text:
Page 1
The ability to examine thousands of genetic markers
with relative ease will make it possible to answer many
important questions in conservation that have been
intractable until now. Simply increasing the number of
neutral loci that we can screen will increase the power
and accuracy of estimating a variety of important
parameters in conservation (for example, kin rela-
tionships and inbreeding coefficients (F)). However,
the most exciting contributions of genomics to con-
servation are those that will allow new questions to
be addressed in a wide variety of species (BOX 1). For
instance, it should be possible to estimate the effect
size and distribution of loci affecting fitness across the
genome or to ask whether the loci are coincident across
populations1,2 (FIG. 1).
Genomic approaches are currently being used pri-
marily with a few species for which genomic informa-
tion and tools are available3; for example, wolves, bison
and bighorn sheep have been studied using genomic
tools developed in related domestic species4. However,
the range of species is expanding as new approaches are
developed that are not dependent on genomic infor-
mation from closely related species5,6. For example,
van Bers et al.7 obtained over 16 million short sequence
reads and conducted de novo assembly of 550,000 contigs
covering 2.5% of the genome to discover 20,000 novel
SNPs in the great tit (Parus major). These markers will
be used for quantitative trait locus mapping and whole
genome association studies.
In addition, multiple taxa can be combined in a sin-
gle sequencing analysis using genomic techniques that
can assay large amounts of variable DNA sequence8.
The application of metagenomics to conservation is still
in its early stages, but shows promise. First, functional
metagenomics of microbial communities provides a
novel perspective on ecosystem processes, such as
nutrient and energy flux. Although some studies have
compared functions across a broad scale of biomes9,
similar comparative approaches may identify aspects
of ecosystem function across sites within a habitat.
The second potential application of metagenomics to
conservation is in assessment of physiological con-
dition of individual organisms. For instance, Vega
Thurber et al.10 have found numerous shifts in the
endosymbiont community of corals in response to
multiple stressors, such as reduced pH, increased
nutrients and increased temperature. Third, a metage-
nomic analysis of human faecal samples catalogued
3.3 million microbial genomes and found substantial
differences in the microbial metagenome between
healthy individuals and those with inflammatory
bowel disease11. It may be possible in the future to
apply metagenomic techniques to faecal samples from
wildlife species to assess physiological states, such as
starvation stress.
Genomics already has provided some interesting
surprises, such as the discovery of adaptive loci that
show extremely high genetic divergence between popu-
lations of marine fish for which there is virtually no
allele frequency divergence at neutral loci12 (BOX 2). In
addition, a multi-faceted genomic approach has pro-
vided important insights into the treatment of a facial
tumour disease that threatens the persistence of the
Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus laniarius)13.
*Division of Biological
Sciences, University of
Montana, Missoula,
Montana 59812, USA.
‡School of Biological Sciences,
Victoria University of
Wellington, Wellington,
New Zealand.
§Center for Ecology and
Evolutionary Biology,
University of Oregon, Eugene,
Oregon 97403, USA.
||Department of Zoology,
Oregon State University,
Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.
¶Flathead Lake Biological
Station, Division of Biological
Sciences, University of
Montana, Polson, Montana
#Centro de Investigação em
Biodiversidade e Recursos
Genéticos, Universidade do
Porto, 4485-661 Vairão,
Neutral locus
A locus that has no effect
on adaptation because
all genotypes have the
same fitness.
Genomics and the future of
conservation genetics
Fred W. Allendorf*‡, Paul A. Hohenlohe§|| and Gordon Luikart¶#
Abstract | We will soon have complete genome sequences from thousands of species,
as well as from many individuals within species. This coming explosion of information will
transform our understanding of the amount, distribution and functional significance of
genetic variation in natural populations. Now is a crucial time to explore the potential
implications of this information revolution for conservation genetics and to recognize
limitations in applying genomic tools to conservation issues. We identify and discuss those
problems for which genomics will be most valuable for curbing the accelerating worldwide
loss of biodiversity. We also provide guidance on which genomics tools and approaches
will be most appropriate to use for different aspects of conservation.
Page 2
Inbreeding coefficient
The probability that two alleles
in an individual are both
descended from a single allele
in an ancestor (that is, that
they are 'identical-by-descent').
An abbreviation for contiguous
sequence; used to indicate a
contiguous piece of DNA that
is assembled from shorter
overlapping sequence reads.
The study of the collective
genomic material contained in
an environmental sample of
microorganisms, facilitated by
high-throughput sequencing
technology that allows the
direct sequencing of
heterogeneous samples.
An organism that lives within
the cells of a host organism.
Inbreeding depression
The loss of vigour and fitness
that is observed when
genome-wide homozygosity
is increased by inbreeding.
There have been several excellent reviews on con-
servation genomics recently3,14–17. We have attempted to
build on these reviews and to distinguish ours by mak-
ing specific practical recommendations on how genomic
approaches can be applied to key problems in conserva-
tion (TABLE 1). For example, Ouborg et al.15 present a com-
prehensive view of how genomics will provide insights
into the mechanisms behind the interaction between
selectively important variation and environmental
conditions. Nevertheless, if we are to apply this under-
standing of fitness to conservation, we need to address
the population-level consequences of genetic variation,
which include population subdivision, demography and
population viability. We have incorporated population
structure and demographic effects into FIG. 1, and have
distinguished issues that only genomic approaches can
thoroughly address from issues that can be adequately
tackled with traditional techniques.
We have two primary objectives. The first is to iden-
tify those problems in conservation biology in which
genomics will be most valuable in providing new insights
and understanding. The second is to provide guidelines
as to which new genomics approaches will be most
appropriate for the different problems in conservation
that can benefit from genetic analysis.
We begin by focusing on issues in conservation
genomics that are immediately accessible (for example,
increasing the number of neutral markers) and then
proceed through issues that will become more feasible
in the future. We consider how genomic approaches will
allow us to understand the genetic basis of inbreeding
depression and adaptation. We then apply these insights
to important outstanding problems in conservation,
including understanding the effects of hybridization and
predicting outbreeding depression, as well as predicting
evolutionary responses to climate change.
'Neutral' markers
The most straightforward contribution of genomics to
conservation will be to enormously increase the pre-
cision and accuracy of estimation of parameters that
require neutral loci (for example, effective population size
(Ne) and migration rate (m)) by genotyping hundreds
to thousands of neutral loci in numerous individuals.
The accuracy of parameter estimation will be improved
because examining several loci facilitates the identifica-
tion and exclusion of loci under selection (outlier loci)
that cause biased estimates of parameters. For example, a
small proportion (1–5%) of non-neutral loci can change
estimates of mean FST by 30–50%18–20, and change the
topology and branch lengths of evolutionary trees21,22.
Similarly, the assessment of demographic parameters,
such as population bottlenecks or growth rates, requires
many loci to identify outliers and reliably infer change
in population size. Selection can shrink (by bottlenecks)
or expand genealogies at a locus23. Therefore, inferences
about population growth should be more robust if out-
lier loci are removed, for example by using a hierarchical
Bayesian model to assess the parameters of each locus
Increasing the number of markers will also facilitate
estimation of directionality of migration (emigration
and immigration rates), especially if haplotypes can be
inferred from linked loci25. Certain questions require
linked loci or can be vastly improved by using haplotype
inference; for example, estimating relationships among
individuals26, population structure27, admixture28, dates of
historical bottlenecks and directionality of migration25.
Furthermore, it will become increasingly feasible to
jointly estimate multiple parameters, which generally
requires more loci than single parameter estimation. For
example, likelihood, Bayesian and approximate Bayesian
estimators combined with coalescent approaches will
allow the simultaneous estimation of multiple param-
eters, such as Ne and m25,29, or Ne and the selection
coefficient (s)30. This is important because it will improve
parameter estimation, allow parameter estimation in
metapopulations (not just in isolated populations with
no gene flow), and facilitate investigations of the relative
importance and interactions among drift, selection and
migration in populations of conservation concern.
By contrast, simulations suggest that as the number
of loci increases, the accuracy of parameter estima-
tion can decrease owing to non-independence or link-
age among loci31. Failure to account for linkage could
limit the utility of SNPs or multi-locus sequencing in
studies using genealogical information32. Markers are
usually assumed to be independent. Failure to account
for non-independence can lead to overestimation of
Box 1 | What is 'conservation genomics'?
Conservation genomics can be broadly defined as the use of new genomic techniques
to solve problems in conservation biology. Frankham72 recently reviewed the current
status of conservation genetics and proposed 13 priorities for development in the field.
Many of these priorities have been intractable through traditional genetic techniques.
Although genomic techniques are not appropriate or necessary in all cases, we believe
that genomics will have an important role in addressing several research challenges
over the next few years.
Genomic techniques will be more immediately applicable to some questions than to
others (TABLE 1). For example, in estimating neutral population parameters, such as
effective population size, genomics simply provides a larger number of markers to an
analytical and conceptual framework that is already widely used in conservation
genetics. Genomic identification of functionally important genes is now common in
other fields; conservation genomics can incorporate these approaches to study the
genetic basis of local adaptation or inbreeding depression. By contrast, predicting a
population's viability or capacity to adapt to climate change based on genomic
information will require not only the identification of relevant loci, but also a
quantitative estimate of their connection to fitness and demographic vital rates.
These challenges must be tackled by conservation genomics over the longer term.
Understanding genomic approaches is crucial to the success of applying genomics
to conservation (FIG. 1). A growing list of techniques is available for detecting DNA
sequence differences across individuals in natural populations, and these vary widely in
the density of markers across the genome, their ability to target candidate loci, the cost
per sample, and so on. Genomic techniques can be roughly grouped into three classes:
marker-based genotyping, including a diversity of array-based SNP genotyping
platforms; reduced-representation sequencing, which uses next-generation
sequencing technology to target a subset of orthologous regions across the genome of
many individuals; and whole-genome sequencing. A crucial component of all genomic
techniques is bioinformatics. The tools for handling genomic data are changing as fast
as (and in response to) techniques for gathering the data, and we do not review the
software and analytical issues here111. Nonetheless, researchers using genomic
techniques should plan on a substantial investment of time and resources devoted to
data storage and analysis.
Page 3
Population structurePopulation size
Genetic driftInbreeding Hybridization
Loss of genetic diversity
Local adaptation
Loss of adaptive variationInbreeding depression
Migration rates
Demographic vital rates
Outbreeding depression
Population growth or viability
Heritable changes in genotype
or phenotype that result in
increased fitness.
Interbreeding of individuals
from genetically distinct
populations, regardless
of the taxonomic status of
the populations.
Outbreeding depression
Reduced fitness of F1 or F2
individuals after a cross
between two species or
populations. It can result from
genetic incompatibility or
reduced adaptation to local
environmental conditions.
Effective population size
The size of the ideal population
that would experience the
same amount of genetic drift
as the observed population.
Outlier locus
A genome location (or marker
or base pair) that shows
behaviour or a pattern of
variation that is extremely
divergent from the rest of the
genome (locus-specific effects),
as revealed by simulations or
statistical tests.
precision and overconfidence in subsequent inferences.
Fortunately, the problem is likely to be minor unless loci
are tightly linked33. Failure to consider linkage could also
have other effects; for example, human loci in regions
of lower recombination tend to have greater FST, appar-
ently because of the greater probability of being associ-
ated with selected loci in chromosomal regions with less
Description of kin relationships and pedigrees.
Examining hundreds of loci will vastly increase the
precision and accuracy of kinship estimates. For exam-
ple, Santure et al.35 showed that the average pair-wise
relatedness estimated from 771 SNPs closely brackets
known pedigree relationships for a pedigree population
of zebra finch. This suggests that assessments of correla-
tions between phenotypes and genetic relatedness and
thus estimation of heritability will be feasible in natural
populations. Nevertheless, the accuracy of estimating
individual levels of inbreeding is somewhat limited, and
the variances for relatedness between individuals remain
substantial even with 771 SNPs36.
Pedigree reconstruction will become feasible in some
wild populations with hundreds of loci33,37. This will
improve estimates of effects of inbreeding and outbreed-
ing on fitness and the detection of paternities or pol-
len flow between populations and over long distances,
if most individuals can be sampled over many years.
Santure et al.35 suggested that using marker information
to reconstruct the pedigree, and then calculating relat-
edness from the pedigree, is likely to give more accurate
relatedness estimates than using marker-based estimators
directly. Skare et al.26 conducted simulation power analy-
ses and showed that relatively distant relationships (for
example, cousins) can be inferred using 500,000 SNPs
and likelihood-based relationship estimators.
Nonetheless, pedigrees often will not have sufficient
depth or completeness because it is difficult to sample
most individuals in a population over many years. In
such cases, genotyping thousands of loci could poten-
tially give more reliable estimates of relationships and
individual heterozygosity (inbreeding) than pedigrees26,38
or at least greatly improve pedigree reconstruction37.
Future research is needed to quantify the trade-off point
between using pedigree inference versus thousands of
genetic markers to estimate individual inbreeding.
Individual-based population genetics. Individual-based
approaches can yield less biased delineation of popula-
tions than traditional population-based approaches that
require somewhat subjective grouping of individuals39
(for example, based on morphology or geographic
origin). For population delineation, an empirical study
of 377 microsatellites in humans has shown that using
greater numbers of loci can increase statistical power to
resolve between closely related ethnic groups (FST < 0.05)
and infer the proportion of admixture40,41.
Individual-based approaches can give less biased
estimation of contemporary migration rates without
assumptions such as mutation–migration–drift equilib-
rium42. However, the power to estimate contemporary
migration rates is low unless FST is relatively high (for
example, FST > 0.10) when using only 10–20 microsatel-
lite loci43. Little is known about power when genotyp-
ing hundreds of loci, although Rannala and Mountain44
reported that an assignment test method using 50–100
loci gave reasonable power to identify individuals with
grandparents from different countries, although the
differentiation of allele frequencies among populations
was low. Individual-based approaches are crucial for
fine-scale spatial genetic analyses to localize genetic dis-
continuities (for example, barriers or secondary contact
zones) on a landscape. Individual-based approaches in
landscape genetics45 also allow assessment of the influ-
ence of landscape features on dispersal and gene flow
across spatial scales.
Inbreeding depression
Genomic approaches can potentially address basic ques-
tions about the molecular basis and genetic architecture
of inbreeding depression46. For instance, is inbreeding
depression caused by a few loci with major effects or by
many loci with small effects? How much of inbreeding
depression results from dominance (or partial domi-
nance) versus overdominace (heterozygous advan-
tage)? What is the contribution of epistasis to inbreeding
depression? Understanding the number of loci involved
in inbreeding depression and the mechanism of their
effects would allow prediction of the potential efficacy
of purging.
Recent work indicates that the intensity of inbreed-
ing depression can differ greatly depending on which
specific individuals are founders47,48. This suggests that
Figure 1 | Schematic diagram of interacting factors in conservation of natural
populations. Traditional conservation genetics, using neutral markers, provides direct
estimates of some interacting factors (blue). Conservation genomics can address a wider
range of factors (red). It also promises more precise estimates of neutral processes (blue)
and understanding of the specific genetic basis of all of these factors. For example,
traditional conservation genetics can estimate overall migration rates or inbreeding
coefficients, whereas genomic tools can assess gene flow rates that are specific to
adaptive loci or founder-specific inbreeding coefficients.
Page 4
A measure of population
subdivision that indicates the
proportion of genetic diversity
found between populations
relative to the amount
within populations.
Population bottleneck
A marked reduction in
population size followed by the
survival and expansion of a
small random sample of the
original population. It often
results in the loss of genetic
variation and more frequent
matings among closely
related individuals.
Hierarchical Bayesian model
A Bayesian model in which
the prior depends on another
parameter that is not in
the likelihood function and
that can vary and have
another prior.
A set of genetic markers
that are present on a single
chromosome and that show
complete or nearly complete
gametic disequilibrium.
They are inherited through
generations without being
changed by crossing-over
or other recombination
The production of new
genetic combinations in
hybrid populations through
Coalescent approach
A means of investigating the
shared genealogical history
of genes. A genealogy is
constructed backwards in time
starting with the present-day
sample. Lineages coalesce
when they have a common
Selection coefficient
A term that describes the
difference in average fitness
between genotypes when
fitness is measured relative to
the average fitness of one of
the genotypes (known as the
reference genotype).
A collection of populations
of a species found in differing
geographic locations and
with restricted gene flow
(exchange of genes) between
the populations.
the genetic load is unevenly spread among founder
genomes and supports the notion that inbreeding
depression sometimes results from major effects at a few
loci49. The founder-specific partial F coefficient is the
identical-by-descent (IBD) probability (for an individual)
that is attributed to a particular founder. A study with
Ripollesa domestic sheep found that most of the inbreed-
ing depression resulted from individuals being IBD for
genes from just two of the nine founders49. Managing
founder-specific inbreeding depression using partial
inbreeding coefficients could be extremely effective in
cases in which inbreeding depression results primarily
from a few loci with major effects; such partial inbreed-
ing coefficients could be useful when selecting potential
matings in a captive population.
Identifying alleles responsible for inbreeding depression.
Genome scans of large numbers of markers can detect
the signature of inbreeding depression. Deleterious reces-
sive alleles related to inbreeding depression have been
identified in a few species46,50,51. In general, attempts to
identify loci responsible for inbreeding depression may
be less successful than those aimed at positive selection
for a few reasons. First, detecting the multiple genetic
mechanisms that may underlie inbreeding depression,
including epistasis and genotype-by-environment inter-
action, may prove more difficult52. Second, populations
of interest are likely to be small, necessitating small
sample sizes, which reduce power and accuracy. Third,
the longer regions of gametic disequilibrium expected
in small inbred populations (observed in wolves by
Hagenblad et al.46) mean that genotyped anonymous
markers are more likely to lie within a genomic region
affected by selection at a particular locus, but that fine-
mapping of a selected locus will be more difficult. Ideally,
researchers would study populations with both long and
short chromosomal regions of gametic disequilibrium
to allow for initial coarse-mapping and subsequent
fine-mapping of loci under selection.
In the future, it could be possible to identify loci that
contribute to inbreeding depression by sequencing the
whole genomes of parents and offspring. For example,
Roach et al.53 analysed the complete genome sequence
of two parents and their two children, who suffered
from two clinical recessive disorders. They narrowed
down the candidate genes for both of these Mendelian
disorders to four using family-based genome analysis.
Local adaptation
One of the most promising aspects of applying genomic
tools to conservation is the simultaneous estimation
of neutral (that is, genome-wide average) processes
along with identification of specific genomic regions
responding to selection, such as adaptation to local
conditions that vary across a metapopulation. These
specific genomic regions appear as outliers from the
patterns observed at the neutral genomic background,
which is determined primarily by genetic drift and gene
flow. Researchers have developed multiple approaches
to detect these outliers54,55 (BOX 3). The utility of these
approaches depends on the timescale over which selec-
tion has operated and the study's taxonomic scale (for
example, the study might be investigating divergence
among species, differentiation among populations
within a species or evolutionary history within a single
population), as well as on the techniques used55.
Box 2 | Detection of cryptic subdivision and local adaptation in marine species
There is little genetic drift in many marine fish and invertebrates because of their large population sizes121,122. As a
consequence, population genetic studies of many marine species have failed to detect genetic substructure even
between geographically disjunct subpopulations for which there is evidence of reproductive isolation122. The absence
of genetic differentiation at neutral markers, however, should not be taken to mean the absence of adaptive
differences. The amount of genetic divergence among subpopulations at selectively neutral markers is largely a
function of the number of migrants per generation (Nem) rather than the migration rate (m). With large population
sizes, even very low migration or dispersal rates can result in enough migrant individuals to eliminate genetic
evidence of population differentiation at neutral loci, but not at locally selected adaptive loci.
We expect this effect to be greatest in marine species because of the large local population sizes, which allow
selection to be more efficient because drift is weaker. The amount of divergence at selected loci is determined by the
relative values of migration and selection coefficient (s). Species with larger local populations (Ne) will have much
lower rates of migration than species with small population size with the same number of migrants and amount of
divergence at neutral loci. Therefore, even fairly weak selection may bring about genetic differentiation between
subpopulations in species with large local population sizes because s is much more likely to be greater than m.
This prediction is supported by a recent study123 of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in which almost no genetic
differentiation (FST = 0.003) was found at nine microsatellite loci, but substantial differentiation (FST = 0.261) was found
at the PanI locus, which previous studies have shown to be under natural selection105. Similarly, Haemmer-Hansen et al.124
reported an FST of 0.45 at a heat shock protein locus in comparison to a mean FST value of only 0.02 at nine
microsatellite loci in the European flounder (Platichthys flesus). This approach of simultaneously comparing many
neutral and candidate gene markers has been highly successful in a range of species19.
In addition, the absence of genetic differentiation in marine species should not be interpreted to indicate that
the populations are demographically connected as a single management unit125. Demographic connectivity is
largely a function of the proportional amount of exchange. Therefore, low migration rates (m < 0.001) can result
in a substantial number of migrant individuals when local population sizes are in the thousands, resulting in FST
values near zero. Much greater exchange is necessary for demographic connectivity between populations.
For example, Waples and Gaggiotti126 have suggested that m must be greater than 10% for populations to be
demographically interdependent.
Page 5
Proportion of admixture
The proportion of alleles in a
hybrid swarm or individual
that comes from each of
the hybridizing taxa.
The dependency of the
effects of alleles at one locus
on the genotypes at other
loci in the genome.
The selective reduction in
frequency of deleterious
recessive alleles in small
populations because the
increase in homozygosity
increases the ability of selection
to act on recessive alleles.
An allele shared by two
related individuals is said to
be identical-by-descent if
the allele is inherited from the
same common ancestor.
Gametic disequilibrium
A measure of whether alleles at
two loci in a population occur
in a non-random fashion.
Type I and type II errors
Statistical errors in which
a true null hypothesis is
rejected (type I) or a false
null hypothesis is not
rejected (type II).
Expressed sequence tag
A short DNA fragment (several
hundred base pairs) produced
by reverse transcription of
mRNA into DNA.
For most conservation purposes, only a subset of
these tools will be most appropriate, and application
of the wrong approach could result in type I and type II
errors. Specifically, detecting genomic regions that are
responsible for local adaptation in a species relies on
comparisons among related populations that may or
may not be linked by ongoing gene flow. In this case,
the most appropriate analyses often will focus on dif-
ferentiation in allele frequencies among populations
(that is, FST
quency spectrum can indicate regions under selection55.
By contrast, techniques for detecting historical selection
based on fixed sequence divergence between species or
the relationship between divergence and polymorphism
are likely to have only limited applications in conser-
vation because of the longer timescale of selection that
can be detected (but see Garrigan and Hedrick56). Here
we focus on the first case — local adaptation among
populations within a species.
20). Within a single population, the allele fre-
Methods for assessing local adaptation. There are two
general ways to assess local adaptation in the genome
(BOX 3): the first starts with a list of candidate loci or
genomic regions and asks whether these lie in the tails of
the genome-wide distribution of population differentia-
tion57–60. Genomics can augment these studies indirectly
by providing a list of candidates; for example, expressed
sequence tag (EST) databases allow for the bioinformatic
identification of microsatellites or other traditional
markers closely linked with target genes, and primers or
probes can be developed from these EST sequences61–65.
Genomic databases may even come from related species,
so that rare species of conservation concern are 'genome-
enabled' by the resources of better-studied, related taxa3.
A growing variety of genomic tools can also be used
directly to genotype individuals at up to thousands of
candidate loci (TABLE 2).
The second major approach to detecting local adap-
tation searches the genome for signatures of selection
using anonymous markers66,67. A limitation here is that
markers must be in gametic disequilibrium with selected
loci to exhibit a signature of selection, and the signa-
ture can be quite small depending on the nature of the
selection. In particular, local adaptation with ongoing
gene flow between populations subject to differential
selection is expected to produce a soft sweep; such a
signature of selection can have a very narrow footprint
along the genome and be difficult to detect, even given
strong selection68. Nonetheless, the density of markers
along the genome allowed by high-throughput genomic
techniques can be sufficient to identify these regions,
especially when replicate populations subject to simi-
lar selection pressures can be sampled66. The array of
genomic techniques covers the range of trade-offs
between density of markers and number of individuals
or populations sampled. Any information on the overall
amount of gametic disequilibrium can inform the exper-
imental design of genome scans (see Supplementary
information S1 (figure)).
There are trade-offs between the two general
approaches outlined above. The first allows targeting
of particular loci, which can be valuable if selection is
Table 1 | Primary genetic problems in conservation and how genomics can contribute to their solution*
Primary problem
Estimation of Ne, m and s
Possible genomic solution
Increasing the number of markers, reconstructing pedigrees and using
haplotype information will provide greater power to estimate and monitor Ne
and m, as well as to identify migrants, estimate the direction of migration and
estimate s for individual loci within a population
Reducing the amount of admixture
in hybrid populations
Genome scanning of many markers will help to identify individuals with greater
amounts of admixture so that they can be removed from the breeding pool
Identification of units of conservation:
species, evolutionarily significant
units and management units
The incorporation of adaptive genes and gene expression will augment our
understanding of conservation units based on neutral genes. The use of
individual-based landscape genetics will help to identify boundaries between
conservation units more precisely
Minimizing adaptation to captivity Numerous markers throughout the genome could be monitored to detect
whether populations are becoming adapted to captivity
Predicting harmful effects of
inbreeding depression
Understanding the genetic basis of inbreeding depression will facilitate the
prediction of the effectiveness of purging. Genotyping of individuals at loci
associated with inbreeding depression will allow the selection of individuals as
founders or mates in captive populations. Pedigree reconstruction will allow
more powerful tests of inbreeding depression
Predicting the intensity of
outbreeding depression
Understanding the divergence of populations at adaptive genes will help
to predict effects on fitness when these genes are combined. Detecting
chromosomal rearrangements will help to predict outbreeding depression
Predicting the viability of local
Incorporating genotypes that affect vital rates and the genetic architecture of
inbreeding depression will improve population viability models
Predicting the ability of populations
to adapt to climate change and other
anthropogenic challenges
Understanding adaptive genetic variation will help to predict the response
to a rapidly changing environment or to harvesting by humans and allow the
selection of individuals for assisted migration
*These problems are listed from top to bottom in sequence of those that can be immediately addressed to those that will become
more feasible to address in the future. m, migration rate; Ne, effective population size; s, selection coefficient.


text:
Rated 3.8 out of 5 by 350 reviewers.
Rated 3 out of 5 by Lee8008 This hotel didn't feel like a Westin I stayed at this hotel because my flight was late and I was stuck overnight in Dallas. The front desk did not acknowledge my SPG status, but I was also given a much more inferior room than my travel partners. I was traveling with a party of 4, and I made the reservations for the entire party. Once we arrived, i was given a room on the 3rd floor by the elevator with a hallway open to the reception area. The others in my party were given rooms on high floors and away from the elevators. Where my room was , it was loud and I had to turn on my fan in my room to block out the noise so that I could at least get a few hours of sleep. The room itself was not as "fresh" as I am used to. I am loyal to Westin whereever I travel - but I won't want to stay here again unless I have to. Airport shuttle was convenient. I am a lifetime Gold member and I am usually very loyal to Starwood, but prefer Westin. August 22, 2015
Rated 1 out of 5 by JaneJohn cleaning can i have some? First off nice place, and friendly staff. My big issue is with housekeeping. I'm staying at Westin for 4 weeks for work. My company opts for green clean deal, housekeeping every 3 days which is reasonable considering the length at which I'll be here. It's been 6 days, today I tried 4 times to get my room cleaned. Every time I was told someone would be up right away. Housecleaning was cleaning my neighboring room, I asked them to please clean mine as well. They did not. That makes it 4 times asked. It's one thing to miss a room when cleaning, but outright lying about housekeeping being on the way.... and of course I'm not the only one having this problem. August 9, 2015
Rated 5 out of 5 by DonnaR1 Above and beyond service I am a frequent business traveler and I rarely do surveys and reviews because my stays at hotels tend to blend together. But I had an exceptional experience at the DFW Westin. Everyone was so friendly and helpful, the heavenly bed was so comfortable, with thick, crisp sheets to die for, and most importantly, I was a couple of minutes late for the airport shuttle and one of the bellman grabbed another van and took me over to the airport himself. Seriously?!!! I did not think that kind of customer still happened in today's world of travel. You have won my heart, Westin DFW!! July 16, 2015
Rated 5 out of 5 by Bill5167 Rescue from Bad Travel Our flight was cancelled so we needed to stay overnight. The Westin accommodated us despite a busy day for them. Everything was great! June 10, 2015
Rated 4 out of 5 by Zissou58 A nice hotel for passing through or just staying the night. The beds were comfortable, the food was good, and the hotel was awesome. It has an awesome roof pool which was amazing. The only issue I had with my stay was that the staff did not seem to know what I had paid for. I had to ask for a second breakfast ticket and never received the newspaper that was supposed to come with the order I made online. Overall I recommend the hotel but make sure they give you everything that is on your order. May 30, 2015
Rated 3 out of 5 by jemtex Good hotel, but NOISY The front desk staff was pleasant, the room was spacious, the bed was comfortable, and the price was reasonable. However, my floor was incredibly noisy. I heard people's conversations in the hallway. My neighbor received a (wake up?) phone call at 5:24 AM and I could hear the loud phone so clearly that it jolted me out of bed. Furthermore, this neighbor proceeded to cough and talk for the next 45 miutes before slamming his door on the way out. I suppose I could hear all of this because it was a room with a connected door. The sound of doors slamming in the hallway was so loud as well. I think you should consider better soundproofing of the doors/rooms. Your hotel is in the flightpath and whille I could hear planes, I was surpised how quiet it was outside. I wish you could have done the same inside. May 30, 2015
Rated 3 out of 5 by ToniCTravelAmeniti1 Great Hotel, Poor follow-up service This hotel is convenient to the airport. You take the shuttle and in about 10 minutes you are there. It is a pretty large hotel as it also has a conference center. My organization uses this property yearly for a good size multi day conference. I was there for one night board meeting. Got there and I was checked quickly, got upgraded to a decent size suite and when I entered the room I found a plate of chesses and fruits, plus a bottle of sparkling water. A welcome card from the manager was the cherry on the top. Nice welcome to a platinum member. Stellar service so far. Good rest in the room on a high floor. Here comes the morning: good breakfast in their restaurant. Excellent lunch. Then check out and back to the airport. When I checked out, the room was charged to the wrong card. They said they fixed it. Then I got back home and when I checked my account this stay completely disappeared from my record. No points awarded, no credit for the stay! I call the hotel talk to a manager who states it will call me back. Never does. Call again, nothing. After I reviewed the property on the spg internal system I received an email from a manager: "My name is G. C. and I am the Director of Operations at the Westin DFW Airport Hotel. I would like to apologize for your experience at my hotel. Thank you for bringing to our attention regarding the credit for your stay and the points. We have had some glitches in the system recently from Starwood, and we will notify them of this, and get you your credits. It should take 7 to 10 business days. Thank you for your feedback!!" That was a month ago. A week ago a sent a reply to see what's going on. No answer and nothing has been done for more than a month. I enjoyed my stay here, yet the follow up customer service is possibly the worst I've seen. May 26, 2015
Rated 5 out of 5 by AmandaP81 Excellent customer service Excellent customer service. Restaurant is amazing. Rooms are always clean May 1, 2015

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The deep tissue massage was very good and I wouldn't hesitate to go back and request the same again. I had had trouble with my neck and back for a period of 2 weeks and following the deep tissue massage the pain was far less severe. The ambience and atmosphere of the massage venue was spot on - similar to other reviews I would say do not be fooled by the location of the venue, or its apperance from the outside. You are paying for the massage itself and once in the room, it is very relaxing and very professional. Kwan is very good and very experienced and I left feeling far more relaxed. Will look to go again in the future.
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Michael J. Ashburn
Home Inspector / Investigator
President of PRO-ASHI
(Pittsburgh Chapter of the
American Society of Home Inspectors)
ASHI Certified Inspector, ACI
724-516-1665 Call or Text to Book
We are a local family owned ASHI Certified home inspection business in Pittsburgh that takes pride in helping all people who are buying or selling homes in the
Pittsburgh and surrounding areas.
Michael J. Ashburn is an HCI-R / HAAG Certified Residential
Roofing Inspector #201504301.This designation allows for greater experience in roofing inspections and the ability to work with insurance companies for roof damages.Check my good standing at
Michael J. Ashburn # 201504301
Follow us on Instagram - theburghinspector & Facebook
Michael focuses on educating you as the client about the building science
Home Inspections - Building Science Consultants
Multi-family Dwellings - Commercial Services
Radon Gas Testing - Infrared Thermal Scanning
WDI Inspections - Water Testing
Angie's List Super Service Provider Award
Here's what some of my clients are saying about my services.
David P. - Just wanted to give a major credit, and thank you, to Michael Ashburn of Ashburn Inspections. Michael is a real estate inspector, President of the PRO-ASHI - Western Pa Home Inspectors Association, and a totally stand up guy. We have what I thought was a serious structural issue with the roof on our house. I have talked to several structural engineers about the issue and all of them basically said they had no idea what the problem was and that they would need to conduct a study to figure it out. Well, 10 minutes with Michael and after a pile of questions from him - he had the issue figured out. I was kind of skeptical but looked at the area he concluded was the issue. Yep - he was right: for probably $100 I can fix the problem. Bottom line - if you need a house inspector for a transaction, have a structural issue, or other issue with your house: I would highly recommend his firm.
Mark S. - The inspection couldn't have gone any better. Mike and his assistant Dan were professional, extremely knowledgeable, and explained the work as they went along. They were very cordial and answered all of our questions thoroughly and accurately. They had an amazing amount of knowledge on the subject of home inspections and repairs. The cost was very reasonable and the finished report was extremely thorough and included detailed notes, recommendations, and digital photographs that helped to explain the scope of work that was done on every section of the house.
Buying a home is a major purchase and can be very nerve-racking. We felt a lot better knowing that Mike and Dan had done the inspection beforehand. Every detail of the job was attended to professionally, and their knowledge and recommendations will be very helpful for years to come. Their level of expertise in every area of home inspection, from pest control and radon to water damage and insulation - was very evident and very comforting. Ashburn Inspections LLC will be the ONLY inspection company that we will recommend to our friends and family. It was a job extremely well done.
John M. - Michael Ashburn performed a home inspection, radon testing, and wood-destroying insect infestation inspection.
AL Member Comments: Fantastic. Michael Ashburn has a great hands-on background in homes and a common-sense approach to home inspection. He was very, incredibly thorough and I couldn't be more pleased with his work. I was present for the entire inspection and he welcomed my feedback and concerns in a positive manner. He was receptive to my comments and investigated things which I was concerned about. He also completed radon testing and completed a wood-destroying pest infestation inspection. Lastly he gave the house a thermal efficiency check with a thermal imagine scanner, which he used on the entire house as well as the electrical service. He was mostly concerned about the things that really matter - whether the building was structurally sound, what condition the plumbing, electrical, and windows were in, how sound the furnace and water heater were, etc. I have seen reports where inspectors try to be "code enforcers" rather than perform a function and safety inspection of the home. Michael's focus was constantly on whether or not the home was a good investment, how safe the home was - really whether or not it had any major issues. The inspection was over around noon on Saturday, and I had the report back Saturday evening. All 60 pages of it. I'm sure the seller wasn't happy to see it, but I was. I cannot emphasize how impressed I was with Michael and how highly I recommend his work.
Courtney E. - Michael performed a thorough home inspection and radon test.I called Michael, recommended by my mother, who recently bought a home on her own. Not only did he call me back, he texted me, which as a working single mother, made communication so much easier. He showed up, was super friendly, was super thorough, used technology (software on his iphone) to capture his notes. He really made sure that I knew what he was talking about and what it might take to take care of the issues that arose. The inspection was complete at 5:30pm on Thursday, by 8am on Friday I had my completed report. Michael goes above and beyond, in communicating, following up and touching base.The home buying process is full of talking to so many different people, and throughout this, Michael was the most on top of everything and such a pleasure to hear from. I say hear from, because he was always in touch with me before I ever needed to reach out to him. I highly recommend him. Proactive, Professional, Reliable, Friendly, and Definitely THE BEST!
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Holiday gite in Saint Pompon
Dordogne / Saint Pompon
Gite / 1 Bedroom / sleeps 2
7 Nights min stay
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£560 - £775 / week
Key info:
- Suitable for children age 5+
- Car advised
- Some pets are welcome - please contact the owner
- Private garden
13 Jun 2015
"Idyllic,peaceful location with firstclass accomodation and hospitality!"
Traditional gite with all the modern facilities you could wish for in a truly peaceful setting, surrounded by stunning countryside and wildlife right on your doorstep. Host David added tremendously to… More
12 Jun 2015
"Off-season is perfect here"
May at Maison des Fleurs—the color in the gardens on the property is amazing. The weather is perfect, with crisp cool mornings and warm sunny afternoons. What a perfect base for wandering this bea… More
19 Apr 2015
"Stay here - perfect combination of old and new"
This is the one, just stay here! Lovely gite in a truly beautiful location. The flowers really do look like the pictures, we saw them all come out during one hot week in April. Gite was original k… More


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BLACKBERRY 7130v - UNLOCKED
Blackberry 7130v mobile phone, unlocked. Phone is in Excellent condition, will need a new battery. Collect, or will post .
Blackberry 7130v mobile phone, unlocked. Phone is in Excellent condition, will need a new battery. Collect, or will post .
Blackberry 8310 mobile phone - unlocked, absolutely mint condition / working order. Can be collected or happy to post
BlackBerry9720 full working order just got a new phone so no need for it. Pick up or can drop off £45 obo
For swap is a Blackberry playbook 60gb comes boxed with charger and is in good clean condition would like to swap for xbox 360 kinect .....email with offers thankyou
Unlocked Blackberry 8520 Plus Free Case And Earphones, the phone is perfectly working and bbm already set-up, so if you want to buy please get in touch.
Blackberry Z10 in Black, and is Unlocked so will work on any network. Excellent phone, very quick, brilliant camera Its in full working order and in excellent condition - just very light signs of usage around the casing. Screen has no marks/scr
Selling my BlackBerry 9900(charcoal) in immaculate condition comes with box(slightly damaged) and original BlackBerry charger also microSd memory card Any further questions or offers don't hesitate to email, call or WhatsApp me Thanks for reading J
Everything works fine on it, it is on tesco sim not sure if it takes anything else £20
Blackberry Q10, in White and is on the Vodafone netowork. Phone is in full working order, but is in used condition - the casing has got some scuffs n scratches around the edge and to the rear. The screen is in good condition but does have some fe
For swap is a blackberry playbook 60gb. Comes boxed and in good clean condition, would like to swap for an xbox 360 console or ps4 games email with offers...thankyou
Good condition working fine no charger just as it is can deliver for petrol cost
Grade "A" factory refurbished Built-in 3.2 Megapixel camera Latest blackberry OS Wirelessly share movie, pictures and music with mobile hotspot Wifi and 3G connectivity Built-in GPS navigation 2.44" QVGA display 512 MB onboard memory, expand
8820 handset, silver, Excellent as new condition, unlocked to any network, complete with wall charger. Bigger keyboard so great for texting. £25 9320 handset, white, unlocked to any network, original box, booklets, charger. Excellent condition wit
for sale i have a blackberry 9320 unlocked to all uk networks. its been fully tested and is in very good condition with only light signs of wear on the screen and body. there are no accessories or charger just the phone.
Blackberry z10 full working good condition unlock to any net work need gone asap
I have a blackberry bold touch 9900, comes with charger and has a 4GB memory card. The phone is on 02. Open to any offers or swaps
Z10 it's on 02 still like new no box need gone got new phone so no gd to me no more £55
Blackberry 9720 Samoa on o2 network very good condition no scratch comes with a charger
Perfect condition, on 02. Make me an offer. No scratches on screen
Blackberry 10 for sale great condition good phone currently working on EE will work on most networks. £60.00 no offers that's as low as it gets. No deliveries
Swap blackberry z10 for IPhone 4s.must be in good working condition as my z10 is. Also have charger with this phone. Don't have pics as I am still using it. Will also take offers on other phones or sell for £80
blackberry phones for spares or repair 2 x 9320 1 x 9900 1 x 9800 plus brand new 9320 battery £40 the lot
Blackberry 9720 Samoa bought 3 weeks ago for 65 open to any network
This is an ideal first smartphone comes with the usual Blackberry apps. Please note there is no charger or USB lead hence the price reflects this. It has a hard back Jack Daniels case if required.
Blackberry z10 all working fine unlock to any network looking around about £100 text here my number 07464805211 for more info
for sale i have a blavkberry 9300 unlocked to all uk networks including the 3 network. it has been fully tested and is in very good condition with only light signs of wear on the screen and body. there are no accessories or charger just the phone.
blackberry z10, excellent condition, unlocked, and boxed, pick up stockbridge village , £60 bargain


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Under Armour Kids' Grade School Clutchfit Lightning Basketball Shoe
$49.97 $64.99*
Save $15.02 (23%)
Product Information:
Keep your MVP cool under pressure with the Under Armour® ClutchFit Lightning basketball shoe. Lightweight, engineered upper materials promote a comfortable fit by supporting feet and increasing airflow during wear. A cushioned Micro G® midsole acts as a soft and stable platform to absorb impact, setting them up for their next move. A multidirectional traction pattern gives them traction at school or on the playground.
- Lightweight engineered upper materials lock foot into place for comfort and support
- UA ClutchFit in the heel offers a second skin fit with additional support
- Micro G foam absorbs impact during demanding movements
- Full-length Ortholite sockliner for in-shoe comfort
- Anatomical flex grooves allow foot to flex
- Multidirectional pattern for lateral and linear basketball movements
- Full-length two-piece rubber outsole for durability and traction
- Style: 1251664-001
- Under Armour
Country of Origin: ImportedWeb ID: 41856736
Customer Reviews:
Rated 4.2 out of 5�by 15 reviewers.
Rated 4 out of 5�by Ce42 Cool shoes My son really like these. He wants to wear them everyday. March 25, 2015
Rated 5 out of 5�by jamnjake Great performance and comfort My 11 y.o. son loves the grip of the sole on the court and the flexibility of the shoe around his foot. Very comfortable. He has had trouble with slipping on court with other shoes. His foot is a bit wide and it is difficult to find comfortable basketball shoes for him. This shoe isn't particularly wide in fit, so I'm not sure why it is so comfortable for him. All I can say is that he used to always complain about foot pain after playing for a while, but not with these shoes. March 6, 2015
Rated 5 out of 5�by Mommmm68 Good looking My son loves these shoes! They are comfortable. They look great! January 27, 2015
Rated 3 out of 5�by me Easy fix My daugher is 12 and wore these about 3 times...never outdoors. While tieing the shoe, the lace hole ripped. I took it back to Dicks and they replaced with a new pair. We will see how this shoe holds up. January 26, 2015
Rated 5 out of 5�by Reillyerin02 Great basketball shoes for my 12 year old daughter! They fit well and look great on or off the court! She's gotten lots of compliments from her classmates too. They also came with three shoelace choices - neon yellow, neon pink or black! January 18, 2015
Rated 5 out of 5�by Cindy56 Great Store Bought these for my grandson & he loves them. Great product, great service. The Ft Smith Arkansas store has always provided the highest standard of service along with high quality merchandise. Won't shop anywhere else. January 18, 2015
Rated 5 out of 5�by bkj83605 Quality product We purchased this basketball shoe for our grandson for his basketball season and it has held up very well and he is very pleased with it. January 14, 2015
Rated 1 out of 5�by busymom defective These are cool looking shoes but one of the lace holders tore the first week he wore them. A bummer! My son thinks they are comfy and still wears them after I did a bit of repair work. January 13, 2015
Rated 5 out of 5�by Alyssa5656 Great shoes if you have bad ankels. Grand Daughter loves the shoes. She fell and would have hurt her ankle if she didn't have them on. Plus Steven Curry #30 likes them. January 13, 2015
Rated 3 out of 5�by Nicki123 I love the shoes but wasn't happy with Dick's I ordered these shoes online for my son for Christmas and of course they are from Santa Claus. My issue arose when ordering them online my son went to wear his new shoes and found the ink tag was still left on them. So now he knows Santa Claus shops at Dick's but maybe not for long. Although my son loves under armor and I love it too, I will think twice about ordering anything online from Dick's. If you order online, why would they be shipped with the ink tag on the tongue of the shoe. I was highly upset as was my son since he couldn't wear his shoes when he wanted to. I may reconsider ordering online from Dick's next time. January 9, 2015


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100 reviews | 4.4 out of 5
I've been searching for a mousse that could fit my asian skin, and this is definitely the right choice. Is is perfect for my skin which is kinda oily at times because it does not leave my skin feeling oily even after a few hours.
I'm very fair with combination skin that breaks out just a little bit every so often. I use the porcelain ivory shade, which is a little light for me but the next darkest shade is too dark. This is an excellent product because it keeps combination skin hydrated in areas prone to dryness, but it doesn't make your face look greasy at all. It also doesn't seem to make me break out more than I usually would. You can wear it for all day coverage. Overall, great deal!
I LOVE this product. I originally started out using the Dream Matte Mousse in the little glass tub but it would get junked up and not work as well. This stays creamy (don't leave it in the car because it will melt fairly easily) and it covers so well. It also is so light you don't feel like you are wearing anything. I don't like traditional foundation because it feels so heavy and tends to fall in the lines around my eyes. This is very light and I get so many compliments on my beautiful skin!
Have been using this product for over a year and love it. Easy to apply and looks very natural.
I love this product. It was my first time using it and I will continue to use this product. It goes on so smooth and looks great.
I ordered this on a limb. I usually get the matte mousse one, but it was out of stock so i decided to try this one. Ill start by saying that when i first opened it i was a bit dissapointed to see that it was one of those packed liquid type foundations so i had pretty low expectations. but when i applied it it was just like the matte mouse one. I love it. very light so you can barely feel it on, looks natural and evens your skin out perfectly. Theres not a lot of colors but it blends in well so just get the closest one. If you have problem areas or acne i suggest you get this, and than a spot concealer for those areas as this doesnt have a lot of coverage over things like that but it makes the rest of your skin look amazing!
Great foundation for full coverage. I like the texture and how easily it goes on. The coverage lasts. The quality compares to much more expensive brands. Packaging is solid for a mass brand--it has never broken on me. And I like that the sponge is in a separate section that snaps shut. And of course, Walmart's price is the best!
Good consistency, color, bute the level of coverage: regular.
I like to feel my skin free to oil, looks very natural and hydrated.
Recommended for dry skin and last almost all day.
I saw reviews of this cream foundation online. I thought to give it a try. It is really the Best drugstore foundation for dry skin. I choose creamy natural (200) shade, and it matched my skin completely. It comes with the sponge applicator which I do not use. I use my ecotools foundation brush to apply it on my face. It gives a very dewy nice finish on application. Sponge applicator waste the product a lot, by absorbing huge amounts of foundation in it. So its better to use your foundation brush to apply it. It is my new and most fav foundation so far. I will surely buy it again, once my this jar gets over. Very true to color and specifications. Love its creamy natural shade and thank you Walmart for having it!!!
i've been looking for a foundation/concealer that wont make my skin peel and so i decided to try out a few different ones. one of my friend recommended me this one. i purchased it and try it on for the first time. it was a disappointed. it is suppose to be "ultra-hydrated" but it still doesnt work on my dry skin
Very nice make-up foundation. Good for mature skin. Stays put and gives a dewy appearance and keeps face moisturized too.
Pros - Goes on smooth
- Nice Coverage Cons - Seems to evaporate on skin!
- Not enough product. Good price but you need to double up to compensate
- Best for dry skin
This is my refill for the one i just used up. I like the foundation as i have a oily skin and find this mouse good for my skin. They last quite awhile for me as a small dub with fingertip could cover each cheeks n forehead n chin areas.
I brush with compact powder also of my shade after i applied some cheek color.
I have tried a million foundations and this one covers the best I use a wet sponge to apply and just use a little it goes a long way. I got the classic ivory and have olive toned skin and it's not pink at all I love it I already want to buy more in case they stop making it I would def recommend to anyone I also have sensitive skin and this actually clears it up somehow I wouldnt listen to any bad reviews of this stuff because I took the time to write a review which I never do Buy it!
When I bought this I was hoping for a good foundation. I had bought another kind by maybelinne that was pretty much the same but liquid form. I wish I would have gotten that. This stuff smells really bad and looks cakey.
This foundation left me with a greyish-ashy look no matter how much I blended. There is not a good choice of colors. It does not last long. I've tried using it with different brushes and mixing it but there is no use. It does not leave you looking like you have no make up. Dont waste your time with it.
This product provides excellent coverage! Best foundation EVER!
I bought this online for my daughter as we could not find the color she needed in any of the stores. It must be a popular shade. She loves this foundation as it feels and looks natural while covering small imperfections.
Should have changed to this years ago. (Not sure how long it has been out.) I have stopped buying Clinique because of the increase in price and because they no longer have the City Base product I used to use. This is smooth and goes on cool and moist with easier coverage without caking on. LOVE, LOVE LOVE IT!


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India's state Oil & Natural Gas Corp. has reported an oil and gas discovery in the Assam-Arakan basin and a gas-condensate find in India's western onshore basin.
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on how many people come here asking for Masters / Ph. D. topics. :-)
As I understand it, the award of master or doctorate is contingent not only on content, but the caliber of choice.
If they come here to be handed one, they are not competent to utter the word in the first place.
Are you really that interested in the subject matter in the first place? Interested enough to make it a career / major part of your life's work?
Not when it's "some" topic, as though attending to it with the left hand.
the misuse / abuse of statistics in scientific research? Even when performed correctly, statistical tests are widely misunderstood and frequently misinterpreted. As a result, countless conclusions in the scientific literature are erroneous, and tests of medical dangers or treatments are often contradictory and confusing.
Misuse of statistics:
You could detail how the federal govt misuses statistics by changing the definitions of them when it suits there needs.
One primary example is the consumer price index. They have changed the meaning of this to include fake 'multipliers' and dropped items that are going up in price to make it kind of a hobbled lame figure to suit their needs.
Have already gone over his head if he has to ask in the first place.


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Slideshow: Ask The Pastry Chef: What To Eat At WildFlour Pastry In Charleston, SC
WildFlour Display
Here are just some of the baked goods available at WildFlour, including bars, cupcakes, doughnut muffins, and turnovers.
Caramelized Apple Turnovers
Apples are caramelized in the oven with plenty of butter, sugar, and spice before being spooned onto sheets of house-made puff pastry and baked. The end result is a filling that's not too crunchy or too saucy, with a spicy, sweet, and fruity flavor. Turnovers are $2.50 each.
Inside the Apple Turnovers
Take a look at all of those apples rolled inside the flaky pastry.
Double Chocolate Chip Cookie
Lauren's top pick for a cookie is this double chocolate number ($1.50 each), which she says is more like fudge than a standard cookie. It's got a thin, crunchy outer layer (like a meringue) and a creamy chocolate center. Originally, white chocolate chips were used, but Lauren switched over to dark chocolate to make this a true double chocolate cookie.
Double Chocolate Chip Cookie Cross-Section
Check out the two different textures in the cookie. You can really see how the center is moist and fudgy.
Cinnamon Pecan Coffee Cake Muffin
This muffin ($2.25) doesn't make a strong first impression, but peel the brown paper down and you'll see large deposits of buttery brown sugar crumble scented with cinnamon. Texture-wise, the muffin is half way between a dense coffee cake and a light, fluffy muffin. It's sweet, but with salty elements and a caramel undertone. You're going to need a cup of coffee with it, and luckily, there's an espresso machine standing by.


text: Home Recipes Course Desserts Crisps Cobblers Cobblers Apple Cobbler Share: Apple Cobbler Looking for recipes for apple cobbler? Taste of Home has the best apple cobbler recipes from real cooks like you, featuring reviews, ratings, how-to videos and tips. Recipe Spotlight Cobbler Mix Give cherries a golden, crunchy cobbler crust with this versatile mix. "For a quick gift, put a batch of it-along with a can of pie filling and serving directions-in a decorated bag," suggests Joyce Huber of Ste. Genevieve, Missouri. View Cobbler Mix Recipe More Apple Cobbler Sort: Highest Rated Alphabetical Contest Winning Newest < prev | 1 | 2 | 3 Cran-Apple Cobbler Cran-Apple Cobbler My cranberry-packed cobbler is the crowning glory of many of our late fall and winter meals. My family isn't big on pies, so this favorite is preferred at out Thanksgiving and Christmas celebrations. The aroma of cinnamon and fruit is irresistible. View Recipe Cran-Apple Cookie Cobbler Cran-Apple Cookie Cobbler For a nice change of pace from traditional cobbler, give this recipe a try. Folks enjoy the sugar cookie topping, and I love the convenience!—Renee Ryno, Spokane, Washington View Recipe < prev | 1 | 2 | 3 Advertise with us ADVERTISEMENT Advertise with us ADVERTISEMENT


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rodeo, 10 Jan 2009
Posted 10 Jan 2009
Thats cool, id love to see numbers with it.
I'll just settle for a point.
Then you know this should be in the lounge.
But that took up room in my brain for something I could use. :ciappa:
Posted 12 Jan 2009
One to me that just doesn't seem to fit is Alabama as Hong Kong haha
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Partner: Dallas Municipal Archives
Decade: 1950-1959
Collection: Dallas Farmers Market - Henry Forschmidt Collection 1938-1986
[Letter to Henry Forschmidt from W. A. Donald]
Date: November 2, 1954
Creator: Dallas (Tex.)
Description: Letter from W. A. Donald to Henry Forschmidt expressing thanks to the Michigan Blueberry Growers Association for moving a cultivated blueberry crop.
Contributing Partner: Dallas Municipal Archives
[Conner Produce Company]
Date: March 27, 1951
Creator: Dallas (Tex.)
Description: Photograph of the storefront for the Conner Produce Company. In the photograph, produce is displayed outside the storefront. Crates are stacked against the storefront. A truck is parked on the street.
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[Scene at Dallas Farmers Market]
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Need help! Anybody who knows German, what audio languages does this come with and what subtitles? http://www.amazon.de/Prinzessin-Mononoke-Specia...
Cheddar J. Cheese Member Join Date: October 2004 Location: Canada Posts: 1,492
It doesn't say.
damn, does anybody know the specs anyway?
Mal Webmaster Join Date: May 2001 Location: United Kingdom Posts: 1,290
According to other sites it's German and Japanese 5.1 tracks, with both standard and hearing impaired German subtitles.
thanks, was going to get this but since there is no English i'll have to pass and maybe go for the Japanese 3 disc
Yes people need help.. LIKE EVERYONE WHO GOES ON THIS SITE!!!!!!!!!!
Cheddar J. Cheese Member Join Date: October 2004 Location: Canada Posts: 1,492
Well admitting it is the first step towards recovery. Good for you.
Its a long road. But I'm on my way!!!!!
why does everyone who goes on this site need help?
Why is it that only Cheddar J. Cheese gets the joke?
Ruined now!! Boooooooo
Ruined now!! Boooooooo
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Really exceptional, week-long family getaway in the beautiful Vail Valley. The views are spectacular, service was excellent, and the almost European feel of a retreat far from civilization made for a great vacation. We had excellent breakfasts and dinners at El Mirador- great service from Daniel and Tom, and the Bison ribs, Tenderloin, and English Toffee Cake all get our highest recommendation.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- The Lodge & Spa at Cordillera is one of the most luxurious retreats in the world. Perched on a mountaintop overlooking the magnificent Valley and Sawatch Mountain Range, the lodge offers views like no other hotel in the Vail Valley. With 56 beautiful guest rooms from 450 to 700 square feet and 5,000 square feet of indoor & outdoor function space, the lodge offers an exceptional experience. With a world class spa, guests can enjoy first class treatments in 10 remodeled treatment rooms, a full fitness facility, personal training, a nail salon, and indoor and outdoor pools and saunas opened year round for all to enjoy. The lodge has two outstanding restaurants, a casual yet fine dining experience at Restaurant Mirador, and the only Irish Pub in all of the Vail Valley, The Grouse on the Green. In the winter months, guests can enjoy the Rocky Mountains best skiing at neighboring Beaver Creek or Vail Mountains. Guests of the lodge have exclusive access to our Mountain Club at Beaver Creek located on the Strawberry Park Ski lift, with heated boot storage, private lockers, food, refreshments, and a ski concierge to assist with your requests. In the summer, guests come from around the world to play Cordillera's four signature golf courses. Visitors can also enjoy the outdoors by hiking and biking Cordillera trails, mountain biking, fly-fishing in Cordillera's private waters, horseback riding, swimming, tennis, and bird watching. Whitewater rafting, Jeep and Hummer tours, ATV tours, and hot-air ballooning are available nearby. Although Cordillera has enough to keep you busy from sunrise to sunset, the lodge is just minutes away from the mountain towns of Edwards, Beaver Creek and Vail. ... more less
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How do you stay young and fresh yet true to your roots? That's a question Nick execs put to its entire in-house design team—but first they had to break down the walls between its animators, art directors, and illustrators.
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( 1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
beautiful green
By diamond girl
from toronto
Purchased a green diamond. It sparkles beautifully. Great buy.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
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This Is An Amazing Ring
By Zumba Queen
from Burlington, Ontario
I have been looking for a silver ring that doesn't look like everyone else's. This ring fits the bill. The blue ring glitters all the time. I love it. It was designed and built beautifully.
Lovely Ring
By AV
from Ontario
I purchased this ring in the blue diamonds and couldn't be more pleased.It fits well on the finger, the diamonds sparkle nicely and it looks more then the .20 ctw stated. A great purchase !
Love it!
By Princess Bee
from Montréal (Québec)
I was looking for a birthday gift for my Mom and while browsing on the site, i saw this beautiful ring with blue stones. When i received the parcel i did not know what to expect. I was surprise to see how it sparkles, the details, the silver. It's perfect! Glad i ordered this one. My Mom loves it!!! It is stunning.
very disappointing
By Cookie
from Cambridge, On
bought yellow diamond ring, lack luster, can not see any diamonds at all. was going to send back , but thought it was a clearance, later discovered it wasn't. too late I'm stuck with it. be aware that all jewellery sparkles under the lights of the camera.
Bottom Line No, I would not recommend this to a friend
love it
By CG
from Mississauga (Ont)
I have had my eye on this one for quite a while and finally the price was one I could afford. I love the clearance price on this. It is an amazing style and bold and I just love it. I ordered the green and it very sparkly and I couldn't be more pleased.
Ring & Pendant Review - Blue & Green
By Winter Loving Canadian
from Regina, Saskatchewan
I purchased both the ring and pendant in both blue and green on sale. The rings are stunning. The pendant and the ring are the Exact same size, though, and I wish the pendant was just slightly larger instead. The rings grab all the attention and the tiny pendant gets lost.The chain for the pendant I did not like at all. Sparkly but frustrating, it was quickly swapped out. I think the green is slightly nicer than the blue because it matches better with other pieces I have, which was a bit of a surprise. The blue is quite dark in person, but sparkles nicely in the light. It looks almost black from a distance. The green does not seem to photograph well. It is nicer and lighter than shown. It looks a bit more grey from a distance and sparkles like crazy. Lastly, the pendant stones seem ever so slightly darker than the rings do.All in all, I LOVE the Rings but I only LIKE the pendants.
Wow, very nice
By The shopping Queen
from Victoria, BC
Very nicely made and diamond's very nice sparkly blue! So comfortable and beautiful! Great price too! Thanks TSC!
Very pretty
By Ellejay
from Surrey, BC
I purchased the blue on clearance and was impressed with how pretty it is. It's very comfortable to wear.
( 2 of 2 customers found this review helpful)
Diamond Pave Set Ring
By abbys63
I purchased this ring in yellow and blue. They are both very pretty. They are well made and I think they will last for a long time.


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Jerome Grand Hotel
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Heading to Phoinex, but first a few more stops
On our way to Phoenix via Jerome. I had to check out the winery of Maynard (Tool Lead singer). The town of Jerome is perched up on a steep hill where an old copper mine once was. The mine has been long since shut down and whats left is some what of a arts/ cultural town, a few wineries, arts and craft stores and a lot of old buildings. It was raining alot that day so not a lot of pics. ...
Elizabeth and Jack deMille
Very proud parents. The video on American Animals was created entirely by the two children. Hope you enjoy.
Once again, the blog was struggling to play the video so we just put it to YouTube. It is 6 minutes long ...
A couple days in Sedona
... up to 34 feet (ours is 31), and when I called the lady was very friendly and told us to come on over, they had spaces. So we made the drive and pulled in. As we started to drive through the campground we noticed everyone was staring at us. This has happened several times on the trip, and generally can be taken as an indication that I am doing something stupid (like driving with the steps down or the bumper hanging off). Well, as we tried to ...
The Shack
... br>
Art displayed in and around The Shack ranges from the whimsical (like the ducks on the ceiling of the bathroom in the guest flat upstairs, where we stayed),
and an old Airstream Bambi trailer that Mary is restoring, with fake iron cacti,
to the ...
Shopping Day Numero Dos
... Diane and I decided to get tickets for the $15/ 1 hour trolley ride into the Canyons. We had to wait until 11am for the trolley, so we did what self-respecting women did....we went SHOPPING! Not too many of the shops were open at 9am, but we found a few to take our money. We ended up getting some Himalayan salt lamps (I got mine for 50% off because we bought two; it's smaller but still pretty!). I also bought some small souvenirs, then found ...


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Benny Boyd Bastrop in Bastrop, TX is proud to be an automotive leader in the area. They offer a wide selection of vehicles and hope to make the car buying process as quick and hassle free as possible...
Sales department is awesome but service department is horrible.
Sure don't know how to listen to a customer!


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Searched for: "microsoft office forms control security patch update windows"
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It's Microsoft Patch Tuesday: February 2011
Justin James gathers the information you need to make the right decision on applying Microsoft's February 2011 patches in your organization.
Symantec Corp.'s AV software contains critical flaw
eEye Digital Security Inc. has discovered a workable attack vector which can be used to penetrate systems using Symantec anti-virus software and take control of the computers. John...
Is your patch management solution built to scale?
As your network grows, so do your patch management duties – unless you find a way to automate the process. Luckily, you don't have to spend big bucks to get a scalable, centralized...
Antivirus protection tips for today's enterprise
Today's polymorphic viruses nearly escape detection by mutating as they spread.
Take note of critical Office 2003 update and MiMail worm
For the early adopters who have installed Microsoft Office 2003, there is an important update that you need to be aware of. Also, the MiMail worm is beginning to forge a destructiv...
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NEW YORK (AP) — Travelers, prepare to pay more for your flight.
The average roundtrip ticket within the U.S., including taxes, reached $509.15 in the first six months of this year, up nearly $14 from the same period last year. Domestic airfare continues to outpace inflation, rising 2.7 percent compared to the 2.1 percent gain in the Consumer Price Index.


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15 Sewing Patterns for Women's Dresses & Other Pretty Project
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Coral Dress
By: Leanne from elleapparel.blogspot.com
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Can you believe this adorable dress can be made with a $3 top and some cotton knit fabric? The Coral Dress is stylish and flattering for all body types. Perhaps one of the greatest drawbacks of wearing a dress is a lack of pockets. This dress, however, has giant awesome pockets that will fit anything you can think of! Get ready for spring by sewing a stylish new outfit for the warm weather. For instructions on how to sew a dress check out this pattern.
Project Type: Make a Project
Time to complete: Weekend project
Sewn by: Machine
For more of our most popular sewing projects, check out 100 Free Sewing Tutorials: DIY Organizers, Patterns for Women's Dresses & More.
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Mar 06, 2013
When I clicked on the "Click here for sewing pattern" link, it took me to a page, but there is NO pattern at all. Either that, or I'm stupid!
Amanda Jones
Jul 03, 2011
That is really cute. I have enjoy this website thanks a hole lot. O ) O
ruth 0540991
Jun 14, 2011
this dress is adorable!!!
May 02, 2011
Hi ROBYN123 8605877, You have to click the "Click Here for Sewing Pattern" link to see the full pattern. I hope that helps.
May 01, 2011
tHE DETAILS ARE NOT SHOWN. hOW THE SKIRT IS PLANNED, ETC. i DO NOT SEE A PRICE AS YET, AM IN HURY, JUST FOUND YOU,.
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