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meta refreshRefers to HTML coding that redirects a Web site visitor to a new page after a set and specified number of seconds. Meta refresh tags are used by Web sites that have changed addresses but want visitors to be able to access the new URL by going through the old one. When a user is automatically brought to a new page, this is known as redirection.
Meta refresh tags are commonly used on the Internet. When a URL is entered that has changed or is no longer valid, the user will often see a message that states something like "This site has moved to a new location. You will automatically be brought to the new site in five seconds."
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From wacky alarm clocks to lecture hall tools and after class entertainment, these Android apps are a good fit for a student's life and budget. Read More »Sharing Threat Intelligence
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Bioscience & Health Portal -- Overview
New medical diagnostic tests, improving the quality and cost-effectiveness of health care electronic records, reference materials for laboratory test methods, faster screening of promising vaccines, these are a few of the many areas where National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) research serves the needs of the bioscience and health care community. NIST collaborates extensively with other federal and private organizations to provide the new measurements and standards methods, tools, and data needed to advance biosciences and health research. Bioscience and Health represent a large portion of that content.
Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research>>
Programs and Projects
Nano-biophotonics for molecular imaging
Biophotonics is at the intersection of photonics and biology where light is used to image, detect, and manipulate biological materials. This … more
DNA Biometrics
There is ongoing interest in utilizing DNA typing methods for biometric purposes. Forensic DNA typing using STR markers has been performed in the … more
Optical medical imaging
The Optical Medical Imaging project was established to advance the application of optical imaging in surgical, clinical, and medical practices. … more
Reflectance Measurements of Human Skin
The purpose of this human subjects study is to collect high-quality measurements of the reflectance spectrum of human skin and assess the … more
Hyperspectral Image Projector (HIP)
Detecting climate change with remote sensing instruments, providing state-of-the-art surveillance imagery for security and defense, or getting the … more
HDX-MS for Biopharmaceutical Analysis
This project applies hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) for determining the dynamical structure of therapeutic antibodies, … more
NIST Mass and Fragment Calculator Software
The NIST Mass and Fragment Calculator is a program written in Visual Basic which calculates the mass of an input peptide or protein sequence along … more
NIST's Integrated colony enumerator (NICE)
Enumeration of bacterial colonies on an agar plate is simple in concept, but automated colony counting is difficult due to variations in colony … more
Isotope Enrichment Calculator
The NIST Isotope Enrichment Calculator is a program written in Visual Basic which determines the percentage of 15 N enrichment of stable … more
NIST Posts 5-Year Strategic Plan for Measurement Research and Services in Materials, Chemical and Biological Sciences
News And Events
NIST Hosts CIPM Consultative Committee Meetings of the CCQM Working Groups on Organic Analysis and Bioanalysis
Latest Publications
NIST Micronutrients Measurement Quality Assurance Program (Winter 2014 Comparability Studies): Results for Round Robin LXXV Fat-Soluble Vitamins and Carotenoids in Human Serum and Round Robin 40 Ascorbic Acid in Human Serum
NIST Micronutrients Measurement Quality Assurance Program Winter, Spring, and Fall 1990 Comparability Studies: Results for Round Robins XVIII, XIX, and XX Fat-Soluble Vitamins and Carotenoids in Human Serum
NIST Micronutrients Measurement Quality Assurance Program (Summer 2014 Comparability Studies): Results for Round Robin LXXVI Fat-Soluble Vitamins and Carotenoids in Human Serum and Round Robin 41 Ascorbic Acid in Human Serum
Related Links
NIH/HHS Secretary's Advisory Committee on Genetics, Health, and Society (SACGHS)
FY2011 Budget in Brief - Innovations in Healthcare — Measurement Science and Standards to Support Manufacturing and Regulatory Approval of Biologic Drugs
General Information:
100 Bureau Drive, Stop 1070

subset: commoncrawl


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18 results for bugs
Meet people with common interests and collaborate.
If you've found a glitch on the site, please report it here.
Beggar bugs
Etsy Bug Bounty Team
We are Troubleshooters
We are a team of bug hunters.
Coupon Central
Coupons Central
Birds and Bees
Lovers of Things with wings and Whings with Six Legs!
Love Ladybugs
I love everything ladybugs!
Taxidermy, Bones and Wet Preservation
Traditional to Rogue and everything in-between taxidermy has its place for lookers and collectors. But what about those that create it?
Banned From the Forums
Perma-muted from the forums? Exiled due to a slip of the keyboard? Just plain ornery? Welcome!
Listing Management Prototype
You've stumbled upon the Listing Management prototype team! Join to provide feedback on a new Listings Manager and Listing Process.
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General Message Board
HELP 10 KEEPERS!!! (WINNER 2 seasons in a row!)
10 Keepers, 5x5 10 team league:
C: McCann
1B: Morneau, Miguel Cabrera
SS: Tulowitzki, Alexei Ramirez
3B: Chipper Jones
OF: Carlos Lee, S. Choo, Matt Holliday, D.Span, Juan Rivera
SP: Linecum, Lackey, Gallardo, Hamels, Garza
RP: Street, Hoffman, R. Soriano, Jenks
Thanks.Sort: Newest | Oldest | Most Replied Expand all replies
McCann, Cabrera, Morneau, Lincecum, Tulo
Holliday, Lackey, Hamels, Garza ...then either Ramirez or Lee...never keep the old guys!!!
No doubters:
McCann - Shallow position and he's young and amazing
Miguel - Still young and a first round pick easy
Tulowitzki - Young and has a great power/speed combo
Holliday - Hitting behind Pujols, 'nuff said.
Lincecum - Best pitcher in the league
Gallardo - Future ace of a pretty good team, great strikeout potential
Others that you should keep:
Huston Street - very good closer on a good team
Alexei Ramirez - 2B eligibility which is important, power and speed combo
Hamels - On a very good team and will bounce back and be great
Garza - is maturing every year and is becoming great
Reasons against others:
Morneau: you already have cabrera so you don't need Morneau
Chipper - old and on the decline
Carlos Lee- on a bad team and is also slowly declining
Choo - nothing very special. he's good but not better than other keepers.
Span - fast and might be great. you might take him over Ramirez.
Juan Rivera - not good at all. he is unproven and probably shouldn't be on any teams in a 10 team league
Lackey - high ERA, fairly low strikeout rate
Hoffman - ancient
Soriano - could be better than Street but Street is still a safer pick
Jenks - not in great shape and not on a great team
Not to brag, but I'd trust my opinions about these types of things.
McCann, Morneau, Miggy Cabrera, Tulowitzki, Choo, Holliday, Lincecum, Gallardo, Lackey and Lee... That being said, you are a 2 year repeat winner. You shouldn't need any help. I think you were just bragging on how good your team is/was. :-)
- 1 Reply to steve m
haha i wish i were just bragging, but this actually has been a tough one. Everyone i asked has a different list of 10. But thanks for the help anyways
Silver Fox Silver Fox Feb 1, 2010 7:24 PM Flag
I'd keep these players
C: McCann
1B: Morneau, Miguel Cabrera
SS: Tulowitzki
OF: Carlos Lee, Matt Holliday,
SP: Linecum, Lackey, Gallardo, Hamels
Expert Fantasy Advice
Experts like Odell Beckham Jr. in Week 5 Daily Fantasy Football lineups
If you're debating on your Week 5 lineup for Daily Fantasy Football, we're here to help. … More »
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DFS advice for the Opening Night of the NHL season
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Week 5 Lames: Russell Wilson may leave Cincy with only two limbs attached
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Gift Premium Subscription To flglocks
Join Date:04-27-2012
Last Activity:10-06-2015 3:02 PM
5 Likes on 5 Posts
Posted in thread: Need a price check. on 09-26-2015 at 12:07 AM
$650 seems right
Posted in thread: If you had two Ar-15 lowers, what would you do... on 06-13-2015 at 02:29 AM
I would do one in in 556 and the other in 458
Posted in thread: Help with Upper Chip on 06-13-2015 at 02:27 AM
No malfunctions, then it's fine.
Posted in thread: Young Mfg. Bolt Carrier Group on 06-13-2015 at 02:23 AM
If your BCG isn't staked, just do it yourself
Posted in thread: AR charging handle latch on 05-25-2015 at 10:12 PM
If you have a 1:7 barrel, I think it's the round and not the charging handle. 55 grain is good
for 1:9 barrels but not great with the 1:7 barrel
Posted in thread: STI Trogan (.45) or Kimber Stainless Target II? on 05-25-2015 at 09:47 PM
Go with the STI
Posted in thread: It looked lonely in the case on 05-25-2015 at 09:46 PM
Can't go wrong with a sig
Posted in thread: Can't decide Glock 17 or Glock 19. Please help! on 05-19-2015 at 04:39 PM
Go to a range and shoot both and then get the one you like best
Posted in thread: G17 slide, barrel and guide rod on 04-08-2015 at 09:48 PM
I think you would need to price it lower than that to sell it. It's the factory pieces, not an
enhanced after market pieces. I think a buyer would just get a whole new gun for a little more,
than buyi...
Posted in thread: Which Glock Should I get? on 04-08-2015 at 09:41 PM
Depends if you want a 9mm or a .40. If you don't like the feel of the Gen 4, then get a Gen 3.
Shoot both and get what you like. We all prefer what we like. Get what you like, but try them
out before ...


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Full Cast of Desperado Actors/Actresses
Desperado cast list, listed alphabetically with photos when available. This list of Desperado actors includes any Desperado actresses and all other actors from the film. You can view additional information about each Desperado actor on this list, such as when and where they were born. To find out more about a particular actor or actress, click on their name and you'll be taken to page with even more details about their acting career. The cast members of Desperado have been in many other movies, so use this list as a starting point to find actors or actresses that you may not be familiar with.
List actors include Salma Hayek, Steve Buscemi and many more.
If you want to answer the questions, "Who starred in the movie Desperado?" and "What is the full cast list of Desperado?" then this page has got you covered.
This cast list of who was in Desperado includes both lead and minor roles. (30 items)
- 1
Abraham J. Verduzco East Los Angeles
- 2
Albert Michel Jr.
- 3
- 4;
- 5
Antonio Banderas Europe, Province of Málaga, Andalusia
- 6
Carlos Gallardo Acuña Municipality, Mexico, Coahuila
- 7
Carlos Gómez New York City, Area code 917, Contiguous United States
- 8
Cheech Marin Los Angeles, California, Southern California
- 9
Consuelo Gomez
- 10
Cristos Pennsylvania, Contiguous United States, United States of America
- 11
Danny Trejo Los Angeles, California, Echo Park
- 12
David Alvarado
- 13
Diego Sandoval
- 14
Elizabeth Rodriguez New York City, Manhattan, Area code 917
- 15
Enrique Iglesias Europe, Madrid, Madrid
- 16
Gerardo Moscoso
- 17
Jaime De Hoyos
- 18
Joaquim de Almeida Europe, Lisbon District, Grande Lisboa
- 19
Mark Dalton
- 20
Mike Moroff Texas, El Paso, Contiguous United States
- 21
Patricia Vonne Texas, Area code 210, Contiguous United States
- 22
Peter Marquardt
- 23
Quentin Tarantino Tennessee, Knoxville, Great Smoky Mountains
- 24
Reinol Martinez
- 25
Richie Gaona Texas, Contiguous United States, United States of America
- 26
Robert Arevalo
- 27
Salma Hayek Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, Mexico
- 28
Steve Buscemi New York City, New York-White Plains-Wayne, NY-NJ Metropolitan Division ...
- 29
Tito Larriva Juárez Municipality, Chihuahua, Chihuahua
- 30
Tommy Nix


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It may be a weekday, but your owner still has plenty of annoying details to attend to. The bills are a chore for both of you, but errands are what you really have to look forward to. Keep alert for the sound of the car keys.
Always a good reminder, that no matter how hectic life gets, don't forget how much they adore you & feed off of your emotions; remember 2 spend some quality time letting them know how much they mean 2 you.
Wow! That gave me a guilt trip. Have to tell my dog how much I love her; having been so stressed lately, she might be feeling unappreciated. Thanks 4 the kick in the rear!
Means my Gold.Ret.& I gonna fall in Love?
well we are Gemini =)
I am so glad they do the cat/dog scopes, how cute but also a good swift kick in the rear for us
i wonder i am a cat or dog? none of them seemed close today...
If I was a dog, this would be so true!
These things are awesome!! I nicknamed my dog zigzag!
I was trying-volunteered for a couple days but then life got hectic
good luck w/ that w/ my brat!


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STARmeterSEE RANK
Up 182,502 this week
Lou Elsey
Lou Elsey is known for her work on Star Wars: Episode III - Revenge of the Sith (2005), Where the Wild Things Are (2009) and Farscape: The Peacekeeper Wars (2004). See full bio »
More at IMDbPro » Contact Info: View manager
Represent Lou Elsey? Add or change photos


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We regret that due to the technical limitations of our site, we are unable to offer eBooks or Audio Downloads to customers outside of the UK.
For further details please read our eBooks help.
The Aesthetics of the Japanese Lunchbox (Paperback)Kenji Ekuan
Paperback Published: 11/12/2000
- Not available
The Makunouchi Bento, or traditional Japanese lunchbox, is a highly lacquered wooden box divided into quadrants, each of which contains different delicacies. It is also one of the most familiar images of Japan's domestic environment. When presented to the diner, the Japanese lunchbox seems straightforward enough; each of four food portions resides in its own compartment, apparently obeying a strict lunchbox geometry. So far, just food. But Kenji Ekuan reveals that a much deeper reading is possible, one that sees the lunchbox as nothing less than a key to an understanding of Japanese civilization, the spirit of form, and the aesthetic ideal in which the many are reduced to one.Ekuan reads the Japanese lunchbox as both object and metaphor. It is one of this book's many charms that he is able to see it as both simultaneously. He compares the visual pleasures of the Zen lunchbox to an aerial view of the Japanese archipelago; he invites us to savor its quadripartite structure as we savor the four seasons. In so doing, he unlocks the secrets of ancient Japanese rituals, celebrates the aesthetics of Japanese design, explores the contours of Japanese landscapes and technology, and delineates the forty-eight rules of the etiquette of Japanese form.With an agility more characteristic of poetry than of design criticism, he connects everything from food, television, motorcycles, package tours, and department stores to landscape, ecology, computers, and radios, all the while keeping his eye on his subject. In this book of magical transformations, nothing is what it first appears, but everything is deepened by "lunchbox theory." Consider the influence of the lunchbox on TV viewing, for example: chopsticks are used to stroll through a meal, just as remote control devices are used to browse TV channels. This book reveals a world of secret connections between its covers, in the spirit of the lunchbox itself.
Publisher: MIT Press Ltd


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We extend a warm welcome to everyone visiting the Pin Oak website! Pin Oak was previously known as the Manchester Golf Course and with a new name came a new 8,000 square foot clubhouse! Pin Oak is conveniently located off Highway 20 (Exit 277) in Manchester, Iowa, on 185th Avenue, just north of the entrance to Pin Oak Park.
Pin Oak offers 18 holes with lush blue grass fairways and bent grass greens. The course measures 6,263 yards from the back tee and is a par 71. The original 9 holes were built in 1927 and an additional 9 were built in 2000. Pin Oak offers challenges for all golfers including 11 sand bunkers, water hazards and large oak and spruce trees. Pin Oak is a public golf course with season passes available.
The new 8,000 square foot facility that anchors the course, offers a year-round restaurant with an updated menu, a full service bar, a indoor golf simulator, an outdoor grill, outdoor dining, two meeting rooms that will seat parties from 10 to 35 guests, and an event center that accomates up to 200 guests. The entire facitlity is available to host parties of up to 300 guests. Pin Oak offers current technology and wi-fi throughout the entire facitlity.
Come out and be a part of a new era at Pin Oak!
Call the Clubhouse
Clubhouse opens Monday - Friday at 8:00am
Clubhouse opens Saturday & Sunday 8:00am
Monday through Friday
7 AM to Noon-Starting Monday, September 28th open at 8 AM
18 holes includes cart rental
Every Tuesday & Thursday
We offer several meat selections
from spicy bratwurst to juicy steaks!
Served with two sides
Come join the fun on our patio
Interested? Call to learn more about our summer league
* 2 Person Teams
* League Fees: $25
* GHIN Handicap Fee: $18 + tax
Weekly green & cart fee extra for non pass holders


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Joakim Noah's hilarious take on guarding Roy Hibbert
Joakim Noah is the heart and soul of the rugged Chicago Bulls' defense. Noah, who has suffered from a lingering groin injury since the preseason, has a tall order tonight as he takes on Indiana Pacers big man, Roy Hibbert. So how will Noah defend the 7'2″, 290 pound center? His response was quick and to the point.
Noah on his approach to playing Hibbert: "Just try to be aggressive. Try to front his big ass as much as possible and make him run around."
— K.C. Johnson (@KCJHoop) November 6, 2013
This is a big early season test for both teams. The Pacers are currently 4-0, while the Bulls have struggled so far this season and are sitting at 1-2. Look for a playoff like atmosphere tonight as both teams want to prove they are the top dog in the Central Division.


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Select Local Merchants
Sumits Hot Yoga St. LouisRead MoreEquipment: Yoga mats, yoga towels, headbands, retail for hot yoga Students should bring: Mat, large towel, and water. These items are available to rent/purchase Average class length: 60–90 minutes Number of Staff: 1–5 people Class location: Indoors only Established: 2014 Registration required: No Good for beginners: Yes Guests allowed: Yes Parking: Parking lot Pro Tip: Please arrive 15–20 minutes prior to class. Q&A with Melissa, Owner/ Teacher Exercise is challenging, and people frequently give up on their fitness routines. How do you keep clients motivated? We have upbeat music, great teachers, [and] positive attitudes in a fun environment. We also encourage our students to take breaks and listen to their bodies throughout class. Your body changes each and every day. What is the biggest mistake you see people make when trying to get fit on their own? Pushing themselves too much when sometimes less is more. Doing the pose correctly gains more benefit then competing with the person next to you. When and how did you first develop a passion for fitness? Both business partners (Melissa and Emily) have always loved fitness. It wasn't until we found Sumits Hot yoga that fitness "changed" our lives and it became a lifestyle for us. We learned to mentally clear our head, shut the mind off for 80 minutes, relax, breath, tone, detoxify, cleanse, and nourish our body in a whole different way. When you take care of YOU, you can give back to everyone else in your life with more peace, patience, gratitude, and love. Is there anything else you want to add that we didn't cover? Sumits Hot Yoga attracts all types of people. Young, old, male, female, athletes, and non-fitness people. Everyone comes to their mat for a different reason, that's the beauty of yoga. Some people want to just de-stress and turn the mind off and lay down most of the class, while others want a very hard workout so they push themselves a little more.17668 Chesterfield Airport RoadChesterfield, MO US
Jazzercise NationalRead MoreToday, it's undeniable: Jazzercise is a worldwide empire, spanning more than 3,400+ locations and 32,000 weekly classes across the globe. It's also hip; gone are the leotards and legwarmers of the 1980s, replaced with a high-intensity blend of cardio, strength training, kickboxing and power yoga performed to hits by chart-toppers from Shakira to Pitbull. The class formats, which vary according to different toning goals, are just as diverse as the program's move set, with recent additions such as Fusion, Core, and Strike broadening the workouts' variety and application. Instructors cultivate a noncompetitive atmosphere where all exercisers are welcome regardless of age, build, or fitness background. This sense of community keeps Jazzercise devotees coming back, but so too do the results; benefits ranging from weight loss and boosted core strength to increased flexibility and stress relief. Participants can expect to burn up to 800 calories in one pulse-pounding 60-minute class. Jazzercise's continued success can be traced to the innovation of its founder, Judi Sheppard Missett. While teaching jazz dance in the 1960s, she decided to step away from tradition by offering an experimental class that allowed her students to simply dance without the judgment of mirrors or the constraints of rigid technique. Little did she know that this "just for fun" class was the prototype for what would become the Jazzercise sensation.620 North Woods Mill RoadChesterfield, MO US
PowerFit BootcamRead MoreEven before he founded PowerFit Bootcamp, JR Spear always felt a calling to transform people into fitness machines. A fourth-degree black belt and studied martial artist, Spear spent years training future Marine Corps officers and Iraqi soldiers in self-defense and combat skills. Later, Spear taught his own MMA fitness and cardio-kickboxing classes, along with personal and group training sessions. At PowerFit Bootcamp, he and his staff of fitness instructors encourage each student to persevere by leading motivational and high-energy classes. At 12 indoor and outdoor locations, students undergo full-body workouts designed to jettison fat and tone muscle. Trainers welcome students of all stripes, giving them a period of time to complete each move, rather than a number of repetitions, encouraging each student to do as much as he or she can without feeling uncomfortable, overexerting, or resorting to time travel. Along the way, coaches track progress and motivate students by noting benchmarks during physical fitness tests on the first Monday and Tuesday of each month.17842 Wild Horse Creek Rd.Chesterfield, MO US
My Gym ChesterfieldRead MoreMy Gym Children's Fitness Center, which currently has more than 200 international locations, began more than 30 years ago as a structured place for children to safely play, acquire new skills, and romp off a sugar buzz. All classes are organized according to age level (starting as young as 6 weeks) and designed to incorporate the latest physiological and psychological research. Tiny Tykes gets babies moving with help from their parents, Mighty Mites teaches toddlers self-reliance and beginning sports skills, and Champions, a class for kids aged 6–9, emphasizes the importance of using teamwork to master more complex sports skills and achieve group goals such as building a human pyramid to reach the cookie jar. My Gym's energetic instructors are experts at using music, dance, and gymnastics to build youngsters' strength and self-esteem while stimulating their giggle-plexes. The noncompetitive environment fosters creativity and hands-on activities boost children's learning retention and fun quotient.482 THF Blvd.Chesterfield, MO US
Snap Fitness - St. LouisRead MoreSnap Fitness's around-the-clock gyms enable members to work on their physical well-being with a cornucopia of fitness equipment. With 24-hour access, members don't have to let The Man tell them when to help themselves to Snap's strength and cardio equipment, which features built-in TVs and other media diversions. For those who exercise during conventional hours, Snap's friendly, unintimidating atmosphere welcomes patrons of all ability levels, unlike schoolyard dodge-ball squads. Members also enjoy nationwide access to all Snap Fitness locations, ideal for working out while traveling. For a dose of custom advice, patrons can seek out a personal-training session with a certified coach, who helps them assess and address their fitness goals. Clients reap the benefit of individual attention as a personal trainer helps them tackle weight loss, prepare for an arm-wrestling competition, or unveil the mysteries of arcane cable-weight machines.13379 Olive BlvdChesterfield, MO US
PureFitness-STLRead MoreAs a mother, certified personal trainer, and owner of more than one business, Kelly Porter doesn't the buy the "I'm too busy to exercise" excuse. Nevertheless, she makes it easy for her clients at PureFitness-STL to schedule a group class or private session, fitting workouts into morning and lunchtime slots. Her boot camps cater to visitors of all backgrounds with modifiable moves and a nonjudgmental vibe, which stresses the value of teamwork, partner drills, and squats that turn into trust falls. Kelly changes the routines daily to activate all of the body's muscles, but refrains from badgering her students. Though she provides the key ingredient of accountability, she insists that her patrons hit health milestones for themselves, not for her.14401 Conway Meadows Court WestChesterfield, MO US


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Product Information:
Height Adjustable Hercules Series Big and Tall Fabric Drafting Stool with Arms and Extra Wide Seat
Flash Furniture
Now you will be able to work comfortably for long hours with the Martin Universal Design Height Adjustable Drafting Seating with Footring. This seating is suitable for use in commercial locations as well as small office home office applications. Its fantastic design and ergonomics are sure to provide you with unmatched comfort.
The fixed loop armrests of the Height Adjustable Drafting Seating with Footring from Martin Universal Design enable you to rest your arms comfortably. Being made of durable and industrial grade materials, this chair is strong and durable. This chair is the foam padding that provides you with good cushioning in case you have been seated for a long time. The polyester upholstery of the chair is durable and is available in multiple colors to choose from according to your office decor. The chair has a metallic footring for you to rest your feet. Thanks to the pneumatic mechanism of this chair, you can comfortably adjust the height according to your preference.
The backrest of the chair provides ample support for you, so you can work comfortably. The base of this chair has five casters that facilitate easy movement around the workplace without you having to get up.
Product Details
Weights & Dimensions
Adjustable Seat Height
|Product Type: Drafting chairs
|Style: Modern
Base Material: Metal
Upholstered: Yes
|Mechanism: Pneumatic
|Swivel: Yes
|Ergonomic: Yes
Armed: Yes
|Exterior Seat Material: Fabric
|Number of Items Included: 1
|Back Height: Mid-back
|Back Type: Upholstered
|Headrest Included: No
Footrest Included: Yes
|Big and Tall: No
|Twenty-Four Hour Chair: No
|Adjustable Height: Yes
|Tilt Control: No
|Lumbar Support: No
|Life Stage: Adult
Casters: Yes
|Heated Seat: No
|Heated Back: No
|Leg Type: Five-point rolling
|Commercial Use: Yes
|Country of Manufacture: China
|Assembly Required: Yes
|Additional Parts Required: No
About the ManufacturerMartin Universal Designs feature an array of products to service all your design needs, featuring bags to travel, whether it be to and from the studio or class. They offer a variety of styles and shapes for your personal taste and your art/drawing supplies as well as drawing furniture, from classic solid red elm furniture, to functional steel. Their drawing furniture is the number one choice for the professional or student. Their wooden easels are functional, beautiful and come in a variety of styles to suit any taste.
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Ships via: FedEx/UPS
Enter your shipping zip or postal code to calculate shipping estimatesGet Delivery Estimate
We want you to love it. If you don't, you may return your purchase within 30 days of delivery. All you need to do is visit our Self-Service Return Center for instructions. Return credits are issued within 24 hours once the item is received and inspected. Please note that shipping charges are non-refundable. The cost of return shipping will be deducted from your refund. 30-Day Return Policy
Overall Rating
Based on 1 review
Customer PhotosAdd your own photo
broke apart quickly Cindy from Punta Gorda, FL on 09/25/2015 – Verified Buyer
the chair did not hold up well, we bought three and have replaced all but one in a short period of time Pros: inexpensive
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As a child my baby teeth came in with little or no enamel. My pediatric dentist said it...
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As a child my baby teeth came in with little or no enamel. My pediatric dentist said it would go away when my adult teeth came in, it didn't. I have had numerous cavities filled and caps put on as a child. As an adult I have had teeth pulled, cavities filled, crowns, etc. In 2 weeks I am having the rest of my teeth pulled and immediate dents put in. Right now I have 3 abscessed teeth and numerous cavities and sensitivity to hot and cold. The dentist diagnosed me with something called DI, which has to do with the ammount of enamel on teeth, but not nessiscerely all teeth. When I find the paper with the full name I will repost (as it was recently). My daughter. Who is 10, has been experiencing same things. Not my son though. My mother, father, maternal grandmother, and paternal grandfather ( that I know of all had the same problems). Although they have all passed away, my father told me he got dentures at age 34, my grandfather at age 40, my grandmother age 38, and my mother got partials just before she died of child birth at age 32. Note: We are 95% Irish. Any questions you can reply or email. I hope this helps someone! Also protective seals did not help as a child or adult.
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Am Mittwoch 06 August 2008 02:53:23 schrieb firstname.lastname@example.com:
> I've been working on a port of DRM for Syllable.? Syllable doesn't support
> drivers (or kernel modules) that are on the same level of abstraction &
> communicate with each other.? For example our sound card drivers can't
> communicate with any other driver normal driver, they can only communicate
> with busmanagers (PCI, ISA, etc.).? With this in mind, I've been wondering
> what the signifigance of having a drm kernel object that's seperate from
> the video driver, but the video driver is dynamicly linked to it.? If I
> have gotten something wrong, please let me know.? Also, is it a big deal to
> just compile all of the drm driver code into the video drivers?? I ask
> this, not because I'm trying to change the way you all do things, but only
> because I'm trying to find a suitable solution for Syllable.
It's been a very long time since I last looked into Syllable, but if I
remember things correctly, the setup was something like:
1. Hardware-specific video driver in the kernel
2. Hardware agnostic server in userspace that manages the desktop
The Linux setup is like this:
1. Hardware-independent kernel module "drm"
2. Hardware-specific kernel module, e.g. "radeon"
3. Hardware-specific module in the Xserver
Since you already have a hardware-specific module in the kernel, I think it's
reasonable to merge the hardware-specific parts of the drm into that existing
After all, when you have two hardware-specific modules in the kernel you only
end up having to worry about interface compatibility issues when people run
versions of the modules that don't match (alternatively you could force the
module versions to be the same, but then why separate things into two
different modules in the first place).
As for the hardware-independent kernel bits (the "drm" module), perhaps you
should think of them not as a driver but as a kind of shared library that
contains utility functions for writing a driver?
Once you're in that mindset of the "drm" bits being a library, and if the
Syllable kernel really doesn't support shared library loa ding (that's a very
odd design decision), you could always build them as a static library that is
linked into each of the hardware-specific drivers. So if that was your
original question, no, I don't think it's a big deal if that's the way
Syllable works.
The important thing is that it should be possible to do all this without
touching the shared-core directory by putting the Syllable-specific things in
their own directory (as is the case for Linux and BSD today).
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text:
Australian slang term for penis.
Johno has a huge hoss, it looks like a babys arm holding an apple.
af Wilco 3. august 2006
a horse so wild it must have come from Texas
damn, man. you better stay away from that hoss, or you may not get to do anything with your girl tonight
af Dan Easton 26. april 2005
a fat, disgusting pig
"I can't fit into my pants because I'm a hoss"
af Anonymous 9. november 2003
Adjetive; Something great, someone that has done something great.
"I want that baked potato, it's a hoss!
af Casey Pierce 6. december 2002
Absolutely the best thing to ever grace mankind. A ladies man to say the least, he frequently refers to females as bitches and gets away with it. The funniest friend in any group, and the person who everyone wants to be around. He is THE shit.
That guy was even more amazing than the second coming of christ...that was HOSS.
af The Hoss 3. november 2005
Someone that is extremely champion and deserves some props from the peeps. They also commandeer vehicles on the dirty streets and name them the "Scalleywag".
Gary Paulson, Mike Roch
af Chief 15. oktober 2004
the female action of macking on someone; v. to make apparent one's interest in the opposite (male) sex through overt gestures and exaggerated attentiveness
"She was hossing that guy up."
af Sheri 6. januar 2004


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A musical based on the play by William Shakespeare
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Romance and revelry abound in a glorious mashup of the Bard and boy bands. The King and his college buddies take an oath to spend the next three years devoted to study, and remove themselves from worldly temptations. Enter four girls from the boys' past and all bets are off!
Northern California debut
"FOUR STARS! … this gleeful riff on Shakespeare is a
Preview: Thursday, November 5
Show opens: Friday, November 6
Closes: Sunday, November 29
Special events:
The Douglas Morrisson Theatre is a program and facility of the Hayward Area Recreation and Park District
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Eaglescliffe is a small town in the borough of Stockton-on-Tees in North East England and covers the TS16 postcode. It is on the north bank of the River Tees and the local authority is Stockton Borough Council.
What tricks can you get up to with your family this Halloween?
Whether you're a veggie or not, there are a host of restaurants which cook up delicious vegetarian dishes
19-year-old man suffered head, chest and facial injuries and was flown to the trauma centre at James Cook University Hospital
Jesse McClure will be at Preston Park where he will meet fans of the reality TV show and take on a bizarre slalom event
Michael Scott, 36, has been jailed after admitting stealing DJ equipment from a Stockon pub and £350 from a pregnant woman's purse
Scales of Justice rounds up some of the cases decided at Teesside Magistrates' Court on September 9
Scales of Justice rounds up some of the cases decided at Teesside Magistrates' Court on September 7
Veteran criminal lawyer Peter Wishlade, 71, died suddenly at his home in Eaglescliffe after decades of 'fearless' legal practice on Teesside
Michael Scott, 36, also stole a purse containing £350 a week later from a hotel, Teesside Crown Court heard
'He would relate all his war stories to the children and they adored him:' Alan Baker, chair of REME Teesside branch
48-year-old died in a house fire in Darlington in June :: Mr Matthews taught drama and media studies at Egglescliffe School
Theresa McDonald Hindle, from Ingleby Barwick, is raising money for Tamba at the Great North Run
The woman, aged in her 50s, was airlifted to hospital after being involved in a collision with a blue Volkswagen Passat
Michelle is the reigning Yorkshire Dales AC club champion and spent last year competing in the men's category
The two-day event at Preston Park in Eaglescliffe remains a firm favourite on Teesside's summer calendar
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Article | March 31, 1998
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MRA-The Management Association- Inc
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MRA-The Management Association- Inc is a business providing services in the field of Tourist Attractions & Information. MRA-The Management Association- Inc is located in Vernon, WI on N19 W24400 Riverwood Drive.
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Western Animation: Teen Wolf
Teen Wolf, also known as The Cartoon Adventures of Teen Wolf, is the 1986 Animated Adaptation of Teen Wolf. It contains several changes from the film, such as Scott's werewolf nature being a secret. It ran for one season of 21 episodes on CBS.
Contains examples of:
- Amazingly Embarrassing Parents: Grandparents, actually, who are from the "old country" (Transylvania). They always stay wolfed-out, and Grandpa in particular likes to run around on all fours and chase cats.
- Animated Adaptation
- Blond Guys Are Evil: Mick.
- Canon Discontinuity: Was completely ignored by the sequel Teen Wolf Too.
- Canon Foreigner: Lupe Howard and Scott's grandparents.
- Jerk Jock: Mick.
- Nosy Neighbor / Secret Chaser: Mrs. Seslick.
- Oblivious to Love: Pam to Scott, and more pointedly Scott to Boof.
- Ordinary High-School Student
- Secret Keeper: Styles and Boof.
- With Friends Like These...: With the number of times Styles has put Scott into embarrassing situations, or tried to take advantage of Scott's family curse, for the sake of making a quick buck for himself, one has to wonder why Scott keeps him as a friend, or hasn't at least mauled him at some point.Scott: You'd sell my family secret for a buck a picture?!Styles: ...a buck-fifty.
- Your Costume Needs Work: One episode has a movie director filming a werewolf movie in Scott's town. Scott, in wolf-form, accidentally botches one of the scene takes, but the director's impressed with his appearance and offers him a part as a stuntman...only he says Scott's "costume" isn't realistic enough, and offers him a "more authentic" suit.


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updated 11/01/2011 AT 11:00 AM ET
•originally published 11/01/2011 AT 2:00 PM ET
When Selena Gomez first set eyes on her new puppy, Baylor, it was definitely love at first sight – and bark!
"We went to a shelter just for fun … and we saw this adorable, adorable puppy," Gomez said in a new interview with Canadian entertainment show eTalk. "I literally felt like he said my name. So, I had to have him."
The singer, who adopted the pup at a Winnipeg shelter while accompanied by beau Justin Bieber last month, cradled the new man in her life as she chatted with TV correspondent Tanya Kim backstage before a show in Hamilton, Ontario. Gomez even let the clumsy pooch (with "big paws") run around the venue.


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About Us
Center for Spiritual Living Eugene invites you to visit our spiritual community to explore new possibilities for your life. Our center is dedicated to helping individuals discover the spiritual tools and an inner Power that has the ability to transform lives and make the world a better place.
Center for Spiritual Living Eugene a 501(c)3, is affiliated member of the International Centers for Spiritual Living. Our center was founded in1970 by Charles McCutheons. In 1980, we changed our name from "Spiritual Growth Center" to "Center for Spiritual Living Eugene."
We offer a practical spiritual teaching that draws on the wisdom of the ages and New Thought principles, in order to promote awakening and personal growth. With a variety of services available, Center for Spiritual Living Eugene meets the needs of families, singles, children, adults, and seniors. Whatever your lifestyle or spiritual path, you will feel welcomed. Our spiritual community is ready to embrace, love, and accept you as you are. Everyone is included on the path to God!
If you are looking for a warm, dynamic, loving community of like-minded people, we encourage you to visit Center for Spiritual Living Eugene and claim the life your soul is seeking.
Click below to learn more about us:
Welcome home
Center for Spiritual Living™ Eugene provides spiritual tools to transform our personal lives and help make the world a better place. We are a spiritual community that honors all paths to God, and that can help you experience a personal relationship with God.
When God is the focus of our spirituality, other areas of our lives fall into place – we are happier, we can do more for others, be better stewards of the Earth, and help bring peace and harmony to the world.
Think about a spiritual place you'd like to visit that welcomes people of all ages, races, religions, sexual orientations and social backgrounds in dignity and love.
Imagine a place that communicates and celebrates the positive aspects of humankind, the world around us, and our relationship to the Power Within.
What would it be like to be part of a spiritual community that provides tangible steps and programs for individuals and families to improve their lives immediately? A place that is alive and exciting on Sundays – one that leaves you feeling wonderful and optimistic?
If you are in search of a place where you are respected and accepted for who you are, and if you want inspiration and support to grow to your highest potential – look no further. You've found your spiritual home and it's waiting for you.
Please accept our invitation to visit us soon!
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Whether you are a buyer seeking to buy a property or a seller seeking to finder potential buyers, you will find that there is a lot of demand in this real estate market.


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I am writing to express my disappointment in local politicians for supporting the proposed 35 percent, across-the-boards reduction in Kentucky Medicaid services. Do they fully understand the impact this would have on our most frail and vulnerable population?
I am a family nurse practitioner who works primarily with medically underserved populations. Currently about 50 percent of my practice at a federally funded family health care center in Spencer County is covered by Medicaid (Passport). I have many who drive from surrounding counties because local private physicians either do not accept or must limit the number of Medicaid (Passport) patients in their practice.
The reason for this is the comparatively, extremely low reimbursement for services rendered under Medicaid (Passport).
For medical specialties such as orthopedics, neurology, pain management, physical therapy and dermatology, it is much harder to find a provider who will accept Medicaid patients. These patients may have to travel as much as 50 miles for these services and wait months for appointments. This has created a wide gap in care for Medicaid recipients and hence large disparities in health care under the present system.
The proposed 35 percent cuts included a 5-page recount of all services offered to Medicaid recipients, including, to mention a few: provider reimbursements, durable medical equipment, medications, wound care, home health, emergency services and hospital services.
It would have rendered Medicaid worthless because no provider would be able to stay afloat financially by seeing Medicaid patients. It would have added to the already tremendous barrier to health-care services for those living at or under the poverty level and increase the disparities already keenly felt by this fragile population.
Clearly the budget needs to be balanced for our future generations, but we cannot morally or economically support cuts that start first by taking from those who have so little. We should not start at the bottom of the political food chain.
We have kept the unfair tax advantages of the very wealthy as sacred cows. Drug manufacturing companies, gas companies and health insurance companies make more contributions to political parties and lobbyists in one year than our entire state budget.
This might be a better place to start.
My suggestion to maintain financial stability in an uncertain economy is for the political minded to lead by example. They should be the first to vote themselves a 35 percent salary and budget reduction. Then maybe state Sen. David Williams, who wishes to establish himself as a moral man, can reimburse the taxpayers of Kentucky for the $1 million bill for the special legislative session conducted because of his political drama.
It should be no problem to raise this from the campaign contributions in his race for governor.
I leave you with a quote from a very wise man:
"Those who oppress the poor insult their Maker, but those who help the poor honor Him." Proverbs 14:31
Jean A. Stodghill, MSN, APRN, is employed at Park Duvalle Community Healthcare Center in Taylorsville. She resides in Shelbyville.
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A Triplet Repeat Expansion Genetic Mouse Model of Infantile
Spasms Syndrome, Arx(GCG)10+7, with Interneuronopathy, Spasms in
Infancy, Persistent Seizures, and Adult Cognitive and Behavioral
Maureen G. Price1, Jong W. Yoo1, Daniel L. Burgess1, Fang Deng1, Richard A. Hrachovy1,
James D. Frost Jr.1, and Jeffrey L. Noebels1,2,3
1 Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
2 Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
3 Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
Infantile spasms syndrome (ISS) is a catastrophic pediatric epilepsy with motor spasms, persistent
seizures, mental retardation, and in some cases, autism. One of its monogenic causes is an insertion
mutation (c.304ins (GCG)7) on the X chromosome, expanding the first polyalanine tract of the
interneuron-specific transcription factor ARX from 16 to 23 alanine codons. Null mutation of the
Arx gene impairs GABA- and cholinergic interneuronal migration but results in a neonatal lethal
phenotype. We developed the first viable genetic mouse model of ISS that spontaneously
recapitulates salient phenotypic features of the human triplet-repeat expansion mutation.
Arx (GCG)10+7 ("Arx Plus7") pups display abnormal spasm-like myoclonus and other key EEG
features, including multifocal spikes, electrodecremental episodes, and spontaneous seizures
persisting into maturity. The neurobehavioral profile of Arx mutants was remarkable for lowered
anxiety, impaired associative learning, and abnormal social interaction. Laminar decreases of Arx+
cortical interneurons and a selective reduction of calbindin-, but not parvalbumin- or calretinin-
expressing interneurons in neocortical layers and hippocampus indicate that specific classes of
synaptic inhibition are missing from the adult forebrain, providing a basis for the seizures and
cognitive disorder. A significant reduction of calbindin, NPY-expressing and cholinergic
interneurons in the mutant striatum suggest that dysinhibition within this network may contribute to
the dyskinetic motor spasms. This mouse model narrows the range of critical pathogenic elements
within brain inhibitory networks essential to recreate this complex neurodevelopmental syndrome.
migration; interneuron; GCG repeat mutation; epilepsy; autism; transcription factor
Infantile Spasms Syndrome (ISS or West syndrome) is a rare, complex seizure disorder
appearing within the first year of life. The clinical features include brief motor spasms of the
Corresponding Author: Dr. Jeffrey L. Noebels, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX
77030. Email: email@example.com.
Senior Editor: Dr. Karl Herrup
NIH Public Access
Author Manuscript
J Neurosci. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 January 8.
Published in final edited form as:
J Neurosci. 2009 July 8; 29(27): 8752–8763. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0915-09.2009.
NIH-PA Author Manuscript
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extremities and trunk, chaotic high-amplitude interictal EEG waves and multifocal spikes
("hypsarrhythmia"), and severe developmental delay. The motor spasms and hypsarrhythmia
cease spontaneously in nearly 25% of cases per year, and typically abate in most children by
age 5, however cortical seizures and mental retardation often persist into adulthood (Frost and
Hrachovy, 2003). The disorder is poorly responsive to all medical therapy, and there is no
effective treatment. Along with acquired etiologies of ISS and congenital brain malformations
(Curatolo et al, 2002), inherited monogenic errors have been associated with ISS, including
disruption of the CDKL5 gene for cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5/serine-threonine protein
kinase 9 (Kalscheuer et al., 2003) and several mutations in the Aristaless-related homeobox
(ARX) gene (reviewed by Poirier et al., 2008)
ARX is one of several homeodomain-containing transcription factors controlling GABAergic
interneuron migration and maturation in the brain (McManus and Golden, 2005; Friocourt et
al., 2008). Human ARX mutations lead to a spectrum of severe neurobehavioral disorders,
including ISS/epilepsy, dystonia, autism and mental retardation (Bienvenu et al., 2002; Gecz
et al., 2006; Guerrini et al., 2007; Turner et al., 2002). Mice with targeted deletions of Arx die
at birth, and the neonatal brain shows an accumulation of newly born interneurons near their
proliferative zones in the medial and caudal ganglionic eminences, resulting in major deficits
of GABAergic interneuron number in neocortex, hippocampus and striatum (Kitamura et al.,
2002; Colombo et al., 2007). Cultured ARX-deficient interneuron precursors retain some
degree of maturation potential, but show abnormal morphology and migration. Whether this
defect is autonomous to ARX-expressing neurons or can be rescued in a permissive cellular
environment is not yet clear, however in vitro transplant evidence favors the conclusion that
migration can be rescued in Arx −/− neurons (Colombo et al., 2007). The early death of Arx −/
− mice prevents a determination of the full postnatal clinical and neuropathological pattern of
Arx deficiency, as well as a viable model to gain insight into possible methods for rescuing
impaired Arx function in the postnatal nervous system.
Here we describe the generation and initial characterization of a non-lethal genetic mouse
model of ISS engineered by targeted expansion of the first polyalanine tract in the X-linked
Arx gene. This polyalanine tract expansion is the mutation most commonly associated with
West syndrome and mental retardation in human ISS patients (Poirier et al., 2008; see OMIM
308350). Consistent with the predominant expression of Arx in GABAergic interneurons and
neural precursor cell populations, the Arx (GCG)10+7 ("Arx plus7") mutant brain has reduced
numbers of Arx-, calbindin-, and NPY-expressing interneurons, and striatal cholinergic cells,
but spares other inhibitory subpopulations, including parvalbumin and calretinin. Metabolic
abnormalities leading to early lethality in the Arx null mutant are absent, and mice with this
human pathogenic mutation survive to display infantile motor spasms, seizures and distinctive
EEG abnormalities, along with cognitive and behavioral abnormalities persisting into
Materials and Methods
Development of Arx (GCG)10+7 polyalanine expansion knock-in mutant lines
The Arx (GCG)10+7 knock-in targeting construct was created in the pFloxFlpNeo vector (a gift
of Dr. James Shayman, University of Michigan; Hiraoka et al., 2006). BAC clone RP23-53K18
(Invitrogen) (NCBI locus AL590876.20) was the PCR template for mouse Arx gene fragments.
The 4.2 kb left homologous arm containing exon 1 was obtained using primers
GCTCGAGTCGACTGTTGCTAAGTGTAGAGAAAATTAACTCAG and
GCTCGAGCCTCTTTCTTTCTTGTAGTACTCCTTTCG to introduce 5′ tandem Xho I and
Sal I sites and a 3′ Xho I site. The 2.2 kb right homologous arm commencing 71 bases into
intron 2 was made using GATTTAAATCAAGTATACTGGGGCTTTAAGTTTCTGTTG
and GCATATGTAAGACTGATCTTTGCCTCTAGAATGCCTAC. Exon 2 includes the
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coding sequence for three of the four polyalanine tracts (Fig. 1A). Wildtype exon 2 flanked by
205 and 71 bp of introns was produced as a Bam HI fragment with
GGGATCCAGAAATGAAGGGACGAAGGTAAAAG and
GGGATCCGAGAGGTTCCTGGACTCTGTAGACC. It was cloned into the pGEM7 vector
(Promega) which lacks Not 1 sites. By the method Nasrallah et al. (2004) employed to expand
the mouse ARX polyalanine tract 1, an oligo duplex with Not 1 overhangs created with
GGCCGCTGCTGCTGCTGCTGCCGC and GGCCGCGGCAGCAGCAGCAGCAGC was
inserted into the codon for amino acid 109. The resulting Arx(GCG)10+7 gene fragment was
ligated into the loxP flanked Bam HI site of the vector. The herpes simplex thymidine kinase
gene was obtained using the pPNT vector (a gift of Dr. Richard Mulligan, Children's Hospital,
Boston: Tybulewicz et al., 1991) and primers
GGTCGACTGCCAAGTTCTAATTCCATCAG and
GGTCGACGGCCTTCACCCGAACTTG. It was ligated into the Sal I site 5′ of the left
homologous arm to complete the targeting vector. PCR products and the completed targeting
vector were verified by full sequencing before proceeding (Lone Star Labs, Houston, TX).
The Nde I-linearized targeting construct was electroporated into male129S5/SvEvBrd strain
AB2.2 mouse embryonic stem cells. Cells were subjected to simultaneous positive and negative
selection using G418 (180 μg/ml) and gangcyclovir (200 μM). Seven targeted clones were
identified by duplicate Southern blots of EcoR I or Ase I restriction fragments labeled with
probes directed against 5′ or 3′ 900-bp sites (5′ probe obtained
GTTTTGAAGAGGTTGAGCAT and GTCGAAATTCAAAACCCAAC; 3′ probe with
GGGGTATGGACTGGAAGAAGC and GTTGCTGTCACATCTCTGTTTGA). 129S5/
SvEvBrd and C57BLl/6J wildtype genomic DNA gave the same size of labeled restriction
fragments. The frt-flanked neomycin resistance cassette was excised from targeted stem cells
by Flp-recombinase expressed from plasmid pOG-Flpe6 (a gift of Dr. Dr. A. Francis Stewart
(University of Technology, Dresden Germany; Buchholz et al., 1998). PCR with
CGTCTTCACCAGGTATGGG and GTTTTAGAGCCAAACCGCCTC yielded a 2 kb
neomycin-plus or a 335 bp neomycin-minus mutant band. This primer set was used for
genotyping, yielding a wildtype band of 277 bp.
The Arx (GCG)10+7 knock-in was established in mice using standard procedures. C57BLl/6J
albino mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME) and 129S5/SvEvBrd
mice were obtained from the Darwin Transgenic Core at Baylor. Experiments described here
used mixed strain N2 mice (75% C57BL/6/25% 129S5/SvEvBrd). Mice were housed under
constant temperature and humidity, with a light/dark cycle of 12 h (light: 7:00 AM to 7:00
PM). Animal care and use conformed to National Institutes of Health Guide for Care and Use
of Laboratory Mice and was approved by the Baylor College of Medicine Institutional Animal
Care and Use Committee.
Gross anatomy and histology of major organs
Necropsy was performed on two wildtype and two Arx (GCG)10+7 6-week old male littermates.
Their major organs were prepared as hematoxylin- and eosin-stained sections and analyzed in
Baylor's Comparative Pathology Laboratory.
Immunostaining brain sections and cell counts, Fluoro-jade staining
Six to nine pairs of mutant and wild-type siblings were used for each immunostaining
procedure. Cryosections 30 μm thick were used for free-floating immunohistochemistry. The
primary antibodies were rabbit anti-ARX (ARP36824_T200, Aviva Systems Biology) at
1:500, goat anti-doublecortin (C-18, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) at 1:200, goat anti- choline
acetyl transferase (Millipore AB 144P at 1:200), rabbit polyclonal anti-neuropeptide Y (N
9528, Sigma Aldrich) at 1: 8,000, mouse anti-parvalbumin and mouse anti-calbindin-D-28K
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(clones PARV-19 and CB-955, respectively; Sigma Aldrich) at 1:1,000, and mouse anti-
calretinin (MAB 1568, Millipore) each at 1:200. Avidin biotin peroxidase complex
immunostaining was done with Elite ABC kits (Vector Laboratories). Substrate reactions were
stopped simultaneously in control and mutant sections. Light microscopy was performed with
an Olympus model IX71 inverted microscope. Photographs were imported into the Photoshop
CS3 extended application (version 10.0, Adobe) for measurement of areas and thicknesses and
counting immunostained cells. The boundaries of cortical layers I-IV were determined from
sections immunostained for calbindinand applied to sections stained for other interneuron
markers. All immunostained cells contained within the defined cortical areas were counted
throughout equal numbers of sections at Bregma -2.5 (Paxinos and Franklin, 2001) and from
Bregma 1.0 and 0.5 (counts from the latter two sections were pooled). Immunostained cells in
the hippocampus were counted in sections at Bregma -2.5. ChAT+, NPY+ and CR+ cells were
counted in the entire caudate putamen in sections at 0.5 and 1.0 Bregma levels, and cell counts
were pooled. The more abundant ARX+ and CB28k+ cells were counted in three 1 mm2 areas.
All counts were converted to cells/mm2 then expressed relative to wildtype values set at 100%.
Significant differences were assessed by the unpaired 2-tailed t-test. Fluoro-jade staining for
dying cells was done on Bregma -2.5 brain sections from pairs of 1 month-olds of each
genotype, using standard published methods (Schmued and Hopkins, 2000)
Blood glucose measurements for pancreatic function
Glucose levels were measured in blood from the tails of 4 wildtype and 4 mutant males aged
3 months, using an Accu-Chek Advantage monitor (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN). For
4-hr- and 24-hr-fasting levels, food was removed but water was left.
Assessment of spontaneous movements of infant mice
The Arx (GCG)10+7pups from 4 litters included mutant males and mutant homozygous females
(n = 13), as well as nonmutant males and females (n = 24). Pups were marked on different toes
and placed in numbered compartments of a plastic box, with a timer in view. Two sequential
30-min DVD recordings were made at approximately the same time during the lights-on period,
in a humid, 35°C temperature-controlled environment. Quantitative analysis focused on pups
7–11 days postnatal. Mothers accepted their pups and pups achieved developmental markers
at normal times. A 30-min recording in which the least voluntary movement occurred was
reviewed pup by pup to score spontaneous movements during sleep and at the moment of
awakening. Movements in three categories were counted: a) high-amplitude movements
included rapid, abrupt displacements of the entire body across the floor of the compartment,
as well as b) startles, defined as "sudden, spontaneous and simultaneous contractions of skeletal
muscles throughout the body" (Karlsson et al., 2006) which displayed abdominal contractions
bowing or twisting the body or as simultaneous strong movements of three or more appendages,
and c) low-amplitude movements included myoclonic twitches and kicks. Voluntary
movements during obvious wakefulness were not scored.
Simultaneous video and electroencephalographic recording
Two- to 5 week-old Arx (GCG)10+7mutantand wildtype littermate males were implanted for
chronic EEG recordings following established methods. Mice were anesthetized by
intraperitoneal injection of 0.02 ml/g Avertin. In mice older than 3 weeks, 8 teflon-coated 0.005
inch diameter silver wire electrodes soldered to a microminiature connector were implanted
into the subdural space over the temporal, parietal, and occipital cortices. A bipolar montage
linking parietal to temporal and parietal to occipital electrodes on either hemisphere was used
to localize EEG activity to specific brain regions. Only two bilateral electrodes (left temporal
3, and right temporal 4)- were implanted in younger (P11) mice. Beginning 1 day post-surgery,
EEG activity was monitored with the mouse moving freely in a cage during random 3–4 hr
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periods or overnight for 7–12 hr. Behavior recorded with a digital video camera was correlated
with EEG activity (Stellate Systems, Harmonie v. 5.0b). Recordings were made for up to 6
weeks post-implantation. The EEG and behavioral data were evaluated by three expert
Behavioral Assessment
Groups of experimentally naïve, two-month old mutants with their wild type littermates were
used for all behavioral tests, which were performed in an identical sequence over a period of
7 days for both genotypes.
Startle to an acoustic stimulus and prepulse inhibition of startle—Prepulse
inhibition (PPI) is the reduction in a startle response caused by a low intensity non-startling
sound, the prepulse, given before a 40 ms-long startling sound of 120 dB (Marubio and Paylor,
2004). Each mouse was placed in a plexiglas cylinder on an accelerometer in a lighted, sound-
attenuated box (SR-Lab System; San Diego Instruments) and left for 5 min with constant 70
dB white noise. Test sessions included 48 randomly generated trial types delivered over 10
min, with prepulse sounds of 74 dB, 78 dB or 82 dB given 100 ms before the startle stimulus,
or with the sounds given separately.
Nociception—Mice were placed inside a plexiglas chamber with the floor heated to 55°C.
The latency to a hindlimb response, lifting or twitching or licking a foot, was recorded.
Motor function test—Motor skills were evaluated with a rotating rod (model 7650 Rota-
rod, Ugo Basile, Comerio, Itay) accelerating from 4 to 40 rpm in 5 min (McIlwain et al.,
2001). Four trials, 30–60 min apart, were done on two days. Maximum trial time was 6 min,
except for the last one which was extended until the mice dropped off the rod or rode around
Light-dark exploration test—Mice were placed near the outer wall of the light end of a 44
× 21 × 21 cm plexiglas box unequally divided into light and dark chambers. The number of
entries during the ten-min period when a mouse had all feet in either chamber was recorded
(McIlwain et al., 2001).
Open field test—Mice were placed in the center of an evenly lighted open-field space (40
× 40 × 30 cm) (McIlwain et al., 2001). Activities in the X, Y and Z axis were quantitated over
30 min by a computer-operated photo beam-based Versamax system (AccuScan Instruments).
Data were collected over 2 min intervals.
Learning behavior: Pavlovian conditioned fear—Performance in a conditioned fear
task was analyzed using the video-based freeze monitor system (San Diego Instruments)
(McIlwain et al., 2001). Training involved two events of a conditioned stimulus (CS) of 30
seconds of 80 dB white noise followed by a 0.4 mA mild 2-second foot shock. A day later,
mice were given 5 min in the context of the training environment. Sixty min later, the auditory
CS test was done with altered contextual cues: the grid floor covered with plexiglas, the square
space changed with a 45° angled plexiglas wall, and the smell changed by cleaning with ethanol
rather than isopropyl alcohol and adding a cap of vanilla extract. Freezing behavior was noted
during 3 min without CS then during 3 min with continuous CS. The CS-minus PreCS values
for four of the 21 subjects of each genotype were 2 standard deviations outside the mean, so
were excluded.
Social behavior: tube test of social dominance—Each Arx (GCG)10+7mutant mouse
encountered 3 different non-cagemate wildtype mice at approximately equal time intervals and
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