text:
|Numéro de publication
|Type de publication
|Numéro de demande
|Date de publication
|11 janv. 2007
|Date de dépôt
|23 juin 2006
|Date de priorité
|23 juin 2005
|Numéro de publication
|Samuel Cuscovitch, Peter Pappas, David Schlossman
|Cessionnaire d'origine
|Cuscovitch Samuel T, Pappas Peter G, Schlossman David Y
|Exporter la citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Référencé par (15), Classifications (4)
|Liens externes: USPTO, Cession USPTO, Espacenet
This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/693,989 filed on Jun. 23, 2005, by Samuel T Cuscovitch, David Y Schlossman, and Peter G Pappas, included by reference herein and for which benefit of the priority date is hereby claimed.
The present invention relates to financial planning and retirement planning systems and more specifically to systems and methods for deriving and measuring the feasibility of a client's retirement plan across a diverse spectrum of financial domains.
It is generally believed the nation faces a significant retirement crises due to a confluence of factors: the growing number of retirees; growing national debt, making programs traditionally relied on by retirees (social security, Medicare) less reliable; decline of pension plans that offer secure lifetime payouts; lack of national savings, recently "negative"; yet, an increased retirement resources need due to longer life spans.
Recent studies and surveys (Federal Reserve "Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 2001 and 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances") suggest that prospective retirees ("prospects") appear to be ill-prepared. A 2006 survey by Wachovia Bank found that 31% of the pre-retirees, ages 35-64, with household income exceeding $75,000 felt "intimidated and helpless" about the inadequacy of their retirement savings. Reuters reports a 2005 Fidelity Investments study found that two out of three workers in their final year before retirement had not completed a budget or plan for retirement.
A successful retirement hinges on future events and developments over 20-30 year time spans. While each person has a measure of control and predictability over one's own life-style choices, success also depends on unpredictable and uncontrollable factors including new products, new legislation, and tax code.
The subject matter that affects personal finance is fairly broad and non-uniform. This invention divides subject matter into a comprehensive list of key financial domains. Financial domains include, but are not limited to: Investments; Defined Benefit programs; Insurance; Financial Assets and Liabilities; Real Estate; Taxes; Commodities; Collectibles; Well Being. These domains can be further subcategorized. An individual's comprehensive financial picture is then the sum of financial domains. Though the different financial domains can be "modeled" independently, domain interdependency and recursion exists and are not adequately addressed by current financial planning systems.
Some might suggest that given the factors outlined above, the complexity of retirement planning is so comprehensive and dynamic that a solution process is not feasible. The authors of this invention disagree.
Services, systems and methods exist to reportedly aid a prospective retiree in their effort to: 1) assess their retirement readiness status, (2) identify gaps or shortfalls, and (3) recommend ways to close gaps. Yet surveys indicate that while prospective retirees say they believe in the merits of planning, few do plan because of process complexity; expense/time commitment; distrust of these aids, and denial that they have significant gaps in their retirement plans.
Those that do decide to plan need to select resources such as to (a) do-it-themselves, engage a retirement planner or adviser, or a combination of these two approaches. The client's next decision is "selection" of "tools" like self-developed spreadsheets, guidelines from retirement cookbooks or financial media enabled by web calculators, and sophisticated computer programs, such as those embodied by U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,021,397; 6,058,376; and 5,933,815.
Similarly, a client when utilizing services of an adviser, the client is required to make a "selection". There are over 500,000 retirement planners or advisers in the U.S. wearing the suits of certified financial planners investment advisors, CPA's, tax attorneys, bankers, and insurance specialists. Their advertised services range from domain specific to comprehensive, and from free to fee. The adviser "process" includes data collection, diagnosis, and recommendations. Clients view the data collection as tedious and invasive, the diagnosis as narrow and the recommendations as out-of-date, unrealistic or biased.
The advisor selection produces out-of-date and unrealistic recommendations because life changes occur during the planning process. There are unexpected events in the client's life: spousal death or divorce, job loss; unexpected windfall, a desire to alter life-style, a bear or bull stock market, the elimination or reduction of a pension plan.
Current retirement planning practices are tactical and deterministic. Retirement planning is best applied as a strategic planning exercise with wide coverage (inclusive of various financial domains), interdependencies, dynamic change, and risks & uncertainties over an extended timeframe. Strategic methods such as "Real Options, Managing Strategic Investment in a Real World", Martha Amram, Nalin Kulatilaka or "Theory of Games and Statistical Decisions", David Blackwell and M. A. Girshick are rarely applied or understood by advisers.
Domain coverage holes —A recent Federal Reserve survey indicates that consumers' real estate net worth dwarfs that of all other assets. "Increasingly, the Home Is Paying for Retirement", NY Times, Feb. 24, 2006. While sixty million Americans have a financial stake in a pension program, the coverage and counsel given to this domain pales in comparison to advice in the investment domain.
Analytic inconsistency across domains —Methods used to address uncertainty are either not applied or incorrectly applied. Stochastic modeling is often used to project investment returns under future volatility for given client financial risk level. Yet, stochastic modeling is absent in application to other domains having great financial importance like real estate, debt, taxes.
Bias —Financial advice is expensive usually afforded by only households of high net worth. "Free" or low-cost financial advice, usually in the Investment domain, carries hidden commissioned sales of financial products hardly unbiased. Consumers' skepticism and cynicism are justified in this regard.
Excess compliance or regulation —The financial industry is a maze of rules that limit customer visibility of strategic alternatives. One example is the common questionnaire used to determine client risk tolerance. How can the customer characterize themselves without knowing the relationship of risk choices to the long range impact? Additionally, risk tolerance is rarely uniformly applied to all client domains. For example, the ability to apply risk tolerance factors to an Adjustable Rate Mortgage client will have revealed risk in advance.
It is therefore an objective of the invention to widen the scope of retirement planning by extending domain coverage and providing a formal framework that treats domains with equal coverage, depth, and consistency.
It is another object of the invention to provide strategic analysis that is neutral with respect to any domain.
It is another object of the invention to strengthen problem solving through appropriate application of deterministic and stochastic methods.
It is another object of the invention to empower the client such that, if a client decides to utilize an adviser, the client has an option to decide the nature of the control relationship with the adviser, aside from full delegation.
It is another object of the invention to provide a holistic tool that is widely available to clients at all levels of the net worth strata.
It is another object of the invention to enable a client, at a time and place convenient to the client to perform indepedently, supporting "planning, as a dynamic process", rather than as a one-time exercise.
It is another object of the invention to make planning more affordable to the underserved mass market.
It is another object of the invention to support clients' need for privacy, by eliminating intrusiveness as an objection for planning.
It is another object of the invention to offer its capabilities to external systems using open-architecture interface specifications.
It is another object of the invention to provide a holistic tool, whether used by the client directly or through the designated client's proxy, such as an adviser.
The invention is capable of producing a client's scenario or financial projections, for the purpose of planning retirement, based on comprehensive and holistic analysis of financial domains relative to a client's financial situation. By holistic, a system must broadly cover financial domains consistent with the current availability and evolution of domain expert systems, and evaluate domains uniformly and with parity. By long range projections, we mean probabilistic projections from the client's current age until a client's estimated mortality.
Methods include the use of mathematics including, but not limited to, mathematical programming, experimental design, graph theory, control theory, heuristic reasoning, and deterministic and stochastic models. These modeling methods, in conjunction with financial strategies, are designed to generate an optimum scenario that maximizes the probability of a successful retirement given a client's current financial state and retirement preferences.
The results are formatted in either machine readable or human readable formats, on demand or on schedule. By machine readable we mean automatic data export formats that comply with common industry standards such WSDL and SOAP/XML, allowing other computerized systems to request and then further process the invention's results in some fashion without human intervention. By human readable formats we mean popular document or worksheet presentations for viewing, printing, e-mailing and electronically filing, such as Adobe PDF or Microsoft Excel or Word.
Central to the design of the invention is the highly systematic approach to applying analytical procedures and methods to data structures that guarantee the complete and automatic delivery of a full scale retirement projection as a computerized producer-consumer model. This type of model is in current use for systems in a variety of narrowly defined niche industries such as stock market quotes. The invention's application of the producer-consumer model as a foundation to a strategic financial planning and retirement projection system with optional levels of client-defined input and output requirements finally enables any consumer client (human or machine/system) a simple and comprehensive method to access well defined and unbiased results across multiple domains.
This approach allows the invention to be applied at will as often as desired to broad varieties of applications such as estate planning, financial and retirement planning, insurance or long-term care planning, career planning, and others. Wth this architecture, the invention is equally accessible to either type of client, human or machine/system, without external human assistance, training or guidance. Specifications of domain, client, and architecture are formal and can be mapped into a hierarchical schema, intended for uses by the invention itself or for financial purposes that the client agrees to outside this invention.
Systems and methods applied by the invention provide for dynamic real-time updates of frequently changing information at the level of abstraction needed for strategic planning purposes.
A scenario processor contains many of the essential elements of the invention, including elements that perform integrated analysis across different financial domains; various automated procedures to generate strategies and cases within an experimental framework required for rigorous analysis.
A complete understanding of the present invention may be obtained by reference to the accompanying drawings, when considered in conjunction with the detailed description that follows, in which:
For purposes of clarity and brevity, like elements and components will bear the same designations and numbering throughout the Figures.
The HOST Server 10 refers to this embodiment of the invention residing as software on a general purpose computer. Another embodiment of the invention might be an embedded hardware solution where the invention resides as firmware on dedicated computing equipment residing on a network.
The HOST Web Server is connected directly to the Ethernet (IP) network in a similar fashion to other dependent server computers with dedicated functions for handling requests associated with database repository access 11 and report generation 12. Reports requested through the HOST Server may be targeted to views through client browser viewers such as Microsoft's Internet Explorer or Adobe's Acrobat Reader, or targeted data exports such as Microsoft Word or Excel.
As a system deployed in a public network (Internet) or otherwise in a private LAN/WAN fashion, the system grants access to any qualified user through a client web browser 13 such as Microsoft's Internet Explorer or the Mozilla Firefox browser. User qualifications may be met through a form of subscription in which a user name and password are issued and required for access to a single client account. The FinancialMedic, LLC web service called "Retireport" is an example of such a system with a similar Internet deployment model used.
The server hosting the system 10 is capable of managing any number of client accounts and any number of concurrent sessions with clients, thus portraying a client-server model of operation. Furthermore, more than one server may be deployed in what is commonly referred to as a clustered server configuration, further increasing the number of concurrent client sessions supported. Communication with qualified clients over the Internet using the HTTP protocol is further secured using popular encryption protocols such as Secure Socket Layer (SSL) and deployed over the common web browser protocol HTTPS. In this fashion, client interaction is possible directly via the HTML language standard for web browsers.
Under the w3.org approved standards for data definition (WSDL) and data manipulation and exchange (SOAP, XML) 15, the host system makes use of a machine data interface as a "consumer" of necessary relevant information provided online from other external sources 14. These sources typically exist as independent systems offering combinations of analysis and data exchanges with consumer processes at strictly a machine-to-machine level for either a fee or at no charge.
Frequent updates to this information are then possible as a mechanism to maintain timeliness and accuracy of results in a completely automatic fashion. Examples of this producer-consumer model, where the host system in this case is a consumer, are reflected in related external general or special purpose items 14 such as stock ticker value updates, inflation rate calculations, insurance rate quotes, tax tables, and other data or logic used in various calculations.
In addition to client browsers 13 operated directly by humans via a web browser accessing the system at any time in a classic client-server fashion, another form of requests for analysis and reports may also exist at a machine data level. Again using the defined SOAP protocol, a remote system makes a consumer request of the HOST Server as a different type of client (i.e., an exogenous client 16). In this example, the host system acts as the "producer" and the exogenous client as the "consumer". Results are communicated to the consumer in an XML format as opposed to the HTML format referred to earlier in the human client, web browser example.
Similar to the human oriented web interface which requires no intermediate tier of interaction between client requests and server results (i.e. integration, analysis and reports are all automatic), the SOAP, XML interface also operates at an autonomous level free from manual intervention of any kind. Requests through this data oriented interface are provided the same flexibility and completeness as the human interface.
Reporting and Presentation
The invention's reporting mechanisms are the methods used to communicate results to the client using either a human or a machine interface as described earlier. The two approaches to reporting then fall into two categories:
Formatted viewer reports for web browser access. These reports are presented on screen and may then be printed, saved or e-mailed at request by the user. Typically reports accessed under these circumstances are managed by a report server 12 such as Microsoft Report Server or Business Objects Crystal Vision Server.
Data oriented (XML or other formats) reports for consumer requests from other systems 16 are issued directly from the host system. Report output of this type may be used as input for other types of reporting, presentation or analysis. As an example, a scheduled export of data may feed an external "desktop dashboard system" which presents projections in a graphical form (dials, switches, graphs) using different shapes, colors and metrics to identify "safe" versus "high risk" situations. Another example may be periodic data reporting to an external system focused on historical trending and analysis.
Reports may be scheduled or requested in ad hoc fashion, serving either class of client, human or machine. In addition, reports may be triggered by events based on other parameters such as a fixed percentage increase or decrease in an investment over a given time period; or an observed increase or decrease in the calculated inflation rate over a given time period.
Reports that reflect the thorough integration of data across the different domains referenced earlier are then possible through the system's logically defined methods, current report definitions and access to the appropriate database repository.
As a personalized, financial strategy system devoted to financial independence, report content is particularly important. The ability to produce certain content requires a full understanding of the client, domain, strategy, and the related scenario output architecture.
Interaction with Invention
Two main sessions are represented on
A requestor logs on and must be authenticated to establish a primary session. Authentication creates a unique session identifier (ID) valid only for the session and tied to a specific client ID or
Upon authentication, the requester is placed in an "in session" idle state 21, waiting for the next command. Requestor choices include: (1) edit the client description 22, or (2) generate a client scenario 24, or (3) logoff 23. The requestor may also "abandon" (i.e. close the session without an explicit logoff) after a designated time interval (i.e. timeout). All session closures clear the client's object from the server
A request to edit the client
If the requestor wishes to analyze a client scenario with the intent to render a scenario report, the request is first screened to determine whether the request is in good order. For example, an empty client data set would not be in good order, suggesting no editing has ever taken place.
A scenario request is fulfilled by completing a series of processes in blocks 24
The scenario processor in block 25 executes a series of processes, including functional blocks described in
Next, a request is made to a dedicated and specialized server known as a "report server", e.g. Microsoft
The rendering process creates a report object 28. Under mode (1) above, the report is returned immediately to the requestor. Assuming the requestor is a person, the person would typically access through a report viewer such as Adobe Acrobat. Another less preferable option is to return the report document in-line, within the same web-browser that the requestor uses for their primary session. As shown in
Upon receipt of a report object, a viewer must be opened if one is not already open. The report viewer session can be local to the device (e.g. load a copy of Adobe Acrobat from the hard drive) or web-based (e.g. log on to MS Report Manager configured on the web-server). The view session 29 handles the report object and renders the report in the client
Disassociating primary and viewing sessions allows the requestor to log out of a primary session 23 and still continue report review activities. Alternatively, the requester could continue their primary session by electing to edit 22 or generate an additional client scenario 24. Each completed scenario generates a new report or document 28. Additional report objects add to the viewer
Domain Hierarchy and Architecture
One financial domain composite attribute is known as the financial scratchpad 48, a container (including several vectors) that temporarily stores processed results, rewritten for every financial case run. A financial case run is one case of future volatility against a strategy. One client scenario may have hundreds or thousands of case runs. Other composite domain attributes include descriptors, relationship with its parent, and a unique label. Domain composite types are: (1) the sub-type 43, (2) the domain type 44, which may contain multiple sub-types, and a root 45. All domain composites have one and only one parent, except for the root which has no parent but is contained or owned by
Abstract methods require further specification or alteration to be executable. Key abstract domain composite methods are: buy; sell; net cash flow; process; optimize.
A detailed description of the methods used in each domain is not necessary to describe the invention's architecture. However, one example is included to make the discussion of architecture better understood. The example refers to methods of the Investment domain 46. Domains may have extra-methods or functionality, as a specific domain requires or as a domain author sees fit, beyond base methods that all domain composites have. A domain author is an expert in a specific financial domain, who may not necessarily be the implementers of this invention, but who provide the details for financial domain methods. In this discussion, the Investment domain 46 is extended to include extra-method called
For the purpose of this example, assume the root domain initiates each "process" for each of its child domains. Each child domain performs its unique
Output from a
The method called
The extra method of
The algorithm also uses a parameter called the
The italicized composite methods in block 42 are
Other domains may be expected to utilize widely different methods to implement their respective domain composite abstract methods. For example, federal and state tax domains are a special type. As cash flow
Client Description
Henceforth, the term
The editable client description contains three classes: (1) client basic information 61, (2) client income and expenses (CIE) 62; and (3) domain inventory (i.e. the entire set of editable domain items that can be mapped to the domain hierarchy) 56.
A client's basic information 61 is structurally flat. It contains scalars of various attribute types known or approximated by the client (e.g. date-of-birth, sex, desired retirement age, projected mortality, information about partner or spouse, location information).
Client income and expense (CIE) 62 has three components: (1) an editable income and expense array where client express their amounts for: (a) each income/expense (IE) category, (b) further subdivided into essential versus discretionary, and (c) a choice of a scaling model to be applied consistent with client expectations of year-to-year change; (2) a primed, non-editable set of category definitions and properties 64; and (3) a primed, non-editable set of scaling models 65. Scaling models might include relative percentage increases or decreases, either in absolute terms or relative to inflation.
Clients express their domain inventory by specifying domain items, which are represented as data. Each domain item maps to one and only one specific domain sub-type. Clients specify items through domain editors designed specifically for a financial domain. In a preferred embodiment, a domain editor is accessed through a menu organization similar to
Certain data fields of a client's domain item may be non-editable. For example, a client may edit investments associated with their 401(k) retirement account. Each investment may be represented by stock ticker symbol (e.g. GOOG), a unique identifier. The stock symbol is a unique key to retrieve the current stock price. The information is retrievable externally through an Internet SOAP request. Of the three client description components, a client's domain inventory is probably the most dynamic; a client's basic information is typically the most static.
A client's income and expense items (IE) must be reflected in either, but not both, the deterministic or stochastic vertical. IE categories under a client's direct control are visible in a client editor. Examples are food, travel, and gifting. By contrast, IE categories exposed to future uncertainty are contained and modeled by a domain. For example, the stochastic modeling of future debt payments associated with an adjustable rate mortgage (ARM) is non-deterministic and is assigned to an expert domain model that factors variables such as interest rate volatility and inflation. As a guiding principle, the invention does not ask the customer to guess at values for which they have no expertise.
A client's composite state is a stochastic component 69. The client composite state as illustrated in
Some state changes invoke other processes. For example, if the Partner's Life Stage transitions to mortality 76, a process associated with a spousal insurance assesses whether the client receives a life insurance payment. A client's composite state is also monitored by other methods and strategies during a process run.
Financial Strategy Architecture
An edge has other attributes such as its order of evaluation (i.e. only one edge can be executed at a time from the full set of edges), and a set of triggers. Edges that point to both ends of a domain are "intra-domain" 83(a)-83(f) and signify internal domain "optimization". Intra-domain edges are always included for in-scope domains, having no triggers by default and therefore execute unconditionally. Finally, a strategy may define competitive domains 84, where two separate domains exist for the same financial domain in an embodiment of this invention. For example, one tax domain might represent current tax code while the one might represent future tax code. In addition to being part of a formal architectural specification,
While graphs define the in-scope domains and decisions, an executable strategy requires other components and specification. The term strategy "variant" means a similar graphical form, but connotes a difference in the order in which edges are evaluated and the set of edge triggers. The construct that defines the order of edge evaluation is called the edge order list (EOL). A single fixed order would imply that edges at the list's head-end would receive priority. Since an edge defines an exchange of value from source to target domain, a fixed order creates bias. A process is needed to create a set of orthogonal, mutually independent edge lists to create different strategy variants. These variants are compared within an experimental framework, to be later described, to evaluate significance of decision order or priority.
The edge order list creator in block 90 provides the flow logic to create four variants for each strategy graph. These lists define the order or priority in which edges are evaluated. A numerical input parameter, known as "variant", modifies the algorithm to yield a different order for the edge order list. The numerical variant maps into two toggles, known as "inverse" and "absolute difference". From an empty list, the process is to first build the unsorted list 91. The process iterates over all in-scope edges for a given financial strategy.
For each edge (X,Y), an arithmetic weight difference wx,y is defined as wx−wy−1 where w might be a client's "sum absolute present value" in a financial domain, i.e. the summation of the absolute present value of all the domain items belonging to a domain.
The input parameters function as follows in block 92: (1) when "absolute difference" is toggled, the weight is calculated as the absolute value of the arithmetic weight difference, and (2) if "inverse" is toggled, the result from (1) is signed inverted (i.e. multiplied by negative 1). A tuple (e.g. [(X,Y), wxy, wx,X]) is created and added to an unsorted tuple-list 93. Once the complete unsorted edge list is built, the list is sorted according to descending weights wxy 94. The tuple's third and fourth terms serve as tie-breakers to prevent sort ambiguity.
"Inverse" inverts a list. For example, assume the order of edge evaluation when "inverse" is not toggled is {(i,j), (i,k), (j,k), (k,j), (k,i), (j,i)} where i, j, k are 3 domains. "inverse" creates {(j,i), (k,i), (k,j), (i,k), (i,k), (i,j)}.
To understand the effect of "absolute difference", the example is extended to include the intra-domain edges (i,i), (i,j), (k,k). When "absolute difference" is not toggled and not inverted, the sorted list will place the edges connecting domains with the highest weight difference at the top-of-list. If edge (i,j) had the greatest positive weight difference, edge (i,j) would be top-of-list. Edge (j,i) would appear at the list-end, since its weight difference is the highest negative value. Intra-domain edges would be grouped in the center of the list, since all intra-domain weight differences are zero. Their specific order would depend on tie-breakers. The sorted list might be look like {(i,j), (j,k), (k,i), (i,i), (j,j), (k,k), (i,k), (k,j), (j,i)}. All other factors being equal, this scheme suggests increased financial diversification among the domains, since the priority favors the evaluation of tradeoffs from a client's heavily weighted domains to low weighted domains.
When "Absolute Difference" is toggled, any inter-domain edge where wij>0 ranks higher than any intra-domain edge. All intra-domain edges, as a group, would appear at the list bottom. The following pattern might be the result from the case above {(i,j), (j,i), (j,k), (k,j), (k,i), (i,k), (i,i), (j,j), (k,k)}. This pattern would tend towards concentrating a client's value in certain domains. The toggling of both "inverse" and "Absolute Difference" would place the intra-domain edges ahead of the inter-domain edges.
The four lists provide strategy variants that alter decision priorities thereby widening possible client decision paths, and provide competition among the variants. Four such lists are both necessary and sufficient to attain domain neutrality, and provide comparisons of diversification and concentration strategies.
A strategy also includes a component known as edge triggers. An edge may have a collection of triggers 101. Each trigger is labeled to conform to a common financial transaction meaning. A trigger specifies a set of conditions that controls whether an edge "fires", resulting in an executable transaction between two domains. A trigger is defined by a formal trigger specification in
An example of a trigger is the non-viable liquidity state 74. By definition, an unresolved liquidity state will result in a failed case run scenario. Hence, during the case run process, a strategy will make a diligent effort to resolve a non-viable state. A trigger so defined (i.e. to prevent case run failure) is called "primary". The default transaction value of the non-viable liquidity trigger is an amount necessary to resolve the non-viable liquidity state. Non-primary triggers are discretionary. For example, a non-primary trigger is the liquidity sub-state defined as "excess". Triggers are not limited to liquidity sub-state; they may involve other client sub-states, such as the client's Life Stage.
Two types of trigger comparators 103 exist: (1) a client sub-state 104, as in the liquidity example above, and (2) a domain comparator 105. A domain comparator 105 is expressed in terms of the arithmetic operators, such as greater than (e.g. >). The operands relate to X,Y financial scratchpad vector entries at a designated time instance, a single age in a process where age is being iterated cross a client's time dimension. For example, the following can be expressed by a domain comparator. Assume t to be the current time instance. A trigger example: Edge (Real Estate, Investment).Trigger=(Net worth (Real Estate (t))>α×(Balance (Investment(t+τ))), defines an edge connecting Real Estate to Investments that will fire if a retired client's present real estate net worth (i.e. t) is "expected" to exceed α×the client's anticipated investment (t+τ, where τ>0, where α>1). A decision will cause the client to sell real estate in the current year if their real estate value is expected to exceed their investment portfolio τ years from now. The parameters τ and α must be concrete for the strategy to be executable.
If the above evaluation rule were to be limited to a retired client, the trigger would need to be defined as multi-criteria composite 106 that would contain both a domain comparator, such as the one stated above, and a client sub-state comparator (e.g. Life Stage=Retired). By definition, multi-criteria means that all contained trigger components must evaluate as "true". Further, if any of the multi-criteria contained components are contingent, then the multi-criteria composite is contingent. Also, the transaction value of the composite is the maximum value of component transaction values.
A time-offset controls a trigger's style (i.e. passive, aggressive). Strategic planning distinguishes itself from tactical planning by two style methods: (1) contingent deferred decisions (i.e. "wait-and-see") are passive using "lag" offsets, whereas (2) a proactive trigger uses "lead" offsets. One well-known financial problem solved using a proactive trigger is the application of permanent life insurance prior to manifest need to optimize long-term income streams, sometimes referred to as "pension maximization". This proactive style avoids the regret "if I knew then what I know now, I would have done things differently".
A proactive trigger cannot be allowed to "cheat". The method "cheats" when it has absolute full "deterministic knowledge" of an uncertain, future stochastic event. However, a trigger does not cheat if it relies on expected properties of a stochastic distribution. As an example, you can assume the roll of two dice is expected to average 7 over the long-run, but you cannot predict an exact sequence of dice rolls. The same applies to decisions based on future investment returns, interest rates, etc.
Whereas primary triggers are designed to avoid case run failure, "discretionary" triggers are an attempt by a financial strategist to improve a client's future end-state by performing domain transfers from "unfriendly" to "friendly" domains. Triggers may be based on: (1) deterministic improvements (i.e. calculable with certainty; optimized), (2) heuristic method(s) thought to, but not guaranteed to improve a client's long-term state, or (3) any other reasoning at the discretion of a strategist that might result in a "good" or "poor" strategy.
The complete specification of edges and triggers, in a formal hierarchical framework, defines a financial strategy. Financial strategists provide the concrete specification for the edges and triggers. Financial strategies may offer competing strategies, express them through the formal specifications above, and offer them either statically ("hard coded") or dynamically (e.g. eCommerce exchange).
Execution of a Client Scenario
Having described domains, client, and strategic architectures and their respective components, the scenario processor, as presented in
Upon initial entry of the scenario process, a Boolean flag known as the discretionary flag "dFlag" is enabled. The client's retirement preference is set to their first preference. An object known as the CIE, a container with some structural similarity to the scratchpad, is created. The CIE incorporates the calculations of the client input description 111. CIE calculations are described in
A pre-trial run 112 is performed using the financial case run process to be later described. The trial is based on average expectations of the future (i.e. without induced volatility) also known as a "linear case scenario". The first time through the control loop 110, the trial is based on the client primary retirement preference, as edited in client's basic information. The result of a trial run is an assessment on a client's gross feasibility assuming the use of a baseline strategy against the linear case scenario. If a trial run concludes a solution is grossly feasible, the scenario process will continue to the next stage 113. If not gross feasible, the discretionary flag is turned off for the duration of the scenario process and a "next client retirement preference" is attempted. "Next preferential" choices may be a simple construct, such as reduced post-retirement standard-of-living, a set of retirement ages that postpones retirement age, or some combination thereof.
Collectively, this process just described is known as the gross feasibility adjuster in block 110, which is designed to complete an informative scenario run for the client, although the result may not reflect the client's first preferential choice.
Each cycling through the gross feasibility adjuster causes the CIE to be recomputed 111. A reduced preference may result in gross feasibility at some preference level or it may not even exist even after all possible preferences have been tested. Should a gross feasibility not be found, the entire scenario is marked as a failure and the scenario generation process terminates.
Assuming one of the preferential choices is deemed feasible, the next process is to generate a minimum of two abstract, dissimilar strategies and their four edge order list variants for this scenario in block 113. Two strategies are dissimilar if they have a different graph appearance, i.e.—dissimilarity in domain or edge inclusion. Depicted in
A generally useful alternative to strategy A is a subset of the baseline. The method builds a list of domains that includes only those where the client has a current financial interest 133. If this resulting set is a subset of the complete baseline set, strategy B is defined as the subset 134. For example, if a client has no life insurance, the B strategy would not include the life insurance domain. The sparser B strategy might have merit in terms of offering clients a very simple decision path, maintaining a presence only in those domains already familiar to the client.
If a client has current interest in all baseline domains, no single baseline domain would be unfamiliar to the client. A strategy B is then adjusted by keeping only those edges that create a star graph in block 135, where the only edges included are the ones that connect to the Investment domain, the domain presumed to be the prime source of client liquidity. The four edge order list variants related to strategy B are then pre-built in block 136.
A third strategy is possible, relating fundamentally to a scenario's or embodiment's purpose. This purpose may be used to compare the effect of a competitive domain 137, such as an alternate theory on investments, taxes, etc. The Strategy C option is the same as strategy A, except for the "competitive" domain difference. The four edge order list variants for strategy C are pre-built.
Three strategies are possible if two competing domains are defined in an embodiment. An embodiment is not limited in the strategies that it creates, as a financial strategist has the freedom to construct others. Thus, the output of the strategy creator is a set of "n" strategies 113, dimensioned by the number of strategies created and by the four edge order variants for each strategy.
Once all strategy variants have been created, the function of the hybrid experimental design framer (HEDF) in block 114 is to identify which strategy, variant, and parameter set have a substantive, global effect on client scenarios. HEDF creates an experimental framework, conducts the experiment (i.e. many financial case runs), and evaluates the results using formalized statistical approaches, such as common ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) and non-zero sum gaming. HEDF may be used twice during a client scenario, the first pass to determine an optimum coarse strategy (i.e. strategy, variant, parameter set) and an optional second pass to fine-tune the solution (i.e. specific strategy variant and fine parameter set).
First, the HEDF creates a multi-dimensional array, known as the HEDF array (HEDA). HEDA is a construct to record the output of many case runs 115. HEDA is initially defined as a 3-dimensional array, each dimension relates to experimental factors under ANOVA investigation. HEDF factors are always constrained to an enumerated set. For the first pass, the specific factors are the n×4 dimensions of strategy output object, as determined by the strategy creator, (1) n, the number of strategies, and (2) the four variants. The third experimental factor is "strategic risk". Optimum risk is defined as the strategic risk level where client retirement success probability is the greatest. The enumerated set of risks includes the client's specified risk tolerance, as defined in client's basic information and one gradation on both sides. Consequently, the HEDA is initially constructed as an n×4×3 array.
Each HEDA element in the n×4×3 array is itself a "stack", which might be considered a fourth dimension except it is outside ANOVA factor significance testing. The "stack" is a list container that holds individual results of a plurality of financial case runs. Results from each run are placed on the stack as each financial case run completes. The result might be a copy of the earlier referred to root's scratchpad or a summary derivation of, minimally the "oldest age attained" or net worth at "oldest age attained". The stack size is dimensioned according to the minimum number ("m") of cases stipulated as part of HEDF. Each case represents a different future, such as creation of a different interest rate environment, investment or housing market returns, etc. The stack allows ANOVA to perform various types of statistical analysis and evaluate factor significance (i.e. strategy, variant, risk) using multiple metrics (e.g. mean, variance, other moments of "oldest age attained" or net worth).
Each of the m-cases will have n×4×3 separate "financial case runs", where "financial case run" is subsequently described by
HEDF also utilizes non-zero sum gaming as a complement to ANOVA for assessing strategic risk. The output of the game is a fractionalized metric of optimum risk.
The experimental run depicted in
Within the case loop, the inner loops iterate over the HEDF factors, such that each case is tested by n×4×3 different concrete strategies 142. Each of these tests is a "financial case run" in block 143. All scratchpads are reinitialized at the start of a run. The financial case run is a complex series processes to be described in
Once the experimental runs complete (i.e. m×n×4×3 financial case runs), the HEDA is now ready for ANOVA and gaming analysis. ANOVA completes HEDF 114 by permuting 1-factor and 2-factor tests in the array to identify a set of critical success factors (CSF) that includes a specific strategy, variant, and risk. Since a HEDA "stack" holds a collection of results, common statistical data reduction across the element stacks is required to allow ANOVA focus on one statistic at a time. For example, assume the desired metric for ANOVA was a success ratio. A data reduction would then sum the number of successful runs (e.g. "oldest age attained"=client mortality) divided by m. ANOVA might be extended to consider an alternative metric, such as a client's (net worth) balance.
An entire scenario is deemed "feasible" if a success ratio meets a certain minimum percentage threshold (i.e. if ratio>=threshold, such as 50%). A client scenario may be feasible if it is feasible for its CSF. Example: A client scenario would be considered to be CSF feasible if the percentage of feasible runs exceeds 60% if strategy B is part of CSF, even if strategy A were a "poor" strategy. A client should only be interested in a strategy that works (e.g. strategy B) and need not be confounded by the ones which do not meet a feasibility threshold.
The scenario may or may not pass the feasibility test just described. If a scenario is not feasible and a retry is permitted, a control loop exists to enable the gross feasibility adjuster in block 110 to re-evaluate other, lower client preferences. If other preferences still remain, the entire process recycles until such point that the control loop in the scenario process terminates. When other preferences are exhausted, the entire scenario fails.
The experimental run loop referred to a financial case run 143. A financial case run is defined as the use of a concrete strategy applied against a case. Detailed in
The domain integration processor is called for each age of the client's time dimension. First, the client's state is updated. Accurate state information is required for other dependent processes. These dependent processes may be contained in either the domain integration processor itself or referred to by other objects, such as the concrete strategy. For example, the client may have transitioned from a state of pre-retirement to retirement. A client's partner may have entered a new state. A state change may spur a process, such as the "death of spouse that converts life insurance to liquidity" if a spouse has died with life insurance in force. A client's mortgage for their primary residence may have paid off transitioning them to an "owner" state. The client may have had a change in health status. Strategies (i.e. associated triggers) or domain processes may refer to these sub-states for their execution.
The domain integration requests the root to "process". The root then invokes all financial domain processes for the current time instance 152. Financial domain "process" methods are unique, varied, and may be complex. The output of each domain process is the updated financial scratchpads associated with each domain and possibly its sub-types.
Next, a net cash flow calculation is determined 153 by the stochastic net cash flow calculator as described in
An expense projection, based on the root's scratchpad, is calculated 154. The expense projection is used as a basis for determining a client's liquidity ratio. The projection may be this year's expense or it may be a look-back or look-ahead alternative to eliminate single year expense anomalies. To determine current liquidity, the net cash flow in the time instance is added to a running liquidity tally (i.e. from the prior time instance) 155. The client's liquidity sub-state is updated. Liquidity sub-state transitions occur if: (a) liquidity falls below $0 (i.e. the client has insufficient liquidity to pay current expenses, a non-viable state that must be corrected) or (b) exceeds a maximum liquidity threshold, based on the ratio of current liquidity to the expense projection calculated above.
If the liquidity sub-state is non-viable, a liquidity shortfall is computed in the amount of the liquidity shortfall. This value represents a deficiency that is requested from the Investment domain. The net addition processor is asked to provide a full "grant", based on a minimum "request" to resolve the shortfall. The grant, which may be less than the request, is then added to the current liquidity. The liquidity sub-state is re-evaluated. If the full request were granted, the liquidity sub-state will now have transitioned to the viable state as the shortfall request was determined based what was needed to close the liquidity gap.
The net addition processor, as described in
The domain integration process will then proceed to its strategy execution phase 148. Before and after the strategy executes, a client's state is retested. The purpose of strategy execution is: (1) to resolve a non-viable state to prevent a case run failure, and (2) make decisions the strategist believes to improve the results of a case run. Strategy execution is described by the strategy executor in
If the sorted list of triggers is not void, an attempt is to find one and only transaction that is executable. First, a transaction request is constructed from the current edge and trigger element 186 containing: (1) the domains (X,Y), (2) a requested amount, v, and (3) whether the transaction is contingent. A transaction is a matched buy-and-sell tradeoff, zero summed except for leakage (e.g. transaction costs). A domain query is made to "sell (at age, v)" from domain X. V′ represents the proposed grant. The grant may be less due to leakage or resource constraints related to the domain being "sold". A contingent transaction is executable only if (offer−grant)<tolerance. If a transaction is non-contingent, the transaction is always executable. An executable transaction will cause the trigger loop 185 to exit immediately and pass the transaction to its next processing phase 187. If not, other elements in the trigger list will be similarly evaluated to see if one is executable. If no items in the trigger list are executable, the trigger loop terminates normally without having executed a domain tradeoff for this edge. The strategy execution process continues to evaluate the next edge in the edge order list.
Should an executable transaction be found, it is forwarded to the transaction processor 187, which instructs domain X to
Finally, the client state may have changed as a result of transaction execution. Therefore, the client state is evaluated for update purposes 189. The update may have altered the liquidity sub-state, including a possible resolution to a non-viable liquidity sub-state. Other edge items are evaluated in the strategy variant order until the end of the edge order list is reached. Two edges may have had identical triggers at the start of the strategy execution block 181. The first edge
Upon full strategy execution, the domain integration process updates and queries the client
Eventually, all financial case runs are completed in
If a decision is made to fine-tune, the chosen optimum strategy variant and risk is held constant to another experiment 118, i.e. another invocation of HEDF in block 114. The
The scenario process completes 25 by outputting a set of scenario output data 26. The output specification is depicted in
The strategy architecture 191 will output all strategies considered by this scenario (e.g. A, B, and possibly others). Each strategy is known by a unique strategy ID and a descriptor 194. The list of edges for each strategy is also generated in the output. The list is defined by the strategy they are linked to, the variant that produced the list, the order in which an edge appears in the list, the source and target domains 195. Each edge is given a unique edge ID.
In a preferred embodiment, other strategy data items are included only for the optimum strategy 196, including: (a) the set of triggers associated with each edge, the financial label, and criteria used to define each trigger per
The client output 192 includes four major components: (1) the client handle, to link to the client description, which is already persistent, (2) preference attributes resulting from the gross feasibility adjuster 110 (e.g. retirement age, discretionary flag, expense level in retirement), (3) the deterministic CIE, as calculated by
An extract of the domain financial scratchpads is generated 193 using several constructs: (1) a scratchpad reduction data template 197, (b) the static domain list corresponding to the baseline 198, and (c) the list of sub-types for each domain 199, which is non-static and therefore assigned a unique key. The scratchpad reduced data template 197 includes data items: (a) a field type identifier, whether the record relates to income, expense, cap gain, tax, balance, (see 48), (b) the age index, a zero-based index of a client
The output just described permits report generators to provide substantial flexibility in rendering views, such as: (1) ANOVA test results for the scenario, (2) presentation in-scope strategies fully described by the complete set of strategies 194, edges 195 and success ratios, (3) the optimum strategy, its associated triggers and strategic decision log as further specified by 196, (4) the client, the deterministic CIE, a client
Since other modifications and changes varied to fit particular operating requirements and environments will be apparent to those skilled in the art, the invention is not considered limited to the example chosen for purposes of disclosure, and covers all changes and modifications which do not constitute departures from the true spirit and the scope of this invention.
Having thus described the invention, what is desired to be protected by Letters Patent is presented in the subsequently appended claims.
|Brevet citant
|Date de dépôt
|Date de publication
|27 mai 2005
|10 nov. 2009
|Towers Perrin Forster & Crosby, Inc.
|Estimating financial valuation of benefit plans
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|23 févr. 2010
|Xerox Corporation
|Normalization of vector-based graphical representations
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|15 nov. 2011
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|Method and system for automatic categorization of financial transaction data based on financial data from similarly situated users
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|6 déc. 2011
|Intuit Inc.
|Method and system for predictive event budgeting based on financial data from similarly situated consumers
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|1 janv. 2013
|Intuit Inc.
|Method and system for modifying financial transaction categorization lists based on input from multiple users
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|8 janv. 2013
|Intuit Inc.
|Method and system for predictive event budgeting based on financial data from similarly situated consumers
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|10 sept. 2013
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|21 avr. 2015
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|Controlled creation of reports from table views
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|Graph traversal for generating table views
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|11 aoűt 2015
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|Transaction effects
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|11 aoűt 2015
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|Classification aux États-Unis
|Classification internationale
|Classification coopérative
|Classification européenne


text:
Blog: Super discount market
Chris Brook-Carter | 6 February 2004
Predictions of a wine glut and the fallout of ferocious competition between retail majors are now having an impact on Australia's retail wine market.
Bottled wine is this week being nationally advertised at A$3.95-$3.99, (US$3.00 - $3.03) the brands being those of the respected major producers Angove and DeBortoli.
When government taxes of more than 40% are factored in, it becomes apparent that margins are exceptionally slim.
Behind the buyers' strength are three factors: the domestic retail trade is increasingly dominated by two supermarket giants, Woolworths and Coles Myer, who force economies of scale; the 2004 vintage now imminent is predicted to be 28% above that of 2003 with consequent serious pressure on storage space for new wine; and the export trade, although buoyant, is being dented by the unexpected strength of the Australian dollar, currently trading at US$0.76.
By our Australian correspondent Tony Baker
Bar Convent Berlin - Day two: Startups and fishy gin
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Bar Convent Berlin - Day one: A bigger beginning
just-drinks is in Berlin this week for Bar Convent Berlin. Here's the first part of Andy Morton's daily blog, which will keep you up-to-date at one of Europe's most important dates in the alcohol indu...
Responding to criticism on social media is tough. You've got to engage the consumer without starting an argument and - ideally - get them on side....
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text:
2011 Mitsubishi Outlander Sport Repair and Maintenance
A guide to problems, costs, maintenance and repair for your 2011 Mitsubishi Outlander Sport
Ask a mechanic in our community
Never overpay. Check prices with our estimator
Trusted by our experts, tested by your neighbors
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2011 Mitsubishi Outlander Sport Recalls
The ventilation system blower motor may fail. This can cause reduced visibility because of windows fogging up due to a lack of defroster operation. The dealership will replace the blower motor free of charge to correct this concern.
The brake pedal may not return to the top position due to a fracture of the switch sleeve of the power brake booster. Proper safe operation of the brakes may be compromised. Dealers will inspect and replace the brake booster as needed free of charge to resolve the concern.
The pulleys that the drive the alternator, cooling fan and power steering pump mounted on the engine may experience unusual wear, resulting in the drive belt coming off. Dealers will replace the belt and any worn pulleys free of charge to resolve the concern.


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Trinity Rescue Kit 3.4 build 372 Free Download
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Trinity Rescue Kit or TRK is a free live Linux distribution that aims specifically at recovery and repair operations on Windows machines, but is equally usable for Linux recovery issues. ... read more
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text:
10 Reasons for a Cultural Boycott of Israel wants to
Tell musicians: Don't entertain apartheid Israel!
We have 10 Reasons to Boycott Israel, read more
We have 10 Reasons to Boycott Israel, read more
Police cannot police themselves.
While all 6 officers who killed Freddie Gray are out of jail, many protesters face unjust criminal charges and high bail
Native Women have lived under the longest and most violent Act of Cultural Genocide in the History of the World. Native
Help our kids eat well and stay healthy.
Facebook is a household name for millions of people around the world who use it to make friends, share pictures, and


text:
Articles tagged chris ingham
1 Dec 2008 // 8:59 PM
When the viewer is presented with portions of interviews with a panel of experts—including Beatles friends and biographers, journalists, broadcasters and eminent musicologists--things really pick up.READ more
//Mixed media
The Singles "Sweet Tooth" (audio) (premiere) // Music
A Fragile Tomorrow 'Make Me Over' (album stream) (premiere) // Music
Disclosure "Magnets" ft. Lorde (Singles Going Steady) // Music
Bloc Party "The Love Within" (Singles Going Steady) // Music
//Pm Picks
// Notes from the Road
"There's a preciousness to McCarter and the rest of the mostly young band. You want to freeze the moment, to make sure they are taking it all in too. Because it's going to change.READ the article


text:
Ness Lake PhotosNess Lake Photos View More
Quick Links
Ness Lake Bible Camp is located on the beautiful shores of Ness Lake, just 35 minutes North West of Prince George.
We strive to make Jesus Christ known to campers in an environment that is safe, fun, and non-threatening. Our dedicated leaders and staff model and teach the gospel as they serve the campers.
LIKE US ON FACEBOOK http://www.fb.com/nesslakebiblecamp to get updates on upcoming events, highlights from past ones and much much more!
PLEASE NOTE: Check in at Main Camp is at 330pm; WilderNESS at 4pm.
Dismissal from Main Camp-
Squirt, Junior, Intermediate 4 and Teen - chapel 10am; dismissal 11am. Intermediate 1,2,3 - Chapel 6pm; dismissal 7pm.
Dismissal from WilderNESS -
1, 4, 5, 6, 7 - barge to WilderNESS at 930 or 945 am; chapel 10am; dismissal 11am
2, 3, 8 - barge to WilderNESS at 530 or 545pm; chapel 6pm; dismissal 7pm
For the BEST of our 2014 Camp Photos, click this link: https://www.fb.com/nesslakebiblecamp/photos_stream?ref=page_internal
WHAT TO BRING TO CAMP:Sleeping Bag & Pillow (extra blanket if you'd like); Single fitted bed sheet; Swimsuit and towel; Toiletries; Bible (if you have one); Notebook & Pen; Flashlight; Jacket; Clothing for warm and cool days; Extra footwear; Bug spray
Keep up with the latest news and announcements. Read the latest newsletter or browse the archives
We are always working on new things at Ness Lake and we'd like to keep you updated. Information about our latest projects, including our work on Gatehouse and Gym, can be found on our Projects page
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by word and deed through camping and conference programs.


text:
Fan confidence at season-low 9.99%
Harris DeckerThis month's fan confidence rating is out and it is not good. Confidence dropped from 11.27 percent last month to just 9.99 percent this month. What does that mean? It means that less than 10 percent of Knicks fans believe that the team is heading in the right direction.
Obviously, this shouldn't be news to anyone. With the injuries mounted on top of the horrible losses, this year has been an absolute disaster and there doesn't seem to be an end in sight.
For me, the number is in line with what I would have guessed. With all of the struggles, it does feel like the ship is slowly turning around, but it's like trying to turn around a cruise ship in a pond. Things will get better for the Knicks this year, but fan confidence is a tricky thing. It is slow to react and hard to earn back.
Tracking this level from before the season started, it is scary to see how far the Knicks have fallen.


text:
Van Sickle's Modern Airmanship
McGraw Hill Professional, 1999 - Sports & Recreation - 991 pages
Both a how-to- and an encylopedic reference, this book has long been considered the ultimate source of information for pilots of all skill levels and professionals across the aviation discipline. The 8th edition of Van Sickle's Modern Airmanship reflects the accelerating changes in aviation with updated and new information including data and discussion relevant to the increasing impact and new directions of aviation globally, economically, and privately, booming use of computers in aviation from individual level to aircraft design and flight itself (i.e., training, internet, nav aids, airline and airport operations, automated cockpit, etc.). New aircraft, new engines, new avionics, new techniques. A new chapter examines Sport Aviation including hand gliding, gliding, soaring, parachuting, and ballooning. Forecast chapter includes detailed discussion of upcoming new National Air Space Architecture, Free Flight, GPS exclusively, and identifies trends on the leading edge.
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Neil D. Van Sickle,John F. Welch,Lewis Bjork,Linda Bjork
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text:
DAYTON, Ohio (AP)—Andrea Hoover scored 20 points and Kelley Austria added 17 off the bench as No. 14 Dayton held off Duquesne 58-57 for its 10th consecutive victory Monday night.
The Flyers (22-1, 10-0 Atlantic 10 Conference) trailed 50-41 when Hoover's basket with 12:17 left sparked a 13-0 Dayton run that lasted about 4 1/2 minutes and put the Flyers ahead 54-50.
Ahjah Hall's two free throws pushed the Dukes (19-6, 8-3) back ahead 57-56 with 3:21 left, but Ally Malott answered with two foul shots for Dayton 50 seconds later for the decisive Flyers' lead.
Duquesne missed six shots and committed three turnovers in the final 2 1/2 minutes, including a pair of failed shot attempts in the final 8 seconds.
Oditte Odisho paced Duquesne with 14 points off the bench.
Dayton shot just 37.5 percent (18 of 48), but made 18 of 22 free throws to Duquesne's 4 of 8.


text:
2015 GMC Yukon
Denali AWD
Finance From
$462/bi-weekly 2.99% for 84 mos.
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$75,781 ¤
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We built the Sierra 3500HD to deliver everything you expect from a heavy duty truck—and then we exceeded those expectations with the most powerful Sierra ever.
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The Sierra 3500 Denali HD combines raw power with premium accents to create a pickup that not only accomplishes more, but looks great doing it. Premium. Powerful. Professional Grade.
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Meet the all-new 2015 GMC Yukon. Its spacious interior offers three rows of seating that can accommodate up to nine passengers.
With its bold styling, premium materials, and inspiring capability, Yukon creates a new standard in full-size utility.
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The all-new 2015 GMC Yukon Denali makes a powerful first impression. This luxurious SUV lives up to its Denali heritage with superior capability, comfort and cachet.
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Introducing the all-new 2015 GMC Yukon XL. With its bold styling, premium materials, and inspiring capability, Yukon XL creates a new standard in full-size utility.
Its spacious interior offers three rows of seating that can accommodate up to nine passengers—and all their cargo—with ease.
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More of a good thing never looked better – meet the 2015 Yukon Denali XL, the extended luxury SUV that brings you the utmost in GMC luxury and roominess.
15.9 L/100km city 11.1 L/100km hwy≠
Professional Grade means professional maintenance. That's why we offer a complimentary 2-Year/40,000 KM Scheduled Lube-Oil-Filter Maintenance.
Step inside the new 2015 Yukon Denali, and it's quickly apparent that it sets new standards for refinement and innovation. Authentic aluminum and wood trim accents the cabin, while three rows of first-class seating for up to eight ensure your passengers enjoy the same style and comfort that you do.
The 2015 Yukon Denali interior is the definition of uncompromised craftsmanship, comfort and capability, with an impressive list of premium features that includes:
GMC engineers concentrated on every aspect of the Yukon Denali to reduce cabin noise, resulting in uncompromised cabin quietness. Contributing innovations include:
Yukon Denali is designed to offer unsurpassed luxury for your passengers and unbeatable flexibility for your cargo. Features include:
Think superior utility and towing capacity can't come in a show-stopping package? It's time to meet the 2015 Yukon Denali. From its aerodynamic proportions and confident new lines, to its signature Denali styling cues, this is one SUV that knows how to make a lasting impression.
Lamp to lamp, the redesigned Yukon Denali exterior exudes stylish confidence. Features include:
The keyless entry system available on the Yukon Denali allows you to access all four doors and the rear liftgate when it senses your key fob as you approach. When you exit, the vehicle automatically locks within several seconds of the last door being closed.
Yukon Denali's standard programmable power rear liftgate allows you to adjust gate height with a touch of a button. Inside the cabin or out, your key fob opens the gate for easy access. The rear glass opens by itself, too, so you can load cargo without having to raise the full liftgate.
Constant innovation means never having to compromise between luxury and convenience, and the proof is in Yukon Denali's advanced technologies, all engineered to keep you purposefully connected and in control.
New for 2015, Yukon Denali's customizable Driver Display allows you to personalize vehicle information, with a menu of themes that lets you control not only what you see, but also how you see it. Features include:
The 2015 Yukon Denali allows you to experience your media like never before through a logical, intuitive interface thanks to its newly enhanced next-generation IntelliLink®1 infotainment and Colour Touch Navigation2 systems, both standard. Features include:
Yukon Denali makes it easy to entertain even the most demanding of passengers thanks to options such as SiriusXM™4 and Blu-Ray™. A premium Bose® audio system comes standard, so any entertainment choice is enhanced. Features include:
Stay connected powerfully. OnStar with 4G LTE5 turns your Yukon Denali into a truly mobile Wi-Fi hotspot giving you a strong and reliable signal to unleash the full potential of up to seven portable devices.6 So you have the power to work, surf and play to your satisfaction with the benefit of an enhanced connection to OnStar services, giving you the most comprehensive in-vehicle safety and connectivity system available. Learn more at onstar.ca/4glte.
The 2015 Yukon Denali is equipped with some of the most advanced safety features available so you're ready for the unexpected, should it ever occur. A comprehensive suite of Driver Alert and active safety technologies use cameras, radar and ultrasonic sensors to help see where you can't. For added peace of mind, Yukon features air bags7 from the front to third rows, including GM's industry-first8 front centre air bag.7US Image Shown.
The advanced Safety Alert technologies on the 2015 Yukon Denali pair innovative technology with driver-centric engineering to help keep you safer on the road. Features include:
Yukon Denali helps protect you in the event of a collision with features engineered to give you greater peace of mind. These include:
When one of the Yukon Denali's Driver Alert technologies (for example, Lane Departure Warning) triggers an alert, the available Safety Alert Driver Seat vibrates on the left or right bolster, depending on the direction of the potential hazard.
New for 2015, Yukon Denali's brake rotors now use GM-exclusive Duralife™ corrosion protection. The patented process relies on Ferritic Nitro-Carburizing (FNC) to harden rotor surfaces for a dramatic reduction in rust and corrosion. The results are less steering shudder when applying the brakes and a rotor lifespan of up to twice that of conventional brake rotors.
New for 2015, Yukon Denali is available with an advanced vehicle security system that includes:
A 6-month trial subscription to the OnStar® Directions & Connections plan comes standard on the 2015 Yukon Denali and includes:
The 2015 Yukon Denali is engineered to let you go where you want and trailer what you want. Power comes from a 6.2L V8 EcoTec3 engine, while the Magnetic Ride Control® system reads and adjusts suspension for a consistently smooth ride and precise control over uneven terrain.
The 2015 Yukon Denali offers improved horsepower, torque and fuel efficiency10 thanks to the 6.2L V8 EcoTec3 engine that delivers:
When engaged, Hill Start Assist technology on the Yukon Denali detects when it's on an incline and holds the brakes momentarily or until the gas pedal is pressed, preventing rollback. This feature is particularly effective when towing, giving the driver time to switch from the brake pedal to the gas pedal without rolling.
Nowhere is the result of GMC's relentless innovation more evident than in Yukon Denali's drive, our smoothest and most solid Yukon Denali yet. Features include:
◊Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price, includes $1,795 freight and $100 air conditioning tax if applicable. License, insurance, registration, fees associated with filing at movable property registry/PPSA, administration fees, duties and taxes extra. Dealers are free to set individual prices. See dealer for details.
^Available manufacturer to dealer delivery credit (tax exclusive). This credit is available to cash customers only; customers who choose to finance or lease their vehicles will forego some or all of these credits which will result in a higher effective cost of credit on their transaction. Includes Owner Cash/Loyalty Cash Bonus on select Chevrolet (details), Buick (details) and GMC (details) vehicles.
¤ Offer valid for delivery dates between 2015-10-01 and 2015-11-02 for qualified retail customers in Canada only; participating lenders are subject to change. 2.99% purchase financing offered on approved credit by TD Auto Finance Services, RBC Royal Bank, Scotiabank for 84 months on new or demonstrator 2015 GMC Yukon Denali AWD. Rates from other lenders will vary. Down payment, trade and/or security deposit may be required. Bi-Weekly payment and cost of borrowing will vary depending on amount borrowed and down payment/trade. Example: 2015 GMC Yukon Denali AWD $75,781 at 3.32% APR, the Bi-Weekly payment is $461.72 for 84 months. Cost of borrowing is $8,252, total obligation is $84,033. Freight and air conditioning levy ($100, if applicable) included. License, insurance, registration, PPSA, applicable taxes, dealer fees, and other applicable fees not included. Dealers are free to set individual prices. Dealer order or trade may be required. Limited time offer which may not be combined with certain other offers. General Motors of Canada may modify, extend or terminate offers in whole or in part at any time without notice. Conditions and limitations apply. See participating dealer for details.
^^Available manufacturer to dealer delivery credit (tax exclusive). Includes Owner Cash/Loyalty Cash Bonus on select Chevrolet (details), Buick (details) and GMC (details) vehicles.
Visit onstar.ca for coverage map, details and systems limitations. Services vary by model and conditions. OnStar acts as a link to existing emergency service providers. After the complimentary trial period, an active OnStar service plan is required.
2. At time of posting, detailed map coverage is available for most major urban areas of the United States and for certain metropolitan areas of Canada (Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Winnipeg, Windsor, London, Toronto, Ottawa, Montreal, Quebec City and Halifax). Coverage is significantly limited outside these areas.
3. Not compatible with all devices.
4. Available in 10 Canadian provinces and the 48 contiguous United States. Subscription sold separately after trial period. If you decide to continue your service at the end of your trial subscription, the plan you choose will automatically renew and bill at then-current rates until you call 1-877-209-0079 to cancel. Other fees and taxes will apply. All fees and programming subject to change. See SiriusXM "Terms & Conditions" and complete details at siriusxm.ca.
5. Visit onstar.ca for coverage maps, details and system limitations. Services and connectivity may vary by model and conditions. OnStar with 4G LTE connectivity is available on select vehicle models and in select markets. Customers will be able to access OnStar services only if they accept the OnStar User Terms and Privacy Statement (including software terms). OnStar acts as a link to existing emergency service providers. After the trial period (if applicable), an active OnStar service plan is required.
6. Devices must be WPA2 compliant with active OnStar service and data plan. Wi-Fi devices manufactured prior to 2006 may not be compatible. Please consult your device manufacturer for information regarding the WPA2 security protocol and Wi-Fi device compatibility. Vehicle must be started or in accessory mode to access Wi-Fi. Visit onstar.ca for system details and limitations.
7. Always use safety belts and child restraints. Children are safer when properly secured in a rear seat in the appropriate child restraint. See the Owner's Manual for more safety information.
8. Comparisons based on Wardsauto.com 2015 Large Sport/Utility segment and latest competitive data available at time of posting. Excludes other GM vehicles.
9. Before making a lane change, always check the Side Blind Zone Alert display, check the exterior and interior rearview mirrors, look over your shoulder for vehicles and hazards and start the turn signal.
10. 2015 Yukon Denali with 6.2L V8 EcoTec3 engine has a fuel-consumption rating of 16.2L/100 km city and 4L/100 km highway (4x4). Fuel consumption based on GM testing in accordance with approved Government of Canada test methods. Your actual fuel consumption may vary.
11. Requires 6.2L V8 EcoTec3 engine in Yukon Denali. Comparison based on Wardsauto.com 2014 Large Sport/Utility Vehicle segment and latest competitive data available at time of posting. Excludes other GM vehicles.
≠ 2015 fuel consumption estimates based on GM preliminary testing in accordance with new 2015 Model Year Government of Canada approved test methods. Refer to vehicles.nrcan.gc.ca for details. Your actual fuel consumption may vary.
GM.ca>GMC> Yukon Denali > Overview


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Bonnaroo to feature DMB, Kings of Leon, Wonder
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Organizers announced Tuesday night a lineup that features the Dave Matthews Band, Kings of Leon, Stevie Wonder and Jay-Z at the head of a list that includes a little bit of everything.
The festival will be held June 10-13 on a 700-acre farm in Manchester, Tenn., about 60 miles south of Nashville.
Other top names in the genre-jumping lineup of 125 acts include Norah Jones, Weezer, Jack White's newest band The Dead Weather, Nas (NAHZ) with Damian Marley, and the Flaming Lips will perform Pink Floyd's "Dark Side of the Moon."
Bonnaroo also features a formidable comedy lineup led by Chris Rock, Jimmy Fallon and Jack Black's Tenacious D.
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Capital Markets
Company Overview of Vanguard Scottsdale Funds - Vanguard Russell 2000 Value ETF
Executive Profile
John Ameriks Ph.D.
Portfolio Manager, Vanguard Scottsdale Funds - Vanguard Russell 2000 Value ETF
|Total Calculated Compensation
|This person is connected to 0 Board Members in 0 different organizations across 51 different industries.
Dr. John Ameriks, Ph.D. serves as the Head of Quantitative Equity Group and Portfolio Manager of The Vanguard Group, Inc. and has been its Principal since 2003. Dr. Ameriks serves as Principal, Head of Quantitative Equity Group, and Portfolio Manager at Vanguard World Fund - Vanguard Mega Cap ETF, Vanguard Valley Forge Funds - Vanguard Balanced Index Fund, Vanguard World Fund - Vanguard Information Technology ETF, Vanguard World Fund - Vanguard Materials ETF, Vanguard ...
Corporate Headquarters
100 Vanguard BoulevardPhone: 610-669-1000
Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355
United States
Fax: 610-669-6600
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Stanford University
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Residence Inn by Marriott Davenport, Davenport
- Free continental breakfast and free parking
Main amenities
- 78 smoke-free guestrooms
- Indoor pool
- Fitness center
- Business center
- 24-hour front desk
- Air conditioning
- Front desk safe
- Picnic area
- Free newspapers in the lobby
What's around
- Kaplan University Davenport Campus (3.2 mi / 5.1 km)
- NorthPark Mall (4.3 mi / 6.9 km)
- Genesis Medical Center East (4.4 mi / 7.1 km)
- Quad Cities Waterfront Convention Center (4.7 mi / 7.6 km)
- Vander Veer Botanical Park (5.6 mi / 9 km)
The staff was very accommodating for our baseball team that stayed there. Comfortable…
Convenient location. Interior furnishings are dated and need an update, but clean and in…
Enter dates to check prices
Hotel Info: 020 3027 9803from £92
- Suite
- Suite, 2 Bedrooms
- Standard Room
Also popular with travellers from the UK
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 78 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 3 floors
- Check-in time starts at 3 PM
- Check-out time is noon
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Pets allowed
Extra people
- Rollaway beds available, charges may apply*
- WiFi in rooms *
- Free self parking
Other information
- Smoke-free property
Nearby Three Star Davenport hotels
In the hotel
- Free continental breakfast
- Indoor pool
- Fitness facilities
- Business center
- 24-hour front desk
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Elevator/lift
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Picnic area
- In-room accessibility
In the room
- Air conditioning
- Coffee/tea maker
- Iron/ironing board
- Bathtub only
- Hair dryer
- Cable TV channels
- Free newspaper
- WiFi (surcharge)
- Phone
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
- Kitchen
Top Davenport hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Davenport
- Country Inn & Suites By Carlson Moline AirportFrom
"Lovely hotel great rooms suitable for families. Lovely pool, although the spa pool could do with a clean. Breakfast had lots of variety and was good value for money."Aug 15, 2014
- Comfort Inn MolineFrom
"It's a 2 start hotel that give you what you need"Jan 30, 2014
Nearby hotels
Residence Inn by Marriott Davenport, Davenport's small print
Mandatory fees
Pet deposit: USD 100 per stay
Optional extras
WiFi is available in guestrooms for USD 1 per day (rates may vary)
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


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1995 GMC Safari SLT 3dr Minivan AWD
With a family of 6 that takes trips
often, room is important-(essential).
The van has been extremely reliable.
Lots of room.
More leg room for driver.
1995 GMC Safari SLE 3dr Minivan
I bought my 1995 Safari just because I
could fit my 10-foot surfboard IN the
vehicle AND lock the doors under the
seats. For a van, it's pretty peppy.
Rear AC and Dutch doors are cool.
Middle and rear seats make the cargo
space versatile.
My girlfriend complained that the
shotgun seat has no foot room. I don't
drive from there so, it never bothered
At 80k miles, fuel injection system
died. Spendy ($1k), but worth it.
At 116k, the tranny died. The $2k to
replace it just wasn�t worth it, had to
trade it in.
Versatility - Leave the middle seat in
the garage and fold down the back seat
most of the time. Great for road trips -
camping, surfing, fishing, etc..
Drink holders that fit at least a
McDonald's Medium drink would be good
for the front seats - the radio is in
the way.
The middle and rear seats should un-
fold and combine to make a bed in the
cargo area but only while the vehicle
is in PARK.
This van is my second, I owned a Astro
before, its a great driver on long
trips and has plenty of towing power
for my older Apache trailer. All wheel
drive is a real life saver as I do get
off the pavement once in awhile and is
great on winter roads.
Room, towing, all wheel drive and tight
sounding ride.
Better gas mileage.
Bought new in January 1996. Have had
no major problems. Front brakes have
been replaced twice. Plastic door
handle on passenger side broke inside
the door...major hassle to get to and
fix but not a major expense if you
have a friend that is a mechanic and
has the right tools. Power door lock
doesn't always connect with the
sliding passenger side door (2 clicks
usually will do it when
it "misfires"). Just had the fuel
pump replaced at 123,000 miles. Van
gave plenty of warning...started
running rough at about 118,000 miles.
Tuned up at 105,000 miles. With 3
kids in sports, this van is great.
extended cargo space, rear air
Keep working on the power door lock
system. Every GM product I've ever
owned with Power locks seems to have
issues. Make access to inner door
panel easier.
1995 GMC Safari 3dr Minivan
This is my second astro/safari
conversion. The only reason they are
not being driven is because they were
both totalled out in wrecks. Anyways,
they were both perfect. TV/VCR for my
kids, never had any major problems
whatsoever out of these vans. The 4.3
v6 got about 17mpg but NEVER broke down
and had plenty of power. I bought the
first one with 100k and it had 140k
when wrecked, my second one i bought
with 70k and wrecked it with 111k. I
love these vans!
tv/vcr, rear sofa-bed, headroom in the
conversion, digital dash (astro), peppy
digital dash on all of em, newer styled
interior (redone in 96)
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