text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 12, 2004
|Filing date
|Jun 26, 2001
|Priority date
|Jun 26, 2001
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Alphonsus V. Pocius, Rita A. Latourelle
|Original Assignee
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (27), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (10), Classifications (33), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to coating formulations and a method, useful in microelectronics applications, for isolating and protecting fine-pitch, electrically conducting circuit interconnects, and related structures. More particularly the invention provides coating materials for application to conductive elements using an electrophoretic deposition technique. The coatings are non-contaminating, low-outgassing, and protective, having high resistivity and low dielectric constant. Optionally, the coatings provide negative image bearing layers after exposure to radiation patterns of suitable wavelength, followed by development with mild aqueous acid solutions.
Modern society relies upon the trouble-free conveniences provided by electrical and electronic devices. Since the earliest recognition that useful devices could be developed by combining electrical circuits, circuit combinations have become more complex, and the resulting devices more sophisticated in their capabilities. Effective circuit performance relies upon electrical current isolation within a particular circuit with no possibility of current leakage into a neighboring circuit. Any unintended current transfer between circuits of a multi-circuit, multi-function electrical device will ultimately cause an inconvenient malfunction of the device.
Isolation or insulation of circuits from each other represents an increasing challenge with the continuing emphasis on more complex printed circuit designs and increased functionality for electrical devices, especially miniature electronic devices. Progress in electrical device design has caused a transition from the interconnection of discrete electrical components, using pre-insulated wiring structures, to interconnection, with modern printed circuits, using conductive traces only microns wide. Protection and isolation of such narrow traces, from each other, demands materials that may be precisely placed over the elongate current carrying traces while leaving tiny contact points exposed for electrical connection to other circuits that form part of a particular device. For a significant period of time it was possible to essentially cover the printed circuit with a protective coating, leaving voids in the coating corresponding to the needed points of contact. More recently, however, the introduction of flexible printed circuits and multi-layer printed circuits has led to the need for coatings and processes capable of high precision in protective cover formation and placement. High precision techniques provide a cover-layer with essentially just sufficient insulation to protect a conductive trace without straying into other portions of a printed circuit substrate. Such coatings tend to be very thin and subject to attack by, e.g. solvents, moisture, or other potentially damaging environments. For this reason, precision coating of printed circuits requires both insulative and environmental protection for electrical conductors.
A variety of coating methods exists for applying coatings, covercoats and the like as protective, insulating coatings to printed circuit patterns. The term covercoat refers to a dielectric coating, over the printed circuit basestock, applied after the conductive circuit pattern has been fabricated. The covercoat serves to protect the conductive traces from moisture, contamination and damage. Conventional coating methods include screen printing and application of continuous layers by methods such as knife coating, spin coating, extrusion coating, dip coating, curtain coating, and spray coating. Application of continuous coatings covers not only the leads but also the area in between the leads. This condition has several disadvantages when found in intricately structured printed circuits. For example, differences in expansion coefficients between a continuous cover-coat and a flexible printed circuit substrate may introduce stresses that cause the circuit to adopt an inconvenient curl-set. Segmentation of a cover-coat, into separate coated areas, is less likely to be subject to this condition.
Selective deposition processes, such as electrophoretic deposition, also known as "e-coat," may achieve coating separation and precise positioning (details of this process may be found in the "Handbook of Electropainting Technology" by W. Machu, Electrochemical Publication Limited, 1978). Application of electrophoretic deposition techniques began at least three decades ago for painting automobiles and appliances. Electrophoretic deposition involves precise distribution of a layer of charged droplets over a conducting surface that represents an electrode of an electrolytic cell operating under direct current potential. Charged droplets migrate towards an oppositely charged electrode to be deposited thereon. Droplet deposition and layer formation may occur at either an anode or a cathode. Preferably the droplets are positively charged for deposition on a cathodic surface. Cathodic coatings do not suffer the oxidative corrosive processes associated with anodic deposition. Also, electrophoretic deposition of water-based compositions produces essentially void free and substantially non-polluting coatings.
Compared to conventional coating processes, such as screen printing, electrophoretic deposition selectively places a protective layer only on conductive portions of the printed circuit. Use of electrophoretic deposition should produce individually encapsulated conductors, whereas conventional techniques coat the entire printed circuit. Selective deposition also offers other advantages, such as the production of lighter weight circuits which is important for hard disk drive (HDD) flexible circuits applications. Japanese published application JP 2000004072 describes a method for selectively exposing a connective portion of a circuit structure on the rigid metal surface of a magnetic head suspension arm. This reference uses electrodeposition of resins selected from polyimide or acrylic or epoxy resins to mask parts of a circuit structure during application of photoresist material. Imaging of the photoresist identifies, after development, parts of the circuit from which the electrodeposited covering will be etched to expose bare metal for contact points. There is no evidence to show that electrodeposited coatings are required to protect against moisture and contaminants. Also there is no need that the electrodeposited coatings are flexible coatings since they are substantially prevented from flexing by the support of the underlying aluminum suspension arm.
Selected electrical connector contacts on a flexible support may be electrophoretically coated with a blend of a polyethylene ionomer emulsion and an epoxy ester polymer emulsion, according to U.S. Pat. No. 3,892,646. Coating deposits may be thermally coalesced but are non-crosslinking. Electroconductive adhesives may be electrodeposited over fine circuit patterns to facilitate connection to other substrates preferably having electroconductive patterns, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,676,845 and 4,844,784.
The use of electrophoretic deposition is known for coating printed circuits with photoresists. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,845,012; 4,877,818; 5,055,164; 5,607,818; 5,384,229; 5,959,859; and 5,439,774 contain reference to the technique. Other U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,592,816 and 5,181,984 describe epoxy/acrylate compositions for electrophoretic deposition of solder mask/covercoat systems. Photoresist and solder mask materials are typically photosensitive and developable to a patterned polymer covering selected (imaged) portions of the printed circuit. This provides evidence of photoimageable coatings, formed by electrophoretic deposition. Additionally, U.S. Pat. No. 4,832,808 teaches electrophoretic deposition of coatings of piperazine-containing polyimides. However, such coatings possess neither photosensitivity nor solubilization in aqueous acid developers.
The effective use of electrophoretically deposited, optionally photoimageable, coatings may depend upon the image resolution attainable with such systems. Printed circuits of increasing density require the use of photoresists of increasing image resolution. Image resolution depends upon radiation scattering within photosensitive layers and the variation of image characteristics, i.e. resolution, related to developers and development processes.
Polyimide-containing formulations provide potentially useful materials for photoimageable coatings produced by electrophoretic deposition. They also have the thermal and dielectric properties suitable for protecting and insulating electrical current carrying conductors. Image development of polyimide coatings, after exposure to an image pattern, may involve non-aqueous, solvent-based developers or aqueous-based developers. The use of solvent-based development systems applies to photoimageable polyimides that may use a benzophenone moiety as a built-in photo-crosslinker. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,629,685; 4,656,116; 4,841,233; 4,914,182; 4,925,912; 5,501,941; 5,504,830; 5,532,110; and 5,599,655; and European Patent No. EP 0456463 A2 provide evidence of autosensitized polyimides.
Little attention has been given to an area of growing importance wherein a flexible interconnect carries signals to a magnetic transducer, located on a slider supported by a load beam within a hard disk drive (HDD). U.S. Pat. No. 6,046,886 refers to problems with the use of cover dielectric layers that may be used to insulate copper traces of a flexible interconnect. This reference further emphasizes the benefits of eliminating cover coat layers to avoid chemical incompatibility from outgassing and contaminating extractables such as silicones and ionic contaminants. Another problem with the application of cover coat layers to flexible circuits is the potential mismatch of thermal expansion coefficients between a cover coat and a flexible substrate used to support conductive circuit traces. Due to the continuous nature of cover coat layers, any mismatch of thermal expansion could cause the flexible circuit interconnect to develop an undesirable curl-set.
Considering the disadvantages of previously discussed cover coated flexible interconnects for hard disk drive applications there is a need for a coating to protect conductive traces using a process that avoids problems of curl and chemical incompatibility.
The present invention provides polymeric coatings applied to conducting structures, such as thin-film printed circuits, from emulsion or solution formulations using electrophoretic deposition preferably cathodic electrophoretic deposition techniques, also referred to herein as cataphoretic deposition. A coated thin film supported circuit, suitable as a HDD interconnect according to the present invention, is electrically insulated, exhibits minimal curl, and is minimally outgassing. It has flexibility similar to the thin-film supporting layer, may be imageable and may be formulated and cured such that electrical connections can be made through the coating by appropriate soldering techniques. A post-process to image holes through the coating may comprise laser ablation. Optionally, such coatings may function as image recording materials that respond to exposure to a pattern of suitable radiation. An image, formed in a coating according to the present invention, may be revealed using an acidified aqueous developer.
Coating compositions according to the present invention may comprise a variety of polymeric materials including polyimides, epoxy, acrylics, etc., especially those using epoxy chemistry. Electrophoretic deposition techniques require water-based coating formulations that are relatively benign environmentally. Suitable emulsion formulations include ionic species that are preferably positively charged to allow precipitation at cathodic surfaces represented by the conductive traces of a thin-film printed circuit. After deposition and curing, appropriately formulated coatings, based on epoxy or epoxy/acrylate chemistry have glass transition temperature (Tg) values in the range of 75� C. to 200� C. and preferably between about 100� C. and about 160� C.
Versatile coating compositions according to the present invention may be formulated and manufactured to satisfy a number of different applications. For example, coatings may be deposited so that they do not cure, or only partially cure after deposition and coalescence or after coalescence and UV exposure. Such coatings may be penetrated relatively easily to form electrical through-connection, such as by soldering. Alternatively, coatings may be formulated to have latent curing characteristics. A thermally cured material provides one type of latent curable coating composition that may be deposited in an uncured state before heating to a final cured condition. As needed, an electrical connection may be provided to underlying conductive circuit traces by soldering through the latent curable deposit, which may then be cured by exposure to a source of thermal radiation.
Latent curing may also be achieved using, e.g. a photo-crosslinkable coating composition exposed to a suitable form of radiant energy, such as ultraviolet radiation. The use of latent photo-cure provides not only the benefit of soldering through an uncured coating, as discussed previously, but also allows selective placement of protective insulating material following photo-curing and development according to imagewise exposure to appropriate radiant energy. This could provide "connection pads" positioned appropriately for soldering in the normal sense. Control of cross-link density may provide coatings suitable for forming through-soldered connections even after photo-cure.
Another possible combination of latent curing characteristics involves coating compositions that have been formulated to cure in response to both radiant energy and heat. This provides a photo-imageable and developable coating that has optimum cured resin performance upon heating.
Methods for cathodic deposition of coatings include batch and continuous processes. An electrophoretic deposition cell facilitates batch processing of individual circuits using a container for a water-based coating formulation that is stirred to maintain uniformity. The cell has an anode, in the form of a stainless steel counter-electrode, and a cathode, both being connected to a regulated DC power supply. Preferably, the cathode comprises a thin film circuit designed with interconnection or "bussing" of metal traces to facilitate deposition of material on all portions of the circuit that require coating. Voltage applied to the cell, after lowering the anode and cathode into the coating formulation, causes coating to deposit on electrically connected portions of the thin film circuit. It is not necessary to regulate the current, which initially peaks to a certain value before dropping due to the insulating effect of the depositing coating. Voltage applied for times ranging from a few seconds to a few minutes may be as low as 5 volts or less, or as high as 100 volts. Following deposition and rinsing with deionized water, the particulate deposit may be coalesced to a smooth coating by heating for several minutes at elevated temperature. The coating can then be subjected to any of the cure methods described above.
Alternatively, the coating may be deposited in an in-line, continuous process that uses a insulating film support web that has multiple printed circuits formed over its surface. In this case, appropriately "bussed" circuits maintain electrical continuity along the web, between individual circuit elements. The coating apparatus allows threading of the circuit supporting web from an unwind station through an electrophoretic deposition cell to a wind-up station. Printed circuits according to the present invention typically include a polyimide thin film support for electrically insulated circuit traces. Preferably the thin film is Kapton E and the circuit traces may be formed using copper alone or copper that has been electrocoated with gold. As the moving web passes through the deposition cell an electrical current carrying roller makes connection with the circuit metal traces to apply a voltage causing coating to deposit on electrically connected conductive traces. Other rollers in the web guidance system are suitably insulated to prevent inadvertent coating deposition. There is no need to control applied current since the thickness of the insulating coating composition is current limiting as described previously. After in-line rinsing, the coated circuits may be coalesced at elevated temperature by exposure to an infrared heater or contact of the backside of the web with a hot surface, typically in the form of a hot can. The coalescence step may be delayed since the deposited coating is inherently a solid and suitable for wind-up into a roll for future processing. It is conceivable to add additional processing stations to process thin film circuits, in web form, for thermal curing, photo-curing and selective development of imaged sections of deposited coatings.
One use of photoimageable polymers, including photosensitive epoxy-based polymers, is the precise electrophoretic deposition of protective, electrically insulating coatings over conductive parts of a printed circuit pattern, followed by imagewise exposure and development. The process of development uses aqueous acid or aqueous acid/coalescing solvent mixtures to remove the coating from those parts of the circuit that provide points of connection to other circuits or electrical devices. Acidified aqueous developers offer advantages over solvent and aqueous alkaline developers by preventing problems of copper corrosion and copper oxide formation.
More particularly the present invention provides a composition for electrophoretic deposition of a protective coating. The composition comprises a cationic resin emulsion and a curative mixed with the cationic resin emulsion. The composition after electrophoretic deposition and curing provides the protective coating that has a concentration of extractable ionic contaminants less than about 200 nanograms/cm2; and a concentration of labile (outgassing) components less than about 36,000 nanograms/cm2.
The present invention further includes an article in the form of a flexible printed circuit, used as an interconnect comprising a film substrate having a thickness from about 0.01 mm to about 0.25 mm. A plurality of conductive traces is adjacent to a surface of the film substrate to receive an insulating coating deposit on the plurality of conductive traces by electrodeposition techniques. The insulating coating comprises a cured polymer composition having a concentration of extractable ionic contaminants less than about 200 nanograms/cm2; and a concentration of labile (outgassing) components less than about 36,000 nanograms/cm2. Also the flexible printed circuit has a bend radius below 3 mm without damage to the insulating coating.
A method for forming an insulating coating on conductors of a flexible circuit, according to the present invention, comprises the steps of initially providing a flexible circuit including at least one conductor. The conductor is available for connection to a DC power supply such that the conductor becomes a negatively charged conductor. The negatively charged conductor is immersed in a composition comprising a cationic resin emulsion mixed with a curative. An electric current is then passed through the negatively charged conductor to cause electrophoretic deposition of the composition on the surface of the conductor. Curing of the deposited composition provides the insulating coating that has a concentration of extractable ionic contaminants less than about 200 nanograms/cm2; and a concentration of labile (outgassing) components less than about 36,000 nanograms/cm2. These properties satisfy the requirements of electronics-grade cleanliness.
Electrophoretic deposition techniques allow relatively precise placement of material on charged surfaces included in an electrolytic cell, operated by direct current. The charged surfaces could include suitably connected printed circuits to induce material placement on individual metal traces of the circuitry. Using electrophoretic deposition techniques, deposition of material occurs predominantly on conductive surfaces. This facilitates the coating of unsupported leads and relatively inaccessible portions of a printed circuit such as conductive traces disposed within the structure of a multilayer circuit. Traditional coating methods do not provide desirable protection for such features. In addition, precision coating via electrophoretic deposition techniques uses less material than traditional coating methods thereby providing beneficial cost savings and waste reduction. The selective placing of electrophoretically deposited films provides an added advantage, for coating flexible printed circuits, compared to blanketing covercoat layers produced with conventional coating methods. Regardless of differences in coefficient of thermal expansion, selectively deposited coatings cannot exert a force to distort the general shape of the flexible substrate material. Flexible circuits, coated using electrophoretic deposition, are lighter and less likely to exhibit cure-stress-induced curl after processing. Lower circuit weight is important for certain applications, such as interconnects for hard disk drives.
For clarification, the following definitions provide the meaning of terms that may be used throughout this specification.
The term "covercoat" refers to a substantially continuous dielectric coating, over the basestock, applied after the conductive pattern has been fabricated. The basestock may be a conventional printed circuit substrate, including flexible polyimide sheet, used as a support for etched metal patterns, particularly those formed by etching copper.
The terms "epoxy-based polymer" or "polyepoxy-based polymer" or "polyepoxide-based polymer" may be used interchangeably to refer to the product of a reaction involving monomers and oligomers having reactive epoxy substituents.
Use of the term "bis-maleimides" herein refers in general to the reaction product of maleic anhydride with an aliphatic diamine, or an aromatic diamine, or an alicyclic diamine or any combination thereof.
The term "current density" means the amount of current flowing through a substrate, per unit area, perpendicular to the direction of current flow.
The term "e-coat" is synonymous with electrophoretic deposition and may refer herein to a coating, and technique for electrophoretically depositing such a coating.
The term "emulsion" refers to polymer containing fluids used for electrophoretic deposition of protective coatings on electrically conducting surfaces.
Use of "electronics-grade cleanliness" herein means that selectively-coated, thin-film supported circuits according to the present invention satisfy electronics industry requirements to limit amounts of labile or fugitive components to low levels of outgassing and extractable contaminants and absence of tin and silicone species.
The term "through-soldering" refers to the facility for making an electrical connection to a conductive circuit trace through a layer of a protective coating composition. Depending upon the final properties of the coating, a through-soldered connection may be formed before or after curing of a coating, preferably an electrophoretically deposited coating.
Use of the term "laser ablation" refers to a means for providing access to bare conductors of a printed circuit using laser energy to produce openings in a coating over the conductors. The laser ablation method provides holes as access channels for electrical connection of underlying conductors to electronic components and devices, e.g. by soldering.
The use of the term "selective" reflects substantial restriction of protective coating to only those portions of a printed circuit that are electrically conductive. Advantages of selective coating include weight reduction, the use of less material and significantly less induced curl than conventional coating methods.
The term "unsupported lead" means a conductive trace or lead positioned adjacent to but not necessarily supported by the insulating substrate of a flexible circuit. An example of an unsupported lead is one that spans a void in a substrate or extends over the edge of a substrate and thereby exists in an unsupported condition.
Conductive leads or traces "adjacent" to an insulating support or substrate may include those in contact with the support or those in the vicinity of the support without contacting the support, or both.
The term "aqueous acid soluble polymer" refers to a polymer that is at least partially soluble in aqueous acid solutions.
The term "aqueous acid developable polymer" refers to a photoimageable, aqueous acid soluble polymer crosslinked by exposure to suitable radiation so that crosslinked material no longer dissolves in dilute aqueous acid. This allows dissolution of unexposed material to leave an insoluble pattern of crosslinked material corresponding to the pattern of radiation used for exposure.
The term "coalescing solvent" refers to a class of solvents that are water soluble as well as oil soluble. These solvents, e.g. 2-butoxyethanol (butyl cellosolve), facilitate the coalescence of the coating after deposition.
The term "resin solvent" refers to a class of solvents that are substantially water insoluble but in which the cataphoretic resin is soluble. Solvents such as xylene, mixed xylenes, toluene, iso-amyl ketone, methyl iso-butyl ketone and the like facilitate the processing of cataphoretic resins.
Concentrations expressed as percentages (%) signify weight percent (wt. %) unless otherwise indicated.
The present invention provides selectively-applied, protective coatings for conductive traces of flexible printed circuits, particularly flexible interconnects to electrically couple a magnetic transducer, located on the slider of a hard disk drive, to the electronic circuitry of the disk drive. Application of protective coatings according to the present invention uses electrophoretic deposition, sometimes referred to as cataphoretic deposition. This deposition technique applies a coating layer only to those conductive traces of a flexible circuit that carry electrical current provided by a direct current power supply included as a component of an electrophoretic deposition cell. After coalescence and curing with radiant energy, thermal energy or a combination thereof, coatings according to the present invention are substantially free of labile, outgassing products and chemical contaminants including ionic contaminants and particularly silicone and tin contaminants. Such performance is desirable for coating materials that may be used to cover internal components of hard disk drives. In addition the use of electrophoretic deposition places coating composition on, but not between, conductive features of a flexible printed circuit. This avoids protective coating continuity that could otherwise induce curl due to a mismatch of the thermal expansion characteristics of the coating and the substrate supporting the conductive traces of the printed circuit.
Materials suitable as electrically insulating protective layers for delicate, fragile conductive traces according to the present invention include silicone-free epoxy-based polymer compositions and polyimide compositions with the use of epoxy-based polymers being preferred. Epoxy-based polymers are formed such that they have a high Tg without excessive crosslinking. This provides a coating with improved flexibility but still having high temperature performance. The resultant materials may be applied using electrophoretic selective deposition techniques. The use of the term "selective" reflects substantial restriction of protective coating to only those portions of a printed circuit that are electrically conductive. Deposited polymers preferably form coalesced, continuous, protective layers at elevated temperatures. The layers, after coalescence, may be further cured to a hardened coating by thermal curing, or photo-curing or a combination of the two. Coating hardness may be expressed in terms of pencil hardness exemplified by a range from soft to hard of 6B to 5H. Optionally, coating compositions according to the present invention may include photoimageable polyepoxy-based compositions capable of image-wise development. This type of coating, after image-wise exposure, provides further selective control of the area of a conducting trace to be covered for electrical insulation and protection from contamination.
Examples of preferred epoxy polymers according to the present invention include products of reactions of the diglycidyl ether of bis-phenol A (EPON 828 available from Resolution Performance Products or as DER 331 from Dow Chemical Company) and substituted fluorene monomers including fluorene bis-phenol, i.e. 9,9-bis (4-hydroxy phenyl) fluorene and bis-cresol fluorene, i.e. 9,9-bis (4-hydroxy-3-methyl phenyl) fluorene. Controlled reaction of these materials produces oligomers having a substantially linear structure that includes a fluorene moiety. Other constituents may replace the preferred fluorene moieties discussed previously including bis-N-methyl amino phenyl fluorene, i.e. 9,9-bis(4-methylamino phenyl) fluorene, or phenolphthalein or any moiety that raises the Tg of a curing system as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,822,464 (column 2 lines 36-48). The ratio of Tg enhancing monomer (e.g. fluorene bis-phenol) to co-monomer (e.g. EPON 828) is determined by the desired Tg of the coalesced coating and of the cured coating. The larger the amount of the fluorene moiety in the cataphoretic resin, the higher will be the Tg of the coalesced coating and also the cured coating. A coating resin may substantially comprise fluorene-based monomers. For example, reaction of 9,9-bis(4-glycidoxy phenyl) fluorene with 9,9-bis(4-hydroxy phenyl) fluorene yields a coating composition exhibiting a Tg in excess of 160� C. Selected combinations of 9,9-bis(4-glycidoxy phenyl) fluorene, 9,9-bis(4-hydroxy phenyl) fluorene, the diglycidyl ether of bis-phenol A, and bisphenol A itself provide resins within a Tg range.
Coatings of epoxy-based resins include components that facilitate electrophoretic deposition and subsequent crosslinking and curing. Structures containing a bis-maleimide molecule provide one means for thermally crosslinking coatings according to the present invention after cataphoretic deposition. Use of the term bis-maleimides herein refers in general to the reaction product of maleic anhydride with an aliphatic diamine, or an aromatic diamine, or an alicyclic diamine or any combination thereof. Examples of diamines include hexamethylene diamine, methylene di-aniline, isophorone diamine, p-phenylene diamine, o-phenylenediamine, diaminodiphenylsulfone and the like with aromatic diamines such as diaminodiphenylsulfone being preferred. These bis-maleimides are solids that may be dispersed into a coating formulation by grinding in the presence of cationic resins derived from the epoxy oligomers discussed previously.
An alternative thermal crosslinking agent to a bis-maleimide moiety is a blocked isocyanate, which in this invention should be a completely blocked polyisocyanate having at least two isocyanate groups in the molecule. As a further requirement the blocked isocyanate is preferably water insoluble and oil soluble. The coating formulation of this invention requires that it contain no catalyst for unblocking the isocyanate. Such catalysts remain in the coating after cure and may contribute to undesirable outgassing or other contaminating species that could deposit on interior portions of electronic devices such as hard disk drives. The unblocking reaction, when required, is preferably a heat-responsive reaction occurring below 250� C. and preferably in the range of 150-250� C.
Suitable examples of isocyanates include aliphatic diisocyanates, alicyclic diisocyanates and aromatic diisocyanates. Representative aliphatic diisocyanates include hexamethylene diisocyanate, trimethylene diisocyanate, tetramethylene diisocyanate, dimeric acid diisocyanates, lysine diisocyanate and the like. Exemplary alicyclic diisocyanates include isophorone diisocyanate, methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate), methyl cyclohexane diisocyanate, cyclohexane diisocyanate, cyclopentane diisocyanate, and the like. Suitable aromatic diisocyanates include xylylene diisocyanate, tolylene diisocyanate, diphenylmethane diisocyanate, naphthalene diisocyanate, toluidine diisocyanate and the like, urethanated adducts biuret type adducts, isocyanuric ring type adducts or like modified products of these polyisocyanates. Preferred polyisocyanates include aromatic and alicylic polyisocyanates, e.g. isophorone diisocyanate, or a polyisocyanate based upon the trimerization of hexamethylene diisocyanate.
Blocking agents for blocking isocyanate groups of these compounds are, for example, phenol compounds, lactam compounds, active methylene compounds, alcohol compounds, mercaptan compounds, acid amide compounds, imide compounds, amine compounds, imidazole compounds, urea compounds, carbamic acid compounds, imine compounds, oxime compounds and the like.
Coating formulations according to the present invention may also include polyfunctional, free-radically polymerized acrylic monomers with preferred monomers including three or more functional groups. Exemplary acrylate and methacrylate substituted polyfunctional monomers include pentaerythritol triacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate. These polyfunctional monomers contribute to either thermal curing or photocuring of coalesced coatings after electrophoretic deposition.
Known photoinitiators for photosensitive epoxy coating formulations according to the present invention may be primarily oil-soluble materials as listed in the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Fourth Ed., Vol. 20, New York, 1996, p. 850 and selected from the group consisting of benzophenone, halogenated bezophenones, amino functional benzophenones (e.g. Michler's ketone), fluorenone derivatives, anthraquinone derivatives, xanthone derivatives, camphorquinone, benzil, diphenoxy benzophenone, alkyl ethers of benzoin, benzil dimethyl ketal, alpha-hydroxyacetophenone, 1-hydroxy-2-methylphenol-1-propanone, 2,2 diethoxyacetophenone, 1-phenyl-12-propanedione-2-ethoxy-carbonyl)oxime, 2-methyl-1-(4-methylthio)phenyl)-2-morpholino propanone-1,2-benzyl-2-N,N-dimethylamino-1-(4-morpholinophenyl)butanone, alpha-amino acetophenones, halogentated acetophenone derivatives, sulfonyl chlorides of aromatic compounds, acylphosphine oxides, bis-acyl phosphine oxides, bis-imidazoles and the like.
Electrophoretic deposition occurs by migration of charged particles or droplets present in the electrolyte of an electrochemical cell. Application of a potential difference to the cell causes charged particles to migrate to the electrode of opposite charge where charge neutralization, on the conductive surface, causes material to deposit and coat the electrode. Electrophoretic coating, according to the present invention, requires the application of direct current and coating deposition at the negatively charged electrode, or cathode. This may also be referred to herein as cataphoretic coating. Specifically, the polymer is deposited from an emulsion or solution bath containing some amount of solvent soluble polymer dispersed in an aqueous dispersion phase. As discussed herein, electrophoretically depositable emulsions or solutions include a polymer composition dispersed in an appropriate medium or carrier. The carrier comprises water and a coalescing solvent. With current flowing between electrodes immersed in the solution or emulsion bath, particles or droplets of the dispersed phase begin preferential migration towards the electrode of opposite charge.
Aqueous acid solutions, suitable for developing polymeric compositions, according to the present invention, may be selected from acetic acid, ethoxyacetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid, formic acid and succinic acid and mixtures thereof. The developing solution may also contain a coalescing solvent such as butyl cellosolve to aide in the dissolution of the uncrosslinked polymer and improve the definition of the retained features.
After drying an electrophoretically deposited photosensitive epoxy coating at approximately 100� C. to 150� C., an image may be formed by exposing the coating to a pattern of ultraviolet radiation. The photoimaging process occurs via crosslinking exposed areas of the polymer layer using a photo-mask between the coating and a broadband ultraviolet lamp. Photoimaged, crosslinked polymer no longer dissolves in dilute aqueous acid solution. Image patterns, corresponding to the photo-mask, may be developed by dipping the imaged coating in a solution containing from about 0.1% to about 10% of acetic acid in water, or in a water/butyl cellosolve mixture. This removes the unexposed, non-crosslinked polymer that is still soluble in aqueous acid or other suitable developer. After acid development, the developed image, corresponds to the pattern of ultraviolet radiation. This image may be fixed by curing at about 275� C., preferably at about 250� C.
Electrophoretic depositable coating formulations containing polyimides may be cured at about 300� C., preferably at about 350� C., in a nitrogen filled oven. The heating rate and dwell time at the curing temperature require relatively careful control. A positive nitrogen pressure prevents oxidation of the film during curing. The use of a slow rate of heating, to the final curing temperature, allows volatile products to escape before the polyimide cures fully. A controlled heating rate also prevents foaming and film delamination. Coatings heated to temperatures as indicated above are unlikely to retain fugitive chemical contaminants or outgassing materials. Circuits coated with such polyimide material should meet performance requirements for use in HDD assemblies.
Electrophoretic deposition of polymers on conductive surfaces provides a relatively precise approach for covering and protecting fragile leads including unsupported leads used for electrical interconnection in high density printed circuits including flexible circuits. Materials applied in this way have potential application as barrier coatings to provide abrasion resistance and electrically insulating protective layers for product applications in areas such as integrated circuit packaging (ICP), ink jet printers, hard disk drives, medical and biomedical equipment and automotive applications.
This method uses the composition of Example 1 (Table 1) to provide a general method for preparing cataphoretic compositions containing modified epoxy polymers suitable for electrophoretic deposition. This description also includes an alternative embodiment in which the cataphoretic coating is made photosensitive. The remaining cataphoretic coating compositions (described in Table 1) were made by processes similar to that described below.
Synthesis of Fluorene-bis-Phenol-Epoxy Oligomer
Material composition (Example 1):
bis-Phenol fluorene (Monomer "F," MW 350.42)
75.7 g
129.6 g
*EPON 828 is a bis-Phenol A epoxy material available from Resolution Performance Polymers.
The reactants were added to a resin flask equipped with a metal stirrer, a vacuum chuck and a vacuum connection. After evacuation, the resin flask was heated to a temperature of 180� C. using a temperature controlled oil bath. The contents of the resin flask melted as the temperature increased. Upon attainment of 180� C., the mixture was stirred at reduced pressure for one hour. At the end of that time, the pressure was adjusted to atmospheric pressure just long enough for the rapid addition of 0.65 g of triethylphosphonium bromide to the stirred contents of the resin flask. Thereafter the resin flask was evacuated to promote reaction between the epoxy and fluorene-containing materials while minimizing side reactions that could occur if water was present. During stirring for a period of three hours at 180� C. there was a noticeable increase in the viscosity of the mixture.
The reaction flask temperature was reduced to 125� C. The vacuum attachment was removed and replaced by a water-cooled condenser. An amount of 75.0 g. of mixed xylenes was added and the reaction continued, with stirring, at atmospheric pressure for 1.5 hours at 125� C. This yielded a reaction product that was cooled, transferred to a glass jar, and quickly covered to protect it from the environment. The reaction product had an epoxy equivalent weight of 1020 g/equivalent.
The reaction product described previously was diluted with mixed xylenes in a resin flask equipped with a metal stirrer and condenser, using a ratio of 100 g of reaction product to 10 g mixed xylenes. A temperature controlled oil bath was used to raise the temperature to 80� C. The contents of the flask were stirred for thirty minutes at this temperature, during slow, dropwise addition of 8.3 g diethanolamine from a dropping funnel. The reacting mixture was stirred for one hour before rinsing the dropping funnel with a aqueous solution of 12.5 g butyl cellosolve and 10 mls deionized water to collect residual diethanolamine for addition to the reaction flask. After stirring for a further two hours at 80� C., a quantity of 8.2 g of 85% lactic acid in water was added from a dropping funnel, over a period of thirty minutes. Residual lactic acid was rinsed from the dropping funnel as before using the solution of aqueous butyl cellosolve, which was then added to the reaction flask. The resin flask contents were heated at 80� C. for one hour then cooled to 50� C. A volume of 50 ml of deionized water was added with stirring. The resulting resin emulsion may preferably be stored in a glass jar. The solids content of this emulsion was 45.4%.
Separately a ball mill jar and a number of 1.0 inch radius ceramic cylinders were thoroughly cleaned with deionized water, before placing the ceramic media inside the mill jar. A mixture of deionized water and detergent was added to the ball jar, which was then rotated on a two-roll mill for several hours. The cleaning solution was removed from the ball jar before rinsing and flushing thoroughly to remove any traces of detergent.
A quantity of 100 g of the bis-maleimide of diaminodiphenyl sulfone (MATRIMID 5292B available from Vantico Corporation (formerly Ciba-Geigy Resins) was mixed in a beaker with 11 grams (5 g. of solids) of the previously prepared cationic resin emulsion and added to 200 g deionized water in the clean ball mill. After sealing to prevent leakage of its contents, the ball mill was placed on a two-roll mill and allowed to rotate overnight. This process produced a milled product that was removed by opening the ball jar and emptying its contents, including the ceramic media, into a clean aluminum pan. The maximum possible amount of a ball-milled dispersion was decanted from the aluminum pan and the ceramic cylinders into a clean glass jar. The dispersion had a solids content of 32.3%
A photosensitive electrophoretic coating dispersion according to the present invention comprises a mixture of a photoinitiator solution, a free-radically polymerizable, multi functional monomer, a cationic emulsion and a crosslinking dispersion, as described previously. Preparation of a preferred electrophoretic coating dispersion requires addition of 152.6 g of deionized water, with high speed stirring, to a mixture of 23.5 g of cationic emulsion (45.4% solids), 3.1 g of a crosslinking dispersion (32.3% solids) and 1.0 g pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (the free-radically polymerizable, multi-functional monomer) in a 12 oz glass jar. High-speed stirring conditions preferably require the use of a propeller-style blade.
Under red-light darkroom conditions, addition of 1.0 g of a photoinitiator solution imparted photosensitivity to the electrophoretic coating dispersion described above to provide a liquid composition of 7.1 wt. % solids content. The photoinitiator solution contained 2.1 g t-butyl anthraquinone dissolved in a mixture of 7.9 g of butyl cellosolve and 10.4 g mixed xylenes. The resulting photosensitive electrophoretic coating dispersion requires protection from light prior to use.
Electrophoretic coating was carried out under red light darkroom conditions using an Electronic Measurements Inc., TCR power supply operating at 20 volts. A suitable deposition cell included a reservoir to contain the electrophoretic coating dispersion, a means to stir the dispersion, a stainless steel anode and a cathode comprising a flexible circuit including conductive copper traces. The flexible circuit was cleaned by immersion in a 5% solution of sulfuric acid to remove any surface oxide. Residual acid was removed by rinsing with deionized water.
Electrical current flowing through the cell for about ten seconds deposited a coating only on the conductive traces of the flexible circuit. The coating was heated at 100� C. for two minutes to melt the crosslinking dispersion and coalesce the coating over the conductive traces. After cooling, a portion of the coalesced coating was exposed to ultraviolet radiation from an "H" bulb of an UV curing apparatus available from FUSION Systems Corporation (Rockville Md.). Another portion of the flexible circuit was masked during this exposure to allow comparison between exposed and unexposed material. Application of a solution containing 10% acetic acid in deionized water removed the unexposed portion leaving photocured material adhered to the portion of the conductive traces exposed to ultraviolet radiation. After a final rinse in deionized water, the photocured coating was heated for about one hour at 170� C. to thermally cure the remaining coating and bake it on to the selected conductive traces.
The coated circuit produced by electrophoretic deposition was flat, showing substantially no curl. There was also evidence to show strong adhesion of the coating to the conductive traces since the coated flexible circuit, when bent back upon itself, showed no delamination from the traces. While remaining highly flexible, coatings according to the present invention did not appear to contain any fugitive materials in the form of ionic or outgassing components.
A procedure similar to that described for Example 1 was used to provide a coating formulation free from the bis-maleimide of diaminodiphenyl sulfone (MATRIMID 5292B). The resulting electrophoretic coating emulsions were deposited on both copper and gold electrocoated circuits using the continuous process described above. Coating conditions included an applied potential of 7 volts for copper traces and 5 volts for gold plated traces. The current draw was approximately 200 mA for a web speed of 6 ft/min. Deposited material was coalesced in line at 150� C. (303� F.). The coalesced coating was photocured off-line to a hardness of 3H by exposure to 14 mJ/m2 of ultraviolet radiation. Flexible coated circuits exhibited no detectable curl and withstood a zero radius bend without delamination.
A procedure similar to that described for Example 1 provided an emulsion for electrophoretic coating of conductive traces, in which the bis-cresol of fluorene (Monomer BCF) replaced the bis-phenol of fluorene (Monomer F) in the substituted fluorene epoxy oligomer. The resin had an epoxy equivalent weight of about 990. In addition, the pentaerythritol tetraacrylate crosslinker, of Example 1, was replaced by DESMODUR BL 3175A (available from Bayer Corporation). This provides a thermally crosslinkable material that is not photoimageable. The resulting electrophoretic coating emulsion was deposited on copper circuits using the continuous process described above. Coating conditions included an applied potential of 10 volts. The coating was coalesced on the coater at 132� C. and thermally cured at 240� C. for about 2 minutes. Although the coating appeared substantially uniform, there was evidence of circular voids caused by residual copper oxide on the copper circuits. Careful cleaning procedures remove these voids. Cured coating had a pencil hardness of H and coated circuits were flexible enough to survive a zero degree radius bend test. The printed circuit showed no evidence of curl and soldering through the coating established electrical connection to an underlying metal trace.
A procedure similar to that described in Example 1 provided an emulsion for electrophoretic coating of conductive traces. The pentaerythritol tetraacrylate crosslinker was replaced by an adduct of methyl ethyl ketoxime and hexamethylene diisocyanate to provide a thermally crosslinkable material. Coating emulsions were deposited on copper circuits using the continuous process described above. The coating was applied at a potential of 7 volts, with a current draw of approximately 200 mA, for a web speed of 6 ft/min. After rinsing and air drying, the web supporting the coated circuits was wound on a reel using a polyester interleaver. At this point in the process the coatings had not been coalesced. The coalescence operation was performed separately by heating coated circuits to 100� C. for one minute. Subsequent heating at 255� C. for about one minute produced the final cured coating having a pencil hardness of F. The resulting coated flexible circuit showed no evidence of curl and withstood bending at a zero radius bend without delamination.
Coating Formulations
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4
Cationic Resin 1
Cationic Resin 2
Cationic Resin 3
containing bis-
Crosslinker A
Crosslinker B
Crosslinker C
Resin Solvent
Coalescing Solvent
Deionized Water
Applied Voltage
20 volts
5-7 volts
10 volts
7 volts
Deposition Time
10 seconds
˜10 seconds
˜10 seconds
˜10 seconds
Coating Hardness
Flexibility - mandrel
No delamination
No delamination
No delamination
No delamination
with bend over
with bend over
with bend over
with bend over
Other features
Not solderable
Not solderable
through coating
through coating
through coating
through coating
after cure
after photo-cure
after cure
after cure. Could
be rolled up on
an interleaver for
later curing
Cationic Resin 1—Reaction product of the diglycidyl ether of bis-phenol A (EPON 828) with "fluorene bis-phenol" and diethanolamine, cationized with lactic acid, made as described in Example 1 and 2.
Cationic Resin 2—Reaction product of the diglycidyl ether of bis-phenol A (EPON 828) with "bis-cresol fluorene" and diethanolamine, cationized with lactic acid, made as described in Example 3.
Cationic Resin 3.—Reaction product of the diglycidyl ether of bis-phenol A (EPON 828) with "fluorene bis phenol" and diethanolamine, cationized with lactic acid, differing only in molecular weight from Cationic Resin 1.
Crosslinker A—Pentaerythritol tetraacrylate
Crosslinker B—DESMODUR BL 3175A
Crosslinker C—Reaction product of methyl ethyl ketoxime and hexamethylene diisocyanate.
Coated flexible circuits of Example C1 were obtained by application to their surface of a commercially available, screen-printable covercoat designated as R/FLEX 8080LP5 and available from Rogers Corporation of Chandler, Ariz. R/FLEX 8080LP5 is an aqueous alkali-developable, liquid-photoimageable solder resist ink developed for flexible circuit boards. Final cure of photoimaged material may be achieved by heating according to manufacturer's specifications. This material is offered for use in hard disk drive applications.
A modified R/FLEX 8080 screen-printable composition, also available from Rogers Corporation of Chandler, Ariz. was used for Examples C2. This covercoat material was applied and tested in the same way as Example C1.
Table 2 shows improved performance of the present invention compared with commercially available covercoats.
Property Comparison
Example 2
Example C1
Example C2
Target Property
ng/ cm2
ng/ cm2
ng/ cm2
4.0 � 1.0
140.0 � 1.0
33.0 � 24.0
4.0 � 1.0
150.0 � 57.0
36.0 � 28.0
Total Target
52.0 � 7.5
3.0 � 5.0
190.0 � 28
113.0 � 7.4
No curl
No curl
No curl
No cracking with
No cracking with
No cracking with
(wire diameter)
0.0 mm bend
0.35 mm bend
0.25 mm bend
Water Extractable Ions
Samples of coatings were placed in deionized water and heated in an oven at 85� C. for one hour to provide solutions containing water extractable material. The solutions were analyzed for anions or cations using known Ion Chromatography techniques.
Determination of Labile (Outgassing) Products
Coating samples were outgassed in dynamic headspace oven-manifolds and the volatile materials collected by this method were analyzed by thermal desorption gas chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques.
Flexible Circuit Flatness Measurement
Flatness was measured using a flexible circuit approximately five centimeters in length. One end of the sample was taped to a flat surface. The other end of the sample was inspected for deflection that appeared as a measurable gap between the flexible circuit and the flat surface.
Measurement of Coating Hardness
Cured polymer films, deposited as covercoats on flexible circuits, exhibit good adhesion (ASTM D3359) and hardness that may be determined with respect to pencil hardness gradations, from soft to hard, of 6B, 5B, 4B, 3B, 2B, HB, F, H, 2H, 3N, 4H, 5H according to standard test method ASTM D3363.
Circuit Flexibility Measurement
The flexibility of flexible circuits, coated according to the present invention, was measured by wrapping a sample around wires of diminishing diameter until the coating showed evidence of cracking. Samples were tested with the coating facing either towards the wire mandrel or away from it. The latter, outwards facing, coating orientation represents the most severe test condition. Test results provide most severe bend, i.e. wrapping condition that samples were able to withstand without cracking, regardless of coating orientation. A 0.0 mm (zero) bend represents a test condition in which a coated sample is folded upon itself and held flat for about 5.0 seconds using an applied weight.
Extractable Cations
Example 2
Example 4
Example 4
Target Cation
ng/ cm2
Fully cured ng/ cm2
Coalesced ng/ cm2
Total cations
Note: ND = None Detected.
Extractable Anions
Example 2
Example 4
Example 4
Target Anion
ng/ cm2
Fully cured ng/ cm2
Coalesced ng/ cm2
17 � 0.91
8.7 � 1.4
Total Anions
Example 2
Example 4
Example 4
ng/ cm2
Fully cured ng/ cm2
Coalesced ng/ cm2
28.0 � 12.0
35.0 � 11.0
3.0 � 5.0
organic acids
Acrylic acid
Methacrylic acid
Benzoic acid
Total amines
Total amides
Total other esters
6.0 � 9.0
Alkyl acrylates
Other unkown
4.0 � 1.0
1.0 � 2.0
Total Outgassing
4.0 � 1.0
38.0 � 22.0
35.0 � 11.0
Soldering through coatings according to the present invention was easily achieved using a soldering iron heated to 370� C. (700� F.) and a solder having a 60/40 Sn/Pb ratio. The molten solder melted the coating over a metal trace and adhered well to provide an electrical connection at a selected point of a flexible circuit. Evaluation of coalesced-only coatings and fully-cured coatings revealed that fully-cured coatings required approximately three seconds for through-soldering, while coalesced-only samples soldered through immediately. Molten solder was observed to flow to the edge of a coating leaving no unprotected areas of the conductive surface exposed. Soldered connections appeared to be secure and could not readily be pulled or scraped away.
Coating formulations, preferably containing epoxy oligomers, and related procedures for electrophoretic deposition of coatings have been described according to the present invention. In light of the present disclosure, those of skill in the art will appreciate that changes may be made to the embodiments disclosed herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 17, 1970
|Jul 1, 1975
|Process for selectively forming electrophoretic coatings on electrical contacts
|Sep 26, 1984
|Jun 3, 1986
|Rohm And Haas Company
|Electrophoretic deposition process
|Nov 6, 1985
|Dec 16, 1986
|Ciba-Geigy Corporation
|Process for irradiating polyimides
|Oct 4, 1984
|Apr 7, 1987
|Ciba-Geigy Corporation
|Radiation-sensitive coating composition
|Dec 12, 1985
|Jun 30, 1987
|Shinto Paint Co., Ltd.
|Method for selectively bonding substrate having fine electroconductive pattern
|Jan 2, 1987
|May 23, 1989
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Polyimides reaction products and use in electrophoretic deposition
|Dec 12, 1985
|Jul 4, 1989
|Shinto Paint Co., Ltd.
|Flexible cicuit substrate with electroconductive adhesive layer and its production
|May 5, 1987
|Jul 4, 1989
|Kansai Paint Co., Ltd.
|Photocurable electrodeposition coating compositions for printed circuit photoresist films
|Jan 11, 1988
|Oct 31, 1989
|Rohm And Haas Company
|Electrophoretically depositable photosensitive polymer composition
|Jan 29, 1988
|Feb 27, 1990
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Water-compatible coating composition
|Jul 6, 1987
|Apr 3, 1990
|Ciba-Geigy Corporation
|Polyimides, a process for their preparation and their use, and tetracarboxylic acids and tetracarboxylic acid derivatives
|Dec 8, 1988
|May 15, 1990
|Ciba-Geigy Corporation
|Auto-photocrosslinkable copolyimides and polyimide compositions
|Jul 25, 1989
|Sep 11, 1990
|Basf Lacke & Farben Akt
|Process for removing from electrocoating baths impurities which cause surface defects
|Mar 26, 1990
|Oct 8, 1991
|Shipley Company Inc.
|Electrodepositable photoresists for manufacture of hybrid circuit boards
|Oct 8, 1991
|Jan 26, 1993
|Nippon Paint Co., Ltd.
|Production of solder masked electric circuit boards
|May 7, 1992
|Jan 24, 1995
|Shipley Company Inc.
|Photoimageable compositions for electrodeposition
|Sep 28, 1994
|Aug 8, 1995
|Kansai Paint Co., Ltd.
|Positive-type photosensitive electrodeposition coating composition containing resin having ionic group and modified quinonediazidesulfone unit
|Jul 1, 1994
|Mar 26, 1996
|Amoco Corporation
|Photoimageable polyimide coating
|Apr 11, 1995
|Apr 2, 1996
|Amoco Corporation
|Photocurable polyimide coated glass fiber
|May 26, 1995
|Jul 2, 1996
|Amoco Corporation
|Photoimageable polyimide coating
|Apr 4, 1996
|Feb 4, 1997
|Amoco Corporation
|Photoimageable polyimide coating
|May 30, 1995
|Mar 4, 1997
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Method for making interconnects and semiconductor structures using electrophoretic photoresist deposition
|May 26, 1998
|Mar 28, 2000
|Nec Corporation
|Method of thermocompression bonding a supporting substrate to a semiconductor bare chip
|May 12, 1998
|Apr 4, 2000
|Seagate Technology, Inc.
|Flex circuit head interconnect with insulating spacer
|Dec 7, 1999
|Jan 9, 2003
|Seagate Technology Llc
|Reduced stiffness printed circuit head interconnect
|May 7, 1991
|Nov 13, 1991
|Amoco Corporation
|Photoimageable polyimide coating
|Title not available
|Abstract-2001 Derwent Info Ltd Dec. 7, 2001.
|Abstract—2001 Derwent Info Ltd Dec. 7, 2001.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 18, 2006
|Nov 18, 2008
|Airinspace B.V.
|Electrostatic filter having insulated electrodes
|May 9, 2005
|Apr 28, 2009
|Magnecomp Corporation
|Dimensionally stabilized flexible circuit fabrication method and product
|Apr 18, 2006
|Aug 10, 2010
|Airinspace B.V.
|Air purification device
|Jul 30, 2007
|Aug 23, 2011
|Airinspace B.V.
|Air purification devices
|Jun 30, 2004
|Sep 6, 2011
|Raustech Pty Ltd
|Charged emulsions for site-specific deposition of matter at micro and nano scale
|Feb 18, 2008
|Jul 23, 2013
|Semblant Global Limited
|Printed circuit boards
|Jun 21, 2006
|Oct 22, 2013
|Cree, Inc.
|System for and method for closed loop electrophoretic deposition of phosphor materials on semiconductor devices
|Jun 19, 2012
|Mar 31, 2015
|Semblant Limited
|Electrical assembly and method
|Aug 11, 2009
|Jun 9, 2015
|Semblant Limited
|Apparatus with a multi-layer coating and method of forming the same
|Feb 18, 2008
|Feb 4, 2010
|Frank Ferdinandi
|Printed Circuit Boards
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 26, 2001
Owner name: 3M INNOVATIVE PROPERTIES COMPANY, MINNESOTA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:POCIUS, ALPHONSUS V.;LATOURELLE, RITA A.;REEL/FRAME:011946/0601;SIGNING DATES FROM 20010619 TO 20010622
|May 24, 2005
|Certificate of correction
|Apr 14, 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Apr 21, 2008
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|May 28, 2012
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Oct 12, 2012
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Dec 4, 2012
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20121012


text:
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When a vagina becomes sexually aroused and wet based on an interaction with or the presence of another female friend; the female equivalent to a broner.
Adrienne and I were having a great evening together, just eating ice cream and watching Sex and the City, which totally made me tramp damp.
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La Goulette
La Goulette, Tunisia
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We had all chosen different tours in Tunisia after being told we needed a visa to go ashore otherwise. Trish and Rex did the scenic drive, Anna and Philip the transfer to the city and we opted for the Best of Tunisia. Our guide was Fati and he kept ...
Walking through and around the city.
If memory serves myself correctly, we have gone to La Goulette four times. Its harbour is an habitual docking point for cruises on the Western Mediterranean, but almost no one of their guest stay in this city, being most frecuent to go to Tunis, Carthage, ...
Tunisia is definitely a different world and a world of contradictions. Muslim and a mix of modern&progressive and ancient&backwards. A former french colony so both Arabic and French are spoken, with French appearantly preferred by the younger ...


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Northern Hwy closed between Elmore and Rochester
Country Fire Authority are on the scene of a small grass fire, near Elmore. The fire is now contained. Vic Roads has advised drivers to seek an alternate route.January 31, 2013 5:40pm
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Luke has plenty to smile about
Luke Morgan has written his name into history at Benalla Football Club after leading the Saints to their first premiership in 42 years.
Pigeons fall short after late charge
The Yarrawonga Pigeons A grade netball team has fallen agonisingly short of winning the 2015 Ovens and Murray Premiership against Wodonga after staging a great final quarter fightback.
Policing with a focus on community involvement
There is a new police sergeant in Mooroopna and his name is Gerard Warrin.
Former Echuca basketballer safe after Oregon shooting
FORMER Echuca basketballer Staci Richardson was just minutes away from crossing paths with the US gunman who shot and killed 10 people and injured seven at an Oregon college.
REDHS earns glowing praise
ROCHESTER and District residents have known for a long time they have a great health service.
Can they do it?
Bombers prepare for GVFL Grand Final
Hughes Creek Fish Circus a great success
Hundreds flock to Avenel to learn a thing or three.
Toc. merger new aged plan
Tocumwal Lions Club has plans to purchase the Bowling Club site for an aged care facility, which will only happen if the merger between the Tocumwal bowls and golf clubs proceeds.
Time for action as kangaroos invade the region's highways
A NASTY run-in with a kangaroo on the Northern Hwy between Melbourne and Echuca has convinced one regular traveller on the road the question of a cull needs to be addressed.
Alleged tractor hoons arrested
Three Cobram teens have been arrested by police after they allegedly stole tractors from Cobram and Tocumwal and caused about $30 000 in damage.
Ride volunteer training
Volunteers of the two-legged and four-legged variety gathered in Deniliquin on September 18 for a Deniliquin Riding for the Disabled Association branch training day.
Increased water in Goulburn, Murray systems
The Resource Manager for northern Victoria today announced increased seasonal allocations in the Murray, Goulburn, Broken and Loddon irrigation systems.
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Burial Mounds and Settlement Patterns: A Quantitative Approach to Their Identification from the Air and Interpretation
Oltean, Ioana A., Antiquity
Funerary mounds, described as 'barrows', 'tumuli' or 'kurgans', have long been acknowledged as a ubiquitous presence in the archaeological landscapes of Eurasia and beyond, transcending geography and culture (Smejda & Turek 2004; Smejda 2006; Harding 2011). Varying in size and density, they are widely scattered across vast ancient cultural areas. However, despite--or rather because of--their frequency, we have significant difficulties in accurately appreciating their numbers, distribution and chronologies. Unfortunately, this also means that we understand, equally poorly, important questions about these ancient societies, whether related to the spatial and social associations between the living and the dead, or the intensity of human activity and its impact on the natural landscape across these vast territories. Nor do we fully appreciate the extent to which such monuments have survived over rime or what can be done to protect them effectively.
The chronological and social dimensions of burial are often clarified through programmes of excavation; however a full understanding requires knowledge of the spatial geography that comes from systematic, large-scale programmes of archaeological survey and mapping over wider regions. In this respect, aerial and satellite imagery can be of particular value. Recent research in the Ponto-Danubian region has employed for the first time, with exceptional results, an integrated programme of aerial photography and satellite remote sensing to identify and map barrow cemeteries and settlements, enabling the appreciation of ancient landscapes at an unprecedented scale.
The case study: natural and archaeological background
Dobrogea is a region located on the western shores of the Black Sea between the coast and the last stretch of the Danube, which borders the region to the north and west (Figure 1). The Carasu Valley, extending westwards from near Constanta (ancient Tomis) on the sea shore to Cernavoda (Axiopolis) on the Danube, separates the northern, topographically higher and more fragmented tableland leading on to the Macin hills, from the southern region now divided between Romania and Bulgaria. On the Romanian side, which is the subject of the present study, southern Dobrogea is a region of tableland with relatively steep shores facing both the Danube to the west and the Black Sea to the east. The largest part of the study area consists of a featureless maritime plateau of 100-150m altitude, cut only by a few seasonal river valleys, which includes most of the central zone and extends along the coast from north of Constanta to the Bulgarian border. The coastal terrace rises 20-40m asl and hosts a series of silted-up estuarine mouths of seasonal river valleys which now form salt water lakes (Oltean & Hanson 2007: 76-7).
As an area devoid of naturally flowing rivers, southern Dobrogea is Romania's warmest and driest region. Currently the landscape is predominantly given over to arable cultivation, but vineyards along the Carasu Valley produce some of the finest wines in Romania. In the central sector, arable farming was significantly encouraged by irrigation after the construction of the Danube-Black Sea Canal along the Carasu Valley (completed in 1984), but is restricted by local topography in the western, higher tableland, and by water shortages in the south, where pasture predominates, alongside small remaining patches of pine forests.
Despite its natural challenges, Dobrogea was an area of long-lived human occupation throughout prehistory and, with its constant ebb and flow ofpopulations, a genuine interface for cultural interaction between the classical Mediterranean and prehistoric Eurasian cultures (Batty 2007). With mid-Neolithic settlements dating from at least the sixth millennium BC (most notably Hamangia and Harsova), Dobrogea later became part of the ancient territory of the Thracian tribes (the Getae), while presenting sufficient attraction to Scythians and to Milesian and Heraclean colonists. …


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400 Walnut in Philadelphia, PA
Welcome Home to 400 Walnut in Philadelphia, PA. Enjoy Historic views of Independence Square and the Delaware River. Walk to find dining and shoping. Centrally located near public transportation and major highways! 400 Walnut offers 1 and 2 bedroom luxury apartment homes. Enjoy our spacious floor plans, fully equipped kitchens and washer and dryers in each unit. We are pet friendly so call today for more details!
400 Walnut400 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106 USA
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1 Bedroom
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|$1,550 - $2,150
|1 Bathroom
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1 Bedroom 1 Bath apartment located in Philadelphia, PA
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2 Bedroom 2 Bath apartment located in Philadelphia, PA
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- Pet Policy
400 Walnut in Philadelphia, PA
Enjoy beathtaking views of Independence Square and the Delaware River. Fine dining and fabulous shopping are all within walking distance as well as the activities along the Delaware River. Visit Indenpendence Hall and the Liberty Bell and end the day with a walk through the historic parks of Independence and Washington Squares. Experience the history and prestige of this historically certified property located in the Society Hill section of Philadelphia. Just renovated into superb luxury apartments, 400 Walnut combines this beautiful location with the latest and most modern conveniences. Offering 1 and 2 bedroom spacious floor plans with washers and dryers in each apartment. Fully equipped kitchens with ceramic tile floors. Inspection by appointment. Pet friendly community! Call now!
Special Features
- Several different spacious floor plans
- 1 and 2 Bedroom Apartment Homes
- 24-Hour Front Desk Concierge
- Full size washer/dryer in every apartment
- Fully equipped kitchen with ceramic floors
- Fabulous bathrooms with marble floors
- Convenient to shopping and dining
- Enjoy the Views!
- Pet Friendly- Call for Details
- Full size washer/dryer in every apt.
- Easy Commute to surrounding areas
- Close to local Historic Attractions and Parks
Community Features
- Apartment
- Controlled Access
- Disability Access
- Elevator
- High Rise
- Public Transportation
- View
Additional Information
Apartments in Community: 68
Apartment Amenities
- Air Conditioning
- Cable or Satellite
- Carpet
- Dishwasher
- Garbage Disposal
- Gas Utilities Included
- Internet Access
- Microwave
- Tile Floors
- Washer Dryer In Unit
- Window Covering
Local Schools
- Gen. George A. Mccall School
- Horace Furness High School
We believe school data to be accurate, but do not guarantee that. Please be sure to verify where your children will attend school before making your housing decision.
Pet Policy
A one time $250 non-refundable pet fee.
- Cats Allowed
- Small Dogs Allowed
Contact 400 Walnut
400 Walnut
Office HoursMon - Fri 9 am -6 pm Sat 10 am - 4 pm
Please call for driving directions.
Nearby Suggested Apartments
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Situated on 122 maturely landscaped acres in Elkins Park, Cheltenham Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. Each day is open to countless opportunities for relaxation and recreation; A morning swim, an afternoon game of tennis, lounging poolside with friend, or perhaps you?ll ...
Pet friendly one-bedroom, one-bedroom with den, and two-bedroom apartments each with washer and dryer. Smoke-free apartment rentals available. Modernista Kitchens available with stainless steel appliances and maple flooring. Fitness center with cardio equipment and free weights, and a business center ...
Enjoy a healthy care-free lifestyle with our 24/7 fitness center, seasonal Bike Share program and swimming pool with free poolside Wi-Fi. Each apartment includes a washer and dryer, reliable maintenance, private entrances, large bedrooms and closets, and free on-site parking. ...
As you search for your perfect apartment, please keep in mind that rental rates (including specials and discounts) and availability are very fluid in the apartment industry. Based on many factors, the rental rates (including specials and discounts) and availability can actually change not just daily, but hourly, if not even more quickly. While our advertisers do take steps to keep their information current, the rental rates or availability you may find here now at ForRent.com may not be the same as when you contact the communities.


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A study of professional baseball players found that those who participated in throwing activities during their youth retained half of their arms' bone size and one-third of their bone strength as adults. The findings were published on the website of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Full Story:PhysiciansBriefing.com


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If you have attended my Reiki Attunement Workshops this class is part of the your ongoing training and no donation is expected.
Come and Experience Reiki therapy first hand.
All Reiki practitioners and energy therapist are welcomed. This is a place of gathering to practice the art of energy therapy with love and light!
Reiki night is great opportunity to receive a healing, meet new and like minded people, develop lasting friendships and enjoy the healing vibrations of energy therapy.
" Resonating healing vibrations through unconditional love"
We just grab a coffee and speak French. Some people have been coming every week for months... it creates a kind of warmth to the group.
— Rafaël, started French Conversation Group
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Tags » Thames Ditton
British Isles: Hospitality III.2 ~ England: The Thames Path
Now, the night before starting off on the Thames Path (or another link) towards Oxford, I spent probably a half-hour or so walking around in the dark, in the park, by the river (sorry…sounding Seussish?) trying to find a suitably out of the way place to sleep. 3,179 more words
Zodiac Security, Thames Ditton, 2014
Ye Olde Swan
Continuing with my quest of discovering Surrey's oldest pubs, Jman and I decided the check out 13th century Ye Olde Swan in Thames Ditton.
It's located right on the River Thames and before you go trying all those doors, the entrance is on the river side. 557 more words
Ye Olde Swan - New (Chinese) Lunar Year Special
The setting of Ye Olde Swan Inn, on the banks of the Thames in the sleepy village of Thames Ditton is picturesque. A positively excellent suspension footbridge bounds from the river terrace across to Thames Ditton Island – a 300m long residential island that used to be owned by the publican at the Swan. 255 more words
Island Life
For the last 8 years I have lived on a little island on the river Thames.
Water, as I've mentioned before, has always been my element, and I had promised myself many years ago that one day, I would live on or beside it. 1,682 more words
#todaysconclusions 07/02/15
Thames Ditton is a lovely area.
When I've drank too much I will find a quiet room to fall asleep in.
I'm in love with a massive dog called Darcy. 10 more words


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I like to play and mod Battlefield 2.
Steam- empireman671
Nice animations!!!!
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MG36 animations by glebclose
This is in my Soviet War private mod


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Let-Sell Property, B17 Property for sale
10 Hampton Court Road, Harbourne, B17 9AE | Call 0121 347 6169
Property type
More options
- Pre-owned / New homes No preference
- Ownership type No preference
- Retirement No preference
- Buyer incentives No preference
Offers in region of £174,950
3 bed terraced house for saleRidgacre Road, Quinton B32
Let-Sell Property are pleased to offer this traditional 3 bedroom semi-detached house in a good location The property is gas centrally heated and double glazed with two reception rooms fitted kitchen, good sized family bathroom and rear garden. More details
Note: Distances are straight line measurements
- Rowley Regis (2.1 miles)
- University (Birmingham) (2.3 miles)
Marketed by Let-Sell Property, B17. Call 0121 347 6169
Further information for property for sale from Let-Sell Property, B17
Zoopla is one of the UK's leading property portals, helping you to find property for sale and to rent and make smarter decisions when buying and renting homes in the UK. Discover information on homes in B17 by researching B17 property values, B17 house prices paid, our B17 property market overview and find B17 agents.


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Cradle of Filth -- Toronto, Ontario -- February 26th, 2011
View Single Post
with his arms outstretched
Join Date: Oct 2008
Location: Keswick, Ontario
Posts: 7,260
Cradle of Filth -- Toronto, Ontario -- February 26th, 2011
An early show because I think the club wanted us out by 11 for a Rave or something. I actually didn't mind. I missed Turisis and Daniel Lioneye. I was worried about Natchmystium because I like them but all I hear is how horrible they are live. I thought they were actually pretty good except when they got all four members singing then it sounded a little off. Cradle was great, I was surprised by the lack of new material, nothing from Damnation and a Day and how much of their stuff I actually knew. My first time seeing them, they all looked pretty cool except Dani. The new outfit he's wearing looked like a onesie you'd dress a toddler in (from hell). Or he's let himself go.
(not sure)
(not sure - instrumental)
Hellish Overdose
Ruined Life Continuum
High on Hate
Cradle of Filth
Heaven Torn Asunder
Funeral in Carpathia
Honey & Sulpher
Lillith Immaculate
Her Ghost in the Fog
Nyphetamine - Fix
Principals of Evil Made Flesh
Under Huntress Moon
Ebony Dressed For Sunset
The Forest Whispers My Name
Cruelty Brought thee Orchids
From Cradle to Enslave
We were out by 9:30. Had I know it was ending so early I'd have bought a ticket for Motorhead, who were playing less than a half hour drive away and probably didn't go on stage until 10:30.
10/04 -- Black Dahlia Murder
10/16 -- Negura Bunget
11/01 -- Deafheaven
11/12 -- Belphegor
11/13 -- Styx
11/21 -- Machine Head
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Volunteer with us
New Year's Eve 2015
We are now seeking volunteers for Sydney New Year's Eve 2015.
The volunteer roles are part of the Spectator Services Team including information booths and roving information teams.Apply now
Opportunities at the City
We encourage people to do something good for their local community through volunteering. You can make new friends, learn new skills or help someone in need with one of our many projects when you become a volunteer with us, including:
- delivering Meals on Wheels
- tutoring/assisting at one of our spaces
- taking part in a We Heart Sydney Park bushcare session.
Opportunities to volunteer are updated on this page when they arise.
Be sure to also view our volunteer and donation directory of not-for-profit organisations.
Several websites list other volunteering opportunities in the City and surrounding areas. The Centre for Volunteering has some great stories about volunteering.
DoSomethingNearYou Go Volunteer Good CompanyThe Centre for Volunteering
We Heart Sydney Park
We're looking for keen green thumbs to join our volunteer bushcare group.
Any time you give will help Sydney Park thrive. By weeding and planting, you'll create new homes for native wildlife and keep the park beautiful.
You'll also have the chance to meet other locals, and join in our birdwatching tours, walks, talks and more.
Session times
9.30am–2.30pm every Wednesday except the 2nd Wednesday each month, which will be replaced by every 2nd Saturday each month, starting on Saturday 8 August 2015.
Register with Conservation Volunteers to get involved – you can register for a single session or come along every week.
Session calendar
- Saturday 10 October
- Wednesday 14 October
- Wednesday 21 October
- Wednesday 28 October
- Wednesday 4 November
- Saturday 14 November
- Wednesday 18 November
- Wednesday 25 November
To register
Contact our partners, Conservation Volunteers or search Sydney Park on their site.
02 9331 1610 firstname.lastname@example.com
We're looking for keen green thumbs to join our volunteer bushcare group at Sydney Park http://t.co/4NQmfNxpwt pic.twitter.com/PFmgHsGzig— City of Sydney (@cityofsydney) August 4, 2015
Meals on Wheels
Our volunteers work in pairs delivering prepared meals to our clients at home on weekdays from 10.30am to 12.30pm. Full support is provided by a paid staff member as you work together across numerous suburbs within the City's local area.
The positions currently available are:
- driver/helper
- group/corporate volunteering days (Christmas and Easter).
To work in these roles you need to be:
- able to work with people with disabilities and their carers
- reliable and punctual
- have good oral and written communication
- able to work in a team environment.
Drivers need to have their own vehicle and a current driver's licence. Travel costs will be reimbursed by the City.
Successful applicants are trained in standards on:
- food safety
- Workplace Health and Safety (WHS)
- Home and Community Care (HACC).
Our volunteers play a vital role to ensure we are providing the best possible service to our residents.
Essential requirements
You will need to provide 2 names of referees who will be contacted by phone. The City must undertake criminal history record checks on prospective Meals on Wheels volunteers.
For more information about volunteering, please contact:
Meals on Wheels Coordinator
02 8512 email@example.com
City spaces
We sometimes have volunteer positions available at our centres for:
- tutors
- reception assistants
- bilingual bus assistants.
Volunteer tutors must have prior training or teaching experience, particularly with older people.
Our bus assistants help community bus passengers on and off the bus and to communicate with the bus driver.
Reception assistants provide simple reception duties at our podiatry service.
You will need to provide 2 names of referees and agree to a criminal history record check.
An ability to speak a community language such as Cantonese, Mandarin, Russian or Spanish is highly regarded.
For more information about volunteering at one of the City's centres, please contact:
Sydney New Year's Eve
Sydney New Year's Eve is renowned globally as one of the most spectacular events in the world.
It is a New Year celebration with a spectacular fireworks display set against a glittering Sydney Harbour.
We are now seeking volunteers for NYE 2015. Applications close 25 November 2015.
Last updated: Thursday, 1 October 2015


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Get Help
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Getting Help for AiM
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Need help with your AiM login (your VCU eID)?
Visit the VCU-TS Knowledge Base
or call the Help Desk at 828-2227


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Our pharmacy does not carry XR and will not be able to get for 24 to 48 hours. I have a patient who has been on Keppra xr 1000mg for some time at hs..I have the IR available, what dose do I give while awaiting the shipment?
Levetiracetam - what dose of Keppra IR would equal Keppra XR 1000mg in an emergency?
- Posted:
- 18 Jan 2010 by hospitalist
- Topics:
- keppra, levetiracetam, pharmacy
Answers (1)
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Does Levetiracetam ( Keppra) have any anti-inflammatory properties?
Our son takes it since he had a brain tumor removed. We are curious if this works on neutralizing inflammation.
2 answers • 24 Mar 2012
Keppra - Does a 6000 mg daily dose of levetiracetam interfere with dilantin's effectiveness?
I had a seizure in 1993, was given dilantin and it worked except for when the dose was lowered. Since December of 2011 I have had 3 gran mals after ...
1 answer • 12 Sep 2012
Levetiracetam - My duaghter does not have epilepsy, but has had a few auras. Drs gave her keppra. 3?
... years later, not much has changed. Still has night terrors and auras. Can we take her off keppra slowly? She's 21
2 answers • 3 Jan 2013
What dose Keppra ( Levetiracetam ) do for depression if at all ?
1 answer • 31 Mar 2013
Keppra - What happens if you accidentally take a double dose?
Child 15 years. Taking 1000mg in divided doses. Taken 500mg in the morning but 1000 at night
1 answer • 12 Nov 2014


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learning a new trade and the opportunity to go elsewhere afterwards.
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Add Pinterest to the NextGEN Gallery plugin.
Install this plugin in the normal way:
/wp-content/plugins/ directory
To use it, simply download, and activate. The Pinterest Lightbox button should be show up in your lightboxes!
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- Rehearsal dates TBD; performs Nov. 5 (7:30 p.m.) in NYC.
- Seeking submissions from: New York, NY
Casting a staged reading of "Boys Don't Wear Lipstick" in celebration for its 15th anniversary. Seeking five actors for roles in the life of one character on his/her journey through gender transition. One time performance to benefit Dixon Place.Sep 30
- Shoot dates and location TBD (dependent on family cast). Apply by Nov. 25.
- Seeking submissions nationwide/worldwide
Seeking outgoing, competitive, wild, and fun family members for family reunion pilot.Sep 30
- Production tentatively begins early November (two weekend shoots) in NYC.
- Seeking submissions from: New York, NY
Casting 'The Ways,' a lo-fi sci-fi story about alternate realities, friendship, and how technology can sort of ruin it. Synopsis: Salome, a mute librarian, befriends an ambitious university scientist named Noah, and over time they become good friends. When Noah shows what he's been working on--a device that creates a ...Sep 30
- Rehearsals begin Oct. 18 (1 p.m.) in Astoria, NY; shooting begins Oct. 31 in the West Village, NYC area.
- Seeking submissions from: New York, NY
Casting "YouChoose," a sci-fi feature film. Logline: The lives of people in New York City are turned upside down because of YouChoose, a dating app that finds your soulmate. Synopsis: It sounds like a joke. Install Your Soulmate? Unlike apps that drown you in a sea of players, flakes, and ...Sep 30
- Company provides entertainment year-round; the majority of events are on weekends in the Atlanta, GA area. Note: This position is for Metro Atlanta, Covington, and Athens area only. Must be local.
- Seeking submissions from: Atlanta, GA; Covington, GA; Athens, GA
Seeking actors for Mystical Parties, a family friendly entertainment company performing throughout Metro Atlanta. Performers include male and female party characters, mascot characters, celebrity impersonators, singing telegram performers, human directionals, face painters, balloon twisters, and so much more.Sep 30
Metropolitan Museum of Art, Tour Guides
- Part-time job. Guides typically lead two to five tours per week in NYC. Museum Tour Operations Associate states: " If you have a steady, full-time 9-5 type job, or if you're absolutely never ever available on Friday or Saturday nights, do not apply."
- Seeking submissions from: New York, NY
Seeking charismatic, outgoing, passionate, museum-loving folks with a touch of renegade flair to be renegade tour guides at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.Sep 30
'Shakespeare Without Fear' Workshop
- Workshop will be held Nov. 14 (12-5 p.m.) and Nov. 15 (5-10 p.m.) at Alchemical Theatre Laboratory in NYC. Performance showcase will be held in March 2016 at The Players Club in NYC.
- Seeking submissions from: New York, NY
Seeking ten actors for "Shakespeare Without Fear," a ten-hour scene-study intensive. Coordinator states: "We are casting scenes for an intensive ten-hour workshop. Are you ready to perform the works of Shakespeare? Whether you are new to classical theater or simply need to brush up your skills, the Shakespeare Without Fear ...Sep 30
- Shooting October 14, in Nashville, TN.
- Seeking submissions from: Nashville, TN
Casting background for the ABC TV series "Nashville," starring Connie Britton. Project description: "A fading country music star who comes into conflict with a rising teen star."Sep 30
- Shoots the first week of November 2015 in L.A.
- Seeking submissions from: Los Angeles, CA
Casting" Gulba Land," an independent student short sci-fi comedy about an American couple in 2030 who decide to immigrate to Gulba Land, a country based on farm games.Sep 30
- Shooting later this year in Mobile, AL.
- Seeking submissions from: Mobile, AL
Casting for the independent feature film, "The Perfect Weapon."Sep 30
'Gadget World' Web Series Pilot
- Rehearsal and shoot dates TBD in Philadelphia, PA, possibly in a green-screen studio or loft apartment.
- Seeking submissions from: Wilkes-Barre, PA
Casting an attractive female actress or cosplay actress to act as host for an independent online, entertainment-informational, video TV series pilot for a projected internet TV series (to be posted on Vimeo) focusing on unique electronic and non-electronic gadgets. Must have an interest in electronic gadgets, video gaming, and all ...Sep 30
- Shoots Oct. 26 (9 a.m.-3 p.m.) at Loyola Marymount University in L.A.
- Seeking submissions from: Los Angeles, CA
Seeking talent for "The Growing Family," a short student film for Loyola Marymount.Sep 30
- Shoots the first week of Nov. in Chicago, IL.
- Seeking submissions from: Chicago, IL
Casting "Mical," a short film, mostly filmed in a interrogation-room setting. Producer plans to submit the film to festivals.Sep 30
- Rehearses Nov. 2015; shooting begins Nov.-Dec. 2015 in L.A.
- Seeking submissions from: Los Angeles, CA
Casting "K-Town Boogie," a fictional crime-drama imagining a turf war between the Italian mafia and Korean gangs in L.A.'s K-Town district.Sep 30
- Shoot begins Oct. 6 in the NYC/NJ area.
- Seeking submissions from: New York, NY
Casting for "Alice in America," a quick-paced comedy centered on the adventure of crazy Lady Alice on her encounters and culture shocks in America. Synopsis: Known for menacing and getting away with it, upon her landing in America Hurricane, Alice finds out it's not the United States of Alice.Sep 30


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Grouchy Puppy® - A Dog Lovers Resource http://www.grouchypuppy.com/home/ en-US 2015-06-21T15:12:33-07:00 Five Myths of Having a Senior Dog | FEATURED CONTENT FROM THE BLOG http://www.grouchypuppy.com/home/2015/06/the-five-myths-of-having-a-senior-dog.html Some people think having an old dog is the opposite of fun. I beg to differ with them. Cleo couldn't have been more fun and cute, entertaining and full of personality. At 13 years old, she still made us feel protected with her booming barks, and watchful radar-like ears listening...
Some people think having an old dog is the opposite of fun. I beg to differ with them. Cleo couldn't have been more fun and cute, entertaining and full of personality. At 13 years old, she still made us feel protected with her booming barks, and watchful radar-like ears listening for trouble.

If you fear loving an older dog, here are five myth-busters that come from our life with a senior dog. Read them and then consider adding an older dog into your life by adopting from your local shelter.

Myth 1. They're boring.

Fact: How can you be bored when you have this face around keeping you in stitches?

Read all of the five myths

 Sharon Castellanos 2015-06-21T15:12:33-07:00 http://www.grouchypuppy.com/home/2012/05/dont-miss-out-read-latest-news.html Discover how the positive influence of the human-animal bond is demonstrated by dogs and those who love them, then celebrate with us! Subscribe (here) and get the Grouchy Puppy blog emailed to you for free! Connect with us! You'll find us regularly sharing across many social media channels: adoptable senior...
Discover how the positive influence of the human-animal bond is demonstrated by dogs and those who love them, then celebrate with us!

Subscribe (here) and get the Grouchy Puppy blog emailed to you for free!

Connect with us! You'll find us regularly sharing across many social media channels:

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 Sharon Castellanos 2012-05-09T16:10:47-07:00


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You can't keep ruling over the Palestinians and micro-managing their affairs while at the same time saying "we want nothing to do with them". Either they are citizens with a vote or let them govern themselves in their own free country. If you want to govern people, you have to let them have a say in the government that controls them. That's democracy. Remember the tea party line "no taxation without representation"
from the article: Netanyahu set to hand over $100 million in Palestinian tax money