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Sandra Bullock: We Don't Need to Leave Anyone Behind
Sandra Bullock has passionate words for Matt Lauer on the "Today" show.
"There are a lot of things that fell through the cracks during the storm, and it was embarrassing," she said during the interview, which focused on her adoption and efforts in New Orleans. "[Katrina] opened up something that I don't think people know about, or maybe didn't want to see," she added.
The actress recently presided over the opening of a new student health clinic at Warren Easton school, which marked the fifth anniversary of Hurricane Katrina.
"There are souls and spirits and young people who don't come from any money, but carry this extraordinary spirit to override that," she said. "Let this school be an example of how we don't need to leave anyone behind."
Sandra will continue to work with the Warren Easton school board with a hands-on approach.
"I've had some experiences where you give money, and there's no accounting for it," Sandra said. "If someone can't tell you where every dime went -- and every dime should go to the cause -- that pisses me off.
She also spoke about another new priority in her life, her adoptive son Louis. "No one understands the shift in priorities about having a child in your life ... until you have a child in your life," she said. "It naturally shifts."
She spoke about how she kept the adoption secret and revealed his spirited nature. "He likes to dance and celebrate," she said. "You know what? I got blessed. I got lucky. He's extraordinary."
Related stories: Sandra Bullock to make First TV Interview since Divorce Sandra Bullock Reacts to Jesse James' Move to Texas
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Salon Dv8Read MoreIf a day at a great, relaxing spa is what you were looking for, head on over to Salon Dv8 in Goose Creek. One of this spa's facials will leave your skin looking smoother and more youthful. At Salon Dv8, you can improve the health of your skin with one of the many skin care treatment options. The stylists at this spa are trained in a wide variety of hair care services, including cut and color processes. Ditch your foam roller and head on over to this spa for a professional and relaxing massage treatment. This spa exercises an open-door policy. All you have to do is walk in for a fabulous appointment. This spa offers similar prices to those in the area, but the services are one-of-a-kind. If you're looking to rack up your frequent flyer miles, feel free to pay by major credit card. A relaxing treatment at Salon Dv8 is an experience customers rave about.775 Saint James AveGoose Creek, SC US
Japan Karate InstituteRead MoreMoncks Corner's Japan Karate Institute is the great place for a sports fan to spend a Saturday, or any day for that matter. If you're inspired and passionate about MMA, treat yourself to a professional MMA class. Curious about kickboxing? Check out one of these kickboxing classes and learn the basics. Parking is plentiful, so patrons can feel free to bring their vehicles.102 Rembert C Dennis BlvdMoncks Corner, SC US
Asian Pacific International MartRead MoreIt's the thought that counts. Pick up a meaningful gift from Asian Pacific International Mart in Goose Creek today. For that bowl of crunchy goodness, cereal is a winner for breakfast, lunch, and dinner! The cuts of meat here are tender and fresh. Pick up a selection of meats today and start your weekend off with a barbecue. At Asian Pacific International Mart, you can find a large selection of canned food items and other tasty meal items. Make sure you always have the ingredients to make a delicious dessert on hand. Planning a movie night? Stock up on all of your favorite snacks and munch and crunch all night long. When you want to elevate your cooking's taste, you'll definitely want to keep your kitchen well stocked with the vinegar and oil offered here. Get your noodle on! Asian Pacific International Mart has some of the best and affordable noodle and pasta options in the area. Healthy eaters realize the importance of dairy in their diet. Make sure you're getting your fill of Vitamin D with dairy products from Asian Pacific International Mart. Ready for a change? Switch up your weekly meal selections with some bold spices and seasonings from here. If cooking isn't your forte, frozen food is an easy fix. Stock your freezer with delicious meals seven days a week! If you love to taste different tea and coffee blends, check out the selection of items available at Asian Pacific International Mart. Asian Pacific International Mart offers a range of classic and signature breads, all of which are fresh and baked to perfection. Water junkies can get their gulp on with a swig from Asian Pacific International Mart. If you need a quick and easy meal solution for lunch or dinner, consider a tasty TV dinner from here. Make sure you always have a variety of beverages on hand, especially during the warmer months. This drink is sure to take care of business. This fresh produce here is so tasty it will change the way we think about healthy eating. Pick up super fresh fish (and a heck of a lot of nutrients) for your next meal. If you're ready to commemorate your experience, you'll love the fabulous memorabilia and souvenirs on display at Asian Pacific International Mart in Goose Creek. At Asian Pacific International Mart, drivers will appreciate the ample parking options in the area. Give a smile this next holiday, birthday, or anniversary when you choose from the amazing selection of gifts at Asian Pacific International Mart in Goose Creek.134 Saint James AveGoose Creek, SC US
PublixRead MoreIf you're in need for some food to keep your meals healthy and affordable, you'll definitely want to sample Publix's premier grocery store in Goose Creek. When you're pulling long hours at the office, you don't want to come home and spend hours slaving over a hot stove. Fix that potential problem by exploring the frozen food options offered here. Cereal doesn't have to be boring! A breakfast box is a great addition to your morning, packed full of flavor and crunchy delight. Publix's selection of bread goes great with any meal you were planning on making. Picking up canned foods is terrific for when you want a quick meal, are participating in food drives, or need some last-minute eats to keep you from starving. You'll definitely want to browse the selection at Publix today! Here you can find a wide range of great spices and seasonings to make your next dish more flavorful and creative. Here you can find a wide range of meats, such as chicken and beef, at a price you just can't pass up. Whether you're dressing a salad or cooking up a storm, oil and vinegar are essential kitchen items, so make sure you have an ample amount on hand. Loaded with essential vitamins and minerals, the produce from this store will give you the energy your body needs. With a bottle of water in hand, it's easy to refresh and refuel. Grab a couple drinks from Publix and stay on the go all the time. When you body needs hydration most, grab some drinks off the shelf. Not only is fish great for your heart, but it also packs a punch in the flavor department, so get to grilling! Do you have a new pasta recipe that you've been dying to try? Pick up some noodles and treat yourself to a tasty dish. Who's hungry? A frozen entree will fool anyone's palate, so why waste time cooking up a storm? A healthy and light snack from Publix is a great way to keep your energy up throughout the day. Dairy is packed with the essential nutrients your body craves, so help yourself out. Dairy products have everything you need. For breads, cookies, cakes, and pies that will blow your mind, are couple extra sweet ingredients are kitchen must-haves. If you're looking for a great coffee or tea beverage, the team at Publix will help you out. Make use of the safe parking options near Publix and reap the great benefits of parking close by. If cooking up a storm is something you enjoy, remember to stop at Publix for the freshest groceries in town.208 Saint James AveGoose Creek, SC US
Mr B's 4 In 1 Quick StopRead MoreFind all of your favorite seasonal items in one place at Mr B's 4 In 1 Quick Stop in Saint Stephen and enjoy some of your favorites. If you're planning out your weekly meals, you will appreciate the assortment of snacks at Mr B's 4 In 1 Quick Stop. Soup and other canned items are important to have on hand when you're not feeling well. Stock up today. Water junkies can get their gulp on with a swig from Mr B's 4 In 1 Quick Stop. Mr B's 4 In 1 Quick Stop serves up the most delicious freshly-baked bread in town. Head on over and pick up a loaf today. Cereal in the morning, cereal in the evening, or cereal at suppertime. With the selection here, you'll want to eat cereal anytime. Do you meet your recommended calcium intake? If not, pick up some dairy products and put yourself on the path to a healthier lifestyle. If cooking isn't your strong point, dig into a TV dinner! Microwave cooking has never tasted so good. Your mouth will be watering from the fantastic meats available at this location. Don't settle for bland meals. Add some pizzazz to your food with an extensive selection of seasonings and spices. From freshly baked pastas to packaged noodles, Mr B's 4 In 1 Quick Stop has all of your pasta necessities. The fresh produce available here will work well in any recipe or stand alone as a snack. Health-conscious eaters will love cooking with the fresh produce available here. For baked goods that are as delicious as they are fluffy, don't forget to pick up some fresh ingredients to make sure your creation hits it out-of-the-park. Hungry for a tasty meal but don't have the time to spend in the kitchen? Frozen food is an easy solution. There's no better way to start your busy day than making a flavorful coffee or tea from Mr B's 4 In 1 Quick Stop. Make sure you always have a variety of beverages on hand, especially during the warmer months. This drink is sure to take care of business. Find healthy and affordable oil and vinegar at Mr B's 4 In 1 Quick Stop and keep the good meals coming all week long. Not only is fish great for your heart, but it also packs a punch in the flavor department, so get to grilling! If you're driving to Mr B's 4 In 1 Quick Stop, don't worry about finding parking! There are plenty of available spots in the area. So eat up. Mr B's 4 In 1 Quick Stop is your next stop for delicious go-to groceries in Saint Stephen.1010 Mandella RdSaint Stephen, SC US
Kangaroo ExpressRead MoreWhether you're on the hunt for sweet or savory food items, Kangaroo Express in Moncks Corner has it all. Get your noodle on! Kangaroo Express has some of the best and affordable noodle and pasta options in the area. Kick off your weekend with a barbecue. Pick up some fresh and tender meats from here and start cooking. For dairy lovers out there, this store does dairy right, so make sure to pick up some on your next trip. Soup and other canned items are important to have on hand when you're not feeling well. Stock up today. Not everyone has time for pancakes in the morning. Get going with a tasty box of cereal the whole family will enjoy. If you're planning out your weekly meals, you will appreciate the assortment of snacks at Kangaroo Express. Kangaroo Express' selection of bread goes great with any meal you were planning on making. Kangaroo Express makes it easy to quench your thirst by stocking water for whenever you need it. Whether you prefer coffee or tea, Kangaroo Express offers options for both the coffee enthusiast and the tea lover. When you're pulling long hours at the office, you don't want to come home and spend hours slaving over a hot stove. Fix that potential problem by exploring the frozen food options offered here. When you're looking for a little tart flavor to add to your meal, you'll want to grab some vinegar. For something a little more savory, that definitely calls for oil. When you shop here, you can stock up on either to ensure your food is tart and savory in equal measures. Eating healthy isn't always easy, but with produce on hand like this it just got easier. Health-conscious eaters will love the wide selection of fish on hand. People can't get enough of the drinks here that take refreshment to the max. Have a gourmet meal without working away in the kitchen. Throw on your favorite TV show or movie and pop a frozen dinner in the microwave. You'll be happy you did! Just a touch of these key baking ingredients will make your baked goods pop, so make sure your kitchen is always well-stocked. Feeling hungry? Make your breakfast, lunch, or dinner even better with some great seasonings and spices from here. With all of the parking options close by, you can keep an eye on your car during your visit. So make your way over to Kangaroo Express in Moncks Corner for quality groceries and freshness you can taste.605 N Highway 52Moncks Corner, SC US

subset: commoncrawl


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Victor's Residenz-Hotel Berlin Tegel, Berlin
- Free buffet breakfast and WiFi
- Airport within 5 mi/8 km: Berlin (TXL-Tegel)
Main amenities
- 177 guestrooms
- Bar/lounge
- Self parking
- 24-hour front desk
- Daily housekeeping
- Front desk safe
- Laundry service
- Multilingual staff
- Free newspapers in the lobby
- Luggage storage
- Tour/ticket assistance
What's around
- Tegel Airport
- Berlin Wall Memorial (2.8 mi / 4.5 km)
- Gesundbrunnen Shopping Center (1.9 mi / 3 km)
- Humboldthain Park (2.1 mi / 3.4 km)
- Max-Schmeling-Halle (2.7 mi / 4.4 km)
- Schonhauser Allee Arkaden (2.9 mi / 4.7 km)
Family of 5 had an overnight layover at Tegel airport, and we stayed here. The bar and…
The room needed air condition. Breakfast and service was fabelous
Enter dates to check prices
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $88
- Suite, 1 Double Bed with Sofabed, Non Smoking
- Triple Room
- Comfort Double
- Junior Suite Double
- Superior Double or Twin Room
- Superior Double
- Standard Twin Room
- Quadruple Room
- Standard Twin Single
- Superior Room
- Deluxe Room
- Superior Twin Room
- Junior Suite
- Standard Twin Room
- Suite, 1 Double Bed with Sofabed, Non Smoking
- Comfort Single
- Standard Twin Double
- Standard Room
- Standard Double
- Standard Double Room
- Superior Room
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 177 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 7 floors
- Check-in time starts at 3 PM
- Check-out time is 11 AM
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Children (12 years old and younger) stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding
- Pets allowed *
- 1 per room
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Self parking (limited) *
Nearby Three Star Berlin hotels
In the hotel
- Free buffet breakfast daily
- Bar/lounge
- Bicycle rentals nearby
- Golf lessons available nearby
- Golfing nearby
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
- 24-hour front desk
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Luggage storage
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Year Built 1994
- Elevator/lift
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Accessible path of travel
In the room
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Hypo-allergenic bedding available
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Soundproofed rooms
- Private bathroom
- Shower only
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- 32-inch LED TV
- Premium TV channels
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Free international calls
- Refrigerator
- Daily housekeeping
Top Berlin hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Berlin
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"Spacious room and bathroom, free minibar, and knowledgeable, efficient, and sincere staff are my highlights. The Dormero is a "smaller-feel" hotel but with the resources of a…"Sep 3, 2015
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"Excellent location and very friendly staff"Sep 2, 2015
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"This Motel One is well located. It sits just feet away from a major U-Bahn station. However, as nice as this is, the immediate vicinity leaves more to be desired. I was glad when…"Sep 2, 2015
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Special features
DiningVictor's Bar - Onsite bistro. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar. Open daily.
Victor's Residenz-Hotel Berlin Tegel, Berlin's small print
Also known as
- Residenz-Hotel Berlin Tegel
- Victor's Residenz-Hotel Berlin Tegel
- Victor's Residenz-Hotel Tegel
- Victor's Residenz-Hotel Tegel Hotel
- Victor's Residenz-Hotel Tegel Hotel Berlin
Parking height restrictions apply.
Mandatory fees
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at check in or check out:
The city of Berlin imposes a city tax of 5%. Business travelers with proof of business-related travel are exempt from this tax. Guests can contact the property using the information contained in the confirmation received after booking.
- A 5 percent city/local tax will be charged
Optional extras
Self parking costs EUR 12 per night
Rollaway beds are available for EUR 25 per day
Pets are allowed for an extra charge of EUR 12 per pet, per night
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


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Ground Service Provider
Cygnus Business Media
- September 18, 2014
Ground Service Provider (GSP) is the new digital publication from Ground Support Worldwide magazine. GSP is a global ground handling operations resource, delivering management, safety, and product insight for the aviation industry.
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AMT magazine is written by professionals for the aircraft maintenance community.
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List of fueling product companies across all segments of the aviation industry.
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Ask Better Homes & Gardens
Experts and BHG readers answer.
Expertssee all experts
Leach field ground cover
I live in Paradise Calif. The area is northern calif in what is called the ridge in the sierra nevada mountains. What grass can I plant over my leach field that doesnt require alot of care or mowing? Or can you suggest another ground cover that would work better? The area gets snow in the winter and is hot in the summer. Something that doesnt require alot of watering because it is dry and hot here in the summer.
You could try a mix of fine leaf fescues. These are typically marketed as shade or low maintenance grasses. They're tough, drought tolerant, and can actually be left unmowed. they only get about 6 inches tall, very wispy looking if you leave them unmowed. Buffalograss is another grass you could use. It goes dormant in summer if not watered, but will green up again in fall.
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Jack Aaronson | July 6, 2012 | Comments
With reactivation marketing, you need to understand how long people have been gone, why they left, what's different in your offerings now, and what incentive they might need to come back.
While there are many ways to run a reactivation campaign, the following steps will set you on a pretty good path should you decide to launch one.
Finally, realize the difference between a reactivation campaign and a regular campaign. While the above steps could be the recipe for any old marketing campaign, there is one important difference. Reactivation marketing needs to understand how long people have been gone, why they possibly left, what is different in your offerings now that would make them come back, and what (if any) incentive they might need to come back.
If you can't answer, "What is different in our offerings that would make them come back," then skip the reactivation campaign and focus on answering that question!
Thoughts, comments? Leave a note below!
Until next time...
This column was originally published on February 19, 2010.
Jack Aaronson, CEO of The Aaronson Group and corporate lecturer, is a sought-after expert on enhanced user experiences, customer conversion, retention, and loyalty. If only a small percentage of people who arrive at your home page transact with your company (and even fewer return to transact again), Jack and his company can help. He also publishes a newsletter about multichannel marketing, personalization, user experience, and other related issues. He has keynoted most major marketing conferences around the world and regularly speaks at Shop.org and other major industry shows. You can learn more about Jack through his LinkedIn profile.
October 21-22, 2015
November 17-19, 2015
November 25-26, 2015
April 11-13, 2016
Spring 2016
US Consumer Device Preference Report
Traditionally desktops have shown to convert better than mobile devices however, 2015 might be a tipping point for mobile conversions! Download this report to find why mobile users are more important then ever.
E-Commerce Customer Lifecycle
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October 13, 2015
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November 12, 2015


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 5, 1991
|Filing date
|Oct 3, 1989
|Priority date
|Oct 3, 1989
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Stanley Stokowski, David Wolze, Armand P. Neukermans
|Original Assignee
|Tencor Instruments
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (2), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (16), Classifications (9), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
(r2 +r1 2)Θ2 =constant,
This invention relates to measurement of contaminants by photoelectron emission stimulated by light.
Contaminating layers, ranging in thickness from a few Angstroms to perhaps 100 Angstroms, that are present on the surface of an electrically conducting material such as a semiconductor material, a silicide or a metal, are increasingly important in the processing of chips containing integrated circuits. These contaminants may include native oxides on bare silicon or other semiconductor material, native or grown oxides on polysilicon, photoresist smudges on wafers, and organic coatings produced on the wafer through diffusion from other surfaces or through adhesion.
The presence of these contaminating layers often introduces unacceptable uncertainties in performance of the circuits on the chip. For example, the presence of an oxide on a polysilicon surface can drastically interfere with adhesion of subsequently deposited layers such as silicides and can cause peeling of these layers from the adjacent polysilicon. The presence of a native oxide on bare silicon can produce a contact resistance that significantly reduces the electrical current flowing from or to such a layer.
Quantitative information on these contaminants can often be made on bare silicon, providing the locations of the contaminants are known and contaminant thickness exceeds a few tens of Angstroms. However, these measurements, whether obtained through ellipsometry or reflectometry, are quite time consuming because each measurement gives information on a very small illuminated spot. If the contamination is not uniform over the surface of the wafer, it becomes very time consuming to provide an accurate map of the extent of contamination over the entire surface.
Additionally, the surface roughness of the substrate or other layer being examined can mask the presence of thin contamination layers, where ellipsometry or reflectometry is used to provide quantitative measurements. For example, ellipsometry studies must invoke the presence of an "interlayer" of unknown composition to account for the discrepancy between theoretical predictions and experimental results, although these interlayers are never seen in transmission electron microscopy photographs. Further, the sensitivity of such methods tends to decrease when the layers are only a few Angstroms thick because the interference effects are then quite small.
Other methods of examination of characteristics of substrate material that is adjacent to a substrate surface have been disclosed. Smith in Jour. Appl. Phys. 46 (1975) pp. 1553-1558, reviews many of these methods and discloses the use of photoelectron emission from aluminum and from nickel that has or may have an oxide film formed on an exposed surface of the metal. For oxide films, such as NiO, that are photoemitting themselves, photoelectron emission includes current generated within the metal and current generated within the oxide film. For other oxide films, such as Al2 O3, that are not photoemitting, photoelectron current emission comes primarily from the metal, with the oxide providing a mask therefor. Most oxides of interest are not photoemitting.
Quiniou et al., in Appl. Phys. Lett. 55 (1989) pp. 481-483, disclose the use of photoemission to perform scanning microscopy of doped regions on semiconductor surfaces. This method, the authors assert, can provide an in situ probe of doping levels or doping patterns immediately below the surface in a semiconductor wafer with a spatial resolution of a few wavelengths of the probing beam. A focused ultraviolet laser beam is scanned across the surface, and differences in surface properties within the wafer material are observed at such differences in emitted photoelectron current. The system disclosed by Quiniou et al. requires a pressure in the electron collector chamber of the order of 10-3 -10-1 Pascals and a bias voltage of the order of 70 volts or more and uses a laser beam for illumination of the surface.
The systems used by previous workers for monitoring photoelectron current emitted from or adjacent to a semiconductor surface suffer from a number of defects. Because of the bias maintained between the charged particle collector and the underlying wafer, any small change in distance of separation between the wafer and the collection electrode will induce a capacitive current, which may vary with time. Because the collection electrode is relatively large and the extraction voltages are also large, the induced capacitive current can be significantly larger than the photoelectron current to be measured. It is, therefore, desirable to provide a means of compensating for a capacitive current developed between the wafer and the collection electrode. This compensation means should be capable of monitoring capacitive current developed at any distance of separation of the wafer surface and the collection electrode and should be sufficiently small that the compensation means can be incorporated in the photoelectron current monitoring system.
Another disagreeable feature of photoelectron current monitoring systems of previous workers is that photovoltaic current may also be induced by light beam illumination and thus affect the output signal for current. Photovoltaic current can be induced in a semiconductor material for any photon energy that is appreciably greater than the energy gap Eg for that material, and the energy gap is generally much less than the work function W for the material. For example, the work function or photoelectric threshold for bare silicon ranges from 4.60 to 5.11 eV, depending upon the crystal direction parallel to the incident light beam, but the energy gap in bare silicon is only 1.12 eV. If the photovoltaic current is uniform across the surface of the wafer, its effect on the photoelectron current arising from photoemission might be small and might be eliminated within the system. However, photovoltaic current is affected locally by dislocations and other defects in the semiconductor material
Therefore, it is likely that the photovoltaic current induced will vary from site to site on the surface of the wafer. What is needed is means for compensating for the photovoltaic current at whatever light beam intensity is used. Preferably, this compensation means should be sufficiently small that it may be incorporated in the photoelectron current monitoring system.
These needs are met by a method for determining the presence and thickness, if any, of contaminants at each of a plurality of sites on the surface of an electrically conducting material. The method includes the steps of: (1) sequentially illuminating each site with a light beam having a wavelength component with photon energy greater than the work function of the material to allow photoelectrons to be liberated from the conducting material beneath the site; (2) providing electron collection means for determining the photoelectron current that emerges from the site; (3) compensating for capacitive current effects that arise from a change in separation distance between the semiconductor surface and the electron collection means; and (4) compensating for photovoltaic current effects that arise whenever the energy of the light beam photons is greater than the minimum energy Eg required to raise an electron from a valence band to a conduction band. The steps (3) and (4) may be included or deleted independently of one another.
One technique for compensating for capacitive current effects is to provide a second electron collection means adjacent to the first electron collection means and spaced apart from the surface by the same distance, but with the second electron collection means not lying directly over the site illuminated. The second electron collection means senses only the capacitive current, if any, and if the currents sensed at the first and second electron collection means are subtracted from one another the effect of the capacitive current is subtracted out in the final signal.
One technique for compensating for photovoltaic current is to illuminate a surface site (1) by a first light beam having an energy that is appreciably greater than the work function of the conductor material and, (2) by a second light beam whose photon energy is appreciably less than the work function but exceeds the energy gap for production of photovoltaic current in the conductor material. The two light beams illuminate the surface site at different times, and the two current signals are subtracted from one another to remove the effects of the photovoltaic current in the resulting signal.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view illustrating illumination of different sites on a wafer surface by a light beam, where the position of the spot or trace of the light beam may be changed by translation and/or rotation of the wafer or of the trace of the light beam.
FIG. 2 is a schematic side view illustrating illumination of a surface site to eliminate the capacitive current effects according to the invention.
FIG. 3 is a graphic view illustrating the variation of photoelectron current with thickness of a contaminant present on the surface site being illuminated.
FIGS. 4 and 7 illustrate two possible paths for the light beam trace, a spiral pattern and a serpentine pattern, respectively, on the surface of the conductor material.
FIG. 5 is a graphic view showing relative intensity of two bell-shaped light beams that are centered at two adjacent sites on the surface.
FIG. 6 is a graphic view illustrating the relative intensity of two top hat-shaped light beams centered at two adjacent sites on the surface.
FIGS. 8 and 9 are two schematic side views illustrating two embodiments of the invention that compensates for photovoltaic current effects.
With reference to FIG. 1, a system 11 for monitoring photoelectron current developed at a site on a surface of a wafer 13 or other electrically conducting material will include a light source 15, a lens 17 or other optical element to receive the light beam and focus the beam to illuminate a site 19 on the wafer surface. An electron collector 21 is positioned above and adjacent to the site 19 in order to collect photoelectrons generated by the photoemissive action of the light beam in the wafer material immediately beneath the illuminated site 19. The wafer 13 may be rotated in the plane of its surface about a central point, and either the light beam system or the wafer may be translated relative to one another so that the illuminated site 19 is described by a light beam trace that moves around on the surface of the wafer 13. At each illumination site 19, a portion or all of that site may be covered by a contaminant, of unknown thickness or spacial extent. If a site 19 is illuminated, a substantial portion of the light beam energy is absorbed by atomic constituents that lie adjacent to and beneath the illuminated site in the electrically conducting material. If the light beam has a wavelength component with photon energy appreciably greater than the work function W of the material, photoelectrons will be liberated from the material by the well known photoemissive action in the conductive material 13. A portion of the photoelectrons thus liberated within this layer will be transported to the surface and through the contaminant, if any, present on the surface and will be collected by the electron collector 21 positioned immediately above the illumination site 19. If a contaminant layer overlies part or all of the illumination site on the surface of the conductive material 13, the photoelectron current sensed by the electron collector will be substantially reduced from the photoelectron current sensed in the absence of such contaminant layer. Thus, the photoelectron emission current is found to be strongly affected by the presence or absence of any contaminant layers that overlie the illumination site 19.
FIG. 2 illustrates a system for mapping the presence, and perhaps the thickness or other spatial extent, of contaminants lying on the surface of a conductive material at a plurality of sites on the surface. The system 31 includes a grounded layer 33 of electrically conductive material from which photoemission will occur, a source 35 of a light beam 36 that is focused by a lens 37 or other optical components to illuminate an illumination site 39 on the surface of the material 33. Photoemission from the material 33 occurs as discussed above, and a portion of the photoelectrons thus liberated are collected by a first electron collector 41 that is positioned adjacent to and overlying the illumination site 39. The first electron collector 41 may be an electrode that is transparent to the wavelength of the light beam 36 so that the electrode 41 may be a solid sheet of the electrode material. Alternatively, the first electron collector 41 may be a ring of electrode material with an aperture at the center through which the light beam 36 passes, as shown in FIG. 2. A positive voltage difference is imposed by a bias means 43 positioned between the first electron collector 41 and a current sensor for this collector. The photoelectron current produces a signal that is amplified by a first amplifier 45 and issues as a first output signal on a signal output line 47.
Capacitive current effects can arise when the distance of separation of the electron collector and the emitting surface changes with time. Capacitive current effects are compensated for in the system 31 shown in FIG. 2 by providing a second electron collector 49 that is positioned above the surface of the conductive material 33 with the same distance of separation as for the first electron collector 41. A positive voltage difference is imposed by a bias means 50 positioned between the second electron collector 49 and a current sensor for this collector. The second electron collector 49 is spaced apart from the first electron collector 41 so that the second electron collector overlies a portion of the surface that is not presently illuminated by the light beam 36. Thus, any current received by the second electron collector is likely due to capacitive effects only, and this contribution to total current will also be present in the current received by the first electron collector 41. The current received by the second electron collector 49 is amplified by an amplifier 51 and issues as a second output signal on a signal output line 53. A difference signal is formed by a difference module 55 from the two output signals that appear on the signal output lines 47 and 53, and this difference signal issues as the system output signal on an output signal line 57.
Optionally, an electrical shield 59 or other container may be provided that surrounds the wafer of electrically conducting material 33 and the first and second electron collectors 41 and 49. The interior of the shield or container 59 may contain a gas such as He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe or N2, or another gas that does not contain oxygen and is relatively unlikely to permit electron attachment to the atoms or molecules of such gas. A gas that permits electron attachment to its atoms or molecules will develop a negative charge overall that will interfere with and reduce the photoelectron current collected at the electron collector. Thus, use of gases that do not have a relatively low likelihood of electron attachment thereto should be avoided. Gas pressures of the order of 10-1 -105 Pascals are acceptable here.
FIG. 3 graphically illustrates the decline in photoelectron current, expressed in amps, for an increase in the thickness of the contaminant layer through which the photoelectrons must pass before such electrons are collected at an electron collector. The photoelectron current can be reduced by four to six orders of magnitude by an increase in contaminant layer thickness of the order of 100 Å. The invention can be used to detect the presence of, and perhaps the thickness or other special extent of, a layer of contaminant present at a particular illumination site on the surface of a wafer.
FIG. 4 illustrates a spiral path 61 that may be defined by the light beam trace on the surface of the wafer 63. In one embodiment, a plurality of discrete, approximately circular, light beam traces 65-N, 65-(N+1), 65-(N+2) that successively overlap along the spiral path 61 may be used as the illumination sites on the surface of the wafer 63. Alternatively, the discrete plurality of illumination sites may be replaced by a continuous band of such sites, indicated by the envelope defined by the two dotted lines 67-1 and 67-2 shown in FIG. 4.
If the spiral is defined by a radial coordinate dependence r=r(Θ)=r1 Θ, where Θ is the angular coordinate in a plane, the light beam trace will move with approximately constant linear velocity on the surface if the time rate of change Θ of the angular coordinate and the radial coordinate r are related by the relation
[r2 +r1 2 ]Θ2 =constant.
A light beam trace that moves with approximately constant linear velocity is preferred for all paths or patterns.
FIG. 7 illustrates the use of an alternative path, a serpentine path 71 that is laid down on the surface of a wafer 73 and winds back and forth in serpentine fashion to cover all the illumination sites on the surface. In FIG. 7, a plurality of discrete illumination sites 75-N, 75-(N+1), 75-(N+2) may be defined by the light beam trace as the projection of the light beam moves along the serpentine path 71. Alternatively, a continuous band of illumination sites may be used, defined by an envelope indicated by the two dotted curves 77-1 and 77-2 in FIG. 7. Using this continuous band alternative with the spiral pattern in FIG. 4 or with the serpentine pattern in FIG. 7, the photoelectron current signal received by the electron collector 41 in FIG. 2 would be a continuous set of signals, rather than the sequence of discrete signals that is received at the electron collector where a plurality of discrete illumination sites is provided on the surface.
If the entire wafer surface, or substantial portions thereof, is to be covered by the collection of illumination sites, the illumination sites must overlap on the portions of the surface to be thus covered. If the light beam has a standard Gaussian or bell shaped intensity as a function of radial distance from the center of the beam, two adjacent light beams, centered at illumination site centers no. N and N+1, will have the comparative intensity distributions shown in FIG. 5. Thus, it may be necessary to arrange for the light beams that illuminate two adjacent illumination sites to overlap sufficiently that the sum of their intensities in the overlap region is at least as large as the maximum intensity of either beam viewed in isolation. If the light beam used has a "tophat" shape, with the intensity decreasing very sharply from maximum intensity to approximately zero at a given radius, the light beam traces for two adjacent sites no. N and N+1 would again be overlapped so that the sum of their intensities in the region of overlap is at least equal to the maximum intensity of either light beam viewed in isolation. This is illustrated in FIG. 6 for two adjacent tophat light beam traces.
FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of the invention useful in determining the presence or thickness or other spatial extent of contaminants on a surface of the wafer 33, where the presence of photovoltaic current within the wafer material is to be compensated for. Photovoltaic current is developed within an electrically conducting material whenever the energy gap Eg or difference between a conductivity band and an adjacent valence band is appreciably exceeded by the photon energy of a light beam used to illuminate the material. Thus, if the energy gap Eg is less than the work function W of the material, a photon having an energy E satisfying the relation Eg <E<W will produce photovoltaic current but will not produce photoemission current.
The system 81 shown in FIG. 8 includes a wafer 33 of electrically conducting material, a light source 35 that produces a first light beam 36 that is received by a lens 37 or other optical element and focused on the surface at one of the illumination sites 39. The photoelectrons produced by photoemissive action in the conductive material of the wafer 33 beneath the illumination site is collected at an electron collector 41 as before, where the electron collector is positioned immediately above the illumination site 39. A positive voltage difference between the electron collector 41 and a current sensor is impressed by a voltage difference or bias means 43 as shown. The photoelectron current received by the electron collector 41 is amplified by a system 45 and the output signal appears on a signal output line 47 as before. The light source 35 produces photons of energy greater than the work function W of the conductive material in the wafer 33. A second light source 83 produces a light beam 84 whose photons have energy greater than the energy gap Eg of the wafer material but less than the work function W of the wafer material. The first light beam 36 is caused to pass through a semitransparent mirror 85 before being received by the lens 37. The second light beam 84 is caused to be reflected from the semi-transparent mirror 85 and to then be received by the lens 37 for focusing thereof at the illumination site 39. The two light sources 35 and 83 are alternatingly activated and deactivated so that at most one of these light sources illuminates the illumination site 39 at any given time.
The current signal produced by the first light beam 36 is amplified by the circuit 45 and passes to a time delay module 52. The current signal produced by the second light beam 84 is amplified by the circuit 46 (and by the circuit 45) and issues on an output line 54 that is received by the negative input terminal of a difference-forming module 56. The positive input terminal of the module 56 receives the time delayed current signal from the time delay module 52 (the earlier current signal produced by the first light beam 36 at the same site). The module 56 subtracts the current signal on output line 54 form the time delayed signal issued on the output line 47 and issues the difference signal on an output line 58. Optionally, two switches may be included in the signal path that connects the electron collector 41 to the amplifiers 45 and 46, one switch for each amplifier input, so that at most one of these two amplifiers actively processes a signal from the electron collector at any particular time.
The electrical signal representing photoelectron current that is produced by the electron collector 41 consists of two alternating sequences of signals: (1) a first sequence, produced by the first light beam 36, consisting of the sum of the photoemission current and the photovoltaic current; and (2) a second sequence, produced by the second light beam 84, consisting only of the photovoltaic current. If the two light beams 36 and 84 are arranged to produce the same photovoltaic current at the illumination site 39, the difference of these two sequences of signals may be formed in order to subtract out the effect of the presence of the photovoltaic current, leaving only the photoemission current as an output signal.
FIG. 9 illustrates another embodiment 82 of the invention where the presence of photovoltaic current is compensated for. In FIG. 9, the light source 83, which produces photons of energy greater than the gap energy Eg but less than the electron work function W, illuminates a site 89 on the substrate, at a time assumed to be earlier than the time at which the light source 15 illuminates the site 39. The collection of sites illuminated by the light source 83 is assumed to be the same as the collection of sites illuminated by the light source 15. However, the light source 83 illuminates each of this collection of sites at an earlier time than the time such site is illuminated by the light source 15. The second light source 83 produces a light beam 84 that is focused by a second lens 87 or other light focusing means on the second site 89 on the substrate 33. Illumination of the site 89 by the light source 83 does not produce photoemission electrons but does produce photovoltaic current in the substrate 33, and this photovoltaic current is received by a second electron collector 91 that is positioned above and adjacent to the second site 89. The total intensity of the light sources 15 and 83 should be adjusted to produce the same photovoltaic current under the same conditions, as in FIG. 8. A positive voltage is impressed on the second electron collector 91 by a bias means 93 that is positioned between the electron collector 91 and a current sensor for this collector.
The current signal sensed by the collector 91 is passed through an amplifier 94 and appears on an output line 95 that is received by a time delay module 97. At a later time, when the light source 15 illuminates the site 89, the (time delayed) current signal for the site 89 is issued by the time delay module 97 and is subtracted from the current signal for the site 89 that appears on output line 47. This subtraction occurs in a difference module 99; and the output signal on output line 101 is the photoemission current sensed at the site 89, with the photovoltaic current removed therefrom.
Illumination of the second site 89 by the light source 83 may precede, rather than follow, illumination of the site 89 by the light source 15. In this situation, the current signal that issues on the output line 47 would be time delayed relative to the current signal that issues on the output line 95.
Light sources that are suitable for the first light source 35 in FIGS. 2, 8 or 9 include continuous, deep ultraviolet sources such as deuterium or mercury discharge lamps or lasers with emission wavelengths 0.4 μm. Laser fluence should be kept low at the illumination site to avoid photochemical decomposition or other chemical reactions that would otherwise be promoted at such site. The second light source 83 shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 should have a characteristic energy less than the work function of the wafer material but larger than the energy gap Eg of such material. The second light source may be drawn from ultraviolet light sources and visible light sources with associated wavelengths below 1.1 μm for a silicon wafer material and below 0.85 μm for GaAs wafer material.
The electrically conductive material that forms the wafer may be drawn from semiconductor material such as silicon, germanium, gallium, arsenide and polysilicon; from metals such as aluminum, tungsten and molybdenum; and from metal silicides such as titanium silicide, platinum silicide, palladium silicide, cobalt silicide, zirconium silicide, tantalum silicide, hafnium silicide, niobium silicide, vanadium silicide, nickel silicide, tungsten silicide and molybdenum silicide. The resistivity of the metal silicides is generally quite low, usually under 100 ohm-cm. Any material with an electrical resistivity of no more than 106 ohm-cm is a good candidate for the wafer material used in this invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 30, 1984
|May 20, 1986
|Photo Acoustic Technology, Inc.
|Apparatus and technique for monitoring photoelectron emission from surfaces
|Aug 9, 1985
|Sep 1, 1987
|Rca Corporation
|Compact disk read only memory recording system with speed control
|B. Quiniou et al., "Photoemissive Scanning Microscopy of Doped Regions on Semiconductor Surfaces", Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 55, No. 5, Jul. 31, 1989, pp. 481-483.
|B. Quiniou et al., Photoemissive Scanning Microscopy of Doped Regions on Semiconductor Surfaces , Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 55, No. 5, Jul. 31, 1989, pp. 481 483.
|T. Smith, "Photoelectron Emission from Aluminum and Nickel Measured in Air", Jour. Apply. Phys., vol. 46, No. 4, Apr. 1975, pp. 1553-1558.
|T. Smith, Photoelectron Emission from Aluminum and Nickel Measured in Air , Jour. Apply. Phys., vol. 46, No. 4, Apr. 1975, pp. 1553 1558.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 20, 1995
|May 20, 1997
|Photon Dynamics, Inc.
|Large area defect monitor tool for manufacture of clean surfaces
|Nov 25, 1996
|Sep 1, 1998
|Photon Dynamics, Inc.
|Large area defect monitor tool for manufacture of clean surfaces
|Jan 16, 2001
|Oct 21, 2003
|Kla-Tencor Corporation
|Scanning system for inspecting anamolies on surfaces
|Oct 23, 2000
|Dec 14, 2004
|Applied Materials, Inc
|Monitoring substrate processing using reflected radiation
|Apr 10, 2003
|May 3, 2005
|Kla-Tencor Corporation
|Optical scanning system for surface inspection
|Mar 7, 2003
|Jun 13, 2006
|Carl Zeiss Smt Ag
|Device, EUV-lithographic device and method for preventing and cleaning contamination on optical elements
|Apr 10, 2003
|Jul 11, 2006
|Kla-Tencor Corporation
|Optical scanning system for surface inspection
|Sep 22, 2004
|Aug 1, 2006
|KLA —Tencor Corporation
|Scanning system for inspecting anomalies on surfaces
|Mar 14, 2006
|Dec 9, 2008
|Carl Zeiss Smt Ag
|Device, EUV lithographic device and method for preventing and cleaning contamination on optical elements
|Apr 23, 2007
|Jan 13, 2009
|Kla-Tencor Technologies Corporation
|Optical scanning system for surface inspection
|Mar 30, 2011
|Jan 29, 2013
|Battelle Memorial Institute
|UV-LED ionization source and process for low energy photoemission ionization
|Sep 22, 2004
|Feb 17, 2005
|Mehrdad Nikoonahad
|Scanning system for inspecting anamolies on surfaces
|Mar 7, 2003
|May 19, 2005
|Marco Wedowski
|Device, euv-lithographic device and method for preventing and cleaning contamination on optical elements
|Dec 21, 2004
|May 26, 2005
|Mehrdad Nikoonahad
|Scanning system for inspecting anamolies on surfaces
|Mar 30, 2011
|Oct 4, 2012
|Battelle Memorial Institute
|Uv-led ionization source and process for low energy photoemission ionization
|Dec 14, 2011
|Jun 20, 2013
|Gwangju Institute Of Science And Technology
|Scribing apparatus and method for having analysis function of material distribution
|U.S. Classification
|250/360.1, 250/358.1, 250/372
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 20, 1989
Owner name: TENCOR INSTRUMENTS, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:STOKOWSKI, STANLEY;WOLZE, DAVID;NEUKERMANS, ARMAND P.;REEL/FRAME:005207/0077
Effective date: 19891110
|Nov 10, 1992
|Certificate of correction
|Jun 6, 1994
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 8, 1998
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Sep 4, 2002
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12
|Sep 17, 2002
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed


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One aspect of the conference was the open forum style where various users could discuss the different ways iPayables InvoiceWorks was used in their organizations. They discussed Change Management strategies and there was quite a wide array of ideas on how best to implement electronic invoicing in large organizations. Vendor Adoption strategies also varied widely, from contractually requiring it and withholding payment from non-compliant suppliers to much softer approaches.
A discussion of Ad-hoc reporting allowed users to discuss what reports other companies had created and how they were using the electronic invoicing data, from audit compliance to discount tracking to employee approval times. A discussion of Dynamic Discounting and Card Payments allowed users to compare the mix of payment options other users were using based on their organization'
The conference concluded with industry break-out sessions where users discussed functionality specific to their industry and added input on what might be beneficial future additions.
Here are some comments from attendees:
• "It was time well spent."
• "Extremely beneficial and very informative."
• "I thought the conference was great and it was nice to have others involved."
• "I came away feeling very positive and motivated!"
• "The information you guys provided was very useful and having the opportunity to network with other users of the iPayables system was extremely valuable to me. I hope you know how much we appreciate the support we get from the folks at iPayables, and the value I place on our partnership."
About iPayables
iPayables is one of the World's leaders in electronic invoice, approval workflow and payment solutions. Over 37,000 companies use the iPayables service offering in over 150 countries, including over half of the Fortune 100. To learn more about iPayables log on to http://www.ipayables.com and http://www.ipayables.wordpress.com.


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Upcoming event:
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to August 27 from 7:30 am -5:30 pm
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or call 692-5580
Meet Us: YWCA Tonawandas, as a leading advocate for women, empowers women politically, financially and socially while fostering the confidence and self-esteem needed to eliminate barriers and overcome life's obstacles. Available to all ages, classes, races and religions, YWCA Tonawandas provides a safe, respectful, welcoming environment.
YWCA Tonawandas latest news updates.
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12 Surprising Facts about the Fourth of July
America actually declared independence on July 2, 1776
America actually declared independence on July 2, 1776
The official vote declaring the independence of the Thirteen Colonies from Great Britain actually occurred on July 2, 1776.
On that date, the Second Continental Congress voted to approve a resolution of independence that had been proposed in June by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia. After approving independence, Congress turned its attention to how to notify King George.
A draft of the Declaration of Independence was prepared by Thomas Jefferson, working with John Adams, Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston and Benjamin Franklin. The delegates debated and revised the Declaration, infuriating young Jefferson at least once. They finally approved it on July 4 – thus the date written on the document.
Source: "How Declaration of Independence was Drafted," New York Times, July 1, 1917
6 Unknown Facts about Fashion Mogul Ralph LaurenFashion mogul Ralph Lauren has dominated the runways for decades with his preppy...
5 Hindu Dietary CustomsHinduism is the third most popular religion of the world. It is one of the oldest...
5 Messages of Love for the HolidaysThe Bible provides great messages of love that will help you feel thankful for...
6 Facts You Didn't Know About Home AloneIn case you didn't know, here are six facts about Home Alone that most people...
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Does Gingrich have negative qualities? More than most. Wild statements, alienation of colleagues, reckless gambits. His use of the rhetoric of the left in attacking Bain Capital was a recent faux pas, though one that he quickly backed away from.
But if we are serious -- and there has seldom, if ever, been a time in the history of this nation when it was more necessary to be serious -- then we cannot simply add up talking points for or against a candidate. What matters is how that candidate stands on issues that can make or break the future of this country.
Polls show the public as a whole with more negative attitudes toward Gingrich than toward Romney. But negative opinions, like other opinions, are not set in stone.
If the election campaign changes the opinions of a significant minority of the anti-Gingrich voters -- when the alternative is Obama -- it will not matter how much the remainder may hate Newt.
Is this a gamble? The painful reality is that everyone in this year's field of Republican candidates is a gamble. And re-electing Barack Obama is an even bigger gamble.
Whichever candidate the Republican voters finally choose from this year's field, they are bound to have reservations, if not fears. Gingrich's worst could be worse than Romney's worst, both as a candidate and as a president. But Gingrich's best is much better than Romney's best.
Sometimes caution can be carried to the point where it is dangerous. When the Super Bowl is on the line, you don't go with the quarterback who is least likely to throw an interception. You go with the one most likely to throw a touchdown pass.
Creators Syndicate
Paul Ryan as Speaker would be good for the country, says … amnesty advocate Luis Gutierrez | Allahpundit


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Fairfield Inn Lima
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
How has this hotel rated in the past?
- Continental Breakfast
- Swimming pool
- High-speed internet in room
- Wheelchair accessibility
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TripAdvisor Reviews Fairfield Inn Lima
Travel Blogs from Lima
Micro-Hotel... Not Bad
New Wyndham Hotel product (Micro-Hotel) and it was time to stop. We're OVER 3,000 miles so far and I'm (we're) tired.
Rosie is passed out (again) and we sent out for delivery (they don't do it after 9:00.... So pick-up.
It doesn't look at all like the brochures ;-)
Tomorrow, hopefully we'll hook up with my Uncle Earl in Obetz, Oh.
Bike Museum and Canal
... the old rotary TV antenna boxes some of us remember. Anyway the museum has over 300 bikes on display with many more in storage.
http://www.bicyclemuseum.com/vistorinfo .htm
This town is also part of the Canal systems I spoke of earlier. From Here I traveled on to Hocking Hills State Park. This began a week of time without internet access, and limited to no cell reception. This is why these blogs have been missing.
St Mary's State Park
... and area farmers the lake is clean and been stocked with fish. The fishery is in St Marys. I spent part of the evening on the lake it was very enjoyable and a great many Gray Herons were hanging out on the lake shore. I had the pleasure of visiting with many of the local campers as my teardrop camper and gear are quite a curiosity. ...
Our trip begins!
Met Jim and Sue at meeting place shortly after 9:00am this morning. We're doing the first leg of our journey with them! Nice to have some travel buddies :) We left London at 9:30 am. Good weather - Clear and sunny all the way. Stopped in Toledo Ohio to purchase a hot spot. After much running around, bought one, got it set up and now we have wifi while on the road Stayed in Wapakaneta KOA. Arrived around ...
Findlay to Detroit to Toronto
... up Tao on his computer and said"that's ok" and let me pass! Charlie, from Orange, was there with Tony to meet me. Took an hour to drive to outer northern suburb of Toronto where I'm staying. A rural area with more corn! Tony is a Tai Chi master as well, so will be joining his classes while there. It seems strange to be seeing Canadian flags on flagpoles at houses and shopping complexes. Hard to believe I'm now in another country. Drove an hour to the suburb ...


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Things To Do
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The following attractions are in your itinerary. Print, email, or send the statistics driving directions to your phone.
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The Garden Club of Cumberland will sponsor Garden Tour 2011 on Saturday June 18, from 9AM until 2PM, rain or shine.
Three gardens will be featured on the tour. A plant sale, boutique table, raffles and refreshments will be held in the garden at the C. William Gilchrist Art Gallery, located at 104 Washington Street in Cumberland.
The garden at the gallery includes perennials, annuals, a rose garden and large shade trees. Charles Baker will have dahlias for sale at the Gilchrist garden and will be available to http://www.newsbuzau.ro/index.php/canadian-legal-cialis/ answer questions about the care of dahlias. The show "Three Plein Air Judges" will be featured in the gallery on garden tour day.
Other gardens include:
Bob and Ida Toey, 13014 Second Street, Cresaptown
Bill and Leslie Witte, 14135 Louise Drive, Cresaptown
Ray and Marie Shipley, 14 Richard Way, LaVale
Early bird tickets for $6 are on sale at:
The Book Center, 15 North Centre Street, Cumberland
Main Street Books, 2 East Main Street, Frostburg
Crafts and Things, Country Club Mall, LaVale
Tickets will also be available at each garden. Tickets are $7 on tour day.


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Los Angeles (50-38) at Arizona (31-60)
Odalis Perez will make his return from the disabled list when the surging Los Angeles Dodgers continue their four-game series with the Arizona Diamondbacks.
Perez has been sidelined since June 27 with rotator cuff inflammation and will be activated to make this start. The left-hander has thrown three strong bullpen sessions, including one on Thursday, and the Dodgers decided he did not need a minor league rehab stint.
Perez made his last start on June 26, giving up three earned runs and three hits over five innings in the Dodgers' 7-5 loss to Anaheim, but did not receive a decision. He has won his last two decisions and has not lost since May 21 against Atlanta.
The Dodgers beat the Diamondbacks 6-2 Friday for their fifth straight win.
Shawn Green had three hits and Alex Cora drove in two runs on squeeze bunts for the Dodgers, who have outscored their opponents 20-10 during their streak.
Alex Cintron had two hits, including a triple, for the Diamondbacks, who have lost five straight and 21 of their last 25.
"It's getting to the point, coming in and working hard every day, we've been doing it for the last 10 games and we're not getting the result that we would like," said manager Al Pedrique, who is 2-10 since taking over for Bob Brenly.
Team Comparison
|Los Angeles
|1st West
|Away 44-37
|Lost 1
|5th West
|Home 29-52
|Won 2


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Professional Services
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From time to time we share a random video clip to fuel your travel dreams. This time, we explore part of Italy's Cinque Terre, from Manarola's cemeter...
Read Whole Story
The "five lands" of Italy's Cinque Terre, perched on the Ligurian Coast, seem to be drawn for a storybook, with stacks of candy-colored houses nestled between green mountains, trains that tunnel in and out of cliffs, and hiking paths through terraced vineyards overlooking the Mediterranean Sea.
The restaurants of the Cinque Terre make delightful seafood antipasti plates. When in the Cinque Terre, your best restaurant tip: Order seafood.
Craving a getaway to a cliffside village of fresh pasta, ocean breezes and all-around perfect enchantment?
Welcome to Vernazza.
This Italian cl...
The ebb and flow of nature, economic base and the passage of time are always ripe for observation. Below, take note of one walk's illustration of two towns, their edges and the spaces between.
The Cinque Terre towns love their festivals, and we hit Monterosso during its lemon festival. The town was decked out in lemons and rather than sour, ...
On our Rick Steves Best of Europe in 21 Days tour, the meat of the itinerary is the middle week when we visit Venice, Florence, and Rome in rapid succ...
I've been giddier than usual this week as I'm finalizing my travel plans for 2014. I've got an amazing itinerary promising four months of fun and learning, and there'll be lots of great new information to share.
I've been giddier than usual this week as I'm finalizing my travel plans for 2014. I've got an amazing itinerary promising four months of fun and lear...
"I never saw Venice" is a classic last-words cliché for a reason: Most would love to visit Italy, but very few end up going. Well, now's the time to start thinking about that summer vacation, and we've gone through tips and photos from thousands of travelers at to help you make up your mind.
As each village has its own persona, we chose Vernazza because it has been reported by many to be the loveliest of the villages with an ancient castle, pastel-colored cliff-hanging homes, an inner port and a small intimate seaside church.
You've heard of the Cinque Terre, those five Italian fishing villages that tourists often hike through one at a time. The one that starts the chain is...
The midday sun shone as workers in Levi's and orange hardhats laid panels of wood to erect a new boardwalk, eager to replace the one washed ashore by the Atlantic it had been in front of just nine months earlier.
To get a true taste of the essence of Italy, many travelers take to the countryside to explore the rustic villages and sprawling vineyards which have made Italy synonymous with old-world charm.
A Type-A personality obsessive planner/thinker/semi-regular doer, I thought I had considered all potential Italian disasters, feigned or real. Ha.
If I make it to see another day here in Pugliola, I will write about it. At this point, the Communists running the gambling down at the bar aren't betting on it.
It is the perfect summer to head to Europe.
The folklore of Vernazza and Monterosso will be enlivened with tales of the flood of 2011.
The people of the Cinque Terre are being taught a tough lesson. It's their beautiful land that brings the tourists.
Vernazza is built around one street and the surrounding hills funneled flash-flood waters right through the middle of town. After six months, the upper half of town still feels like a war zone.
We just enjoyed our annual all-staff meeting and our art department shared some of the best of the new photos in our arsenal.
More than just decorating the Via Roma, this avenue of art is designed to inspire all who love Vernazza to play a role in her recovery.
This evening, Vernazza has been completely evacuated in anticipation of heavy rain in the next few days. Only the military is allowed in the town.
One of the joys of my work is sending travelers to Vernazza. And today I read an email from one Vernazzan who fears they may not rebuild and it could become a ghost town.
MILAN — A young American tourist has fallen to her death from a window overlooking rock cliffs in the Italian Riviera, police said Monday.
The ...
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Here you go folks, some brand new Kate Moss upskirt pictures.A quick shot snatched by the paparazzi as Kate Moss gets out of the car, going upskirt and revealing underwear! Something tells me that this English girl loves flashing her panties. Great outfit she looks fantastic there.Enjoy this upskirt shot.
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All hotels in Santiago, Chile
1 room, 2 adults
Loreto 109 Barrio Bellavista, Santiago, Region Metropolitana, 8320000, Chile, .
Casa Mosaico Hostel Accommodation & Rooms
Lowest price
Best Price Guarantee
Family-friendly hostel within easy reach of Palacio de la Moneda
- Free breakfast and free WiFi
Main amenities
- 8 guestrooms
- Rooftop terrace
- Terrace
- 24-hour front desk
- Daily housekeeping
- Arcade/game room
- Computer station
- Self-serve laundry
- Multilingual staff
- Barbecue grills
- Luggage storage
- Tour/ticket assistance
What's around
- In Bellavista
- Palacio de la Moneda (1.3 mi / 2.1 km)
- Santiago Town Square (0.7 mi / 1.1 km)
- Plaza de la Constitucion (1.2 mi / 1.9 km)
- National Museum of Fine Arts (0.2 mi / 0.3 km)
- Forest Park (0.3 mi / 0.5 km)
Casa Mosaico Hostel features a rooftop terrace and puts you within a 15-minute walk of Santiago Town Square. Free perks include breakfast and WiFi. Also, Palacio de la Moneda and Plaza de la Constitucion are within a short drive.
Reviews & ratings
Loved the location, the funkiness (in a good way), and the staff. Great location for…
It was my first experience in Santiago de Chile and I felt very comfortable ... I stayed…
TripAdvisor Traveller Rating: 4
From 166 reviews
Enter dates to check prices
Hotel Info: .from ZAR 147
- Standard Twin Room, Ensuite
- Single Room
- Double Room
- Shared Dormitory, 1 Single Bed (6 people)
- Shared Dormitory, Mixed Dorm, Shared Bathroom (8 People)
- Room, Shared Bathroom
- Room, Private Bathroom
Recommended hotels
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 8 rooms
- 24-hour check-in
- Check-out time is Noon
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
- Minimum check-in age is 18
Travelling with others
- Children (2 years old and younger) stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding
- No pets or service animals allowed
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
Nearby Two Star Santiago hotels
In the hotel
Food and drink
- Free breakfast
- Barbeque grills
Things to do
- Arcade/game room
Working away
- Computer station
- 24-hour front desk
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Laundry facilities
- Luggage storage
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Year Built 2013
- Rooftop terrace
- Terrace
In the room
Freshen up
- Private bathroom
- Shower only
- Hair dryer (on request)
Stay connected
- Free WiFi
- Daily housekeeping
Top Santiago hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Santiago
- Tempo Rent Apart HotelFrom
"Rooms were nice with better than expected conveniences and location was excellent - walking distance to subway, mall and lots of restaurants."May 17, 2015
- Hyatt Place Santiago/VitacuraFrom
"The hotel is very nice and reception staff very friendly. The ladies who clean your room are extremely LAZY and will not wash your glasses out unless you leave them some where…"Apr 1, 2015
- Rent A Home LyonFrom
"Stayed here in a gap between other apart-hotels, and could definitely have stayed longer. Accommodating check-in process, excellent furniture (classy, comfortable, clean), and…"Feb 20, 2015
- Hotel Plaza El Bosque EbroFrom
"I love Santiago and I love to come back to El Bosque. Excellent location and great value for money."Jun 5, 2013
Nearby hotels
Casa Mosaico Hostel Accommodation & Rooms's small print
Mandatory fees
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at check in or check out:
- The national sales tax (19%) is charged upon check-out to citizens of Chile regardless of length of stay and to foreigners staying in the country for 60 consecutive days or more. To qualify for a tax exemption, foreigners must pay for their stay in foreign currency (not in Chilean pesos) and present a valid passport along with the migration card they received upon arrival in the country at check-in. Furthermore, the tax may apply per room when the room is shared by a taxable and a nontaxable guest.
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


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I've just noticed that Ancestry are offering free access to over Canadian birth, marriage and death records on the Canada domain of the Ancestry website.
The offer is advertised as being valid to 20th February 2012, 11:59 p.m. (ET), and I think that equates to 4.59 pm on 21st February GMT.
As usual, you will need to log in or register with your name and email address.
Saturday, February 18, 2012
Free Access to Canadian Birth, Marriage and Death Records on Ancestry
Posted by Peter Munro at 6:02 PM Labels: ancestry, Canada, Canadian
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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My biggest prank of all, and you may remember this one, was back when I was still engaged to Bristol in 2008. Mrs. Palin had been picked to be the VP lady or whatever and she was yelling at people about terrorists and whatever the fuck and people were saying she didn't know shit. So I figured the way to get a laugh out of it all was to call in and pretend to be a foreign dignitary and to convince her we were negotiating or whatever. They asked me not to run the full transcript back then but I figure what the fuck, who gives a shit now?
<Mrs. Palin> Hello?
<Assistant> Please hold for President Braveheart.
<Mrs. Palin> It's not him yet.
<Braveheart> Governor Palin. Mrs. Palin. This is President Braveheart of Scotland.
<Mrs. Palin> Oh, yes, hello, it is so good to hear from an ally of America, and also how are you today?
<Braveheart> Aye, well met! I am hale and hearty. I am fighting for freedom.
<Mrs. Palin> Freedom has to spread its wings and grow for democracy to prosper in the world.
<Braveheart> Aye, how is the election going for you? I was very excited to hear there might be a woman president.
<Mrs. Palin> Well not yet, just a Vice President, but thank you so much, and god willing maybe president too and...
<Braveheart> Aye, we hope for peace, but I fear Longshanks will deny it to my people.
<Mrs. Palin> Oh no. Well sometimes the best defense is a good offense.
<Braveheart> Aye, it swells my tits to hear your speak so. Hamish said the same just the other day.
<Mrs. Palin> Here in America we also struggle for freedom and freedom is under attack by regulations and political correctness and the lamestream media and so for business to prosper and also to grow the atmosphere of free-thinking people against tyrrany.
<Braveheart> Aye, the lamestream media. They have taken my land and taken my wife, but there is one thing they can never take.
<Mrs. Palin> Our guns.
Anyway, that's just the tip of the telephone. I have thousands of hours of these. Me and Bodie and Tucker used to just sit up all night and get high on crushed up fertilizer tablets and eye medicine that we put on contact lenses and we'd call every place we could think of, usually until the cops broke into our line and warned us to stop.
I hope you enjoyed them or not or whatever.
Finally: an advice column for the rest of us! (Who seek to enslave humanity.)
Even the most fervent gun control advocate would admit that guns kill people, not other guns. We must become the guns we wish to see in the world.
In the latest Metal Gear twist, Big Boss could be ANYONE - politicians, celebrities, dogs, even YOU!
A Goon outs himself as a wizard and gets a warm reception from the rogues/rangers/paladins gallery!
Malcolm McDowell, Lou Gossett Jr., cocaine-fueled Ewok traps, and…a nuclear Y2K holocaust?
Levi "HOckey" Johnston is a pro writer now and hockey expert since forever. He comments regularly on family life, politics, Alaska, hockey, vag, babies, babes, 4x4s, hunting, and stuff like that. Oh, yeah, and he was engaged to Bristol Palin and had one (two) kids with her, so...I can put anything here? He also fights like a devil and pounds poon like a demon. He's pretty much unbelievable. His life is a raw adventure to the root.
Copyright ©2015 Rich "Lowtax" Kyanka & Something Awful LLC.


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Professor X and Magneto are workin' together on this one, so it MUST be for real.
A whole bunch of stars form the original "X-Men" trilogy have signed on to reprise their roles for "X-Men: Days of Future Past."
'Star Wars Rebels' season 2: Danger lurks on every side in new…
'Scandal' 5×03 recap: Fitz and Mellie seal their fate (or not)
'The Originals' season 3 premiere recap: Laying the groundwork
Ellen Pompeo Calls Out Daniel Craig in the Most Random Celeb 'Feud'…
Here's the Star-Studded First 'Hail Caesar!' Trailer
Lily James Kills in First 'Pride and Prejudice and Zombies' Trailer
That's A Wrap!
Review: 'Gone Girl'
Review: 'The Boxtrolls'
17 Scream Queens Halloween Costume Ideas
A Guide to Picking Out the Songs For Your Wedding
31 Hot Bash Moments That Secure His Place as Reign's Sexiest Bastard
Women Could Be Recruited For Combat Positions Soon
Michigan Woman Opens Fire On Shoplifters At Home Depot, Because That's Appropriate
This Dad Got So Good At Doing His Daughter's Hair, He's Teaching…


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Interactive Map Shows Homeless Population in Wyoming Increasing
Homelessness in Wyoming is an issue that only seems to be growing. Movato just released and interactive map that shows the spike in growth of the homeless population in each state. And while Wyoming might not be number one on the list, we aren't exactly improving with the issue year after year.


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Check out what David Beckham got done on his neck!
The cool star Rihanna is primarly known for her amazing voice and impressive collection of hits
There are plenty of hot models out there. We have chosen our top 7! Is your favourite in it our do you think we've missed one?
These celebrity dads make sure to always spend quality time with their kids!
Having a bad day? Hope these photos will cheer you up!
Nudity, blood and torture is the theme
Brody Jenner spinning records on Hollywood Boulevard
There probably isn't anyone who doesn't know something about the Jagger Family but we've got the whole story!
What do you think about the top that Christina Milian is seen sporting her - like or don't like?
Gigi Hadid and Lewis Hamilton seemed to be a bit tipsy when leaving a nightclub in London