text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Jan 9, 1973
|Filing date
|Feb 19, 1971
|Priority date
|Feb 19, 1971
|Publication number
|Klevgard G
|Original Assignee
|Domain Ind Inc
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (12), Classifications (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
United States Patent 1 Klevgard [54] ARTICLE-RELEASE SHACKLE FOR TROLLEY-SUPPORTED HANDLING SYSTEMS TO FACILITATE PROCESSING [7 5] lnventor: Glenn A. Klevgard, Faribault, Minn.
[73] Assignee: Domain Industries, New Richmond,
[22] Filed: Feb. 19, 1971 [21] Appl. No.: 116,755
Related US. Application Data [63] Continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 1,720, Jan. 9, 1970,
Pat. No. 3,656,206.
[52] U.S.Cl. ..l7/1l [51] Int. Cl ..A22c 21/00 [58] Field of Search ..17/11, 44.1,11.2
[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,166,785 1/1965 Lemmond 3,156,007 11/1964 Smith ..17/44.1
[ 1 Jan. 9, 1973 7/1963 Wayne ..l7/ll 5/1930 Arminger ..17/l 1.2
Primary Examiner-Robert W. Michell Assistant Examiner-J. F. Pitrelli Attorney- Williamson, Palmatier & Bains [57] ABSTRACT A shiftable and article-releasable shackle for use with of travel of the shackles for striking against and preferably camming the shackles angularly and particularly the retaining elements in such a way as to release the articles which then drop with the aid of gravity.
3 Claims, 7 Drawing Figures PATENTEDJAH 9 I975 SHEET 3 OF 3 FIE! 5 FIE.
.INVENIOR. 64.5w 4. 4 15/6420 BY WW y m 444 ARTICLE-RELEASE SIIACKLE FOR TROLLEY- SUPPORTED HANDLING SYSTEMS TO FACILITATE PROCESSING This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending application Ser. No. 1,720 entitled Article- Release Shackle For Trolley-Supported Handling Systems to Facilitate Processing, filed Jan. 9, 1970, now US. Pat. No. 3,656,206.
This invention relates to a movable multi-shackle system for use in poultry processing operations such as the eviscerating of the fowls, and wherein a multiplicity of shackles are supported trolleywise and moved continuously or intermittently through a general horizontal line of travel. Such systems of the prior art have been employed in poultry processing operations where with the fowl carcasses suspended by their rear legs are successively processed for cleaning, removal of innards and the like.
It is an object of my invention to provide, in a shackle system of the class identified, new and improved mechanism for' detachably retaining the respective fowls in suspended relation during travel and processing, and for further providing automatic and successive release of the suspended fowl carcasses after a processing operation, such as in eviscerating, is completed.
The invention further provides, as an integral unit, a new and improved shackle device wherein fowls may be readily attached and suspended by the hind legs thereof and which is adapted during travel for combinative release operation with a very simple, converging camming wire, rail or other element employed as part of the system.-
More specifically, the invention provides in close combinative relation with a multiplicity of novel shackles suspended for travel and for retaining poultry carcasses, mountings for the respective shackles permissive of outward swinging of the individual shackles successively from substantially a vertical plane to an upwardly declined plane with leg-grasping elements for utilizing gravity to release the attached foot joints of the carcasses when the shackles are successively swung outwardly through a relatively small acute angle. The combination further requires a camming or deflecting element, such as a horizontal rod, plate or the equivalent, placed in a converging relation with respect to the general horizontal line of travel of the carcasses and disposed in the path of the shackles to successively engage and swing the same in their normal travel after individual carcasses have reached a predetermined point.
The foregoing objects and purpose of the invention will be more apparent from the followingdescription made in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein like reference characters refer to similar parts throughout the several views and in which:
FIG. 1 is a side elevation showing an embodiment-of the invention and illustrating the improved shackles supporting a plurality of fowl carcasses, after eviscerating or other processing, and also showing release and dropping of a carcass upon operation of the ejection or release mechanism;
FIG. 2 is a vertical section taken substantially along the line 2-2 of FIG. I showing a carcass supported by the improved shackle immediately prior to ejection or release of the legs from the shackle, and showing also mechanism including a shackle in the very act of release of the supporting legs of the carcass;
FIG. 3 is a vertical section taken along the line 3-3 of FIG. 1, the dotted lines indicating the outward swinging of a shackle produced by a converging camming wire or rod;
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a preferred type of the novel shackle removed from the supporting and trolley apparatus;
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a second and improved form of the complete shackle removed from the remaining portions of the apparatus;
FIG. 6 is a side elevation of the same showing pivotal connection of the top of the shackle with a depending link; and
FIG. 7 is an elevation of an inverted U-shape rod piece which comprises the lower part of the improved shackle and with side portions thereof, forms the retaining notches for receiving and permitting release of the feet-knuckles of the poultry legs.
Referring now in detail to the invention and apparatus illustrated, a supporting trolley structure for supporting and facilitating travel of a multiplicity of depending vertically placed support links L is employed, and as shown, comprises an inverted rigid T-rail T upon the horizontal outturned flanges of which a multiplicity of U-shaped yokes Y are roller-supported each by a pair of spaced wheels W journaled on horizontal axes'A which are in the form, as shown, of pins axially projecting from the outward side of the two wheels W and journaledin bearings, drilled or otherwise formed at the upper ends of the arms of the yokes Y.
As shown, the yokes Y near the depending ends thereof have affixed as by welding thereto, small horizontal sleeves Z which are suitably clamped or otherwise affixed to an elongate or continuous flexible element, such as a small cable C, the sleeves of the respective yokes being spaced apart some distance for separate manipulation of the carcasses or other units to be processed. The numerous and similar vertical links L, as shown at their upper ends, are swingably and pivotally connected by swivel eyes E with detachable spring hooks H which in turn interlock with depending small attachment eyes X affixed to the lower extremities of the yokes Y.
Links L are attached at their upper ends to the swivel loops E by loops 5 which may be bent from the rod material of the links, and at the lower end of links L generally circular shackle-supporting loops 6 are provided preferably lying generally in places which are disposed perpendicular to the general line of travel of the apparatus.
It will be understood that the track T may have inclines, declines or undulations formed therein which of course the rollers or wheels will follow in travel. To conform to such variations, cableC is flexible and it is to be understood that the motorized mechanism, drum or other pulling mechanism is connected with cable C to impart longitudinal movement to such cable and consequently generally horizontal traveling movement of the yokes Y and the components, elements or materials supported in suspended relation from such yokes.
Referring now to the preferred construction of the individual multi-function shackles indicated as entireties by the letter S, the general shape is that of an inverted yoke having an upper U-shaped attachment element 7 which is swingably connected with the lower loop 6 of its appropriate link L; and having spaced arms 8 which first diverge from the attachment portion 7 and then past their medial portions, as shown, slightly converge to rather widely spaced lower extremities 9.
Spanning the depending extremities 9 of the arms 8, and if desired integrally formed therewith, is a specially shaped knuckle-retaining bar, indicated as an entirety by the numeral 10, having a central substantially straight intermediate rod portion 10a which is continued and merged into somewhat convergent knuckleretaining elements 10b preferably integrally formed with central rod portion 10a and, as shown, lying in a common place therewith and having the outer arms 10c of the U-shaped formations connected or integrally formed with diagonal brace rods 11 which have their upper ends 11a welded or otherwise affixed to the intermediate portion of the depending shackle arms 8.
The specific poultry leg-retaining elements illustrated which comprise the widely spaced notched sections defined by the bent rod arm portions 10c and 10b, may constitute a great variety of elements and materials to provide for retaining the legs of the carcass of a fowl with the fowl suspended. The notched retaining elements, generally indicated by the letter V, are preferably disposed in a common plane and have somewhat converging notches with engagement edges for receiving the lower portions of the leg of the fowl, preferably and most advantageously, at points against the enlargements or foot knuckles of the fowls.
The leg-retaining portions 10, when the shackles are in normal operation with the carcasses of fowls suspended therefrom, have the retaining elements V inclined to the horizontal to cooperate with the force of gravity in retaining the fowls in the suspended relation shown in the drawings with the knuckles K of the legs of the fowl being engaged and directly suspended by the retaining elements V.
The present invention provides for suspending and traveling the poultry carcasses P in suspended relation from the hind or leg portion thereof downwardly and spaced individually apart through a processing line. The processing is usually carried out manually but at least in part may be carried out by automatic machinery and takes place while the carcasses are vertically suspended as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. One or more processing operations, such as burning or riddance of pinfeathers and eviscerating, is accomplished on the continually moving or intermittently moving trolleysupported line. Travel movement is imparted by pull upon the common cable C which interconnects the suspending mechanisms in spaced relation.
While it is not absolutely necessary to maintain the carcasses in predetermined suspended vertical position, I prefer to provide, at least at the portions of the travel line of the system where processing takes place, a horizontal, or if desired, declined guide element 12 generally horizontally disposed and preferably made of a smooth cable or other flexible element mounted in fixed relation to engage against the intermediate portions of the legs of the fowl in suspended relation. The operators or, if machinery is used, the machines thus have a predetermined retaining line to depend on for assisting in the eviscerating or other processing to be done.
My invention contemplates, in close combinative relationship with the depending special shackles and trolley-supported moving mechanism, an ejection mechanism for liberating the legs of the respective carcasses at a predetermined point or points from the shackles, thereby through gravity enabling the carcasses to be dropped or to fall into a conveyor or apparatus which relates to the next step of the general processing of the poultry or other carcasses.
Generally speaking, such ejection means consists in a deflection mechanism or camming means, for at a predetermined located or at predetermined locations, producing a relative movement between the extremity joints or knuckles K and the V-shaped carcass-retaining elements or notches V. t
A very economical and efficient release mechanism is shown as accomplished by mounting a deflecting or camming cable 13 substantially horizontally disposed and crossing or first merging with and then diverging from the guide medium or cable 12 As shown, the diverging release cable 13 is disposed at substantially the mean height of the shackles 8 and will produce a camming action or deflection of the shackles outwardly on the hinge joints provided between the lowermost loop 6 of links L and the uppermost shackle loop 7, as clearly shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. The deflection or outward swinging bodily of the shackles 8 successively takes place after a process operation such as eviscerating the carcasses and, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. The outward swinging or deflection of the shackles 8 is rather fast but gradual and with the help of the fixed guide cable 12, causes the upper legs of the carcasses to be disconnected with the help of gravity from the notch-retaining elements V of the shackles.
While in FIG. 3, which shows a deflected dotted line ejection position of one of the shackles S, it will be understood that in the scope of the invention herein, the arms 10b and which togethe'rconstitute the retaining elements V, may well' be deflected to a position where they are declined with respect to the horizontal, permitting the knuckles K to slide outwardly with the help of gravity and in such instance not requiring the guide cable which is constantly substantially in engagement with the legs of the carcasses a few inches below the feet knuckles K.
it will be understood that in the lateral deflection of the shackles S, caused by the diverging release deflectors or cable 13, the shackle can swing over and clear the cable if the cable is elongated and if desired, short sections of a rod or other deflecting member may be supported in divergent acute angle to the lineof travel from overhead.
From the foregoing description it will be seen that a novel, simple and efficient trolley-supported handling system has been provided, particularly adapted to suspend a multiplicity of fowls in poultry processing, but also adapted to various other uses where a line of vertically supported and horizontally spaced articles are moved and traveled through a predetermined course for processing, testing and the like.
As contrasted with known prior art, my multi-function shackle and handling system is substantially simpler, involves fewer parts, and is more responsive and efficient in action.
It will further be seen that with the inventive structure disclosed, the shackles S, links L and snap hooks I-I may be readily detached from sleeves Z and readily sterilized in boiling water. Alternatively at a stage of the overall travel of the handling system after dropping of the carcasses or other articles, the shackles S and links L may be run through a tub of boiling water or other fluid for sterilizing and cleansing the same. The prior art devices for handling poultry to my knowledge, are difficult to clean and sterilize.
Referring now to the form of the invention illustrated in FIGS. 5 to 7 inclusive, each of the shackles indicated as an entirety by 28, is formed as shown with an upwardly projecting loop or terminal 27 for pivotal connection with the depending loop of a link L. The two sides of an integral, substantially rigid rod (after bending thereof) diverge downwardly and outwardly from the projecting terminal 27, at first rather sharply, to shoulders 28a and then continue divergence downwardly more gradually and along substantially straight lines to points 28b which constitute shoulders and thereafter converge slightly through straight sections 280 which extend to the lower terminal loop portions 28d.
lnwardly of the depending sides of shackle 28, angular longitudinal camming sides are formed, as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 comprising integral substantially rigid rod elements indicated as entireties by R, and having upper elongate straight portions 31 angled obtusely to lower rod portions 32, the apex of such angulation being substantially at medial shoulders 31a. The entire camming rod structure R can be integrally formed from the two side rods of shackle 28 as clearly shown in FIG. 6 by employing rods of adequate length to provide for upturning of the stock at the lower terminal portions 28d and then rigid interconnection of the upper extremities of the rod arms 31 as by welding W, with the medial portion of the depending shackle frame element.
To complete the shackle and brace the lower depending sides thereof, a transverse, generally inverted U-shape rigid rod 30 is interconnected as by welding W-2 at the lower side legs 30b thereof with the lower loop terminal portions 28d of the depending shackle arms. It will be noted (see FIGS. 5 and 7) that said inverted U-rod 30 is bent at elbows 30a to form the side legs 30b with short, outturned extremities 300 which are welded to the lower terminal portions 28d. It will be understood that when depending U-shape member 30 is rigidly secured across the bottom portion of the shackle, the plane defined by the side legs 30b lies substantially in a common plane with the plane defined by the lower rod portions 32 of the shackle sides.
At each side of the lower portion of the shackle V- shape retaining notches are defined between the respective side legs 30b of the U-shape member 30 and the lower portions 32 of the frame sides which are adapted to readily receive and and retain enlargements of pendent articles or poultry carcasses to be processed. Usually in poultry processing the foot knuckles K (see FIGS. 2 and 3) retain the poultry carcasses in depending position.
With this improved form of the invention the outward swinging of the entire shackle on the pivotal connection between the upper attachment loop 27 and the hook 6 is very efficiently graduated and controlled as the shackle travels along the controlling actuated cable 13' which extends as viewed from above in an intersecting acute angle direction from the normal line of travel of the shackles, as supported from the track T.
The actuating cable is so mounted (see FIGS. 2 and 6) that it will continue to swing the shackle 28 to the left and outwardly from its normal position, contacting along first the upper rod portion 31 and then, passing beyond the elbow 31a.
In the preferred shackle form shown in FIGS. 5 to 7 inclusive, the actuating cable 01'' rod 13' not only crosses or intersects the general line of travel of the hangers Y and links L, but also in the actuating cycle of each shackle, it descends or is declined from the horizontal, as shown in FIG. 6. Therefore, the shackles, by first travel engagement of their upper camming rod portions 31, are uniformly swung outwardly to the left as shown in FIG. 6 to a point as shown in the dotted lines of FIG. 6, where the respective elbows 30a thereof pass the actuating rod. At such point through slide action and without employment of the rod 12 (engaging the leg portions of the poultry carcass below the kunckles K), gravity alone disengages and drops the carcass from the shackle.
Thereafter the actuating rod 13' rides along the lower camming rod portion 32 of the shackles, gradually causing the shackles to assume the normal upstanding positions.
The form of my invention of FIGS. 5 to 7 inclusive, because of the close cooperation between the descending actuating rod 13' and the camming sides indicated as R of the shackle, provide the highly accurate, smooth operation and ejection of the poultry legs and the like, without sharpjerks of impetus.
It will be understood that the preferred form of th invention may be utilized with lower guide cable 12 extending substantially horizontally below the lower terminals of the shackles and normally engaging the poultry legs just below the knuckles, but it will be understood that with the preferred form, this guide cable 12 may be eliminated if desired.
What is claimed is:
1. For use with a moving trolley-supported handling system for facilitating processing of a multiplicity of suspended articles such as poultry carcasses and moved through a predetermined, generally horizontal course of travel,
a shiftably suspended, article-releasable shackle comprising for each of said supported articles,
' a depending frame member having adjacent its lower end a shiftable retaining element for connection with and support of the articles,
said shackles disposed in horizontally spaced relation being swingably supported from the movable trolley system by supporting links, and in operation of the system travel successively through a predetermined course,
each shackle having adjacent its lower end notched retaining means for releasably engaging and supporting an article,
deflecting release means extending at an acute angle across the general line of travel of said shackle-for engaging said shackles and swingably deflecting the same to successively release and drop the articles carried thereby, and I 7 8 wherein each shackle has a camming element 2. The structure and combination set forth in claim 1 protruding in a plane perpendicular to said line of wherein, travel from the shackle frame and diverging said cam element comprises also a convergent lower generally angularly downward from the upper p rportion thereof extending downwardly from said tion thereof to an article-release point, 5 art c eelease pomt. said deflection release means being stationary and 'l f $6! forth m 1 whfifeln,
positioned at a h i h to b engaged by the Said said cammmg element comprisesa stiff rod bent to cam element of each shackle during travel and conform to 531d shape and havmg ends affixed throughout a predetermined interval of the travel to the Shackle framemovement thereof. 10
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 22, 1927
|May 27, 1930
|Arminger Elmer L
|Apparatus for plucking poultry
|Oct 28, 1960
|Jul 16, 1963
|T wayne
|Dec 21, 1961
|Nov 10, 1964
|Smith Donald P
|Poultry shackle
|Oct 17, 1962
|Jan 26, 1965
|Lemmond Everett C
|Automatic poultry drop shackle
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 9, 1976
|Feb 7, 1978
|Pieter Meyn
|Apparatus for removing a fowl from a conveyor
|Jun 24, 1981
|Sep 4, 1984
|Meyn Machinenfabriek, B.V.
|Bird cutting plant
|Feb 5, 1982
|Feb 12, 1985
|W. F. Altenpohl, Inc.
|Easy-drop sizing carrier for poultry
|May 11, 1992
|Dec 22, 1992
|Stuck Robert M
|Method for cooking whole chickens
|Aug 1, 1990
|Jan 5, 1993
|Stuck Robert M
|Apparatus for cooking whole chickens
|Jul 7, 2004
|Aug 29, 2006
|Hawk John M
|System for removing dead animals
|Jan 25, 2007
|Oct 14, 2008
|Tyson Foods, Inc.
|Apparatus and method for transferring leg quarter from shackle
|Aug 10, 2010
|Feb 25, 2014
|Force Technology
|Conveyor apparatus
|Jun 9, 2003
|Dec 9, 2004
|Hawk John M.
|System and method for removing dead animals
|Jul 7, 2004
|Dec 9, 2004
|Hawk John M.
|System for removing dead animals
|Jun 24, 1981
|Jan 7, 1982
|Thoernqvist A
|Bird cutting plant
|Aug 10, 2010
|Feb 24, 2011
|Force Technology
|Conveyor apparatus
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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jennifer garner
Jennifer Garner in Juicy
Jennifer Garner, accompanied by a nanny, takes her daughters Seraphina and Violet out shopping at a Williams Sonoma shop in NYC while wearing her Juicy Jeans again. I really like that military looking shirt she has on! Jennifer was looking barefaced and without makeup, but she is in town filming the upcoming comedy Arthur.
The 38-year-old actress plays the role of a wealthy heiress who's insecure about her humble background and is about to marry the title character (Russell Brand) in an arranged marriage. Arthur, which is a remake of the 1981 movie, also stars Helen Mirren and Greta Gerwig.
Images Courtesy of PicApp (Not to be used or copied by others)
Ben Affleck in Joe's / Jennifer Garner in 7 For All Mankind
It's so great to see my favorite celeb family together again! Jennifer Garner and Ben Affleck took their little girls, Five-year old Violet and Seraphina Rose, 17 months, to the park. Jennifer showed a little more of her a$$ets than she probably liked in her 7 For All Mankind A pockets and Ben wore Joe's Classic Jeans in Jakob wash. You can buy Ben's jeans here.
Jennifer Garner in Paige Premium Denim
Jennifer Garner and Violet Affleck were seen in Brentwood, California. Jennifer is wearing Paige Premium Denim. I love this picture above, Jennifer looks so carefree and happy. We need to get Jennifer to a tailor for those hems though! At least she rolled them and didn't just walk on them…
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Jennifer Garner in Genetic Denim
Jennifer Garner takes daughter Seraphina on an outing to visit horses. Jennifer is wearing a pair of Genetic Denim jeans, which she donned after giving birth to Seraphina. This is only fueling rumors that she's pregnant again! If it's true, I can't wait to see if it's a boy or a girl! Please click this blog post to view more images.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Differential effects of MYH9 and APOL1 risk variants on FRMD3 Association with Diabetic ESRD in African Americans.
ABSTRACT Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in MYH9 and APOL1 on chromosome 22 (c22) are powerfully associated with non-diabetic end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in African Americans (AAs). Many AAs diagnosed with type 2 diabetic nephropathy (T2DN) have non-diabetic kidney disease, potentially masking detection of DN genes. Therefore, genome-wide association analyses were performed using the Affymetrix SNP Array 6.0 in 966 AA with T2DN and 1,032 non-diabetic, non-nephropathy (NDNN) controls, with and without adjustment for c22 nephropathy risk variants. No associations were seen between FRMD3 SNPs and T2DN before adjusting for c22 variants. However, logistic regression analysis revealed seven FRMD3 SNPs significantly interacting with MYH9-a finding replicated in 640 additional AA T2DN cases and 683 NDNN controls. Contrasting all 1,592 T2DN cases with all 1,671 NDNN controls, FRMD3 SNPs appeared to interact with the MYH9 E1 haplotype (e.g., rs942280 interaction p-value = 9.3E⁻⁷ additive; odds ratio [OR] 0.67). FRMD3 alleles were associated with increased risk of T2DN only in subjects lacking two MYH9 E1 risk haplotypes (rs942280 OR = 1.28), not in MYH9 E1 risk allele homozygotes (rs942280 OR = 0.80; homogeneity p-value = 4.3E⁻⁴). Effects were weaker stratifying on APOL1. FRMD3 SNPS were associated with T2DN, not type 2 diabetes per se, comparing AAs with T2DN to those with diabetes lacking nephropathy. T2DN-associated FRMD3 SNPs were detectable in AAs only after accounting for MYH9, with differential effects for APOL1. These analyses reveal a role for FRMD3 in AA T2DN susceptibility and accounting for c22 nephropathy risk variants can assist in detecting DN susceptibility genes.
Full-textDOI: · Available from: Randall C Johnson, Sep 27, 2015
- SourceAvailable from: Yogendra Rathore
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- "Both groups found that African-American glomerulosclerosis correlates more strongly with the G1 and G2 alleles of APOL1, which lies immediately centromeric to MYH9 [12], [13]. When APOL1 G1 and G2 alleles are accounted for, the strength of the correlation between MYH9 SNPs and African-American kidney disease is either significantly reduced [13], [14], or effectively eliminated [12] due to linkage between APOL1 and MYH9. In addition, analysis of the worldwide distribution of MYH9 polymorphisms demonstrated that the high allele frequency of the MYH9 "risk haplotype" among African-Americans and West Africans could be accounted for by linkage with a nearby site of selection, such as within APOL1 [15]. "
ABSTRACT: Background: Among African-Americans, genome wide association revealed a strong correlation between the G1 and G2 alleles of APOL1 (apolipoproteinL1, also called trypanolytic factor) and kidney diseases including focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis, HIV-associated nephropathy and hypertensive nephrosclerosis. In the prevailing hypothesis, heterozygous APOL1 G1 and G2 alleles increase resistance against Trypanosoma that cause African sleeping sickness, resulting in positive selection of these alleles, but when homozygous the G1 and G2 alleles predispose to glomerulosclerosis. While efforts are underway to screen patients for G1 and G2 alleles and to better understand "APOL1 glomerulopathy," no data prove that these APOL1 sequence variants cause glomerulosclerosis. G1 and G2 correlate best with glomerulosclerosis as recessive alleles, which suggests a loss of function mutation for which proof of causality is commonly tested with homozygous null alleles. This test cannot be performed in rodents as the APOL gene cluster evolved only in primates. However, there is a homozygous APOL1 null human being who lives in a village in rural India. This individual and his family offer a unique opportunity to test causality between APOL1 null alleles and glomerulosclerosis. Methods and findings: We obtained clinical data, blood and urine from this APOL1 null patient and 50 related villagers. Based on measurements of blood pressure, BUN, creatinine, albuminuria, genotyping and immunoblotting, this APOL1 null individual does not have glomerulosclerosis, nor do his relatives who carry APOL1 null alleles. Conclusions: This small study cannot provide definitive conclusions but the absence of glomerulosclerosis in this unique population is consistent with the possibility that African-American glomerulosclerosis is caused, not by loss of APOL1 function, but by other mechanisms including a subtle gain of function or by the "genetic hitchhiking" of deleterious mutations in a gene linked to APOL1 G1 and G2.PLoS ONE 12/2012; 7(12):e51546. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0051546 · 3.23 Impact Factor
- "Freedman et al [11] proposed that the association between MYH9 and diabetes associated ESRD could have resulted from MYH9 causing susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. Later the authors showed MYH9 polymorphisms specifically the E-1 haplotype to modulate the genetic effect of FERM domain-containing protein 3 (FRMD3) for diabetes susceptibility [30]. However, FRMD3 alleles were not associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes in subjects carrying MYH9 E-1 risk alleles. "
Article: Polymorphisms in the Non-Muscle Myosin Heavy Chain Gene (MYH9) Are Associated with Lower Glomerular Filtration Rate in Mixed Ancestry Diabetic Subjects from South Africa[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Though single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the non-muscle myosin gene (MYH9) have been reported to explain most of the excess risk of nondiabetic chronic kidney disease (CKD), in African-Americans, some studies have also shown associations with diabetic end-stage renal disease. We investigated the association of MYH9 SNPs with renal traits in a mixed-ancestry South African population prone to diabetes. Three SNPs known to be associated with CKD (rs4821480, rs5756152 and rs12107) were genotyped using Taqman assay in 716 adults (198 with diabetes) from the Bellville-South community, Cape Town. Glomerular filtration rate was estimated (eGFR) and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) assessed. Multivariable regressions were used to relate the SNPs with renal traits. Mean age was 53.6 years, with the expected differences observed in characteristics by diabetic status. Significant associations were found between rs575152 and serum creatinine, and eGFR in the total population, and in diabetic participants (all p≤0.003), but not in non-diabetics (all p≥0.16), with significant interactions by diabetes status (interaction-p≤0.009). The association with ACR was borderline in diabetic participants (p = 0.05) and non-significant in non-diabetics (p = 0.85), with significant interaction (interaction p = 0.02). rs12107 was associated with fasting-, 2-hour glucose and HbA1c in diabetic participants only (interaction-p≤0.003), but not with renal traits. MYH9 SNPs were associated with renal traits only in diabetic participants in this population. Our findings and other studies suggest that MYH9 may have a broader genetic risk effect on kidney diseases.PLoS ONE 12/2012; 7(12):e52529. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0052529 · 3.23 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Interactions among genetic loci are believed to play an important role in disease risk. While many methods have been proposed for detecting such interactions, their relative performance remains largely unclear, mainly because different data sources, detection performance criteria, and experimental protocols were used in the papers introducing these methods and in subsequent studies. Moreover, there have been very few studies strictly focused on comparison of existing methods. Given the importance of detecting gene-gene and gene-environment interactions, a rigorous, comprehensive comparison of performance and limitations of available interaction detection methods is warranted. We report a comparison of eight representative methods, of which seven were specifically designed to detect interactions among single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), with the last a popular main-effect testing method used as a baseline for performance evaluation. The selected methods, multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR), full interaction model (FIM), information gain (IG), Bayesian epistasis association mapping (BEAM), SNP harvester (SH), maximum entropy conditional probability modeling (MECPM), logistic regression with an interaction term (LRIT), and logistic regression (LR) were compared on a large number of simulated data sets, each, consistent with complex disease models, embedding multiple sets of interacting SNPs, under different interaction models. The assessment criteria included several relevant detection power measures, family-wise type I error rate, and computational complexity. There are several important results from this study. First, while some SNPs in interactions with strong effects are successfully detected, most of the methods miss many interacting SNPs at an acceptable rate of false positives. In this study, the best-performing method was MECPM. Second, the statistical significance assessment criteria, used by some of the methods to control the type I error rate, are quite conservative, thereby limiting their power and making it difficult to fairly compare them. Third, as expected, power varies for different models and as a function of penetrance, minor allele frequency, linkage disequilibrium and marginal effects. Fourth, the analytical relationships between power and these factors are derived, aiding in the interpretation of the study results. Fifth, for these methods the magnitude of the main effect influences the power of the tests. Sixth, most methods can detect some ground-truth SNPs but have modest power to detect the whole set of interacting SNPs. This comparison study provides new insights into the strengths and limitations of current methods for detecting interacting loci. This study, along with freely available simulation tools we provide, should help support development of improved methods. The simulation tools are available at: http://code.google.com/p/simulation-tool-bmc-ms9169818735220977/downloads/list.BMC Genomics 07/2011; 12(1):344. DOI:10.1186/1471-2164-12-344 · 3.99 Impact Factor


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A Champion's StartA gentle acoustic guitar leads a mesmerizing and lush production which floats expansively into a harmonica and shaker-led melody.https://www.smartsound.com/artist/images/ASMR02_200.jpgSingle7100146-ST$ 39.957100146-EX$ 69.957100146-W$ 149.95Keywords: Positive, Inspirational, Atmospheric, Calm, Delicate, Ethereal, Fresh, Gentle, Heartwarming, Inspiring, Intimate, Majestic, Motivating, Panoramic, Pensive, Reflective, Refreshing, Serene, Soothing, Tender, Touching, Tranquil, Angelic, Emotional, Poignant, Soft, Folklore Instrument: Guitar (Acoustic), Percussion, Uilleann Pipes, New Age Ensemble, Acoustic, Instrumental, Guitar Genre: Earthy, Elegant, Nostalgic, Outdoorsy, Processional, Sophisticated, Country/Folk, World, Exotic, Indie Artist, New Age, Irish, Indie, Medieval Production Types: TV/ Film Drama, Commercials, Documentary, Film Trailer, Biography, Background
A Champion's Start from the album Captivating Portraits
Strength In TearsRolling, roaring, waterfall-like emotions spill forth from electric guitars, crashing cymbals and gentle keys revealing tender passions.https://www.smartsound.com/artist/images/ASMR02_200.jpgSingle7100144-ST$ 39.957100144-EX$ 69.957100144-W$ 149.95Keywords: Inspirational, Atmospheric, Calm, Ethereal, Heartwarming, Hypnotic, Incessant, Inspiring, Majestic, Motivating, Mystical, Panoramic, Passionate, Powerful, Pulsating, Reflective, Serene, Serious, Solemn, Soothing, Touching, Tranquil, Ambient, Hopeful, Abstract, Emotional, Poignant Instrument: Ethnic Ensemble, Ethnic Flute, Guitar (Electric), Percussion, Piano, Synthesizer, Instrumental, Guitar Genre: Earthy, Processional, World, Exotic, Indie Artist, New Age, Electronica, African, Indie Production Types: TV/ Film Drama, Cinematic, Commercials, Documentary, Indie Film, Nature, Short Film, Film Trailer, Biography, Tribute/Memorial, Background
Strength In Tears from the album Captivating Portraits
Time In MindElectronic keys and cymbal swells create an endearing, gentle, breezy but ethereal and haunting tune.https://www.smartsound.com/artist/images/ASMR02_200.jpgSingle7100152-ST$ 39.957100152-EX$ 69.957100152-W$ 149.95Keywords: Driving, Positive, Inspirational, Atmospheric, Confident, Gentle, Heartwarming, Hypnotic, Incessant, Inspiring, Majestic, Motivating, Refined, Reflective, Serene, Serious, Soothing, Tender, Touching, Ambient, Hopeful, Poignant, Quiet Instrument: Orchestra, Guitar (Electric), Percussion, Piano, Strings, Synthesizer, Instrumental, Guitar Genre: Earthy, Orchestral, Indie Artist, New Age, Indie Production Types: TV/ Film Drama, Commercials, Corporate, Documentary, Indie Film, Film Trailer, Biography, Corporate Communications, Background
Time In Mind from the album Captivating Portraits
A Fine ProspectA relaxed acoustic guitar feature, ideal for showing a steady, reliable corporate presence.https://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/STRATPZ2_200.jpgSingle7100117-ST$ 39.957100117-EX$ 69.957100117-W$ 149.95Keywords: Exciting, Positive, Uplifting, Inspirational, Confident, Delicate, Gentle, Heartwarming, Innocent, Inspiring, Motivating, Reflective, Refreshing, Serene, Soothing, Tender, Touching, Hopeful, Poignant, Quiet, Simple Instrument: Country Band, Bass (Electric), Guitar (Acoustic), Percussion, Acoustic, Instrumental, Guitar Genre: Elegant, Folk, Outdoorsy, Country/Folk, Corporate/Technology, Easy-Going Production Types: Commercials, Corporate, Documentary, Indie Film, Nature, Short Film, Biography, Corporate Communications, On Hold Music, Product Videos, Training, Tribute/Memorial, Background
A Fine Prospect from the album Positive Biz Vol 2
Acoustic Delighthttps://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/STRATPWP_200.jpgSingle7100078-ST$ 39.957100078-EX$ 69.957100078-W$ 149.95Keywords: Positive, Calm, Confident, Delicate, Expansive, Gentle, Heartwarming, Inspiring, Intimate, Reflective, Relaxed, Serene, Soothing, Tender, Touching, Hopeful, Emotional, Quiet Instrument: Bass (Acoustic), Guitar (Acoustic), Acoustic, Instrumental, Guitar Genre: Earthy, Elegant, Folk, Outdoorsy, Country/Folk, Ballad, Indie Production Types: Cinematic, Commercials, Corporate, Documentary, Indie Film, Nature, Short Film, Film Trailer, Biography, Corporate Communications, Product Videos, Tribute/Memorial, Background
Acoustic Delight from the album Power Play
Emotional Journeyhttps://www.smartsound.com/artist/images/ASFB03_200.jpgSingle7100033-ST$ 39.957100033-EX$ 69.957100033-W$ 149.95Keywords: Mysterious, Inspirational, Atmospheric, Delicate, Dramatic, Eerie, Expansive, Gentle, Haunting, Incessant, Intimate, Melancholy, Mystical, Pensive, Powerful, Reflective, Soothing, Uncertain, Mellow, Emotional, Magical, Poignant, Tormented Instrument: Studio Orchestra, Celeste, Guitar (Acoustic), Piano, Strings, Violin, Violoncello, Acoustic, Instrumental, Guitar Genre: Earthy, Elegant, Nostalgic, Orchestral Production Types: Animation, Cinematic, Commercials, Documentary, Indie Film, Biography, Tribute/Memorial
Emotional Journey from the album Magical Moments
Acoustic MomentsThis peaceful track is perfect to illustrate wide open spaces. Featuring acoustic guitar and mallets.https://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/STRATITE_200.jpgSingle69901-ST$ 39.9569901-EX$ 69.9569901-W$ 149.95Keywords: Atmospheric, Calm, Majestic, Pensive, Reflective, Relaxed, Soothing, Ambient, Emotional Instrument: Ethnic Ensemble, Orchestra, Guitar (Acoustic), Acoustic, Instrumental, Guitar Genre: Orchestral, World
Acoustic Moments from the album Intrigue & Tension
A Mile AwayWith its peaceful oboe melody and string arrangement, this track brings a lot of melancholy and deepness to any emotional scene. The flowing acoustic guitar ostinato evokes a perpetual movement forward, despite the high and lows of life.https://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/STRATCOE_200.jpgSingle69201-ST$ 39.9569201-EX$ 69.9569201-W$ 149.95Keywords: Calm, Gentle, Melancholy, Reflective, Soothing, Touching, Tranquil, Emotional, Quiet Instrument: Orchestra, Guitar (Acoustic), Oboe, Strings, Acoustic, Instrumental, Guitar Genre: Orchestral, New Age, Easy-Going, Easy-Listening/New Age Production Types: Cinematic, Indie Film, Nature, Film Trailer, Home Videos, Tribute/Memorial
A Mile Away from the album Core Evolution
Flying FleetA majestic sounding track that would work best for corporate videos, or to compliment a positive montage scene.https://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/STRATPGR_200.jpgSingle68305-ST$ 39.9568305-EX$ 69.9568305-W$ 149.95Keywords: Positive, Motivating, Reflective, Refreshing, Relaxed, Serene, Soothing, Tranquil, Hopeful, Quiet Instrument: Guitar (Acoustic), Acoustic, Instrumental, Guitar Genre: Corporate/Technology Production Types: Commercials, Corporate, Corporate Communications, Product Videos, Science
Flying Fleet from the album Progress
FrontiersA sparse beginning builds to a percussive, complex finish. Perfect when depicting a long journey..https://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/BS21IF_200.jpgSingle56105-ST$ 39.9556105-EX$ 69.9556105-W$ 149.95Keywords: Atmospheric, Hypnotic, Reflective, Relaxed, Soothing, Drama, Mellow, Quiet, Soft Instrument: Miscellaneous, Guitar (Electric), Instrumental, Guitar Genre: Minimalism, Specialty Production Types: TV/ Film Drama, Documentary, Indie Film, Action-Drama, Biography, Spoken Word/Narration
Frontiers from the album Indie Film 02
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Enjoy spending time with family & friends, especially on the golf course and/or with a cold beverage in hand.
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32 • Dallas, TX • Man
I'm looking for
- Women
- Ages 21–35
- Near me
- Who are single
- For long-term dating, short-term dating
My details
- Last online
- Today – 11:11am
- Orientation
- Straight
- Ethnicity
- White
- Status
- Single
- Height
- 5' 10" (1.78m)
- Body Type
- Athletic
- Smoking
- No
- Drinking
- Often
- Religion
- Other
- Sign
- Gemini
- Education
- University
- Speaks
- English (Fluently), Spanish (Somewhat)
My self-summary
Write a little about yourself. Just a paragraph will do.
What I'm doing with my life
Don't overthink this one; tell us what you're doing day-to-day.
Having as much fun as each day allows.
Saying all the wrong things.
Not sweating the small stuff.
Saying all the wrong things.
Not sweating the small stuff.
I'm really good at
Go on, brag a little (or a lot). We won't judge.
Justifying one more drink
Talking too loud
Holding doors
Driving as soon as the light turns green.
Correcting people when they say "I could care less"
Talking too loud
Holding doors
Driving as soon as the light turns green.
Correcting people when they say "I could care less"
The first things people usually notice about me
I'm an empty essay… fill me out!
Apparently I look half-Asian....I'm not.
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Help your potential matches find common interests.
I don't watch a lot of movies.
Currently a lot of Gary Clarke Jr, Black Keys, Strokes, The Band, the Growlers, Tame Impala,
Sushi, BBQ, Tex Mex,
I don't watch a lot of movies.
Currently a lot of Gary Clarke Jr, Black Keys, Strokes, The Band, the Growlers, Tame Impala,
Sushi, BBQ, Tex Mex,
The six things I could never do without
Think outside the box. Sometimes the little things can say a lot.
This is a silly question. Sarcasm. Laughter. Golf. Chapstick. Wit. Love.
I spend a lot of time thinking about
Global warming, lunch, or your next vacation… it's all fair game.
How to make people smile.
On a typical Friday night I am
Netflix and takeout, or getting your party on — how do you let loose?
Out! Good food, good drink, good friends. Hopefully at least 2 of 3 anyways.
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I'm wearing Spanx in all my pictures.
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REUTERS - A dubious goal from midfield magician Joao Moutinho gave twice former winners Porto a 1-0 home victory over Champions League debutants Malaga in their last-16 first leg on Tuesday.
Porto enjoyed most of the possession but had to wait until the second half to break the deadlock.
Brazilian left back Alex Sandro slid a pinpoint pass into the area that Moutinho coolly side-footed in after 56 minutes for the Portuguese league leaders.
Television replays showed Moutinho was offside but the goal was given despite strong appeals from the Malaga players.
"This was a good result. We dominated from beginning to end," Moutinho told Portuguese radio.
"I looked to the referee to check (for offside) but I saw everyone was celebrating so I did too."
Malaga, fourth in Spain's top flight, defended resolutely in the first half but were innocuous up front with Roque Santa Cruz and Julio Baptista kept quiet by Porto's back four.
"We gave Malaga no room to think. The only reason why I am not truly satisfied is because we did not make it 2-0 which would have better reflected what happened in the match," said Porto coach Vitor Pereira.
Pereira and opposite number Manuel Pellegrini said before the game they expected plenty of attacking football but, in the first half at least, the show fell short of expectation.
In the second period Moutinho, 26, showed just why he is so coveted by Europe's big-spending teams.
With a battery of scouts in the stands, he dictated the pace of play, recovered dozens of lost balls and also found the energy to show up in the box.
"Losing is never a good thing but losing 1-0 is the best we could have hoped for," said Malaga defender Martin Demichelis.
"It was a shame we came up against fantastic opponents who knew how to pressure us and controlled the ball well.
"We couldn't be the team we usually are but we'll give it our all in Malaga and try to put them under the same kind of pressure in the second leg (on March 13). We definitely have a chance to turn it around."
Porto's top marksman, Colombian Jackson Martinez, shared the view of Demichelis.
"The next match will be much harder. They have a very strong defence," he said. (Reporting by Daniel Alvarenga in Lisbon, additional reporting by Iain Rogers in Madrid, editing by Tony Jimenez)
Trending On Reuters
Insatiable Ronaldo collects fourth Golden Shoe award
Real Madrid forward Cristiano Ronaldo collected a record fourth Golden Shoe award as Europe's top scorer on Tuesday for his 48-goal haul in La Liga last season and said he is hungry for more. Full Article
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15 Top Pancake & Waffle Recipes
Looking to spice up your morning? From pumpkin pancakes to sausage waffles, check out these inspired recipes that'll take the boring out of breakfast in no time flat. Plus: Get more breakfast ideas here »
of photos
Banana Berry Pancakes
"These were tasty and fruity pancakes! The banana flavor was subtle and the pancakes were nice and fluffy. Next time I think I'll add some pecans." -loof
Recipe by DebbwlGet the Recipe
Photo by loof


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Most people will say they are interested in saving money. Money saved from one area can be spent in another area. Or even better, the money can actually grow as an investment for the future. Despite the benefits of putting some money away, most people take a passing interest in actually doing it. As young adults, they don't think much about retirement. As adults, credit card debt becomes a way of life.
But the tough economic times that hit the U.S. in 2007 through 2009 were a wake-up call for many people, causing the public's view of saving to shift. If you'd like to make regular saving a part of your life, read on to find out how to conquer the first step: finding that extra money.
You can begin by paying attention to these top money wasting activities.
Convenience Stores
Many people don't think about the mark-up they pay for convenience store items. Here's a hint: it's huge. This is because, unlike grocery stores, convenience stores don't purchase food in large quantities, and also because they make you pay more for the convenience they provide. So, unless it's an emergency situation, avoid shopping at convenience stores. The premium you pay for convenience is not worth the assumed convenience you get. For example, a Coke at a convenience store might cost you a dollar, while you can go to the grocery store and buy a 12 pack for around $6. If you tend to pull over for a drink, buy a 12-pack and keep it in your car. If you visit convenience stores often, the annual savings of cutting out these visits can be tremendous.
Cell Phone Plans
Take the time to check your monthly cell phone bill - you may be paying more than you need to. If you are using fewer minutes than your monthly plan allows, switch to a lower-rate plan. If you are using more minutes than your monthly allotment, then upgrade to a higher minute plan. Before making any changes to your plan, sit down with a list of your cell phone company's offerings and compare and determine which plan provides the most value based on your needs. Most cell phone companies charge 40 to 50 cents per additional minute, so going over your allowed minutes by 100 minutes one month will cost you $40 to $50 in that month alone. With many minute plan upgrades costing $10 to $20 a month, they'll easily pay for themselves.
You should also scan through your cell phone plan for added features like text messaging and mobile Internet. If you aren't really using these features, get rid of them - they're costing you money each month!
Soft Drinks
This one is a sneaky money waster. Not only does ordering beverages along with a restaurant meal boost your total expenses, but soft drinks also have one of the highest markups of any restaurant item, and thus provide lower value for your money. Consider a typical family of four that eats out twice a week at fast casual restaurants. Assuming an average price of $1.50 for a fountain soft drink, that totals $12 a week, $48 a month, $624 a year. Just cutting out this one item from your meal could mean significant savings that could go into something much more productive, such as a retirement savings plan. If you invest $624 at a 9% rate of return year every year, you would have almost $32,000 at the end of 20 years. So dine out, but opt for water!
Unnecessary Bank Fees
Many people unknowingly pay a lot to their banks in the form of fees. If you don't know what fees your accounts are subject to, spend a few minutes finding out. Some banks charge ATM fees for using another bank's ATM, for example. These can be as high as $5! This amounts to a 25% one-time fee for a $20 withdrawal. The key with this type of fee is simply knowing about it. You would be better off using a credit card to make the purchase.
Go back and examine the rules governing your checking and savings accounts. Many people have accounts with a fixed number of withdrawals and deposits per month. You would be better off with an account maintenance fee of $10 a month than getting hit with two or three different fees a month.
Also consider consolidating bank accounts, as often one account with a larger minimum can eliminate numerous fees that might otherwise exist.
If you're the type of person who likes to occasionally pick up your favorite magazine from the local grocery store or newsstand, consider getting an annual subscription. Even if you don't want the magazine every month, a couple of issues at the newsstand are enough to cover the entire annual subscription. For example, a 12-issue subscription to Forbes Magazine will cost you around $10, while one issue at the newsstand costs $5.
Annual Credit Card Fees
Unless you have a poor credit history, there is no reason to pay annual credit card fees. A host of Visa, MasterCard and Discover cards have no annual fee, yet many people pay up to $100 a year for the privilege of holding a credit card. Unless you're an ultra-wealthy, exclusive holder of an elite-level credit card with exclusive perks, most people should not be paying annual credit card fees.
And speaking of credit cards, make sure you make a payment on time every month, even if it's the minimum. Many credit cards charge high monthly late fees, charges which accrue interest along with your existing balance.
Be Proactive
Spend a couple of hours and go over the above categories along with any other regular habits you may have accumulated over the years. The time will be well spent as it could mean hundreds of dollars of recurring annual savings.
The Bottom Line
Shopping at convenience stores, wasting money on magazines, and high credit card and bank fees are easy ways to waste money. It's also easy to avoid these costs by being proactive.
Procter & Gamble Restructures, Sheds 100 BrandsAll businesses face adversity, and Procter & Gamble is no exception. We take a look at recent developments affecting this global giant.
How to Cost Effectively Spend on Baby ClothesDon't let your baby's wardrobe derail your budget. These top tips help you to save money and spend wisely on baby clothes.
Personal Finance
College Students are Failing Financial LiteracyFinancial trends among college students are a cause for concern, prompting a renewed emphasis on financial literacy.
Explaining Manufacturer's Suggested Retail PriceThe manufacturer's suggested retail price (MSRP) is just what it describes – the price manufacturers recommend that retailers charge for their goods.
Calculating Cross Elasticity of DemandCross elasticity of demand measures the quantity demanded of one good in response to a change in price of another.
Personal Finance
What to Collect: Apple Watch vs. Luxury WatchesThe "iWatch" is a new player in the luxury watch world. But will it stand the test of time? Some points for collectors to ponder.
6 Cost-Effective Tips for Raising Your First ChildThe excitement of welcoming your first child to your family shouldn't prevent you from making good cost-effective decisions.
5 Ways to Date on a BudgetDating on a budget doesn't have to be boring. Try these 5 tips to find the best dates on a budget.
7 Kids Items You Should Never Buy UsedBuying secondhand items is a great way to save money, but these seven kids items should not be bought used.
Stock Analysis
2 Reasons PepsiCo's Snacks Division is Crucial to Its GrowthUnderstand the recent trends in the North American snacks market. Learn about the top two reasons why PepsiCo's snack division is crucial to its growth.
Is Japan an emerging market economy?Japan is not an emerging market economy. Emerging market economies are characterized by low per capita incomes, poor infrastructure ... Read Full Answer >>
Are Social Security payments included in the US GDP calculation?Social Security payments are not included in the U.S. definition of the gross domestic product (GDP). Transfer Payments For ... Read Full Answer >>
What does marginal utility tell us about consumer choice?In microeconomics, utility represents a way to relate the amount of goods consumed to the amount of happiness or satisfaction ... Read Full Answer >>
What are some common ways product differentiation is achieved?There are many ways to achieve product differentiation, some more common than others. Horizontal Differentiation Horizontal ... Read Full Answer >>
How does a bank determine what my discretionary income is when making a loan decision?Discretionary income is the money left over from your gross income each month after taking out taxes and paying for necessities. ... Read Full Answer >>
What economic indicators are important to consider when investing in the retail sector?The unemployment rate and Consumer Confidence Index (CCI) rank as two of the most important economic indicators to consider ... Read Full Answer >>


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This profile was last updated on 9/30/15 and contains information from public web pages and contributions from the ZoomInfo community.
Paul A. HarrisWrong Paul A. Harris?
Director, Office of Research Info...
Phone: (615) ***-****Email: p***@***.edu
Local Address: Tennessee , United States
Vanderbilt University
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Game Highlights - Game #3 SCF: Chicago Blackhawks Vs Boston Bruins. June 17th 2013
cancercrossJun 19 2013, 1,037 views
Copyright Content: All Rights Reserved To The NHL, CBC, NBC & TSN.
Game Highlights
Boston Bruins Win 2-0 Over Chicago
Chicago Blackhawks Vs Boston Bruins
June 17th 2013,06/17/2013
Game #3 Of The Stanley Cup Final
Instant Analysis From Steve Kouleas, Craig Button & Jamie McLennan
Press the button
if you liked the video! Thank you!
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The Panasonic RP-CHE50-K 5.0m/16.4ft HDMI Cable (Black) features incorporated in the latest HDMI Specification Version 1.4 High Speed with Ethernet, such as HDMI Ethernet Channel (HEC), Audio Return Channel (ARC), FULL HD 3D, 4K2K resolution. By single connection, they can provide Internet connection sharing with other HEC-enabled devices such as Digital Video Recorders or future gaming consoles.
The HDMI Cable with Ethernet is downward compatible with current HDMI-enabled products. With cutting-edge digital formats such as FULL HD 3D, 4K2K, even minor noise emissions from a cable can harm their picture / sound quality by affecting their highly integrated circuit. Advanced noise shielding has been implemented with a steel noise shield case and copper foil added to the three-layer shielded cable line.


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Daventry Town Council provides your local services. We strive to make Daventry a better place to live, work and visit. Our website includes a wealth of information about how we conduct business and what we do. Use the search or browse the site to find whatever you are looking for. If you can't find the information you require then please contact us.
Latest News
Reschedule of Museum and Finance Committee Meetings
Wed, 07 Oct 2015 13:12 by Lorna White
The Museum and Finance and Policy Committee meetings, scheduled for Monday 12th October have been rescheduled to Monday 19th October – 18:30 and 19:30 respectively.
The re-schedule is due to a public meeting being held to discuss proposed changes to GP SERVICES in DAVENTRY DISTRICT – info below:
NHS England is in the final stages of undertaking reviews in connection with Primary Medical Services (PMS) GP Surgeries and has been consulting on options for all surgeries to convert back to General Medical Services (GMS) GP surgeries. What exactly does this mean? More »
We are sure you will all be aware of the financial pressures that ALL surgeries are facing both PMS & GMS however you may or may not be aware of the critical stage this has now reached.
In our tow Town practices the GP's are now talking about stopping services from as early as January 2016 as they can no longer afford to provide them, examples being:
? Blood Testing
? Doppler Testing/Leg Ulcers
? Post-operative care wound
? PSA Monitoring
? Insulin initiation and conversion
? Ear syringing
? Catheter
If this happens patients may have to travel to Northampton General Hospital for them.
Danetre Medical Practice patient group is therefore writing to invite you to take part in a discussion where it is hoped both NHS England and Nene Commissioning will be in attendance too. Other patient groups from other surgeries will also be there. I do hope you will be able to take part. It is anticipated the meeting will:
? Enable us to learn more about the NHS England Budgets and the pressures they face
? Understand the reasons why surgeries may no longer be able to provide the services listed above
? Facilitate the patient's voice to lobby for these services to be funded locally by NHS England for our GP's to deliver.
Monday 12th October at 7:30pm
Danetre Medical Practice
If you are able to attend can you please email firstname.lastname@example.com » Less
Sponsorship of Daventry Schools Festival
Mon, 05 Oct 2015 14:38 by Lorna White
We are proud to support the Daventry Schools Festival and sponsor the Daventry Town Council School Community Award 2015 which takes place at the iCon Innovation Centre in Eastern Way, Daventry on Saturday, 10 October from 10am to 1pm.
The event will also include the first Daventry Young People Awards with accolades celebrating students' academic achievements, community work and enterprising or entrepreneurial skills, as well as an award recognising teaching staff who go that extra mile to help pupils succeed. More »
Around a dozen local schools and colleges – with more still to confirm – are taking part in this year's festival, to promote the wealth of education opportunities on offer to young people in Daventry and the surrounding areas. They include The Parker Academy, Daventry UTC, Northampton College and Moulton College, as well as primary schools including Falconers Hill, The Abbey, Welton, Newnham, Badby, Weedon, Woodford and Kilsby.
Visitors will also be able to find out more about Daventry Hill School, the new school for four to 18-year-olds with special educational needs, which is due to open its doors in September next year.
Activities are currently being lined up for the event, with Northampton College confirming a series of practical displays inlcuding arts and crafts and biscuit-decorating , hair extensions and nail art, tyre-changing and paint spraying demonstrations and a branding challenge. Engineering activities and a 3D printing demonstration are among those being organised by Daventry UTC, with Moulton College planning activities around courses at its Daventry campus including animal care demonstrations and carpentry.
This inaugural event is organised by the Daventry Schools Matter group – local education providers and partners including Daventry District Council, Northamptonshire County Council and Daventry Town Council.
Daventry District Council Leader Councillor Chris Millar, who is Chairman of the Daventry Schools Matter Group, said: "We're delighted that local schools and colleges are getting involved with their own unique activities and displays and making nominations for the Young People Awards.
"The festival promises to be an interactive and informative celebration of Daventry's education opportunities, offering something for everyone."
The Festival of Education is supported by a variety of partners including Daventry District Council, Daventry Town Council, Northamptonshire County Council and Northamptonshire Enterprise Partnership.
To find out more about the festival, awards and the diverse range of educational offer in the Daventry area, visit www.daventryschoolsmatter.com, follow @DaventrySchools on Twitter or visit the DaventrySchoolsMatter Facebook page. » Less
Invitation to Daventry Mayor's Community Ball, Saturday 14th November 2015
Mon, 05 Oct 2015 12:24 by Lorna White
The Mayor of Daventry, Cllr Wendy Randall invites you to join her at the Daventry Mayor's Community Ball on Saturday 14th November at Daventry Community Centre
The evening will be a fun filled community charity ball, starting with a welcome drink from 6:30pm, followed by a superb 3 course sit down dinner at 8:00pm supplied by The Kings Head Napton, licenced bar and dancing until late.
Tickets are priced at £35.00 each with all proceeds from the evening being split between two local charities; Time2talk and Daventry and District Diabetes Support Group. More »
For further details or to book a ticket/table please email firstname.lastname@example.com » Less


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Originally posted by unityemissions
Not my point.
Cancer is inevitable if you live long enough.
Originally posted by HomoSapiensSapiens
reply to post by rickymouse
Many people want to live longer - I don't know what you mean about people going crazy. If someone were very wealthy, I doubt they'd be in a hurry to die anytime soon!
originally posted by: The Vagabond
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Page 1
Assembly of Multifunctional Phi29 pRNA Nanoparticles for
Specific Delivery of SiRNA and other Therapeutics to Targeted
Yi Shu, Mathieu Cinier, Dan Shu, and Peixuan Guo*
Nanobiomedical Center, SEEBME, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, U.S.A. 45267
Recent advances in RNA nanotechnology have led to the emergence of a new field and brought
vitality to the area of therapeutics (Guo P, The Emerging Field of RNA Nanotechnology, Nature
Nanotechnology, 2010). Due to the complementary nature of the four nucleotides and its special
catalytic activity, RNA can be manipulated with simplicity characteristic of DNA, while
possessing versatile structure and diverse function similar to proteins. Loops and tertiary
architecture serve as mounting dovetails or wedges to eliminate external linking dowels. Unique
features in transcription, termination, self-assembly, self-processing, and acid-resistance enable in
vivo production of nanoparticles harboring aptamer, siRNA, ribozyme, riboswitch, or other
regulators for therapy, detection, regulation, and intracellular computation. The unique property of
noncanonical base-pairing and stacking enables RNA to fold into well-defined structures for
constructing nanoparticles with special functionalities.
Bacteriophage phi29 DNA packaging motor is geared by a ring consisting of six packaging RNA
(pRNA) molecules. pRNA is able to form a multimeric complex via the interaction of two
reengineered interlocking loops. This unique feature makes it an ideal polyvalent vehicle for
nanomachine fabrication, pathogen detection, and delivery of siRNA or other therapeutics. This
review describes methods in using pRNA as a building block for the construction of RNA dimers,
trimers and hexamers as nanoparticles in medical applications. Methods for industrial-scale
production of large and stable RNA nanoparticles will be introduced. The unique favorable PK
(pharmokinetics) profile with a half life (T1/2) of 5–10 hours comparing to 0.25 of conventional 2′-
F siRNA, and advantageous in vivo features such as non-toxicity, non-induction of interferons or
non-stimulating of cytokine response in animals will also be reviewed.
bacteriophage phi29; nanomotors; nanotechnology; nanobiotechnology; bottom-up assembly;
DNA packaging; pRNA nanoparticle; RNAi; Cell-type specific delivery; viral assembly
*Corresponding author: Peixuan Guo, Rm 1436, ML #0508, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, 3125 Eden Avenue, University of
Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA, email@example.com, Phone: (513)558-0041, Fax: (513)558-6079.
Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our
customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of
the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be
discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
NIH Public Access
Author Manuscript
Methods. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 June 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Methods. 2011 June ; 54(2): 204–214. doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2011.01.008.
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1. Introduction
Nanotechnology involves modification, engineering, and/or assembly of organized materials
at the nanometer scale[1–4]. RNA molecules can be designed and manipulated at a level of
simplicity similar to DNA[5–11], while possessing the versatility in structure, function, and
even enzymatic activity similar to that of proteins[5,12–18]. This property makes RNA an
attractive candidate for nanotechnological applications[4]. Building-blocks are first
synthesized after computing intra- and inter-molecular folding[19–24]. Nanoparticles are
then built via spontaneous templated [5,14,15] or nontemplated self-assembly as
In recent years, more and more functional RNA molecules, naturally or artificially
engineered, have been discovered. Like antibodies, RNA aptamers selected from systematic
evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX)[25–29] are able to bind to specific
targets, including proteins, organic compounds, and nucleic acids[30–32]. The ability to
recognize specific cell surface markers through the formation of binding pockets and the
capability of internalization by the targeted cells pave a new way for targeted delivery[33–
37]. In the early 1980s, Thomas Cech[13] and Sydney Altman[38] found RNA molecules
had the ability to catalyze chemical reactions. In 1998, Andrew Fire and Craig Mello
discovered RNAi (RNA interference), which can regulate gene expression on a post-
transcriptional level[39]. These RNA molecules have significant therapeutic potential and
are capable of regulating gene function by intercepting and cleaving mRNA or the genome
of RNA viruses. The discovery of RNAi has heightened interest in RNA therapeutics[39],
since several RNA based therapeutic approaches using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)
[4,40–45], ribozymes[46–49], and anti-sense RNAs[50,51,51] have been shown to down-
regulate specific gene expression in cancerous or viral-infected cells. The successful
application of RNA-based therapeutics for the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases
requires several features: 1) intact delivery to desired cells; 2) capability of entering cells; 3)
surviving degradation by nucleases within the cell; 4) trafficking into the appropriate cell
compartments; 5) correct folding of siRNA or ribozyme in the cell, if fused to a carrier; 6)
specific delivery to cells; and 7) the release and incorporation of siRNA into RISC once
siRNA is delivered into cells. In addition, the RNA particle should have low toxicity and
high retention times in the body. Hence, the development of a safe, efficient, specific, and
nonpathogenic system for the delivery of therapeutic RNA is highly desirable.
Bacterial virus phi29 DNA packaging RNA (pRNA) molecule contains an intermolecular
interaction central domain and a helical domain as the 5′/3′ paired region (Fig. 1A). Via the
interaction of two interlocking loops, the pRNA molecules form dimers, trimers, hexamers,
and patterned superstructures[7]. This property of forming self-assembled nanostructure
makes pRNA ideal building blocks for bottom-up assembly. The pRNA interlocking central
domain is a nucleation core with very low free energy, which folds independently of the
newly incorporated moieties[52]. Thus, pRNA can be engineered and fabricated as a
polyvalent and nanoscale delivery system capable of delivering multiple therapeutics into
specific cells. Incubation of the pRNA containing receptor-binding moieties and gene-
silencing subunits, resulted in cell binding and transportation of the chimeric pRNA/siRNA,
pRNA/ribozyme into cells, subsequently silencing the targeted genes and modulating
programmed cell death[53–55].
pRNA can be chemically synthesized and modified starting from small RNA fragments. The
resulting nanoparticle can be assembled through the bottom-up assembly approach. The
structural and molecular features of phi29 pRNA allow its easy manipulation, making it
possible to redesign its components as gene targeting and delivery vehicles (Fig. 1D).
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2. The Biological Function of pRNA on Phi29 DNA Packaging Motor
All linear double-stranded DNA viruses including bacteriophage phi29[56] possess a
common feature that their genome is packaged into a preformed procapsid during the
maturation of the viron. This process is accomplished by an ATP-driven packaging motor
(Fig. 1C)[57]. However, the most exciting aspect of the phi29 DNA packaging process is the
discovery of a small viral RNA, called pRNA(Fig. 1A)[12], which is 120 bases and
transcribed from the left end of the phi29 genome. It has also been revealed that pRNA
contains two functional domains[58,59], one facilitates the formation of pRNA hexameric
ring (Fig. 1B) and binds to the connector while the other binds to the DNA-packaging
enzyme gp16[60]. By using the energy from gp16 hydrolyzing ATP, this very powerful
DNA packaging motor then gears the viral genome into the preformed procapsid. After the
complete packaging, it is possible that pRNA leaves the connector before the collar protein
gp11 and tail knob gp9 protein block the connector channel and assemble the intact viral
3. Structure of Phi29 Motor pRNA
pRNA is a crucial component in the phi29 DNA packaging motor and contains two
functional domains (Fig. 1A). The intermolecular interaction domain is located at the central
region (bases 23–97) and within this domain there are two loops (right hand loop and left
hand loop) which are responsible for the hand-in-hand interaction through the four
complementary base sequences within these two loops. The other domain is a DNA
translocation domain which is located at the 5′/3′ paired ends. The right hand loop (bases
45–48) and the left hand loop (bases 82–85) allow for the formation of pRNA dimers,
trimers and hexamer rings via intermolecular base-pairing [5,62].
Nucleotides 23–97 are the key components in the formation of pRNA multimers. This
pRNA interlocking central domain constitutes a nucleation core with very low free energy.
As mentioned before, pRNA is constituted with two domains and both of them can fold
independently. The ability to form pRNA multimers is not affected by 5′ or 3′-end truncation
before residue #23 and after residue #97[52]. Thus, end conjugation of pRNA with chemical
moiety of fusing pRNA with a receptor-binding RNA aptamer, siRNA, or ribozyme would
not disturb pRNA dimer formation or interfere with the function of inserted moieties [53–
4. Nomenclature
To simplify the description of RNA construction and multimer assembly, uppercase letters
will be used to represent the right hand loop of pRNA and lowercase letters to represent the
left hand loop (Fig. 1A). The same letters in upper and lower cases indicate complementary
sequences for loop/loop interaction, while different letters indicate non-complementary
loops. For example, pRNA A–b′ represents pRNA with a non-complementary right loop A
(5′G45G46A47C48) and a left loop b′ (3′U85G84C83G82). Dimer formation requires a right
loop B (5′A45C46G47C48) and left loop a′ (5′C45C46U47G48) of pRNA B-a′[52].
5. Bottom-up Assembly of pRNA Nanoparticles
Taking advantages of the folding independence of pRNA's two functional domains, end
conjugation of pRNA with chemical moiety, fusing pRNA with a receptor-binding RNA
aptamer, siRNA, ribozyme or other chemical groups generally do not disturb the
interlocking interaction or interfere with the function of inserted moieties (Fig. 1D). Then,
the engineered monomeric pRNA chimera (Fig, 2) can be further assembled as various
nanoparticles including dimers, trimers and tetramers through different strategies.
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5.1 Construction of Monomeric building block of pRNA Chimera with Biological and
Pharmaceutical Functionalities
5.1.1 Monomeric pRNA chimera harboring therapeutic RNAs
pRNA chimera harboring siRNA (Fig. 2): The pRNA double-stranded 5′/3′ end helical
domain and intermolecular binding domain fold independently of each other.
Complementary modification studies have revealed that altering the primary sequences of
any nucleotide of the helical region does not affect pRNA structure and folding as long as
the two strands are paired[65]. Extensive studies revealed that siRNA was a ~21–23nt RNA
duplex [41,42,45,66]. Thus, it was possible to replace the helical region in pRNA with
double-stranded siRNA. A variety of chimeric pRNAs with different targets were
constructed to carry siRNA connected to nt# 29 and 91 of the pRNA (Fig. 1A). Such a
pRNA/siRNA chimera was proven to be the building block which successfully inhibited
targeting gene expression. A pRNA/siRNA chimera harboring siRNA targeting
coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) protease gene was constructed and was able to knock down gene
expression specifically and inhibit viral replication in vitro[67]. We also selected a model
involving the Metallothionein-IIA (MT-IIA) gene as a proof of concept. The specific knock-
down of the MT-IIA gene by constructed chimera pRNA/siRNA (MT-IIA) can reduce
ovarian cancer cells viability significantly[68]. Pre-clinical study also showed that pRNA/
siRNA chimera targeting anti-apoptotic factor survivin gene can drive cancer cells undergo
apoptosis and prevent tumorigenesis in xenograft mice models[53,54].
pRNA chimera harboring ribozyme (Fig. 2). Using the circular permutation approach[69–
71], almost any nucleotide of the entire pRNA can serves as either the new 5′ or 3′-end of
the RNA monomer. Connecting the pRNA 5′/3′ ends with variable sequences did not disturb
its folding and function[53–55,63,64]. These unique features, which help prevent two
common problems: exonuclease degradation and misfolding in the cell, make pRNA an
ideal vector to carry therapeutic RNA such as ribozyme. A pRNA-based vector was
designed to carry hammerhead ribozymes that cleave the hepatitis B virus (HBV) polyA
signal[63]. The pRNA/ribozyme(survivin), which targeted the anti-apoptosis factor survivin
to down-regulate genes involved in tumor development and progression, was also shown to
suppress survivin expression and initiate apoptosis[55].
5.1.2 Construction of monomeric pRNA chimera for cell targeting
pRNA chimera harboring aptamer (Fig. 2): In vitro SELEX[31,32] of RNA aptamers
which bind to specific targets has become a powerful tool for selecting RNA molecules that
target specific cell surface receptor. Aptamers were linked to the 3′ and 5′ end of pRNA. To
facilitate independent folding, poly U or poly A linkers were placed between the pRNA and
the aptamer. The nascent 5′/3′ end of the pRNA were relocated to nt 71 and 75 (Fig. 1A)
using the circular permutation approach[69,72]. The tightly folded nt 71 and 75 region
protected the 5′/3′ end from exonuclease digestion. One of the pRNA/aptamer constructs
harboring anti-HIV gp120 aptamer was proved to bind to and are internalized into cells
expressing HIV gp120. Moreover, the pRNA-aptamer chimeras alone also provide HIV
inhibitory function by blocking viral infectivity in an acute in vitro challenge assay[73].
pRNA chimera harboring chemical ligands (Fig. 2): Chemical ligands like folate which
can recognize specific cell surface markers can also be conjugated to pRNA for specific
targeting [64,67,68]. A complementary DNA oligo can be annealed to the end of the pRNA
which has the 3′-end extension with 14–26 nucleotides. The assembled folate-pRNA
nanoparticles are able to bind and internalize into cancer cells specifically and efficiently
(Fig. 3A) and were applied for systematic target delivery of therapeutics in vivo (Fig. 3B).
Synthetic DNA oligos functionalized with different chemical groups, such as folate, were
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used for therapeutic pRNA construction (Fig. 2). Details of the pRNA labeling strategies are
discussed below (section 5.1.3).
5.1.3. Chemical strategies for pRNA conjugation with ligands, fluorophores,
and other chemical moieties—Unlike most of the other nanodelivery system, pRNA
technology offers the possibility to form multivalent nanoparticles with accurate control of
the stoichiometry of the different functional elements. Detection, ligand targeting, and drug
or gene delivery elements can be conjugated to pRNA and then assembled into one
nanoparticle through the bottom-up approach. Although, synthetic RNA can be modified
with a wide variety of reactive moieties for chemical conjugation, they will be not discussed
in this paper. Readers can refer to a previous review[74]. Alternatively, many different
strategies have been developed for post-transcriptional or co-transcriptional
functionalization of RNA molecules. These labeling strategies have been demonstrated to be
highly efficient for long chain RNA, such as pRNA (120 bases), and can be distinguished
following single molecule labeling or random labeling of the whole chain of the RNA[75].
22.214.171.124 Whole chain labeling of pRNA: Bifunctional alkylating agents are known to
promote crosslinking of DNA or RNA molecules. Using a similar strategy, post-
transcriptional fluorescent labeling of the pRNA molecule was readily achieved using
functionalized fluorophores, harboring a mono-alkylating reactive group, developed by
Mirus (Label IT labeling reagent, Mirus). More recently, it was demonstrated that T7 RNA
polymerase can be used for in vitro enzymatic fluorescent labeling of the RNA molecule
using the new reagent tCTP[76]. Different T7 RNA polymerase mutants were constructed to
recognize and permit the incorporation of 2′-modified triphosphate ribonucleotide such as
2′-Ome, 2′-F, 2′-NH2, 2′-N3 into the RNA chain[77–80]. Reactive functions (amino or
azido) can be imagined to further conjugate to the RNA molecules. Alternatively, 2′-F
pRNA molecules were constructed and shown to present an improved resistance to RNase
degradation compared to unmodified RNA, when both pyrimidines were substituted by their
2′-F counterparts[81].
18.104.22.168 Single labeling of pRNA with fluorescent molecules or other chemical reactive
groups: Although it is not difficult to incorporate a single label during solid phase synthesis
of short RNA, synthesis of long RNAs greater than about 80 nts only rely on the enzymatic
methods and the single labeling of the RNA is hard to achieve with high labeling efficiency.
To overcome this challenge and label the longer RNA with a single functional group, AMP
and GMP derivatives which have been demonstrated to be efficient initiators in RNA
transcription by T7 RNA polymerase but cannot be used in the elongation step, were
designed (Fig. 4). Efficient labeling of RNA molecules at the specific 5′ position can be
readily achieved by either one-step transcription initiation or a two-step procedure of
transcription and post-transcriptional modification. Various kinds of AMP and GMP
derivatives were synthesized by conjugating different chemical groups with AMP or GMP
through linker molecules through established chemistry[64,82–85]. The amino- and thiol-
reactive derivatives, AMP-hexanediamine (HDA)[82,86] and 5′-deoxy-5′-thioguanosine-5′-
monophosphorothioate (GSMP)[83] respectively, present both reactive moieties for further
conjugation with ligands or detection markers for the production of deliverable polyvalent
therapeutic particles. Whereas the synthesis of GSMP requires a more complicated chemical
process[83], an AMP-HDA derivative was synthesized in one-step through the direct
coupling of HDA to AMP at pH 6.5 in the presence of 1-Ethyl-3-[3-
dimethylaminopropyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) [86]. AMP-HDA can then be
purified either simply by removing the excess of HDA using ion exchange
chromatography[86] or reverse-phase chromatography[82].
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Kohler Food & Wine Experience
October 22, 2015 - October 25, 2015Kohler
Jacques and Claudine Pepin will make their third appearance together, as Destination Kohler celebrates 15 years of historic culinary education. Unique to Kohler, each Main Stage session provides ticketed guests with samples of the chef-presented recipes prepared on stage. The presenting chef and audience members alike appreciate this interactive platform that encourages conversation, feedback, commentary and questions. Additionally, guests have the opportunity for casual interactions with celebrity and regional presenters during book signings, wine dinners, celebrity chef luncheons and special evening events. Throughout the weekend, guests can enjoy complimentary demonstrations and tastings at various locations throughout the resort such as The American Club, The Shops at Woodlake, Kohler Design Center and Woodlake Market.
Event Date Detail
Oct 22, 2015 - Oct 25, 2015
Varies by event