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Dentofacial and Cranial Changes in Down Syndrome
Shukla, Deepika
Bablani, Deepika
Chowdhry, Aman
Thapar, Raveena
Gupta, Puneet
Mishra, Shashwat
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of certain oral characteristics usually associated with Down syndrome and to determine the oral health status of these patients.
The cross-sectional study was conducted among patients attending a special education program at Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi, India. The study design consisted of closed-ended questions on demographic characteristics (age, sex, and education and income of parents), dietary habits, and oral hygiene habits. Clinical examination included assessment of oral hygiene according to Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S), dental caries according to decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index, periodontal status according to the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN), and malocclusion according to Angles classification of malocclusion. Examinations were carried out using a using a CPI probe and a mouth mirror in accordance with World Health Organization criteria and methods. Craniometric measurements, including maximum head length and head breadth were measured for each participant using Martin spreading calipers centered on standard anthropological methods.
The majority of the patients were males (n = 63; 82%) with age ranging from 6–40 years. The Intelligence Quotient (IQ) score of the patients indicated that 31% had moderate mental disability and 52% had mild mental disability. 22% exhibited hearing and speech problems.12% had missing teeth and 15% had retained deciduous teeth in adult population. The overall prevalence of dental caries in the study population was 78%. DMFT, CPITN and OHI scores of the study group were 3.8 ± 2.52, 2.10 ± 1.14 and 1.92 ± 0.63 respectively. The vast majority of patients required treatment (90%), primarily of scaling, root planing, and oral hygiene education. 16% of patients reported CPITN scores of 4 (deep pockets) requiring complex periodontal care. The prevalence of malocclusion was 97% predominantly of Class III malocclusions. Further 14% presented with fractured anterior teeth primarily central incisor. The percentage means of cephalic index was 84.6% in the study population. The brachycephalic and hyperbrachycephalic type of head shape was dominant in the Down syndrome individuals (90%).
The most common dentofacial anomaly seen in these individuals was fissured tongue followed by macroglossia.
down syndrome; oral Hygiene Index; dentofacial anomaly; macroglossia
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Dental caries prevalence, oral health knowledge and practice among indigenous Chepang school children of Nepal
Prasai Dixit, Lonim
Shakya, Ajay
Shrestha, Manash
Shrestha, Ayush
BMC Oral Health
Chepang communities are one of the most deprived ethnic communities in Nepal. According to the National Pathfinder Survey, dental caries is a highly prevalent childhood disease in Nepal. There is no data concerning the prevalence of caries along with knowledge, attitude and oral hygiene practices among Chepang schoolchildren. The objectives of this study were to 1) record the prevalence of dental caries 2) report experience of dental pain 3) evaluate knowledge, attitude and preventive practices on oral health of primary Chepang schoolchildren.
A cross sectional epidemiological study was conducted in 5 government Primary schools of remote Chandibhanjyang Village Development Committee (VDC) in Chitwan district. Ethical approval was taken from the Institutional Review Board within the Research Department of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Tribhuvan University. Consent was obtained from parents for conducting clinical examination and administrating questionnaire. Permission was taken from the school principal in all schools. Data was collected using a pretested questionnaire on 131 schoolchildren aged 8-16-year- olds attending Grade 3–5. Clinical examination was conducted on 361 school children aged 5–16 –year-olds attending grade 1–5. Criteria set by the World Health Organization (1997) was used for caries diagnosis. The questionnaires, originally constructed in English and translated into Nepali were administered to the schoolchildren by the researchers. SPSS 11software was used for data analysis.
Caries prevalence for 5–6 –year-old was above the goals recommended by WHO and Federation of Dentistry international (FDI) of less than 50% caries free children. Caries prevalence in 5-6-year-olds was 52% and 12-13-year-olds was 41%. The mean dmft/DMFT score of 5–6 –year-olds and 12 -13-year -olds was 1.59, 0.31 and 0.52, 0.84 respectively. The DMFT scores increased with age and the d/D component constituted almost the entire dmft/DMFT index. About 31% of 8-16-year-olds school children who participated in the survey reported having suffered from oral pain. Further, the need for treatment of decayed teeth was reported at 100%. About 76% children perceived teeth as an important component of general health and 75% reported it was required to eat. A total 93% children never visited a dentist or a health care service. Out of 56% children reporting cleaning their teeth daily, only 24% reported brushing their teeth twice daily. About 86% of the children reported using toothbrush and toothpaste to clean their teeth. Although 61% children reported to have received oral health education, 82% children did not know about fluoride and its benefit on dental health. About 50% children reported bacteria as the main cause of tooth decay and 23% as not brushing teeth for gingivitis. Frequency of sugar exposure was low; 75% of children reported eating sugar rich food once daily.
Caries prevalence of 5–6 –year- old Chepang school children is above the recommended target set by FDI/WHO. The study reported 31% schoolchildren aged 8-16-year old suffered oral pain and decayed component constituted almost the entire dmft/DMFT index. The brushing habit was reportedly low with only 24% of the children brushing twice daily. A nationwide scientifically proven, cost effective school based interventions is needed for prevention and control of caries in schoolchildren in Nepal.
Dental caries; School children; Oral hygiene
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Oral Health Status of Disabled Individuals Attending Special Schools
Altun, Ceyhan
Guven, Gunseli
Akgun, Ozlem Marti
Akkurt, Meltem Derya
Basak, Feridun
Akbulut, Erman
European Journal of Dentistry
The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of the dmft-DMFT indexes and the oral hygiene status of 136 individuals attending a special school for the disabled.
Participants were grouped according to disability [Mental Retardation (MR), Cerebral Palsy (CP), Autistic Disorder (AD), Down Syndrome (DS), Other (OTH)] and age [2–6 years (n=24), 7–12 years (50 children) and 13+ years (62 children]. Caries examinations were carried out in accordance with WHO criteria and oral cleanliness was evaluated by visually assessing the presence of plaque on teeth.
The age range of patients was 2–26 years (mean age: 11.89±5.19 years). Mean dmft and DMFT scores by age group were as follows: 2–6 years: dmft=2.04±2.24; 7–12 years: dmft=2.24±2.60, DMFT=0.98±2.58; 13+years: DMFT=2.68±2.91. Overall, 15.4% of children had no caries or fillings. While dmft and DMFT levels (P>.05) did not vary significantly by type of disability, oral cleanliness did. Children with autism were observed to maintain the best oral hygiene and those with mental retardation (MR), the poorest.
It is important for the dentist to concentrate on a preventive approach and provide proper dental education to parents of disabled individuals. Among the children with disabilities, more attention should be paid to the oral hygiene of MR group.
Disabled individual; Oral health; Caries; Oral plaque
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Oral Health Status of Children with Disability Living in Albania
Gaçe, Eno
Kelmendi, Manola
Fusha, Enika
Materia Socio-Medica
This study was carried out at nine (9) special schools for disabled children in Albania. The aim of the study is to determine the caries prevalence and oral hygiene status of children with different disabilities attending different schools for disabled at Albania.
Participants are grouped according disability Autistic Spectrum Disorder, Down syndrome, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retarded, Blind, Deaf-Mute and age group (0-5, 6-10, 11-14, 15-18 years old children). Caries and oral health status were examined and assessed according WHO 1997 criteria.
Overall caries prevalence at permanent dentition for all groups is 85.3% and for primary dentition 72%. The mean deft index is 3.4 ± 3.5(p≤0.029), mean DMFT= 4.9±4.6 (p≤0.001) with significance difference across type of disability (Kruskal-Wallis test) for both dentition. The mean OHI-S of total population is 1.91; there is significant difference across disability type (p≤0.001, Anova test) for OHI-S index. In total 43.2 % have good, 49.4% fair and 7.4% bad oral hygiene.
The subjects in this study had a high prevalence of dental caries, poor oral hygiene and need for restorative care.
caries; oral health; disability; hygiene
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Discriminative ability of the generic and condition-specific Child-Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (Child-OIDP) by the Limpopo-Arusha School Health (LASH) Project: A cross-sectional study
Mbawalla, Hawa S
Mtaya, Matilda
Masalu, Joyce R
Brudvik, Pongsri
Astrom, Anne N
BMC Pediatrics
Generic and condition-specific (CS) oral-health-related quality-of-life (OHRQoL) instruments assess the impacts of general oral conditions and specific oral diseases. Focusing schoolchildren from Arusha and Dar es Salaam, in Tanzania, this study compared the discriminative ability of the generic Child OIDP with respect to dental caries and periodontal problems across the study sites. Secondly, the discriminative ability of the generic-and the CS Child OIDP attributed to dental caries, periodontal problems and malocclusion was compared with respect to various oral conditions as part of a construct validation.
In Arusha, 1077 school children (mean age 14.9 years, range 12-17 years) and 1601 school children in Dar es Salaam (mean age 13.0 years, range 12-14 years) underwent oral clinical examinations and completed the Kiswahili version of the generic and CS Child-OIDP inventories. The discriminative ability was assessed as differences in overall mean and prevalence scores between groups, corresponding effect sizes and odd ratios, OR.
The differences in the prevalence scores and the overall mean generic Child-OIDP scores were significant between the groups with (DMFT > 0) and without (DMFT = 0) caries experience and with (simplified oral hygiene index [OHI-S] > 1) and without periodontal problems (OHI-S ≤ 1) in Arusha and Dar es Salaam. In Dar es Salaam, differences in the generic and CS Child-OIDP scores were observed between the groups with and without dental caries, differences in the generic Child-OIDP scores were observed between the groups with and without periodontal problems, and differences in the CS Child-OIDP scores were observed between malocclusion groups. The adjusted OR for the association between dental caries and the CS Child-OIDP score attributed to dental caries was 5.4. The adjusted OR for the association between malocclusion and CS Child-OIDP attributed to malocclusion varied from 8.8 to 2.5.
The generic Child-OIDP discriminated equally well between children with and without dental caries and periodontal problems across socio-culturally different study sites. Compared with its generic form, the CS Child-OIDP discriminated most strongly between children with and without dental caries and malocclusion. The CS Child OIDP attributed to dental caries and malocclusion seems to be better suited to support clinical indicators when estimating oral health needs among school children in Tanzania.
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Pattern and severity of early childhood caries in Southern Italy: a preschool-based cross-sectional study
Nobile, Carmelo GA
Fortunato, Leonzio
Bianco, Aida
Pileggi, Claudia
Pavia, Maria
BMC Public Health
This survey was intended to investigate prevalence and severity of early childhood caries (ECC) in a sample of children in Southern Italy and to identify factors that may be related to this condition.
The study was designed as a cross-sectional survey. The study population (children aged 36–71 months) attending thirteen kindergartens was randomly selected through a two-stage cluster sampling procedure. Parents/guardians of all eligible children were invited to participate filling out a structured self-administered questionnaire, and after having returned the informed consent form an oral examination of the child was performed at school. The questionnaire included information on: socio-demographics about parents/guardians and child, pregnancy and newborn characteristics, oral hygiene habits of child, eating habits particularly on consumption of sweets, access to dental services, and infant feeding practices. The WHO caries diagnostic criteria for deciduous decayed, missing and filled teeth (dmft) and surfaces (dmfs) were used to record ECC and severe-ECC (S-ECC). Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate statistical associations of social demographics, infant feeding practices, oral hygiene habits, and access to dental services to ECC, S-ECC, dmft and dmfs.
515 children participated in the study. 19% had experienced ECC, and 2.7% severe-ECC (S-ECC), with a mean dmft and dmfs scores of 0.51 and 0.99, respectively. Mean dmft was 2.68 in ECC subjects, and 6.86 in S-ECC subjects. Statistical analysis showed that prevalence of ECC significantly increased with age (OR = 1.95; 95% CI = 1.3-2.91) and duration of breastfeeding (OR = 1.26; 95% CI = 1.01-1.57), whereas it was significantly lower in children of more educated mothers (OR = 0.64; 95% CI = 0.42-0.96), and higher in those who had been visited by a dentist in the previous year (OR = 3.29; 95% CI = 1.72-6.33).
Results of our study demonstrate that even in Western countries ECC and S-ECC represent a significant burden in preschool children, particularly in those disadvantaged, and that most of the known modifiable associated factors regarding feeding practices and oral hygiene are still very spread in the population.
Early childhood caries; Public health; Feeding habits; Children; Prevention
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Oral health status and behaviours of preschool children in Hong Kong
Chu, Chun-Hung
Ho, Ping-Lit
Lo, Edward CM
BMC Public Health
Dental caries is a major public health problem in many countries. Since the last territority-wide dental survey of Hong Kong preschool children was conducted in 2001, a survey to update the information is necessary. This study aimed to describe the dental caries experience of preschool children in Hong Kong and factors affecting their dental caries status.
A stratified random sample of children from seven kindergartens in Hong Kong was surveyed in 2009. Ethical approval from IRB and parental consent was obtained. Clinical examinations of the children were performed by two calibrated examiners using disposable dental mirrors, an intra-oral LED light and ball-ended periodontal probes. A questionnaire to investigate possible explanatory factors for caries status was completed by the children's parents. Caries experience was recorded using the dmft index. Multifactor-ANOVA was used to study the relationship between dental caries experience, and the background and oral health-related behaviours of the children.
Seven hundred children (53% boys), mean age 5.3 ± 0.7 years were examined. The mean dmft score of the surveyed children was 2.2 and 51% of them had no caries experience (dmft = 0). Most (>95%) of the decayed teeth were untreated. Statistically significant correlations were found between dental caries experience of the children and their oral health-related habits, family income, parental education level and parental dental knowledge.
Early childhood dental caries was prevalent among the preschool children in Hong Kong. Their caries experience was associated with their oral health-related behaviours, socio-economic background, and parental education and dental knowledge.
Dental caries; Oral hygiene; Oral health; Toothbrushing; Preschool children; Hong Kong; China
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Dental caries in 14- and 15-year-olds in New South Wales, Australia
Skinner, John
Johnson, George
Phelan, Claire
Blinkhorn, Anthony
BMC Public Health
Dental caries remains one of the most common chronic diseases of adolescents. In Australia there have been few epidemiological studies of the caries experience of adolescents with most surveys focusing on children. The New South Wales (NSW) Teen Dental Survey 2010 is the second major survey undertaken by the Centre for Oral Health Strategy. The survey is part of a more systematic and efficient approach to support State and Local Health District dental service planning and will also be used for National reporting purposes.
Data for the NSW Teen Dental Survey were collected in 2010 from a random sample of Year 9 secondary school students aged 14 to 15 years from metropolitan and non-metropolitan schools under the jurisdiction of the NSW Department of Education and Training, the Catholic Education Commission and Independent Schools in New South Wales. Nineteen calibrated examiners performed 1269 clinical examinations at a total of 84 secondary schools across NSW. The survey was accompanied by a questionnaire looking at oral health related behaviours, risk factors and the usage of the Medicare Teen Dental Plan.
175 schools were contacted, with 84 (48%) accepting the invitation to participate in the study. A total of 5,357 student consent forms and parent information packages were sent out and 1,256 students were examined; leading to a student participation rate of 23%. The survey reported a mean DMFT for 14 and 15 year olds of 1.2 and it was identified that 45.4% of students had an experience of dental caries. Major variations in caries experience reported occurred by remoteness, water fluoridation status, socio-economic status and household income levels.
The NSW Teen Dental Survey provided state-wide data that will contribute to the national picture on adolescent oral health. The mean DMFT score of 1.2 is similar to the national caries experience data for this age group from the Australian Child Dental Health Survey in 2009.
Teen dental survey; School children; Adolescents; Caries experience
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Risk factors associated with deciduous tooth decay in Iraqi preschool children
Al-Mendalawi, Mahmood Dhahir
Karam, Nadia Taha
Avicenna Journal of Medicine
Tooth decay (TD) is common in children with significant consequences on systemic well-being, growth and quality of life, as well as increasing the risk of decay in the permanent teeth.
The aim of the present study is to define risk factors associated with deciduous TD (DTD) in Iraqi preschool children.
Materials and Methods:
From the 1st June to 31st December 2012, a case-control study was carried out on 684 children under the age of 6 years who attended Al-Aulwyiah pediatric teaching hospital in Baghdad. Clinical examination and World Health Organization caries diagnostic criteria for decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) were applied. Data including gender, residence, socio-economic status (SES), parental education level, parental smoking, tooth brushing frequency, type of feeding during infancy and the presence of any systemic disease in the child were sought.
The mean DMFT score in the case group was 2.03 ± 1.39, of which decayed teeth formed 1.93. Males had a higher mean DMFT (2.10 ± 1.08) than females (1.96 ± 1.70) but with no statistically significant difference. The study revealed that residence, SES, parental education level and tooth brushing frequency were dependent risk factors significantly associated with DTD. However, gender, parental smoking and pattern of feeding during infancy were not significantly associated with DTD. Only four children with systemic disorders (1.2%), namely asthma and congenital heart diseases, were noticed to have DTD.
Pediatricians and dentists could provide dental preventive and screening measures. Confronting relevant risk factors associated with DTD and improving access to oral care services are suggested. In addition, promotion of oral health programs through school curricula is needed.
Children; deciduous tooth decay; Iraq; risk factors
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Impact of school-based oral health education program on oral health of 12 and 15 years old school children
Bhardwaj, Vinay Kumar
Sharma, Kapil Rajiv
Luthra, Rajeshwar Prasad
Jhingta, Pravesh
Sharma, Deepak
Justa, Ashish
Journal of Education and Health Promotion
Health education for the school age child is a specialized field within the broad discipline of education. Oral health education program are educational aspects of any curative, preventive and promotional health activity.
The study has been undertaken to evaluate the impact of oral health education on the status of plaque, gingival health and dental caries among 12 and 15 years old children attending government school in Shimla city.
Materials and Methods:
Two hundred and seventy six school children participated in the study. The study was conducted over a period of 4 months from May 2010 to August 2010 in Government Senior Secondary School, Sanjauli. Plaque, gingival and caries status was assessed by using Silness and Loe plaque index, Loe and Silness gingival index and WHO modified DMFT index, respectively. Data was analyzed using the software SPSS version 15. Paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed rank sum test were used appropriately for statistical comparisons. P value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Overall mean plaque score and gingival score decreased significantly after oral health education irrespective of gender. However, decrease in plaque score among 15 years old female children and gingival scores among 12 and 15 years old female subjects was not significant. Difference in mean caries status was statistically insignificant among all the subjects.
Short term oral health education program may be useful in improving oral hygiene and gingival health. Coordinating efforts should be enhanced between school personnel, parents and health professionals to ensure long-term benefits of such program.
Dental caries; gingival status; oral health education; plaque; school children
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Oral lesions and dental status among institutionalized orphans in Yemen: A matched case-control study
Al-Maweri, Sadeq Ali
Al-Soneidar, Walid A
Halboub, Esam S
Contemporary Clinical Dentistry
The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions (OMLs) and dental caries and to evaluate oral health practices among institutionalized orphan-children in Sana'a city, Yemen.
Subjects and Methods:
A sample of 202 institutionalized male-orphan-children in the main orphanage in Sana'a city, were matched to 202 non-orphan schoolchildren. Clinical examination included assessment of OMLs based on standard international diagnostic criteria and evaluation of dental status using the Decayed/decayed, Missed/missed and Filled/filled (DMFT/dmft) index according to World Health Organization recommendations. Demographic data and oral hygiene practices were obtained by interviewing each subject using special questionnaire form.
Majority of children were in the 12-15 year age group. Nine types of lesions were reported among orphans; the most common lesions were fissured tongue (24.3%), herpes labialis (7.9%) and traumatic ulcers (2.5%). The occurrence of herpes labialis was found to be significantly higher in orphans than in controls (P < 0.01). The prevalence of dental caries was insignificantly lower among the orphans (84.7%) compared with the non-orphans (89.61%; P = 0.136). The mean dmft score was significantly lower in orphans than in controls (2.28 vs. 3.82; P = 0.001).
The institutionalized children in this orphanage had a high prevalence of OMLs but low prevalence of dental caries, though they revealed poor oral hygiene practices. Effective oral health promotion strategies need to be implemented to improve the oral health and oral health practices of children living in orphanages.
Dental caries; institutionalized orphans; oral lesions
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Oral Health Status of Patients with Mental Disorders in Southwest Ethiopia
Kebede, Biruktawit
Kemal, Temam
Abera, Solomon
PLoS ONE
Psychiatric disorders are known to be a risk factor for the development of different oral health problems especially for dental caries and periodontal diseases. In spite of this fact, no study has been conducted to reveal its magnitude in Ethiopia. Hence, this study was conducted to determine the oral health status of psychiatric patients at Jimma University Specialized Hospital (JUSH), Psychiatric Clinic.
A hospital based cross- sectional study was used from January to May 2011. A total of 240 participants were included in the study. Dental examination was done to measure indices of oral health: decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index and community periodontal index (CPI). Oral examination was performed using mirror, probe and explorer by experienced dental doctors. A simple random sampling technique was implemented to collect data. ANOVA test, binary logistic and multinomial logistic regression analyses were done using SPSS 16.0 statistical software.
The mean DMFT score among the psychiatric patients was 1.94±2.12 (mean±SD) with 1.28±1.69, 0.51±1.19 and 0.14±0.48 (mean±SD) for decayed, missed and filled teeth respectively. Only about 24% of the psychiatric patients had a healthy CPI score. Incorrect tooth brushing technique was significantly associated with a DMFT score greater than 2 (AOR = 3.58; 95% CI: 1.65, 7.79). The habit of sweet intake was also associated with dental caries (AOR = 2.91; 95% CI: 1.43, 5.95). Similarly, patients with a smoking habit also demonstrated statistically significant association with dental caries (AOR = 18.98; 95% CI: 5.06, 71.24).
The oral health status of the psychiatric patients was poor. Thus, health education about oral hygiene should be given for psychiatric patients so they can avoid the frequent intake of sweets, smoking and learn correct tooth brushing technique.
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Dental caries status of Dai preschool children in Yunnan Province, China
Zhang, Shinan
Liu, Juan
Lo, Edward CM
Chu, Chun-Hung
BMC Oral Health
The Dai people, one of the ethnic minorities in China, have a population of 1,260,000. They have the same origin as one of the main ethnic groups of Laos and Thailand. Most of the Dai live in Yunnan province, which is located in the less-developed southwestern part of China. This study aimed to describe the oral health status of Dai preschool children in China and the factors that influence their oral health status.
An oral health survey was performed between 2011 and 2012 to select Dai five-year-old children using multi-stage stratified sampling in Yunnan. Their dental caries experience was measured using the "dmft" index, and severe caries was assessed using the "pa" index, which is modified from the "pufa" index. Oral hygiene status was assessed using the visual plaque index (VPI). A questionnaire to study the children's socio-demographic background and oral health-related behaviours was completed by the children's parents.
A total of 833 children were examined. Their caries prevalence was 89% and 49% of the children had carious tooth with pulp involvement. The mean (SD) dmft score was 7.0 (5.3). Higher dmft scores were found among children who were girls, were currently bottle-fed, took daily sweet snacks, had higher VPI scores, and had visited a dentist within the last year.
The caries prevalence and experience of the five-year-old Dai children in Yunnan, China was high, and almost half had severe caries. The caries experience was associated with gender, snack habits, dental visit habits, and oral hygiene status.
Caries; Children; Ethnic; Minority; China
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Oral health survey and oral health questionnaire for high school students in Tibet, China
Hou, Rui
Mi, Yong
Xu, Quanhong
Wu, Fang
Ma, Yuanyuan
Xue, Peng
Xiao, Gao
Zhang, Yan
Wei, Yinhua
Yang, Wenbing
Head & Face Medicine
The aim of this study is to identify the oral health status as well as oral health practices and access for care of graduating senior high school Tibetan students in Shannan prefecture of Tibet.
Based on standards of the 3rd Chinese National Oral Epidemiological Survey and WHO Oral Health Surveys, 1907 graduating students from three senior high schools were examined for caries, periodontitis, dental fluorosis, and oral hygiene status. The questionnaire to the students addressed oral health practices and present access to oral medical services.
Dental caries prevalence (39.96%) and mean DMFT (0.97) were high in Tibetan students. In community periodontal indexes, the detection rate of gingivitis and dental calculus were 59.50% and 62.64%, respectively. Oral hygiene index-simplified was 0.69, with 0.36 and 0.33 in debris index-simplified and calculus index-simplified, respectively. Community dental fluorosis index was 0.29, with 8.13% in prevalence rate. The questionnaire showed students had poor oral health practices and unawareness for their needs for oral health services. It was also noted that the local area provides inadequate oral medical services.
Tibetan students had higher prevalence of dental diseases and lower awareness of oral health needs. The main reasons were geographical environment, dietary habit, students' attitude to oral health, and lack of oral health promotion and education. Oral health education and local dentists training should be strengthened to get effective prevention of dental diseases.
Oral health; Questionnaire; Epidemiology; Tibet; Plateau
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Dental caries status of Bulang preschool children in Southwest China
Zhang, Shinan
Liu, Juan
Lo, Edward CM
Chu, Chun-Hung
BMC Oral Health
Bulang is one of the 55 ethnic minorities in China with a population of around 120,000. They live mainly in Yunnan, which is a less-developed province in southwestern China. Many Bulang people live in remote villages and have little access to dental care. They like hot and sour food and chew betel nut. This study examines the caries status of 5-year-old Bulang children and factors that influence their caries status.
A sample of 5-year-old Bulang children in Yunnan was selected using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. One trained dentist examined the children using dental mirrors with intra-oral LED light and CPI probes. Caries experience was measured according to the dmft index. Oral hygiene status was recorded according to the visible plaque index (VPI). A parental questionnaire was used to study the children's oral health-related behaviours.
A total of 775 children were invited and 723 joined the survey. The caries prevalence was 85%, and 38% of them had caries involved in pulp. The mean dmft and dt score were 5.8 ± 4.9 and 5.6 ± 4.8, respectively. Visible plaque was found on 636 children (88%). Multi-factor ANCOVA analysis found that higher dmft scores were found among the children who snacked on sweets daily, had visited a dentist within the last year and had higher VPI scores.
The caries prevalence and experience among 5-year-old Bulang children in Yunnan was high, and most of the caries were left untreated. The caries experience was associated with snacking habits, dental visit habits and oral hygiene.
Caries; Children; Ethnic; Minority; China
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Inequalities of caries experience in Nevada youth expressed by DMFT index vs. Significant Caries Index (SiC) over time
Ditmyer, Marcia
Dounis, Georgia
Mobley, Connie
Schwarz, Eli
BMC Oral Health
With the increasingly polarized distribution of dental caries among children and adolescents, the usual DMFT measure has become a less meaningful population descriptor. To re-focus on identifying the high caries prevalence group the Significant Caries Index (SiC) was created. The aims of this study were to analyze the prevalence and severity of dental caries in Nevada youth over a period of eight years and to compare its expression by means of DMFT and SiC; analyze the caries trends in the population and their underlying factors, and determine whether Nevada youth were at risk for significantly high levels of dental caries.
Retrospective data was analyzed from a series of sequential, standardized oral health surveys across eight years (2001/2002-2008/2009) that included over 62,000 examinations of adolescents 13-19 years of age, attending public/private Nevada schools. Mean Decayed-Missing-Filled Teeth index (DMFT) and Significant Caries Index (SiC) were subsequently computed for each academic year. Descriptive statistics were reported for analysis of comparative DMFT and SiC scores in relation to age, gender, racial background, and residence in a fluoridated/non-fluoridated community. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the differential impact of the variables on the probability of being in the high caries prevalence group.
Comparison of students' mean DMFT to National (NHANES) data confirmed that dental caries remains a common chronic disease among Nevada youth, presenting higher prevalence rates and greater mean scores than the national averages. Downward trends were found across all demographics compared between survey years 1 and 6 with the exception of survey year 3. An upward trend began in survey year six. Over time, the younger group displayed an increasing proportion of cariesfree individuals while a decreasing proportion was found among older examinees. As expected, the mean SiC score was significantly higher than DMFT scores within each survey year across comparison groups (p < 0.001).
Using both caries indices together may help to highlight oral health inequalities more accurately among different population groups within the community in order to identify the need for special preventive oral health interventions in adolescent Nevadans. At the community level, action should focus on retaining and expanding the community fluoridation program as an effective preventive measure. At the individual level the study identifies the need for more targeted efforts to reach children early with a focus on females, Hispanics and Blacks, and uninsured children.
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Oral lesions and dental status of autistic children in Yemen: A case–control study
Al-Maweri, Sadeq Ali
Halboub, Esam S.
Al-Soneidar, Walid Ahmed
Al-Sufyani, Ghadah A.
Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry
2014;4(Suppl 3):S199-S203.
This study aimed to assess the prevalence of oral lesions among children with autism in Sana'a City, Yemen, and to evaluate their dental status.
Patients and Methods:
This case–control study included 42 children with autism, aged between 5 and 16 years, and 84 age- and gender-matched healthy children as controls. Oral lesions were assessed based on standardized criteria according to the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. Dental caries, gingival health, and oral hygiene status were assessed using dmft/DMFT index, Gingival Index (GI), and Plaque Index (PI), respectively. Chi-square test and Mann–Whitney's test were used to compare the groups.
Compared to controls, children with autism revealed higher proportion of fistulae (9.5% vs. 2.4%), ulcerative lesions (7.1% vs. 1.2%), gingival hyperplasia (4.8% vs. 0.0%), and cheilitis (4.8% vs. 2.4%); however, the differences were not statistically significant. The mean dmft score was significantly higher in children with autism than in controls (5.23 vs. 4.06; P < 0.001). Moreover, children with autism revealed poorer oral hygiene than controls, and the majority had gingivitis.
Children with autism in Yemen have high prevalence of oral soft tissue lesions, caries, and gingivitis. Therefore, proper oral health education programs should be initiated and directed toward this special section of the society.
Autism; dental caries; oral health; Yemen
Related Articles
Poor Dental Status and Oral Hygiene Practices in Institutionalized Older People in Northeast Brazil
Ribeiro Gaião, Luciene
Leitão de Almeida, Maria Eneide
Bezerra Filho, José Gomes
Leggat, Peter
Heukelbach, Jorg
International Journal of Dentistry
In this study we describe the dental status and oral hygiene practices in institutionalized older people and identify factors associated with poor dental status. A cross-sectional study was performed in a nursing home in Fortaleza, the capital of Ceará State (northeast Brazil). The number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) was assessed in the residents of the nursing home (n = 167; mean age = 76.6 years). The mean DMFT value was 29.7; the mean number of missing teeth was 28.4. Ninety-three (58.1%) were edentulous. Almost 90% practiced oral hygiene, but only about half used a toothbrush. Only 8% had visited a dentist in the preceding three months. Most of the variables regarding oral hygiene habits (such as the use of toothbrush, frequency of oral hygiene per day, regular tooth brushing after meals) did not show any significant association with the DMFT. In multivariate regression analysis, age, general literacy level, and practice of oral hygiene were independently associated with the DMFT (R2 = 0.13). Institutionalized older people in northeast Brazil have poor dental status, and oral hygiene practices are insufficient. Dental health education is needed focusing on the special needs of this neglected and socioeconomically deprived population to improve their quality of life.
Related Articles
Popoola, B.O.
Denloye, O.O.
Iyun, O.I.
Annals of Ibadan Postgraduate Medicine
Dental caries is a lifetime disease and its sequelae have been found to constitute health problems of immense proportion in children. Environmental factors such as culture, socioeconomic status, lifestyle and dietary pattern can have a great impact on cariesresistance or caries-development in a child.
The present study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between dental caries and socioeconomic status of children attending paediatric dental clinic in UCH Ibadan.
Socio-demographic data for each child that attended paediatric dental clinic, UCH Ibadan within a period of one year was obtained and recorded as they presented in the dental clinic, followed by oral examination for each of them in the dental clinic to detect decayed, missing and filled deciduous and permanent teeth (dmft and DMFT respectively).
The mean dmft and DMFT score for the 209 children seen within period of study were 1.58 ± 2.4 and 0.63+1.3 respectively. Highest caries prevalence (46.9%) was found within the high social class while the caries prevalence in middle and low social class were 40.5% and 12.6% respectively. The highest dmft/DMFT of >7 was recorded in two children belonging to high social class. The difference in dmft in the three social classes was statistically significant (x 2 = 51.86,p= 0.008) but for DMFT, it was not statistically significant (x2 = 6.92, p = 0.991).
Caries experience was directly related to socio-economic status of the parents of the studied children with highest caries prevalence in high and middle socioeconomic classes.
Dental Caries and Socioeconomic status.
Related Articles
Socio-demographic and behavioural correlates of oral hygiene status and oral health related quality of life, the Limpopo - Arusha school health project (LASH): A cross-sectional study
Mbawalla, Hawa S
Masalu, Joyce R
Åstrøm, Anne N
BMC Pediatrics
Promoting oral health of adolescents is important for improvement of oral health globally. This study used baseline-data from LASH-project targeting secondary students to; 1) assess frequency of poor oral hygiene status and oral impacts on daily performances, OIDP, by socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics, 2) examine whether socio-economic and behavioural correlates of oral hygiene status and OIDP differed by gender and 3) examine whether socio-demographic disparity in oral health was explained by oral health-related behaviours.
Cross-sectional study was conducted in 2009 using one-stage cluster sampling design. Total of 2412 students (mean age 15.2 yr) completed self-administered questionnaires, whereas 1077 (mean age 14.9 yr) underwent dental-examination. Bivariate analyses were conducted using cross-tabulations and chi-square statistics. Multiple variable analyses were conducted using stepwise standardized logistic regression (SLR) with odds ratios and 95% Confidence intervals (CI).
44.8% presented with fair to poor OHIS and 48.2% reported any OIDP. Older students, those from low socio-economic status families, had parents who couldn't afford dental care and had low educational-level reported oral impacts, poor oral hygiene, irregular toothbrushing, less dental attendance and fewer intakes of sugar-sweetened drinks more frequently than their counterparts. Stepwise logistic regression revealed that reporting any OIDP was independently associated with; older age-groups, parents do not afford dental care, smoking experience, no dental visits and fewer intakes of sugar-sweetened soft drinks. Behavioural factors accounted partly for association between low family SES and OIDP. Low family SES, no dental attendance and smoking experience were most important in males. Low family SES and fewer intakes of sugar-sweetened soft drinks were the most important correlates in females.
Socio-behavioural factors associated with higher odds ratios for poor OHIS were; older age, belonging to the poorest household category and having parents who did not afford dental care across both genders.
Disparities in oral hygiene status and OIDP existed in relation to age, affording dental care, smoking and intake of sugar sweetened soft drinks. Gender differences should be considered in intervention studies, and modifiable behaviours have some relevance in reducing social disparity in oral health.
Related Articles
Gaps in smiles and services: a cross-sectional study of dental caries in refugee-background children
Quach, Alicia
Laemmle-Ruff, Ingrid L
Polizzi, Tatiana
Paxton, Georgia A
BMC Oral Health
Refugees are reported to experience high rates of dental disease, although there are limited data on refugee children. The aim of this study was to report on oral health in refugee-background children in Australia, and to assess their follow-up at dental services.
Cross-sectional study of opportunistic oral health screening and subsequent dental service use in refugee-background children attending a refugee health clinic in Victoria, Australia, between November 2006 – November 2010.
350 patients (0 – 18 years, mean age 8 years 7 months) had oral health screening; 241 (68.9%) were born overseas, (176 Africa, 65 other countries) and 109 (31.1%) were born in Australia to African-background families. Parents were concerned about oral health in 65/341 (19.1%) children, with specific concern about caries in only 9/341 (2.6%). On assessment, 155/336 (46.1%) had visible caries and 178/345 (51.6%) had caries experience (dmft/DMFT > 0). Where parents were concerned about caries, they were likely to be present (positive predictive value = 100%), however absence of parent concern about caries was not reassuring (negative predictive value = 56.1%).
Compared to Australian-born children of African background; African-born children were more likely to be referred for further dental care (adjusted PR 1.33, 95% CI [1.02 – 1.73]), although there was no statistically significant difference in caries prevalence. African-born children were less likely to have caries compared to other overseas-born children (adjusted PR 0.73, 95% CI [0.58 – 0.93]). Overall 187/344 (54.4%) children were referred for further dental care; 91/124 (73.4%) attended any dental appointment. Attendance rates were 90% with a phone reminder system for appointments, attendance reduced when this system lapsed.
Oral health is an important public health issue in refugee-background children, despite low levels of parent concern and very few parent reported caries. Routine direct oral health assessment is important in refugee-background children and co-ordinated health systems may help improve their attendance at dental services.
Caries; Children; Dental services; Oral health; Refugee
Related Articles
The prevalence of malocclusion and its association with dental caries among 12-18-year-old disabled adolescents
Vellappally, Sajith
Gardens, Seby J
Al Kheraif, Abdul-Aziz Abdullah
Krishna, Madhusudan
Babu, Suresh
Hashem, Mohamed
Jacob, Vimal
Anil, Sukumaran
BMC Oral Health
To assess the prevalence of malocclusion among 12-18-year-old disabled adolescents in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, by using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) and to determine the association of malocclusion with dental caries.
This cross-sectional study included 243 children with various mental disabilities with or without physical infirmities. The Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) and the dentition status were recorded using the World Health Organization Oral Health Surveys – Basic Methods (1997) Pro-forma. The Decayed (D), Missing (M) and Filled (F) components of the DMF index were calculated using the Dentition Status and Treatment Need (DSTN). A Chi-square test, ANOVA, and t-test were used to derive inferential statistics.
The mean DAI score ± standard deviation was 39.0 ± 12.3. A total of 123 (50.6%) participants (74 males and 49 females) had DAI scores of 36 and above, which indicated a handicapping malocclusion requiring mandatory orthodontic treatment. Sixty-nine (28.4%) adolescents (36 males and 33 females) had DAI scores between 31 and 35, which indicated severe malocclusion, for which orthodontic intervention was desirable. Incisal segment crowding (84.8%) was the most common aspect of the malocclusion. The mean DMFT score was 4.36 ± 3.81, and 82.8% of the participants had a DMFT score > 0. There was no statistically significant correlation between the mean DAI and DMFT scores (r = 0.090, p = 0.15). Only 16 (6.6%) of the adolescents had minor or no anomaly not needing orthodontic treatment.
The prevalence of malocclusion and dental caries was found to be high. However, there was no positive correlation between the severity of malocclusion and dental caries among the surveyed disabled adolescents.
Dental caries; Malocclusion; Disabled children; Epidemiology; Mental retardation
Related Articles
Survey on the Condition of First Permanent Molars in 15-year-old Students in Ahwaz, Iran in 2005
Bassir, Leila
Khanehmasjedi, Mashallah
Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects
Background and aims
Many children still face active and uncontrolled dental caries and data is needed for evaluating the situation in many parts of the country. The aim of the present survey was to evaluate the oral health of the young population of Ahwaz, Iran in 2005.
Materials and methods
In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 600 15-year-old students were se-lected randomly. Data was gathered with clinical examination and a questionnaire, collecting data of DMFT of first permanent molars, OHI-S, oral hygiene and nutrition habits, and parents' education. Statistical analysis was performed by descriptive statistics and t-test.
Mean DMFT of first permanent molars was 1.84 ± 1.54, with a higher value seen among girls. Mean decayed teeth component was 1.56, followed by filled (0.17) and missing (0.1) components. Higher DMFT values were significantly associated with poor OHI-S score (P = 0.001).
The observed oral hygiene status among the 15-year-olds necessitates implementing pre-ventive as well as restorative measures to improve the oral health status of the young population.
DMFT; first permanent molar; OHI-S
Related Articles
Oral health of visually impaired schoolchildren in Khartoum State, Sudan
Tagelsir, Azza
Khogli, Ahmed Eltigani
Nurelhuda, Nazik Mostafa
BMC Oral Health
Although oral health care is a vital component of overall health, it remains one of the greatest unattended needs among the disabled. The aim of this study was to assess the oral health status and oral health-related quality of life (Child-OIDP in 11-13-year-old) of the visually challenged school attendants in Khartoum State, the Sudan.
A school-based survey was conducted in Al-Nour institute [boys (66.3%), boarders (35.9%), and children with partial visual impairment (PVI) (44.6%)]. Two calibrated dentists examined the participants (n=79) using DMFT/dmft, Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S), dental care index, and traumatic dental injuries (TDI) index. Oral health related quality of life (C-OIDP) was administered to 82 schoolchildren.
Caries experience was 46.8%. Mean DMFT (age≥12, n=33) was 0.4 ± 0.7 (SiC 1.6), mean dmft (age<12, n=46) was 1.9 ±2.8 (SiC 3.4), mean OHIS 1.3 ± 0.9. Care Index was zero. One fifth of the children suffered TDI (19%). Almost one third (29%) of the 11–13 year old children reported an oral impact on their daily performances. A quarter of the schoolchildren (25.3%) required an urgent treatment need. Analysis showed that children with partial visual impairment (PVI) were 6.3 times (adjusted) more likely to be diagnosed with caries compared to children with complete visual impairment (CVI), and children with caries experience were 1.3 times (unadjusted) more likely to report an oral health related impact on quality of life.
Visually impaired schoolchildren are burdened with oral health problems, especially caries. Furthermore, the 11-13 year olds' burden with caries showed a significant impact on their quality of life.
Visually impaired children; Oral health; Oral health-related quality of life
Related Articles
A case-control study of determinants for high and low dental caries prevalence in Nevada youth
Ditmyer, Marcia
Dounis, Georgia
Mobley, Connie
Schwarz, Eli
BMC Oral Health
The main purpose of this study was to compare the 30% of Nevada Youth who presented with the highest Decayed Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index to a cohort who were caries free and to national NHANES data. Secondly, to explore the factors associated with higher caries prevalence in those with the highest DMFT scores compared to the caries-free group.
Over 4000 adolescents between ages 12 and 19 (Case Group: N = 2124; Control Group: N = 2045) received oral health screenings conducted in public/private middle and high schools in Nevada in 2008/2009 academic year. Caries prevalence was computed (Untreated decay scores [D-Score] and DMFT scores) for the 30% of Nevada Youth who presented with the highest DMFT score (case group) and compared to the control group (caries-free) and to national averages. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between selected variables and caries prevalence.
A majority of the sample was non-Hispanic (62%), non-smokers (80%), and had dental insurance (70%). With the exception of gender, significant differences in mean D-scores were found in seven of the eight variables. All variables produced significant differences between the case and control groups in mean DMFT Scores. With the exception of smoking status, there were significant differences in seven of the eight variables in the bivariate logistic regression. All of the independent variables remained in the multivariate logistic regression model contributing significantly to over 40% of the variation in the increased DMFT status. The strongest predictors for the high DMFT status were racial background, age, fluoridated community, and applied sealants respectively. Gender, second hand smoke, insurance status, and tobacco use were significant, but to a lesser extent.
Findings from this study will aid in creating educational programs and other primary and secondary interventions to help promote oral health for Nevada youth, especially focusing on the subgroup that presents with the highest mean DMFT scores.
Related Articles
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Discover a selection of top forums more ilickwindows on the internet. Come to share your passion on forums more ilickwindows and meet other fans of more ilickwindows. Then, why don't you create your own forum of more ilickwindows ?
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Hello. I'm Bennett, a small, gorgeous, young, chocolate and white, neutered Dutch boy.
I'm very sweet and people friendly and get along with other rabbits. I am playful, very comical and love staying busy with lots of attention, exercise, toys and projects.


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I am a hot air balloon pilot and it is a big part of my life. I recently got a new balloon... its called Bazinga! When I am not flying or hanging out with my friends, I love to ride my bike or go on walks. I love to travel and be outside. On rainy days or during the winter I like to bowl and/or watch a good movie. I recently graduated from JCC with a degree in Marketing and I am actively searching for a career. I root for UofM--but rivalries are healthy, so if you are a Spartan or Buckeye--have no fear. I tend to be very quiet but once I know someone I will be much more open and willing to have fun.
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The American Legion Post 63 13-and-under Riverbats dropped a Saturday doubleheader to the Teays Valley Elite, 8-1 and 7-4.
In game one, starter Nick Ooten pitched five innings. He allowed three runs on five hits with seven strikeouts in the loss. Will Ely, Levi Leslie and Garrett McNally each had a hit, with Leslie and McNally each recording a double.
In the nightcap, Max Rose scattered six hits through six innings. He allowed three earned runs in the loss. Rose finished with seven strikeouts and one walk. Ely led the Riverbats with three hits. Leslie added an RBI.


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1997 GMC Jimmy • 167,000 miles
A couple of weeks ago we had the fr. Drivers side wheel come off, only one lug was bent, we had to replace the ball joint as is was sheared off. Now all of a sudden the brake pedal goes to the floor and we have no brakes then as suddenly as they quit they start working again. It doesn't happen all the time. The abs light comes on and it feels like they are trying to work. We replaced the brake pads which still had quite a bit of life to them but they were severly cracked. What could the proble be? We have had a few close calls and don't want to have anything happen. We drive a lot for our job and need help fast!
November 12, 2011.
November 12, 2011.
This sounds to me like a failing master cylinder. Bad caliper. Do you have 4 wheel dics or rear shoes?
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text:
MAC Teddy Eye Kohl
466 reviews
84% would repurchase
Package Quality: 4.2
Price: $$$
Package Quality: 4.2
Price: $$$
INGREDIENTSHydrogenated coco-glycerides, triethylhexanoin, beeswax\cera alba\cire d'abeille, ricinus communis (castor) seed oil, dipentaerythrityl hexahydroxystearate/hexastearate/hexarosinate, copernicia cerifera (carnauba) wax\cera carnauba\cire de carnauba, polymethyl methacrylate, ozokerite, tocopherol, ascorbyl palmitate, lecithin, citric acid [ /- mica, titanium dioxide (CI 77891), iron oxides (CI 77491, CI 77492, CI 77499), aluminum powder (CI 77000), blue 1 lake (CI 42090), bismuth oxychloride (CI 77163), carmine (CI 75470), chromium hydroxide green (CI 77289), chromium oxide greens (CI 77288), ferric ferrocyanide (CI 77510), manganese violet (CI 77742), ultramarines (CI 77007), yellow 5 lake (CI 19140)]
on 3/29/2011 9:56:00 AM
Age: 30-35
Skin: Dry, Fair-Medium, Neutral
Hair: Brunette, Straight, Fine
Eyes: Green
Very pretty dark brown with a hint of bronze. Goes on easily and stays put all day for me. A staple in my kit for sure. I'm fair so I can't pull off black liners very well but need that definition that Teddy gives me. Will repurchase but it will be a while cuz you get a generous amt.
on 3/28/2011 9:00:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Brown, Straight, Medium
Eyes: Brown
This was my first eyeliner ever It is a pretty brown and looks nice when your going for a natural look.
on 2/10/2011 10:50:00 PM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Acne-prone, Fair-Medium, Cool
Hair: Black, Wavy, Medium
Eyes: Brown
Fantastic, gorgeous, wearable.
its great for a daytime look on the waterline that is defined but not intense.
It is never looks like crap if it smudges or you cry etc.
it is so wearable and lovely! It would work on any eye color I am pretty sure.
Very unique I think too.
on 2/1/2011 12:17:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Normal, Medium, Neutral
Hair: Black, Straight, Medium
Eyes: Brown
This liner practically introduced me into the world of MAC. I remember first trying this on after my older sister left it in my room. I lined my eyes and loved the way it looked on me! I received many compliments (especially from my mom, and she's always nagging me about makeup). I wore this for daytime and night time till I started using the fluidline in blacktrack. Since then, I use this only for daywear. To date I've gone through 4-5 pencils. If MAC ever discontinues this product, I'll have to buy at least several back ups. I haven't found another kohl eye liner that I love more than this.
on 1/30/2011 9:19:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Medium, Warm
Hair: Brunette, Straight, Medium
Eyes: Brown
My HG liner. I'm NC35, half Asian, brown hair & eyes and I use this liner every day I wear makeup! It's perfect for the day as it defines and brings depth to my eyes without being too dramatic. The colour is a beautiful bronze with a slight golden shimmery undertone, and it's very versatile as I first saw it on my blonde haired, blue eyed friend and loved it straight away!
on 1/29/2011 10:43:00 AM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Blue
LOVE this liner!! I was really on the fence on buying this because of mixed reviews but I'm so glad I bought it. First off the liner is HUGE it will last me forever. It does stay on the waterline well for a pencil liner also. Easily smudges when you first apply it if you want to smudge it but if you let it set it will stay in place all day and not smear around or fade. I really love this liner. The color is just identical to my Rimmel eye kohl in Tiger's Eye though, that is a really good dupe however that liner will only stay for 4 hours tops. Will definately rebuy Teddy again.
on 1/20/2011 10:19:00 AM
Age: 30-35
Skin: Normal, Fair-Medium, Warm
Hair: Brunette, Straight, Medium
Eyes: Brown
I tried this based on the MUA reviews. I'm Asian with dark brown eyes. This color is beautiful and adds a little oomph that straight dark brown or black e/l doesn't add, BUT the staying power sucks and sometimes the color seems too light for a smokey bronze look. I put it on at 11:30am and by 1:30pm, much of it had worn off. Besides, I got the Essence e/l in Teddy and it's a pretty close match, a bit lighter but still has the metallic sheen and at Ulta, the Essence Teddy is only $0.99! I got MAC Kohl e/l in Powersurge instead-beautiful! I also have a review for Powersurge.
on 1/8/2011 9:07:00 PM
Age: 30-35
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Brown, Other, Other
Eyes: Other
Teddy has been an eye pencil staple for me for over 6 years. I pair it with Naked Lunch and Foley eyeshadow. Perfect daytime look.
on 1/4/2011 10:50:00 AM
Age: 36-43
Skin: Acne-prone, Other, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Curly, Coarse
Eyes: Brown
When this eyeliner is first applied, it looks awesome on my dark brown eyes. It does, however, fade throughout the day. I can still see it, it's just not as intense as when it's freshly applied. While I love the bronze in it, I have a much less-expensive bronze eyeliner from Annabelle that is bronzier and lasts much longer. I will finished Teddy and rock the colour, but won't repurchase.
on 12/30/2010 11:58:00 AM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Acne-prone, Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Brown, Wavy, Medium
Eyes: Brown
I really like teddy pencil and generally use it on my waterline it gives a more softer and natural effect than smolder.But if I feel like using something dark i use smolder instead. Teddy is my daytime staple.
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text:
13Ds are filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 10 days of an entity's attaining a greater than 5% position in any class of a company's securities. Subsequent changes in holdings or intentions must be reported in amended filings. This material has been extracted from filings released by the SEC from Feb. 21 through Feb. 27, 2013. Source: InsiderScore.com
Activist Filings
Barnes & Noble BKS 0.6216006216006216% Barnes & Noble Inc. U.S.: NYSE USD12.95 0.08 0.6216006216006216% /Date(1444424468220-0500)/ Volume (Delayed 15m) : 725537 AFTER HOURS USD12.95 % Volume (Delayed 15m) : 5852 P/E Ratio N/A Market Cap 981517670.486755 Dividend Yield 4.633204633204633% Rev. per Employee 179836 More quote details and news » (BKS)
Leonard Riggio, the company's chairman, disclosed that on Feb. 25 he notified the board of directors that he will propose to purchase the assets of the retail business of the company, including Barnes & Noble Booksellers and barnesandnoble.com, but excluding Nook Media. Riggio said the purchase price would be negotiated with the board as part of the company's continuing strategic review. Riggio added that he would provide the equity financing for the transaction and undertake to arrange any debt financing required.
Riggio now owns 17,832,132 shares (29.8% of the voting shares) and did not disclose buying or selling any shares.
Gardner Denver (GDI)
ValueAct Capital offered its support for the sale of Gardner Denver to KKR & Co. KKR -0.47974413646055436% KKR & Co. L.P. U.S.: NYSE USD18.67 -0.09 -0.47974413646055436% /Date(1444424489420-0500)/ Volume (Delayed 15m) : 1212758 AFTER HOURS USD18.8 0.13 0.6963042313872523% Volume (Delayed 15m) : 2333 P/E Ratio 12.055272163750242 Market Cap 15525640087.3797 Dividend Yield 8.998393144081414% Rev. per Employee 4908290 More quote details and news » (ticker: KKR). In a Feb. 22 news release ValueAct said, "In our view, this offer should be considered a successful culmination of Gardner Denver's sale process and a wonderful result for all shareholders. We strongly encourage the board to accept this offer."
According to various media reports, KKR has bid $75 a share for Gardner Denver. ValueAct said it now owns 2,507,750 shares (5.1%). It did not disclose buying or selling any shares.
Relational Investors called shares "undervalued" due to a number of factors, saying, "despite [SPX's] attractive business mix, total shareholder returns and profitability have lagged peers' due primarily to excessive prices paid for acquisitions. This growth-at-any-cost strategy destroys shareholder value by overly emphasizing revenue growth over investment returns." Relational added that it believes "major improvements in a number of critical business processes will unlock significant intrinsic value for the company's shareholders." Relational also said that if SPX fails to achieve operating margins consistent with peers' and gain the confidence of investors, it should pursue strategic alternatives.
Relational now owns 4,114,782 shares (8.8%) after it bought the full amount from Dec. 24 through Feb. 22 at prices of $66.47 to $80.01 per share.
Original Filings
K-Swiss (KSWS)
Gamco Investors gbl 0.3021148036253776% GAMCO Investors Inc. Cl A U.S.: NYSE USD56.44 0.17 0.3021148036253776% /Date(1444424520900-0500)/ Volume (Delayed 15m) : 21436 AFTER HOURS USD56.44 % Volume (Delayed 15m) : 157 P/E Ratio 14.180904522613066 Market Cap 1449448473.42492 Dividend Yield 0.4961020552799433% Rev. per Employee 1890620 More quote details and news » (GBL) disclosed that it owns 1,559,840 shares (5.7%), all of which it bought from Jan. 17 through Feb. 25 at prices of $4.71 to $4.74 each. On Jan. 16, KSWS announced that it would be acquired by E. Land World for $4.75 per share, representing a 49% premium to its prior closing price.
Increases in Holdings
Ferro foe 0.9478672985781991% Ferro Corp. U.S.: NYSE USD12.78 0.12 0.9478672985781991% /Date(1444424633101-0500)/ Volume (Delayed 15m) : 1018912 AFTER HOURS USD12.78 % Volume (Delayed 15m) : 1813 P/E Ratio 14.452109012778468 Market Cap 1104838144.18488 Dividend Yield N/A Rev. per Employee 268326 More quote details and news » (FOE)
Gamco increased its holdings in the company to 13,558,404 shares (15.7%) after it bought 250,742 from Jan. 24 through Feb. 21 at prices ranging from $4.82 to $5.52 each. Gamco also disclosed selling 209,660 from Jan. 24 through Feb. 20 at prices from $4.86 to $5.71 apiece.
Willis Group Holdings WSH -0.3077651515151515% Willis Group Holdings PLC U.S.: NYSE USD42.11 -0.13 -0.3077651515151515% /Date(1444424553344-0500)/ Volume (Delayed 15m) : 377985 AFTER HOURS USD42.11 % Volume (Delayed 15m) : 4414 P/E Ratio 22.047120418848166 Market Cap 7588965184.37087 Dividend Yield 2.9446687247684635% Rev. per Employee 170905 More quote details and news » (WSH)
ValueAct Capital said it owns 13,017,816 shares (7.5%) after buying 1,732,126 shares from Jan. 17 through Feb. 25 at prices ranging from $34.59 to $36.85 each.
Decreases in Holdings
Westwood Holdings Group whg 2.3163943257317294% Westwood Holdings Group Inc. U.S.: NYSE USD56.98 1.29 2.3163943257317294% /Date(1444424521664-0500)/ Volume (Delayed 15m) : 24127 AFTER HOURS USD56.98 % Volume (Delayed 15m) : 191 P/E Ratio 15.696969696969697 Market Cap 478989668.840943 Dividend Yield 3.51000351000351% Rev. per Employee 948508 More quote details and news » (WHG)
Gamco decreased its holdings to 802,430 shares (9.99%) by selling 14,100 from Jan. 2 through Feb. 25 for $41.49 to $43.96 each.
Rochester Medical (ROCM)
Gamco decreased its holdings to 1,424,830 shares (11.7%) by selling 196,459 shares from Jan. 4 through Feb. 22 at prices ranging from $10.93 to $14.58 each. Gamco also disclosed buying 1,600 shares from Jan. 17 through Jan. 18 at prices from $11.09 to $11.17 apiece.
The Activist Spotlight
CommonWealth REIT
Business: Real-estate investment trust
Stock-Market Value: $1.8 billion ($21.51/share)
Investor's Avg. Cost: $16.99/share
What's Happening: Corvex Management and Related Cos. offered $27 per share for CommonWealth and demanded it cease its equity offering, or the investor group would seek to replace the board. CommonWealth rejected the offer and continued with its equity offering.
Key Numbers:
$40: Per-share price Corvex/Related ascribes to the company's assets prior to the equity offering.
0.8%: Share of CWH common stock that is owned by RMR, its external manager.
$209 million: management fees CWH paid RMR over past three years.
$647 million: decline in CWH's market capitalization over that time.
Behind the Scenes: Corvex, founded in 2011 by former Icahn lieutenant Keith Meister, is fast becoming a top activist fund. Related is a top U.S. real-estate firm. Together, they believe CommonWealth is severely undervalued because of its external management structure, related transactions, and loss of confidence by investors. This structure incentivizes management to increase assets at any cost, whereas an internal structure would align management incentives with shareholder value. Moreover, there is a significant overlap of board members across RMR entities, and there were over $2 billion worth of CWH-related party transactions in the past five years. Written consent to replace the board would require a two-thirds shareholder vote, but this is a situation where that is doable. Three of the four trustees who have previously stood for election received withhold votes of 46.5%, 34.9%, and 29% in their last elections.
-- Kenneth Squire
The 13D Activist Fund, a mutual fund runby an affiliate of the author and not connected to Barron's, has a long position in CommonWealth REIT. In addition, the author publishes and sells 13D research reports, whose buyers may include representatives of participants in, and targets of, shareholder activism.
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Median Salary by Job
Early Career Salary
Mid-Career Salary
% High Meaning
40 %
715 North Ave
New Rochelle, NY 10801-1890
Private School, Religious, For Sports Fans
63 %
5 %
65 %
31 %
Iona alumni belong to a wide range of sectors. A few fields in which grads tend to find work include the marketing, advertising, and media management industry, the manufacturing industry, and the financial services industry. A large chunk of former Iona students are employed in the banking industry; in fact, this is the most popular job sector for this population. Median pay for those who graduated from Iona amounts to approximately $66K.
It's worth noting that female graduates earn a median salary of $61K whereas the men's median is around $74K.
Former Iona students with an interest in making money consider becoming Chief Financial Officers, the highest-paying gig (average earnings amount to about $135K) among this alumni group. Other well-paid jobs include Financial Controllers ($108K) and Accountants ($74K). Relative to other positions, compensation dwindles for Marketing Coordinators; alumni in this role face average salaries of $39K.
New York, N.Y. is a hot spot for Iona alum. Another city that attracts a wealth of Iona grads is White Plains, N.Y.; given its high compensation (about $97K is the average salary), the city's popularity should come as no surprise. The city with the lowest median paycheck frequented by Iona alumni is Elmsford, N.Y., where earnings average around $60K. Miami, Fla. is also a top pick, as is Stamford, Conn.
A Bachelor of Accountancy (BAcc), Accounting earns Iona students the most money after college (an average approximately $145K per year). Graduates holding a Master of Arts (MA), Public Relations (PR) fare the worst in terms of compensation with an average yearly salary of $38K.
Strategic Planning commands a pay premium of 86 percent for former Gaels. One in six Iona grads wind up using Microsoft Excel at their job, which is one of the most common skills among alumni. In addition, those who are savvy in Microsoft Office, Financial Analysis, and Project Management are also considered highly skilled.
A lucky minority (about one-third of alumni) are fortunate enough to be compensated for vacation while just one in three grads get sick time. Health benefits extend to a large number of former students, and the larger part of alumni also receive dental coverage. Most graduates participate in a 401(k) program. Other benefits that Iona College alumni receive are a casual working environment, life insurance, a company-subsidized cell phone, and optional telecommute / work from home.
Among alumni of similar schools, Fairleigh Dickinson University grads (who make an average of $63K) earn salaries most similar to Iona alumni. Other schools similar to Iona include College of New Rochelle, Mercy College, and Manhattanville College.
|25th Percentile
|75th Percentile
|SAT Scores*
* SAT writing score is not included.
|ACT Scores
35 %
65 %
$32,084 - $85,926
$38,880 - $101,851
|Highly satisfied
Rated 4 out of 5
based on 22 votes.
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text:
OSI-Approved Open Source (111)
- GNU General Public License version 2.0 (66)
- BSD License (14)
- Apache License V2.0 (13)
- GNU Library or Lesser General Public License version 2.0 (9)
- Apache Software License (4)
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- Other License (9)
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- Windows (100)
- Linux (86)
- Modern (78)
- Grouping and Descriptive Categories (71)
- Mac (62)
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Royalty Free Music Unique To Your Project - Every Time
Royalty Free Music — Unique To Your Project – Every Time
Try SmartSound's Award Winning and Patented Technology Yourself
New Royalty Free Music Search
Or Browse By (Click to add multiple browse filters)
Genre | Instrument | Keyword | Advanced
Royalty Free Music Search Results (You are in TRACK VIEW. Switch to ALBUM VIEW)
The following tracks match: Outdoorsy, Comedy
Strolling Down The Pathhttps://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/STRATPWP_200.jpgSingle7100055-ST$ 39.957100055-EX$ 69.957100055-W$ 149.95Genre: Outdoorsy, Cartoon, Indie Rock, Pop Rock, Indie Production Types: Kids, Commercials, Corporate, Indie Film, Nature, Comedy, Corporate Communications, Product Videos, Background Keywords: Driving, Energetic, Exciting, Happy, Positive, Cool, Uplifting, Carefree, Fresh, Funny, Innocent, Leisurely, Lively, Motivating, Striving, Fun, Hopeful, Angelic, Festive Instrument: Rock/Pop Band, Bass (Electric), Guitar (Acoustic), Mandolin, Percussion, Acoustic, Instrumental, Guitar
Strolling Down The Path from the album Power Play
My Island VacationThis track features Caribbean-style instrumentation and rhythms. A perfect fit for footage of fun on the beach with the family.https://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/strataPT_200.jpgSingle54707-ST$ 39.9554707-EX$ 69.9554707-W$ 149.95Genre: Outdoorsy, Themes, Specialty Production Types: Kids, Animation, Comedy Keywords: Happy, Uplifting, Carefree, Cheerful, Effervescent, Perky, Upbeat Instrument: Steel Drums, Instrumental
My Island Vacation from the album Play Time
Whistling SmileyIt's hard not to smile with a dual-whistling melody. With a laid back feel, this tune lends itself to children-themed imagery or fun comedic situations.https://www.smartsound.com/producer/images/PS69_200.jpgSingle12110-ST$ 39.9512110-EX$ 69.9512110-W$ 149.95Genre: Outdoorsy, Indie Artist, Whistling, Specialty Production Types: Kids, Commercials, Indie Film, Nature, Travel, Comedy, Home Videos Keywords: Cool, Carefree, Comical, Refreshing, Quirky, Fun Instrument: Guitar (Acoustic), Instrumental, Guitar
Whistling Smiley from the album The Lighter Side (PS69)
Wild Turkey ChaseA quick pickin' good time on the farm - country guitar at its best.https://www.smartsound.com/producer/images/PS35_200.jpgSingle7811-ST$ 39.957811-EX$ 69.957811-W$ 149.95Genre: Earthy, Outdoorsy, Southern, Country/Folk, Zydeco Production Types: Kids, Comedy, Biography Keywords: Energetic, Happy, Comical, Funny, Upbeat Instrument: Guitar (Acoustic), Acoustic, Instrumental, Guitar
Wild Turkey Chase from the album Country Swing (PS35)
Organic JourneyAll kinds of acoustic instruments mash together on this delightful piece, fit for images of life in motion. Features virtuoso guitar and swooning violin played in a vintage swing style.https://www.smartsound.com/producer/images/ps20_200.jpgSingle32010-ST$ 39.9532010-EX$ 69.9532010-W$ 149.95Genre: Earthy, Folk, Outdoorsy, Southern, Themes, Country/Folk Production Types: Animation, Comedy, Home Videos Keywords: Energetic, Light, Perky, Whimsical, Sprightly, Fun, Upbeat Instrument: Country Band, Guitar (Acoustic), Mandolin, Violin, Instrumental, Guitar
Organic Journey from the album Comical / Fun / Novelty (PS20)
The following tracks match: Comedy
Old Time RideA rousing, whimsical piano kicks up a dash of quaint, old-time tomfoolery in this stirring, danceable tune.https://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/STRATGF_200.jpgSingle7100183-ST$ 39.957100183-EX$ 69.957100183-W$ 149.95Production Types: Commercials, Cooking, Travel, Comedy, Home Videos Genre: Southern, Vintage, Retro Rock, Western Keywords: Exciting, Happy, Comical, Exuberant, Fresh, Funny, Inspiring, Motivating, Fun, Chase, Festive Instrument: Rock/Pop Band, Bass (Electric), Drums, Guitar (Acoustic), Guitar (Electric), Piano, Instrumental
Old Time Ride from the album GFGF
Word Of MouthTap your fingers on the steering wheel as you roll down the highway with a bit of blues driven by electric organ, synth and a warm, old-time rock and roll feel.https://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/STRATGF_200.jpgSingle7100181-ST$ 39.957100181-EX$ 69.957100181-W$ 149.95Production Types: TV/ Film Drama, Commercials, Cooking, Travel, Comedy, Home Videos Genre: Southern, Blues, Rock, Retro Rock Keywords: Driving, Exciting, Cool, Cheerful, Fresh, Leisurely, Lively, Motivating, Refreshing, Bluesy, Fun, Festive Instrument: Rock/Pop Band, Bass (Electric), Drums, Guitar (Electric), Organ, Guitar (Lap Steel), Instrumental
Word Of Mouth from the album GFGF
Booming TownRiveting orchestral strings and percussion create an energetic track rife with imaginative whimsical bells, whistles and strings for a fun, fast, toe-tapping song.https://www.smartsound.com/artist/images/ASFB04_200.jpgSingle7100191-ST$ 39.957100191-EX$ 69.957100191-W$ 149.95Production Types: Kids, Animation, Video Games, Comedy Genre: Orchestral Keywords: Driving, Energetic, Exciting, Happy, Positive, Competitive, Effervescent, Fresh, Heartwarming, Hypnotic, Incessant, Inspiring, Motivating, Powerful, Refined, Refreshing, Hopeful, Fantasy, Magical Instrument: Orchestra, Studio Orchestra, Brass, Chimes, Clarinet, Flute, Oboe, Strings, Instrumental
Booming Town from the album Orchestral Comedy
Challenging PuzzleTrombone, honeyed strings and a rolling snare propel this hearty and confident track to a comical ending.https://www.smartsound.com/artist/images/ASFB04_200.jpgSingle7100193-ST$ 39.957100193-EX$ 69.957100193-W$ 149.95Production Types: Kids, Animation, Video Games, Comedy Genre: Orchestral Keywords: Driving, Energetic, Exciting, Happy, Tongue-in-cheek, Positive, Cool, Uplifting, Comical, Competitive, Delicate, Effervescent, Expansive, Fierce, Fresh, Funny, Gentle, Goofy, Incessant, Inspiring, Majestic, Motivating, Powerful, Striving, Tense, Thrilling, Triumphant, Wacky, Whimsical, Quirky, Fun, Hopeful, Fantasy, Investigative, Magical, Military Instrument: Orchestra, Studio Orchestra, Bass (Acoustic), Brass, Chimes, Clarinet, Clarinet (Bass), Flute, Harp, Oboe, Percussion, Piano, Strings, Instrumental
Challenging Puzzle from the album Orchestral Comedy
Entr'acteTake a bow with this delightfully silly song sprightly silver flute and weeping accordion in the midst of a spirited orchestra.https://www.smartsound.com/artist/images/ASFB04_200.jpgSingle7100194-ST$ 39.957100194-EX$ 69.957100194-W$ 149.95Production Types: Kids, Animation, Video Games, Comedy Genre: Orchestral Keywords: Calm, Delicate, Expansive, Gentle, Heartwarming, Innocent, Intimate, Old-Fashioned, Pensive, Refined, Reflective, Refreshing, Soothing, Sultry, Tender, Touching, Mellow, Emotional, Poignant, Quiet, Soft Instrument: Orchestra, Studio Orchestra, Accordion, Bass (Acoustic), Brass, Celeste, Chimes, Flute, Harp, Strings, Violin, Violoncello, Instrumental
Entr'acte from the album Orchestral Comedy
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