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Paradise Sukhumvit
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
How has this hotel rated in the past?
- Shuttle bus service
- Suites
- Continental Breakfast
- Room service
- Restaurant
- Free High-Speed Internet
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TripAdvisor Reviews Paradise Sukhumvit Bangkok
Travel Blogs from Bangkok
Another Day Down
... and Trainer Ben. This is a good little group to head out to a school with. I still can't quite figure out Mutt, but Jan is clearly just barmy and Ben, well, Ben seems pretty awesome in a really unusual way. Lunch was non-existent, largely because it was unusually busy around the school today. This meant we settled on 7/11 and because I didn't really want any processed microwaved burger ****, I opted out. Instead I went for ...
Khao San < Khao Soi
... entrance. It was packed and incredibly hot. We didn't see the king, but we did see an underwhelming jade Buddha statue. Everyone had sun umbrellas except for us.
- ABP—you serve a bomb ass iced tea on hot days.
- Alex Garland (Author of "The Beach")—Good book Alex. We agree, Bangkok isn't the best. Leo, you could've done better in the movie interpretation.
ASIA - our best bits
LAURA Best hostel Thailand - Hug Hostel Chiang Mai Best hostel Vietnam - Backpackers Village Mui Me Best hostel Cambodia - Mad Monkey Kampot Favourite beach - Patong Beach Phuket Worst transport journey - Sleeper train to Danang cockroaches! Funniest moment Laura/Zoe - Zoe getting hit in the face by a bin ladys broom Best night out - Mui Ne Dragon Bar Most breathtaking moment - Sunrise at Ankor ...
Farewell Bangkok
... which he got petrol coupons. But oh my goodness it was the worst idea ever. We ended up at a place called 'new tailor' in which everything was so expensive and the man was asking Jonny 100 questions about which suit he wanted etc. it was the most awkward thing ever! We stayed for about 5 mins, pretending that Jonny was looking for a suit, but then left. However, I did feel sorry for the man there as he said business is low ATM. But 5500 baht for a suit jacket, ...
Day 9-Settling into Bangkok
... Aroy and absolutely loved it. I got pad Thai and it was perfect. Highly recommended! It is located in downtown Bangkok about a block down from Casa Nithra on Sam Sen road. Our friends arrived by the time we got back and went to Aroy for dinner as well. It was 8:30pm by the time we got back so my mom and I decided to go to the hotel's rooftop pool to enjoy the view for a bit before ...

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Koffy In The Morniing
Sponsored By
It's 4 Things you need to know TUESDAYFour Top headlines for this morning - and weird they all start with F.
4 THINGS = WILD+Why poison Twin Cities Dogs?+ BUZ'N HALF DUZ'N ANNOUNCE+ 60's4 THINGS = WILD+Why poison Twin Cities Dogs+ BUZ'N HALF DUZ'N ANNOUNCE+ 60's
Last Year all the bees froze to death. This year they are headed to Texas!Last year all my little bugs made it to early March. Then we got hit with that last POLAR VORTEX and what I thought was going to be a great Spring turned into a bust. All 35 stands died.
Helping Hans Johnson
Mel Gibson's new rant, Mila Kunis' crush, Kaite Couric and the Kardashians, What the Heck are these NEW RELEASES???Mel Gibson's new rant, Mila Kunis' crush, Kaite Couric and the Kardashians, What the Heck are these NEW RELEASES???
LOVE ME TINDER LOVE ME TRUE.......Janet found Tinder on her boyfriends phone and decided to do a little more than just ask him about it.
Lotta Blood in your carpets.....Sandy has just purchased a home and had ordered the carpets cleaned. Her sister thought the timing was good to go with the ol' must have been a murder in your basement trick.
#Nashtag FridayBrad Paisley and the EDM's *thanks for the text explaining that EDM was Electronic Dance Music/ Blake's Bed-Breakfast-Hate for Cats - Randy Houser's restraining order
Adam Levine+2 loads of Manure+Blake's Truck = Sweet RevengeAdam Levine got his revenge on Blake Shelton for the tweeting out of his personal cell number.
Birthday Prank - Topper Gone Bad
Jerrod Nieman: The story about the Donkey
How It Works with Psychic Medium Kelli Miller


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New Zealand's parliament voted 77 to 44 on Wednesday to pass a bill legalizing same-sex marriage, making the country the first in the Asia-Pacific region and the 13th in the world to embrace marriage equality. The law is expected to take effect in August.
New Zealand has allowed civil unions for same-sex couples since 2005, but the new marriage equality law will confer two more crucial rights: couples will be allowed to jointly adopt children, and their marriages will be recognized in other countries.
[Click headline for more...] [Read more...]


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United States
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Population: 23604Total Males: 10532
Total Females: 13072
Median Household Income: $ 29286
Total Households: 9686
Full U.S. census data is available here.
Business Industries in Columbus
Below is a list of the types of businesses in the City of Columbus for which we have Yellow Pages business listings. If you do not see your industry within the list below, adding your business will automatically create it.
Brief Information About Columbus
�Columbus is a small city located in the County of Lowndes. The city is located just above the river of Tombigbee in Mississippi. Columbus is also the County seat of Lowndes. It is located within the MSA of Columbus. Covering a total area of about 58 sq. kms., Columbus is located at an elevated height of about 218 ft. above the ground level. Some of the major employers of Columbus city are the Women's University of Mississippi, Airforce Base of Columbus, Severstal, Baptist Memorial Hospital and many others. Some are also involved with local trade and the tourism sector.
Recent News from the Green Blog
California's Plastic Bag Ban: What's Not to Like?
Last month saw an enormous victory for environmentalists and proponents of sustainability as California became the first state in the union to enact a ban on single-use plastic grocery bags. The California law, slated to begin taking effect in 2015, has been hailed as bellwether legislation that is likely to spur other states to follow suit in passing laws that..


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Dr. Dini works in San Francisco, CA and 3 other locations and specializes in Podiatric Medicine. Dr. Dini is affiliated with California Pacific Medical Center Saint Lukes Campus, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, UCSF Medical Center Mount Zion and UCSF Medical Center Parnassus.
Podiatric Medicine
Medical School: Not Available
*This physician has multiple office locations. See Office Information for details.
1580 Valencia St Ste 804
San Francisco, CA 94110
1580 Valencia St Ste 106
San Francisco, CA 94110
15035 E 14th St Ste A
San Leandro, CA 94578
2550 23rd St Bldg 9 FL 2
San Francisco, CA 94110
2480 Mission St Ste 104
San Francisco, CA 94110


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statelinetack.com > Dog Supplies > Travel & Outdoor > Item # 492686
promotional discount applied. Cart total will reflect savings.
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Sometimes, manufacturers require that products be advertised only at their suggested prices.
When we choose to sell these items for less, we display the sale price only in the cart. To see the price, click Add to Cart.
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editor's review
Multi-Convert is a tiny and portable software program that facilitates a clean and intuitive environment for performing a wide range of conversions when it comes to measurement units.
No setup necessary, besides .NET Framework
As long as you have .NET Framework installed on your PC, you don't need to set up anything else. This means that you can save Multi-Convert anywhere on the disk and just click the executable to launch the app. Otherwise, you can copy it to a USB flash drive to directly run it on any PC with minimum effort. Unlike most installers, it doesn't modify the Windows registry settings.
Clear-cut interface and options
The GUI consists of a simple window with a comfortable-looking structure, where you can explore a list of several conversion types when it comes to angles, area, length, mass, pressure, speed, torque and volume, namely the source and output unit, along with the multiplier.
Create, edit and delete conversion modes
It's possible to edit the properties of any entry regarding the conversion group, source and output unit, multiplier and notes, add new entries to the list, remove existing ones, and perform a quick search when dealing with large amounts of data.
What's more, the app lets you back up information to file (.mcb format) and restore it later or on another computer running the same software product, place the main application window in the center of the screen with one click, as well as to customize the UI font, window size, and menu style.
Evaluation and conclusion
No error dialogs popped up in our tests, and the utility didn't freeze or crash. It carried out conversion jobs instantly while remaining light on system resources, using low CPU and RAM.
All in all, with the help of Multi-Convert you can seamlessly convert different kinds of conversions for measurement units. No previous experience is required.
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Filmy Online, Filmy za darmo bez limitu - Filmy.134.pl
This website has a content focused on filmy online, filmy, filmy online za darmo, filmy bez limitu, filmy za darmo z lektorem, film, oglądaj topics. We detected general outline is
filmy.134.pl - najlepsze darmowe filmy online. filmy online bez limitu. premiery kinowe.
Most visitors access this website by search engines and they usually type 1348|
To define success and accessiblity of this site, we checked it on Alexa and world rank result is 246766. Most of visitors are from Poland. An average user spends 10 seconds on 134.pl and views aproximately 2 pages. Google values this website with number 3 / 9.
134.pl's homepage html output is 27 KB. We had a close look to its HTML structure and found out homepage has 380 code lines and it contains no error. A clean HTML, which means error-free structure and higher content/code ratio is search engine friendly as it is also user friendly.
Linking is an important step on website building. A good internal link web can bring you more search engine indexes and it will also increase your page visits as well as users will want to spend more time. This page has 14 internal links and 65 external links. Keep in mind that external links are ok, but too many of them will always be problem.
ratzratz.com is ranked #20705686in the world, with 1 PR. aru ho napyhho is the most searched query for this domain.
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prints, 1910s prints, 1910s poster art prints, 20th century prints, bayonet prints, beard prints, bonds prints, defense prints, gun prints, historical prints, history prints
"World War I, Poster Showing Uncle Sam" print by Everett. Ships within 3 - 4 business days and arrives rolled in a tube. Choose from multiple print sizes, papers, mats, and frames.
All prints ship in durable cardboard tubes.
Fine Art America is one of the largest, most-respected giclee printing companies in the world with over 40 years of experience producing museum-quality prints. All of our prints are produced on state-of-the-art, professional-grade Epson printers.
We use acid-free papers and canvases with archival inks to guarantee that your prints last a lifetime without fading or loss of color. Paper prints include a 1" white border around the image to allow for future framing and matting. Canvas prints include a 2.5" white border to allow for future stretching on stretcher bars.
Prints ship within 3 - 4 business days in durable cardboard tubes.
World War I, poster showing Uncle Sam with rifle and bayonet, offering a Liberty Bond, text reads 'If you can't enlist, invest! Buy a Liberty bond', poster 1917.
Access to wonderful, iconic entertainment and historical images. For personal, art decor, use only. No publishing rights granted.
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If you're not happy with a purchase that you made on FineArtAmerica.com, for any reason, you can return it to us within 30 days of the order date. As soon as it arrives, we'll issue a full refund for the entire purchase price. Please note - Fine Art America does not reimburse the outgoing or return shipping charges unless the return is due to a defect in quality.
Fine Art America sells thousands of pieces of artwork each month - all with a 100% money-back guarantee.
If you've hesitated to purchase artwork online in the past, why not give us a try? You have nothing to lose!
We take great pride in the fact that 337,324 artists have chosen Fine Art America to fulfill their orders, and we look forward to helping you select your next piece!
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text: Front Back Facing Remote View larger Samsung HW-D450 Powered home theater sound bar with wireless subwoofer Item #: 305HWD450 11 Reviews This item is no longer available. Original Price: $299.99 Shop all Sound Bars Need help? 1.888.955.6000 Email Chat Ask an expert advisor No pressure, no commission — just lots of good advice from our highly trained staff.


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Benedict's resignation stuns Morris
11:02 PM, Feb. 11, 2013
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Benedict's resignation stuns Morris
News that Pope Benedict XVI will resign on Feb. 28 met with surprise in Morris County ? tempered by understanding that the 85-year-old pontiff is doing what he thinks best for the Roman Catholic
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Patapon 2 - Japanese TV Spot
Cute, yet strangely sinister. A bit like a kitten wearing a bra and fishnets. We'd imagine.
Comments (2)
Destiny: King's Fall guide How to beat the tricky new Taken King raid.
Destiny: The Taken King guide Light level 290! PVP! Raiding!
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Just a few ago ago, WordPress introduced there 13th major release, the much anticipated 'Thelonious' (WP 3.0). As with every other major release, to accommodate all of the new features there has been some (mostly minor) compatibility issues with a…
Category Archives Wordpress
Wordpress Archives
In this extensive category you will find general articles, detailed tutorials, handy resources, and many free themes for WordPress.
Sub-Categories: WordPress Plugins
Top 10 Social Bookmarking Plugins for WordPress
It has been almost two years since we last published a post on social bookmarking plugins for WordPress. What a difference that short period has had on user expectations, design trends and overall acceptance and popularity of social bookmarking. Many…
Top 10 Content Slider Plugins for WordPress
No web design trend has become as wide-spread and as popular recently as the content slider, they are everywhere! And rightly so, not only do they offer a marvelous method for displaying a lot of content in such a minimal…
The Ultimate WordPress Shopping/Ecommerce Toolbox (Plugins and Themes)
There is not much left that you can not do with WordPress. With every new update it becomes ever more powerful and there are a multitude of plugins and themes that can unleash its full potential that leaves its rival…
40 More Stylish, Minimal and Clean Free WordPress Themes
We love minimalism in web design, we really really do. There is something pure about stripping out all of the unnecessary elements from a design and only being left with nothing but the content and some basic navigation. Without good…
30 Brand New Quality WordPress Themes
Every week dozens upon dozens of new WordPress themes are released, some of these are well designed, without being too original, and disappointingly, most of the others seem to be replicas of existing popular themes or they use tried and…
45+ Fresh WordPress Tutorials, Techniques and Hacks
The growth and popularity of Wordpress continues to spiral to a seemingly endless end. It continually proves itself time time and again that it has very few limitations, and is rapidly pushing itself to being, if not the best, but certainly the most versatile CMS available. Out of the box it is certainly not perfect, but in the hands of the huge WP community, it might just be.
10 Blank/Naked WordPress Themes Perfect for Development
If you have to develop Wordpress themes on a regular basis then I have no doubt that you too have experienced the tedium that goes with re-writing the same code over and over again. It doesn't matter how excited you are about a new project or even how much you love web design, having to repeatedly do the same basic coding for every single theme can be really, really annoying.
12 Amazing Buddypress Themes and Getting Started Guides
Out of the box Wordpress is a highly versatile, powerful and feature rich CMS. Add to that, the seemingly endless professionally developed themes and there huge library of powerful plugins and you now have the potential to build anything you could ever possibly conceive without limitation…. Or are there limits?
Joomla, WordPress and Drupal – Should you look outside the big 3?
Todays post is a guest opinion article from Nicholas K. Dionysopoulos, he shares his thoughts on how to choose the best CMS and to not be limited to only, as he calls them, The Big Three (Wordpress, Joomla and Drupal). What are your thoughts on CMS selection? Which is the best, and why?


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iHerb カスタマーレビュー
Like this whey
Reviewer1840838により Jul 06, 2011 に掲載
This is a very good whey product! Helps improve glutathione levels.
Great Protein Powder!
Reviewer3090876により Jul 16, 2011 に掲載
High quality hormone/antiboitic free and one of the few protein powders that uses GRASS FED cows!!!
good stuff
fennelにより Aug 07, 2011 に掲載
I bought this for my son and he is very pleased with it. It tastes good and when put into a smoothie it is very filling.
Whey good!
Reviewer1395613により Sep 07, 2011 に掲載
Not only is this a tasty whey powder, it is light, fresh and clean tasting!
Top quality whey!
MikaelPにより Apr 04, 2012 に掲載
This whey is very pure and contains very few carbs. Very good, however since it doesn´t dissolve as easily as some other whey, it is a good idea to combine with f ex Goatein.


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Choose a college
In recent years the digital divide has migrated from a concern about the ability to access the Internet at home or work, to a concern about the growing divide in the ability to access necessary broadband, especially as we see a proliferation of technology-enabled delivery of instruction often designed for BYOD (bring your own devices.) In this podcast, the president and CEO of the League for Innovation in the Community College shares concerns about the new issues we face as a state and a nation as we seek to prepare an historically underserved audience to be not only hardy learners in the workforce with relevant skills and knowledge; but also committed capable leaders in our growing digital democracy.
To learn more, please see the following links:
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'There's nothing that can turn it back' Rastafarianism grows in Jamaica after long disdain Friday, November 30, 2012 In this November 17, 2012 photo, young and old Rastafarian adherents play drums and chant at Papine square in St Andrew.
African slave traditions live on in U.S. The Gullah/Geechee are descendants of West African slaves brought to America to work in rice and cotton fields.
Thanks to their relative isolation and strong community life, they've preserved their African cultural history. Graffiti art targets Kenyan 'vultures' Graffiti artists work on the details of their latest piece in Nairobi, Kenya.
They paint political art highlighting corruption and compare national leaders to vultures. Kenyan graffiti artists put down traffic cones and road markings when they are painting to make the sites appear official. From Samba to carnival: Brazil's thriving African culture. African culture is evident in Brazil's carnival, music, dance food and religionIt was the last country to abolish the slave trade, with an estimated four million slaves shipped over 300 yearsA Historical Circuit of African Heritage in Rio de Janeiro helps to connect the past and present Editor's note: Each week, Inside Africa takes its viewers on a journey, exploring the diversity of different cultures, countries and regions.
Rio de Janeiro (CNN) -- From samba and carnival to food, music and religion, African culture is everywhere in Brazil. The cultural heritage stems from the estimated four million slaves who were brought to the country over a 300-year period, at least four times as many as to the United States. Brazil was the last country to abolish the slave trade in 1888. Albino models setting the trend for Africa.
26 October 2012Last updated at 20:12 ET By Kate Forbes BBC News, Johannesburg Backstage amidst the chaos of Africa Fashion Week in the South African city of Johannesburg one woman sits quietly in a corner.
Other models and designers from across the continent dash from one end of the tent to the other - there seems to be an unofficial competition to see who can make the most noise. Yet despite her silence, US albino supermodel Diandra Forrest is still the most noticeable person in the room. Continue reading the main story. LOJ T-Shirt by negusgear. Ethiopian shoemaker takes great strides. Negusgear. The Shoe Fits: Clarks To Spotlight Jamaican Culture with New Campaign « LargeUp. VIDEO: Rastas livid! BY CECELIA CAMPBELL-LIVINGSTON & RICHARD JOHNSON Observer staff reporters Saturday, April 21, 2012 VIDEO: Rastas livid!
ANOTHER incident involving a flag at a public event has sparked anger. This time, it was at the Jamaican premiere of Marley, the new documentary on the life of reggae icon Bob Marley, at Emancipation Park in St Andrew on Thursday. &Seven Blunders of the World& by Mahatma Gandhi. Bob Marley film premieres in Jamaican park. 20 April 2012Last updated at 13:09 ET By Nick Davis BBC News, Kingston.
Religions - Rastafari: Bob Marley. British Broadcasting Corporation Home Accessibility links Religions.
The Terrible Truth About Facebook. Ode to Jamaica. What My Nanny Left Me: How A Jewish Boy From New Jersey Ended Up With A Jamaican Accent. Coca-Cola Smile Back Jamaica. Kenyan chief foils robbery via Twitter, highlights reach of social media. Kenyan Chief Francis Kariuki mobilizes his community using Twitter, despite the lack of Internet access. The chief sends out tweets, which residents get in the form of a text message He also tweets to alert residents about missing animals and share doses of encouragement Residents in his town don't need a smart phone or Web access to get the messages Study: About 57% of tweets from Africa are sent from mobile devices (CNN) -- A Kenyan chief in a town far from the bustling capital foiled a predawn robbery recently using Twitter, highlighting the far-reaching effects of social media in areas that don't have access to the Internet.
Know the Maroons in Jamaica: Courage, Resistance & a Reclaiming of African Culture & Identity. When the plantocracy embarked on the Akan region of West Africa, they specifically sought out and purchased 'Koromantis' (also referred to as Coromantees) because of their renowned characteristics of pride and discipline. While slave owners hoped that these aforementioned characteristics would make their newly acquired 'property' "good slaves" because they were known to be hard workers, they overlooked the fact that these people were also known to be very stubborn and possessed superb military skills because of the fights they endured in their native countries.
While not taking heed to these latter facts, slave owners/planters in Jamaica would eventually regret their choice of purchase as many of their hopeful "good slaves" would become their greatest threat. With their weapons and manpower, the British were able to capture the island of Jamaica from the Spanish in 1655. Maroons of Jamaica Photo By National Library of Jamaica. Are jobs obsolete? Douglas Rushkoff: U.S.
Postal Service new example of human work replaced by technologyHe says technology affecting jobs market; not enough workers needed to run the technologyHe says we have to alter our ideas: It's not about jobs, it's about productivityRushkoff: Technology lets us bypass corporations, make our own work -- a new model Editor's note: Douglas Rushkoff is a media theorist and the author of "Program or Be Programmed: Ten Commands for a Digital Age" and "Life Inc: How Corporatism Conquered the World and How We Can Take it Back. " Creating glamor in Nigeria's ghettos. Italian designer Caterina Bortolussi started her fashion label Kinabuti in December 2010.
With designs inspired by Nigeria, Bortolussi wants to use fashion as an instrument for change in the region. She says: "I thought, 'Why can't we use fashion as vehicle to make a difference?' We should lead by example. " A model practices her walk for the runway during a training session. Why don't black Americans swim? 3 September 2010Last updated at 06:41 GMT By Finlo Rohrer BBC News, Washington The drownings shocked the community and sparked a campaign A month ago, six African-American teenagers drowned in a single incident in Louisiana, prompting soul-searching about why so many young black Americans can't swim.
When 15-year-old DeKendrix Warner accidentally stepped into deeper water while wading in the Red River in Shreveport, he panicked. JaTavious Warner, 17, Takeitha Warner, 13, JaMarcus Warner, 14, Litrelle Stewart, 18, Latevin Stewart, 15, and LaDarius Stewart, 17, rushed to help him and each other.


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Pasco News
11-20 of 271
'Mayor' founded casual weight-loss club
NEW PORT RICHEY — All Tammy Carr wanted to do was shed a lot of pounds after her weight had mushroomed.
Published: 10/06/15
Sheriff's office: 20-year-old with brandy bottle danced on deputy's car
A Wesley Chapel man was arrested early Sunday, accused of dancing on the hood of a Hillsborough County sheriff's cruiser and spitting on a deputy in Temple Terrace.
Published: 10/06/15
Authorities searching for Holiday hit-and-run driver
Authorities are looking for a man who crashed into the back of a vehicle on U.S. 19 in Holiday and then fled the scene.
Published: 10/05/15
Stand Down emphasizes solidarity with veterans
HUDSON — The nonprofit One Community Now lived up to its name organizing the three-day Stand Down that attracted hundreds of veterans and their supporters.
Published: 10/05/15
Wesley Chapel, Land O' Lakes restaurants burglarized
WESLEY CHAPEL — Two popular Pasco County restaurants were burglarized early Saturday morning by a man whose image was caught on security cameras, the Pasco County Sheriff's Office said.
Published: 10/05/15
County, Dade City 911 call centers to merge
DADE CITY — In a move that officials say will streamline and improve emergency services, the Dade City Police Department's communications center will merge Monday with Pasco County's joint 911 communications center....
Published: 10/05/15
Six people arrested on drug charges
Six people were arrested Friday morning when Pasco County deputies served a search warrant at a Seven Springs-area home.
Published: 10/05/15
Medical Center of Trinity sets Perry Initiative program
TRINITY — Medical Center of Trinity will collaborate with the Perry Initiative to present an outreach program on Nov. 14 at the hospital.
Published: 10/02/15
Main Street Landing could convert to apartments
NEW PORT RICHEY — Started in 2004, the stalled Main Street Landing project could be completed under a tentative agreement reached this summer between the developer and city officials.
Published: 10/02/15
New River Elementary repeats reading challenge win
WESLEY CHAPEL — New River Elementary School won the Scholastic Summer Reading Challenge for the second straight year by recording more than 1.3 million minutes of reading time from May to September.
Published: 10/02/15
11-20 of 271


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Feel free at ringtones service Audiko.net, where you may use ringtones for free for your smartphone. Today we have a ringtone of "Don't Phunk Around" by Black Eyed Peas as well as 5287 other ringtones by Black Eyed Peas. "Don't Phunk Around" is one of the best tracks from the "The E.N.D." album that was created by Black Eyed Peas at their studios together with other 52 tracks. You can listen to all 6 Black Eyed Peas – "Don't Phunk Around" ringtone variations available here and download it for free in a click. You can also choose from other 16 albums produced by Black Eyed Peas for all time. "Don't Phunk Around" is referred to Hip-Hop, and we can offer you a huge amount of Hip-Hop collaborations absolutely for free. And finally, we have collected lyrics for this track and you can view it here as well. So feel free to browse, listen, download ringtones at Audiko.net. Make your phone sound cool!
Black Eyed Peas Don't Phunk Around Ringtone
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text: We stayed here on our last night in the US before heading home, so I had wanted a place of good quality. We stayed in the New York Loft and it was a really lovely room, nice big bed, great bath etc. I must confess I found the whole 'call and we'll guide you to a parking spot' thing a... More


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$6.99To five-year-old Jack, Room is the entire world. It is where he was born and grew up; it's where he lives with his Ma as they learn and read and eat and sleep and play. At night, his Ma shuts him safely in the wardrobe, where he is meant to be asleep when Old Nick visits.Room is home to Jack, but to Ma, it is the prison where Old Nick has held her captive for seven years. Through determination,


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 17, 2007
|Filing date
|Nov 17, 2005
|Priority date
|Nov 17, 2005
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Chunqiang Tang, Rong Chang, Christopher Ward
|Original Assignee
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Referenced by (37), Classifications (7), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention is directed to applications and/or systems that require group communication among a number of distributed computers. More specifically, this invention relates to providing fast and reliable propagation of multicast messages from multiple sources to multiple destinations in a system that may experience frequent machine and/or network failures.
With the rapid growth of the Internet, more and more applications are being developed for, or ported to, wide-area networks in order to take advantage of resources available at geographically disparate locations, examples being grids, peer-to-peer data sharing, and computer-supported collaborative work. Group communication efficiently delivers messages to a large number of receivers in a distributed system. Group communication is a mechanism through which a single node can send a message to one or more receivers. In this invention, group communication is also referred to as multicast. Group communication is, therefore, a basic utility for writing distributed applications and can be used for various purposes, including the dissemination of system monitoring events to facilitate the management of distributed systems, and the propagation of updates of shared state to maintain cache consistency.
A dependable group communication protocol for large-scale and delay-sensitive mission critical applications should meet at least the following four basic requirements: (1) reliable message delivery, (2) fast message delivery, (3) scalable performance, and (4) efficient network resource consumption. For reliable message deliver, the system should sustain stable throughput even in the face of frequent packet losses and node failures. Systems that solely optimize for friendly environments are unacceptable. With regard to fast message delivery, messages should be delivered via an efficient path, without undue delay. Many mission critical applications have real-time constraints, e.g., airline control and system monitoring. When a deadline is missed, the message becomes useless. Even within the deadline, the value of the message depreciates over time. As to scalable performance, the system should be self-adaptive to handle dynamic node joins and leaves and, as the system grows, any degradation in efficiency, reliability, and message delay should be graceful. Efficient network resource consumption is desirable so that, when multicasting a message to a large number of receivers at the application level, the load should be balanced across the available links.
Two categories of existing protocols, namely reliable multicast and gossip multicast protocols, have the potential to meet some, but not all of, the requirements above. The "reliable" multicast protocol sends messages through a multicast tree that spans over all receivers and relies on retransmissions of lost messages to handle failures. In a friendly environment, it propagates messages rapidly. Previous study, however, has shown that a small number of disturbed slow nodes can lead to dramatically reduced throughput for the entire system. Reliable multicast, therefore, is not a scalable solution for dependable group communication. Using "gossip" multicast protocol, nodes periodically choose some random nodes to propagate summaries of message IDs (so-called "gossips") and to pick up missing messages heard from other gossips. The redundancy in gossip paths addresses both node and link failures. Gossip multicasting delivers stable throughput even in an adverse environment; however, the propagation of multicast messages can be slower than that in reliable multicasting, since the delay is proportional to the gossip period and exchanging gossips ahead of actual messages incurs extra delay. Moreover, because of their obliviousness to network topology, random gossips in a large system can impose extremely high loads on some underlying network links.
What is needed, and is an object of the present invention, is a group communication mechanism that combines the benefits of reliable multicasting, including topology awareness and fast message propagation, with the benefits of gossip multicasting, namely stable throughput and scalability, while avoiding their limitations. Such a combination would provide reliable, fast, and scalable multicast message delivery in distributed systems even in the face of frequent machine and/or network failures. Another object of the invention is to provide dependable group communication for large-scale mission critical applications that are delay sensitive.
A method is provided to organize nodes into an overlay network and to disseminate multicast messages within this overlay both through an efficient tree embedded in the overlay and through gossips exchanged between overlay neighbors. Regardless of the size of the system, this invention incurs a constant low overhead on each node. A node join or leave affects only a small number of other nodes in the system, and those nodes handle the change locally. The mechanism in this invention is self-tuning. Its efficiency and message delay improves quickly as more is learned about the underlying physical network. The resulting proximity-aware overlay network has balanced node degrees, wherein a "node's degree" refers to the number of overlay neighbors that a node keeps, which are maintained in a decentralized fashion. The purpose of balancing node degrees is to spread the protocol overhead out across all nodes in the system. The invention further introduces a protocol to control the node degree for each node. The application level links in the overlay consist of links between random neighbors as well as links selected based on network proximity (e.g., network latency). The ratio of random links to proximity-aware links provides the system with fast message propagation as well as sufficient resilience in the face of massive network and/or node failures. On top of this overlay network, an application-level proximity-aware multicast tree is further constructed in a distributed fashion without global knowledge at any single node. The links in the overlay multicast tree are selected from links already in the overlay network. In other words, the overlay multicast tree is embedded in the overlay network.
In accordance with the invention, a multicast message propagates away from the source node that generates the multicast message by following the tree links. When no failure occurs, the multicast message reaches every node in the system by traveling over every link in the efficient application-level multicast tree. In parallel to the message propagation in the tree, the system also runs a special gossip protocol to cope with system failures. In the background, nodes exchange message summaries (gossips) with their overlay neighbors (as opposed to random nodes in an ordinary gossip protocol). Through this special gossip protocol, nodes discover multicast messages that they do not receive, for example message which have been lost due to disruptions in the tree-based multicast, and request those missing messages from their overlay neighbors. The number of times (i.e., redundancy) that a node receives the gossip containing the ID of a message is controlled by the number of the node's overlay neighbors (i.e., node degree). The proposed methods in this invention work at the application-level of a network, requiring (1) no changes to the TCP/IP or UDP/IP protocol stack, (2) no IP-level multicast support from the routers in the Internet infrastructure, and (3) no modifications to the hardware and/or software of routers in the Internet infrastructure.
Additional features and advantages of this invention will become apparent from the ensuing description which references the appended drawings wherein:
Under the present invention, nodes are organized into an overlay network and multicast messages are disseminated both through an efficient tree embedded in the overlay and through gossips exchanged between overlay neighbors.
Under normal operations, multicast messages propagate rapidly through an efficient tree embedded in an overlay (
A multicast message propagates away from the message source along the tree links. With reference to
With specific reference to
Assuming no node or links failures, the message sent by the foregoing tree-based multicast protocol will propagate rapidly to all nodes, with each node receiving the message exactly one time. Faults, however, are common. Therefore, the present invention uses a special gossip protocol to cope with failures.
If node A has s overlay neighbors, it sends a gossip to a neighbor X every s*t seconds, where t is the gossip period. Because t is short and s is small, usually a gossip is exchanged between two overlay neighbors in no more than several seconds. A gossip can be saved if there is no multicast message during that period. The gossips are small, containing only the IDs of messages received in a short period of time. Node A gossips the ID of a message to each of its neighbors only once. After gossiping the message ID to the last neighbor, node A waits for a period b and then reclaims the memory for the message if A receives no further request for the message. The waiting period b should be at least a multiple of the maximum round trip time (RTT) between node A and its neighbors to allow sufficient time for the neighbors to request the message.
During some transient periods, the tree may be broken into fragments due to node or link failures. Among the tree fragments, messages propagate through gossips exchanged between overlay neighbors, such that; inside a tree fragment, messages propagate without stop through the remaining tree links that connect the fragment. With reference to
The procedures detailed with reference to
The probability of receiving duplicate messages can be further reduced in two ways. First, if node X has already received or is receiving a multicast message discovered through a gossip while another node Y is trying to send node X the same message through a tree link, node X can abort the transmission with node Y immediately. In addition, when a node receives a gossip containing the ID of a message, it may delay requesting the message from the sender of the gossip for a predetermined threshold period of time, f. The threshold f is chosen to allow sufficient time for the message to first propagate through the tree. It is recommended that f be set to the 90th percentile delay for multicast messages to reach nodes through the tree. The foregoing optimization requires multicast messages and gossips to include the elapsed time since the message was injected into the system, which can be estimated by piggybacking and adding up the propagation delays and wait times as the message travels away from the source, or by the message being accompanied by the time at which it was first injected into the system.
The structures of the overlay and the tree have major impacts on the efficiency and resilience of the multicast protocol. System parameters are chosen to strike a good balance between the conflicting goals of resilience and efficiency. The connectivity of the overlay (i.e., the number of disjoint paths between two nodes) directly affects the dependability of multicast message delivery in the face of node or link failures. Higher node degrees lead to better connectivity but introduce higher protocol overhead since nodes need to maintain more neighbors and to send gossips to more neighbors. Assuming nodes have similar capacities, it is desirable to have node degrees be as uniform as possible such that the protocol overhead imposed on each node is roughly equal. The overlay network constructed by the algorithms in this invention is unstructured, mandating no particular topology. Moreover, regardless of the initial structure of the overlay, the overlay is adapted automatically so that almost all nodes converge to a target node degree chosen at design time. If nodes have different capacities, their node degrees can also be tuned according to their capacities.
In addition to the target node degree, another important factor that impacts the quality of the overlay is the manner of selecting node neighbors, which affects the connectivity of the overlay, the message delay, and the stress on the underlying network links. On one hand, according to the random graph theory, adding links between random nodes improves the connectivity of the overlay. On the other hand, adding low latency links between nodes that are close in the physical network lowers message delay, consumes less network resources, and reduces stress on bottleneck network links. The present invention achieves a good balance by devoting a small number of overlay links to connect random nodes and selecting all other overlay links based on network proximity. This approach results in an overlay that has both low latency and high connectivity.
For the protocol, several designations are used. A component is defined as a group of nodes that are connected directly or indirectly by overlay links. Overlay links that connect randomly chosen neighbors are referred to as random links and overlay links chosen based on network proximity are referred to as nearby links. Two nodes directly connected by a random link are random neighbors and two nodes directly connected by a nearby link are nearby neighbors. Random degree Drand(X) and nearby degree Dnear (X) denote the number of node X's random neighbors and nearby neighbors, respectively. Cdegree, Crand, and Cnear denote the target node degree, target random degree, and target nearby degree, respectively, where Cdegree=Crand+Cnear. The values for Cdegree, Crand, and Cnear are constants chosen at design time, although, as further discussed below, the constants are tunable. Ideally, every node X has the same degree, Drand (X)=Crand and Dnear (X)=Cnear.
In one preferred embodiment of this invention, settings for the foregoing parameters are Crand=1 and Cnear=5. Without any random neighbor (Crand=0), the overlay may be partitioned even without any node or link failure. This is because nearby links do not connect remote components. With just one random neighbor per node (Crand=1), the connectivity of the overlay is almost as good as that of overlays using multiple random neighbors per node. Intuitively, nearby links connect nodes that are close and random links connect remote nodes. An example is a system consisting of 500 nodes in America and 500 nodes in Asia. Using only nearby links, the system would be decomposed into two components corresponding to the two geographical areas. Internally, each component is richly connected. By adding just one random link to each node (500 random links in total, with one link connecting two neighbors), an average of 250 random links would be expected to connect the America component and the Asia component, which would greatly enhance the connectivity of the entire system. Moreover, six neighbors per node provide sufficient connectivity. With this configuration, systems with thousands of nodes remain connected even if a massive number of nodes were to fail concurrently. The target node degrees Crand and Cnear are chosen at design time. The protocols that enforce the node degrees at run-time and select high-quality links for the overlay are detailed below. If is to be noted that the target node degrees can be represented as Crand+n and Cnear+n, where the value of n can be adjusted dynamically based on performance and/or past history.
Each node knows a random subset of nodes in the system (i.e., each node has so-called "partial membership"). This knowledge is maintained by piggybacking the IP addresses of some random nodes on gossips exchanged between overlay neighbors. When a new node N joins, it knows at least one node P already in the overlay through some out-of-band method. Node N contacts node P, as shown at step 702 of
Among nodes in membership list S, ideally, node N should select those that have the lowest latencies to N as N's nearby neighbors. However, S can be large, including hundreds of nodes. It would introduce a large amount of traffic and long waiting time for N to measure RTTs to every node in S. Instead, node N preferably uses an algorithm to estimate network distance and chooses Cnear nodes in S that have the smallest estimated latencies to N as its initial set of nearby neighbors. Existing techniques such as triangular heuristic and GNP can be used to estimate latencies. During subsequent communications, node N will measures RTTs to nodes in S and switch from long latency links to low latency links, thereby improving the efficiency of the overlay over time.
If the new node N chooses a node X as its neighbor, N sends a request to node X. Node X accepts this request only if its node degrees are not too high. In the aforementioned preferred embodiment, the conditions are: for adding a random link, Drand (X)<Crand+5; and, for adding a nearby link Dnear (X)<Cnear+5. If the constraint is not met, node N has to try another node. For node X to accept node N as its nearby neighbor, it must also satisfy condition C2 (to be described later). Essentially, this condition stipulates that, if accepted, the link between nodes N and X must not be the worst overlay link that X maintains.
This node join protocol guarantees that nodes do not have an excessive number of neighbors but it cannot ensure that node degrees Drand (X) and Dnear (X) eventually converge to the target degrees Crand and Cnear. The overlay and tree maintenance protocols described in the following sections achieve this goal and automatically handle node departures and failures. After a node leaves, its previous neighbors will choose other nodes as their new neighbors. As depicted in
If node X's random degree Drand (X) is equal to the target random degree Crand, no action is needed. If Drand (X)<Crand, which may occur due to, for instance, the failures of X's random neighbors, node X randomly selects a node from its member list and establishes a random link to the node. If Drand (X)>Crand, node X tries to drop some random neighbors through one of the operations R1 or R2. Under operation R1, if Drand (X) is greater than or equal to Crand+2, node X randomly chooses two of its random neighbors Y and Z and asks Y to establish a random link to Z. Node X then drops its random links to nodes Y and Z. By doing this, node X's random degree is reduced by two, while the random degrees of nodes Y and Z are not changed. Under operation R2, if one of node X's random neighbors W has more than Crand random neighbors, node X drops the random link between X and W. This reduces the random degrees of both X and W by one while still keeping their random degrees equal to or larger than Crand. If neither of the conditions above is met, node X's random degree must be Crand+1 and all X's random neighbors must have random degrees equal to or smaller than Crand. In this case, no action is taken and node X's random degree remains at Crand+1. It can be proven that, when the overlay stabilizes, each node eventually has either Crand or Crand+1 random neighbors.
In addition to maintaining its random neighbors, every r seconds, a node X also executes a protocol to maintain its nearby neighbors. The protocol differs from the protocol for maintaining random neighbors in that it considers network proximity when adding or dropping links. It tries to confine node X's nearby degree to either Cnear or Cnear+1, while choosing nodes that are as close to node X as X's nearby neighbors. Node X runs three subprotocols: one to replace X's long latency nearby links with low latency links; one to add more nearby links when Dnear (X) is too low, for instance, Dnear (X)<Cnear; and one to drop long latency nearby links when Dnear (X) is too high, for instance, Dnear(X) is greater than or equal to Cnear+2.
Node X sorts nodes in its member list S in increasing estimated latency. Starting from the node with the lowest estimated latency, node X measures real latencies to nodes in S one by one. During each maintenance cycle (every d seconds), node X measures RTT to only one node in S. As the overlay stabilizes, the opportunity for improvement diminishes. The maintenance cycle d can be increased accordingly to reduce maintenance overheads. Suppose node X measures RTT to node Q in the current maintenance cycle. In one preferred embodiment, Node X will add node Q as its new nearby neighbor and drop its existing nearby neighbor U if all of conditions C1, C2, C3, and C4 are met.
For condition C1, node X has at least one nearby neighbor U whose current nearby degree is not too low: Dnear (U) is greater than or equal to Cnear−1. Otherwise, the degrees of node X's all nearby neighbors are considered to be dangerously low. Dropping a link to one of them would endanger the connectivity of the overlay. Among node X's nearby neighbors that satisfy this condition, the node U to be replaced is chosen as the neighbor that has the longest latency to node X.
For condition C2, Dnear (Q) must be less than Cnear+n, where n is a predetermined number, 5 in one preferred embodiment. Essentially, this condition requires that the nearby degree of the new neighbor candidate Q is not too high.
For condition C3, if Dnear (Q) is greater than or equal to Cnear, then RTT(X, Q) being less than max_nearby_RTT(Q) must hold. Here RTT(X, Q) is the RTT between node X and the new neighbor candidate Q, and max_nearby_RTT(Q) is the maximum RTT between node Q and Q's nearby neighbors. If this condition is not met, node Q already has enough nearby neighbors and the link between nodes Q and X is even worse than the worst nearby link that Q currently has. Even if node X adds the link to node Q now, Q is likely to drop the link soon. Hence node X does not add this link.
Condition C4 requires that RTT(X, Q) is less than or equal to 0.5*RTT(X, U). Here node Q is the new neighbor candidate and node U is the neighbor to be replaced (selected by condition C1). Intended to avoid futile minor adaptations, this condition stipulates that node X adopts new neighbor Q only if Q is significantly better than the current neighbor U.
As one preferred embodiment, the conditions above are intended to resolve many conflicting goals, including upholding the connectivity of the overlay during adaptation, minimizing the total number of link changes without global information, and converging to a stable state quickly. For instance, condition C1 is a good example of the tradeoff that needs to be made. Because of condition C1, node U's nearby degree can be as low as Cnear−2 in a transient period after node X drops the link to U and before U adds more nearby links in the next maintenance cycle. This lower degree bound can be increased to Cnear−1 if condition C1 is changed from Dnear (U) being greater than or equal to Cnear−1 to Dnear (U) being greater than or equal to Cnear. However, this change could produce an overlay whose link latencies are dramatically higher than that produced by the preferred embodiment, because fewer neighbors satisfy this new condition to qualify as a candidate to be replaced. With the settings in one preferred embodiment being Crand=1 and Cnear=5, the lower bound of a node's degree during adaptation is 4, which is sufficiently high to uphold the connectivity of the overlay during short transient periods.
Originally, node X sorts nodes in its member list S in increasing estimated latency and measures RTTs to them one by one. Once all nodes in S have been measured, the estimated latencies are no longer used. But node X still continuously tries to replace its current nearby neighbors by considering candidate nodes in S in a round robin fashion. The hope is that some nodes that previously did not satisfy some of the conditions C1-C4 now can meet all of them and hence can be used as new nearby neighbors.
If node X has fewer than Cnear nearby neighbors, X needs to add more nearby neighbors in order to uphold the connectivity of the overlay. In one preferred embodiment, to spread out the load, during each maintenance cycle, node X adds at most one new nearby neighbor. In a process which is similar to the process used to replace nearby neighbors, node X selects a node Q from its member list S in a round robin fashion and adds Q as its new nearby neighbor if both conditions C1 and C2 are met. These conditions stipulate that node Q does not have an excessive number of neighbors and that the link between nodes X and Q is no worse than the worst nearby link that Q currently has.
If node X has an excessive number of nearby neighbors (e.g., some new nodes have added links to X), node X starts to drop some nearby neighbors to reduce unnecessary protocol overheads. In one preferred embodiment, although the target nearby degree is Cnear, node X starts to drop nearby neighbors only if Dnear (X) is greater than or equal to Cnear+2. This allows a node's nearby degree to stabilize at either Cnear or Cnear+1. One alternative is to drop one more nearby neighbor when Dnear (X)=Cnear+1, but this aggressive approach may increase the number of link changes and it may, therefore, take longer to stabilize the overlay. When Dnear (X) is greater than or equal to Cnear+2, node X tries to drop Dnear (X)−Cnear nearby neighbors. The candidate neighbors to drop are those that satisfy condition C1 above, i.e., nodes U whose nearby degree is not dangerously low, such that Dnear (U) is greater than or equal to Cnear−1. Again, avoiding dropping links to low degree nodes helps uphold the connectivity of the overlay during adaptation. Node X sorts its nearby neighbors that satisfy this condition and drops those that have the longest latencies to node X until node X's nearby degree is reduced to Cnear or until no nearby neighbor satisfies condition C1.
This invention selects overlay links in a decentralized fashion to construct an efficient tree embedded in the overlay. The tree spans over all nodes and propagates messages rapidly. There are many choices for the algorithm to build the tree on top of the overlay. In one preferred embodiment, this invention uses an enhanced version of the classical Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP). It is to be noted, thought, that this invention only needs a single tree. The tree conceptually has a root and the tree links are overlay links on the shortest paths (in terms of latency) between the root and all other nodes. If the root fails, one of its neighbors will take over its role. Initially, the first node in the overlay acts as the root. Periodically, the root floods a heartbeat message throughout every link in the overlay to help detect failures (e.g., partitioning) of the overlay and the tree.
Each node X in the overlay maintains a tuple <cost(X), parent(X)>, where cost(X) is the latency for X to reach the root through a tree path, and parent(X) is node X's parent in the tree. Whenever node X adds or drops an overlay link, it recalculates the minimal cost to reach the root by going through one of its overlay neighbors. Suppose node Y is an overlay neighbor of node X and the cost for Y to reach the root through a tree path is cost(Y). The cost for node X to reach the root by going through node Y is cost (X)=cost(Y)+0.5*RTT(X, Y). Among all overlay neighbors of node X, X selects as its parent the node P that leads to the smallest cost for X, setting parent(X)=P and cost(X)=cost(P)+0.5*RTT(X, P).
Among links in the overlay, this protocol tends to include low latency links in the tree. In addition to its parent in the tree, a node X also knows its children in the tree, namely node X's overlay neighbors that select X as parents. This protocol is decentralized, such that no node maintains a global map of the entire system. All information that a node uses to maintain the overlay or the tree can be obtained either locally or from its overlay neighbors. To address the "count to infinity problem", which may cause loops in the tree during adaptation, each node knows its ancestors in the tree, (i.e., nodes on the path to the root). When node X selects a node Y as its parent, X obtains Y's path to the root and appends Y at the end. When node X tries to select node Z as its parent but Z determines that X is actually an ancestor of Z according to Z's knowledge, Z informs X of this error. Node X sets cost(X) to infinity and parent(X) to NIL, meaning that X does not know how to reach the root. Correct paths to reach the root will quickly propagate in the overlay and node X will find a new path to the root. When the cost of the path to the root changes, node X notifies its overlay neighbors, which may accordingly change their selection of parents and their cost and path to the root.
Periodically, every m seconds, the root node generates a "root message" and sends the message to each of its overlay neighbors. Upon receiving a root message, a node immediately forwards the message to each of its overlay neighbors except the node from which the message arrived. A root message floods over every link in the overlay. A node may receive a root message multiple times. Each node remembers the root messages it forwarded lately to avoid forwarding the same root message repeatedly.
Root messages are important for both tree maintenance and overlay maintenance. The root messages fix all transient errors in the tree by redefining the tree structure. When a root message floods in the overlay, node X's parent in the tree is reset to the node Y from which X receives the message first, because Y is on the fastest path to the root. When the overlay is stable, the parent-child relationship defined by the root message is exactly the same as that defined by the basic tree adaptation protocol that selects parents based on cost(X). In addition, root messages help detect partitioning of the overlay. Normally, nodes expect to receive a root message roughly every m seconds very reliably because root messages propagate through redundant paths. If node X does not receive any root message for 3*m seconds, X assumes that it now resides in a partition that is disconnected from the root. With a certain probability p, node X establishes a random link with a node in its partial member list, hoping to rejoin the partition where the root resides. The probability p is to avoid having too many nodes in the disconnected partition to initiate new connections simultaneously. Root messages also help to detect node and link failures. Existing overlay or tree protocols typically use heartbeat messages between neighbors to detect node or link failures. Root messages serve this purpose as well and root messages do not actually introduce extra overhead compared with existing protocols. The invention just uses the maintenance traffic a different way. As taught above, all communications between overlay neighbors go through pre-established TCP connections. Suppose nodes X and Y are neighbors, then if node Y is down, node X keeps forwarding root messages to Y until the TCP layer on node X returns an error to the application layer. The error message would be sent when TCP tries to forward a root message to node Y, because TCP times out while waiting for the acknowledgments for previous root messages. Node X then deletes the link to node Y, which may result in adding another link later. If both nodes X and Y are operational but the route between them is broken, both nodes detect this failure and delete the link between them.
The tree improves efficiency and reduces multicast message delay but is not mandatory for reliable message dissemination. The root of the tree has no particular significance. If the root is down, its neighbors detect this failure through the lack of root messages and then run a distributed election algorithm to select a new root among them, which is relatively simple because the root only has a small number of neighbors. In one preferred embodiment, a simple bully algorithm can be adopted and the node with the largest IP address wins. The new root then immediately floods a new root message over every link in the overlay to redefine the structure of the tree. Root messages are versioned. When a node X sees a new root message, X uses it to updates parent(X) and cost(X). The invention exploits node proximity in the network and adapts the overlay and the tree according to measured RTTs. To avoid unnecessary adaptations caused by fluctuation in RTT, the invention preferably measures the RTT between two nodes multiple times and uses the smallest one as the base RTT to guide adaptation. The smallest RTT has been shown to be quite stable by previous measurement studies. Once a base RTT is obtained, it is updated conservatively even if new RTTs are lower, since, for a large system, stability may be more important than performance. Similarly, root messages redefine the structure of the tree conservatively. In the basic protocol, when a root message floods in the overlay, node X's parent in the tree is set to the node Y from which X receives the message first. In the revised protocol, if node Y is not node X's current parent, X resets its parent to Y only if root messages first arrives from Y several times in a row.
In the preferred embodiments above, this invention uses network latency to guide the adaptation of the tree and the overlay. Other metrics can also be incorporated, for instance, hop counts returned by the trace-route tool, packet loss rate, available bandwidth, and node capability. The hop count metric may be desirable because it is simple and more stable than network latency, since the load in a multicast tree is unbalanced due to internal nodes often carrying higher traffic. In another preferred embodiment, one can build multiple trees with different roots embedded in a single overlay. Different multicast messages can randomly choose a tree to use or a big message can be divided into segments and each segment propagated through a different tree.
In the foregoing description, it has been shown that a complex network can be managed in a decentralized manner by nodes of the network establishing a network overlay and notifying neighbor nodes of the overlay and of a multicast tree embedded in the network. Nodes identify tree neighbors as well as other overlay neighbors. Message dissemination in the network is accomplished through multicasting messages from a node to its tree neighbors and by the node sending periodic gossips containing message IDs to overlay neighbors. Each node continually refines its collection of overlay neighbors, refines its collection of tree neighbors, forwards multicast messages over the tree, sends gossips to overlay neighbors, and retrieves missing multicast messages discovered from received gossips. Node or link failures within the network are readily identified and compensated for the by invention. While the invention has been described with reference to several preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.
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|Microsoft Corporation
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|Panasonic Corporation
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|U.S. Classification
|370/390, 370/432
|International Classification
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|Nov 17, 2005
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION,NEW YO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:TANG, CHUNQIANG;CHANG, RONG NICKLE;WARD, CHRISTOPHER;REEL/FRAME:017253/0565
Effective date: 20051116
|Jul 9, 2012
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Nov 25, 2012
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jan 15, 2013
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20121125


text:
Organizers for conventions, take note: you're all out of excuses.
Read the post »
There was a panel. There were a couple cosplays. There was a ton of visual information.
If Hannibal ever gets the rights to Clarice Starling's story, she should be a trans woman.
"Because Convention Man Doesn't Sound As Cool"
The queer geek convention par excellance may have had its final hurrah, but that doesn't detract from the magic it created.
This is either great or apocalyptic news, depending on your perspective.
Things that should never happen and totally do.
Bent-Con brings a much improved gay geek gathering to Burbank, but there remains room for improvement.
The Ru Paul's Drag Race crowd favorite dishes on video games, cosplay and Grace Jones before a rapt group of gaymers in San Francisco.


text:
Infants Reebok Ventureflex Sandal
Color Vital Blue/ Steel/ China Red (V55706)
Infants Reebok Ventureflex Sandal
Give your kids smile-inducing style with our Venture Flex casual sandal/ They'll love the easily adjusted kwik-cloze strap, the breathable upper and the adorable, grinning flex buddies underfoot.
- Open weave mesh upper for breathability and support
- Low-cut design for added mobility
- Kwik-cloze design for easy on/off
- Flex buddies on the outsole for added style
Rated 4.3 out of 5 by 7 reviewers.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Berry The shoes are sturdy but light weight & cool enough for little hot, sweaty feet. Dry very quickly after getting wet. 21/06/13
Rated 5 out of 5 by mk43 My daughters LOVE these! Picked up two pairs since my older daughter loves to match with my younger daughter. They are very lightweight, comfortable and they move well with my daughter's daily growing feet. Perfect for a summer shoe, breathes well and dries quick. 29/06/13
Rated 4 out of 5 by jacquelineg Perfect for very active kids who love to play! My toddler loves them because they are easy to put on and off. She enjoys playing outside and have a great grip for when she jumps into the pool. The colors are so cute and make with practically everything. When I received them they were a whole lot size bigger than her foot but I was happy to do a quick exchange. She is a size 8 in her nike shoes so I figured she would be the same in reebok but I was wrong. 17/04/14
Rated 5 out of 5 by GrammaKari Great for summer I think these sandals will be great for my 15 month old grandson. Washable and easy off an on. 09/04/14
Rated 5 out of 5 by Carrie320 I order 3 pair before I got the right size. I'm keeping all three. She will grow into them! 10/05/14
Rated 1 out of 5 by blueeyezz1983 Not true to size way to big. Very unhappy. Wish it came in a size 3 but now I'm out money. 05/05/14
Rated 5 out of 5 by hashbrown Good shoes Really cute sandals. Easy to get on & off. My grandson loves them !!! 06/02/14
1-7 of 7


text:
Investigators: Fire cause appears to be electricalUPDATED 7:01 PM CST Dec 08, 2012
Fire investigators say the cause of an overnight apartment fire appears to be electrical.
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CommentsThe views expressed are not those of this site, this station or its affiliated companies. By posting your comments you agree to accept our terms of use.blog comments powered by Disqus


text:
environmental regulations Companies in Portugal
Keyword: environmental regulations ×
Industry: Construction & Construction Materials ×
Location: Europe ×
Location: Portugal ×
Anguil Environmental Systems, Inc.
based in Milwaukee, WISCONSIN (USA)
Anguil Environmental Systems is a global provider of industrial air pollution control, emission abatement and energy recovery systems. We design, manufacturer, service and install thermal and catalytic oxidation technologies as well as heat recovery systems for a variety of applications and industries.
Cirrus Environmental
based in Peterborough, UNITED KINGDOM
Cirrus Environmental provides a range of noise measurement instruments, software and support packages that enable our customers to effectively monitor, manage and control their environmental noise. We can offer advice and support on all aspects of monitoring, evaluating and managing noise, including downloading data and report preparation if required. Our managed noise ...
Safe Drain®
based in Oakdale, CALIFORNIA (USA)
Safe Drain® provides storm drain protection and support services to cities, government facilities and companies that, by law are required to prevent chemicals, sediments and other potentially hazardous materials from polluting storm drains. Safe Drain® continues to research and develop high quality environmental solutions that meet or exceed current government ...
Eco Environmental Services Ltd
based in Plymouth, UNITED KINGDOM
Eco Environmental is one of the UKs largest specialist bird control companies. With specialist expertise within the industry, our bird scarers, bird wires, seagull deterrents and pigeon deterrents (pigeon spikes) are discreet and sensitive to the aesthetics and construction of each individual building.
IMR Environmental Equipment, Inc.
based in St. Petersburg, FLORIDA (USA)
IMR Environmental Equipment, Inc. is one of the leading manufacturers worldwide for portable flue-gas analyzers and stationary flue-gas analyzers using electro-chemical and NDIR technology. Furthermore, the product range includes leak detectors (HC, refrigerant), thermometers, manometers and anemometers. IMR has almost 30 years of experience designing, manufacturing and ...
Enhesa - Global EHS & Product Compliance Assurance
based in Brussels, BELGIUM
Enhesa is a global environmental, health and safety consulting firm, providing EHS regulatory compliance assurance support to businesses worldwide. Over the past 20 years, Enhesa has built a knowledgebase of EHS regulations which includes the "What" of business requirements, the "How" to develop cost-effective solutions and the "When" of enforcement activities in over 200 ...
3E Company
based in Carlsbad, CALIFORNIA (USA)
3E Company's comprehensive suite of data products and information services enable improved compliance with global Environmental Health & Safety (EH&S) requirements related to the safe manufacturing, distribution, transportation, usage and disposal of chemicals and hazardous products. This full chemical lifecycle approach enables in-house EH&S staff to reduce cost, risk ...
based in Limonest, FRANCE
ACOEM helps customers in the industrial, environmental and defence sectors make the right decisions and take the right actions. To ensure the productivity and reliability of industrial machines. To prevent noise and vibration pollution. To protect personnel, sites and vehicles in military theaters of operation. To contribute to the development of effective, robust & ...
Tetronics (International) Ltd
based in Swindon, UNITED KINGDOM
Tetronics is a global leader in the supply of Waste Recovery Plants. We have the capability to manage the complete deployment lifecycle of a Waste Recovery Plant from initial testing of the waste material at Tetronics' test facility, the most comprehensive in Europe, through to the physical onsite installation of a full commercial plant. Tetronics' patented Plasma Arc ...
EHS Insight
based in Houston, TEXAS (USA)
EHS Insight, a StarTex Software solution, is the world's most flexible, powerful, easy to use environmental, health, and safety performance improvement software. Since 2009, the team at EHS Insight have been on a mission to make the world a better place. Today, many users in more than 45 countries use EHS Insight software, services, and support to transform the way they ...


text:
Book your room at Hotel Toscana
Standard Twin RoomMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)
Single RoomMax Occupancy: 1 guest
Get an overview of this hotelLakefront hotel with free breakfast and restaurant
Situated on a lake, this hotel is steps from Kletterhalle Interlaken, Hoeheweg, and Kunsthaus Interlaken. Interlaken Casino and Mystery Rooms are also within 10 minutes.
Hotel Features
A restaurant, a bar/lounge, and multilingual staff are available at this smoke-free hotel. WiFi in public areas is free. Additionally, a TV in the lobby, free breakfast, and free wired Internet in public areas are onsite.
Room Amenities
All 23 rooms offer sitting areas, flat-screen TVs with cable channels, and hair dryers. Guests will also find safes and desks.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
The hotel offers a restaurant. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. A complimentary breakfast is offered. Public areas are equipped with complimentary high-speed wired and wireless Internet access.
This Interlaken hotel also offers a terrace, multilingual staff, and ski storage.
Hotel Toscana is a smoke-free property.
- Bar/lounge
- Beach umbrellas
- Elevator/lift
- Free breakfast
- Free WiFi
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Front desk (limited hours)
- Luggage storage
- Multilingual staff
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Number of floors - 4
- Restaurant
- Shopping on site
- Ski storage
- Smoke-free property
- Television in lobby
- Terrace
- Total number of rooms - 23
- Year Built 1960
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi , Free wired high-speed Internet
Room Amenities
- Bathtub or shower
- Cable TV service
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Daily housekeeping
- Desk
- Flat-panel TV
- Hair dryer
- In-room safe
- Private bathroom
- Refrigerator (on request)
- Separate sitting area
Where to Eat
A complimentary breakfast is offered.
Trattoria Toscana - This restaurant specializes in Italian cuisine and serves lunch and dinner.
Nearby Things to Do
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Golfing nearby
- Bicycle rentals nearby
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- In-room accessibility
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
Check-in time ends at 10 PM
Special check-in instructions:
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
No rollaway/extra beds available
We should mention
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
National Rating
Hotelstars Union assigns an official star rating for properties in Switzerland. This property is rated 3 stars.


text:
Parfums Mercedes Launches 'Legend', Inspired by Roy Jones, Jr.
Mercedes Ganon, Founder and Creator of Parfums Mercedes creates the essence of a Champion in 'Legend', inspired by her close friend and one of the greatest boxers of our generation, Roy Jones, Jr., Executive Producer of Mercedes' last three albums and in her corner, pushing her to bring out her very best in Jus D'Amour and Legend fragrances to the world.
Parfums Mercedes has created this clean sporty scent that will embrace your inner "Legend" best described as an evocation of nature's combination of fruits, woods and floral essence to capture that very distinct masculine champion flavor.
The scent is reminiscent of Victory in a bottle, from its sweet melon and black currant fragrance accentuated with a citrus and green leaf then balanced with an oak, sandalwood and natural wood musk overtone with a splash of jasmine and violet for your gentle giant. "Legend" is available at www.jusdamour.com.
"Every woman wants her man to be the champ in their lives", says Mercedes Ganon. "We created this legendary combination of notes that evokes the champion inside every man. Invigorating and arousing, fresh and aromatic, surely, destined to be a knockout for both man and woman this Valentines' Day and beyond!"
As a singer, songwriter and captivating performer, Mercedes Ganon's sultry voice will caress your soul. It's no surprise that she has developed an edgy sound that challenges all traditionalism. Her music is symphonic, inspirational, and visual, creating an awakening that will vibrate all of your senses. Mercedes is in the habit of creating unforgettable stage performances that will rock the spirit and sooth the soul.
Roy is the only boxer in history to start his career as a junior middleweight, and go on to win a heavyweight title. He's held the WBC, WBA, IBF, IBO, NABF, WBF, and IBA light heavyweight championships; a record seven belts at the same time and "Fighter of the Decade" for the 1990s by the Boxing Writers Association of America.
About Author
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