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2011 FORD Fusion SEL Sedan 4D
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2011 FORD Fusion SEL Sedan 4D
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- Dual Power Seats
- AM/FM Stereo
- Traction Control
- MP3 (Single Disc)
- Head Curtain Air Bags
- Alloy Wheels
- Leather
- ABS (4-Wheel)
- Cruise Control
- Tilt & Telescoping Wheel
- Dual Air Bags
- Keyless Entry
- Power Windows
- Power Steering
- Heated Seats
- Power Door Locks
- Air Conditioning
- AdvanceTrac
- Side Air Bags
- Ambient lighting
- Pwr door locks
- Delayed accessory pwr
- (2) front & (2) rear grab handles
- Pwr remote trunk release
- Leather-wrapped shift knob
- Steering wheel-mounted audio & cruise controls
- Headliner-mounted microphone
- Speed control
- SecuriLock passive anti-theft system
- Pwr windows w/driver & front passenger one-touch down -inc: global open feature
- Front row center console w/2 tier armrest storage
- Heated front seats
- Instrument cluster -inc: message center w/trip computer compass
- SecuriCode keyless entry pad
- 10-way pwr driver w/pwr lumbar
- Rear window defroster
- Universal garage door opener
- Illuminated entry
- Tilt/telescopic steering wheel
- Front bucket seats
- (2) 12V pwr points
- Leather-wrapped steering wheel
- 4-way pwr passenger seat -inc: pwr recline
- Front seatback map pockets
- Dome lamp w/front/rear map lights
- Front/rear floor mats
- Leather seat trim
- Electrochromic rearview mirror
- Sunvisors w/illuminated visor vanity mirrors
- Perimeter anti-theft system
- Dual-zone automatic temperature control w/cabin air filter
- P225/50VR17 all-season BSW tires
- Solar tinted glass
- Chrome front grille
- 17 aluminum wheels
- Auto quad halogen headlamps
- Body-color heated pwr mirrors w/puddle lamps -inc: integrated spotter mirrors
- Front fog lamps
- Compact spare tire
- Speed-sensitive windshield wipers
- Body-color door handles
- Front/rear body-color bumpers
- Child safety rear door locks
- Tire pressure monitoring system
- Side-impact air bags
- SOS Post-Crash Alert System
- Dual front air bags w/occupant classification system
- AdvanceTrac (ESC) w/brake actuated traction control
- Glow-in-the-dark emergency trunk release
- Front/rear side curtain air bags
- Dual exhaust w/chrome tips
- 2.5L 16V I4 Duratec engine
- Pwr rack & pinion steering w/electric variable assist
- Battery saver
- Front wheel drive
- Front/rear stabilizer bars
- Easy Fuel capless fuel filler
- 4-wheel anti-lock disc brakes
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Old Glory Cheese Board
Old Glory will create a lasting impression at your next get together. It's a fun conversation piece for patriotic parties and get-togethers. Made of solid, eco-friendly bamboo, its innovative design features a concealed cutting board to keep the face of the flag free from unsightly cheese cutting marks. It's the perfect gift for those who have a passion for the Red, White, and Blue.
What's Included:
1 Split-level cutting board; 3 stainless steel cheese tools with painted handles: 1 crumbly cheese chisel knife, 1pointed-tip Hard cheese knife; 1cheese fork
An American flag replica in etched glass and alternating light and dark stripes of bamboo; Pull-out drawer with three cheese tools, each handle being red, white or blue; Hidden cutting board under the flag with over 76 square inches of cutting surface
12.4 x 8.1 x 2

subset: commoncrawl


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HotSquash Teal Button Down ThinHeat Top
Item No.62035_HS006445
Item No.62035_HS006445
23% Off - Save a total of £11.00
For a contemporary take on the classic shirt try this luxurious alternative made from teal jersey fabric. ThinHeat technology means it keeps you extra warm so perfect for winter mornings. HotSquash hidden ThinHeat technology: warmth without bulk (new generation thermal), fresh (anti-odour), breathable, easycare, no need to iron, very quick drying. For the rest of the stylish unique range search for HotSquash on Debenhams.com (HotSquash
UK Home Delivery Free (UK orders over £30) or £3.49
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Subject to exceptions, Debenhams is happy to exchange or refund your purchase within 28 days of delivery. Please check here for more details on our returns policy and exceptions.


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#9 of 33
Hattiesburg, MS
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More from Robert Martin
Smithfield, VA - United States
I agree with the other people who commented. This is absolutely stunning and beautifully done. It really speaks passion...
East Brunswick, NJ - United States
Stunning! Beautiful work, Robert!
Little Rock, AR - United States
A beautifully intense work of art, Robert!
Dallas, TX - United States
Sweet Robert, This so beautiful with so much love...If you love someone more than anything, Then distance only matters to the mind, not to the heart my dear. Thank you for all your beautiful comments on my art works...you are special. All the very best, Yae
Canby, MN - United States
Beautiful artwork Robert, love the velvety softness!! Stunning~
Lithia, FL - United States
Well, Robert, I know you meant those roses for me! :) In all seriousness, this is so seductively velvet, black and red, soft as silk, fragile as a breath yet strong as passion, I love it very much and think this is a very special job you have done and it appears it was made for someone you truly care about.
Louisville, KY - United States
Unique and beautiful work of art.
Famagusta - Cyprus
absolutely beautiful refuge place here!!! love it! colours have so much depth and the roses look so soft and inviting!
Neuilly/seine, ha - France
Beautiful shades of red ! Great work !
Battle Creek, MI - United States
Fabulous Work
North Bellmore, NY - United States
Hi Robert. Wonderful work, great design, love the profound color. This is what you call passionate and intense! It talks to me and stirs my soul. What an artist you are! Thank you for your great comments on my art. Best wishes, Dian
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Can I wear headphones in the Boston Marathon?
While the B.A.A. discourages the use of iPods and headphones, we do not impose a ban on wearing such devices in the Boston Marathon except for the elite men and women and all those eligible for prize money. Many runners choose not to wear headphones, and instead listen to the crowd cheer them to Boylston Street.
How long will it now take me to cross the Boston Marathon starting line after the gun fires?
We anticipate it taking no longer than 15-minutes for the last runner of each wave to cross the starting line.
I've had a name change since qualifying or registering for the Boston Marathon. How should I register? How do I update my registration?
Please register using the name that you qualified with. Upon confirmation of acceptance, please send proof of your name change (ie: copy of marriage certificate) to the Registration Office via email (email@example.com) or fax (508-435-6590) and we will update it for you. If it's a case of a divorce, we ask for a copy of the name change portion of the divorce decree. We can also take a copy of old and new driver's license.
Official Boston Marathon Merchandise will be on sale at the John Hancock Sports & Fitness Expo, several Boston sporting goods stores, in Copley Square Park and at the Family Meeting Area after the race. Before or after race weekend, merchandise may be ordered online or via mail-order directly from our licensees. Some of them may also have limited amounts of previous years' merchandise available.
John B. Hynes Convention Center900 Boylston StreetBoston, MA 02115617-954-2000
The John Hancock Sports & Fitness Expo is open to the public and admission is free. The Hynes Convention Center is conveniently located in the center of Boston, in the Back Bay area. For more information about the John Hancock Sports & Fitness Expo, visit the Conventures website.
To see a list of official Boston Marathon licensees and their products go to our Shop page.
What do I need with me when registering for the Boston Marathon?
To register for the Boston Marathon, you will need to provide the following information on the registration form:
What are my chances of being accepted in Boston Marathon?
Historically, runners who beat their qualifying standard by a larger amount of time are more likely to be accepted into the Boston Marathon. Since our rolling registration procedure was introduced in 2012, a cutoff has occurred 3 times:
Although these were the cases for previous years, we cannot predict how competitive the registration process will be for any given year, or how quickly it will fill. If you don't have a qualifying time but still wish to participate, you can apply to run of one of the B.A.A. official charities by contacting them directly. Click the button below for more information:
Where do I retrieve my baggage after I finish the Boston Marathon?
No bags will be allowed on buses from Boston to Hopkinton, and bags will not be transported from Hopkinton back to Boston. Bags will not be allowed in certain areas at or near the start in Hopkinton, at or near the finish in Boston, or along the course. At the conclusion of the race, the B.A.A. will provide you with a Heatsheet® Warmth Retention Cape for warmth.
A gear check opportunity on Boston Common will be available on the morning of the Boston Marathon, allowing official participants to have a change of clothing (shoes, pants, shirt, jacket) at the conclusion of the race. The bag to be used for this purpose will be provided at Number Pick-up by the B.A.A.
Only this B.A.A.-provided, clear, plastic bag can be used for this purpose. No other bags will be accepted. Any items that you would like to have with you at the conclusion of the race must be placed inside the clear, plastic bag that the B.A.A. will provide for you. You must leave this clear, plastic bag at the gear check area on Boston Common prior to boarding the B.A.A. shuttle bus to the start in Hopkinton. Please be aware that the gear check area on Boston Common is approximately one half mile from the exit of the finish area at Arlington Street.
How do I update my qualifying time to improve my seeding?
If you've improved your qualifying time, please click the button below to update you information and improve your seeding:
Limited transportation from Boston back to both parking areas in Hopkinton (see below information) will be available after the race at no charge.
What time will be used as my seeding time for the Boston Marathon?
Entrants in the Boston Marathon who have submitted a time that meets the qualifying standard for their age and gender will be seeded accordingly. Entrants without a qualifying time will be assigned a bib number accordingly.
1935 John A. Kelley
Born in West Medford, Massachusetts as one of ten children, Kelley ran track and cross-country at Arlington High School in Massachusetts. He did not finish his first Boston Marathon in 1928, but eventually competed in a record 61 Boston Marathons. A legend of the marathon, Kelley won the 1935 and 1945 runnings of the Boston Marathon. He finished in second place at Boston a record seven times. Between 1934 to 1950, he finished in the top five 15 times at Boston, consistently running in the 2:30s. He ran his last full marathon at Boston in 1992 at the age of 84, his 61st start and 58th finish there.


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Audi A3 2.0 TDI Sport pictures and hands-on
The new Audi A3 isn't just a facelift, it's a new car. It rolls in on the new platform that will also see the likes of the VW Golf seventh gen, but retains that Audi A3 look. We've heard it before, with Audi telling us it has "A3 genes" and who's to argue with DNA? When Audi invited us be introduced to the new A3 in the rolling lusciousness of the Royal County of Berkshire, we were down the M3 in a shot.
From the exterior, this is unmistakably an Audi A3. But it's a more aggressive design: soft lines have become sharp, the creased body reflecting the sorts of changes we've seen in the likes of recent BMW models. The headlights now have a sort of focused concentration to them, like the eyes of an angry animal. The line of the doors and smaller wing mirrors give the new Audi A3 a more sporty look than previous models.
In the process the rear window seems to have reduced and, sitting in the driving seat looking in the auto-dimming rear-view mirror (optional), we couldn't help thinking that the view was slightly restricted. We suspect this is because the roof line has been lowered at the rear, but that's just our impression.
The model we test drove and photographed here was the Audi A3 2.0 TDI Sport. This new diesel, offering 150PS and a 6-speed gearbox, is likely to be the most popular model of the Audi A3 range and with good cause, offering the combination of power and fuel efficiency that the majority will be looking for.
The A3 2.0 TDI will see you go from 0-60 in just over 8 seconds, but still give you 68.9mpg (combined) according to Audi's figures. Not only are you looking at an efficient engine, but there have been weight savings made across the A3, so it's 80kg (for the base model) lighter than its predecessor. That's about the weight of an adult passenger, in his mid-30s, ahem.
You'll notice the Sport tag on the end of the name too. This level of trim brings with it 17-inch wheels as standard, but our model had been further upgraded to 18-inchers (£595). The suspension is lower by 15mm to give a firmer ride. In reality, perhaps thanks to the sculpted but comfortable sports seats, the ride isn't that harsh. Sure, you'll feel it when your near-side rear wheel clips that mini roundabout, but this isn't a bone-jarring ride.
The interior is spacious enough, with plenty of headroom and a cockpit design that is clean and uncomplicated. There's a lot crammed on to the sports steering wheel and some duplication of controls between the wheel and the central console, but finding your way around it takes little time at all.
The driver information system will relay a lot on the information that the 5.8-inch pop-up display will give you, but when it comes to the basics, the driver has everything at the fingertips, including sensible things like a clickable volume roller that mutes.
It's perhaps the central console and the MMI system that gadget freaks will find themselves getting excited about. The 5.8-inch display extends out of the dash in the centre, rather than being fixed into the central structure. This gives the impression of a clean and tidy interior, because it's not liberally littered with buttons like the previous A3.
The MMI system incorporates various elements of car "settings", entertainment and navigation, depending on the specification and options you choose. The controls for this lie in the centre of the car. With the mechanical handbrake lever now gone, there's space for a nice big clickable dial and sensible navigation buttons.
An optional extra is the MMI Touch enhancement, which makes the top of the button touch sensitive, so you can use your finger to move across a map on the display, for example. It's clever stuff, as is the iPhone connection in the central cubbyhole behind, which is topped with just enough elbow space for those of us who like to drive with only one hand on the wheel.
The great thing about the central controls and the 5.1 entertainment system is that it's intuitive. No one demonstrated it to us, but with a couple of minutes, we'd cranked up the subwoofer, found a thumping track on the HDD, and paired the HTC One X via Bluetooth.
The inside of the new Audi A3 is a great place to be. To be fair, so was the last A3, but the clean design and seemingly simple appearance belies the technology that the Audi can put at your fingertips, and we've only scratched the surface. The model we tested starts at £22,730 for the 2.0 TDI Sport, but as pictured here will cost you £29,225. That's a lot of added options, but a lot of fun at your fingertips.
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Floozie by Frost French Blue ladybird picot tummy control swimsuit
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Item No.0640201164
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This blue swimsuit from Floozie by Frost French has a stylish daisy and ladybird design with picot details and spotted trims. It has a bow bandeau bust and a detachable halter strap.
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text:
|Numéro de publication
|Type de publication
|Numéro de demande
|Numéro PCT
|Date de publication
|13 nov. 2003
|Date de dépôt
|19 juil. 2001
|Date de priorité
|31 juil. 2000
|Autre référence de publication
|Numéro de publication
|William Harris, Brian Burroughs, Daniel Hoeffel
|Cessionnaire d'origine
|Harris William H., Burroughs Brian R., Hoeffel Daniel P.
|Exporter la citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citations de brevets (5), Référencé par (16), Classifications (22), Événements juridiques (1)
|Liens externes: USPTO, Cession USPTO, Espacenet
[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Serial No. 60/222,044 filed on Jul. 31, 2000, which is incorporated by reference.
[0002] The present invention relates to improved acetabular components, such as liners, assemblies and complete replacements, for use in the body. The improved acetabular components can be used, for example, in hip arthroplasties in both a primary and revision setting. The present invention provides marked increases in range of motion ("ROM") while minimizing the risk of dislocation.
[0003] Range of motion is a critical consideration in hip replacements. Acetabular components that yield increased range of motion enhance patient comfort and mobility, and thus overall patient well-being. One approach for achieving increased range of motion is through the use of large diameter femoral heads, such as disclosed in PCT/US99/16070 (the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference). Large diameter femoral heads also have greater intrinsic stability than smaller heads in accordance with the principles disclosed in Amstutz et al., Clin. Orthop. 111: 124-30 (1975).
[0004] Another concern in hip replacements is dislocation. Dislocation is a major source of morbidity at re-operation after total hip arthroplasty. Dislocation rates have been quoted at 1-10% for primary total hip arthioplasties. Many studies have shown increased rates of dislocation after revision total hip arthroplasty when compared with primary total hip arthroplasty. Currently, the chance of "successful surgical management of a recurrent dislocation" is 70% when a cause for the dislocation can be identified. Dislocation results in significant patient anxiety. In addition, the costs associated with surgical management of dislocation are significant.
[0005] A decreased ROM also may contribute to the risk of dislocation. It is postulated that the impingement of the femoral stem on the rim of the insert, due to decreased range of motion of a particular hip replacement design, was the cause of dislocation. Orthopaedic Knlowledge Update, Chapter 38, page 474 (James H. Beatty, M.D., editor, AAOS).
[0006] The conventional design of a polyethylene acetabular component for total hip replacement consists of a polyethylene liner for a metal backed shell. The hemisphere of polyethylene has a smaller recess cut into the face of the hemisphere to receive the ball (femoral head) of the femoral component. Such a component might have, for example, a 55 mm outer diameter (OD) and a 32 mm inner diameter (ID). Other variations exist. For example, the recess may be cut deeper into the hemisphere so that the equator of the head is below the face of the hemispherical liner (countersink). Countersink is used to increase the stability of the articulation, because the ball is deeper within the articulation. Countersinking, however, reduces the range of motion (ROM) for the same reason, i.e., the ball is deeper within the polyethylene. In part this restriction in ROM can be offset by creating a chamfer in the polyethylene at the edge of the ID, but in doing so the resistance to dislocation is also compromised.
[0007] Thus, current and past designs have utilized various approaches, including countersinks in which the center of rotation of the femoral head is below the level of the flat surface of the liner. These designs, however, were limited in ROM and were at significant risk of dislocation.
[0008] Prior designs also have attempted to achieve a comparable ROM by reducing the height of the acetabular component (i.e., the "low profile acetabular components"). While this approach does achieve a similar ROM prior to impingement, it has several limitations. These limitation are discussed herein.
[0009] In view of the limitations of the commercialized designs, new approaches are needed that would avoid impingement while at the same time increasing range of motion, which would result in a decreased rate of dislocation for both primary and revision total hip arthroplasties. Such approaches would decrease patient anxiety, eliminate the need for postoperative dislocation precautions, and reduce the number of revisions performed for dislocation and recurrent dislocation resulting in a net cost savings to the healthcare system.
[0010] The present invention relates improved acetabular components, such as liners, assemblies and complete replacements, for use in the body. According to the present invention, the recess into which the head is seated is not countersunk, is not colinear with the equator, and potentially has no chamfer. Rather, the recess is brought out (outset) of the hemisphere of polyethylene, as opposed to being countersunk.
[0011] Instead of having the femoral head 50% covered by the polyethylene (the radius of the ID of the polyethylene equals the radius of the femoral head), or instead of having the depth of the ID greater than the radius of the femoral head (i.e. the head is countersunk in the polyethylene) we propose to have the radius of the ID and radius of the head identical, but to have the depth of the recess less than the radius of the ID and head. For example, if the head has a 16 mm radius, the recess might be 12 or 14 mm in depth. This means that the femoral head will not be covered to 50% of its area by the polyethylene, it will be outset.
[0012] On significant advantage of the present invention's outset design is the increase in the range of motion. This is the result of the decrease in impingement that results from the outset. The femoral neck in this design can travel through a greater ROM before contacting the polyethylene. In fact, if the amount of outset equals the radius of the neck the ROM is 180° and no chamfer is needed.
[0013] This present invention is preferable used with a large diameter femoral head, although it is applicable to all head sizes. The use of large diameter femoral heads, for example heads 32 mm and larger, is now feasible because of the development of highly wear resistant, crosslinked ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). The advantage of the larger heads in conjunction with the outset design is as follows:
[0014] The outset design has an interrelationship with stability of the articulation. The increase in ROM provides partial protection against dislocation because impingement between the femoral component and the polyethylene is reduced. Impingement is a major contributor to dislocation. On the other hand, with the offset design, the distance that the femoral head must be displaced before it dislocates is reduced by the extent of the outset. This partially increases the risk of dislocation. However, if one compares a 38 mm head with an outset socket to a 32 mm head with or without countersink, the 38 mm head with an outset socket is still placed deeper in the polyethylene. Thus a 38 mm with outset is still intrinsically more stable than the conventional 32 mm head with or without countersink, plus having greater ROM and reduced impingement. In sun therefore, using a 38 mm head with an outset design is preferable to current implant designs. (Compared to a 38 mm head with a conventional recess and ID, it is slightly less stable but has increased ROM.)
[0015] It is an object of the invention to provide improved prostheses for use in the hip. In accomplishing this and other objects, there is provided in accordance with one aspect of the present invention acetabular liners that can hold femoral heads, including those having large diameters, to form a hip replacement prostheses, wherein the liners have a rim that creates an orifice, and wherein the orifice has a diameter that is smaller than the diameter of the femoral head, and wherein there is an outset between the rim of the liner and the center line of the femoral head when the femoral head is disposed therein. The liners can comprise polyethylene, preferably ultra high molecular weight polyethylene that is cross-linked, preferably by irradiation, more preferably by electron beam irradiation with melting.
[0016] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there are provided monopolar acetabular assemblies comprising (A) monopolar acetabular liners that can hold a femoral heads, including those having large diameters, to form a hip replacement prostheses; and (B) a metal shell. The liners can comprise polyethylene, preferably ultra high molecular weight polyethylene that is cross-linked, preferably by irradiation. The metal shell can be made of titanium, cobalt chrome, or other suitable materials.
[0017] In accordance with still another aspect of the present invention, there are provided hip joint replacement assemblies comprising (A) monopolar acetabular liners that can hold a femoral heads, including those having large diameters, to form a hip replacement prostheses; (B) a metal shell; and (C) a femoral head. The liners can comprise polyethylene, preferably ultra high molecular weight polyethylene that is cross-linked, preferably by irradiation. The femoral head can comprise a femoral stem. One or both of the femoral head and stem can be made of a cobalt chrome alloy, titanium, ceramic, or other suitable materials.
[0018] In accordance with yet another aspect of the invention, there are provided methods of replacing a hip in a patient in need thereof, comprising the step of surgically implanting in patients monopolar acetabular liners that can hold a femoral heads including those having large diameters, to form a hip replacement prostheses. The liners can comprise polyethylene, preferably ultra high molecular weight polyethylene that is cross-linked, preferably irradiation. Metal shells, femoral heads and femoral stems also can be implanted according to the invention.
[0019] These and other aspects of the present invention will become apparent to the skilled person in view of the description set forth below.
[0020]FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a conventional liner wherein the femoral neck is impinging the rim of the liner.
[0021]FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a conventional liner having a chamfered edge depicting translation to dislocation of the femoral head out of the socket articulation.
[0022]FIG. 3 is a schematic view of an outset liner in functional relation with a femoral head and neck. The polyethylene is a full hemisphere, but the femoral head does not set deeply in to the polyethylene (i.e., it is outset).
[0023]FIG. 4 is another view of the liner of FIG. 3 wherein the femoral neck is in contact with rim of the liner. The ROM is 180° before impingement occurs.
[0024] The present invention increases ROM while decreasing the risk of dislocation of total hip arthroplasty in both the primary and revision setting. In conjunction with large diameter femoral heads, such as disclosed in PCT/US99/16070, the present invention can achieve a range of motion that is greater than is currently available in other systems using 22, 26, 28 and 32 mm heads. The increased range of motion provided by the present invention will afford patients a more normal life style than the currently available systems. The present invention can be surgically implanted in a patient in the same or similar manner as currently employed implants. Thus, the present invention results in an improved quality of life as well as improved patient satisfaction.
[0025] The dislocation phenomenon with conventional acetabular designs is illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2. Dislocation may be preceded, although not exclusively, by the impingement of the femoral neck against the rim of the acetabular liner. The potential for dislocation also is related to the distance that the femoral head must be displaced in order for the femoral head to escape the acetabular component. Thus femoral head and acetabular component designs which have smaller ROM and smaller are less stable than designs with larger ROM and larger translation to dislocation distances. Outset designs can achieve larger ROM and larger translation to dislocation distances than currently available designs, and thus have a greater intrinsic stability. FIG. 1 represents a conventional system (5) wherein the liner (12) has a rim (16). The femoral head (14) has a neck (20). FIG. 1 shows how the neck (20) impinges (23) the edge of the rim (16), which decreases range of motion, risks break away damage to the rim (16) and can lead to dislocation of the entire head (14) from the liner (12) through a fulcrum like action of the edge of the rim (16) on the neck (20).
[0026]FIG. 2 depicts conventional system (10), which is similar to conventional system (5) except that the rim (16) has a chamfered edge (17). The use of the chamfered edge lessens the possibility of damage to the rim (16). This chamfer acts to distribute the load applied by the impinging femoral neck over a greater area hence reducing the stresses within the liner that could otherwise have a damaging effect. A shortcoming of the chamfer is that it serves to promote dislocation. FIG. 2 shows the translation movement need in an X-Y plan needed for total dislocation of the femoral head (14) from the liner (12).
[0027] The present invention provides design features which increase the range of motion, decrease the potential for implant impingement, maintain or increase the surface area on the acetabular shell available for bony in-growth, and decrease the significance of component malposition, which often results in impingement/dislocation. These goals are accomplished while maintaining or improving the stability of the hip. These features include, but are not limited to, outset liner design, the potential to eliminate the acetabular chamfer, increased femoral head diameter, and hemispherical shell design.
[0028] Components that possess a greater amount of outset will possess greater range of motion of the hip. The benefits of increased range of motion are, (i) decreased potential of component impingement and hence dislocation, (ii) allows a greater degree of freedom at which the acetabular component can be placed without encountering mechanical impingement, (iii) decreased wear and deformity secondary to impingement. The hemispherical design of the outset component provides for (i) decreased load per unit area at the implant cement and/or implant bone interfaces, (ii) decreased torque per unit area at the implant cement and/or implant bone interfaces, (iii) increased press fit of the component into the bony acetabulum, enhancing in-growth of bone into metal backed shells, (iv) increased surface area for bony in-growth using metal backed liners. For a given femoral head size, increasing the amount of outset potentially decreases the stability of the joint by decreasing the amount that the femoral head must be displaced to dislocate. However, this tendency is offset by both (i) the increased ROM before impingement and (ii) the use of larger head sizes.
[0029] Increasing the diameter of the femoral head can increase the stability of the joint by increasing the distance that the femoral head must be displaced to dislocate. Therefore, increasing the diameter of the femoral head can offset the potential decrease in joint stability encountered when outset is increased.
[0030] The present invention advantageously employs UHMWPE liners, preferably using UHMWPE that is cross-linked, including highly cross-linked UHMWPE. UHMWPE can be cross-linked by a variety of approaches, including those employing cross-linking chemicals and/or irradiation. Preferred approaches for cross-linking employ irradiation, and are taught in PCT/US97/02220, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
[0031] According to the invention, there is provided a two part acetabular assembly, namely a metal shell for bony in-growth with UHMWPE liner, preferably where the bearing surface of the liner that comes into contact with the femoral head is comprised of crosslinked UHMWPE. Also according to the present invention there is provided an UHMWPE liner designed to be cemented with polymethylmethacralate (PMMA) into the prepared bony acetabular bed.
[0032] The liner of the present invention preferably is "monopolar" system. The monopolar acetabular preferably has a one piece design and has a single metal to polyethylene articular surface, and thus preferably is not bipolar or tripolar in design. The monopolar design allows for the use of thicker polyethylene in the acetabular liner. Compared to the bipolar and tripolar constrained/captured designs, the monopolar design decreases the surface area of contact between metal and polyethylene because there is only one metal-polyethylene articulation, rather than two or more found in current and past designs. Moreover, the use of crosslinked UHMWPE will decrease the amount of debris particles generated to articulation. Moreover, different types of heads and liners can be used with the shell, and can be selected by the surgeon during surgery.
[0033] According to one aspect of the invention, less than 50% of the volume of the femoral head is enclosed within the polyethylene liner. FIG. 3 depicts at (15) a liner (12) in functional relation with a femoral head (14) and stem (20). The rim surface (16) of the liner (12) ends before the center line (18), representing the center of rotation, of the femoral head. The perpendicular distance between the plane defined by the rim of the acetabular liner to the center line of the femoral head is referred to as the "outset" (22).
[0034] Preferably, the liner rim surface is flat. In other embodiments, for example, modifications such as extended lips, hoods, and long posterior wall liners could be designed with outset characteristics. The inner portions of the rim circumscribe the orifice. A metal shell, not pictured, would be positioned between the liner and the bone at the mount site, and preferably is configured so as to promote in-growth of the bone.
[0035] Preferably, the invention is used with a large head diameter (for example, 35 mm or greater, such as 38 mm, 40 mm, 42 mm, 44 mm and any diameter in between or larger) in order to increase the range of motion in comparison with currently available constraint systems.
[0036]FIG. 4 shows (15) an outset liner (12) wherein the outset is sufficiently great in relation to the radius of the stem (20) such that the stem (20) lies at least substantially flush with most of or the entire surface of the rim (16). This arrangement increases range of motion while at the same time distributes the load applied by the femoral neck over a the entire area of the rim, which reduces the stresses within the liner that could otherwise have a damaging effect. This stress distribution is performed without the need for a chamfered edge, and thus avoid the fulcrum effect of such an edge.
[0037] The present invention allows for the use of hemispherical acetabular shells. This in contrast with "low profile" shell. "Low-profile" shells have been designed in the past, and have claimed to have superior ROM in comparison to existing hemispherical designs. The present invention achieves increased ROM though outset and head size. In addition, it has several advantages over the "low-profile" designs, including:
[0038] 1. A hemispherical design has a greater porous surface for bony in-growth.
[0039] 2. The press fit of a hemispherical shell within the prepared bony acetabulum is superior to that achieved with the non-hemispherical/low-profile designs.
[0040] 3. The increased surface area of the liner results in less load and less torque per unit area at the shell bone interface, or the polyethylene-cement and cement bone interfaces when using a cemented acetabular component.
[0041] 4. The increased surface area of the liner allows for more potential screw locations for those settings in which augmentation with screw fixation is beneficial.
[0042] The invention is further demonstrated by the following examples, which do not limit the invention in any manner.
[0043] Two dimensional modeling was performed to predict ROM. The translational distance to dislocation was defined as X-Y, as depicted in FIG. 2 with regard to a convention chamfered head. The shell modeled was 55 mm outer diameter. The neck of the femoral component was 14 mm in diameter. This diameter was chosen to represent both a worst case scenario and to represent neck sizes currently in use. Smaller neck diameters will produce greater ROM and stability. This diameter is representative of many of currently available femoral stems.
[0044] Two dimensional analyses for ROM and translation to dislocation are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
TABLE 1 Head Countersink Outset Diameter −2 mm −1 mm 0 mm 1 mm 2 mm 3 mm 4 mm 32 mm 114° 121° 128° 135° 142° 150° 157° 38 mm 125° 131° 137° 143° 149° 155° 161°
[0045] The data of Table 1 show that large heads offer greater range of motion than smaller heads, and that outsets offer greater range of motion than countersinks.
TABLE 2 Distance to Dislocation Head Size (mm) Outset (mm) (mm) 32 0 22.6 38 0 26.9 38 2 25.4 38 4 23.9
[0046] The data of Table 2 demonstrate that 38 mm heads, with and without outsets, have greater translational distances to dislocation than 32 mm heads, which is indicative of stability.
[0047] A anatomic goniometer testing apparatus was used to measure 3D ROM until impingement. See Krushell et al., J. Arthoplasty 62: 97-101 (1991). This goniometer was used to compare both conventional 32 and 38 mm ID liner designs, and outset liner designs. The polyethylene components tested included: 32 and 38 standard depth, 38 mm ID with 2 mm outset, and 4 mm outset. The heads lengths tested were +4 mm. The acetabular component was placed in a sawbones pelvis in 45° abduction and 20° anteversion. The femoral component was placed in a sawbones femur in 200 anteversion and neutral varus/valgus. The ROM prior to either bony or component impingement was measured in those directions most important to useful range of motion in the activities of daily living and those positions most commonly associated with dislocation. They are flexion, internal rotation at 90° flexion, extension, and extension with external rotation. The location of impingement was also recorded.
[0048] Goniometer testing results are shown in Table 3. Increasing the 38 mm head outset from the standard design to 2 mm resulted in an increase in flexion from 143° to 146°. Increasing the outset to 4 mm increased flexion to 149°. Internal rotation at 90° of flexion was increased from 40° to 47°. The 38 mm liner with 4 mm outset has a greater predicted translation to dislocation than the 32 standard design (22.6 mm versus 23.9 mm, see Table 2). In addition, the 38 mm liner with 4 mm outset shows increases of 15° in flexion, 9° in internal rotation at 90° flexion, 15° in extension, and 6° of external rotation at 0° extension in comparison to the standard 32 mm liner.
TABLE 3 Internal External Head Size Outset Rotation at Rotation at (mm) (mm) Flexion 90° flexion Extension 0 Extension 32 0* 134 38 52 50 38 0* 143 40 55 51 38 2 146 45 70 54 38 4 149 47 >75 56
[0049] It is to be understood that the description, specific examples and data, while indicating exemplary embodiments, are given by way of illustration and are not intended to limit the present invention. Various changes and modifications within the present invention will become apparent to the skilled artisan from the discussion, disclosure and data contained herein, and thus are considered part of the invention.
|Brevet cité
|Date de dépôt
|Date de publication
|4 mai 1936
|28 mars 1939
|American Box Board Co
|Titre non disponible
|Titre non disponible
|Titre non disponible
|Titre non disponible
|Brevet citant
|Date de dépôt
|Date de publication
|23 nov. 2009
|28 févr. 2012
|Biomet Manufacturing Corp.
|Multiple bearing acetabular prosthesis
|10 janv. 2008
|17 avr. 2012
|Biomet Manufacturing Corp.
|Knee joint prosthesis system and method for implantation
|5 aoűt 2009
|24 avr. 2012
|Biomet Manufacturing Corp.
|Knee joint prosthesis system and method for implantation
|9 oct. 2008
|29 mai 2012
|Biomet Manufacturing Corp.
|Knee joint prosthesis system and method for implantation
|14 juil. 2009
|13 nov. 2012
|Biomet Manufacturing Corp.
|Multiple bearing acetabular prosthesis
|23 mars 2010
|11 déc. 2012
|Biomet Manufacturing Corp.
|Knee joint prosthesis system and method for implantation
|16 févr. 2011
|19 mars 2013
|Rodney Ian Walter Richardson
|Acetabular cup with rotatable bearing member
|16 févr. 2011
|18 juin 2013
|Rodney Ian Walter Richardson
|Acetabular cup with rotatable bearing
|2 aoűt 2012
|9 juil. 2013
|Biomet Manufacturing, Llc
|Knee joint prosthesis system and method for implantation
|9 oct. 2008
|22 oct. 2013
|Biomet Manufacturing, Llc
|Knee joint prosthesis system and method for implantation
|25 aoűt 2011
|9 sept. 2014
|Smith & Nephew, Inc.
|Implants, surgical methods, and instrumentation for use in femoroacetabular impingement surgeries
|25 févr. 2010
|2 déc. 2014
|Smith & Nephew, Inc
|Methods and apparatus for FAI surgeries
|12 mars 2013
|20 janv. 2015
|Biomet Manufacturing, Llc
|Knee joint prosthesis system and method for implantation
|21 juin 2010
|28 avr. 2015
|Derek J. McMinn
|Method of forming a polymer component
|25 févr. 2010
|8 nov. 2012
|Phillip Frederick
|Methods and apparatus for fai surgeries
|13 nov. 2007
|19 aoűt 2009
|Ralph H. Lewis
|Extended range of motion, constrained prosthetic hip-joint
|Classification aux États-Unis
|623/22.17, 623/22.25
|Classification internationale
|Classification coopérative
|Classification européenne
|25 avr. 2003
Owner name: MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL, MASSACHUSETTS
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|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Número de solicitud
|Fecha de publicación
|14 Jul 2005
|Fecha de presentación
|9 Ene 2004
|Fecha de prioridad
|9 Ene 2004
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|Yu Shi
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|Yu Shi
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|Citas de patentes (34), Citada por (11), Clasificaciones (19), Eventos legales (1)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet
This application relates to poly(ethylene terephthalate)—based compositions and more particularly to stress cracking resistance of articles such as containers made with poly(ethylene terephthalate)—based compositions.
Poly(ethylene terephthalate)-based resins, which are commonly referred to in the industry simply as "PET" even though they may and often do contain minor amounts of additional components, have widely been used to make containers for carbonated soft drink, juice, water and the like due to their excellent combination of mechanical and gas barrier properties. Unfortunately, a phenomenon known as environmental stress cracking (ESC) has been a persistent annoyance in PET containers used for carbonated beverages since the advent of the one-piece container design. The ultimate failure caused by ESC is a rupture in the base of the container resulting in the loss of the container's contents and subsequent contamination of the surroundings. Clean-up is laborious. Product and liability losses can be expensive. Usually 10 to 20 stress crack failure containers per million is considered excessive.
Direct causes for failures are often difficult to determine. The factors affecting ESC of PET containers include, but are not limited to, container production conditions, the stress due to the pressurization of the carbonated beverage, and the conditions in container handling and storage.
Production conditions are critical contributors to the ESC phenomenon. Manufacturing variations can play a significant role in determining the ESC resistance. Minor changes in processing conditions are reported to have significant effect on stress crack resistance. During line conveying and container cleaning stress crack agents in the form of chemicals contact PET container. The origin of a crack in a PET container is normally located at the areas where stress concentration exists. The stress cracking agent can attack the base by many mechanisms, but normally starts from craze development as a result of the cracking agent attack. Crazes can then develop into cracks and failure may occur in forms of a rupture or leakage. Optimum processing conditions, which are difficult to manage consistently, are required to prevent ESC.
ESC can be also caused by excessive stress seen in the carbonation of beverages. Beverages are often over pressurized during the filling process to increase shelf life. However, over pressurization creates added stress to the container and thus a higher possibility for rupture.
Physical aging has been found to be an important contributing factor for ESC of PET containers. Studies have shown that the container ESC resistance decreases exponentially with hours of aging. The physical aging that containers experience before filling may be a primary factor responsible for the increased rate of failures often observed during the hot summer months.
Several methods have been reported to improve ESC resistance of one-piece PET containers for carbonated soft drinks (CSDs). Proper and robust base design of the PET container is one method used to reduce ESC. A well-designed base is required to tolerate manufacturing variations and can protect containers from excess stress. Base design is a critical component in today's container manufacture. However, base design can not protect containers from contact with stress-inducing chemical agents.
Another method for reducing ESC is a modification to the blow molding process. The modification achieves optimal base weight, minimum residual stress, and/or maximum crystallinity in the base. This method, however, has the same problem inherent with all the methods above: the nature of the material is not changed. Therefore, the reduction of stress cracking is just a matter of degree, depending on the nature of the chemical agent, the contact time and other factors.
A third method is the use of special lubricants on container line conveyors. These lubricants have fewer tendencies to attack PET containers as stress cracking agents and thus reduce the stress cracking of PET containers. This method, however, can not solve problems associated with other chemicals such as cleansers, contaminants from water, and the like that can cause stress cracking. So ESC still occurs, just to a lesser degree during filling.
Still another method is to coat the PET container, at least around the base. The coating itself is very inert to chemical agents which are normally strong enough to attack PET. This method, however, requires additional steps in the container making process and thus adds more cost to the container. The method is not applicable in all container making or filling sites either due to space limitations.
Additionally, increasing the molecular weight or intrinsic viscosity (IV) of PET has been found helpful in reducing the occurrence of ESC in PET containers used for carbonated beverage. A minimum IV of 0.80 dL/g is desirable in making a CSD container, with preferred IV's being reported to be 0.82 dL/g or higher. Higher IV or higher molecular weight PET has fewer chain ends and is believed to have less interaction with chemical attacking agents, which is believed to result in less stress cracking. In addition, higher IV PET (above 0.80 dL/g) is believed to have more chain entanglement, which can dissipate more stress than traditionally lower IV PET (below 0.76 dL/g). Normally, when a craze forms in PET during the attack of the chemical agent, stress is localized at the point of craze formation and is transferred through the expansion of crazes to form cracks. A higher IV resin is believed to be able to reduce the effect by transferring the stress partially to the other chains without further expansion of the crazes to form cracks. However, higher IV PET requires longer solid state polymerization (SSP) time, and higher injection molding temperature due to higher melt viscosity. Unfortunately, this means higher IV PET is more expensive to make than lower IV PET. Nevertheless, the general trend in recent years is to use higher IV PET of about 0.84 dL/g to avoid the annoyance of the ESC problem even though higher IV PET costs more to produce and convert from resin to container.
Lower IV PETs, such as 0.72 to 0.76 dL/g, however, have been used for a few container applications, such as still water containers, where stress cracking is seldom an issue. Application of such lower IV PETs in one-piece-CSD containers has been limited solely because of its bad performance in stress cracking resistance. Modifications to PET compositions have been reported in an effort to counter ESC effects so that lower IV PET can be used for CSDs. One example is the addition of a comonomer, such as naphthalene dicarboxylate to enhance the stress cracking resistance. In any case, a higher IV PET has always been used for carbonated beverage applications. Having different resins for packaging different products, however, creates more inventories in the converting facilities. Some facilities do not have enough capability to have so many inventories. Thus, having a lower IV PET that resists stress cracking problems would be greatly desired by the industry so that a lower IV resin can be used for both CSD and water application reducing resin cost as well as inventory cost.
Impact modifiers have been used in amorphous polymer as well as high crystalline polymers to improve the impact resistance of these polymers. For polyesters, impact modifiers are widely used to improve the low temperature or room temperature impact resistance of highly crystallized PET homopolymers (often referred to as "CPET") or amorphous polyesters made using high levels of glycol modification (more than 10 mole percent of non-ethylene glycol modifiers). The impact stress is normally applied in a rapid movement, such as dropping the article from a high distance or applying a rapid high stress to the article through an external force. These modifiers are believed to form a two-phase morphology in the polymer. The modifiers form a rubber-like phase which can absorb the impact energy and effectively transfers the stress from the CPET or amorphous polyester phase. Although impact modifiers are generally known for the above applications, there has been no attempt of using the same family of chemicals to improve the stress cracking resistance of PET containers for carbonated beverage application, especially those made with lower IV PET.
Although much effort has been made to understand and solve the stress cracking problem, the root causes of the stress cracking are still unknown. Stress cracking can have costly ramifications in terms of clean-up or liability. As can be seen, no one method currently available solves the stress cracking problems of PET containers used for CSDs. Rather, the stress cracking problem of PET containers has been carefully managed through optimized bottle design, bottle making, and product filling processes. Therefore, there remains a need to prevent or decrease environmental stress cracking in PET containers. Accordingly, it is to the provision of such that the present invention is primarily directed.
This invention addresses the foregoing issues in the prior art by providing a preform having an open ended mouth forming portion, an intermediate body forming portion, and a closed base forming portion and being made of a stress cracking resistant polyester composition comprising a poly(ethylene terephthalate) based resin and an impact modifier. This invention also encompasses a container made by blow molding such preform made of the stress cracking resistant polyester composition.
Without wishing to be bound by theory, the impact modifier is believed to improve the relaxation phenomenon of the poly(ethylene terephthalate) based resin such that a lower molecular weight (i.e. lower intrinsic viscosity) poly(ethylene terephthalate) based resin behaves as a higher molecular weight resin and resists stress cracking. In preferred embodiments the poly(ethylene terephthalate) based resin has an IV of from about 0.65 to about 0.90 dL/g, more preferably from about 0.65 to about 0.86 dL/g, even more preferably from about 0.65 to about 0.80 dL/g and still even more preferably from about 0.68 to about 0.76 dL/g. Thus, as a result of this invention, less expensive, lower IV poly(ethylene terephthalate) based resin when combined with the impact modifier can be used to make such preforms and containers. Further the same preform and container can be used for a variety of applications including CSD and bottled water containers.
Other objects, features, and advantages of this invention and the preferred embodiments will be appreciated from the following drawings, detailed description of embodiments, and claims.
The present invention encompasses a preform and a container made by blow molding the preform, both having an open ended mouth forming portion, an intermediate body forming portion, and a closed base forming portion and comprising a stress cracking resistant polyester composition comprising a poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) based resin and at least one impact modifier. Preferably, the PET based resin has a low intrinsic viscosity (IV), that is below about 0.76 dL/g. The impact modifier surprisingly enhances the stress cracking resistance of the low IV PET based resin such that the low IV PET based resin behaves as a higher IV resin. Thus, the container made utilizing this invention is particularly suited for use as a carbonated soft drink (CSD) container. The use of the impact modifier makes it possible to use a cheaper low IV PET based resin for the CSD container, and use the same container for other applications such as bottled water, alcoholic beverages, juices, and the like.
Conventionally, impact modifiers have been used in thermal formed high crystallinity PET (CPET) articles to improve the low temperature impact resistance. Such articles include amorphous polyester films or thermal formed high crystallinity PET trays used in low temperature freezer storage and high temperature oven-able applications. The high crystallinity is normally achieved through thermal crystallization. Therefore, a PET homopolymer is normally used to enhance the thermal crystallization rate. The high crystalline PET homopolymers used for such application normally also have high IVs of above 0.80 dL/g and preferably above 0.90 dL/g to achieve the good impact resistance in low temperature applications. Further, in order to improve the impact resistance, normally a loading level of 10 weight percent or more of the impact modifier has to be incorporated into CPET. In this invention, the same family of chemicals that are used as impact modifiers improves the stress cracking resistance of low IV PET based resins at much lower loading, preferably lower than 10 weight percent, such that the low IV PET based resin can perform similar to that of high IV PET materials in applications including, but not limited to CSD containers. The containers are made through injection blow molding processes, where the thermal crystallization is minimized in the injection molding to obtain clear preforms and the crystallinity is achieved through strain induced crystallization during the blow molding process.
Suitable impact modifiers for use in this invention include any impact modifier compatible with PET based resins. Preferred impact modifiers include elastomers. Still more preferred suitable impact modifiers include elastomers based on polyethylene, butadiene or isoprene, such as polybutadiene, polyisoprene, natural rubber, styrene-butadiene (SBR), acrylonytrile-butadiene, styrene-butadiene-styrene or hydrogenated SBS block copolymers, or acrylonytrile-butadiene-styrene polymers containing high levels of butadiene.
The impact modifiers that are especially useful are the ones modified to enhance the compatibility with PET based resins, such as polyethylene based elastomers. Examples of desirable polyethylene based elastomers include ethylene-acrylate copolymers such as ethylene/methylacrylate, ethylene/ethyl acrylate, ethylene/butyl acrylate and ethylene/methylacrylate/glycidyl methacrylate, or ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers, or the copolymers of butadiene/MMA/styrene. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,409,967 and 5,652,306 and PCT application WO00/15717 disclose the composition of such impact modifiers, and the specifications thereof are expressly incorporated herein by reference.
Suitable impact modifiers also include those with a core-shell structure which are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,409,967 and PCT application WO00/15717. These core-shell modifiers normally contain a hard shell from methylmethacrylate copolymers and a core made from either butadiene methcrylate/butadiene-styrene copolymer or butyl acrylate copolymers. Examples of suitable core-shell impact modifiers include those available from Rohm & Haas Company under the trade name Paraloid.
Impact modifiers can contain added or reacted-to-the-chain compatibilizers. The compatibilizers are those functional groups that can enhance the compatibility or the miscibility of the impact modifiers with PET based resin. These modifiers include those described in PCT application WO 00/15717.
Normal impact modifiers have a different reflective index than that of PET based resins, and the resultant container is white or hazy. One way to solve this is to use modified impact modifiers. Impact modifiers can be modified to match the reflective index of the impact modifiers to that of PET based resins so that the resultant container is clear. The impact modifiers can also be modified with core-shell technology such that the compatibility as well as the reflective index is matched with PET based resins. Further, the impact modifiers can be modified by manipulating the particle sizes of the modifiers such that they are below the visible light wave length, normally below 0.1 microns. All these modifications can be achieved by those skilled in the art.
The impact modifier is present in the stress cracking resistant polyester composition in an amount effective to enhance the stress cracking resistance thereof relative to a polyester composition not including the impact modifier. Preferably, the impact modifier is present in the stress cracking resistant polyester composition in an amount from about 1 to about 10 weight percent of the stress cracking resistant polyester composition. More desirably, the impact modifier is present in an amount from about 3 to about 10 weight percent and even more preferably in an amount from about 3 to about 6 weight percent.
The PET based resin preferably comprises a diacid component having repeat units from terephthalic acid with less than about 5 mole percent modification and a diol component having repeat units from ethylene glycol with less than about 5 mole percent diol modification based on 100 mole percent diacid component and 100 mole percent diol component. The diacid modification can be a comonomer from any of a number of diacids, including adipic acid, succinic acid, isophthalic acid, phthalic acid, 4,4′-biphenyl dicarboxylic acid, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, and the like. The diol modification can be a comonomer such as cyclohexanedimethanol, diethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, neopentylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, and 1,4-butanediol, and the like. The PET base resin preferably further comprises a comonomer for reducing the thermal crystallization rate thereby allowing for the manufacture of relatively clear containers.
In preferred embodiments, the IV of the PET based resin, as measured according to ASTM D4603-96, is from about 0.65 to about 0.90 dL/g, more preferably from about 0.65 to about 0.86 dL/g, still more preferably from 0.65 to 0.80 and further more preferably from about 0.68 to about 0.76 dL/g. According to ASTM D4603-96, the IV of PET based resin was measured at 30° C. with 0.5 weight percent concentration in a 60/40 (by weight fraction) phenol/1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane solution.
As is well known to those skilled in the art, containers can be made by blow molding an injection molded preform. Examples of suitable preform and container structures and methods for making the same are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,888,598, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Turning to
The preform 10 illustrated in
The preform 10, container 22, and packaged beverage 38 are but examples of applications using the stress cracking resistant compositions of the present invention. It should be understood that the compositions of the present invention can be used to make preforms and containers having a variety of configurations.
Embodiments of the present invention are further illustrated below by way of examples, which are not to be construed in any way as imposing limitations upon the scope of the invention.
Sample container preforms were injection molded using two different PET based resins and different stress crack resistance modifiers. Sample 1 was made with a first PET resin (R1), a commercially available CSD grade PET copolymer resin with an IV of 0.83, and Samples 2-6 were made with a second PET resin (R2), a commercially available water grade PET copolymer resin with an IV of 0.74. The compositions of the Sample preforms are set forth in Table 1.
Each preform was injection molded using 500 mL Contour design 28 g preforms under conditions that were set to produce molded samples with no crystallinity, haze or other visual imperfections based on the control resin variable. The PET resins R1 and R2 were dried overnight at 280° F. to a moisture level below 50 ppm. The stress crack resistance additives, poly[ethylene-co-butyl acrylate] (PBA, Aldrich #43,077-3) and poly[ethylene-co-methyl acrylate] (PMA, Aldrich #43,266-0), were dried over the weekend in a vacuum oven with no heat applied to avoid the sticking of additives. An Arburg 320H was used for the injection molding trial.
The preforms were blow molded into containers using a Sidel SBO1/2 machine. The blow molding process conditions that produced an acceptable container with appropriate section weights was established for each variable.
The intrinsic viscosity (IV) of each Sample was measured according to ASTM D4603-96 and the results are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 Resin/Additive Variables Actual % IV Sample Resin Additive Additive Added (dL/g) 1 R1 Control-None N/A 0.795 2 R2 Control-None N/A 0.696 3 R2 PBA 3.0 0.681 4 R2 PBA 5.0 0.670 5 R2 PMA 3.0 0.689 6 R2 PMA 5.0 0.679
The stress cracking resistance of the containers made from Samples 1-6 was measured and the results are shown in Table 2 measured by caustic stress cracking method. In the test, twenty-five containers were randomly selected. Due to the limited number of containers, the number of containers tested varied from 8 to 25 in different cases. The relative comparison was therefore used. The samples were carbonated to about 56 psi of CO2 and stored for 24 hours in an environment of 72° F. and 50% RH. The base of each sample container was immersed in a 0.1% NaOH solution. The % pass indicates the % of containers that passed the test and did not exhibit stress cracking.
TABLE 2 Caustic Stress Crack Results Average Minimum Maximum Failure Time Failure Time Failure Sample (min.) σ (min.) Time (min.) % Passed 1 180 0 180 180 100% 2 123 49 26 180 9% 3 180 0 180 180 100% 4 180 0 180 180 100% 5 175 11 150 180 75% 6 180 0 180 180 100%
The results in Table 2 clearly showed that the addition of the stress cracking resistance modifiers dramatically improved the stress cracking resistance of the containers made from low IV PET resins. The low IV resins with stress cracking resistance modifiers performed similarly to that of higher IV resins. In this case, the IV of the low molecular weight PET container is 0.68 and the IV of the high molecular weight PET container is 0.80, but their stress cracking performance is the same. Sample 2, the low IV resin without the modifier, could not pass the stress cracking test.
Sample container preforms were injection molded using two different PET based resins and different stress crack resistance modifiers. Sample 1 was made with a first PET resin (R3), a commercially available CSD grade PET copolyester resin with an IV of 0.84, and Samples 2-4 were made with a second PET resin (R4), a commercially available water grade PET copolyester resin with an IV of 0.74. The composition of the Sample preforms is set forth in Table 3.
The stress cracking resistance additive used was a commercially available Paraloid EXL core-shell impact modifier supplied by Rohm & Haas. The preforms were injection and blow molded according to Example 1. The containers were then subjected to the same tests and the results are shown in Table 4.
TABLE 3 Resin/Additive Variables Actual % IV Sample Resin Additive Additive Added (dL/g) 1 R3 Control-None 0 0.782 2 R4 Control-None 0 0.674 3 R4 EXL 3.0 0.651 4 R4 EXL 6.0 0.638
The stress cracking test was performed the same as in the Example 2. All variables had 25 containers for testing. The absolute failure time was thus used for the comparison. The average failure time for different variables is shown in the table 4. The longer the failure time, the better the stress cracking resistance. It is seen that both 3 and 6 wt % of the Paraloid EXL additive improved the stress cracking resistance of the low IV resin. For 6 wt %, it was very similar to that of the high IV resin.
TABLE 4 Stress Cracking Test Results Average failure Standard deviation Sample time (minutes) (minutes) 1 168.0 11.3 2 27.0 34.2 3 112.8 39.5 4 137.4 7.7
It should be understood that the foregoing relates to particular embodiments of the present invention, and that numerous changes may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the following claims.
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|6 Ene 1998
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|27 Jun 2000
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|Beverage container and beverage conveyor lubricated with a coating that is thermally or radiation cured
|16 Jun 2000
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|Conveyor lubricant and method for transporting articles on a conveyor system
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|Molding composition with good capability for blow molding
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|The Coca-Cola Company
|Polyester composition for hot fill applications, containers made therewith, and methods
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|Multilayer container for enhanced gas barrier properties
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|Polyester container with enhanced gas barrier and method
|1 Oct 2004
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|Yu Shi
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|Process to Make Polyesters With An Interfacial Tension Reducing Agent for Blending with Polyamides
|Clasificación de EE.UU.
|Clasificación internacional
|Clasificación cooperativa
|Clasificación europea
|9 Ene 2004
Owner name: COCA-COLA COMPANY, THE, GEORGIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:SHI, YU;REEL/FRAME:014889/0857
Effective date: 20040109


text: Sisaundra Lewis - New York State of Mind (The Voice) by Free Britney at April 9, 2014 6:00 am. Updated at April 9, 2014 6:14 am. Comments With a trip to the live shows on the line, Sisaundra Lewis nails her take on Billy Joel's "New York State of Mind" with an electrifying performance Tuesday. Share Tweet Email Edit Delete Follow The Voice? Facebook Disqus Tag: The Voice Related Videos: The Voice Videos Uploaded by: Free Britney Uploaded: April 09, 2014 Modified: April 09, 2014 06:14 Duration: 154 seconds


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Misery Loves Company
We know. We know. Were only a quarter of the way through this seemingly interminable season, and there seems to be precious little reason to keep watching.
Heres one: the Diamondbacks Live Postgame Show, a newish misery-loves-company experience centered on the District Stage at Tempe Marketplace. The fan-friendly affair features a televised breakdown of the nights Diamondbacks road loss, er, game tonights is the D-Backs/Oakland As game at Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum along with giveaways, drink specials at nearby bars like Cadillac Ranch and Dave & Busters, and live music on selected dates.
Its free, you might see yourself on TV, and it beats the hell out of drinking the pain away all by your lonesome. Right?
Sat., May 23, 9 p.m., 2009
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Thompson says America must "unchoose" policies that have led to mass incarceration
Axinn says new data on campus rape will "allow students to see for themselves the full extent of this problem"
Frey says white population is growing in Detroit and other large cities
Susan Murphy to speak at U-M kickoff for data science initiative, Oct 6, Rackham
Andrew Goodman-Bacon, former trainee, wins 2015 Nevins Prize for best dissertation in economic history
Deirdre Bloome wins ASA award for work on racial inequality and intergenerational transmission
Bob Willis awarded 2015 Jacob Mincer Award for Lifetime Contributions to the Field of Labor Economics
Monday, Oct 5 at noon, 6050 ISR
Colter Mitchell: Biological consequences of poverty
The effects of human trafficking on the mental and physical health of former trafficked individuals from the Mekong subregion (Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam) (Ford Foundation)
Graduate Student, Population Studies Center.
Graduate Student, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health.
Epidemiology, Year: 4
PSC Mentor: Sioban D. Harlow
MPH, U of New Mexico
M.S., Univ Autonoma Barcelona
Research Interests: social epidemiology, health inequalities and mental health
Iglesias-Rios, Vanesa Lisbeth, Julie E. Bromberg, Richard P. Moser, and Erik M. Augustson. 2015. "Food Insecurity, Cigarette Smoking, and Acculturation Among Latinos: Data From NHANES 1999–2008." Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 17(2): 349-357. PMCID: PMC4047211. DOI. Abstract.
Iriart, Celia, Alexis J. Handal, and Vanesa Lisbeth Iglesias-Rios. 2014. "Deconstructing Common Sense on Childhood Obesity." Diversitates, 6(1). Abstract.
Iglesias Rios, Vanesa Lisbeth, and Mark Parascandola. 2013. "A Historical Review of R. J. Reynolds' Strategies for Marketing Tobacco to Hispanics in the United States." American Journal of Public Health, 103(5): e15-e27. PMCID: PMC3698830. DOI. Abstract.
Iriart, Celia, and Vanesa Lisbeth Iglesias Rios. 2012. "Biomedicalización e infancia: Trastorno de déficit de atención e hiperactividad." Interface- Comunicação, Saúde, Educação, 16(43): 1008-1023.
Sandoval, Jennifer A., Julie Lucero, John Oetzel, Magdalena Avila, Lorenda Belone, Marjorie Mau, Cynthia Pearson, Greg Tafoya, Bonnie Duran, Vanesa Lisbeth Iglesias Rios, and Nina Wallerstein. 2012. "Process and outcome constructs for evaluating community-based participatory research projects: a matrix of existing measures." Health Education Research, 27(4): 680-690. PMCID: PMC3396879. DOI. Abstract.
Buck Louis, Germaine M., Vanesa Lisbeth Iglesias Rios, Alexander McLain, Maureen A. Cooney, Paul J. Kostyniak, and Rajeshwari Sundaram. 2011. "Persistent Organochlorine Pollutants and Menstruation." Chemosphere, 85(11): 1742-1748.
Smith, Tracey L., Marjorie H. Klein, Carmen Alonso, Jose Salazar-Fraile, Elena Felipe-Castaño, Clara Lopez Moreno, Silvia Raquel Acosta, Vanesa Lisbeth Iglesias Rios, and Vicent Martí-Sanjuán. 2011. "Creation of The Spanish Version of the Wisconsin Personality Disorders Inventory-IV (WISPI-IV): Tests of Validity and Reliability." Journal of Personality Disorders, 25(6): 813-833.
Interian, Alejandro, Igda Martinez, Vanesa Lisbeth Iglesias Rios, Jonathan Krejci, and Peter J. Guarnaccia. 2010. "Adaptation of a Motivational Interviewing Intervention to Improve Antidepressant Adherence among Latinos." Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16(2): 215-225. PMCID: PMC2864952.


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Album Rating: 3.0 | Sound Offi always snooze my alarm
Album Rating: 3.5snooze off
Album Rating: 4.5 | Sound Offoh boy those 1s
Digging: Dirge - Wings of Lead Over Dormant Seas
oh boy those 5s
Digging: Liaisons Dangereuses - Liaisons Dangereuses
Album Rating: 1.5yea those 1's are harsh!!
Album Rating: 3.5wtf how can people score this a 1 jesus
bcos they hate it
Album Rating: 1.5The praise getting heaped on this turd is more infuriating then when people leave towels on sun loungers when your on holiday. Arseholes.
Digging: Wand - Golem
Album Rating: 1.5Yep.
Album Rating: 4.5 | Sound OffThe hate getting heaped on this by these turds is more infuriating than when people are raging over insignificant things like leaving towels on sun loungers when you're on holiday. Lolseholes.
Album Rating: 1.5Insignificant, no way art dude. Pure selfishness. We've all paid to be here, take ya fuckin towel off the lounger or this place is going to burn.
Album Rating: 4.5 | Sound Offmy opinion might have something to do with that i never go on those kind of vacations. i'd never pay for them
Album Rating: 1.5I learnt me lesson, there always full of arseholes.
Album Rating: 4.5 | Sound Offarseholes don't have imagination to go anywhere else than a syphilitic beach
Album Rating: 1.5That was exactly how it was described in the brochure :D
Album Rating: 4.5 | Sound Offclever
still surprised at just how much this album blew up
yeah it's crazy
Bands: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z


text:
Jinjiang International Hotel
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TripAdvisor Reviews Jinjiang International Hotel Wuhan
Travel Blogs from Wuhan
Yangtze River Cruise - ShiBaoZhai and Fengdu
After travelling through the night we berthed at ShiBaoZhai (meaning Precious Stone Fortress) to visit the Red Pagoda. The walk from the boat went via numerous stalls (selling China bird whistles), and through the town (a relocation town built 1996) and across a wobbly suspension bridge to the pagoda. It is a 12 storey temple built, without nails, in the 18th century and 3 extra levels ...
Yangtze River Cruise - Badong
... gorges. Wu Gorge is the second of the 3 gorges. It is has 12 great mountain peaks with 6 either side of the gorge.The Qutang Gorge is the shortest and narrowest of the Three Gorges. It is 8 km in length and the highest point is 1500m. The river at this point is highlighted by spectacular limestone gorges.
We have tied up at a wharf to allow an optional tour to White Emperor City, a ...
Wuhan and Yichang
... rapids by teams of trackers on a journey that took them weeks. The Chinese newspapers and slogans are keeping us amused....... In the hotel lift 'no slapping allowed'.........in the daily newspaper ... The birth of a princess demonstrated the enduring strength of Britain's rulers, a strong dynasty .... In the Temple.... No loudspeakers allowed. There are numerous examples making us ...
Anzac Day in China
We are leaving Xian today and are ready to embark on our 4 day river cruise along the mighty Yangtzee River. Internet reception may be hit and miss so I will do my best to update the blog. We are travelling to the airport and have enjoyed listening to the interesting stories Christian tells us about life in China. Life has become more affluent for them and they have a desire to travel but it is difficult to obtain a visa for some countries.......they have a desire to copy ...
Yichang and the Three Gorges
... We are getting pretty good with the chopsticks. They were looking to make partnerships in the teacher exchange, but also student exchange, particularly in the International Baccalaureate program. At some point, we were all interviewed individually by the local TV news station, to talk about our respective Boards and Centres.
After this great event, back to the hotel were we winded down. It was around ...


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H.Res.1645 - Expressing support for designation of the week beginning on November 8, 2010, as National School Psychology Week.111th Congress (2009-2010)
ResolutionHide Overview icon-hide
|Rep. Loebsack, David [D-IA-2] (Introduced 09/22/2010)
|House - Education and Labor
|Latest Action:
|09/28/2010 Motion to reconsider laid on the table Agreed to without objection.
This bill has the status Passed House
Here are the steps for Status of Legislation:
- Introduced
- Passed House
Subject — Policy Area:
- Education
- View subjects
Major Actions: H.Res.1645 — 111th Congress (2009-2010)All Bill Information (Except Text)
Major actions identify stages that condense detailed legislative actions.
2 results for Major Actions
|Major Actions
|Passed/agreed to in House: On motion to suspend the rules and agree to the resolution Agreed to by voice vote.(text: CR H7087)
|Introduced in House


text:
In her presentation, Nobel Laureate Shirin Ebadi will tie the efforts she's made on behalf of women and religious minorities to the world of religious freedom, all while focusing on the importance of human rights throughout. This unique program will help the audience understand the importance of tolerance, perseverance, and belief in human rights for all; and most importantly share easy tools anyone can use to make a difference.
Human right activist Dr. Shirin Ebadi is the first Iranian and Muslim woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize. The 2003 accolade recognized her significant and pioneering efforts in democracy and human rights, especially for the rights of women, children and refugees.
Ebadi argues for an interpretation of Islamic law which is in harmony with vital human rights such as democracy, equality before the law, religious freedom and freedom of speech.
live streaming schedule & on demand videos
|09:00 am
|NDE Board Meeting: December 2015 NDE Board Meeting
|07:30 pm
|Glenn Korff School of Music: Student Dance Project, Mabel Lee Hall
|07:30 pm
|Glenn Korff School of Music: Symphonic Band, Kimball Recital Hall
|07:30 pm
|Glenn Korff School of Music Performance: UNL Jazz Orchestra & UNL Big Band, Kimball Recital Hall
|UNL Jazz Orchestra and Big Band
|07:30 pm
|Glenn Korff School of Music: ChamberFest, Kimball Recital Hall
|03:00 pm
|Glenn Korff School of Music: Symphony Orchestra, Kimball Recital Hall
|07:30 pm
|Glenn Korff School of Music: Big Red Singers and Vocal Jazz, Kimball Recital Hall
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|ICU Learning English: Citizenship Test Review: Systems of Government, 922
|Learn basic vocabulary and information about the Systems of Government portion of the Citizenship...
|Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo & Aquarium's conservation efforts have global impact
|Scientists at Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium discuss their conservation efforts.
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|The subject of land transfer, or the passing of land assets from one generation to the next is a...


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TYDDYN, sea views, near beaches, off road parking, with a garden, in Dyffryn Ardudwy, Ref 18501
From $516 / week
Description from the manager
Description from the manager
Bedrooms: 4/
Bathrooms: 1/
Sleeps: 6/
Type: House
This wonderful, detached farmhouse on the outskirts of the North Wales village of Dyffryn Ardudwy can sleep six people in four bedrooms. Tyddyn is situated on the outskirts of the North Wales village of Dyffryn Ardudwy. The cottage sleeps six people and has two double bedrooms, two single bedrooms, a bathroom, a fitted kitchen with dining area, a separate dining room and a sitting room with an electric woodburning effect fire. Outside the cottage benefits from off road parking for four cars and a large enclosed lawned garden with a patio area and furniture. With sandy beaches, Snowdonia National Park and stunning castles to visit, Tyddyn is a ...Read more
About the manager
About the manager
Sykes Holiday Cottages
Sykes Holiday Cottages
- Response rate: 100%
- Response time: A few hours
- Calendar updated: 4 weeks ago
Overall rating:


text:
Results 1 to 5 of 21
April 25th, 2015 05:11 PM #1Junior Member
- Join Date
- Apr 2015
- Posts
- 6
Help! Struggling on girl Names thoughts ?
I need your help and thoughts on a name for my baby girl that will be here any day now!
Our last name is a short, one syllable and starts with L
Here are some of our favorites; middle names are family names (Anne and Louise )
Harper Anne
Everly Anne
Olivia Louise
Colette Anne
Camilla Anne
Eloise Anne
Sibling names are
Carter Boyce Jay (family names)
Ainsley Lynn
Thanks for your help!
April 25th, 2015 05:30 PM #3Senior Member
- Join Date
- Nov 2014
- Posts
- 893
As much as I love Colette and Camilla (those are my favorites out of your list) I would avoid them because you already have a C child. I would avoid Everly, too, as it is too close to Ainsley. I think Olivia works the best with the sibling names, but it is so popular....Eloise could also work, but it doesn't seem to follow well with your other names. So, Olivia would be my choice.
Darren Augustus ~ Otto Phoebus ~ Ike Benedetto ~ Aramis Falcon ~ Leland Emeric ~ Hector Amadeus ~ Hans Troubadour ~ Abel Thoreau
Bianca Larue ~ Evie Katarina ~ Amadea Lotus ~ Gemma Coriander ~ Miriam Genoveva ~ Eliza Reverie ~ Sarina Doe ~ Jocelyn Farrah
* Sy Hawthorne * Marius Cove * Tavi Leona * Thora Faline *
Whimsical fancies:
Bronson Quill ~ Thorin Otter
Hildie Caribou ~ Dovey Luminara
April 25th, 2015 10:14 PM #5Junior Member
- Join Date
- Apr 2015
- Posts
- 6
Thanks for the response, any others ?
April 25th, 2015 10:16 PM #7Junior Member
- Join Date
- Apr 2015
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- 9
April 25th, 2015 11:04 PM #9


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*Calls to this number cost 13p a minute plus any additional charges from your phone operator
Entertainment is top of the 'to-do list' at the Premier Inn Hotel Glasgow East Kilbride Central, with an ice rink, cinema, shops and sporting venues right on your doorstep. And we score high for business too, with the Enterprise Business Park just round the corner.
You could be hunting down the bargains at EK Shopping Centre one minute and running around Calderglen Country Park the next. Or zipping into Glasgow in no time. And when you've ticked everything off for one day, rest up with our tasty restaurant and super comfy beds.
Calls to this number cost 13p a minute plus any additional charges from your phone operator.
Premier Inn lines are open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
The Customer Contact Centre is open 8am to 10pm Mon - Sat & 9am to 10pm on Sun.
Tel: 0871 527 9222
This Premier Inn will be undergoing extension works between 3/9/15 - 20/2/16 with possible noise disturbance from 7.30am-6pm. Noise will be kept to a minimum before 9am to ensure you are not disturbed during your stay.
Full and Continental breakfasts, a hearty evening meal, a light snack or a relaxing drink. At Beefeater you can enjoy it all at reasonable prices.
Details marked with an asterisk * must be completed.
If you book a Premier Saver room and pay with a credit card you will be charged £2 to process your payment. There is no charge for debit cards. CL
* Premier Offers terms and conditions
Advertised rates are room only inclusive of VAT. Bookings must be made online at PremierInn.com. Premier Saver is available for stays at selected Premier Inns only and is subject to availability.
No amendments or refunds can be made. At sites where pre payment is accepted, payment for Premier Saver bookings will be taken at the time of booking.
A £2 processing fee (€2 applies to bookings made at Premier Inn Dublin Airport) will be applied if you pay for your Premier Saver by credit card; there is no charge for payments made with debit cards.


text:
10 differences between Linux and BSD
Download Now
Date Added: Aug 2010
Format: PDF
Despite a common tendency to gloss over the differences, Linux and BSD have a number of characteristics that set them apart from one another. Jack Wallen points out several important distinctions.
This download is also available as an entry in our 10 Things blog.


text:
Tuttosport report that Juventus are keen to sign Luis Suarez, and may be willing to sell the Chilean to raise the funds to sign the Uruguay forward.
Juve signed Vidal from Bayern's German rivals Bayer Leverkusen in 2011.
More about...
What is your opinion? Feel free to discuss the article under. You have to comment by using your Facebook profile. Be fair and have respect for other people and opinions!
Who of Europe's top strikers will move to England this summer?
After a dreadful start to their Bundesliga campaign, Borussia Dortmund appear to have weathered the storm after going five matches without defeat.


text:
Ride High is a registered charity changing the lives of disadvantaged children by giving them the opportunity to ride horses, building their self-esteem and confidence and improving their future prospects. We work with over 60 children every week.
"Ride High has made a lasting impression; we have seen our pupils grow before our eyes"
Read stories & successes from the children
Watch the Ride High film
Tickets Now Available!