text:
Circadian clock protein KaiCPDB ID: 2GBL
Cyanobacteria use three enzymes to create a circadian clock: KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC. This structure includes KaiC.
Read the Molecule of the Month article on Circadian Clock Proteins .
Discussed Structures from Circadian Clock Proteins
View in Jmol
PDB ID: 2GBL , Pubmed
Analysis of KaiA-KaiC protein interactions in the cyano-bacterial circadian clock using hybrid structural methods.
Pattanayek, R., Williams, D.R., Pattanayek, S., Xu, Y., Mori, T., Johnson, C.H., Stewart, P.L., Egli, M.
Journal: (2006) Embo J. 25: 2017-2028

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Difference between revisions of "JLanguage::getErrorFiles"
From Joomla! Documentation
(Updated to r1448:247ba8d88526)
m (JoomlaWikiBot moved page JLanguage::getErrorFiles/11.1 to API17:JLanguage::getErrorFiles without leaving a redirect: Robot: Moved page)
(No difference)
Revision as of 19:23, 10 May 2013
This Namespace has been archived - Please Do Not Edit or Create Pages in this namespace. Pages contain information for a Joomla! version which is no longer supported. It exists only as a historical reference, will not be improved and its content may be incomplete.
Get a list of language files that are in error state.
Description:JLanguage::getErrorFiles [Edit Descripton]
public function getErrorFiles ()
See also
- JLanguage::getErrorFiles source code on BitBucket
- Class JLanguage
- Subpackage Language
- Other versions of JLanguage::getErrorFiles
SeeAlso:JLanguage::getErrorFiles [Edit See Also]
User contributed notes
<CodeExamplesForm />


text:
"Brimming with ideas and a fascinating read." –STEVEN PINKER, Johnstone Professor of Psychology, Harvard University
John Durant is an author, entrepreneur, venture investor, and professional caveman.
His first book, The Paleo Manifesto, advocates using our evolutionary history to combat the global epidemic of chronic health problems. He has been featured in the New York Times, The New Yorker, NPR Morning Edition, CBC, Der Spiegel, and The Colbert Report. He has spoken at Google, Harvard, and The Nantucket Project and has been rated one of The 100 Most Influential People in Health & Fitness by Greatist.
Durant is also the founder of Wild Ventures, a venture group specializing in consumer health products & technology.
Prior to becoming a professional caveman, he studied evolutionary psychology at Harvard. He thinks you should try a polar bear swim, intermittent fasting, and bone marrow.


text:
The Warendorf Deluxe Dressage Bridle in Wickett & Craig American leather represents excellent quality, timeless style and great value. This deluxe dressage bridle with reins is classically styled with thoughtful comfort features for the horse. It's durable enough for schooling and elegant enough for show.
The Showmark Deluxe Jumper Bridle in premium, soft, Wicket & Craig American leather looks good from day one and keeps getting better with use. Designed to please the jumper, this elegant bridle has a padded, integrated crown and ring style figure-8 noseband with a sheepskin center. Flexigrip rubber reins are included.
GumBits delight your horse while they promote salivation and encourage a soft, submissive mouth. These sweet, all-natural treats make a great training aid. Made with FDA-approved ingredients, GumBits may also help stop teeth grinding. 16 oz bag.
With a new show-ready look, this Micklem Deluxe Competition Bridle offers all the quality and performance you love about the Micklem. It features a slightly raised, fancy-stitched brow, wider nose and matching rubber reins. Softer, more flexible leather in a slightly wider width ensures enhanced horse comfort.
The Suffolk™ Premier Fancy-Stitched Bridle offers features usually found in more expensive bridles. Great for everyday use, this snaffle bridle looks good enough for the show ring with 12 stitches per inch and stainless steel hardware throughout. Matching laced reins included.
The Dy'on® Difference Bridle features an innovative crown that removes nearly all poll pressure and ensures comfort around the horse's ears. Crafted with Dy'on's renowned quality, this flash bridle is ideal for sensitive horses.
The Schockemöhle Sports Lyon Bridle has the timelessly elegant style and quality to look perfect for the dressage arena for years to come. This dressage bridle has a padded crown, a padded, raised crank noseband and a slightly curved brow decorated with small, round silver crystals. Web reins are included.
The Crown Premier Dressage Bridle with integrated, padded crown, padded brow and crank noseband with flash is made from carefully selected leather. Finished with hand-rubbed edges and stainless steel hardware, this dressage bridle includes web/rubber reins.
Combining quality with a budget-friendly price, the Suffolk™ Fancy Snaffle Bridle is traditionally styled and finished with lovely stitching. It's crafted of rich brown leather and features a padded nose and brow for horse comfort. Matching laced reins are included.
The Crown Premier Fancy-Stitched Bridle offers a show ring look at an everyday price. 7/8" raised fancy-stitched noseband and brow that flatters most head sizes.
The Micklem Competition Bridle* was designed for use in competition as a bitted bridle. It has a softly padded crownpiece, browband and noseband and offers a show ready look. Matching rubber reins are included.
Nourish, protect and restore your leather tack with Effax® Lederbalsam. This leather conditioner helps give new tack a long life and makes old tack look newer. Formulated with natural lanolin and avocado oil, this leather balm makes your leather supple and resilient.
Dover's Fleece-Lined Bridle Bag cradles your bridle in its soft interior and protects it from moisture with its water-repellent outer. Designed with a front zipper and a top loop for hanging, this bridle bag has a hook-and-loop fastener inside that keeps your bridle upright and secure. Add a monogram for a customized look.
Durable, flexible Rubber Martingale Ring.
The Crown Padded Bridle is designed to please both the dressage rider and dressage horse. This fully-padded flash bridle is has a cut-back crownpiece to alleviate discomfort at the ears. Extra-fine stitching, hand-finished edges and subtle piping set this affordable bridle apart from the rest in its class. Reins are included.
The Crown Padded Stitched Bridle is made with carefully selected hides. Perfect for both school or showing. Features a raised, fancy-stitched padded browband and noseband for a great look and comfort for your horse. Matching laced reins included.
Lexol® Leather Cleaner Quick Wipes make cleaning all of your tack a breeze. These wipes easily clean the toughest dirt, sweat and grime, yet are gentle enough for delicate leather. pH balanced to preserve the strength, durability and appearance of your leather.
Effax® Leder Combi conditions your leather as it cleans. This gentle but effective leather cleaner is formulated with high quality ingredients to be used without water. It's deeply penetrating, non-greasy and will not leave any residue. 17 oz.
Sold in pairs, these flexible Rubber Rein Stops prevent the rings of a martingale from catching on the rein buckles or interfering with the action of the bit.
Keep your bits clean and your horses happy on the road or at home with Horse Amour® Bit Wipes. Package of 40 naturally flavored peppermint wipes.
Horseman's One Step is formulated with lanolin to clean, protect and shine leather in just one application. This unique all-in-one leather cleaner and conditioner is great for everyday use and show preparation. 15 oz.
Representing great value and a classic look, the Suffolk™ Dressage Bridle has a padded, raised flash caveson and brow. It's made of quality imported leather and comes with web reins.
Passier® Lederbalsam is an easy to use, high-quality leather conditioner that extends the useful life and beauty of leather. This luxurious conditioner penetrates deeply and leaves behind no residue. 500 ml.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 8, 2001
|Filing date
|Nov 25, 1996
|Priority date
|Sep 11, 1996
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Donal M. Byrne
|Original Assignee
|Nortel Networks Limited
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (86), Classifications (12), Legal Events (10)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is related to and hereby claims the priority benefits of copending Provisional Application No. 60/025,910, filed Sep. 11, 1996, entitled Mechanism to Achieve Very Fast Failover in ATM Backbone Networks Using Multi-Homed Circuits, by Donal M. Byrne, pursuant to 35 U.S.C. �119(e).
This invention relates to the field of cell switching communications networks and, more particularly, to a method and apparatus to achieve rapid failovers in such a network.
An ATM network consists of a set of ATM switches interconnected by point-to-point ATM links or interfaces. Exemplary ATM network 10, is shown in FIG. 1. ATM network 10 consist of a first ATM network 12 and a second ATM network 14. In some embodiments, both ATM networks 12 and 14 may be private ATM networks. In other embodiments, either of ATM networks 12 and 14 may be public or private ATM networks. Each ATM network 12 and 14 consists of a number of interconnected switches 16. Switches 16 are interconnected by point-to-point links 18. ATM network 12 is connected to ATM network 14 across user-to-network interface 20. A switch 16 may be connected to a variety of user stations, for example router 22 which supports local area network 24. Alternatively, an ATM switch 16 may be connected directly to a user terminal 26.
ATM networks such as network 10 are connection oriented. In other words, virtual circuits must be set-up across the ATM network prior to data transfer between users. ATM circuits are of two types: virtual paths, identified by virtual path identifiers (VPI); and virtual channels, identified by the combination of the VPI and a virtual channel identifier (VCI). A virtual path is a bundle of virtual channels, all of which are switched transparently across an ATM network on the basis of the common VPI. All VCI and VPI, however, have only local significance across a particular link, and are remapped, as appropriate, at each switch 16.
The basic operation of an ATM switch is rather simple: to receive a cell across a ink on a known VCI or VPI; to look up the connection value in a local translation table to determine the outgoing port or ports of the connection and the new VPI/VCI value of the connection on that link; and then to retransmit the cell on that outgoing link with the appropriate connection identifiers. The switch operation is so simple because external mechanisms set up the local translation tables prior to the transmittal of any data. The manner in which these tables are set up determine the two fundamental types of ATM connections.
The first type of ATM connection, permanent virtual connections (PVCs), are connections set up by some external mechanism, typically a network manager. When PVCs are configured, a set of switches between an ATM source and a destination ATM system are programmed with the appropriate VPI/VCI values. ATM signaling can facilitate the set up of PVCs, but, by definition, PVCs always require some manual configuration.
The second type of ATM connection, switched virtual connections (SVCs), are connections that are set up automatically through a signaling protocol. SVCs do not require the manual interaction needed to set up PVCs and, as such, may be more widely used in the future. All higher layer protocols operating over ATM primarily use SVCs.
ATM signaling is initiated by an ATM end-system that desires to set up a connection though an ATM network. Signaling packets are sent on pre-established virtual channels and the signaling is routed though the network from switch to switch, setting up the connection identifiers as it goes, until it reaches the destination end-system. The latter can either accept and confirm the connection request, or it reject it and clear the connection. The data will flow between the end-systems along the same path of the connection request.
Regardless of whether the connection is established using PVCs or SVCs, each switch 16 will maintain a connection table to allow for remapping of VPI/VCI values. A sample connection table is shown in FIG. 2a with reference to the switch 16 shown in FIG. 2b. As indicated, cells with VPI/VCI values of 36 that are received at port 1 are mapped to port 2 on a VPI/FVCI of 12. Similarly, cells received at port 1 with a VPI/VCI of 34 are mapped to port 3 on a VPI/VCI of 63. FIG. 2b provides a graphical illustration of this remapping process. It will be appreciated that the VPI/VCI values shown in the figures are for purposes of illustration only.
As indicated, ATM is a connection oriented system. As such, connection requests need to be routed from a requesting node though the ATM network to a destination node. The ATM Forum is in the process of defining a private network-to-network interface (PNNI) protocol which will allow easier interconnection of ATM switches. The PNNI protocol consists of two components, the first is a signaling protocol used to relay ATM connection requests within a network between a source and a destination. The second is a virtual circuit routing protocol used to route signaling requests though the ATM network. This is also the route on which the ATM connection is set up and along which the data will flow. In an ideal scenario, every ATM switch in a network would not only know the address of every ATM attached installation but also the current available composite (VPI/VCI) for new SVCs to every switch. The more information a switch has about the network, the easier it is to build optimal routes to the destination. Of course, as ATM networks grow to include hundreds or even thousands of switches supporting tens of thousands of users and devices, this goal becomes unfeasible.
Nevertheless, finding the shortest or best available path from one point to another across the network does require that a given switch knows something about what the network looks like. The switch must know its own whereabouts in the network and be able to locate other switches or ATM installations so that it can establish virtual circuits offering the appropriate speed and quality of service parameters. The solution is a scheme that distributes and summarizes network topologies so that switches have detailed information about their local topology and summarized information about more distant regions of the network. The PNNI specification manages this information though the use of an hierarchical topology, along with an addressing scheme similar to that used in telephony networks.
Using PNNI, network nodes (i.e., switches) are provided with "reachability information" about other nodes. This reachability information is used by a source node to construct a designated transit list (DTL) that describes the complete route to the destination node. The DTL is inserted into the signaling request which is then transmitted along the path described by the DTL.
Typically, using PNNI, a single connection will be set up between a source node and a destination node. An example is shown in FIG. 3. Edge switch/router 52 has two physical connections to the ATM backbone. There are two ATM switches 54, 56 in the backbone and server 58 also has two physical connections to the backbone. Hence, edge switch/router 52 and server 58 are said to be dual homed. When a user (having an associated MAC or L3 address) wishes to connect from edge switch/router 52 to server 58 (also having an associated address), a connection, VCC1, is established, for example, across physical links 62 and 64 though switch 54. In the event of a link failure or a switch failure along the connection path, the source node (i.e., edge switch/router 52) must request another ATM destination address for the corresponding destination MAC address or L3 address associated with server 58. Once this information is provided, the source node must tear down the old connections and signal for a new connection. Given that there can be hundreds to thousands of connections per link and "n" times for this for a switch failure, the failover time (i.e., the time between the failure of one connection and the establishment of a new connection) can be many tens of seconds per link. The total failover time can be much longer than this when an address resolution phase is required. Most computer sessions time-out after such a lengthy outage. Accordingly, what is required is a mechanism which provides a very fast failover in the event of a link or switch failure.
According to one embodiment, a fast failover capability is provided in a data communications network which is made up of a number of nodes interconnected by a number of links. A first end-to-end connection between a source node and a destination node is established. The first end-to-end connection may include a number of point-to-point links between a number of intermediate nodes. At the same time, a second end-to-end connection is established between the source node and the destination node. The second end-to-end connection may also include a number of point-to-point links between a number of intermediate nodes, however, at least some of the point-to-point links and intermediate nodes which make up the second end-to-end connection are distinct from those which make up the first end-to-end connection. The source node establishes a session across the first end-to-end connection and, upon recognizing the failure of this connection, switches the session the second end-to-end connection automatically. By maintaining connection tables for both the first end-to-end connection and the second end-to-end connection, the source node can provide a very fast failover upon detecting the failure without the need to signal for a new virtual connection.
According to another embodiment, a data communications network includes a source node configured to store routing information regarding at least a portion of the network. The source node is connected to a backbone switching system by at least two independent links. Similarly, a destination node is connected to the backbone switching system by at least two independent links. A first end-to-end connection is established between the source node and the destination node across the backbone switching system. The first end-to-end connection may include a number of point-to-point links and a number of intermediate nodes. At the same time, a second end-to-end connection is established between the source node and the destination node and, the second end-to-end connection may also include a number of point-to-point links and a number of intermediate nodes. However, at least some of the point-to-point links in intermediate nodes which make up the first end-to-end connection are distinct from those which make the second end-to-end connection.
The present invention is illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings in which like numerals indicates similar elements and in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates an ATM network;
FIG. 2A illustrates a connection table maintained by a switch in an ATM network;
FIG. 2B illustrates the remapping function carried out by an ATM switch in an ATM network;
FIG. 3 illustrates a single virtual connection established between a source node and a destination node;
FIG. 4 illustrates an ATM network configured for fast failover in accordance with the present invention; and
FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating a fast failover process in accordance with the present invention.
A mechanism which provides a very fast failover in the event of a link or switch failure in an ATM network is described. Although the present invention is described with reference to numerous specific details, upon review of the specification, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention can be practiced without some or all of this specific details. In addition to the disclosed embodiments, in alternative embodiments the present invention may be applicable to implementations of the invention in integrated circuits or chip sets, wireless implementations, switching systems products and transmission system products. As used herein, the terms switching systems products means private branch exchanges (PBXs), central office switching systems that interconnect subscribes, toll/tandem switching systems for interconnecting trunks between switching centers, and broadband core switches found at the center of a service provider's network that may be fed by broadband edge switches or access multiplexers, and associated signaling, and support systems and services. The term transmission systems products shall be taken to mean products used by service providers to provide interconnection between their subscribers and their networks such as loop systems, and which provide multiplexing, aggregation and transport between a service provider's switching systems across the wide area, and associated signaling and support systems and services.
Referring now to FIG. 4, an ATM network 100 is illustrated. ATM network 100 includes edge switch/router 102 which has two physical connections, via links 112 and 116 to an ATM backbone. Two ATM switches 104 and 106 are illustrated within the ATM backbone. However, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the ATM backbone may consist of a number of switches interconnected by a number of point-to-point links. Server 108 is also connected to the ATM backbone, in particular ATM switches 104 and 106, by two physical links 114 and 118, respectfully. Hence, edge switch/router 102 and server 108 are dual homed. Similarly, router 110 has two physical connections to the ATM backbone and is also dual homed.
Edge switch/router 102 is configured to use the ATM routing protocol PNNI to advertise the reachability of a particular ATM address over multiple ATM physical links. The various levels of the switching hierarchy established by PNNI map different segments of the overall network 100 in different degrees of detail. By breaking a large network of ATM switches, such as network 100, into smaller domains called peer groups, PNNI allows individual switches to navigate paths though the network 100 without requiring them to store an entire map of the network 100 in memory. PNNI organizes similar switches into peer groups and the leaders of like peer groups into higher peer groups, each of which contains one switch that is designated as a leader. The leader switch also becomes the peer of other peer group leaders at its level in the network 100. The peer group leader summarizes information about the devices that can be reached in its peer group and acts as the peer group's conduit for information about the peer groups above it.
Using PNNI, switches in an ATM network automatically form a hierarchy of peer groups according to addresses assigned by the network manager. The switches' ATM addresses provide the key to the structure of this hierarchy. Each peer group has its own address identifier, similar to a telephone exchange or area code. For a lower level peer group this address is similar to an area code and exchange. For a higher peer group, it would be similar to just the area code. Finally, each switch within a peer group has a unique address, similar to the way each line in a telephone exchange has a unique number.
Once the PNNI hierarchy is created, peer group leaders are allocated, and routing information is exchanged, the ATM switches can begin to establish SVCs between various end-stations on the network. Using the PNNI protocol, installations on remote networks can easily establish SVCs across the hierarchy with other end stations and different peer groups.
When a signaling request is received across a user-to-network interface by a ingress switch (e.g., edge switch/router 102), the switch will use a shortest path algorithm, such as a Dijkstra calculation, to determine a path to connect the source node to the desired destination. This calculation will create a set of DTLs, and each switch will have: a full, detailed path within the source node's own peer group; a less detailed path within the parent peer groups; and even less detail on higher level peer groups, terminating in the lowest level peer group which is an ancestor of both the source and the destination nodes. Hence, using PNNI, SVCs can be set up across a network. Once the connection is established, ATM cells are forwarded by simple table lookups, using connection tables such as those described above. PNNI searches to set up the tables in each switch along the path so that this can happen.
Accordingly, when upper layer protocols (e.g., LANE or RFC 1577) return a binding between the user's L2/L3 address and the ATM address of server 108, edge switch/router 102 requests two independently routed connections to be set up to the destination ATM address. This is different from the prior art where only a single connection will be set up.
In other words, when a user connected to edge switch/router 102 seeks to establish a session with server 108, edge switch/router 102 will use PNNI to establish multi-homed circuits, VCC1 and VCC2, across two distinct paths. As shown in FIG. 4, VCC1 is established across links 112 and 114 through switch 104. Circuit VCC2 is established across links 116 and 118 through switch 106. The information required to set up the two derived paths was obtained from PNNI which is running locally in edge switch/router 102. Any session between a source L2/L3 address (i.e., a user connected to edge switch/router 102) and a destination L2/L3 address (e.g., server 108) is carried out only over one of the connections to prevent packet out-of-order delivery. A session balancing scheme can be used to achieve equal distribution of multiple sessions across the two paths. That is, in the case where multiple sessions are to occur between edge switch/router 102 and server 108, a load balancing algorithm running in edge switch/router 102 can utilize either VCC1 or VCC2 as appropriate for each session in order to achieve an equal distribution of sessions across the two connection paths.
When a link or switch failure occurs within ATM network 100, the failure is detected by a PNNI update. This notifies the forwarding process that one of the paths has failed. Because the forwarding table maintained by edge switch/router 102 now has multi-path entries in it, i.e., the path entries for the links and intermediate nodes comprising VCC1 and VCC2, the path for the failed link can be marked as invalid. If a current path or session is marked as invalid, then a forwarding process running on edge switch/router 102 chooses the alternate path for forwarding the remainder of the session. There is no need to go though an address resolution phase because the binding between the user's L2/L3 address and the ATM address of server 108 is still valid and there is no need to resignal for a new connection. Hence, the time taken to achieve the failover from the failed link to the new link depends only on the time it takes to notify the edge switch/router 102 that the particular path is bad. Typically, this can be less then one second. The tear down of the failed circuit can still be done over a reasonable time.
FIG. 5 further illustrates the rapid failover process. Failover process 200 begins at step 202 when a user initiates a session. Typically, before the session can begin, an end-to-end connection though an ATM network, such as network 100, must be established. In order to establish the end-to-end connection, the L2/L3 addresses of the user's station must be mapped to an appropriate ATM address. In addition, connection information which will allow the user's ATM address to be connected to the destination node's ATM address must be established. As discussed above, this is done using PNNI.
In step 204, PNNI is used by edge switch router 102 to establish two distinct end-to-end connections between the source node and the destination node. In one embodiment, the two distinct end-to-end connections do not share any intermediate nodes or any point-to-point links. This will provide complete redundancy between the two distinct end-to-end connections. However, those skilled in the art will appreciate that due to network resource limitations and other constraints, such a completely redundant system may not always be feasible. In such cases, it may be required that each of the distinct end-to-end connections share an intermediate node and/or one or more intermediate links. It will be appreciated that if such a configuration is adopted and the shared node or link is the point of failure, no rapid failover as described above would be possible. Nevertheless, in some situations the risk of such a failure at a shared node or link may be acceptable or necessary.
At step 206, the routing information for the two end-to-end connections which were established using PNNI are stored in connection tables in the source node.
At step 208, the user session begins using one of the end-to-end connections. The connection is monitored at step 210 to determine if failure has occurred. If a failure does occur, process 200 moves to step 212 where the source node is notified of the failure and automatically remaps the session to the second end-to-end connection which was established at step 204. In this way, very fast failover is achieved. The failed connection may be torn down as required. The user's session is allowed to complete over the second end-to-end connection and, when the session is over, the second connection is torn down and process 200 quits at step 216.
Thus, a mechanism to achieve very fast failover in an ATM network has been described. Although the present invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated that the present invention can be practiced without many of the specific details described herein. Accordingly, the invention should be measured only in terms of the claims which follow.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 23, 1993
|Aug 8, 1995
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|Communication system with redundant links and data bit time multiplexing
|Mar 21, 1994
|Jan 30, 1996
|Fujitsu Limited
|Procedure for switching-over systems
|Sep 22, 1995
|Feb 3, 1998
|Fujitsu Limited
|Inter digital switching equipment relay system and digital switching equipment
|May 9, 1996
|Dec 29, 1998
|Bay Networks, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for managing virtual circuits and routing packets in a network/subnetwork environment
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 23, 1998
|Oct 8, 2002
|At&T Corp.
|Integrating switching and facility networks using ATM
|Dec 1, 1997
|Oct 15, 2002
|Nortel Networks Limited
|Scaleable data network router
|Feb 24, 2000
|May 18, 2004
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Router software upgrade employing redundant processors
|Mar 30, 1999
|Jun 1, 2004
|Nec Corporation
|PVC management system and method
|Jan 17, 2002
|Aug 17, 2004
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Load balancing for fast reroute backup tunnels
|Oct 16, 2002
|Aug 31, 2004
|Cisco Technology Inc.
|Determining a path through a managed network
|Feb 24, 2000
|Apr 12, 2005
|Nortel Networks Limited
|Apparatus and method for binding a connection-oriented client to a communication channel
|Jun 16, 1999
|Feb 21, 2006
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Method for extending the crankback procedure to any Asynchronous Transfer Mode system
|Sep 18, 2000
|Feb 28, 2006
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Automatic detection and configuration of OSPF virtual links
|Jan 28, 2003
|Oct 10, 2006
|Marvell International Ltd.
|Fast port failover in a network switch
|Jun 26, 2002
|Dec 5, 2006
|Bellsouth Intellectual Property Corp.
|Method for moving network elements with minimal network outages in an active ATM network
|Apr 18, 2002
|Feb 6, 2007
|Nortel Networks Limited
|System, device, and method for improving communication network reliability using trunk splitting
|Jan 19, 2000
|May 22, 2007
|Nortel Networks Limited
|Method and apparatus for forwarding traffic between locally attached networks using level 3 addressing information
|Dec 14, 2001
|Oct 9, 2007
|Redback Networks Inc.
|Dynamic binding of network services
|Jun 12, 2003
|Oct 9, 2007
|Redback Networks Inc.
|Domain isolation through virtual network machines
|Sep 22, 2006
|Dec 11, 2007
|Marvell International Ltd.
|Fast port failover in a network switch
|Jun 6, 2000
|Mar 11, 2008
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Efficient architectures for protection against network failures
|Nov 27, 2001
|Apr 29, 2008
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|System and method for providing and using a VLAN-aware storage device
|Dec 5, 2006
|Aug 5, 2008
|At&T Delaware Intellectual Property, Inc.
|Method for moving network elements with minimal network outages in an active ATM network
|Sep 30, 2002
|Aug 26, 2008
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Method for computing FRR backup tunnels using aggregate bandwidth constraints
|Feb 9, 2005
|Sep 9, 2008
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Method for routing information over a network
|Dec 12, 2001
|Sep 16, 2008
|Alcatel Lucent
|System and method for providing service availability data for a communication network
|May 20, 2002
|Sep 23, 2008
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Best effort technique for virtual path restoration
|Nov 25, 2003
|Nov 25, 2008
|Verizon Business Global Llc
|High resiliency network infrastructure
|Jun 26, 2002
|May 26, 2009
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|System and method to provide node-to-node connectivity in a communications network
|Apr 16, 2004
|Oct 27, 2009
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Router software upgrade employing redundant processors
|Feb 21, 2003
|Apr 20, 2010
|Alcatel Lucent
|Control plane stability in communications networks
|Apr 19, 2001
|Apr 20, 2010
|Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
|Determining logon status in a broadband network system and automatically restoring logon connectivity
|Sep 18, 2003
|Jul 6, 2010
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Virtual network device
|Jun 30, 2004
|Jul 20, 2010
|Conexant Systems, Inc.
|Combined pipelined classification and address search method and apparatus for switching environments
|Sep 22, 2003
|Aug 24, 2010
|Panasonic Corporation
|Access control at an intermediate network element connecting a plurality of data communications networks
|Dec 14, 2001
|Sep 7, 2010
|Abb S.P.A.
|Computerized system for remote diagnostics and configuration on a field device
|Jul 8, 2004
|Oct 5, 2010
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Network device architecture for centralized packet processing
|Jul 30, 2004
|Oct 12, 2010
|Conexant Systems, Inc.
|Method and apparatus providing rapid end-to-end failover in a packet switched communications network
|Dec 11, 2007
|Oct 19, 2010
|Marvell International Ltd.
|Fast port failover in a network switch
|Jul 30, 2004
|Oct 26, 2010
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Network device architecture for centralized packet processing
|Apr 16, 2004
|Nov 23, 2010
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Distributed forwarding in virtual network devices
|Jul 14, 2008
|Dec 7, 2010
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Method for computing FRR backup tunnels using aggregate bandwidth constraints
|Apr 28, 2004
|Feb 15, 2011
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Intelligent adjunct network device
|Oct 9, 2007
|Mar 15, 2011
|Ericsson Ab
|Domain isolation through virtual network machines
|Nov 3, 2008
|Jun 14, 2011
|Verizon Business Global Llc
|High resiliency network intrastructure
|Jun 27, 2007
|Sep 13, 2011
|Research In Motion Limited
|Service gateway decomposition in a network environment including IMS
|Jul 31, 2008
|Nov 15, 2011
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for detecting support for a protocol defining supplemental headers
|Dec 5, 2008
|Jan 10, 2012
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Failover and failback of communication between a router and a network switch
|Oct 18, 2010
|Feb 14, 2012
|Marvell International Ltd.
|Fast port failover in a network switch
|Oct 9, 2007
|Mar 6, 2012
|Ericsson Ab
|Dynamic binding of network services
|Sep 15, 2003
|Mar 27, 2012
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Method providing a single console control point for a network device cluster
|Feb 20, 2009
|Apr 3, 2012
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Communication system having route redundancy
|Nov 11, 2010
|Jun 19, 2012
|Ericsson Ab
|Domain isolation through virtual network machines
|Mar 31, 2004
|Jun 26, 2012
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Method and system for fast link failover
|Apr 7, 2005
|Jul 24, 2012
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Dynamic shared risk node group (SRNG) membership discovery
|Sep 18, 2012
|Ericsson Ab
|Domain isolation through virtual network machines
|Sep 18, 2012
|Ericsson Ab
|Domain isolation through virtual network machines
|Mar 24, 2008
|Apr 23, 2013
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Control of inter-zone/intra-zone recovery using in-band communications
|May 12, 2011
|May 14, 2013
|Verizon Business Global Llc
|High resiliency network infrastructure
|Oct 21, 2003
|Sep 3, 2013
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Port-based loadsharing for a satellite switch
|Oct 31, 2007
|Sep 17, 2013
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Virtual path restoration scheme using fast dynamic mesh restoration in an optical network
|Feb 13, 2012
|Oct 22, 2013
|Marvell International Ltd.
|Fast port failover in a network switch
|Nov 14, 2011
|Dec 10, 2013
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Failover and failback of communication between a router and a network switch
|Jun 27, 2007
|Apr 22, 2014
|Blackberry Limited
|Architecture for service delivery in a network environment including IMS
|Sep 14, 2012
|Apr 29, 2014
|Ericsson Ab
|Domain isolation through virtual network machines
|Aug 17, 2004
|May 20, 2014
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|System and method for preventing erroneous link aggregation due to component relocation
|Feb 14, 2011
|Jun 17, 2014
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Intelligent adjunct network device
|Jul 6, 2001
|Jun 24, 2014
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for inter-zone restoration
|Dec 14, 2004
|Aug 19, 2014
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Apparatus and method providing unified network management
|Jan 13, 2012
|Sep 2, 2014
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Dynamic shared risk node group (SRNG) membership discovery
|Oct 25, 2010
|Jan 6, 2015
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Network device architecture for centralized packet processing
|Feb 19, 2004
|Mar 24, 2015
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Interface bundles in virtual network devices
|Mar 13, 2014
|Jun 2, 2015
|Ericsson Ab
|Domain isolation through virtual network machines
|Dec 14, 2004
|Jul 14, 2005
|Krishnam Datla
|Apparatus and method providing unified network management
|Apr 16, 2004
|Jul 28, 2005
|Sitaram Dontu
|Distributed forwarding in virtual network devices
|Sep 22, 2003
|Aug 11, 2005
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Control of access by intermediate network element for connecting data communication networks
|Feb 19, 2004
|Sep 8, 2005
|Smith Michael R.
|Interface bundles in virtual network devices
|May 10, 2005
|Sep 15, 2005
|Internap Network Services Corporation
|Private network access point router for interconnecting among internet route providers
|Feb 9, 2005
|Sep 15, 2005
|Saleh Ali N.
|Method for routing information over a network
|Dec 14, 2001
|Sep 29, 2005
|Cassara Salvatore
|Computerized system for remote diagnostics and configuration on a field device
|Apr 28, 2004
|Nov 3, 2005
|Smith Michael R
|Intelligent adjunct network device
|Jul 30, 2004
|Jan 5, 2006
|Zarlink Semiconductor Inc.
|Method and apparatus providing rapid end-to-end failover in a packet switched communications network
|Jun 30, 2004
|Jan 5, 2006
|Zarlink Semiconductor Inc.
|Combined pipelined classification and address search method and apparatus for switching environments
|Jul 8, 2004
|Feb 2, 2006
|Christophe Joly
|Network device architecture for centralized packet processing
|Aug 17, 2004
|Feb 23, 2006
|Sitaram Dontu
|System and method for preventing erroneous link aggregation due to component relocation
|Apr 7, 2005
|Oct 12, 2006
|Jean-Philippe Vasseur
|Dynamic shared risk node group (SRNG) membership discovery
|Oct 31, 2011
|Mar 29, 2012
|Finn Norman W
|Multi-Bridge LAN Aggregation
|Jan 13, 2012
|May 10, 2012
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Dynamic shared risk node group (srng) membership discovery
|Jun 30, 2005
|Jun 11, 2014
|Method and apparatus providing rapid end-to-end failover in a packet switched communications network
|Feb 24, 2009
|Sep 16, 2009
|Hitachi Communication Technologies, Ltd.
|Communication system
|U.S. Classification
|370/218, 370/225, 370/219
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 25, 1996
Owner name: BAY NETWORKS, INC., MASSACHUSETTS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BYRNE, DONAL M.;REEL/FRAME:008384/0822
Effective date: 19961124
|Dec 23, 1999
|Jan 4, 2000
|Aug 30, 2000
Owner name: NORTEL NETWORKS LIMITED,CANADA
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:NORTEL NETWORKS CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:011195/0706
Effective date: 20000830
|Oct 22, 2004
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 30, 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Oct 28, 2011
Owner name: ROCKSTAR BIDCO, LP, NEW YORK
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:NORTEL NETWORKS LIMITED;REEL/FRAME:027164/0356
Effective date: 20110729
|Oct 4, 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12
|Mar 10, 2014
Owner name: ROCKSTAR CONSORTIUM US LP, TEXAS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ROCKSTAR BIDCO, LP;REEL/FRAME:032422/0919
Effective date: 20120509
|Feb 9, 2015
Owner name: RPX CLEARINGHOUSE LLC, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ROCKSTAR CONSORTIUM US LP;ROCKSTAR CONSORTIUM LLC;BOCKSTAR TECHNOLOGIES LLC;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:034924/0779
Effective date: 20150128