bucket.
Let's start with the setup: working from Monday to Friday during the day, Pear captured 2,000 tweets over the course of two weeks. Next, it established the categories "news," "spam," "self-promotion," "pass-along value" (tweets including the term "RT"), "conversational" (questions, polls, and back-and-forth exchanges), "and pointless babble" (with "I am eating a sandwich now" given as an example).
According to Pear, 3.60 percent of its 2,000 tweets qualified as news. About 5.85 were of a self-promotional nature, and about 8.70 percent were significant enough to be passed along. Plus, 37.55 percent of the tweets were part of a conversation.
Then we arrive at the less productive stuff. Pear found that 3.75 percent of the tweets were spam, and although that isn't bad, a full 40.55 qualified as pointless babble.
But Twitter supporters can hinge an argument on at least one point. Towards the end of its report, Pear Analytics chose to promote Philtro, a sort of Twitter filter that it's testing. So you might not be out of line to raise questions about ulterior motives.


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- BGI has received accreditation from the College of American Pathologists (CAP)
- BGI Poised to Launch Its Desktop Sequencer BGISEQ-500 This October
- Complete Genomics Previews Revolocity™ Sequencing System at European Human Genetics Conference 2015
- BGI integrates QIAGEN Ingenuity Variant Analysis to its sequencing services
- BGI Presents the First Gene Catalog of Mouse Gut Microbiome
- Lanosterol revealed clues for cataract prevention and treatment
- Metagenome-wide association study extended to the oral microbiome and uncovered markers for rheumatoid arthritis
- International Team Revealed the Mystery of Major Depressive Disorder
- Huawei and BGI Sign Joint Development Agreement on Big Data Storage Systems for Genetic Research at HCC2015
- BGI Health Forms Partnership with University of Mayor in South America
- BGI Health Joins Hand with Star Metropolis Clinical Laboratories to Provide Genetic Testing Service
- BGI-Hong Kong 3730 Production Center Begins Operating, Providing Fast and High-quality Sequencing Services
- Chinese innovation : BGI's code for success
- The Infant Gut Microbiome: New Studies on Its Origins And How It's Knocked Out of Balance(Cell Press)
- China's Genome-Mapping Giant BGI Is Poised to Become an International Leader in Gene Sequencing and May Play Major Role in Interpretation of Genetic Test Results(Dark Daily)
- Chinese genome mappers BGI explain their mission to change the world
Media Contact
Tel: +86-755-36307212Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
–The Study Published Online in Nature Genetics–
March 25, 2013, Shenzhen, China - In a collaborative study published online in Nature Genetics, researchers from Cardiff University, BGI, International Wildlife Consultants, Ltd., and Abu Dhabi Falcon Hospital, have completed the genome sequencing and analysis of two iconic falcons, the peregrine (Falco peregrinus) and saker (Falco cherrug). The work provides an invaluable resource for the deep understanding of the adaptive evolution in raptors and the genetic basis of their wide distribution.
Peregrine and saker falcons are widespread, and their unique morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations make them successful hunters. The peregrine is renowned as the world's fastest animal, and the falcon is the national emblem of United Arab Emirate. In recent decades, peregrine and saker falcons have been listed as endangered due to rapid population declines caused by a wide range of factors including environmental change, overharvesting for falconry, habitat loss and bioaccumulation of pesticides (e.g. DDT, PCBs).
In this study, researchers focused on the evolutionary basis of predatory adaptations underlying peregrine and saker. They conducted whole genome sequencing and assembled the high quality ~1.2 Gb reference genomes for each falcon species. Phylogenic analysis suggested that the two falcon species might diverged 2.1 million years ago.
Comparing with chicken and zebra finch, researchers found the transposable element composition of falcons was most similar to that of zebra finch. Large segmental duplications in falcons are less frequent than that in chicken and zebra finch, and comprise less than 1% of both falcon genomes. They also found that a gene expansion in the olfactory receptor γ-c clade in chicken and zebra finch is not present in falcons, possibly reflecting their reliance on vision for locating prey.
Observing genome-wide rapid evolution for both falcons, chicken, zebra finch and turkey, researchers found that the nervous system, olfaction and sodium ion trans-port have evolved rapidly in falcons, and also the evolutionary novelties in beak development related genes of falcons and saker-unique arid-adaptation related genes.
Shenkai Pan, bioinformatics expert from BGI, said, "The two falcon genomes are the first predatory bird genome published. The data presented in this study will advance our understanding of the adaptive evolution of raptors as well as aid the conservation of endangered falcon species."
Contact Information
Bicheng Yang, Ph.D.
Public Communication Officer


text:
Kettering Model U.N. club competes at Harvard
The Kettering delegation prepared for the conference by studying the history, culture, economics, politics and foreign policy.
The Kettering delegation prepared for the conference by studying the history, culture, economics, politics and foreign policy.
Competition was fierce, but Kettering University's SAE clean snowmobile team placed first at the 2014 SAE Clean Snowmobile Challenge with a four-stroke gasoline engine.
NSBE members do grassroots outreach in underserved communities, distributing information about college, scholarships and the benefits of pursuing degrees in STEM fields.
Kettering student Andrew Sierra is the principle organizer of the leadership day that will bring together 30 of the top students from each of Flint's four higher education institutions.
Six members of the Kettering University DECA team competed in the National Collegiate DECA Conference in Anaheim, Calif.
The Kettering University Formula SAE team had its best showing in school history at a competition at MIS this month.
Kettering University Aero team finishes 11th in design at competition in California.
The Kettering University Baja SAE team finished 56th out of 85 teams at a competition in Tennessee.
Kettering's Engineers Without Borders B-Section continues its work to bring clean, safe drinking water to a village half a world away from campus.
The Kettering Snow Dogs (Clean Snowmobile team) won a host of awards at the 2013 Clean Snowmobile Challenge in addition to placing second overall.


text:
Upgraded my multisite to W3TC 0.9.2.8 after the fiasco with 0.9.2.7 not working with cPanel or CloudFlare and 0.9.2.6 not working with BackupBuddy and got this error message in various parts of the admin area when performing different actions:
Fatal error: Call to undefined function send_origin_headers() in (WordPress root)/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php on line 20
Seems like this call comes up anytime the WP admin area uses AJAX to load part of the page. Some examples are the various widgets on the dashboard, approving/disapproving/trashing comments, and saving some settings.
Deactivating the W3 Total Cache plugin fixes this problem. Still don't know if the BackupBuddy problem is solved yet.


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Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor
13 of 13 portraits of Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor
Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor
by Walter Stoneman
negative, May 1937
Given by Walter Stoneman, 1951
Photographs Collection
NPG x162884
Click on the links below to find out more:
Sitterback to top
- Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor (1879-1952), Newspaper proprietor. Sitter in 13 portraits.
Artistback to top
- Walter Stoneman (1876-1958), Photographer. Artist associated with 18478 portraits, Sitter in 8 portraits.
Portrait setback to top
Tell us moreback to top
Can you tell us more about this portrait? Spotted an error, something missing, or do you know anything that we don't know? If you have any information to share please complete the form below


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Adds source name and URL fields for media uploads along with a shortcode for displaying image credits.
image-credits to the
/wp-content/plugins/ directory.
[image-credits] or function
get_image_credits(); to display credits for all the images used within an entry, including the featured image.
Requires: 3.0 or higher
Compatible up to: 3.9.9
Last Updated: 2014-4-18
Active Installs: 200+
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Select Local Merchants
Smart Buy KitchenRead MoreIf "handy" is NOT your middle name, the professionals at Smart Buy Kitchen are here to handle all your home projects and repairs in Doral. Whether you're embarking on a total remodel or simply need some crown molding installed, the master carpenters at Smart Buy Kitchen will leave your home looking beautiful. If you need something fixed in your home, professional handymen are just a phone call away at Smart Buy Kitchen.3325 NW 79th AveDoral, FL US
Casey's Corner NurseryRead MoreShop for a new easy-to-ride bike at Homestead's Casey's Corner Nursery and make your commute easier and quicker. Casey's Corner Nursery is your one-stop shop for all of your outdoor wishes. Parking is accessible and not far from the store. So stop in at Casey's Corner Nursery today and discover their awesome selection of bikes and gear.31877 SW 197th AveHomestead, FL US
Kitchen Cabinets And Bath For LessRead MoreWhat services does your business offer and what makes your business stand out from the competition? Fast and reliable service at wholesale prices. 20 plus years of experience in kitchen renovations. Of the products you sell, which are your favorites? - All wood cabinets - Thermofoil doors - Granite counter tops - Quartz What was the inspiration to start or run this business? In 1992 after hurricane Andrew demolished South Florida I saw the need to bring quality cabinetry at an affordable price. What do you love most about your job? I love the reaction I get when a customer see there dream kitchen for the first time.53 West 21st StreetHialeah, FL US
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Marble Lite ProductsRead MoreFeel the breeze in your hair as you bike around Hialeah. Enjoy the simple pleasures in life with a bike purchase from Marble Lite Products. Looking for some new kitchen tools and gadgets? They've got you covered. With all of the parking options close by, you can keep an eye on your car during your visit. So if you're looking to roll out with a brand new set of wheels, check out the awesome selection of bikes and gear at Marble Lite Products today.9920 Northwest 79th AvenueHialeah, FL US
Lt Wood Technology IncRead MoreFound yourself saddled with a major household repair? Don't go it alone. Call up Lt Wood Technology Inc in Hialeah for expert handyman advice and quality service. When it comes to remodeling and revamping your property, their expert carpenters pay close attention to your input so you get just the results you want. Don't let your home's little quirks turn into big issues. Get them checked out by the friendly handymen at Lt Wood Technology Inc.2689 W 76th StHialeah, FL US


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A.S. Tibilov, Editor-in-Chief
O. V. Egorova and G. I. Shteĭn
O. V. Egorova
OOO Microscope Plus Consulting Firm, St. Petersburg (firstname.lastname@example.com)
G. I. Shteĭn
Cytology Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg
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To improve cleanliness on-board trains and stations, the Indian Railways announced the creation of an exclusive wing for management.
Prabhu, told a gathering of financial market representatives at the BSE that he will make it a norm to announce quarterly results for railways from now.
The public transporter attributes the fall to the rise in ticketless travel and shift in commuter preference due to improved condition of roads.
Revenue expenditure is like consumption expenditure, while capital expenditure (loosely investment) adds to assets and productive potential.
An Indian Railway Service officer of the 1980 batch, Lohani is likely to have a three-year term that may extend till December 2018.
Reliance Industries Ltd , controlled by Mukesh Ambani, has started selling diesel to the state railways for the first time since 2005/06.
A Japanese delegation will soon visit India to study the opportunities for industries in the railway station development plan of Railways.
Recalling his young days, Pichai noted that 25 million people daily ride the Indian Railways which has 7500 stations.


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8/26/2013 (2 years ago)
Catholic Online (www.catholic.org)
An unmitigated flop when it was first released, its director John Frankenheimer recalls the reception his science-fiction chiller "Seconds" when it was first released. "People would call the movie theater to ask what time it was playing. Theater owners would say, 'just come over to the theater and we'll play it for you!'" Frankenheimer laughed. In 2013, "Second's" story about mid-life crisis, plastic surgery, identity - as played by romantic male lead Rock Hudson, then trying to hide his homosexuality - is more relevant than ever. The film is getting a new lease on life with its Blu-Ray release.
Catholic Online (www.catholic.org)
8/26/2013 (2 years ago)
Published in Movies
Keywords: Seconds, John Frankenheimer, mid-life crisis, plastic surgery, film, Rock Hudson
LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic Online) - Warranting the Criterion Collection treatment, many feel this is long-awaited justice for an obscure masterpiece.
Director Frankenheimer was at the height of his fame in 1966. The young director of such classics as "The Manchurian Candidate," "Seven Days in May" and "The Train," Frankenheimer recruited Hollywood heavyweights such as photographer James Wong Howe and Hudson for "Seconds." How could it miss?
As Frankenheimer puts it, "Seconds" went from failure to classic without ever becoming a success. The reason was simple: art-house crowds were loathe to see a picture starring Hudson, often cast alongside Doris Day, and housewives who adored Hudson were unprepared for a film with shocking amounts of gore, nudity and existential angst.
The story is simple as a bad dream: Arthur Hamilton (John Randolph) is a bored, 50-year-old New York banker in a loveless marriage. He is encouraged by a mysterious organization to assume the identity of the artist Antiochus Wilson (Hudson) after extensive plastic surgery and a faked death.
Resettled in Malibu, California, he appears to find true love with Nora Marcus (Salome Jens). However, drunk at a party, Hudson blurts out that he is a "Second." This doesn't sit well with the other party guests - as they too, are other "Seconds" sworn to secrecy! The situation spirals out of control from there.
A classic scene has the "widow" of Hamilton (Frances Reid) paying a visit to Hudson, and unknowingly nails her husband in not so many words: "He fought for what he was taught to want, and once he had it, he didn't know what to do with it."
Science-fiction author Harlan Ellison called "Seconds" the greatest science-fiction film of all time, saying its truths were stark: "You can't escape who you are ."
Part science fiction, part thriller, part horror, part film noir, part black comedy, "Seconds" is being hailed as a period piece that is more contemporary than ever.
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