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Have you ever imagined what the life of a carriage horse is like?
You can find the carriage horse industry in many major cities throughout the globe. It is a paradox. It's as if a little piece of the 18th century crossed a time warp and ended up in the middle of traffic on a busy city street. The romantic image it stirs up may be delightful for humans but what about the horses?
Anatomically speaking, a horse's nose is held about three feet from the ground — in proximity with tailpipes. Have you driven behind a bus lately? Even when driving in an automobile your first reaction is to pass the vehicle so you can breathe better. And that's with the windows up! Imagine if your nose were right next to the exhaust and you had to breathe it in day in and day out.
Carriage horses are forced to do just that. Constant exposure to obnoxious fumes causes lung cancer and other respiratory diseases as well as accelerated aging. Their legs — walking only on pavement — can become lame. In summer asphalt can reach 200 degrees. In the winter the wind chill factor can make the city streets unbearable.
At night the work-weary horses are not necessarily stabled in a barn with dirt, hay and fresh air. In New York City, for example, they walk up steps to be locked in small cells stories above the traffic and noise-infested city streets. No bucolic pastures for carriage horses.
Why is a Ban on Horse-Drawn Carriages Necessary?
In the animal kingdom horses are not predators, they are prey. They run from the perception of danger which includes loud noises. A Newsweek report from a few years ago quotes Holly Cheever, an equine veterinarian — who has worked for over 20 years as the primary equine adviser for two states — including New York. "Horses are herbivores whose unique response to stress is to run their butts off. Because of that, in a split second you can have a horse go from being half asleep to being 1,200 pounds crashing through traffic."
The bottom line is safety — actually lack thereof. City conditions are not safe for horses and as evidenced by multiple accidents involving carriage horses, the safety of humans is at risk, too. The average working life of a carriage horse in New York City is less than four years. The average working life of a police horse is fourteen years.
When they can no longer manage the daily grind of the carriage trade they are not necessarily retired to pasture. Many are sold to slaughter for their meat which is shipped internationally to places that consider horse meat a delicacy. Ironic that there remains a cultural taboo about eating horse meat in the U.S. but the slaughtering of horses for human consumption elsewhere is acceptable.
Award Winning Documentary
Danny Moss directed the documentary Blinders: The Truth Behind the Tradition. It is an expose on New York City's carriage trade that has been providing tours through Central Park since the 1930′s. Originally shown on television, this 2008 film won awards from the International Wildlife Film Festival, Artivist Film Festival, Visionfest and ReelHeART International Film Festival.
Philadelphia Fights Back
Animal activists throughout the U.S. and internationally are working to ban the carriage trade industry. Philadelphia's Peace Advocacy Network (PAN) demonstrates weekly during tourist season in front of the hack line. They distribute information to educate people on the innate cruelty to horses forced into this life. Saturday, PAN held the first annual 'Walk for the Horses."
About 20 people, holding signs and passing out information calling for a ban, gathered and walked the route carriage horses travel. Some pedestrians gladly took the flyers and gave a thumbs up sign encouraging the effort. Predictably, there were some who shouted obscenities and other inappropriate things like "eat meat."
Perhaps the most touching thing to happen was a little girl — about 7 years old — riding in a horse drawn carriage with her family. She wore a purple tee shirt and upon reading the signs she covered her eyes and put her head down. She was obviously distressed as her family tried to comfort her. Children have an uncanny ability to recognize injustice. Perhaps her experience will get her thinking; perhaps that was the day a future animal activist was born…
Philadelphians: contact Mayor Michael Nutter (215-686-2181) firstname.lastname@example.com
and Council Member Frank DiCicco (215-686-3458) firstname.lastname@example.com
***Sign the Care2 petition calling for a ban on horse-drawn carriages in Philadelphia***
What People are Doing in New York City
In New York City the Coalition to Ban Horse-Drawn Carriages — a committee of the Coalition for New York City Animals, Inc. — actively protests against the trade. Their website has a multitude of educational information on why a ban is needed. They are seeking more volunteers to help the effort.
WAR (Win Animal Rights) is another advocacy group that routinely demonstrates against horse-drawn carriages in NYC. The dedication exhibited by passionate animal advocates is extraordinary.
New Yorkers: contact Mayor Michael Bloomberg by faxing a letter to 212-312-0700 or send an email. Also, fax a letter to Speaker Christine Quinn ay 212-788-7207 or email her through her website.
Sign Ban the Carriage Horse Industry in NYC petition.
What You Can Do in Your City
Do you live in a city that allows horse-drawn carriages and would like to protect the horses? Seek out like-minded citizens to protest and propose legislation to ban it. If there are none, consider organizing one. The horses need you.
Read more: animal welfare, ban horse drawn carriages in cities, carriage trade industry, horse drawn carriages, new york, philadelphia
Photo of a Philadelphia horse-drawn carriage behind a bus: by Megan Drake
Sick how people want to be pulled around in a carriage. Wake up people its 2011.
I agree 100 percent with the concept that these horses are being treated cruelly. This should be stopped. Everyone should consider all the horses are going through. Everyone should then consider what a horses natural environment is. There should be no question that this is a horrible way to treat any creature.
Shame here in Victoria, BC where horses are still made to drag around lazy tourists in oversized carriages.
Hi had this thought. The Philadelphia one got signed. However There is a way to have horses, and horse drawn carriages in cities on the bicycle paths or away from the roads -- as long as the feces land in a tray when the horse has to go. Also, the living places of the horses must be made clean and nice with clean straw, blankets, and the needs and fun things that horses like, and plenty of space to pasture. Horses would be treated very well.
The Philadelphia one got signed. However There is a way to have horses, and horse drawn carriages in cities on the bicycle paths or away from the roads -- as long as the feces land in a tray when the horse has to go. Also, the living places of the horses must be made clean and nice with clean straw, blankets, and the needs and fun things that horses like, and plenty of space to pasture.
When I read the book Black Beauty as a child, it roused feelings of pain from which I have never recovered, not should I.
Today I am an activist, like you.
Beautiful Joe also left a deep and healthy imprint on my mind.
There have always been those who decried cruelty to animals.
We are blessed with the effectiveness of computers.
Our voice is heard around the world and not just by readers of books.
Thank you, God!
i am against horses being in the city environment.
Rachel C. i certainly hope you fight against the round-ups harder than you fight to keep horses in harm's way in this situation.
Name Comments State, Country, Zip Code
16818. Teresa Wlosowicz 41200
Teresa, You signed on October 12, 2010.
Your signature has been delivered to:
Mayor Michael Nutter and Council Member Frank DiCicco
thanks for telling the world
Disclaimer: The views expressed above are solely those of the author and may
not reflect those of
Care2, Inc., its employees or advertisers.
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Congratulations to Harley, 2015's American Hero Dog!
This little chihuahua with a big heart who survived unspeakable cruelty in a puppy mill was named top dog at the fifth annual American Humane Association Hero Dog Awards®
Meet America's Top Veterinary Professionals!
The winners of the second annual American Humane Association Hero Veterinarian and Hero Veterinary Technician AwardsTM, sponsored by Zoetis, have been announced. Dr. Annette Sysel is 2015's American Hero Veterinarian and Julie Carlson is the 2015 American Hero Veterinary Technician.
Introducing the DogVacay Disaster Relief Program!
American Humane Association has teamed with DogVacay to create a new program aimed to provide temporary shelter for displaced pets during natural disasters and help families prepare for emergencies!
Hurricane Katrina 10 years later: New technology helps reunite lost pets and owners
American Humane Association and The Weather Channel team up with mobiPET™, to launch first-ever mobile service to send out digital photo "AMBER Alerts" for pets
Protecting farm animals: 5 things you should know
Did you know our American Humane Certified program covers more than 1 billion animals?
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- Red Star®
saving thousandsRead more »
of animals each year.
- No Animals
certification programRead more »
protecting thousands
of animal actors a year.
- Humane
protecting millionsRead more »
of farm animals each
- Research &
helping militaryRead more »
families, communities,
kids with cancer, and shelter pets.
From the Blog...
More Than 400 Dogs And Cats To Be Transported Across The Country In Hopes Of Giving Them New Forever Homes
Making the News | 10.02.15

subset: commoncrawl


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Bill McGuire | April 24, 2007 | Comments
Google is the world's top brand, U.K
Google is the world's top brand, U.K. consultant Millward Brown proclaimed in a study released Monday. The ranking is based on strength of the firm's name and image rather than stock value or revenue generated by the brand. Does this metric remind anyone of the eyeball and mindshare measures of the Internet bubble? Google is a strong brand, but tops in the world ahead of Coke and Microsoft seems a stretch. BusinessWeek's survey last year ranked Google number 24 on its top brand list. This ranking is based on the more sober net present value of earnings the brand is expected to generate in the year ended June 30, 2006.
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Today Ruth and I took a canoe on the lake. We wanted to explore it more close to the coast. It was great fun apart from the burden on your shoulders. After an hour of paddling, our shoulders and forearms were worn out. We then had a relaxing afternoon by the pool, followed by a last supper at home before moving on to ...
Bellagio by lake and Como by road
... a beer and snacks and the most wonderful passion fruit tartlet. We sat and watched people go by and the ferries come and go. We walked back to the car via a gallery of local artist's work. We bought a picture of Balbianello, the local villa near where we are staying. The road to Como made Lisa a little unsettled and we met a ...
Messing about on the lake.
We were looking forward to hiring a boat and experiencing lake Como from the lake. We went down to the local hire place in Ossuccio and hired a 40hp motorboat. It was very comfy with a foredeck to sunbathe and seats at the back and for the pilot. It was very easy to operate and we listened to a safety briefing and then off we went. The hire company had given us a map with suggested routes for our time in the lake. We decided to ...
Nesso village
... but is still easier than the track down from the main road to the apartment. Wendy makes a fabulous salad and we take ourselves and the food and beer down to the garden where we enjoy an excellent lunch. The afternoon then is spent lounging around enjoying the sun and the view. Dinner we eat in - Liz has made spaghetti which is great and the wine we bought in Bellagio sets it off beautifully. In the end a very pleasant end to a rather tough day for us ...
Hospital day today
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Sunday, May 26, 2013
3 Comments | 10641 Views | Copyright: India-Forums.com / TellyBuzz
Charu Rohatgi who will be seen in Fremantel Media's new as yet untitled show on Star Plus is a popular face. In the entertainment industry her one of the most popular movie was Ishazaade where she played the role of Parineeti Chopra's mother. She will soon be seen in many more movies.
In conversation with Tellybuzz she spoke about her journey after she came to Mumbai.
Shares Charu,"Well, I started my journey with Ladies Special on Sony TV and later bagged the movie Patiala House I always wanted to become and actor but I couldn't go as there were loads of responsibilities on me,However after both my daughter's wedding,they decided to send me to Mumbai to pursue my dreams I was lucky enough to get into television."
She further went to say about her life "In Calcutta I did plays and was into theaters,I also used to get into voluntary medical assignments as a part of my personal liking. I belong to a rich businessman family and there was no dearth of money it was my passion to get into acting and somehow my daughters were quite co-operative and they sent me to Mumbai.after my husbands death my daughters were like a pillar to me and as of now one of my daughter stays in Mumbai and the other one is in Calcutta."
Talking about her professional life Charu says, I will soon be sen in many movies as well as shows I am thankful to God,my family and all my dear fans.
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Damnit. I started playing, wondering why i only had 25 bullets for HL's dear submachine gun and i wasted them all trying to destroy a barricade. To return to a earlier savepoint i pushed the quickload button... Except i hadn't made a single quicksave. So the game loaded and it sent me right to the end of the final level of the mod! I've seen the ending now, complete with the credits.
Goddamnit. I were seriously planning on reviewing it from the start and all.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 9, 1991
|Filing date
|Nov 17, 1988
|Priority date
|Aug 20, 1986
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Ronald Braff
|Original Assignee
|The Mitre Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (57), Classifications (15), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Rb =Trb -[(Txa +Tra /2)].
This application is a continuation, of U.S. application Ser. No. 06/898,196, filed 08/20/86 now abandoned.
The present invention relates to a satellite surveillance and data link system and more particularly to a system for determining the range to mobiles, storing uploaded poll commands to mobiles until the poll is scheduled to be transmitted, and aquiring mobiles that request entry into the system through satellite on-board computing capability.
There is currently high-level commercial and government interest in the application of communication satellite technology to mobiles (e.g., aircraft, ships, and trucks). This technology has the advantage of almost unlimited coverage as compared to the restrictions of terrestrial line-of-sight limited communications and it eliminates the need for many ground-based facilities. There is also unused radio spectrum reserved for mobile-satellite communications. Satellites have been in successful operation for ship-to-shore communications for several years through a service provided by the international consortium, INMARSAT. Recently, the aviation community has rapidly begun to renew its interest for the use of satellites for air traffic control, airline operational control and public correspondence.
In known polling system methods using satellites for cooperative position determination, the satellite acts only as a repeater for ground initiated polls and replies from the mobile, and acts as a repeater for data messages. U.S. Pat. No. 4,359,733 discloses a GEOSTAR concept that utilizes satellites as repeaters in which ground based computers calculate ranges to mobiles.
Other known proposed systems also use the satellite solely as a repeater of the uplinked data from the ground, and rely upon centralized earth stations and terrestrial links for interconnection to control facilities such as air traffic control centers. On-board processing is a major theme of NASA's Advanced Communication Technology Satellite (ACTS) program and advanced military satellites. See, M. Kachnor, "Switchboards in the Sky," Microwave and RF, June, 1986, and M. E. Thimlar, et al., "Future Space-Based Computer Processors," Aerospace America, March 1984.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a ranging and processing satellite system for cooperative mobile surveillance and data link service in which the satellites have on-board processing capability.
It is another object of the present invention to provide such a satellite system which can be directly accessed from multiple ground control facilities.
Yet another object of the invention is such a satellite-based system which is more efficient than previously known discrete address cooperative surveillance satellite systems.
Still another object of the invention is a satellite system including the use of cross-link communications between the satellites to provide data for on-board satellite position determination for on-board acquisition of mobiles into the system.
Yet another object of the invention is a system in which the on-board processing involves not only signal regeneration and beam switching capability, but also digital data processing of messages, for storage of poll commands, generation of polls to mobiles according to a schedule, storage of replies to polls, and formatting of messages.
These and other objects of the invention are achieved by means of a ranging and processing satellite system (RAPSAT) for data communication and surveillance of mobiles from multiple control facilities including at least two satellites adapted for polling individual mobiles requested by one or more of the control facilities and for receiving replies from the mobiles including the mobiles' altitude such as an aircraft's barometric altitude. A cross-link communication path is provided between the satellites. The satellites include processing apparatus to compute the ranges between the mobile and each of the satellites from the replies from the mobiles and include apparatus for transmitting the computed ranges to at least one control facility, and to compute the mobile's position for acquisition. It is preferred that the control facilities employ TDMA (time division multiple access) or FDMA (frequency division multiple access) as uplinks to the satellites.
The invention disclosed herein may be understood better with reference to the drawing of which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of the RAPSAT external data flow;
FIG. 2 is a diagram of the overall RAPSAT system architecture employing two geostationary satellites as an example;
FIG. 3a illustrates an upload of poll commands from ten control facilities to a RAPSAT satellite;
FIG. 3b illustrates the geographical coverage area of a pair of control facilities;
FIG. 4a illustrates a prior art polling sequence;
FIG. 4b illustrates the polling sequence disclosed herein;
FIG. 5 illustrates the multiple access system of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is an illustrative diagram of the RAPSAT on-board processing top-level data flow;
FIG. 7 is an illustrative block diagram of the RAPSAT forward link; and
FIG. 8 is an illustrative block diagram of the RAPSAT return link.
The ranging and processing satellite system (RAPSAT) has been designed to provide multiple access for both mobile users and their control facilities such as those operated by air traffic control, marine traffic regulation, and commercial transportation companies. As discussed above, in proposed mobile satellite systems, the ground control facilities obtain access to the satellite via terrestrial links to large central earth stations. However, the on-board processing of the present invention makes it readily possible for a number of control facilities to gain access to the satellite directly from their premises via TDMA or FDMA uplinks as illustrated in FIG. 1. A RAPSAT satellite 10 includes an on-board processor which provides the logic and memory functions to be described hereinafter. Mobile multiple access is accomplished through a polling scheme that is initiated at the satellite 10 under the control of on-board processing based on poll commands from control facilities. The replies from mobiles 12 to the polls from the satellite 10 are processed on-board the satellite 10 including the two-way range determination to the mobile. The resulting data is transmitted via a time division multiplex (TDM) down link broadcast to control facilities 16. Each of the control facilities 16 picks off the data corresponding to the mobiles under its control.
FIG. 2 is an overall diagram of the RAPSAT system architecture employing, as an example, two geostationary satellites 18 and 20, each handling one-half of the mobiles 22 and 24. The two satellites 18 and 20 are used for the purposes of sharing the processing load and for mobile position determination by range-range measurements and transmitted altitude from a mobile's reply to a poll that is addressed to it. Each of the satellites 18 and 20 individually polls those mobiles that are under the control of the control facilities 26 and 28 that have access to it. The replies to the polls are received by both satellites for position determination. In the example illustrated in FIG. 2, the satellite 20 transmits a poll to a mobile 24 with a reply being received both by the polling satellite 20 and the receive only satellite 18. The receive only satellite 18 transmits the time it received the reply to the poll originating satellite 20 by a crosslink communication path 30 for processing by the satellite 20 and eventual transmission to the ground control facilities 28.
Each satellite 18 and 20 simultaneously uses the same frequency spectrum; thus, a two-fold frequency reuse is employed for spectral efficiency. This is accomplished by spot beam technology. Furthermore, the coverage of each satellite is partitioned into two areas for the purpose of filling the garbling guard times that must be placed between individual polls from the satellite when operating in a multi-satellite ranging mode. Garbling refers to an interfering overlap of replies at a received satellite. See, B. D. Elrod, "Aircraft Interrogation Scheduling with ASTRO-DABS," Mitre Technical Report, MTR-6368, Mar. 30, 1973. The filling of the garbling guard time--made readily possible by on-board processing--gives RAPSAT almost twice the capacity of previously proposed discrete address polling type satellite systems. See, B. D. Elrod, A. Weinburg, L. P. Sinha, "Investigation of Selected Satellite-Aided ATC System Concepts Employing the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System," Mitre Technical Report, MTR-7688, January 1978.
The RAPSAT system disclosed herein is designed such that a number of control facilities such as 26 and 28 can each directly access a satellite from earth stations located on their premises. Mobiles such as 22 and 24 achieve access for data link and surveillance service through replying to periodic polls addressed to them from the satellites 18 or 20 that have been previously uploaded by the control facilities 26 or 28 and stored on board the satellite in a computer. The methods of access will now be described in conjunction with FIGS. 3, 4, and 5. The multiple access for the ground-based control facilities to the RAPSAT satellite can be accomplished either by TDMA or FDMA. It is believed that TDMA is superior for RAPSAT since the time division poll command uploads can be synchronized with the forward link polling sequence as will be discussed below. FIG. 3a illustrates the TDMA upload of poll commands from ten control facilities to one of the satellites 18 or 20 of FIG. 2. The control facility uploads in FIG. 3a are labeled as the five pairs (A1, A2), (B1, B2), (C1, C2), (D1, D2), and (E1, E2). Each control facility is assigned a geographical area of responsibility and loads its poll commands into the uplink channel during its assigned time slot. Since ten control facilities are assumed in this example, ten time slots are allocated each frame. If frame duration is assumed to be four seconds, then each time slot is approximately 0.4 seconds. Each satellite's coverage area is divided in half. Thus, RAPSAT, as illustrated in this example, consists of four major coverage sub-areas or two quadrants per satellite. Each member of a pair of control facilities (say E1, E2) is assigned a geographical coverage area within a different quadrant as illustrated in FIG. 3b. The geographical areas are sufficiently separated such that poll replies from each area can be readily separated by spot beam receive antennas on the satellite. The order of the uplink poll command loading time sequence is synchronized to the order of polling of the area covered by each control facility in a pair as will be shown hereinbelow.
The multiple access of mobiles is designed to account for the guard time that should be inserted between polls to prevent garbling of replies when the poll replies are to be received by more than one satellite. If the polls are to be received by only one satellite, then garbling can be precluded by polling the mobiles in range ascending order from the satellite, and using a guard time between polls if a reply burst from a mobile is of greater duration than the next poll burst transmitted from the satellite. B. D. Elrod in the 1973 report referenced above has shown that garbling can also be precluded when replies are to be received by more than one satellite if the guard time satisfies the following inequality
Tg >D/c+Trl -Tt2
Tg =guard time between polls
D=distance between the two mobiles
c=speed of light
Trl =burst duration of reply to first poll
Tt2 =burst duration of the next poll transmission
To readily implement such a scheme, Elrod divided the coverage area of the polling satellite into solid hexagonal cells of three-dimensional diameter d. Here, these cells will be called range ordering cells (ROC) or range ordering subvolumes to emphasize that they are different from the common frequency reuse cells used in mobile telephone systems. To preclude garbling, mobiles located in each ROC are polled in range ascending order with guard time, Tg, between polls and at D=d. This polling sequence is illustrated in FIG. 4a. As can be seen, the guard time Tg is wasted since it is unused. .
With on-board processing, it is readily possible to fill the garbling guard time using the same frequency by polling another mobile located in an ROC that is out of the coverage of the receive spot beam antenna that covers the ROC of the first mobile. Thus, the forward link can be fully utilized if mobiles are alternately polled as illustrated in FIG. 4b. In the present invention, mobiles from a pair of control facilities are alternately polled by the on-board processor which has the poll commands stored in its memory. For example, referring to FIG. 5, a mobile under Control Facility (El) is polled, the next poll is for a mobile under control facility (E2), then a mobile under Control Facility (El) and so on. It is noted that each control facility pair occupies the two uplink time slots occurring prior to the alternating polling of their respective coverage areas. That is, control facilities (Al) and (A2) start their uplink slots every 4 seconds and complete them just prior to the alternating polling of their coverage areas. This allows the controlling authority on the ground the maximum amount of time (about 3 seconds for this example) to prepare and send an advisory or request data link message during the next poll.
On-board processing allows the range from satellite to mobile to be determined at the satellite. When a mobile is polled, the on-board processor records the time the poll is transmitted. The time when the reply to the poll is received is also determined to derive range to the mobile as is done in conventional radar systems. That is, the total round trip time is an indication of rang from the mobile to the satellite.
To determine a mobile's position, it is sufficient to determine its range to two widely separated satellites and to know its geocentric altitude. The intersection of the resulting three spherical surfaces defines the mobile's position. Aircraft geocentric altitude can be estimated from the sum of transmitted baroaltimeter derived altitude with proper corrections applied to it and the local earth radius. The system of the present invention derives a cooperative position determination by this method for the surveillance function. Referring again to FIG. 2, a reply to a satellite's poll is received at both satellites 18 and 20. The time the mobile 24 transmitted the reply can be calculated at the polling satellite 20 to be
Tm =(Txa +Tra)/2
Tm=time when mobile replies to poll
Txa =time when polling satellite initiates poll to mobile
Tra =time when mobile's reply is received at the polling satellite
The range (in units of time) between the second satellite and the mobile is then
Rb =Trb -Tm
Rb =range to second satellite
Trb =time when mobile's reply is received at second satellite
The second satellite 18 transmits its poll received time (Trb) to the polling satellite 20 via the cross link 30. The clocks on both satellites are synchronized; therefore, the polling satellite uses the above equations to calculate the range between the second satellite and the mobile. The two ranges and received altitude (in the case of an aircraft) become part of the mobile's down link message to the control facility and are used on-board the satellite to compute position for acquisition of mobiles entering the system. Garbling between replies to polls initiated by both satellites is precluded by directional receive antennas on the satellites.
The acquisition of mobiles according to the present invention can also be accomplished by on-board processing. Periodically, say every two seconds, a broadcast message is transmitted by the satellite for the purpose of requesting acquisition. Those mobiles seeking acquisition will reply. Based on a mobile's reply (including altitude for the case of an aircraft), the polling satellite can calculate the mobile's position as described above, and, thus, identify the ROC where the mobile is located. During the next sweep of this ROC, the mobile is polled. Its reply is then processed as any other reply. The efficiency of this method is decreased by the absence of garbling protection. However, if the acquisition reply message length is kept at a minimum (e.g., identification, range code and abbreviated position information from the mobile navigation system) then the probability of garbling is minimized.
The RAPSAT concept according to the present invention centers around the use of large scale on-board processing. The operational on-board processing features of RAPSAT are:
Storage of Poll Commands On Board the Satellite to Facilitate Optimal Poll Sequencing
Control Facility Multiple Access
Range Ordered Polling with No Waste of Garbling Guard Times
Two-Way Ranging on Mobiles
Determination of Position of Mobiles
Acquisition of Mobiles Entering the System
Beam Switching
Data Message Regeneration
A top-level description of the functions within the satellite to provide these features will now be presented. It is to be understood that this description is only one of a number of ways of implementation. FIG. 6 is a top-level data flow chart of RAPSAT on-board processing. The processing is divided into forward processing and return processing. The forward front end processing block 40 scans a poll request buffer for decoded poll request messages from the control facilities, checks the messages for completeness and consistency, and controls the message flow to the poll initiate processing block 42 to ensure that the poll request messages from a control facility reach the poll initiate processing block 42 in time for the scan of the control facility's coverage area. The poll initiate processing block 42 interprets the poll request messages from the control facilities and formats them into poll messages to the mobiles, controls the scanning of the coverage area of each control facility by controlling the switching to the corresponding spot beam, properly assigns the order of the polls as directed by the stored control facility poll commands, and interleaves the polls of each control facility pair. It interfaces with the cross link channel to alert the other satellite that a poll has been initiated and it transfers the poll initiation alert and poll initiation time to the return correlation processing block 44. A return front end processing block 46 scans the poll reply buffer for decoded replies from mobiles, associates replies with their receive times, checks replies for completeness and consistency, and controls the reply flow to the return correlation processing block 44. It detects and counters external interfering signals in the return link by identifying and evaluating the interference, initiating an alert message to satellite ground control for action, attempts to reject the interference through signal processing or, if necessary, closes the beam through which the interference is present. It also similarly processes buffered decoded reply data received from the other satellite.
The return correlation processing block 44 correlates a reply message to the corresponding poll initiation message, pairs the poll initiation time and poll receive times at its satellite and at the other satellite for range determination, performs the two-way ranging computations for each satellite, formats each reply message for the down link, performs the acquisition function, and formats and controls the down link TDM stream of reply messages.
The forward functions (ground to mobile) of the satellite receive and process the poll request messages from the control facilities and initiate the polls. The return functions (mobile to ground) receive and process the replies from the mobiles, correlate them with the poll initiations, determine range to the mobile, and generate the TDM down link to the control facilities.
FIG. 7 is an exemplary top-level block diagram of the satellite forward functions. The receiver 50 includes an up link antenna assembly, low noise front end, down converter and demodulator. A decoder 52 digitizes and formats the demodulated poll request messages to make them suitable for digital processing. A buffer 54 stores the digitized poll request messages until they are accessed by a forward processing block 56 as described above for FIG. 6. An encoder 58 transforms the poll bit streams into a waveform that is suitable for modulating the carrier. A transmitter 60 contains a modulator, up converter, power amplifier and spot beam antenna assembly. Since only one poll is transmitted at a time, the power amplifier can be operated at full power capability without generating intermodulation products, a significant advantage that is often stated for TDMA.
FIG. 8 is a top-level block diagram of the satellite return functions. Receivers 62 and 64, representing multiple parallel receivers, consist of spot beam receive antenna assemblies, low noise front ends, down converters and demodulators. This figure illustrates parallel receivers in a functional sense. A common receiver can also be used with appropriate beam switching. However, the parallel approach would allow a less complicated operation since the poll transmit and reply receive functions would not have to be synchronized for receive beam switching. The data decoders 66 and 68 digitize, apply forward error correction, and format the demodulated replies into a format suitable for digital processing. The demodulated replies are also routed to reply timing blocks 70 and 72 where the reply arrival time is determined based upon the satellite time reference. A return link buffer 74 stores the digitized reply messages and arrival times until they are accessed by the return processing block 76. A cross link buffer 78 stores the digitized reply messages received from the other satellite until accessed by the return processing block 76 which has been described above in conjunction with FIG. 6. A down link consists of a down link transmitter 80 and provides a TDM stream of processed replies. Each control facility processes those replies that are of interest to it. This provides a back up capability in the event a control facility has an outage. In that case, another control facility(s) would be assigned the failed control facility's TDMA uplink slot and would receive the corresponding replies on the TDM down link.
It is thus seen that the objects of this invention have been achieved in that there has been disclosed a ranging and processing satellite system for the data link and surveillance service of mobiles from multiple control facilities. The present invention allows direct multiple access from numerous control facilities. On-board interleaving of polling messages eliminates the waste of garbling guard times which leads to high spectral efficiency. The present system also permits on-board satellite acquisition of mobiles entering the system. It is recognized that modifications and variations of the present invention will occur to those skilled in the art and it is intended that all such modifications and variations be included within the scope of the appended claims.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
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|Sep 14, 1994
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 11, 1998
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Oct 23, 2002
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Apr 9, 2003
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jun 3, 2003
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20030409
|May 27, 2004


text:
political - Page 3
Financing Disputes in Newark Mayor's Race
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Christie, Other GOP Hopefuls Met With Donors
Christie: All Budget Balancing Options on the Table [AUDIO]
Gov: I'll Cooperate With Probes…for Now [AUDIO]
The New Jersey legislative committee investigating the Bridgegate scandal will take center stage again next month when it calls four witnesses to testify. Tuesday, Gov. Chris Christie was asked if his office will continue to cooperate with the probe, and he said his administration will play ball -- for the time being.


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CJ's Thanksgiving Rant
First of all, Happy Thanksgiving everyone! Now on to my rant.
30,000 Pounds Of Frozen Turkeys Were Donated To A Food Bank After A Truck Carrying Them Overturned
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How To Avoid Burning Down The House On Thanksgiving- Tips On Keeping Your Kitchen Safe Through The Holidays
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I Sentence You To Thanksgiving
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text: [ Is Oscar De La Hoya Ready For A Comeback [VIDEO] By Levack June 4, 2015 He's 42 years old and would still be one of the biggest names in boxing, Oscar "The Golden Boy" De La Hoya is hinting at a comeback. Many people thought De La hoya would be back after he retired April 14th, 2009... Read More|Comment Category: armen and levack Tags: boxing, oscar de la hoya Send to a friend! Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr!


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Last day of our Baltic Journey
Today was the final full day in the Baltic Sea area and what better way to spend it than in Copenhagen. Our family was the first off the boat at 5 in the morning so we grabbed a taxi and headed for the airport. Our flight leaves tomorrow so we had to stay at the Hilton for the night. We took a quick nap because all of us were extremely tired. When we woke up my mom, brother, and I took a trip down to Copenhagen to do some sightseeing. ...
Beware, Here Be Dragons!
... could get weird. Off to dinner which meant carbs on carbs on carbs. We had every intention of making it to Tivoli, the city's amusement park and whimsical gardens, but the many craft beers took away any chance of that. Back to the hotel we went, and here I am now the next day sitting on a plane by myself en route to Berlin to begin the solo leg of my journey. Wish we me luck, I've already drop ped my passport once. Sorry mom!! I'll be more careful. Catch ya in a week or ...
Copenhagen From Two Wheels
... Danish children are raised on their native language (Danish), learn English in first grade, pick another language of their choice in fourth grade, and by the time they graduate high school, they'll have likely learned another. The average Danish citizen is fluent in four languages (which includes reading, writing, and speech) and those who work in tourism can often know 10 or more...wow! Although I've biked in Madrid, Geneva, and Paris, I ...
Aalborg to Copenhagen
... than cars in Denmark. No wonder they are so trim and fit. The first stop of our day was Odense, the birth place of Hans Christian Andersen. There is a fascinating museum which pays tribute to his life and works in the old part of town. It includes the house he was born in, a small dwelling which housed possibly 3 or more families at the time of his birth. I had always known him as a writer of fairy tales but he was also a prolific poet ...
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Ron Howard's 'Rush': A BoldRide Movie Review
Car movies are hard to get right– Corvette Summer, 2 Fast, 2 Furious, Redline, all prove that just because everyone drives and some people make movies, that anyone in the film industry isn't qualified to make a car movie. Far more difficult it is to make a good racing movie. Sure, you know the greats – Gran Prix, Le Mans and Winning – and all are undone by the legacy of Driven, arguably the worst piece of automotive cinema every conceived.
It is against this precarious history of driving movies that Ron Howard's new film, Rush, stands out. By telling an epic human tale with the backdrop of racing, Rush is able to appeal to a broad audience, while keeping the most involved enthusiast on the edge of their seat.
Note: We screened Rush last night as guests of Lime Rock Park and Highcroft Racing. We thank them for their generosity and, like this film, continuing to foster the interest and enthusiast of car fans everywhere.
The Right Story
The plot of this film is centered on the 1976 Formula One season, and two of the sport's greatest drivers, James Hunt (Chris Hemsworth) and Niki Lauda (Daniel Brühl). Hunt was regarded as the sport's great playboy while Lauda was a cold, calculating Austrian. They rose through the ranks in an era when cars were becoming insanely fast, and safety advancements were struggling to keep up. Howard manages to find great contrast in the rivalries of speed versus safety, calculation versus passion, ego versus id.
RELATED: The 5 Best Movie Car Chase Scenes of All Time
The two drivers were perfect manifestations of this dichotomy, with Lauda walking the track hours before a race, and tales of Hunt sipping champagne and taking a pull from a joint right before hopping into his car. It's the ultimate racing odd couple. It's a tale that even Hollywood couldn't write, it could only come from reality.
The Right Racing
Everyone has a different era of racing. For some, it's post-war F1, for others, it's late 60s Le Mans– but the power and rate of evolution taking place in the mid-1970s in F1 was unrivaled. Engines were getting more powerful, tires more advanced, aerodynamics more crucial– all the while, someone had to drive these death machines.
That is why the racers of this era were revered as gods. Before there was Rush, there was Senna, a documentary about Ayrton Senna, one of F1's greatest drivers, who was killed in a crash in the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix. The documentary highlighted Senna's rise to fame, his rivalry with French driver Alain Prost, and his untimely death.


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"Wonderfully written and simple. Great Author"
I have not read the print version
The way that C.S. Lewis is so witty in his writing.
No Comment
Great book! I will be purchasing more C.S. Lewis books.
"should be a required read"
I listened to this 3 times in a row, gathering so much each time! Whatever your feelings on Christianity, you will gain something from this book! The delivery was good. I feel some ashamed that I had not read or listened to this book earlier in my life!
I am an amateur philosopher and a competent theoligian with a heart to learn and inspire others to authentic and meaningful living
"C S Lewis is a considerably bright thinker."
Lewis provides one of the best apologetics for Christianity and he successully dodges some of the trite and superficial objections. Using some pretty folksy stories and illustrations, he stealthy sneeks up on the the metaphysical and theological implications of the life and subsequent claims of Jesus Christ. Even in this new age of robust defenders for the faith, and the public brawl with the 'new athiets', Lewis is still able to go the intellectual distance with the best of thinkers. Simply loved it ....
Great voice ... but primarily makes the work of Lewis accessible to me on the move
"Complex Concepts, Explained Simply"
This book was so good that I had to go and buy it in print so I could take notes and use it as a reference tool. Lewis distills huge philosophical/spiritual questions into answers that seem so logical you think,
Lewis uses humor and analogies to really make a point clear to the reader. Pursuing truth from the position of a skeptic allows others who doubt to feel understood, rather than condemned and denounced. So often the agnostic or atheist has had poor experiences with religion, and feels the sting of the
I think he did an excellent job conveying humor, sarcasm and seriousness as the topic required. His tone and inflection were perfect, and despite the English accent, I had no trouble following his cadence.
It would have been too long to do that, but I absolutely looked forward to hearing the next section.
"Great Book, wrong narrator!"
Fantastic! Intelligent read!
The narrator inhaled so loudly that it sounded like he was on an oxygen machine. I didn't notice at first, since I was so involved in the book, but when I tried listening the second time, I couldn't get past the narration.
"Gems of Truth"
I liked how he describes why he believes...he used to be an athiest.
Some points, it was intellectually hard to follow.
The Book of Mormon because it testifies of Christ like Mere Christianity.
Good points:
Conscience (every man knows right and wrong)
Christianity couldn't have been made up
"Thought provoking!"
Great stimulant for the brain. A learning experience. I'm better for having listened to this book.
"True C.S. Lewis"
Yes I do, it is a look into CS Lewis's thoughts.
Helps me with my search through Christianity
"Great Author Great Book"
C S Lewis is one of my favorites and now I can listen to the word anytime I feel the need.
"Great and challenging! Like most of C.S. Lewis"
It is challenging to the modern-day Christian! C.S. Lewis is great at connecting the Spiritual aspects Christianity to the mind! It shows that Chriatianity is not only spiritual but also logical. It also shows that we should understand what and why we believe! Great for new or life long believers!


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10 years of experience
Accepting new patients
4775 Hamilton Wolfe Rd
San Antonio, TX 78229 Phone number & directions
A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
Learn more about Dr. James Lehmann:
View the full profile to get information on:
- Qualifications
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View full profile
Patient Reviews
The overall average patient rating of Dr. James Lehmann is Excellent.
Prepare before visiting Dr. Lehmann
Diabetic Macular Edema Read all about Diabetic Macular Edema by visiting our Vitals patient education guides.Before Visiting Dr. Lehmann Learn More
|More Patient Guides & Topics
Chronic Dry Eye
Macular Degeneration
Specialties & Research
Dr. James Lehmann, MD is board certified in Ophthalmology.
Education & Awards
Dr. Lehmann graduated from The University of Texas at San Antonio.
Dr. Lehmann has 5 hospital affiliations:
- Methodist Hospital
- Northeast Methodist Hospital
- Spanish
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- Additional Information
- Dr. James David Lehmann MD is a male Ophthalmologist, has 10 years of experience and practices in Ophthalmology.
- Where does Dr. James D. Lehmann practice?
- Dr. James Lehmann has 1 office location.
Dr. James Lehmann practices Ophthalmology near San Antonio, TX.
See San Antonio Ophthalmologists.


text:
Professor Matt Richardson publishes "The Queer Limit of Black Memory: Black Lesbian Literature and Irresolution"
Thu, December 12, 2013
From The Ohio State University Press
"The Queer Limit of Black Memory is a compelling interdisciplinary work which fills an existing void in many fields, and that void is scholarship on Black lesbian and transgendered subjects. Matt Richardson provides a wealth of knowledge and insights that many will be relying on for years to come." —L. H. Stallings, associate professor of gender studies at Indiana University Bloomington.
The Queer Limit of Black Memory: Black Lesbian Literature and Irresolution identifies a new archive of Black women's literature that has heretofore been on the margins of literary scholarship and African diaspora cultural criticism. It argues that Black lesbian texts celebrate both the strategies of resistance used by queer Black subjects and the spaces for grieving the loss of queer Black subjects that dominant histories of the African diasporas often forget. Matt Richardson has gathered an understudied archive of texts by LaShonda Barnett, S. Diane Adamz-Bogus, Dionne Brand, Sharon Bridgforth, Laurinda D. Brown, Jewelle Gomez, Jackie Kay, and Cherry Muhanji in order to relocate the queerness of Black diasporic vernacular traditions, including drag or gender performance, blues, jazz, and West African spiritual and religious practices.
Richardson argues that the vernacular includes queer epistemologies, or methods for accessing and exploring the realities of Black queer experience that other alternative archives and spaces of commemoration forget. The Queer Limit of Black Memory brings together several theorists whose work is vital within Black studies—Fred Moten, Saidiya Hartman, Hortense Spillers, Frantz Fanon, and Orlando Patterson—in service of queer readings of Black subjectivity.
Matt Richardson is an associate professor of English and African and African Diaspora Studies and affiliate faculty with the Center for Women's and Gender Studies and the Warfield Center for African and African American Studies at the University of Texas, Austin.
Now available from The Ohio State University Press.
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