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Nuxe Huile Prodigieuse (Multi-Purpose Dry Oil)
173 reviews
74% would repurchase
Package Quality: 3.8
Price: $$$
Package Quality: 3.8
Price: $$$
INGREDIENTSIsopropyl Isostearate, Macadamia Ternifolia Seed Oil*, Coco-Caprylate/Caprate, Dicaprylyl Ether, Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis (Sweet Almond) Oil, Corylus Avellana Nut Oil/Corylus Avellana (Hazel) Seed Oil, Camellia Oleifera Seed Oil, Parfum/Fragrance, Tocopherol, Borago Officinale Seed Oil, Olea Europaea (Olive) Fruit Oil, Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil, Rosmarinus Officinale (Rosemary) Leaf Extract, Hypericum Perforatum Flower/Leaf/Stem Extract, Solanum Lycopersicum (Tomato) Fruit/Leaf/Stem Extract, Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Benzyl Salicylate, Butylphenyl Methylpropional, Citronellol, Geraniol, Hydroxycitronellal, Limonene, Linalool [N1005/D]
on 4/26/2015 3:59:00 PM
Age: 44-55
Skin: Normal, Fair, Warm
Hair: Brown, Straight, Medium
Eyes: Hazel
I purchased this in January and due to product overload I have just started using this oil. I am a really hard nut to crack and this oil had me loving it after first use.
- compared to other similar quality oils, it is not over priced.
- the scent is soft and dissipates quickly
- the texture ( omg the texture!) is not oily but silky- it absorbs quickly and does not leave an oily film. I have been comparing it to maracuya/argan and various other oils including Boscia which is almost double the price.
I use this at night over my nightcream and wake up to unbelievably soft skin. I rub this on my arms, legs, neck and d�colletage. It is glorious on hands too.
I will definitely repurchase and look into the other products in the Nuxe line.
on 4/26/2015 1:10:00 PM
Age: 44-55
Skin: Dry, Fair, Cool
Hair: Brown, Wavy, Coarse
Eyes: Brown
I thought I would love this product but I'm honestly not all that crazy about it. For starters, I dislike the packaging intensely - the clunky, square, glass bottle is easy to lose your grip on as it's not really designed to fit securely in whichever hand is holding it. And the spray application - it's a great idea that simply DOES NOT WORK FOR BODY OILS. The same holds true for a lovely oil I have from Cake Beauty....the spray sends the oil everywhere - all over the tile floors in my bathroom, for example, to say nothing of the edge of the tub, the counters, etc. unless I hold it really close to my body, which sort of defeats the whole idea of a spray, right? This leaves a slippery and potentially dangerous mess and it's impossible to spray this all over your body easily (for example, if you are right handed, it's not easy to spray this on your right arm, shoulder, etc.). If sprays actually put the product just where you wanted it, in a nice, somewhat wide dispersal but not all over every other surface, that would be fine, but they don't do this. How much more practical to have it in a handy pump bottle - pump the product into your hand and distribute it/massage it in. And this takes me to the even bigger issue with this product - massaging it in. Good luck with that. I find this just sits on the surface of my skin and doesn't really do much at all in terms of sinking in and moisturizing or softening. All it seems to do is impart a nice sort of glowing finish onto the surface of my skin, which still looks parched dry but with a nice sheen and in a Canadian winter, I need more than this. I'm happy enough to have this oil as I got it with my SDM points and it does smell lovely but I would not repurchase, mostly because of how awkward the bottle is. I'll stick with Cake Beauty Inca Oil, Caudalie or Clarins!
UPDATE: Since purchasing the Lise Watier summer LE dry oil, I've totally left Nuxe at the back of the cabinet. I've purchased a backup of the Watier product as it is LE and once I empty the first bottle of it, I'll pour the Nuxe oil into it because the bottle and the sprayer are both so much better and will make using the oil a lot more practical.
on 4/4/2015 4:38:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Normal, Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Brown, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
In the most short and simplest manner, this product was good, I liked it, but far too expensive to repurchase. It is a body oil, meaning I would have to repurchase it at minimum every 6 weeks.
- It was very moisturising
- It did not make you feel greasy, especially when putting clothes over
- Could use it on your face as a primer
- Smelt pretty nice, natural yet not overpowering
- Lasted the whole days
- Ingredients relatively organic, meaning I get real plant extracts on my skin opposed to artificial esters which mimic certain extracts
- Leaves body glowing looking very healthy, received numerous compliments
- Very expensive if you think about how many pounds/dollars you are dishing out for this product on a yearly basis
- Body shop body oils were pretty much a cheaper alternative (though don't smell as nice)
- Bottle was too small for the price you paid
- Spillage is easy with the product (especially if you are clumsy like me)
- Glass bottle broke!
on 3/23/2015 3:13:00 PM
Age: 30-35
Skin: Sensitive, Fair, Cool
Hair: Blond, Wavy, Fine
Eyes: Blue
This is an "HG" (aka "Holy Grail") beauty product for me. I have suffered from extremely dry skin since I was in my early teens and I have tried hundreds of products in order to find one that would alleviate my problems. A chance recommendation by a friend on a beauty forum lead me to try NUXE Huile Prodigieuse. I wasn't expecting much, considering I have tried other body oils before with limited success. What a lovely surprise it was when NUXE Huile Prodigieuse helped my skin from the very first use. It sinks into your skin effortlessly with virtually no "drying time". The scent is light and pleasant, and fades after 30 minutes. The difference in my skin after only a few days use is unbelievable. My dry, itchy, rough and unsightly skin has been transformed into soft, comfortable and hydrated skin. I no longer have giant dry flakes on my face and hands, that used to make me so sad and self conscious that at times I would decline social invitations. I have used NUXE Huile Prodigieuse on both my body and hair. I was nervous the first time I used it on my hair, as I have very fine hair that is easily weighed down by styling products. I needn't have worried. Applying this sparingly to the ends of my hair and through the lengths left me with silky smooth and oh so soft locks.
NUXE Huile Prodigieuse has given me healthy, nourished skin, and that's nothing short of miraculous. This is a product I will continue to use and enthusiastically recommend to folks everywhere.
on 3/6/2015 7:56:00 PM
Age: 30-35
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Blond, Other, Other
Eyes: Green
I bought a bottle in France, as it was described as a cult favourite.
I like it, but it's not a miracle product.
I like:
- the texture (I put it on after the bath and my legs feel very smooth)
- the smell (at first I thought it was sort of "old" smelling, but now I find it classy)
- moisturizing it provides (can out of facial moisturizer and used this in a pinch, my face was so soft, now I use it all the time for my face)
- my hair (put it on the ends of my very frizzy, dry, bleached blonde hair and it looks lovely, shiny, and soft. Plus my hair smells lovely).
- the packaging is heavy, and feels nice in my hand.
- the finish (when I put it on my body it has a nice sheen. At night I even like how it looks on my face.
I don't like:
- it's quite expensive (although I don't regularly purchase high quality cosmetics, so in reality I think this cost is pretty much in line with high-end products)
It's worth a try if you're in France and have the money to spend (it was only 16 EU!) Although I confess, I've recently run out, and purchased a new bottle from Amazon for $40 CAN, so I do like it quite a bit!
Nothing fantastic, but I think it's a good product. Worth a try.
on 1/16/2015 4:36:00 AM
Age: 30-35
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Brown, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
I'm on my second bottle and I've ordered a third. This was and will always continue to be my favorite dry oil. I've used it for everything: my hair, to remove makeup, to moisturize my face, the give a glow to the body... It's fantastic and it smells amazing. It's a staple that I never want to be without.
on 1/12/2015 3:47:00 PM
Age: 44-55
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Hazel
I�m using a little 10ml bottle I got with a few other Nuxe samples . I use it on my face at night and under my moisturizer instead of a serum which I use in the morning. It has a nice floral fragrance and the bottle seems to last forever. It is a bit difficult trying to get the right amount out without spilling all of it. Leaves my skin very smooth in the morning. Wouldn�t use during the day due to the shine. I have actually invested in some 50ml bottles which should last me over a year with nightly use. Might try to get the 100ml as this comes in a spray bottle which should be easier to apply. I will probably try to decanter the bigger bottles into the 10ml one as it is easier to handle and looks quite cute.
on 12/15/2014 6:00:00 AM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Oily, Fair, Cool
Hair: Blond, Straight, Fine
Eyes: Green
Update 12/31/2014:
Ok, I was Sooo wrong with my earlier review!! I gave this oil another try and now I'm hooked!!! I use it as a face moisturiser and I love it. It sinks in quickly, doesn't break me out and gives me such a nice glow. Even my father noticed it and asked what I did to my face "it looked so gorgeous". I've been playing around with it and do notice a difference. My skin is brighter, moren even toned and very soft. It doesn't shine, but glows!
I received a small sample bottle of this at my pharmacy. Since I was curious about all the magical benefits this oil has to offer, I tried it after my shower. This is what I think: packaging: nice bottle, but tricky because glass and oil do not mix! Substance: a nice and smooth dry oil, which sinks in quickly and leaves skin soft. Scent: soft tiaré scent, nothing special. My conclusion after a few hours: this oil is nothing special. It doesn't keep my dry patches moisturised, my skin feels parched after a couple of hours. I used it on the ends of my hair too, and also here is nothing worth mentioning.... No extra moisture, no extra softness. No, I can get a lot more benefit when I use pure almond or olive oil, or good old Nivea cream. Those are much more effective. I'm glad I didn't splurge on this average product.
on 11/30/2014 1:08:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Normal, Tan, Warm
Hair: Brunette, Straight, Coarse
Eyes: Black
I've gone through 3 bottles it's that good. I use this for my body and not so much my face or hair. The best dry oil I've come across. It's moisturizing but not at all heavy on the body and just sinks into the skin so beautifully. You can put your clothes on and not stick to anything. The scent is this is delicious, divine, beach like and sunny....smelled so good I bought the matching perfume!
I think it is not fair only the bigger size come with a spray and the smaller ones don't. I find I burn through this quickly, does not last long. I have very dry skin, living in a cold country, and this oil smells amazing so I just dollop this on with pleasure and next thing I know I'm soon to be due for another bottle. I find you can mix this too with creams and lotions. Quite versatile. This is worth it. Worth the hype and every penny.
on 11/9/2014 8:56:00 PM
Age: 36-43
Skin: Combination, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Green
I use this exclusively for my face (too expensive to use on my body). I generally put three sprays at night (over serum or under a night cream depending on how dry my skin is) and one spray in the morning under CC cream. I have combination skin and this never beaks me out and keeps my dry spots under control. I personally LOVE the scent, it's beachy but elegant. I do also use Caudalie Huile Divin, but I prefer the scent of the Nuxe. As far as the price, it's well worth it for me since I use so little of it.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|24 Feb 2005
|Filing date
|28 Mar 2003
|Priority date
|29 Mar 2002
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Michael Stute
|Original Assignee
|Michael Stute
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (15), Referenced by (142), Classifications (21), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/368,629, filed Mar. 29, 2002, entitled "Adaptive Behavior Intrusion Detection Systems and Methods," the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates generally to methods and systems for providing security on a communication system and, more particularly, the invention relates to adaptive behavioral intrusion detection.
With the rise of the Internet and the use of computer networks by many businesses, network security has become increasingly important. The rise of e-commerce has led to organizations opening their networks to wider audiences over the Internet in order to stay competitive. Such open networks expose the organizations to intrusions—attempts to comprise the confidentiality, integrity, or availability, or to bypass the security mechanisms of a computer system or network. Additionally, companies storing vast amounts of consumer data need to provide some reasonable method for assuring privacy.
Attackers or hackers have continued to alter their attacks and network subversion methods, and vulnerabilities continue to exist in many areas including network misconfiguration, poorly engineered software, user neglect and carelessness, and basic design flaws in protocols and operating systems. Furthermore, as the sophistication of tools used by hackers has increased, the technical knowledge required to attack a network has fallen. Additionally, attacks are often the result of malicious insider activity which cannot be prevented by perimeter defenses.
Intrusion detection is the process of monitoring the events occurring in a computer system or network and analyzing them for signs of intrusion. An intrusion detection system (IDS) is a software product or hardware device that automates the intrusion detection process, and an IDS typically includes three functional components: information sources, analysis, and response. Analysis strategy falls into two basic types: knowledge-based misuse detection and behavioral-based anomaly detection. Behavioral-based detection methods use information about repetitive and usual behavior on the systems they monitor and note events that diverge from expected usage patterns.
Intrusion detection allows organizations to protect their systems from the threats that come with increasing network connectivity and reliance on information systems. Given the level and nature of modem network security threats, IDSs have gained acceptance as a necessary addition to every organization's security infrastructure. IDSs automatically review massive amounts of network and system data in real time, identify suspicious activity, provide real-time automated notification to security personnel, guide further investigation, and sometimes automatically respond to specified attacks. Properly used, an IDS can detect common attacks, attempts to exploit known weaknesses, network probes, or critical resource overloads in a reasonably timely manner. By identifying successful invalid activity, IDSs can indirectly spotlight network and system vulnerabilities, enabling fixes and fine-tuning.
Comprehensive network security requires multiple layers. An effective IDS includes both knowledge-based and behavioral-based components. Most vendors provide network security products that protect only against known or "signature" patterns of attack, and typical behavioral-based components are limited to single anomaly detection without looking for behavioral patterns over a longer period of time. Existing products ignore troublesome new behavioral patterns that have yet to be detected or documented. Hackers often follow certain behavioral patterns that double as calling cards for their personal invasive techniques. For example, a hacker may attack all of the hacker's targeted networks by a recognizable and consistent sequence of port access attempts, but the pattern is recognized as odd or alarming only after an attack has occurred and a profile for that behavior is documented and publicized. Signature and basic behavioral methods of threat detection are invaluable, but they fall short as hackers determine new ways to attack or adjust their old behavior to attract less attention.
Many serious intruders perform considerable amounts of probing work within a network to learn how it is constructed and understand its weaknesses prior to a concerted attack. This reconnaissance work is commonly recorded in automated server and network logs, but largely remains unnoticed by most network IDSs if the traffic anomaly does not fit the profiles of known or common "signature" hacks. Accordingly, there is a need for a system with adaptive technology that, over time, gathers information on a particular system and establishes a pattern of normal traffic. Such a system is able to more intelligently determine which network traffic signatures do not fit the normal profiles for the individual system and alerts an intrusion detection team for further investigation and appropriate rapid defensive action.
Systems and methods for analyzing historical network traffic and determining which traffic does not belong in a network are disclosed. Intrusion detection is performed over a period of time, looking for behavioral patterns within networks or information systems and generating alerts when these patterns change. Normal traffic behavior is collected on a continuing basis to establish a baseline for comparison with future network traffic. Once a statistically significant sample of historical data has been compiled, a behavioral intrusion detection agent is activated. The intrusion detection system intelligently forms correlations between disparate sources to find traffic anomalies. Over time, behaviors are predictive, and the intrusion detection system attempts to predict outcomes, becoming proactive instead of just reactive. Intrusions occur throughout whole information systems, including both network infrastructure and application servers. By treating the information system as a whole and performing intrusion detection across it, the chances of detection are increased significantly.
An exemplary embodiment of a method according to the present invention for detecting network intrusion attempts associated with network objects on a communications network includes collecting normal traffic behavior associated with network objects on the network on a continuing basis to establish historical data regarding traffic across the network. Network traffic associated with network objects on the network is monitored to detect anomalies, which are analyzed using the historical data. Alerts are generated identifying possible intrusion attempts based on analysis of the anomalies. The historical data is continually updated based on the anomalies, the alerts, and network traffic.
In an exemplary embodiment, monitoring network traffic to detect anomalies may include monitoring network traffic for known strings and series of bytes that indicate signature attacks. Monitoring network traffic may also include applying a series of rules to identify anomalous packets and adding the anomalous packets to an anomaly pool. In an exemplary embodiment, analyzing the anomalies using the historical data includes analyzing packets in the anomaly pool independently of any of the series of rules that identified the packet for addition to the anomaly pool. Analyzing the anomalies using the historical data may also include conducting a threshold analysis to determine whether a data point is within threshold values.
In an exemplary embodiment, generating alerts identifying possible intrusion attempts includes adding alerts to an alert pool and releasing alerts to a console for viewing by an operator. According to another exemplary embodiment, generating alerts may include an alert release system, where a first set of alerts are added to an alert pool, internet protocol addresses associated with each alert in the alert pool are resolved with a name and each alert in the alert pool is renamed with a name recognizable by an operator, a set of rules is applied to select alerts from the alert pool to be displayed on a console for viewing by the operator, the rules comprising high level selection parameters that have been previously defined, and the selected alerts are released by name to the console for viewing by the operator.
Certain exemplary embodiments of methods of the present invention may be performed across a plurality of networks and with the results compiled in a global database, and historical data may be updated based on results in the global database.
A computer storage medium storing a computer program, when executed by a computer-controlled apparatus, may cause the computer-controlled apparatus to perform certain exemplary embodiments of methods according to the present invention. Additionally, a computer-controlled apparatus may be operative for implementing certain exemplary embodiments of methods of the present invention.
In an exemplary embodiment of a system according to the present invention, an intrusion detection system for detecting network intrusion attempts associated with network objects on a communications network includes a sensor connected to the network for monitoring network traffic associated with network objects on the network. The sensor may include a knowledge-based component for examining network traffic for known strings and series of bytes that indicate signature attacks and a packet logger for reading packets in network traffic, classifying packets by protocols, and creating packages of compressed packets. A server connected to the sensor accepts real-time alerts for possible signature attacks, and a converter is provided for converting alerts from native signature format to a unified format for storage in at least one relational database. An analysis server receives compressed packets from the sensor at periodic intervals, and the analysis server conducts a behavioral analysis of the data received from the sensor. The at least one relational database stores raw packet data, behavioral data, and index data.
Certain exemplary embodiments of systems of the present invention may include a plurality of sensors connected to the network. Also, two or more virtual private network tunnels connecting the sensor to the network may be provided in certain exemplary embodiments.
In describing embodiments according to systems and methods of the present invention, the following terms are used herein in the manner indicated below:
Agent: An IDS component that gathers system data, monitors system activity, and issues alerts upon detection of an intrusion.
Alert: A message sent by an IDS warning of a suspected or actual intrusion and usually calling for some sort of action in response. Also referred to as a notification.
Alert Generation: Addition of an alert to a database to record a detected event. All generated alerts are not necessarily displayed or released to an operator of the IDS, but generated alerts remain in the database.
Alert Release: Displaying an alert on a console for viewing by an operator of the IDS.
Console: An administrative or management component of an IDS. Often a graphical user interface (GUI) through which an operator or user controls operations of the IDS and where notification of alerts occurs.
Envelope: A two point data set that contains source and destination addresses in a raw packet.
Escalation: An alert is made a high priority.
Generation I statistic: A simple count of packet statistics. Also referred to as first generation statistic.
Generation II statistic: A count of a relationship between multiple generation I statistics.
Generation III statistic: A measure of a timed data point of a known resource (i.e., how much or how often a statistic occurs in a given time frame). Also referred to as frequency.
Intrusion: A violation of a system security policy by an unauthorized outsider or by an otherwise authorized user. A violation may include improperly accessing the network, accessing certain systems within the network, accessing certain files, or running certain programs.
Intrusion detection system (IDS): An automated system that can detect a security violation on an information system or network.
Normal: This indicates acceptance to a network and is network and sensor specific, meaning that what may be abnormal on one network may be readily accepted on another.
Prediction: A calculated value that is a guess of a future data point. This is not to be confused with curve fitting.
Protected Network: A range of addresses a sensor considers internal. Anything with a source outside this range is considered external. Anything inside this range is considered internal.
Protocol: A set of formal rules describing how to transmit data, especially across a network. This is a low level protocol defining bit- and byte-ordering and the transmission, error detection, and correction of the bit stream. Examples are IP (internet protocol), IPSec, (secure internet protocol), TCP (transmission control protocol), UDP (user datagram protocol), ICMP (internet control message protocol), ARP (address resolution protocol), and others which are well known to those skilled in the art.
Raw data: Actual packet headers up through layer 4 (64-bytes) stored in a file. Raw data is captured on a sensor and transferred to servers for import into a database. Once transferred to the servers, the raw data is no longer necessary.
Raw packet: Data pulled from a network packet and stored in a database in a field by field schema.
Resistance to Change (RTC): The resistance of any tracked data point to being changed by an analysis routine (i.e., the data point's predictability). A data point with a high predictability resists change because it has been judged correct many times before. A data point with a low RTC is typically unpredictable because it has a high rate of change.
Resource: A usable function of a network device, including servers, protocols, and services.
Rule: A set of selection criteria used to select raw packets.
Score (SCR): A human rating of any tracked data point Similar to strength but carries a heavier weighting when determining how normal a data point is. A small change in score is the equivalent of a large change in strength. This value can only be changed manually by an operator of the IDS.
Sensitivity: A global adjust that may be used to make a sensor more or less sensitive to certain types of alerts, such as resource, signature, threshold, and the like. Sensitivity can be used to tune a sensor to better fit a particular network.
Sensor: A device placed on a host network to monitor. A sensor may perform two functions: knowledge-based intrusion detection and packet logging of behavioral packages. A sensor collects raw packet data and behavioral data necessary to perform any analysis. This includes alerts, raw packets, thresholds, frequencies, attackers, and the like. The data collected remains separate for each sensor, but has the same format and schema.
Server: A network device having an address and transferring data on a network.
Service: A high-level protocol that specifies a function that is carried by a low level protocol. An example is HTTP (hyper text transfer protocol) carried by TCP, DNS (domain name server) carried by UDP, or an Echo Reply ICMP packet.
Strength (STR): An IDS rating of any tracked data point that judges the data point's normalcy to the network. Typically, low values indicate normal and high values indicate abnormal.
Strength-Score Value (SSV): A calculated value that indicates the severity of an alert regarding its danger to the host network. Every alert has an SSV that indicates the threat assessment of the source of the alert This value is calculated using the strength and score of the alert and the alert's source. Typically, the higher the SSV, the higher the threat.
Threshold: A bracket of a data curve that brackets both above and below the data points, indicating the curve's normal values. A threshold contains four data points for every data point on the tracked curve. Two points are a close estimate of the curve (a thin bracket that is usually within 3-5% of the normal data point) and a second more conservative estimate that is a wider bracket (usually with 6-10% of the normal data point).
Systems and methods according to the present invention provide the ability to analyze historical network traffic and determine which traffic does not belong in a network. Intrusion detection is performed over a period of time, instead of examining information quickly and never again seeing the information. Systems and methods of the present invention look for behavioral patterns within networks or information systems and generate alerts when these patterns change. Normal traffic behavior is collected on a continuing basis to establish a baseline for comparison with future network traffic. Once a statistically significant sample of historical data has been compiled, a behavioral intrusion detection agent is activated. The intrusion detection system intelligently forms correlations between disparate sources to find traffic anomalies. Over time, behaviors are predictive, and the intrusion detection system attempts to predict outcomes, becoming proactive instead of just reactive. Intrusions occur throughout whole information systems, including both network infrastructure and application servers. By treating the information system as a whole and performing intrusion detection across it, the chances of detection are increased significantly.
The analysis of network-wide events is difficult because the data comes from very dissimilar sources and analyzing the source data is challenging. Any deviation in the normal behavior of the information system is a sign of possible intrusion. The data comes from sources including servers, network sensors, and firewalls, not just a single source. Once captured, source data (e.g., raw packet data) is stored and analyzed over a first specified period of time, and behavioral events (e.g., alerts) are stored and used for analysis for a second, longer specified period of time. One example is a one month first period of time and a one year second period of time. It should be understood that each of the time periods may be varied according to the preferences of the IDS users and operators.
Sources of attacks are stored long-term in a historical database along with an indicator of their hostility to the host network. This allows all further anomalies and alerts to be escalated to indicate that the attack was not a single, isolated event but a repeat from a known attacker. Additional attacks, in turn, raise the indicator leading to faster escalation, while periods of inactivity from the attacker lower the indicator. Attackers are removed from the historic database only when they have decayed to point where they have reached a negative indicator below a predetermined value. This value is a software setting. Higher values track attackers longer and lower values release them from the database sooner.
Additional features of an IDS according to this invention may include: analysis of bit-level packet detail; correlation of packet anomalies against IP-independent attack profiles; easy adaptability that includes signature intrusion detection systems; time based analysis that correlates profiles against packet anomalies; port access attempts correlated by both time and sequence; and traffic data stored in and processed from a relational database (RDB).
An exemplary environment for operation of systems and methods according to the present invention is shown in
A master server serves an ESP database 104. Among other things, the master server keeps track of the job list, including pending, completed, and in-process jobs, and handles cooperative process-locking. The master server may also distribute sensors over RDB servers, stores global configuration values, stores sensor master variables (static configuration values for each sensor), and stores user accounts. In the embodiment shown in
As shown in
A converter 110 reads real-time alerts from native formatted files, connects to a sensor's RDB (such as RDBs 112, 114, and 116), converts alerts from native signature format to unified format, and may combine multiple sensors into a single ESP sensor. Converter 110 is standard hardware, well known to those skilled in the art, running Linux/Unix based operating systems that is able to mount network shared file systems and appropriate client software to connect to the RDBs. Relational databases 112, 114, and 116 (RDBS) store raw packet data, store behavioral data, and index data. RDBs 112, 114, and 116 send server data to web servers (such as web server 124), application servers (such as application server 120), and analysis servers (such as analysis server 122). RDBs 112, 114, and 116 accept data from converter 110. Additional storage, such as storage 118, may also be provided for storage from RDBs 112, 114, and 116 or database 104. RDBs 112, 114, and 116 may run on standard SQL-based database servers, such as those from Oracle or MySQL, which is well understood by those skilled in the art. The RDBs may typically have 1 GB of RAM per processor, and some configurations may include a storage area network (SAN) or network attached storage (NAS) for central database storage.
An application server or servers 120 stores the system's backend user interface code, serves application data to web servers (such as web server 124) and other user interface systems. Application server 120 may serve any sensor. An analysis server or servers 122 looks for pending jobs, locks jobs, marks jobs in-process, performs analysis jobs, stores results (update behavioral profile), marks jobs processed, and unlocks jobs. Application server 120 and analysis server 122 may be combined in a single server. Application and analysis servers include standard hardware running a Linux/Unix based operating system with appropriate client software to connect to the RDB servers, as well understood by those skilled in the art. Open SSH, which is well understood by those skilled in the art, may be used if encrypted communications are required from the application and analysis servers to any web servers.
A web server 124 processes web requests, calls application server applets to produce application data, and handles user interfaces. Web server 124 may not access sensor data. A web server is standard hardware, well known to those skilled in the art and typically runs on a Linux/Unix based operating system with appropriate client software to connect to RDB servers. Session server 126 handles web server session keys, stores session data, deletes old sessions (stale), and handles accounts. As noted above, session server 126 may, in some instances, be the master server. Standard server hardware may be used for the session server, such some of the servers described above, as is well understood by those skilled in the art A separate relational database 128 connected to web server 126 may be provided.
A sensor (or ESP sensor) 102 includes three separate subsystems designed to perform three functions: signature checking, data capture, and security. Each sensor is a bastion host containing an internal firewall, a knowledge-based sensor, and a packet logger. The knowledge-based sensor is designed to handle signature detection only, and leaves the anomaly detection to the IDS analysis servers. The packet logger has complex filtering capabilities that can be used to capture only the desired data, but this is rarely employed. The more data the system captures, the better the analysis. Typically, sensor 102 includes a single or dual processors (for larger networks) and two network interface cards. Standard hardware runs Linux 2.4+ with the Linux socket filter, sock packet and ipchains features enabled. A virtual private network tunnel or other transport tunnel is necessary to move data from the sensor to a server. As noted above, OpenSSH may be used to transfer behavioral packages to conversion and import servers.
Sensors are designed as bastion hosts because they are employed in perimeters in front of any security devices. Typically, the sensors operate with a read-only wire for the sensing interface, but a second network interface handles communications with the console, and as a security device, this interface must be well protected. The internal firewall is used to protect the communications interface and to protect the sensor for denial of service attacks using traffic shaping techniques. All packets on the communications interface are fully defragmented before being passed to the remainder of the IDS.
As noted, sensor 102 includes a packet logger. On very high-speed networks, any analysis on the sensor hinders performance of the sensor and can lead to dropped packets. For these reasons, the behavioral analysis occurs offline. The packet logger creates "packages" of compressed and encrypted traffic that is sent back to the analysis station at specified intervals, for example 30-minute or 60-minute intervals. Each package is unencrypted, decompressed, and fed into the behavioral analysis portion of the IDS, as further described below.
The packet logger reads packets from the network interface, classifies the packets by protocol, compresses the packets, and writes them to a disk using a double-buffered, threaded process. The analysis relies mainly on traffic patterns of a network, so the data is not necessary. Though there are reasons to log the data, it is not essential for behavioral analysis. On very high-speed networks, the sensor can be split into two parts, with one performing signature checking with a knowledge-based sensor, and the other performing packet logging. This allows for maximum speed for each data source and packet logging to speeds of 180+ Mbits.
A firewall 130 hides the remainder of the IDS from host network 134 and protects sensor 102. Any standard state-aware firewall well known to those skilled in the art is acceptable for use. Firewall 130 also splits traffic to the various servers, as shown in
Sensors typically communicate back to the remainder of the IIDS using a secured method. Network sensors minimally employ a 640-bit encrypted TCP tunnel. The communications key is changed periodically, e.g., hourly. Authentication occurs using, for example, a 768-bit certificate on both sides of the tunnel. The firewall only allows connections between the registered analysis station and the sensor, the tunnel application verifies the host Internet address, and both Internet addresses are used in key generation and authentication exchange. Remote sensor administration is performed through the same 640-bit channel. All communications to the sensor, including performance monitoring, are fully encrypted and authenticated through the same mechanism.
Behavioral analysis includes block 300 through block 800. In blocks 300 through 800, behavioral analysis is performed for an individual host information system (a collection of related sensors). Finally, global analysis occurs at block 900 and includes behavioral intrusion detection over sensors across multiple information systems in order to help find hackers across the Internet. This can identify scanning sources and coordinated attacks.
Behavioral analysis includes adaptive rules-based profiling using model-based reasoning. Behavioral patterns are abstracted by describing them as sequences and thresholds stored as historic rules. Current behavioral patterns are then checked against the historically predicted patterns and deviations are noted. Some deviations can be classified at the abstract level, while others require the IDS to find the associated source data and perform rules-based source analysis. Behavioral analysis uses information in the RDBs with the goal of detecting all intrusions. The sensor is connected to the remainder of the IDS and transfers the logged packets to the analysis server. Each packet is decompressed and imported into the RDB for the particular sensor, and analysis then begins. Since analysis is rule-based, once the data is ready, processing can be split across multiple servers allowing analysis to occur on clusters.
As shown in
Rules-based anomaly detection, block 350, includes using a series of rules to find anomalies on the network. At this point, anomalies are individual packets that match selection rules that define such things as illegal packets, unusual packets, and normal packets that are not sent to valid network resources (e.g., http requests to a server that does not service http). These packets are collected and added to the database in a protocol independent area called the anomaly pool. There are a series of normal rules that then subtract known normal packets—this accounts for anomalies that are accepted as normal in the particular host network.
Also included in stage 2 is anomaly pool analysis, block 400. Once an anomaly pool is created, the packets in the pool are examined independently of the selection process. This may be referred to as "blind" analysis because this analysis is carried out without the server having any knowledge of why the packet was added to the anomaly pool. For instance, if a rule added packets because the packets have an unusually low time-to-live (TTL), it would be simple to generate an alert that says "LOW-TTL." However, this is biased, and presupposes a LOW-TTL and nothing else about the packet. By examining the packet blindly without knowing why the packet was added to the anomaly pool, the blind analysis attempts to determine why the packet was added. This leads to relationships between packets and anomalies that indicate base-cause issues and is comparable to a pathologist finding the origin of a disease as opposed to just treating the symptoms. The blind analysis aids in finding new attacks because when the entire anomaly pool cannot be accounted for, human operators of the IDS are notified to conduct further analysis to determine why this is the case. The result is generation I anomaly alerts that are classified, block 500.
At block 600, statistics are generated. Generation I statistics are generated, which involves a simple counting of various aspects of protocols, such as number of packets, incoming packets, outgoing packets, categorizing packets into various sizes, etc. These statistics are referred to as generation I because they varying and are less predictable. Generation I statistics do not show relationships of traffic flow, but they provide a volume baseline. Next, generation II statistics are created. This process, using protocol and service models, relates statistics to create more predictable values that show traffic flow as opposed to volumes. For instance, a comparison of inbound ping requests to outbound ping replies may be made. Generation II statistics illustrate a relationship between packets that creates a predictable traffic flow. The difference between these values as a percentage of the packets is almost always a predictable value on networks. Generation II statistics are stored in the database. Generation III statistics (also called frequencies) are calculated as well, counting resource usage values and envelope pairings that track which resources are used by which systems.
Threshold analysis is performed at block 700. Threshold values are stored based on historical data. Threshold violations tend to show large problems, but determining metric overflow and underflow values is difficult. For this reason, sequences of values are often aggregated together using the model-based reasoning system so that threshold indicators are dependent on more than one possible value. If the abstracted threshold fails, the source data is examined and compared against the model rules once again. Since data is compared in the abstract layer to historical data, historical source data is necessary for full analysis. For each statistic, both generation I and generation II, each value is checked against the most recent prediction. If it fails, an alert is generated. New predictions for the next time interval (e.g., an hour) are calculated and stored. Generation II alerts are weighted heavier then generation II when creating alert prioritizations. Frequencies are checked by threshold predictions. Any remaining violations are added to the alert pool and submitted for adaptive classification.
After threshold analysis is complete, alert correlation occurs, block 800. Alerts are correlated by type using statistical analysis of the types of alerts received. The correlation measures the number of alerts of various types and relates increases and decreases of alerts and their relationships to the percentage of the whole. The correlation is then performed for all alerts on the specific network. Related sensors are analyzed and alert relationships by source of alert (attacker) are noted. Attackers are recorded and tracked in each individual sensor. Upon completion of alert correlation, behavioral analysis for a particular sensor is complete.
Global analysis, block 900, includes analysis of all available sensors as if they were on one large network. For example, if an IDS provider services one hundred networks or information systems, the global analysis may be performed for all sensors on these one hundred networks. Global analysis begins with the grouping of all alerts from all sensors into a common alert pool. Where alerts are generated becomes irrelevant, only the alert types and sources are significant. The common alert pool is then examined by alert type and by source, similar to the steps performed in the behavioral analysis for each sensor. This yields new prioritization values of both attackers and alert types. This new information may then be sent to the sensors to help prioritize alerts on a per sensor basis, block 950.
More detailed information about certain exemplary embodiments of processes in blocks 300-950 of
Referring now to
Resource tracking begins at block 305. Resource tracking examines the raw data and finds resources on the host network. Resources are found, block 310, using protocol models. Multiple algorithms pass through the raw data finding resources. Some are simple, such as looking in the protected network for internet addresses that indicate servers. Others are more complex and require examining data flow to find the protocols and services. Resource activity is verified by finding two-way conversations, not simply looking for outbound traffic. The conversation is verified by finding evidence of traffic moving to and from systems that appear to be servers. For some protocols, this is a statistical analysis, and for others it is a search algorithm.
At block 315, if the resource is a new resource (i.e., the IDS has not previously "found" this resource), an alert is added. The resource is added to the resource database with its STR, SCR, and RTC set to zero. If the resource is already listed in the database, block 320, its STR increases. If the resource was found within a predetermined time (e.g., the last hour), the RTC is incremented. Once all new and old resources are analyzed in blocks 315 and 320, the resources are pooled together, 322, and resources that are in the database but were not modified lose STR, block 325. The decrease in STR is inversely related to the RTC. Resources with high RTC lose little STR, while resources of low RTC decrease rapidly. At block 330, client resource normalizing rules are applied. Because some systems or certain protocols or services are rarely used, a mechanism to allow overrides is included. To accomplish this, a set of static normalizing rules define resources that do not change and/or resources that are not to be added.
Rules-based anomaly detection 350 begins at block 352 with examination of new packets. All raw packets are examined for anomalies. Two types of anomalies are searched for: anomalous packets and normal packets that should not occur on the network. These packets are added to the database in a table, known as the anomaly pool, that is protocol independent. A resource list output from resource tracking 300 is added to the new packets, 354, and rules of rules-based anomaly detection are applied, at blocks 356-368, to find anomalous packets. The first rule applied, block 356, is adding all packets that match static selection rules. Static selection rules add to the anomaly pool anything that matches. These are normally added to track traffic that is completely normal, but is being tracked for some external reason, such as alerting all traffic from a particular source. At block 358, all protocol violations are added. Protocol violations are problems with packet data that are not allowed by the protocol specification or are not specified by the RTC. These packets are not normal to a network because they violate the protocol rules, but can still be routed on a network.
Packet port violations are added at block 360. Packet violations are usually protocol violations, but are found by the IDS in a different manner. Unlike protocol violations, packet port violations are packets dropped off the network by hosts upon delivery. The packets are so malformed they are dropped completely, such as a layer specifying that layer 4 is TCP when the packet does not conform to TCP. At block 362, packets from envelope pairings are added. These are packets that could not have been generated or delivered to the host network and are very often the result of spoofing activity or an envelope specifying the same source and destination. Type code anomalies are also added, block 364. All ICMP packets have a type and a code that specifies what type of message the packet is carrying. Type code rules find illegal or strange type code combinations.
At block 366, type of service (TOS) anomalies are added to the pool. The TOS field is a part of the IP protocol. Only certain values can be in the TOS field and any value outside of these specified values is suspect. At block 368, TCP session indicator violations are added. TCP state indicators are bits within protocols that are used to indicate or store the information necessary to the protocol during normal use. Many protocol specifications only specify what the indicators are used for, but not how to deal with conflicting indicators or unused bits in the indicator space.
Because broadcast traffic has no specific destination, broadcast traffic is examined separately and packets are added, as necessary, based on protocol models, at block 370. For instance, TCP to broadcast addresses is not supported and should not be found on a network.
While blocks 356-370 relate to adding anomalous packets to the anomaly pool, block 372 subtracts normal packets from the pool. To find normal packets that meet all specifications and are free of violations but that are sent to or originating from the wrong resources, all raw packets are considered and those that originate properly and have come from proper destinations, as compared to the resource list from resource tracking, are removed. This removes all expected traffic from the raw packets. The remaining packets are added to the anomaly pool for analysis. At block 374, synchronization is performed to ensure that all add (blocks 356-370) and subtract (block 372) rules are complete before continuing.
Once again, some traffic added to the anomaly pool may be considered normal to a particular network, so a set of static deletion rules removes all matching traffic from the anomaly pool, block 376. At block 378, normal rules are applied. Normal rules are code-based, specific algorithms that handle special known situations, such as protocol stacks that generate certain anomalies and the like. The anomaly pool is complete, block 380, and all packets are marked "unclassified."
At block 410, analysis continues with the examination of sequences. Sequences are events in order of time. The examination of sequences looks at anomaly pool-based known sequences and is a traffic flow analysis based on known protocol and service attack models. This is a data driven list of events to look for in the proper sequence forward in time. If any known sequences are found, those classifications are applied, block 415, the alerts are marked classified, and alerts are added to the console, block 440. At block 420, a scan detection routine is run. This statistical routine analyzes the distribution of destination ports over source addresses. A source hitting a high number of ports is port scanning, and the number of destinations determines whether a single host or multiple hosts are scanned. If scans are found, alerts are added to the console, block 440.
Sweep detection, block 425, uses a statistical routine to find sources attempting to access a single service on multiple servers, which indicates a sweep. If sweeps are found, alerts are added to the console, block 440, and the packets are marked classified. Any remaining alerts in the pool are unclassified and are classified by human analysts, block 430. These packets are logged and submitted for review. New classifications may be entered as sequences or anomaly patterns. All unclassified anomalies are scanned for sequences that are entered into the sequence list, block 435. This list can be reapplied to further classify remaining anomalies.
Alerts are grouped by source, block 515, over time using historical data. This allows the IDS to find slow activity where the attacker is performing actions slowly in an attempt to stay hidden by not generating alerts quickly. Such things as slow port scans, slow vulnerability probes, and slow attacks may be found. The attackers' database from the add alerts routine already tracks individual sources, so this analysis focuses on slow activity. At block 520, packet flow correlation is examined, also known as backscatter. Here, protocol models are used to examine packet flow. Communication sessions may be examined and compared to normal models to find deviations. Spoofed traffic on the host network, as well as the residual traffic generated when the host network's addresses are externally spoofed, may be found. As shown in
All historical alerts are grouped by source and counted to determine the degree of activity for any source using any high frequency alerts, block 525. Once the processes in blocks 510-525 are complete, alerts are grouped by source and appropriate STR changes are calculated for each alert or time pattern, block 535. Alert patterns warrant high SSV increases, while time patterns results in only small adjustments. STR changes are applied to the attack sources, block 540. This increases the strength of all sources generating like alerts and results in higher SSVs for sources using like alert patterns or like times.
At block 545, technique discriminators are applied to STR- A static table contains a list of alerts and a number representing the skill level required to perform the type of attack that generates that alert. This is representative of the intelligence level of the hacker or, at the very least, the hacker's ability to know when to apply the appropriate hacking tool. Applying this number as a modifier to STR allows SSVs to be affected by attacker skill in an attempt to highlight stealthy or intelligent hackers that are above average. This is known as a "technique discriminator." The actual value of the technique discriminator is static and assigned by human analysts. The value may be used globally across multiple sensors and multiple protected networks.
A final step of alert classification is applying an RTC bias, block 550, which may be applied to any attack source. Most attack sources have no RTC assigned or tracked, but in some cases, it may be convenient to apply an RTC bias to certain attack sources to prevent a planned one-time event, such as a vulnerability scan, to affect attacker profiles. It is typically easier to adjust the score to a low number before the event and reset the strength and score when the event has occurred. Because this is effective, RTC values are not stored for every attacker.
After alert classification 500, two remaining processes may be performed in parallel. Statistical generation and threshold analysis, which are shown and described in
All origin-based alerts (i.e., alerts with a known origin) are generated and have calculated SSVs in the alert database (and have been shown on the console). Attackers that have ceased attacking slowly return to non-threatening status based on the maximum SSV calculated. Since this number is a combination of strength and score, reducing strength to zero will also zero the threat profile. Attackers slowly decay until they are removed and this is accomplished by reducing STR for any specified time interval (e.g., an hour or three hours) in which the attack source is not the origin of an alert. The last time an attacker was adjusted is stored, and, for any specified time interval in which an attacker is not the source of an alert, the STR is reduced by an amount that is calculated from the period the attacker has not generated an alert and the attacker's RTC (if assigned). In this manner, attackers that quit generating alerts slowly reduce in threat and eventually return to zero. It should be noted that this process is slow and SSVs continue to be high for some time (how long is based on the SCR) after the attacker has ceased the current attack.
Referring now to
At block 610, generation II statistics are created from generation I statistics by finding relationships between data points. This is typically an operator (human) process, but is based on protocol and service data flow models. A standard set of generation II statistics may be generated by using the protocol models to find ratios and relationships. For example, comparing TCP packets with the SYN (synchronize/start) flag turned on in one direction versus TCP packets with the SYN-ACK (synchronize/acknowledge) flags turned on in the other direction. Generation II statistics use two or more generation I statistics to create more predictable values of related information by calculating and comparing ratios and differences over time on the network. Generation II statistics are stored in the thresholds table and calculated during threshold analysis (see
At block 615, generation III statistics are recorded and stored. Generation III statistics calculate events over time. These are called frequencies because they track the occurrence of events over time. Three main types of generation in statistics are calculated: envelope pairings, service usage by resource, and external service usage. Over time, generation II statistics produce highly predictable curves if they are adapted as the network changes.
Envelope pairings are calculated by counting the number of times two systems exchange information. All envelopes are counted and grouped, block 620, by unique pairs of servers. For example, src to dst and dst to src are grouped the same. The number of unique conversations is recorded as a statistic. This shows which servers talk to which servers, and records the time of the events. At block 625, usage counts of service resources are made by examining the resource table and counting service usage per server. These values are recorded as a statistic and show the number of times each given resource is used on the protected network, including recording the time of the events. Service usage is calculated in an outbound direction, block 630, to profile what external services the protected network uses. This provides the external services used and number of times the services are used and records the time of the events.
All counts calculated in blocks 620-630 may be adjusted by a static discriminator, block 635, or removed entirely as a tuning mechanism for the sensor. Such adjustment or removal may be performed to remove such things as traffic generated from ad hoc backups that may distort the statistic in the historic database (because historic numbers are used to continuously adjust the predictions, such large changes may cause an imbalance for a lengthy period of time if not removed). At block 640, additional RTC changes are performed. Once again, this is a tuning mechanism used to force a static value onto an RTC to stop an ad hoc event from distorting values in the future. All statistical values are now calculated and may be compared as thresholds to the last time interval's predictions, as shown in
Referring now to
Alert correlation begins against the predicted threshold (calculated at the last analysis run) in block 702. The current statistic or data point being analyzed is compared to the last prediction, block 704. The prediction consists of four values: the actual data point, the predicted data point, the minor offset, and the major offset. The data value is calculated using the new data received in the current data package (after all the statistics have been generated). The prediction of the current statistic/data point being analyzed is retrieved from the database along with the major and minor offsets. Adding the minor offset to the predicted value creates the upper limit and subtracting the minor offset from the predicted value creates the lower limit. This is done again with the major offset to create the major bracket. These values create two brackets above and below the prediction that provide a buffer for the prediction to succeed. The higher the predictability of the given statistic/data point, the narrower the minor and major offsets and the smaller the brackets.
A determination is made as to whether the current statistic or data point is outside the major bracket, block 706. If the current statistic is outside the major bracket, this indicates a major threshold overflow, if greater than the upper major bracket, or major threshold underflow, if less than the lower major bracket. If the current statistic is outside the major bracket, an alert is added to the console, block 708, indicating the major threshold violation, but because the source of the problem is unknown, there are no changes made to the attacker database and the envelope is null. If the major bracket passes, the minor bracket is checked in the same way, block 710. Otherwise, the minor bracket check is skipped. If the current statistic is outside the minor bracket, an alert is added to the console, block 712, reporting the minor threshold violation. Once again, the source is unknown so the envelope is null.
If either a major or minor threshold violation occurs and an alert is added to the console, the next prediction is calculated at block 726, which is further described below. If there are no major or minor threshold violations, meaning the last prediction made is correct, the RTC is increased at block 716. This makes the prediction value more resistive to change as predictions become more accurate. An accurate prediction over a long period of time has a high RTC and refuses to change the value at all until the RTC is lowered sufficiently (in block 748). In block 718, the STR is increased on a successful prediction by a percentage of the short-term predictability. For example, in a system with analysis every hour, the STR can increase more than twenty-four points in a day, if the number of successful predictions in a row is high. A predictability value is increased at block 720. If the RTC is sufficiently low (a static value), the actual value from the statistics may be archived, block 722.
At block 724, the trend of the prediction is calculated. This is not the trend of the data curve but the trend of the prediction, which is called the predictability and measures the ability of the system to track a specific data curve. This is tracked using two values, one indicating how many consecutive times the prediction has been correct or incorrect, measuring the ability of the current settings to predict the data, and the percentage the prediction is correct overall (i.e., the long-term predictability of the data). The combination of these two values is the predictability of the data. If particular data points never stabilize, they can be dropped. If they were previously predictable, an analysis routine may be run to adjust the number of zones, the target percentages for the three tiers, the time ranges, and the sample size of historic data (these parameters will be better understood by referring to the discussion below beginning with block 726). Each time a single variable is changed, the new parameters are retroactively applied, and the results data is scored based on its accuracy with the actual data. The highest scoring set of parameters can be instated on the next prediction. This external routine is typically only run when short-term predictability is unstable for a data curve with a high long-term predictability.
Beginning at block 726, a new prediction is calculated following either block 708, 712, or 724, as shown in
At block 728, a tier one bracket is calculated. The tier one bracket is wide with a target of 10%. If the data conforms to the tier one bracket, block 730, (that is, 90% of the curve hits a single zone), the prediction is set for the median of the final extents. If tier one is achieved at the 10% target, then the new prediction is added to the database and the old prediction is archived, and a tier two bracket is calculated, block 732. If the data does not conform to the tier one bracket, then the prediction fails, block 742. The predictability trend values are adjusted downward, block 744. The number of consecutive successful predictions in a row is set to −1 to indicate the trend is one failed prediction. Long term predictability is recalculated. The STR is decreased, block 746, by a percentage of the short-term predictability. The RTC is decreased, block 748, but only by a small amount. Once all thresholds are checked and adapted to current network behaviors, alert correlation begins (
If a tier two bracket is calculated, block 732 the tier two bracket is slightly smaller, for example, with a target of 6%. If the data conforms to the tier two bracket (that is, 94% of the curve hits a single zone), block 734, the prediction is set for the median of the final extents. If tier two can be achieved at the 6% target, the new prediction is added to the database and the old prediction is archived, and a tier three bracket is calculated, block 736. At block 740, the tier one prediction is used if the tier two comparison fails (i.e., the data was not predictable enough to hit the 6% target) at block 734.
The tier three bracket is very narrow and is targeted at, for example, 3%. A tier three bracket is calculated, block 736. If the data conforms to the tier three bracket (that is, 97% of the curve hits a single zone), block 738, the prediction is set for the median of the final extents. If tier three can be achieved at the 3% target, then the new prediction is added to the database and old prediction is archived. At block 740, the tier two prediction is used if the tier three comparison fails (i.e., the data was not predictable enough to hit the 3% target) at block 738. The tier three prediction is used at block 740 is the tier three comparison was successful. As the prediction is compared to each of the brackets, the prediction data value or point is the same, only the allowable offset changes. The prediction is stored as the value, the offsets, the target value, the zone size, number of zones, and so on (i.e., everything necessary to calculate the next prediction). Once all thresholds are checked and adapted to current network behaviors, alert correlation begins (
The sources are grouped by alert type, block 815. This shows a count of distinct sources for each type of alert. At block 820, it is determined whether there is a high number of distinct sources. The higher the distinct count of sources for each alert, the more active the event (associated with the alert) is on the network. This information may also be used to adjust the technique discriminators used in block 545 (see
At block 830, an examination for matches from sensor to sensor is performed. The direction of each alert is known. An alert moving from an external sensor to an internal sensor should first hit the external system then the internal system. When an alert on an external sensor has a matching alert of the same source (within an appropriate time frame) on an internal sensor, it indicates the network has been penetrated (vice versa for an outgoing attack). If no matches are found, alert correlation ends. If matches are found, the raw packets are searched, block 835, for a reply indicating the attack worked. If so, the alerts are escalated to a high priority. Block 845 is a standard add alerts, and because the sources are known, the attacker's SIR is increased.
A global analysis may be performed including analysis of all available sensors across multiple networks.
Global analysis may be used to analyze thousands or even hundreds of thousands of sources across the Internet at a central site in an attempt to find sources of suspicious activity. Attackers can perform vulnerability scans on many targets at once, and often do so in an attempt to hide the attack. Instead of scanning one target for 500 different vulnerabilities at once, they may scan 200 sites for the same vulnerabilities. The attacker's computer may be busy twenty-four hours a day, but each site receives a tiny portion of scan each day and therefore manages to stay under the rate that is detectable by traditional knowledge-based systems.
Referring now to the exemplary global analysis shown in
At block 930, in a first table, a set of alerts with a weighted count representing the type of alerts on the global network is created. In a second table, global attack sources are also weighted by priority, with both tables being sorted from high to low. Sensors are adjusted, block 935. Attacker source strengths are raised in sensor attacker databases so alert SSVs from the same sources are automatically higher. Alert type default priorities may be adjusted, block 940, based on the global alert frequencies. These can be pushed to either default priorities of alerts or to the static technique discriminators (preferred). Once global analysis is complete, the results are sent to each sensor for each protected network analyzed as part of the global analysis (see block 950,
Optionally, systems and methods of intrusion detection according to the present invention may include an alert release system to assist operators of the IDS. Process flow for an embodiment of an alert release system is shown in
The series of rules may be applied in a specific order such that once a single rule is applied resulting in an indication that the alert should not be displayed, fer rules no longer need to be applied to that alert and the alert is not displayed. Additionally, all rules may be applied to an alert and the alert may be displayed only if a certain percentage of the rules indicated that the alert should be release to the console. For example, if ten rules are present, the system may be set up to release an alert if seven or more rules indicate that the alert should be released. Furthermore, the rules could be weighted such that the indication based on a certain (possibly, more reliable) rule is weighted heavier than the indication based on another rule. Accordingly, only alerts of a specific significance are displayed on the console.
The series of rules or selection rules may contain alert fields such as source, destination, source port, and destination port in addition to other critical pieces of information from behavioral analysis. SSV is a strong indicator of activity on a network. Additionally, the number of alerts of a specific type and/or the frequency of alerts may indicate the alert should be released.
Maintaining alerts in an intermediate storage area that is not automatically displayed to the operator of the IDS allows additional processing to be performed on alerts before they are displayed. Another correlation pass could be performed to reclassify alerts not yet released. By looking for sequence indicators, multiple alerts may be combined into single alerts and only the single alert is displayed. To reclassify alerts, alerts in sequence that correlate to a known type of attack are not released, but rather a new alert is generated and released.
As an example of the functionality alert release system, consider the Nimda worm. Five alerts are used to determine that a web attack is actually a Nimda worm attack. The five alerts are not released to the console, instead a new alert called Nimda is generated and this new alert is released to the console. This preserves the record that five attacks occurred but that they were all from the same source (as with a Nimda worm attack).
An alert release system also allows sources and services to be renamed, providing name resolution for alerts so that servers (including internal servers where no public DNS is available) may be renamed. A table resolves addresses to names. For example, before alerts are released to the console, the addresses are changed to meaningful names, such as "firewall." The operator of the IDS sees the name rather than the address, which is beneficial because the human operator is more likely to immediately recognize the name. Address information is maintained in the alert for the operator's use and reference.
Additionally, alerts may be renamed after alerts have been generated and imported from a signature-based server using this alert release system. Previously, all importers maintained a list of alert names that needed to changed at the time of import, each of which were unique to the signature-based system generating the alerts. The alert release system allows a single list of alert renames to be used to change all alerts of a particular name to another name to assure unified data names.
Referring now to
The foregoing description of exemplary embodiments according to systems and methods of the invention has been presented only for the purposes of illustration and description and is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching.
The embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the invention and their practical application so as to enable others skilled in the art to utilize the invention and various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. Alternative embodiments will become apparent to those skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains without departing from its spirit and scope.
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|David Barker
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|Detecting Public Network Attacks Using Signatures and Fast Content Analysis
|18 Mar 2010
|Juniper Networks, Inc.
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|2 Jun 2009
|7 Oct 2010
|Juniper Networks, Inc.
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|23 Jun 2011
|Thomson Licensing
|Detecting and classifying anomalies in communication networks
|26 Jan 2010
|28 Jul 2011
|Bank Of America Corporation
|Insider threat correlation tool
|22 Jan 2010
|28 Jul 2011
|The School of Electrical Eng. & Computer Science (SEECS), National University of sciences
|Method and system for adaptive anomaly-based intrusion detection
|19 Nov 2010
|15 Sep 2011
|Accenture Global Services Limited
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|Mark Gooch
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|Nant Holdings Ip, Llc
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|9 Jan 2008
|8 Apr 2009
|Subex Limited
|Detecting Fraud in a Communications Network
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|30 Dec 2009
|The Mitre Corporation
|Insider threat detection
|28 Nov 2007
|5 Jun 2008
|Wisconsin Alumni Res Found
|System for automatic detection of spyware
|29 Jan 2008
|6 Nov 2008
|Mitre Corp
|Insider threat detection
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|8 Jan 2009
|France Telecom
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|Symantec Corporation
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|Los Alamos National Security, Llc
|Anomaly detection to identify coordinated group attacks in computer networks
|U.S. Classification
|726/4, 709/224, 713/153
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|3 Aug 2007
Owner name: GLOBAL DATAGUARD INC., TEXAS
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Exhibition celebrates the fifths anniversary of the Kunstresidenz in Bad Gastein
In the scope of the fifth anniversary of the Kunstresidenz as part of the sommer.frische.kunst-festival in Bad Gastein the big art weekend is taking place …
Check it out at wall-of-fame.com/G6Wss1.
10 Artists – 1 Car – 1 Canvas
February 9th – February 13th 2011
Zurich Main Station (Switzerland)
On 9 February 2011, 10 popular artists will assume temporary ownership of a brand new white Volvo S60.
This will mark …
The new Opel-Corsa Microsite is Online.
All graffitis by Daim and Loomit. See the artists interview and making-of.
5th Charity Auction LebensKuenstler
Otmar Alt, Friedel Anderson, Silvia Bächli, Falko Behrendt, Joseph Beuys, Franz Bodner, Werner Bokelberg, Eiko Borcherding, Christian Brinkmann, Johannes Brus, Frank Bürmann, Baldur Burwitz, Ernst Caramelle, Corneille, Günter Grass, Axel Heil, Yves …
…THE HELPING HOUNDS OF HELL are back!
The Helping Hounds Of Hell are back: This Friday, January 21st, the second installment of the Charity Skateboard Art-Exhibition will open at the Berlin Art Projects Gallery (next stop …
Started at STAMP Festival, September 2010 – now finished!
Available for:
Apple, Microsoft.
iPod Classic, iPod Touch (2nd/3rd Gen.), iPod Nano (5th Gen.), iPod with Video, iPod Nano (4th Gen.), iPod Nano (3rd Gen.), iPod Nano (2nd Gen.), iPod Nano (1st Gen.), iPod (4th Gen.), Zune …
Available for:
Apple, BlackBerry, Google, HTC, Palm, Motorola, Samsung, LG, Sony.
iPhone 4, 3GS, 3G, Original, HTC EVO 4G, Sony XPERIA 10, Google Nexus One, HTC Droid Incredible, HTC Desire, HTC Hero GSM, HTC Touch Pro 7279, …
Mirko Reisser (DAIM) Soloshow at MaxWeberSixFriedrich Gallery, Munich / Germany
11. september – 22. october 2010
10th of September 2010 6 – 10 pm
Opening hours : Tue – Fri 1 – 6 pm and by appointment.
MaxWeberSixFriedrich Gallery
Prinzregentenstr. …
Artist: Mirko Reisser (DAIM) | "Left attention" | Spraypaint on wall | 4 x 25 m | CityCenter, Las Vegas / USA
"Owner MGM Resorts International recently installed a street art scene inside Crystals, the property's …