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Ask Ananda's Experts
Questions and Answers About Meditation, Yoga, the Spiritual Life, and More
Category: Kriya Yoga
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How Do We Know That Jesus Practiced Kriya Yoga?
July 31, 2015
Hey there,
I was wondering how do we really know that Jesus and his disciples practiced Kriya Yoga?
- Josh
Dear Josh,
What we know is that an avatar who lived in the 20th century, Paramhansa Yogananda, said that Jesus probably practiced either Kriya yoga or "a technique very similar to it." In Autobiography of a Yogi, he wrote:
St. Paul knew Kriya Yoga, or a technique very similar to it, by which he could switch life currents to and from the senses. He was therefore able to say: "Verily, I protest by our rejoicing which I have in Christ, I die daily."
The statement of a great master is a fairly strong indicator that this was true.
In addition, Swami Kriyananda said he had been told about a tradition in Spain which stated that at the time of his death on the cross, Jesus made certain movements with his head that are very similar to those taught in the higher Kriya initiations.
Both the statement of Yogananda, as well as this tradition in Spain, link Jesus Christ to Kriya Yoga or "a technique very similar to it."
In divine friendship,
Nayaswami Parvati
Namaste! I have recently started doing Kriya Yoga, been mediating for over 2yrs which has helped me overcome fear largely. In my situation my task at hand is not my natural inclination. I am pushing myself to shift my focus for long, but lately it seems I am not able to find my way, and I am longing for God and Guru's presence by my side. I am also doing Navi Kriya and want to know about improving Will Power and need some inspiration and direction. Jai Guru!
Well the good thing is that you want to know God! Yogananda said that it takes very, very, very good karma even to want to know God! The way to improve your situation is to begin and maintain a regular, and daily, Kriya Yoga practice. As Lahiri Mahasaya said of Kriya yoga, it works like mathematics, it cannot fail. But only if practiced daily and regularly.
And the way to improve your will power is by using it. Will power is like a muscle, which builds over time as it is used in the right way. Use it now to determine your daily practice of Kriya Yoga. Don't make this practice an option in your mind, but make it something you simply do every day, no matter what. You wake up in the morning and meditate. Again in the evening, either right before bedtime or earlier in the evening, you practice Kriya Yoga again. Be steadfast, be regular, and be joyful and loving in your practice. Kriya Yoga is the greatest gift we have ever received, and it will, if practiced regularly and faithfully, take us all the way to oneness in God.
To deepen your practice, also seek out other Kriyabans (those initiated into Kriya) and practice with them. Attend any kriyaban meditations in your area, and always refer back to the basics of the technique, so you know you are practicing correctly. In addition, have your Kriya practice reviewed regularly by an Ananda kriyacharya (Kriya Yoga teacher).
I gain inspiration both from the inspiration in the writings of Yogananda and Kriyananda, as well as from my gurubais. For inspiration I read the Autobiography of a Yogi, The New Path, and The Essence of the Bhagavad Gita in particular. Also recently, I have been re-reading the book Paramhansa Yogananda, A Biography. In addition, another favorite of mine is Awaken to Superconsciousness by Swami Kriyananda. All these books provide wonderful inspiration as well as deepening spiritual insights.
As you engage in this regular practice, and seek out satsang with other Kriyabans, you will feel yourself growing steadily in calmness, peace, joy, and divine love. The company you keep will make a big difference in how fast all of this develops. You will also, over time, have an increasing awareness of who you are (a soul and spark of the divine light) and what your purpose in this world is (to remember your oneness as part of the divine).
I hope this will be helpful to you.
Many blessings,
Nayaswami Parvati
How Can I Be an Actor While Staying Spiritual?
February 13, 2015
Hello, I have just begun Kriya Yoga meditation. I am finding some conflicts with my worldly activities in terms of how to approach them as a person with spiritual focus. In particular I have just begun an acting course (monologues) to improve my communicative ability and explore a desire to participate in transformative entertainment in the future. How can I approach this with no attatchment and stay true, amidst materialist people? What should I have in mind? What attitude should I maintain?
This is a great question to which I actually have some insights, thanks to Swami Kriyananda. A number of years ago in Paris, Swamiji was asked by a well-known opera singer a similar question. She found herself, with her low-pitched contralto voice, placed many times in roles that had a dark side to them and were even evil in nature. She wondered how to deal with this situation in a spiritual way, so as not to have her consciousness pulled down by the darkness.
Swami said to her to feel that God was acting through her in these roles. Also to feel that she was an observer, as well as a participant, in the roles she played. I think the attitude to remember and keep before you in doing this, is that God is in everything; that all of creation has been brought about out of Himself. As Swami Kriyananda would say in talks, "What else did God have to bring Creation into being from but Himself!"
These attitudes are not easy to develop, but they are possible. I would think they could even make you a very good actor! Non-attachment will be essential in doing this, and something you will have to work on every day. I would suggest that at the end of each day you offer all that has happened that day back to God, thereby freeing yourself from being attached to and defined by it.
As long as you feel a need to be involved in the very outward and entertaining "entertainment business," then this will need to be part of your daily spiritual sadhana, along with your morning and evening Kriya Yoga practice.
As Parmahansa Yogananda said about this world of duality that we live in, "This world was made for our education and entertainment, but how very few are either educated or entertained." May you be one of these few!
Pain and Other Challenges Caused by Meditation
March 18, 2014
Last year I started doing Isha kriya for 15 minutes for 15 days. There was a pain in my forehead between my eyes. I got scared and stopped meditating.
I exercise regularly. I still have the pain in my forehead. Lately I am having shooting pains in head and numbness in my legs when I exercise. I am feeling very tired and scared about facing out of the regular world experiences that meditation might bring. How can I stop my pain in forehead and be healthy? I don't want to meditate.
Dear Samy,
Isha Kriya is different from the Kriya Yoga techniques given to us by Paramhansa Yogananda. If you are interested in preparing yourself for Kriya Yoga through the Ananda Kriya Sangha, please let us know (see below). But because you are practicing a different type of kriya, then you should go to the person or organization who taught or initiated you, to ask a specific questions about any difficulties your are experiencing with your practices.
However, I can suggest a few things to help you with meditation in general. Pain in the forehead is generally caused by tension in your eyes. This tension is often brought on by trying to force your gaze inward and upward (almost like crossing the eyes) at the spiritual eye (point between the eyebrows). Instead, your eyes should be very relaxed and not forced into any awkward positions. Imagine you are looking at a light on top of a distant mountain out in front of you, but keep your eyes very relaxed.
About numbness in your legs, this is probably caused by your sitting improperly for meditation. Sitting on the floor in a cross-legged position is not always best! There are several ways to take care of this challenge, by changing your sitting position to one which works better for you. Please contact us to find out more about this also.
As for feeling tired and scared about facing the regular world with experiences that meditation might bring, one very important purpose of meditation is to bring you more calmness in daily life, to relieve stress, and to offer you deep inner peace under all circumstances. It should also awaken large sources of energy within you, to help you with tiredness. These are wonderful benefits of meditation and certainly nothing to be afraid of — life only gets better when you are meditating in the right way. If you'd like to learn more about Kriya Yoga in the way we teach it, please go to our Kriya Yoga page.
Kriya, karma, drugs
June 3, 2013
I want to know, how do we know when we are burning the seeds of karma?
Is it possible that while doing Kriya, negative experiences can occur because of the liberation of the seeds?
And do you recommend doing Kriya, during a psychedelic trip?
It isn't always clear when we are burning up seeds of past karma — it is more noticeable over time, as people feel spiritually lighter; more joyful; growth in spiritual qualities such as devotion, kindness, and selflessness; and with less attraction to worldly and sense attachments. Spiritual progress doesn't always go in a straight line, however, so most kriya yogis can continue to have some ups and downs in the short term. But long term, the effects tend to be more apparent.
Sometimes during Kriya practice it will happen that a particular thought or desire might pass through the conscious mind. Swami Kriyananda has likened that experience to having a particular karma dissolved, and then passing momentarily through the conscious mind on its way out. When Kriya is done correctly, with devotion, attunement to the Guru, and a certain amount of depth and calmness (and without doing psychedelic drugs!), it won't cause negative experiences. This is one reason why it's important to sit in the silence for at least fifteen minutes after finishing Kriya practice, as Paramhansa Yogananda suggested.
One definitely should not have a Kriya practice at the same time as a practice of doing psychedelic drugs. It could be especially harmful to do drugs at the same precise time as Kriya, but even if not done at the same precise time it could still be harmful.
Here is a much more lengthy answer to the general question of trying to use psychedelic drugs for spiritual growth.
The Physical Spine and The Astral Spine
September 6, 2012
Aasheesh Chhabra
I would like to know while practicing Kriya, will the link (thread) from Muladhar center to medulla should be a straight line or it has to pass through the Chakras. I am asking this question because if the link (thread) has to pass through the chakras then it would be in standard S shape as our physical spinal cord is in S shape. Awareness will than move from root chakra to swadisthan and then to navel and so on.
Aasheesh Chhabra
Dear Aasheesh,
You are confusing the PHYSICAL spine (vertebrae, spinal cord, etc) with the ASTRAL (energy) spine, where the chakras are located. They are different and located in different places and dimensions!
The Astral Spine is the place through which you should be "running" prana (life-force) when you are practicing Kriya Yoga. It can be imagined as a hollow tube, about an inch and a half in diameter, running very straight up from the base of the spine (Muladhara or 1st chakra area) going through the middle (central core) of the body (which places it mostly in front of the S-curve of the physical spine).
When it reaches the Medulla Oblongata (receptive pole of the 6th chakra) it curves slightly forward to the Spiritual Eye (point between the eyebrows - the positive pole of the 6th chakra) As you are practicing Kriya Yoga, the prana goes through chakras # 1-6, from to the bottom to top of your Astral Spine, and back down again.
Blessings to you as you practice the sacred technique of Kriya Yoga.
Did Jesus teach a meditation technique to his disciples? How did his close disciples become so purified? Was it just by his grace due to karmic link from previous lives which dissolved their karma or due to them simply praying to God.
Dear Cyril,
Thank you for your question! Paramhansa Yogananda tells us that Jesus did practice and teach his disciples a form of Kriya Yoga. What the differences are (if any), I do not know.
We read in the Bible about how the disciples were purified and blessed sometime soon after Jesus' crucifixion, when the Holy Ghost comes to them. This purification was a direct blessing from the Guru to his disciples.
You asked: "Was it just by his grace due to karmic link from previous lives which dissolved their karma or due to them simply praying to God."
I am prone to think it is both, rather than either or. Grace is a big part of it but they also had to get there through their own devotion and practice of inner communion with God. Yogananda gives a helpful formula for thinking about the spiritual path to union with God. He says it is 25% our own effort, 25% the Guru's effort on our behalf, and 50% the Grace of God.
I hope this is helpful. You might also like to read Swami Kriyananda's book Revelations of Christ for Yogananda's insights into the New Testament.
Kriya Yoga and Devotion
April 17, 2012
I read about Yogananda saying that to practise Kriya without the purification of the hearts feelings could be harmful. I think he meant it in the sense that your energy will rise but then fall again instead of being transferred to the spiritual eye from the agya chakra.
This then it seems is very important to the success of Kriya practise. What is the best way to begin to purify the hearts feelings?
Thanks for your guidance.
Jai Guru Dev
Dear Cyril,
The important emphasis here is that we need to practice Kriya with devotion. Paramhansa Yogananda once told a disciple, "Kriya plus devotion works like mathematics. It cannot fail."
Swami Kriyananda offers this suggestion: "Try to bring your practice of Kriya as quickly as possible to that point where the technique itself is only a vehicle for this sense of offering your whole energy and being to the divine, where it becomes a devotional and joyous practice."
Chanting is also a powerful tool to awaken deepening devotion. Try to tune into a few chants from Paramhansa Yogananda or Swami Kriyananda, taking them deeper and deeper until you are drawn into supercosnsciousness, or at least uplifted in your awareness. In this way your heart will be purified.
In divine friendship,
Nayaswami Pranaba
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 13, 1984
|Filing date
|Jul 25, 1983
|Priority date
|Jul 25, 1983
|Fee status
|Publication number
|James H. Williams
|Original Assignee
|Borden, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (22), Classifications (10), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to aqueous aminoplast resins based on melamine of urea and formaldehyde, that upon curing are characterized by low formaldehyde emission, to processes for preparing the resins, and to particleboard and other composites made from the resins.
Urea-formaldehyde condensation products are widely used in industry. One important use of these condensation products is as adhesives and binders in the manufacture of particleboard.
Urea formaldehyde (UF) resins have the virtues of low cost, rapid cure, processing convenience, and clear color. Very short press cycles can be achieved with urea formaldehyde adhesives; by adding a catalyst, the rate of cure can be adjusted to essentially any desired speed.
However, whenever an amino-formaldehyde adhesive is used in the production of a structural panel, by whatever process, the generation of formaldehyde fumes remains a problem.
Formaldehyde release is especially noticeable in particleboard and in insulation foams. Both of those contain cured resin films with very large surface areas which enhance formaldehyde release. The causes for formaldehyde release are complex. From the resin itself, free, unreacted formaldehyde may evolve. Also, formaldehyde dissolves in moisture in wood products, and its vapor pressure and its release rate change with changes in air humidity and product humidity. In particleboard, released formaldehyde can come from formaldehyde which was bound to wood cellulose during the hot-press cycle, and which slowly hydrolyzes under the influence of the acidic humidity in the wood. It can also result from the degradation of incompletely cured resin, or resin components, such as methylolurea. Finally, it can result from bulk resin degradation.
The UF resins contain methylol, methylene ether and other reaction products which can hydrolyze back to formaldehyde. The weakest links are in the cellulose-resin link, the hemiacetals, ethers and methylols. The oxygen-free methylene linkage is the most resistant to hydrolysis.
Several paths have been explored over the last few years for reducing formaldehyde release. These include coating applications, chemical treatments before or after resin application, the use of resin additives, and new resin formulations. In such new resin formulations, the mole ratio of formaldehyde to urea has been slowly decreased over the years from its initial high value, but reduction in this ratio generally weakens the internal bond in particleboard, for example, even though it reduces the residual formaldehyde. Some resin manufacturing operations are now programming formaldehyde (F) and urea (U) additions in two stages, to achieve a desired low F/U molar ratio.
One generally accepted two-stage procedure for making urea formaldehyde resins involves the reaction of urea and formaldehyde under alkaline conditions to form methylol ureas, followed by resinifying by further heating under acidic conditions, and finally neutralizing and dehydrating to produce a product of the desired physical characteristics. This procedure requires very accurate control of the pH in the different stages of the process to prevent gelation, and it is at times difficult to obtain consistent physical properties.
Urea and formaldehyde will also react under various conditions of controlled acidity, but gelling systems are usually obtained. For example, if a mixture of one mole of urea and two moles of formaldehyde is maintained under acidic conditions, the mass gels unless steps are taken to interrupt the course of the reaction by the adjustment of the pH at the appropriate times.
In the two-stage, alkaline then acid reaction used for the commercial manufacture of urea-formaldehyde prepolymers, for use in adhesives, the prepolymer resins are made by preparing a urea-formaldehyde solution having a F/U molar ratio ranging from 1.5 to 2.5. This solution is made basic with sodium hydroxide, triethanolamine, triethylamine, ammonia or any appropriate base that will establish a pH in the range of 7.5-8.9.
This basic solution is then brought to reflux for approximately 15-30 minutes, cooled slightly, and the pH is adjusted to a range of approximately 5.5-6.9 using formic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid or other appropriate organic or inorganic acid. The acidic solution is then brought to reflux until a specific Gardner viscosity has been reached. At this predetermined viscosity point the temperature is dropped slightly, the resin adjusted to a pH of 7.2-7.6, and additional urea is added as required. Water is then removed under vacuum until a desired specific gravity is obtained or a desired percent solids reached. The resin is then cooled and ready for shipment as a prepolymer prior to final cure by the addition of acid.
This prepolymer commercial resin usually has a free formaldehyde content in the range of 0.5%-1.8%, but depending on the resin and its intended application, the free formaldehyde content may be as high as 5%. This two-stage manufacturing procedure results in a prepolymer resin containing methylol, dimethylene ether, and methylenediurea groupings.
The reactions which occur in such processes are of two kinds. Under the mildly alkaline conditions used in the first stage, both monomethylolureas and dimethylolureas are formed. The second stage involves the condensation of methylolureas, under acidic conditions, to form dimethylene ether bridges. Reactions can also occur between the methylol group and the amido hydrogen of urea to form methylene bridges. The subsequent polymerization of cure of such prepolymers normally goes through two distinct stages. The first stage of curve involves the formation of a low molecular weight fusible, soluble resin. The second stage of cure involves a reaction which converts the low molecular weight urea-formaldehyde resin into a high molecular weight network polymer. Cure is usually accomplished by heating under acidic conditions.
It has been postulated that various ether linkages in uncured resins further aggravate hydrolytic degradation in the cured state. There is also a large body of literature on the acid hydrolysis of compounds, having similar structures to that associated with the cured resin, which demonstrates that the different linkages which may exist in cured UF resins could possess wide variations in hydrolytic stability. The following crude order of relative hydrolytic stabilities for possible links in a crude UF network has been postulated: methylene bridge>dimethylene ether bridge>methylol end group.
Many variations U-F condensation techniques have been tried, but there remains a need for a urea-formaldehyde resin which, when cured, will be characterized by low emission of formaldehyde, and will have equal, if not better, adhesive and bonding properties than those associated with current urea-formaldehyde resins.
My copending application Ser. No. 416,573, filed Sept. 10, 1982, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,410,685, discloses a new resin formulation which is hydrolytically stable. The new resin is a urea-formaldehyde liquid base resin comprising urea and formaldehyde in a mole ratio of substantially 1:1. This resin contains essentially no free formaldehyde. When cured, it contains substantially more methylene groups than methylene ether groups. My application also discloses a process for preparing this resin, comprising adjusting a formaldehyde solution containing from about 49.8% to about 50.2% formaldehyde to a pH of 0.5-2.5, slowly charging urea to said formaldehyde solution while maintaining the temperature at 40�-70� C. and the pH at 0.5-2.5, showing the addition of urea to the reaction mixture after attaining a Gardner viscosity in the range of A-D, neutralizing the reaction mixture after obtaining a Gardner viscosity in the range of U-V+, then adding the final charge of urea and permitting equilibration.
A second copending application of mine, Ser. No. 416,574, also filed Sept. 10, 1982, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,409,293, discloses particleboard made from the new resin, and processes of using the resin as a particleboard binder. Both of these applications are expressly incorporated herein by reference.
The invention provides new low-emitting aqueous formulations of modified aminoplast resins. These formulations can be regarded as based on or improvements on the earlier resin formulations as disclosed in my copending application Ser. No. 416,573, filed Sept. 10, 1982.
These resin formulations can be used to produce composite panels such as particleboard by the mat process, as disclosed in my earlier patent application Ser. No. 416,574, mentioned above.
The preferred resins of the invention are urea-formaldehyde or urea-melamine-formaldehyde resins, of modified skeletal structure as compared to prior art resins. When cured, these resins contain substantially more methylene groups than methylene ether groups. As a result, the resins are more stable and emit less formaldehyde than prior art resins, although their physical properties when cured are comparable to those of prior art resins. The urea-formaldehyde resins produced in accordance with one preferred embodiment of this invention are characterized by a broad range of formaldehyde to urea (F/U) molar ratios of 1.1:1 to 2.3:1.
This invention involves a new condensation technique, developed to maximize the methylene functionality in the cured resin in order to obtain low emission of formaldehyde and yet permit adjustment in the final mole ratio of the resins for optimal performance in each of several different resin applications.
In this new process, there are two stages of condensation and two stages of methylolation. Urea is added in a first, condensation stage, to a very acidic solution of formaldehyde at a rate such that the temperature and mole ratio are controlled to designated parameters. The pH is then adjusted to close to 7 or greater, and an additional charge of urea is added to another designated F/U mole ratio, with additional heating, in this second, methylolation stage. After this methylolation stage, the pH is shifted to the acid side, pH 5.2 to 6.8, and the mixture is heated to reflux, to initiate condensation and polymerization in this, the third stage of the reaction. The end point of this stage is determined by the desired viscosity. For the fourth stage, the pH is made alkaline again, 7.3-7.5, and a fourth increment of urea is added, to an F/U molar ratio in the range of 1.1:1 to 2.3:1. The second methylolation reaction begins with the addition of urea and can continue at room temperature during storage.
The base resin thus produced is characterized in that it contains a higher degree of methylene groups in the cured resin.
The resin formulations of this invention can be sprayed on lignocellulosic furnish as binders, in the manufacture of particleboard, fiberboard and other composite panels. Since these composite products are produced from different wood species, by different producers often using different equipment, and having different furnish sizes and cure speed requirements, in the practice of the process the several process and product parameters are adjusted as necessary to meet the needs of individual producers. Generally, the amount of resin sprayed on the furnish may be in a range that provides from 5% to about 10% of dry binder solids based on the dry (oven-dried) weight of the finished board.
The process of the invention selectively synthesizes a urea-formaldehyde prepolymer in several stages of urea addition and reaction. The initial reaction is a condensation reaction, under acidic conditions. The reaction in this stage minimizes the dimethylene ether linkages in the fused polymer by maximizing the methylene bridges. The second stage, methylolation reaction is conducted at a somewhat alkaline pH. The third stage condensation and plymerization is carried out at an acidic pH. A final urea addition is preferably made, at a mildly alkaline pH, to adjust the F/U mole ratio to within the preferred final range of 2.3:1 to 1.1:1. Methylolation then occurs spontaneously.
This four-stage process results in selective condensation and yields low-emitting aqueous resin formulations.
The procedure of the present invention not only results in lowering formaldehyde emissions from maximization of the methylene functionality in the cured resin, but also permits the preparation of resins at different final F/U mole ratios, without substantial loss of internal bond strength relative to conventional resins.
The process begins with a catalyzed reaction in a strongly acidic environment. This not only forms the methylene urea function and their condensation products, but the exothermic character of the reaction eliminates the need for the application of heat during the initial stage. The exotherm is sufficient to drive the reaction to the desired level of condensation, and can be controlled by a programmed slow or incremental addition of urea to the acidified formaldehyde solution.
More specifically, in accordance with one preferred embodiment of the invention, the initial formaldehyde solution is adjusted to its highly acidic pH by the addition of an appropriate acid. Then urea is slowly added to the acidic formaldehyde solution so as to maintain a temperature of 90� C. or less in the exothermic reaction mixture. The urea preferably is charged incrementally until a particular mole ratio is reached.
The formaldehyde solution used preferably contains about 49.8% to about 50.2% formaldehyde. Although other formaldehyde solutions, e.g., 37%, could be utilized, it is preferred to use the 49.8%-50.2% solutions because they more easily yield a resin having the desired solids content. If a formaldehyde solution of lesser concentration than about 50% is utilized, the final product should be adjusted in solids content by conventional techniques to have the desired specifications discussed below.
The pH of the formaldehyde solution is adjusted to a pH of 0.5-2.5, preferably about 1.0, using any suitable inorganic or organic acid. Suitable acids include, but are not limited to, formic acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid, or a combination of two or more of these. Of these acids, sulfuric acid is preferred.
The amount of urea which is added to the formaldehyde solution during this initial reaction stage is sufficient to provide an F/U molar ratio of 4.0:1 to 2.5:1, with a preferred mole ratio of 3.5:1 to 2.8:1.
According to one preferred mode of practicing the process, the F/U mole ratio at the end of this first stage of the reaction is in the range of 3.5:1 to 2.5:1. The most preferred mole ratio of 3.25:1 corresponds to a reaction mixture made up from 77.77%-66.66% by weight of the formaldehyde solution, which corresponds to 38.33%-33.33% by weight of formaldehyde per se (the remainder being water), and 22.23%-33.34% by weight of urea.
In this initial reaction step, the urea is added slowly so that the exothermic reaction maintains the heat of the reaction mixture at an elevated temperature that permits condensation to occur, preferably in the range from about 50� C. to about 99� C. The urea is added in increments, and it is preferred to add it in about fifteen equal increments. Alternatively, the increments of urea can be added at equal time intervals, or at a continuous, slow rate. After all of the urea has been added, the mixture is stirred at the final temperature for approximately 10 minutes. This first reaction stage serves the purpose of developing methylene bridges.
The preferred way of conducting the second stage, to achieve methylolation, is described in detail below. It involves the steps of (1) adjusting pH to a generally neutral or slightly basic value; (2) adding urea; (3) holding the reaction mixture, with stirring, for a period of time, at a temperature of 50� C. or higher, preferably at 50� C. to 80� C., to permit the methylolation reaction to go forward slowly; (4) readjusting the pH, if necessary, to neutral or slightly basic; (5) adding more urea to a F/U mole ratio of 2.5 to 1.5, then refluxing for a short period of time to force the methylolation.
While this incremental addition of urea is preferred, it is not essential. As an alternate, all of the urea can be added in a single charge. However, the dwell periods, first at preferably 50� C.-80� C. for slow methylolation, then at reflux for a forced reaction, should be used in that sequence, after the urea has been added.
In the preferred practice of the second stage of the process, the pH is adjusted to 6.9-7.8, more preferably 7.3-7.5, by the addition of any suitable inorganic or organic base. The pH should be approximately neutral, or preferably basic. There is nothing critical about the suggested upper pH figure of 7.8, however; a higher pH could be used. Suitable bases for adjusting the pH include, but are not limited to, sodium hydroxide, ammonia, triethanolamine and triethylamine, of a combination of two or more of these. It is preferred to use a combination of sodium hydroxide and triethanolamine, preferably a 50% solution of sodium hydroxide and triethanolamine in a 50/50 ratio by weight. An addition of urea is then made.
This addition of urea is sufficient in amount to provide an F/U mole ratio of 3.0:1 to 1.8:1. The preferred F/U mole ratio is 2.8:1 to 2.0:1, and the most preferred ratio is 2.5:1. The reaction mixture is stirred and the temperature is held at a temperature above 49� C., preferably from about 50� C. to about 80� C., for about one-half hour after the urea addition has been completed, to permit methylolation to occur.
After holding the stirred reaction mixture for about 30 minutes, the reaction mixture is readjusted to pH 7.3-7.8, if necessary. Another addition of urea is then made, in the amount necessary to provide an F/U mole ratio in the range from 2.5:1 to 1.5:1. The preferred F/U mole ratio is 1.8:1 to 1.6:1.
After this addition of urea and a subsequent pH adjustment to 6.9-7.8, preferably 7.3-7.4, if necessary, the reaction mixture is heated to maintain a gentle reflux for about 15 minutes, to force methylolation.
The pH is then adjusted to 5.2-6.8 with 30% formic acid. Other inorganic or organic acids such as hydrochloric, sulfuric, acetic, toluenesulfonic acid, or any combination of these can be used, however, formic is the preferred acid due to its availability, activity, ease of handling, and cost.
At a pH of 5.2-6.8, the reflux is continued until a predetermined Gardner viscosity is reached. This viscosity may range from a low "D/E" for certain resin applications, to a "T/U" for resins that will be used as adhesives and binders for particleboard manufacturing. During the reaction that occurs at the acidic pH, it is believed that condensation and polymerization occur, since the viscosity increases as refluxing is continued.
After the desired viscosity is reached, the reaction is cooled to below the boiling point of water, preferably to 90� C., and the pH is adjusted to 7.2-7.8, with a suitable base. At this stage, the resin may or may not be stripped of water to bring about a desired specific gravity or solids content prior to the final addition of urea.
The final, small urea addition adjusts the F/U mole ratio in fine-tuning fashion. Depending on the intended use for the resin, the final mole ratio will fall in the range from 2.3:1 to 1.1:1. After the final adjustment addition of urea, the pH is again adjusted to 7.2-7.8, with a preferred range of 7.4-7.6, with either an acid or base, as appropriate. It is believed that methylolation begins in this stage with the addition of urea, and can continue at room temperature during storage.
Such things as magnesium chloride may also be added, and water may be removed to achieve a particular specific gravity, if desired. The reaction is sufficiently complete at this point, and the urea-formaldehyde resin may be used as is.
The final resin product generally is a solution in an aqueous vehicle and has a solids contant of 45%-65% and a viscosity in the range of 60-600 as measured on a Brookfield RVF viscometer using a No. 1 spindle at 20 rpm at 25� C.
Even when the process is practiced with some departures from the preferred embodiments, the base resin product, and products in which it is used as an adhesive or binder, will have negligible formaldehyde emission. The resins, in addition, can be formulated to have acceptable storage lives even at elevated temperatures up to 90� F.
The urea-formaldehyde resin products can be structurally analyzed using conventional techniques. These techniques allow the determination of the following structural groups in the uncured resins as well as in the cured resins: free formaldehyde, total formaldehyde, methylol, methylene, and methylene ether. The resins are cured for this purpose of adding 2% ammonium chloride, based on the weight of the resin, and heating at 115� C. for fifteen minutes. The cured resins are found to contain substantially more methylene groups than prior art urea-formaldehyde resins, especially those produced by an initial base catalyzed methylolation procedure of which the primary prepolymer products are mostly monomethylol and dimethylol urea precursors, followed by condensation.
A representative comparison of the quantitative analyses of several different F/U mole ratio resins, both liquid (i.e., as produced) and cured, prepared according to preferred embodiments of the present invention, and identical mole ratio conventional (prior art) resins, produced by an initial base catalyzed methylolation procedure of which the primary prepolymer products are mostly monomethylol and dimethylol urea precursors, followed by condensation, are reported in Table II, below.
The reduced formaldehyde emission as compared to prior art resins can be demonstrated by preparing particleboard specimens and observing their respective emissions. Particleboard specimens prepared using the present resins have significantly lower formaldehyde emission than particleboard specimens made with the prior art resins. The resins of the invention have similar properties to those of prior art, and most important, these new resins develop internal bond strengths that can be substantially equivalent to those of conventional resins, while minimizing formaldehyde emissions.
In addition, the new processes of the invention have flexibility as to the final F/U mole ratios of the resins while still maintaining low emission characteristics relative to conventional resins of the same F/U mole ratios. These results are further demonstrated in the examples that follow.
In these examples, and elsewhere throughout the specification, all parts and percentages are by weight, as is, and temperatures are in degrees Celsius, unless expressly indicated to be otherwise. Unless otherwise specified, viscosity determinations were made using a Brookfield RVF viscometer, No. 1 spindle at 20 rpm and at 25� C. (abbreviated RVF 1/20/25� C.). The resin products of the following examples are intended for particleboard binder applications. The different mole ratios permit the accommodation of the needs of different customers.
A reactor is charged with 64.32 parts (1.07 mols) of formaldehyde assayed at 50%. The formaldehyde is stirred and the pH is adjusted to 0.87 with approximately 0.065 parts of concentrated sulfuric acid. After adjusting the temperature to 50� C., 19.78 parts (0.3297 mols) of urea are added in fifteen equal increments over a 15-minute time period. The temperature is held at the final temperature of 86� C. for approximately 10 minutes after the last addition of urea.
The pH is then adjusted to 7.51 with 0.42 parts of 50% sodium hydroxide. A second increment of urea is charged after the pH adjustment, 5.94 parts (0.099 mols), and the reaction is stirred at 80� C. for 30 minutes. A third charge of urea, 3.50 parts (0.0583 mols), is then added and the reaction mixture is brought to reflux and held there for 15 minutes.
The pH is then adjusted to 5.97 with 30% formic acid and reflux is continued until a Gardner viscosity of "E+" is reached. When this viscosity is reached, the pH is adjusted to 7.78 with triethanolamine and the reaction mixture is concentrated under vacuum to a specific gravity of 1.268 by removing approximately 7.47 parts of water.
The addition of 1.88 parts sodium chloride and 11.395 parts (0.1899 mols) of urea is followed by a pH adjustment to 7.85 with 30% formic acid. The reaction mixture is then cooled to 15� C. The final product has a 64.4% solids content, a specific gravity of 1.288, and a Brookfield viscosity (RVF 1/20/25� C.) of 247 cps.
This product is representative of U-F resin products designed to suit the needs of certain particleboard binder applications. The specifications for products that would be suitable include a 64%-66% solids contant, a specific gravity of 1.286 to 1.292, a pH of 7.5-7.9, and a Brookfield viscosity of 230-400 cps.
A reactor is charged with 64.85 parts of 50% assay formaldehyde. The solution is stirred and the pH is adjusted to 7.2 with approximately 0.11 parts triethanolamine. After the pH adjustment, 29.46 parts of urea are charged, the pH adjusted again to 7.2, and the mixture is refluxed for 30 minutes.
Following the half-hour reflux stage, the pH is adjusted to 6.0 with 30% formic acid and reflux is continued until a Gardner viscosity endpoint of E+ is obtained. The pH is again adjusted to 7.4 with triethanolamine and 7.53 parts water are then removed by vacuum distillation.
After distillation, 1.9 parts sodium chloride and 11.04 parts of urea are charged to the reaction batch. The pH is then again adjusted to 7.6 with both 30% formic acid and triethanolamine. The batch is cooled to 25� C. and discharged.
The final product had a solids content of 64.03%; a specific gravity of 1.286; a pH of 7.75, and a Brookfield viscosity of 240 cps.
The specification ranges for this type of product are: solids content, 64%-66%; specific gravity, 1.286-1.292; viscosity as determined by a Brookfield RVF 1/20/25� C., 230-400 cps; pH 7.5-7.9.
This example demonstrates the use of a urea-formaldehyde precursor or precondensate.
In the manufacture of urea-formaldehyde resins, prilled urea is often used as a raw material. Unfortunately, some of the prilled urea is usually crushed during transportation and handling, before it can be used. During storage, some urea cakes and forms hard "chunks" from pressure and exposure to moisture. The chunk and crushed materials are referred to as "overs and unders" respectively, since they deviate from the standard size range for urea prills. The overs and unders usually sell at a discount.
The use of overs and unders to form a precondensate offers at least two advantages, that of economy, and that of forming a stable precondensate that has a more generalized utility than that in resin manufacture. This precondensate production process is more fully described in my copending patent application, Ser. No. 584,441, filed Feb. 28, 1984, which is incorporated herein by reference.
In a preferred mode, this precondensate is derived from urea and a 50% formaldehyde solution, although paraformaldehyde and aqueous formaldehyde of other concentrations can be used. This precondensate production process requires no application of heat, no base catalyzed methylolation, and can be manufactured in one-fifth the time required for the production of prior art precondensates or concentrates.
The urea-formaldehyde precondensate is generally characterized by an F/U molar ratio of 5:1 to 1.75:1, a preferred F/U molar ratio of 3:25 to 2.25:1, a more preferred F/U molar ratio of 2.6:1 to 2.4:1, and most preferred ratio of 2.5:1. It contains in one preferred embodiment 28.5% urea and 35.5% formaldehyde.
The precondensate is prepared by a process in which urea is added to a very acidic solution of formaldehyde at a rate such that the exotherm and mole ratio are controlled. Thus, the formaldehyde solution is adjusted to a pH of 0.5-1.0 and urea is then slowly added until a preselected mole ratio of formaldehyde to urea is reached. When the targeted ratio has been attained, the pH of the solution is raised to 7.7-7.9 and additional urea is added to an F/U mole ratio of 2.6:1-2.4:1. The resulting urea-formaldehyde precondensate is stable.
To demonstrate the use of such a precursor in the production of condensate, 3052 grams of a 50% formaldehyde solution are charged to a reactor, and agitation and stirring are initiated. The pH of the formaldehyde solution is adjusted to less than or equal to 1 using approximately 3.6 grams of concentrated sulfuric acid. The temperature of the solution is raised to 50� C. Then 937.6 grams of prilled urea, including overs and unders, are charged to the formaldehyde solution is fifteen equal increments over a 15-minute time period in such a manner as to maintain the temperature between 50� C. and 95� C. The prilled urea may be either charged in increments or it may be continuously added over a 15-minute time period, at a slow rate.
After the urea is charged, the mixture is held at 95� C. for five minutes and the pH is adjusted to 7.7-7.9 with 50% sodium hydroxide. After adding 283.2 g. of additional urea to the reaction mixture, it is then cooled to 15� C. and discharged to an appropriate container.
The F/U mole ratio of the urea-formaldehyde precondensate is 2.5:1, the viscosity is 89 cps, the pH is 7.5 and calculated solids are 64%.
A reactor is then charged with 90.87 parts of the precondensate. The precondensate is stirred and adjusted to a 7.2 pH with 0.11 parts thiethanolamine. To this is added 34.7 parts of urea and the mixture is refluxed for one-half hour. The pH is adjusted to 6.0 with 0.06 parts of 30% formic acid and condensed to an "E/E+" Gardner viscosity.
Next, the pH is adjusted to 7.4 with approximately 0.11 parts triethanolamine and vacuum concentrated with the removal of 7.5 parts water. Sodium chloride, 1.89 parts, and 10.99 parts of urea are added and the final pH is adjusted to 7.7. The final product has a solids content of 65%, a viscosity (RVF 1/20/25� C.) of 225 cps and a specific gravity of 1.289.
These three examples demonstrate the production of resin formulations at different F/U mole ratios, using processes that follow generally the procedure used in Example 1. A summary of the formulations is shown below, with the resin of Example 1 included for comparison.
______________________________________First Stage Acid Condensation Formulations Parts by Weight, As Is Example Example Example Example 1 4 7 10______________________________________Formaldehyde 64.32 60.35 57.04 52.09(50% solution) (1.072) (1.006) (0.9507) (0.868)(mols)Sulfuric Acid 0.065 0.10 0.04 0.10Urea, parts 19.78 18.56 17.54 16.03(mols) (0.3297) (0.3093) (0.2923) (0.267)Sodium Hydroxide 0.42 0.40 0.08 0.43(50% solution)Urea, parts 9.44 8.88 8.37 7.64(mols) (0.1573) (0.148) (0.1393) (0.1273)Formic Acid 0.06 0.06 0.010 0.03(30% solution)Triethylamine -- -- 0.03 0.10Triethanolamine 0.11 0.11 -- --Distillate 7.47 7.50 5.82 --Urea, parts 11.395 19.04 19.76 20.90(mols) (0.1899) (0.3173) (0.3293) (0.3483)Sodium Chloride 1.88 -- 2.37 2.18Magnesium Chloride -- -- 0.53 0.50Solids 64.90 64.55 68.41 66.66Viscosity 247 154 323 271Specific Gravity 1.288 1.278 1.290 1.294F/U Mole Ratio 1.584:1 1.299:1 1.249:1 1.169:1______________________________________
These three examples demonstrate the production of resin formulations with the use of a urea-formaldehyde precondensate prepared as in Example 3. The formulations listed below were prepared following the same general overall process outlined in Example 3 above.
______________________________________First Stage Acid Condensation Formulations Parts by Weight, As Is Example Example Example Example 3 6 9 12______________________________________Precondensate of 90.80 86.95 79.96 73.38Example 3Triethanolamine 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.10Urea 3.47 3.33 3.06 2.80Formic Acid (30%) 0.06 -- 0.066 0.03Triethylamine -- -- 0.046 0.10Triethanolamine 0.11 -- 0.046 0.10Distillate 7.43 9.88 5.822 --Sodium Chloride 1.89 -- 2.36 2.18Urea 10.99 19.49 19.68 20.91Magnesium Chloride -- -- 0.53 0.50Solids 62.85 65.6 67.81 65.54Viscosity 160 328 449 333Specific Gravity 1.280 1.280 1.289 1.289Total Urea, Wt. 35.9 43.34 41.61 40.06(mols) (0.598) (0.722) (0.693) (0.688)F/U Mol Ratio 1.60:1 1.30:1 1.25:1 1.17:1______________________________________
These three examples, 5, 8 and 11, are typical resins produced by an initial base catalyzed methylolation procedure of which the primary prepolymer products are mostly monomethylol and dimethylol urea precursors, followed by condensation, that demonstrate by comparison, the novelty and uniqueness of the resins of this invention, produced by an initial acid condensation procedure. The procedures used in making the formulations below follow generally the procedure in Example 2.
______________________________________Conventional First Stage Acid Methylolation Formulations Example Example Example Example 2 5 8 11______________________________________Formaldehyde (50%) 64.85 60.59 57.32 52.32(mols) (1.08) (1.01) (0.9553) (0.872)Triethanolamine 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.10Urea 29.46 27.55 26.04 23.77Formic Acid (30%) 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.03Distillate 7.53 7.54 6.38 --Triethylamine -- -- 0.11 0.10Triethanolamine 0.11 0.11 -- --Urea 11.04 19.12 19.85 20.99Sodium Chloride 1.9 -- 2.38 2.19Magnesium Chloride -- -- 0.53 0.50Solids 64.2 64.69 65.06 62.87Viscosity 235 330 310 266Specific Gravity 1.284 1.280 1.287 1.269Total Moles Urea 0.675 0.778 0.7648 0.746F/U Mole Ratio 1.6:1 1.3:1 1.25:1 1.2:1______________________________________
Products prepared according to the invention as in Examples 1, 4 and 7, were subjected to a storage life test at 70� F., were compared with conventionally produced products made using an alkaline-acid process, as in Examples 2, 5 and 8. The results are reported below in Table I, where the viscosity measurements are reported after the indicated number of days.
TABLE I______________________________________Storage Lives of Several Products(Brookfield Viscosity in cps: RVF, 1/20/25� C.) Days at 70� F.Example No. 1 3 6 12 20 30 40______________________________________1 247 170 180 200 200 200 2002 235 240 250 260 320 370 3904 154 195 290 310 295 310 3105 330 290 310 310 320 330 3307 323 335 350 425 500 710 10008 310 310 310 320 365 460 470______________________________________
Comparative analyses were made of a product made according to the invention, following generally the Example 1 procedure, and a product made by an alkaline-acid process, following generally the Example 2 procedure. The analyses were made on the product as produced, and also after curing under conditions representative of those encountered in particleboard manufacture. The results are reported in Table II, below.
In Table II, the reported methylene content was determined by subtracting both free formaldehyde and oxidable formaldehyde in the resin from the total formaldehyde used in preparing the resin. Oxidable formaldehyde is defined as the total formaldehyde resulting from both the methyol and methylene ether functional groups, plus free formaldehyde. The methylene contents of the new resins of this invention are substantially greater in the cured resins than in cured resins made by conventional prior art processes. The new initial acid condensation techniques, therefore, are believed to yield a low-emitting aqueous formulation as a result of maximizing the methylene functionality.
TABLE II______________________________________Summary of Functional Groups in1.6 Mole Ratio UF Resins Initial Acid Initial Base Condensation; Condensation; Example 1 Example 2 Liquid Cured Liquid Cured______________________________________Free Formaldehyde 7.22% 5.74% 8.72% 4.59%Methylol 64.50 9.16 57.32 6.67Methylene Ether 11.21 15.97 12.19 43.59Methylene 17.07 69.13 21.77 45.15Total Formaldehyde 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%______________________________________
Similar comparative analyses were made with respect to products prepared following generally the techniques of Examples 4 and 5, respectively. The results are reported in Table III, below.
TABLE III______________________________________Summary of Functional Groups in1.3 Mole Ratio UF Resins Initial Acid Initial Base Condensation; Condensation; Example 4 Example 5 Liquid Cured Liquid Cured______________________________________Free Formaldehyde 0.35% 0.55% 1.07% 0.25%Methylol 44.63 4.89 52.28 5.34Methylene Ether 22.70 25.96 19.96 32.61Methylene 32.32 68.60 26.69 61.80Total Formaldehyde 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%______________________________________
Particleboard test specimens were prepared using binders based on the resins of Examples 3, 6, and 9. These resins are regarded as low fuming or low formaldehyde emitting resins. Test speciments were similarly prepared using binders based on resins made by conventional first stage (alkaline) methylolation techniques, i.e., Examples 2, 5, and 8.
In each case, Southern pine core furnish (approx. oven dry moisture content [M.C.], 3.0%-4.5% as determined by a Cenco Direct Reading Moisture Balance), was placed in a rotary drum blender (measuring 48" in diameter by 24" wide) and continuously tumbled. The liquid resin binder was applied at the rate of 8.0% of dry resin solids per 100 parts of oven dry (O.D.) wood, with a spray nozzle producing a cone configuration pattern at approximately 7 psi atomizing pressure. The flow through the nozzle was at a rate of approximately 100 grams of liquid resin/minute.
The test specimens were manufactured using resin binder with and without external catalysis. When used, the catalyst was added to the resin prior to spraying, at a rate of 2.0 solid parts acid salt to 100 grams liquid resin.
The amount of untreated furnish used in blending was large enough to manufacture four laboratory board samples 141/2" square, 5/8" (0.625") thick, with an oven dry density of approximately 45 lbs./cubic ft. A mat was formed using the treated furnish and a forming box prior to pressing. The laboratory test specimen boards were pressed between two aluminum cauls (1/8" thick�18"�22"). Treated moisture content was determined on the Cenco Direct Reading Balance.
The press used was a single operating press with a 12" hydraulic ram. The total press cycles were either 3.50 minutes or 2.75 minutes in duration, or 3.00 and 2.25 minutes. The press was closed with increasing pressure from 0-755 psi on the mat until the target thickness was reached, in approximately 1.0 to 1.5 minutes, and then the pressure was reduced, holding the board thickness constant for the remainder of the cycle.
The test boards (2 from each press cycle) were then cooled at room temperature. In the cooling process, the sample boards stickered for cooling, roughly 141/2 square, were trimmed to a 121/2 square and cut into two 5"�121/2" strips and one 2"�121/2" strip. The two 5"�121/2" strips were then cut into eight 5"�23/4" samples for residual formaldehyde testing, and the single 2" strip from each of the four stickered boards was cut into six 2"�2" squares for internal bond testing.
The boards manufactured were tested for oven dried density, internal bond strength, residual formaldehyde emission, according to the National Plywood Association (NPA) sanctioned 2-hour desiccator procedure, and a hydrolysis test was used to determine any degradation in internal bonds after prolonged exposure to constant temperature and humdity.
The NPA-sanctioned desiccator procedure was used to determine the amount of residual formaldehyde given off by particleboard and absorbed into a 25 ml. sample of distilled water to give resuts in micrograms of formaldehyde per milliliter of water. The only modification to this method that was used was the elimination of the 15-minute boil of the test tubes after the addition of the concentrated sulfuric acid to develop color prior to evaluation on the spectrophotometer. Due to a private study which compared the boil and non-boil conditions, there is believed to be no significant change in color development with the omission of the boil. This modification speeds up the procedure.
The samples measuring 5"�23/4" were randomized at each of the specific press process conditions prior to being placed in the desiccator.
The density of the boards was determined after exposure to the desiccator method discussed above. Half of the 5"�23/4" samples were used to determine the oven dried density of the board samples. Eight samples per condition were used to obtain an average value according to NPA test procedures 4.4.2 and 4.4.3. The moisture content was determined according to NPA procedure 4.5.
Samples for internal blood determinations, measuring 2"�2", were tested in a Tinius Olson Universal Testing machine with a 24,000 pound load capacity. The internal bonds were determined according to procedure 4.7 of the NPA.
Six hundred (600) parts of binders formulated from the resins of Examples 8 and 9, respectively, were sprayed into 5025 parts of Southern yellow pine core containing approximately 6.7% moisture, and the resulting mixtures were then pressed into boards with dimensions measuring 3/4"�141/2" square.
The resins of Examples 2, 3, 5, and 6 were formulated as externally catalyzed binders by adding 12 parts of a 40% ammonium sulfate solution to 600 parts of each liquid resin, respectively. These externally catalyzed resin binders were sprayed onto pine core under the same conditions.
A platen temperature of 340� F. was used along with two total press cycles of 3.00 and 3.75 minutes for all formulations.
The results reported in Tables IV-VI, below, show that the internal bond strengths achieved using the new resins made according to the present invention, i.e., those of Examples 3, 6 and 9, are equal to those samples made using resin binders prepared by the conventional or base methylolated method, i.e., those of Examples 2, 5 and 8, while the desiccator values observed are at least 50% lower. For example, the 1.3 conventional mole ratio resin of Example 5, at a 3.5 minute press cycle, produces 1.31 ug/ml, whereas the same mole ratio acid condensed resin, Example 5, produces 0.37 ug/ml. The 71% reduction in emission is directly related to the percent methylene functionality as outlined in Table II, above.
TABLE IV______________________________________UREA-FORMALDEHYDE RESIN @ 1.25F/U MOLE RATIO AND TWO PRESS CYCLES Press Cycle @ 340� F. 3.5 Minutes 2.75 Minutes______________________________________Resin of Example No. 8 9 8 9Treated Furnish, M.C. % 7.3 7.0 7.3 7.0Resin Application, % resin 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0solids, dry basisPhysical Propertiesof the BoardDensity, #/Ft3 O.D. 44.6 43.8 43.1 43.4Internal Bond, psi 163 139 131 123Residual Formaldehyde (2 hr.) 1.00 0.45 1.02 0.47Desiccator Value mg/ml______________________________________
TABLE V______________________________________UREA FORMALDEHYDE RESIN @ 1.30F/U MOLE RATIO AND TWO PRESS CYCLES Press Cycle @ 340� F. 3.5 Minutes 2.75 Minutes______________________________________Resin of Example No. 5 6 5 6Treated Furnish, M.C. % 7.6 7.5 7.6 7.5Resin Application, % resin 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0solids, dry basisCatalyst, Solids, pts.(40% (NH4)2 SO4) 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8Physical Properties (5/8")of the BoardDensity, #/Ft3 O.D. 45.0 42.8 45.0 44.1Internal Bond, psi 136 123 127 146Residual Formaldehyde (2 hr.) 1.31 0.37 1.64 0.41Desiccator Value mg/ml______________________________________
TABLE VI______________________________________UREA-FORMALDEHYDE RESIN @ 1.60F/U MOLE RATIO AND TWO PRESS CYCLES Press Cycle @ 340� F. 3.00 Minutes 2.25 Minutes______________________________________Resin of Example No. 2 3 2 3Treated Furnish, M.C. % 8.1 6.4 8.1 6.4Resin Application % resin 6.75 6.75 6.75 6.75solids, dry basisCatalyst, Solids, pts. 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0(20% (NH4)2 SO4)Physical Properties (5/8")of the BoardDensity, #/Ft3 O.D. 44.7 42.4 44.5 42.1Internal Bond, psi 104 82 104 84Residual Formaldehyde (2 hr.) 8.2 4.8 9.3 4.9Desiccator Value mg/ml 8.2 4.8 9.3 4.9______________________________________
The process of the invention is a four-stage process. There are two stages of condensation and two stages of methyolation.
As has been demonstrated, the resins of this invention have more methylene linkages in the cured form than prior art, alkaline-acid produced resins. Thus, Tables II and III report the functional groups in two of the resins produced in the examples. The 1.6:1 mole ratio resin of the invention, as reported in Table II, has 69.13% methylene functionality, whereas the 1.6:1 mole ratio prior art cured resin has a methylene content of only 45.15%. A similar relationship can be observed for the 1.3:1 mole ratio resins in Table IV.
In the process of the invention, the initial acid condensation is followed by a basic methylolation, which is followed by another acid condensation. This sequence of steps generates higher internal bond strength in the cured board made with the resin than can be obtained with the low emission, low F/U mole resins produced in accordance with my earlier copending application, Ser. No. 416,573, filed Sept. 10, 1982. This is important in many applications for the resins.
The data in Tables II and III demonstrate that resins produced according to the invention will have low emission characteristics, since methylene functionality has been maximized.
In place of the urea component of the base resin, up to 8% by weight of melamine, based on the aqueous solutions of the resin solids, can be used. Thus, if the urea component of a particular resin were to be, for example, 24% by weight, the balance being about 36% formaldehyde, and water, then a suitable product can be prepared by using, instead of 24% urea, a mixture that will lead to a product that is 16% urea and 8% melamine.
While the invention has been disclosed in this patent application by reference to the details of preferred embodiments of the invention, it is to be understood that this disclosure is intended in an illustrative rather than in a limiting sense, as it is contemplated that modifications will readily occur to those skilled in the art, within the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 25, 1983
Owner name: BORDEN, INC., 180 EAST BROAD ST., COLUMBUS, OH. 43
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|Jun 17, 1996
Owner name: BORDEN CHEMICAL, INC., OHIO
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Effective date: 19960611
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|Sep 30, 2002
|Aug 4, 2010
Owner name: BORDEN CHEMICAL, INC. NKA HEXION SPECIALTY CHEMICA
Free format text: RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY;ASSIGNORS:FLEET CAPITAL CORPORATION AS AGENT;FLEET CAPITAL CANADA CORPORATION, AS CANADIAN AGENT;FLEET NATIONAL BANK, LONDON U.K. BRANCH TA/FLEETBOSTON FINANCIAL, AS UK AGENT;REEL/FRAME:024785/0369
Effective date: 20100610

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hi ho Silver, The Lone Ranger rides on....
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June 15 2012, 07:23 PM
Rear Admiral
Location: the real world
Re: hi ho Silver, The Lone Ranger rides on....
Explosions and other forms of visual spectacle translate. Wit and dramatic dialogue don't always translate. No one should assume the tastes of foreigners are intrinsically worse than those of the average US movie goer.
Nor can you automatically attribute success overseas to the presence of a big name star, especially in a thread citing John Carter. Taylor Kitsch is not a big name star. In fact one of the many criticisms in the chorus attacking the film prior to release was Taylor Kitsch.
The real importance of the overseas market hinges on how much of that revenue gets to the US moviemakers. That's a closely held secret. Also complicating the issue is the increasing importance of foreign financing, by people who are in a better position to tap foreign revenues.
The classic Western is dead, and the efforts to revive it are pretty much limited to ghetto markets like the Christian DVD movie market. (I suspect a powerful overlap, but, no, I don't have figures available.) Casting Johnny Depp as the Fool and dragging in the supernatural obviously are not classic Western, though. Depp will get people into seats, which is what "star" means. Casting a white guy for Tonto seems so obtuse it's hard to believe the movie could be good, though, even if it's Depp they cast.
The people of this country need regime change here, not abroad.
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Located on the banks of the River Thames in a bustling town, this hotel is well positioned for both business and leisure travellers. Meals are served in the Riverside Restaurant, and snacks are availa...More about Mercure London Staines Upon Thames
Situated in a peaceful location between Maidenhead, Bracknell and Windsor, this hotel has high standards of comfort particularly in the bedrooms; some rooms have a small sitting room area. There is a ...More about Stirrups Country House Hotel
Just 10 minutes from the M4 or M3 and a quick stroll from the mainline railway station, Premier Inn Bracknell makes a good choice whether for business meetings or a family break. Within easy walking d...More about Premier Inn Bracknell Central
This Grade II listed Victorian house is in the heart of Windsor. Space in some rooms is limited, but all are well maintained and offer excellent value for money. Facilities include a lounge with a wel...More about Clarence Guest House
Whatever your flight destination, Premier Inn Heathrow Airport (M4/J4) is another handy base. It has great transport links and as the Heathrow Express Rail is just minutes away you'll be well placed f...More about Premier Inn Heathrow Airport (M4 Jct 4)
The Leonardo Heathrow Hotel is conveniently located on Bath Road just a couple of minutes from the Heathrow Terminals and only 15 minutes by express from Central London. This hotel offers modern accom...More about Leonardo Heathrow Airport Hotel
This Premier Inn offers free parking, an on-site Beefeater restaurant, spacious rooms and extra-comfy beds. It is located just outside of Bracknell town centre which is within easy reach of Legoland W...More about Premier Inn Bracknell (Twin Bridges)
A warm welcome is guaranteed, set within walking distance of Woking train station. All bedrooms are comfortably furnished, serviced to a high standard, and come equipped with a range of accessories. B...More about Made In Sud
Located close to Maidenhead town centre with transport links to Windsor and the M4, this well sited hotel is suitable for both the business and leisure traveller. Public areas include a spacious loung...More about Holiday Inn Maidenhead/Windsor
Conveniently located for Heathrow Airport and the motorway network, this modern hotel provides comfortable accommodation. The large, airy indoor atrium creates a sense of space in the public areas, w...More about Novotel London Heathrow Airport


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Dr. Erb is an amazing doctor whose generosity and expert advice has radically changed the way my mum is treating her illness and transformed the very bleak outlook that she had on her life to one of measured optimism. Prior to consulting with Dr. Erb she was misdiagnosed with a condition that she was taking medications for that where adding to the toxicity in her body and not helping her with her primary health issue that Dr. Erb identified almost immediately.
He is a compassionate doctor and also extremely knowledgeable and we will be forever grateful that we were able to meet with him. It goes without saying that we would highly recommend consulting with Dr. Erb if you are looking for the right doctor.
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Thank so much Dr. Erb , you are nice and helpful , He is a wonderful doctor , I like him .
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Love Dr. Erb and his team. They always have time to listen.
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I find Dr Erb to be very personable, a dry humour sometimes, but always gives me the time for my many questions. He is blunt and to the point which I like. A wonderful doctor
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I find Dr Erb to be very knowledgeable and helpful. I have been seeing him off and on for a few years now. I would highly recommend him. yes his mannerisms are abrupt but that's because he's blunt..gives you the straight facts & will help you sort through them if you ask
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Dr Erb is one of the best in liver care. His expertise saved my life and he was kind and caring in his approach. I almost required an emergency liver transplant but was spared one under his care. Thanks to Dr Erb, my liver is almost 100% recovered. I owe my life and my liver to him.
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Awesome doctor with no nonsense attitude. He allows me say in my treatment and asks all the right questions. I have liver disease and he has kept me from the transplant list what more can I say he's well read and up to date on all new procedures. I recommend him to everyone.
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Receptionist is snarkey and rarely answers the telephone. I often have to call numerous times to get an appointment and then it is like she is doing you a favour! Dr. Erb however is extremely good and diagnosed me quickly.
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Great man and docter. He did an exalent job of explaining my problem with words I under stood. Thanks again Docter ERB
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I find him absolutely great. I saw him throughout my stay at VGH from emergency to a medical ward where he immediately diagnosed by reaction to antibiotics as serious, and ultimately through a liver transplant and still slow recovery. He lifted my spirits, continued to explain and re explain what was happening to me and my family, and gave me superb, knowledgeable, and compassionate care in hospital and during ongoing follow up. He explains things well, will draw diagrams even, is patient, and good humoured. I believe he has that rare quality of communicating compexity easily, and instilling confidence and optimism in people like me =frightened and bewildered by a complex medical procedure.He made sure I understood. I have confidence in his ability and knowledge. I think he and others on that transplant team saved my life, and work tirelessly, from what I observed in a long stay, to save others. He knows his stuff, and is exactly the best kind of doctor.
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Book your room at Annia Park Hotel Venice Airport
Please enter your travel dates.
Get an overview of this hotelFamily-friendly Mestre hotel in Tessera, near Forte Bazzera
This family-friendly Mestre hotel is located near the airport, within 2 mi (3 km) of Forte Bazzera and Ca' Noghera Casino of Venice.
Hotel Features
A restaurant, a bar/lounge, and a coffee shop/café are available at this hotel. Free WiFi in public areas, free self parking, and a free airport shuttle are also provided. Other amenities include a snack bar/deli, coffee/tea in the lobby, and 24-hour room service.
Room Amenities
All 27 soundproofed rooms feature free WiFi and 24-hour room service. For a bit of entertainment, LCD TVs come with satellite channels, and guests will also appreciate thoughtful touches like pillow menus and slippers.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Dining options at the hotel include a restaurant, a coffee shop/café, and a snack bar/deli. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. This 4-star property offers access to limo/town car service and a meeting room.
A computer station is located on site and high-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. Event facilities measure 12,00 square feet (1 square meters). This family-friendly hotel also offers a library, tour/ticket assistance, and multilingual staff. A roundtrip airport shuttle is complimentary to guests (available on request). Complimentary self parking is available on site.
Annia Park Hotel Venice Airport has designated areas for smoking.
- Bar/lounge
- 24-hour front desk
- Free airport transportation
- Total number of rooms - 27
- Number of floors - 1
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Coffee/tea in lobby
- Coffee shop or café
- Elevator/lift
- Fireplace in lobby
- Casino shuttle (surcharge)
- Cruise terminal shuttle (surcharge)
- Ferry terminal shuttle (surcharge)
- Shopping center shuttle (surcharge)
- Designated smoking areas (fines apply)
- Computer station
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Free WiFi
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Express check-in
- Luggage storage
- One meeting room
- Designated smoking areas
- Concierge services
- Laundry facilities
- Library
- Limo or Town Car service available
- Multilingual staff
- Garden
- Porter/bellhop
- Restaurant
- Free self parking
- Conference space size (meters) - 1
- Train station pickup (surcharge)
- Snack bar/deli
- Year Built 2006
- Area shuttle (surcharge)
- Conference space size (feet) - 12,00
- Number of buildings/towers - 2
- Television in lobby
Family Friendly Amenities
- Family Hotel
- Free Wi-Fi
- Soundproofed rooms
- Snack bar/deli
- Laundry facilities
- Cribs/infant beds (complimentary)
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Room service (24 hours)
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Pay movies
- Soundproofed rooms
- Climate control
- Air conditioning
- Phone
- Minibar
- Coffee/tea maker
- Free bottled water
- Daily housekeeping
- Private bathroom
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Bidet
- Bathtub or shower
- Slippers
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Desk
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Satellite TV service
- Free WiFi
- In-room safe
- Hypo-allergenic bedding available
- Down comforter
- Pillow menu
Where to Eat
Buffet breakfasts are available for a surcharge and are served each morning between 5 AM and 10:30 AM.
Annia Risto - Overlooking the garden, this restaurant specializes in international cuisine and serves breakfast, dinner, and light fare. Guests can order drinks at the bar and enjoy alfresco dining (weather permitting). Open select days.
24-hour room service is available.
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible bathroom
- Accessible path of travel
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 1 PM
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Kids stay free! Children under 12 years old stay free when using existing bedding.
- Free cribs (infant beds)!
Pets allowed, Only dogs and cats are allowed, Maximum number of pets per room 1, Pet maximum weight in kg is 9
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
Debit cards not accepted
- A tax is imposed by the city: EUR 3.15 per person, per night for adults; EUR 1.57 per night for guests aged 10-16 years old. This tax does not apply to children under 10 years of age.
Optional extras
- Fee for buffet breakfast: EUR 10 for adults and EUR 5 for children (approximately)
- Airport shuttle fee: EUR 2.00 per person (one way)
We should mention
Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 999.99, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation. This property offers transfers from the cruise terminal, ferry terminal, airport, and train station (surcharges may apply). Guests must contact the property with arrival details on arrival, using the contact information on the booking confirmation. Children 12 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding. Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms. Guests can arrange to bring pets by contacting the property directly, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.


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Parmesan chicken
A subtle taste of parmesan cheese in a delicious golden brown tender fried chicken breast
Total Time:
Level: Easy
Serves: 2
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- 1 c. flour
- 1 c. Parmesan cheese
- 2 medium chicken breasts
- 2 c. vegetable oil
- Mix flour and parmesan cheese
- heat up oil in a frying pan or a deap fryer
- toss chicken in flour mixture
- fry for approx. 20 minutes or until golden brown
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In the shadow of Louis Kahn's 1972 masterwork, the new pavilion designed by Renzo... Read more
With eyes on the new glazed pavilion designed by Renzo Piano Building Workshop,... Read more
This is "The Renzo Piano Pavilion at the Kimbell Art Museum" by ARCHITECT Magazine on Vimeo, the home for high quality videos and the people who love them. Read more
This is "Architectural Details of the Renzo Piano Pavilion" by ARCHITECT Magazine on Vimeo, the home for high quality videos and the people who love them. Read more
Photographer Nic Lehoux spent several days documenting the new Renzo Piano Pavilion at the Kimbell Art Museum for the architects. Here is a selection of his photos. Read more
Plans, sections, and sketches for the new Renzo Piano Building Workshop-designed pavilion at the Kimbell Art Museum in Fort Worth, Texas. Read more
ARCHITECT commissioned photographer Richard Barnes to capture a fresh, and... Read more
How do you design a new building next to a masterpiece? Piano's addition to Louis Kahn's celebrated museum is a study in careful deference. Read more
The architectural photographer looks at Renzo Piano Building Workshop's new pavilion at the Kimbell Art Museum in Fort Worth, Texas, in the context of the Louis Kahn building that has defined the institution. Read more
A sneak peak of the Italian architect's concrete-and-glass pavilion, slated to open up just yards from Louis Kahn's famed museum in Fort Worth, Texas. Read more
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Bjarke Ingels Group
Harrison Green
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MSR (Meyer, Scherer & Rockcastle)
Aires Mateus
Bruner/Cott & Associates
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Rafael Viñoly Architects
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Erdy McHenry Architecture LLC


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About Me
I am a multi-passinate entrepreneur. A Lawyer. Writer. Speaker. Thinker. An abuse-researcher. I live life in the moment and don't take myself too seriously. Thinking, Writing, Speaking, Reading and Connecting with women. Research.
My Vision for the Future
A Nigeria raising wholehearted human beings who will dare to live authentic lives.


text:
Emmylou Harris & Rodney Crowell, Los Lobos, and Chicano Batman performed at day 3 of Hardly Strictly Bluegrass. Photographs by Christopher Victorio.
Missed the rest of the fest? View photos from Day 1 and Day 2.
3449 19th St.
If you only see one Giants mural in your lifetime, this is the one — a towering spectacle on the upper reaches of a PG&E substation that was painted by Mission District artists associated with Precita Eyes Muralists.
Back in the day, few things were more exciting than grabbing a close friend, a sugary snack, a handful of sticky piggy-bank change, and spending the day at a video arcade.
November 09, 2011
» Night&Day
Tags: Night&Day, Highlights, Jibz Cameron, Beth Lisick, Nao Bustamante, San Francisco, The Lab


text:
BOHEMIA, N.Y., July 21, 2014 /PRNewswire-iReach/ -- Top Brooklyn Pediatrician Dr. Michael Gabriel of GPM Pediatrics responds to an article, which suggests that caffeine may be dangerous, according to a recent study.
Logo - http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20140718/128611
A few decades ago parents would not have thought about giving coffee to children, but now it happens rather frequently, according to an article in Today. A new study, published in the journal Pediatrics, discussed a new study, which "examined the effects of low doses of caffeine in 52 children aged 8-9 and 49 children aged 15-17."
According to the results, "Even low doses of caffeine — equivalent to what you'd find in a half to a full can of soda or a cup of coffee — had an effect on kids' blood pressure and heart rates." What's more is that "…researchers found that the stimulant had more potent heart and blood pressure effects in boys than girls after puberty."
Dr. Michael Gabriel of GPM Pediatrics responds to the study's findings. "Although at this point we do not know what the long-term effects are of repeated caffeine exposure, we still should be cautious about what doses, if any, of caffeine are being given to children."
Furthermore, Dr. Gabriel agrees with the comments of Jessica Lieb, a registered dietician at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. "Just as there are some things that we should not do until we mature enough, adding caffeine to our diet seems to be anoth
|SOURCE GPM Pediatrics
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