text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 20, 2008
|Filing date
|Mar 6, 2006
|Priority date
|Feb 5, 2001
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Sidney E. Veazey
|Original Assignee
|Veazey Sidney E
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (47), Non-Patent Citations (13), Classifications (27), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of Veazey's U.S. Ser. No. 10/731,263 filed on Dec. 8, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,007,620 which is itself a continuation-in-part of Veazey's Ser. No. 10/314,099 filed on Dec. 7, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,659,686, which is a divisional of Veazey's U.S. Ser. No. 09/776,971 filed on Feb. 5, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,491,473. These patents are all incorporated herein by reference. Also incorporated herein by reference is U.S. Pat. No. 5,697,736 of Veazey et al.
1. Field of the Invention
This application pertains to the manufacture, transport, use and installation of a variety of prefabricated boxlike components to form terrestrial, shoreline and floating structures for various purposes, including hurricane and flood pre-event mitigation and post-event recovery, national defense and homeland security.
This application also pertains to ships and methods for transporting precast concrete structures of various sizes and shapes which are suitable for installation as integrated systems to form seawalls and various shoreline reinforcement systems for limiting shoreline erosion by rivers, lakes, oceans, sounds and other major bodies of water, as well as terrestrial structures for terracing, dams, bridges, buildings, etc. The application further relates to ships which are at least partially formed of precast concrete structures, preferably structures which have hexagonal cross sections and can be assembled into honeycomb arrays to form portions of the ship hulls which have relatively high strength-to-weight ratios.
2. Summary of Relevant Art
The parent patents referred to above provide a summary of relevant prior art.
Additionally, International Publication No. WO 90/08059 (Jul. 26, 1990) discloses "Floating Concrete Modulate [sic] Platforms" assembled of hexagonal modules with stiffness walls between opposite vertex(es), joined by prestressed cables in the "enlargement spaces". Some uses have been made of commercial metal shipping containers for terrestrial structures such as shelters, sheds, offices, workshops and the like; see, e.g. publications of SEA BOX INC. of New Jersey, recently viewed at www.seabox.com.
While many techniques have been developed for reinforcing shorelines, as described in that patent and various publications of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, there is still considerable room for improvement. Applicant's company Seament Shoreline Systems, Inc. of Virginia and its subcontractors have completed several shoreline installations using the components and methods disclosed in the above patents. The Corps of Engineers publication "LOW COST SHORE PROTECTION . . . a Property Owner's Guide" discloses at page 154 the use of precast open concrete boxes filled with sand to form waterfront sills to retain perched beaches. U.S. Pat. No. 5,697,736 discloses in columns 8-9 the use of precast concrete boxes as alternatives to Double "T" units (discussed below) for constructing pier-groins extending seaward from a seawall and for use in forming underwater and near-shore) breakwaters. Columns 12-13 and FIGS. 20 to 25 discuss the use of such concrete boxes to form floating pier assemblies.
Catalogs of Admiral Marine Co. (Staten Island, N.Y., New Orleans, Oakland, CA and Chicago) and Peck & Hale (West Sayville, N.Y. and Kowloon, HONG KONG, PRC) disclose various metal fastening devices which could be employed to connect certain components of the present invention to form structures.
Normally, large stone rip-rap revetments, groins or breakwaters have been used for such protection. However, these methods require that a large total mass of materials be transported to the site. Such rocks are difficult to handle, cannot be interconnected or floated into place and are not easily relocatable. Furthermore, such rocks are not amenable to intermodal transport or use in a modular system.
Despite the state of the art and improvements such as those disclosed in Applicant's patents cited above, recent natural disasters and international conflicts have demonstrated the need for continuing improvements in the construction of shoreline and floating structures to protect shorelines from storms, floods and the like and to protect critical areas of national coastlines or military positions in operating areas.
An object of the present invention is to provide easily transportable construction components which can be used to control shoreline erosion. As another object, such components should be provided in sizes, shapes and proportions which are compatible with existing trucks, railcars and maritime transportation modes (i.e., intermodal transportation) as well as adapted to existing materials handling equipment. As a further object, the components should be transportable in segments so that they can be moved into positions for installation through crowded beachfront areas, by land, water or aircraft such as heavy lift helicopters, blimps or dirigibles.
Another object of the invention is to provide such construction components as partially-closed containers which are light in weight but can be filled with available liquid or solid materials at the installation site to substantially increase their mass at little cost. A further object of the invention is to provide construction components which can be filled with solids, gases or liquids to increase their masses when installed as part of a structure, simultaneously serving as sealed storage containers for such materials for later use.
An additional object of the invention is to provide construction components which have the largest masses practicable when filled with ballasting material and installed to form structures. Maximizing the mass of such components is desirable to equip the structures to resist the large forces generated by storm waves, currents, floods, mudslides, earthquakes and other natural disasters. Such maximizing of mass can have similar applications in combat engineering, where enemy artillery, bombardment and demolitions may be encountered.
Still another object of the invention is to provide intermodal sets of precast concrete boxes which can be used as fixed or floating construction components for various civil, marine, commercial or military construction projects. Such components could be connected together to form causeways, fixed or floating bridges, dams, drilling rigs, floating or fixed airport runways or helicopter pads, temporary or permanent shipping ports, temporary military or naval facilities such as port, repair, supply or airport installations, "container ships", relocatable modular waterfront structures such as houses, and many other applications.
Still another object of the invention is to provide methods of installing precast concrete boxes in underwater positions by transporting them on floating vessels and/or floating them into approximate position and sinking them into their final installed positions or assembling them into floating structures. A related object is to provide vessels which are suitable for transporting such boxes, either as deck cargo or as a floating, removable component of the vessel itself. Another related object is to provide precast concrete components which can be interconnected to form portions of the hull structures of such vessels.
Certain of these objects and aspects of the invention are achieved by embodiments described below.
In accordance with the present invention, precast concrete boxes are provided, preferably having the form of rectangular parallelepipeds, which can be transported by water and assembled to form shoreline structures. As alternatives to such precast concrete boxes, similar boxes can be formed of materials selected from the group consisting of metal, wood, plastics and polymeric composites. Boxes of such materials can be coated on at least their outer surfaces with concrete to form boxes having the properties of precast concrete boxes. Boxes of metals, concrete or plastic can be coated with various suitable materials to make them resistant to weathering, liquids and corrosion. Any of these boxes can be formed with closed cross-sections which are hexagonal or half-hexagonal (i.e., a hexagon cut in half, from edge to edge or from side to side).
When precast of concrete, these boxes can contain reinforcements of metallic and/or nonmetallic materials, and preferably include supports cast into at least a portion of the outer edges of the boxes. Reinforcing materials can include fibers, strands, cords, meshes or rods comprising metals, polymer composites and carbon, polymer or glass fibers. Such supports can comprise angle or bar stock comprising metals, composites or other suitable materials. Additionally or alternatively, the hexagonal and half-hexagonal boxes can contain such reinforcements in at least a portion of the top, bottom and side panels thereof. The metallic and/or nonmetallic reinforcements can comprise cables, reinforcing bars and beams of various suitable sizes and cross sections. Such boxes used for assembling floating platforms and/or vessels preferably have a completely open and unobstructed cross section to facilitate their employment for useful spaces within such platforms or vessels. This is facilitated by the use of suitable reinforcing means as discussed above.
Hexagonal and half-hexagonal boxes to be used for such floating structures can have either hexagonal or circular inner cross sections, and optionally can include longitudinal holes or channels cast into their side panels or corner portions thereof to provide for running cables, tubing and the like. Alternatively, if a completely unobstructed inner cross section is not required, structures can be installed within the boxes and attached to the bases or bottom surfaces thereof to carry such wires or the like. As with other precast concrete boxes disclosed herein and in parent applications, the side walls and/or bottoms of the hexagonal and half-hexagonal boxes can have suitable drain/vent holes, fittings and the like. The sides of the boxes can contain passages adapted for the introduction of pressurized water and/or air from the top to assist in "jetting in" the bases of the boxes on the bottom of a body of water or in soft soil. The boxes can be cast of concrete by conventional means using forms, as discussed further below, and where desired can be cast without bottom surfaces or bases to form hexagonal or half-hexagonal open cylinders.
Mobile apparatus for casting concrete boxes of any of the shapes discussed above can be assembled aboard barges, floating platforms or floating drydocks. Floating drydocks having bottom hulls with flat inner bottom surfaces, upright side walls and at least one crane mounted thereon (or separate sections thereof) can be transported to remote sites carrying such molding apparatus, using the modular vessels discussed above, and then provided with materials and workers from shore and/or by barges to manufacture quantities of the precast boxes near their points of use.
The precast concrete boxes of the invention can be interconnected by mechanical fastener means to form bundles or assemblies like log booms to be towed or otherwise transported over water. Further in accordance with the invention, such interconnected groups of concrete boxes which form a large rectangular mass can be transported by a self-propelled vessel for transporting floating objects which comprises separate bow and stern sections adapted to be removably fastened together using mechanical means to form the vessel alone. When used for transporting such assemblies of boxes (or other interconnected groups of floating objects such as logs, containers, tanks, floating drydocks or the like), the two sections of the vessel are separated and connected to the ends of the group of boxes to form a "stretched" vessel in which the group of boxes forms a midship section. The vessel is provided with conventional propulsion systems (in at least the stern section), thruster propulsion units to aid in maneuvering, anchors and power supplies for their operation and at least one crane for unloading and emplacing the boxes or other cargo at destination.
A preferred embodiment includes the bow and stern sections described above removably attached to at least a portion of a floating drydock (some larger drydocks can be moved in sections) which is fastened to the bow and stern sections using similar mechanical fasteners as employed for arrays of rectangular boxes or other cargo. This permits the transport of floating drydocks safely to remote locations where they may be used for their conventional purposes or to set up mobile concrete molding operations for the modules of the present invention.
The group or array of boxes forming the midship section for transport by such a vessel can be either boxes forming rectangular parallepipeds of intermodal sizes and proportions, or boxes of hexagonal and half-hexagonal cross sections which are oriented vertically and interconnected to form a honeycomb array. Furthermore, such boxes of hexagonal and half-hexagonal cross sections can be interconnected in honeycomb arrays to form at least a portion of the bow and stern sections of such vessels as well as a midship section for transporting cargo. Such bow and stern sections (and optionally, designated individual boxes or arrays thereof) are preferably constructed and installed so as to be removably attachable from the midship section along defined lines of separation. Such honeycomb arrays can be assembled by interconnecting the boxes with mechanical connectors and installing optional tensioning cables to maintain the form and integrity for the various sections to form an integrated hull structure consisting essentially of precast concrete boxes having hexagonal or half-hexagonal cross sections. Such hull structures can be configured to have at least one removably attachable portion such as the bow and stern sections and individual boxes or arrays thereof discussed above.
In addition to forming portions or substantially complete hulls of self-propelled vessels as described above, horizontal arrays of vertically-oriented hexagonal and half-hexagonal modules (and vertical arrays thereof) can be assembled to serve a variety of functions while afloat in water such as coastal waters, estuaries and along shorelines. They can be emplaced along shorelines to form at least temporary ports or harbors offering shelter and working areas for vessels of any size, given sufficient draft in the water where installed. They can be emplaced and anchored offshore to form platforms for mooring vessels of various sorts to load and/or off-load cargos ranging from large shipping containers to petroleum products and other liquids, break bulk cargo or smaller shipping crates. Where necessary, mooring space can be provided for lighters, landing craft and small craft for transportation and/or security purposes. Such platforms can be provided with power plants, electric utilities and other auxiliary services, propulsion means for at least maneuvering into position, electronic communications means and a variety of sensors, including radars and detectors for electromagnetic radiation in various frequency ranges.
Further in accordance with the invention, the precast concrete boxes of the invention can be installed in the water along a shoreline by sealing all inlets below the expected waterline of the installed boxes, placing the boxes in the water and floating them into position, then opening sufficient water inlets and air outlets to allow the boxes to sink into their assigned places. In preferred embodiments, these inlets and outlets can be opened remotely by signal means, and directional guidance can be provided to the boxes while they are being sunk into position. A group of such boxes can be interconnected and emplaced beneath the water to form a submerged breakwater or reef by positioning the connected boxes atop a flat deck of a vessel, emplacing an anchor on the bottom near the planned installation position and attaching same to a cable slidably connecting the boxes on deck, launching the boxes into the water while the vessel proceeds forward away from the anchor, then maneuvering the boxes into end-to-end contact and clamping the resulting string of boxes into place on the cable, placing the resulting floating string of boxes into position directly above the planned installation position, and finally, sinking the boxes while guiding them into final position by securing the forward end of the cable to a second anchor at the opposite end of the string from the first anchor and applying tension to the cable from the vessel. These methods and techniques can also be employed for installation of the hexagonal and half-hexagonal boxes disclosed herein, either individually or in arrays.
The vessel used can be a barge, a vessel with a bow door and ramp [such as Navy landing ship tank, (LST) landing craft mechanized, (LCM) landing craft vehicle and personnel (LCVP) and the like] or a vessel with an after well deck affording access to the water for floating boxes directly into the water [such as a Navy landing ship dock (LSD)]. A container ship with a flat deck and cranes to hoist the boxes from deck level to water level can also be used. The Military Sealift Command has several suitable types of ships available, including a "crane ship".
Additionally, vessels can be custom designed to transport and/or install boxes of rectangular, hexagonal and other shapes, either individually or in arrays, based upon the modular vessels disclosed herein, including those comprising sections incorporating honeycomb arrays of hexagonal and (optionally) half-hexagonal modules.
Further in accordance with the invention, hexagonal and half-hexagonal concrete boxes can be precast with metal and/or nonmetallic reinforcing means in at least the sides thereof by steps comprising precasting individual modules either right side up or upside down using metal forms sometimes called tunnel forms. When desired to form a vertical array of modules, Such modules can be poured sequentially atop the previously cast modules with connecting reinforcing means to form an integrated structure much like a multi-story tower or building. Alternatively, individual modules can be cast, cured, removed from the forms and later connected together by interconnecting notches or grooves at one end sized to fit the open end of an adjacent module and various mechanical connecting means to form vertical arrays. Linear arrays can also be produced at the casting site by fastening pluralities of modules together edge-to-edge, with the size limited only by hoisting and transport means. The finished precast hexagonal and half-hexagonal boxes preferably offer the advantage of an open and unobstructed internal cross section from top to bottom, permitting the use of such interior spaces for a variety of purposes in structures comprising such boxes.
Precast concrete boxes of hexagonal, half-hexagonal and rectangular cross sections can be produced in quantity using assembly plants comprising forms, concrete mixers, cranes or other suitable lifting equipment, and reinforcing materials. The process includes steps of positioning reinforcing materials in the forms, mixing concrete (optionally with fiber or other suitable reinforcement included), pouring suitable amounts into the forms, curing the cast units, stripping the forms from the units and allowing the cast units to harden sufficiently to allow moving or use. Such plants can be permanent or can be set up temporarily near suitable sources of sand, gravel and navigable waterways and/or near sites where shoreline or floating structures are to be assembled and/or repaired. As discussed elsewhere herein, barges or floating drydocks can be used to set up such mobile plants.
Another aspect of the invention involves the use of transportation or shipping containers of metal or other materials as components for the assembly of temporary or permanent shoreline or shallow water structures much as disclosed in Applicant's previous patents and further below, which employed precast concrete boxes having the form of rectangular parallelepipeds. Such containers of metal or other materials can be coated, either on site or prior to transport to a construction site, with layers of concrete, using conventional spray techniques such as "Gunite" or Shotcrete technologies. Alternatively, they can be coated with rust resistant synthetic coatings such as three part mixtures containing zinc, coal tar derivatives, polyurea coatings and epoxy resins by conventional means including spraying, brushing, dipping and the like. These rectangular containers of metal or other materials can be fitted with partitions, watertight lids or closures, valves and fittings for admitting water and blowing water out to float the containers, as disclosed below and in Applicant's previous patents.
In addition to the shoreline structures previously disclosed, prefabricated rectangular boxes of the invention, whether precast concrete or standard metal shipping containers having certain modifications, can be used for the construction and repair of levees (the embankments or berms bordering riverbanks to prevent overflows at high water levels), dikes, dams, breached barrier islands and the like. The adaptation and use of surplus metal shipping containers, which often accumulate in port areas such as New Orleans and Houston, can be particularly advantageous. Arrays of rectangular boxes can be floated into place, positioned and sunk into place under water to form the central support for a levee under construction or repair, for example. When urgent repairs to ruptured levees, breached barrier islands or similar structures are required, floating arrays of boxes can be moved into position by suitable means, sunk into position where needed, secured in place and the process repeated to form at least a temporary barrier to reduce or prevent the flow of water through the damaged levee portions. Similar construction and repair techniques can be employed with the prefabricated rectangular, hexagonal and half-hexagonal modules of the invention, under non-emergency conditions.
When the hexagonal modules of the invention are used to provide permanent construction or repairs or levees, dams and the like, at least one horizontally divided section can be installed which provides a "water gate" to permit water to pass from one side to the other, normally from the river towards the bank or from the upstream side of a dam downstream. Such gates can comprise linear arrays of modules positioned on guide means to permit their movement up and down, their movement above or below a certain level allowing water to flow. Ballasting means comprising suitable water and/or air pumps, plumbing and valves are provided to allow such gates to be ballasted so as to sink downward, shutting off water flow through the "gate;" when desired, the modules in the gate can be deballasted or blown to increase buoyancy so that the gate rises to allow water flow. Suitable means are provided to secure such gates in position when open and closed. In a preferred embodiment for use in river delta areas, instead of flowing directly over the river bank, water flowing through the gate enters a reservoir formed by an array of vertical hexagonal modules arranged in a semicircular or any other suitable pattern. This permits excess water to be drawn from the river at high flood stages and retained for a time. The module array(s) forming such reservoirs can provide further fluid control means to allow water (and entrained silt) to be released from the reservoir at various desired rates depending upon circumstances, escaping into surrounding wetlands to maintain their desired state of flooding with entrained silt.
In addition to forming shoreline structures including seawalls, erosion control arrays, piers and breakwaters, the rectangular and hexagonal modules disclosed herein can be used to construct or improve dwelling structures or other buildings near the shoreline, e.g. in barrier island or flood-prone areas. Such modules can be used in various arrangements, whether singly or in linear arrays, to provide elevated supports for buildings (like the "stilts" used in the tropics and certain beach communities) to allow waves or floods of predetermined height or depth to pass under the structure without significant harm. Such modules can be ballasted with sand, gravel or the like, and can have openings above ground level to permit flooding at high water to provide further ballast.
In an alternative embodiment, rectangular modules can be used to provide watertight foundations or basements for houses or other small structures in storm or flood-prone areas, comprising watertight outer sidewalls and floors substantially corresponding to the outer walls of the house or other structure and fastened securely thereto to provide support for the full weight of the structure. Access from at least the first or ground floor of the structure can be provided via normal doors and stairways. Partitions within the basement can comprise portions of the modules used. Optionally, watertight doors which can be closed tightly against resilient gaskets by means of a lever or other convenient mechanical actuators (such as commonly used aboard seagoing vessels) can be used for access to the basement, whether horizontal doors from outside or between basement rooms or vertical access from the structure above.
Boxes assembled and interconnected to form an array which is then connected to separate bow and stern sections of a vessel to form the midsection of such a vessel can be transported from an origin to a destination for installation to form shoreline structures by serving as part of the vessel en route. At destination, the boxes can be removed from the vessel midsection, either individually by crane(s) or by disconnecting the midsection from the vessel, and floated into positions for installation to form shoreline and/or underwater structures as described elsewhere herein. Boxes can be disconnected from the adjacent boxes in the array, whether the midsection array is removed from or still connected to the vessel, and deposited in the water by using the crane(s). When the midsection is removed and the bow and stern sections of the vessel reconnected to form a more compact vessel, the vessel can be maneuvered to tow groups of boxes or to remove them from the independently floating midsection array and place them into the water by use of the crane(s). Alternatively, small tow or pusher boats can be carried on deck by the vessel and used to tow or maneuver the boxes, individually or in connected groups, into position for installation.
Arrays of rectangular and/or hexagonal and half-hexagonal modules can be installed along shorelines above and below the normal tidal range (where applicable) or water levels to prevent or repair erosion, provide secure seawalls or bulkheads, breakwaters and shoreline structures such as piers, wharves or similar moorings for small craft or larger vessels and to connect same with the shore. The use of hexagonal and half-hexagonal modules offers many options for emplacing linear arrays firmly in shorelines where desired, and also to easily form extensions of such arrays forming angles of either 60 or 90 degrees to the original array. Such arrays can be useful as both seawalls and breakwaters, depending upon their location and mode of installation. Half-hexagonal modules can be used to fill in areas between adjacent hexagonal modules to form a substantially smooth or flush contour, although there are also advantages to leaving a surface with V-shaped grooves or "notches" exposed to the water. Such modules can be employed underwater and/or protruding above normal low tide or water levels to provide breakwaters to shield such shoreline structures from surf, storm surges or other waves.
Many types of floating platforms can be constructed using prefabricated modules and the modular ship concepts disclosed herein. Hexagonal and half-hexagonal modules are preferred for assembling such vessels, due to the high strength-to-weight ratio of the resulting honeycomb arrays. One embodiment provides a hull structure comprising vertical arrays of hexagonal modules forming honeycomb array structures (and preferably consisting essentially of same), preferably shaped to have defined bow and stern sections which are removably attached along lines of separation and using half-hexagonal modules to provide smooth side contours. Such hull structures can optionally have at least one module and/or section (such as bow or stern sections) which is removably attachable along defined lines of separation. Separable modules can be equipped and used as escape vehicles or the like. Portions of the hull modules can be employed for engineering spaces, tanks, storage spaces and the like. Rectangular and/or hexagonal modules can be installed atop the hull structure to form a superstructure which can be subdivided into spaces for operations, berthing, dining and other uses, depending upon the size and assigned mission of the vessel. Preferably at least one elevated portion is provided above the superstructure (using, e.g. at least one large hexagonal module) to provide an observation tower and/or pilot house for operating the vessel. Such vessels with hulls comprising hexagonal and half-hexagonal modules and superstructures of various configurations can be used as houseboats, temporary carriers of navigation aids, observation platforms and in many other useful applications. Single hexagonal modules or vertical arrays thereof can be used as ocean sensor buoys floating vertically in the water and similar devices.
Floating platforms of the invention can be equipped with many accessories for the missions assigned, including military and fishing equipment, sensors, navigational aids and recreational equipment. Many of these items can be installed in a modular fashion in the interior of one or more vertical module, so that they can be readily removed and replaced for repair, upgrade or mission change. Floating platforms of even relatively modest size, whether self-propelled or stationary, can be outfitted as "service stations" for small patrol craft and helicopter pads, permitting prompt extension of required forces into areas of combat or natural disasters requiring search, rescue and medical evacuation services or offshore observation and intercept.
Floating platforms or vessels of various types comprising rectangular and/or hexagonal and half-hexagonal modules may be employed or emplaced in ocean or offshore areas where they will be exposed to rough waters, swells, high winds and other characteristics of stormy weather. To alleviate the effects of such winds and waves, they can be outfitted with sections on at least two sides which can take on water from waves impacting the side, taking on energy which can be harnessed and put to use, e.g. through employment of pressurized water in various applications. Further, apparatus can be installed (including pumps, lines, valves, sensors and control systems) which permits ballasting and deballasting (or blowing) portions of the side modules to place the vessel at the desired draft and control roll and/or pitch.
An embodiment of the floating platforms disclosed herein comprises a hull section comprising vertical honeycomb arrays of hexagonal (and optionally, half-hexagonal) modules having an opening in the bottom open to the water in which the platform floats, of a size and configuration suitable for accommodating a submarine within the water which enters to form a "moon pool". A superstructure comprising similar arrays of hexagonal modules forms a roof or canopy over at least a portion of the moon pool, allowing a submarine to enter from a submerged state without observation from above water. A related embodiment provides a removable stern portion or portions which can be removed by disconnecting along defined separation lines, ballasted and lowered below the level of the bottom of the platform, or opened and moved aside on hinges. This embodiment permits a variety of small craft or surface vessels, as well as submarines, to enter from the stern area of the platform for shelter, maintenance or the like.
Additional objects and advantages of the present invention are described in, and will be apparent from, the following detailed description of preferred embodiments together with the drawings and appended claims.
It should be understood that the following description of presently preferred embodiments of the present invention is merely representative of many possible embodiments and thus is not intended to limit the scope of the invention. In the following description, like structures will be referred to by similar numerical designations.
Referring now the drawings,
The L-shaped members and other components disclosed herein can be precast by conventional methods known in the art, and in some cases existing commercial components can be utilized to assemble the novel shoreline reinforcement systems of the invention. When the components are to be exposed to salt water, it is preferred that all rebar be at least about 2 inches from any surface of the cast bodies. Fiber reinforcement should be included in the concrete for strength, a relatively high proportion of Portland cement should be used in the mix, and the forms should permit a smooth finish to be obtained on the finished molded objects. The forms should be subjected to vibration, using commercially available mechanisms, after the molds are filled to consolidate the concrete and minimize voids or defects. Preferably, fly ash and other recycled materials should be used in the concrete to the extent it is physically and economically beneficial.
In the present systems, these inverted "T" walls are used to form groins extending seaward from a seawall or bulkhead, and may optionally be used in rows parallel with the seawall as well, as part of a system to reinforce the shoreline, form a "perched beach" or the like. Such groins are typically installed substantially perpendicular to the seawall and are used in pairs or greater numbers. The spacing and length of such groins must be carefully selected to encourage sand, gravel and other material to collect on the beach. In some cases the effects of groins, seawalls and other beach reinforcement systems can be difficult to predict even after careful analysis. If necessary, the "L" walls and inverted "T" walls described above can be disconnected and relocated. Such analyses are beyond the scope of the present disclosure, but some guidelines may be found in "Low Cost Shore Protection", published by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
Such perforated and/or slotted boxes can serve an additional function beyond anchoring the foundation of a pier groin or other component. Since waves striking the surfaces of such boxes will be partially interrupted or deflected and partially absorbed by passage through at least one side of the box (i.e., the perforations or slots), their force will be at least partially dissipated. The water inside the boxes remains largely restricted or "dead" during the time periods of the waves. Thus, such boxes may be used as "wave degeneration cells" as components of the foundations of pier-groins, groins parallel or perpendicular to the shoreline, or even breakwaters. The dimensions and arrangement of the boxes as well as the dimensions and locations of their perforations and/or slots are of course selected to suit expected conditions. Additionally, these boxes with openings could also serve as protected nurseries for baby fish, crabs, oysters, etc. Such boxes, and other precast concrete boxes described below, can also be used on the sea bed to support racks, baskets or other substrates above siltation levels for shellfish to adhere and grow. Providing such elevated shellfish beds may permit the shellfish to be placed at the optimum depth of water to avoid pollution and siltation and obtain maximum benefit from currents, sunlight and nutrients. The perforations and/or slots should not extend too close to the base, where they might hinder retention and/or accumulation of anchoring material.
Such a breakwater can be built by anchoring a linear array of the precast concrete boxes so as to form a wall either, e.g., five or eight feet wide, then stacking the units as shown in
Improved L-wall (2) is shown here with a precast concrete tip cap (20) placed atop the vertical or stem portion (4). Tip cap (20) is formed much like a household rain gutter, with sides (21) and bottom (23) defining channel (25), and is preferably cast in appropriate lengths to cover the entire length of the L-wall, although they can also be formed in shorter units. Among other uses, such caps (20) can be placed atop a series of L-walls to hold the tops of their stems (4) in alignment. Also shown schematically with this improved L-wall (2) is a set of precast concrete steps (22) cast with cap (20), a precast body incorporating a series of right angles which can form steps when aligned with one side of stem (4) of L-wall (2). The steps are braced on both sides by solid sidewall units (27) which are cast on each side of the step ends and contact L-wall (2) on the seaward face, respectively, of stem (4) and splash plate (10). Such a step installation can be conveniently used by persons to climb to the top of the L-wall, which may form a portion of a seawall, bulkhead or the like. Such steps could be placed near the upstream or uncurrent side of a groin, where they would be covered by more sand on the lower steps for stability.
The sidewalk, terrace and railing caps described above can be precast concrete as discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,697,736, and can be connected together if desired, by mechanical devices also disclosed in that patent.
The improved L-walls of the present invention can incorporate the extended angular splash plates, disclosed in column (6) of U.S. Pat. No. 5,697,736 and the figures cited, which are incorporated herein by reference.
Conventional metal shipping containers can be used in place of or in addition to precast concrete boxes in forming the shoreline structures of the invention, with slight modifications. Such modifications are illustrated in
In cases where older or damaged shipping containers do not seal well at the doors, or are not airtight, an accessible door can be opened and a large elastic air bladder (such as fuel bladders widely used in the military) inserted. With the neck of the bladder extending through a top hole in the container, the bladder can be inflated and sealed to float the container for removal or relocation.
To easily install flood and drain openings, short lengths of steel pipe can be inserted and welded into holes 87 cut into the steel side of the box near the bottom 88. The size of the inside diameter (ID) of the pipe is such that it is the same that would accept standard plugs or valves. For instance the pipe could accept 4″ plumbers' plugs in a 4″ ID pipe.
The blow and vent valves could be installed in at least one hole 89 on the sidewall 86 near the container top 91 or on the top itself. In either case the valve and/or plug as well as the pipe should extend more on the inside than protruding externally so as not to interfere with the stacking of the units one above the other or side by side on a container ship for transport.
A quick-connect valve such as disclosed in FIG. 30 of Applicant's earlier U.S. Pat. No. 6,491,473 (not shown here) can then be inserted into the pipe just as in an opening lined with pipe cast into a similar sized precast concrete module having the form of a regular parallelepiped. Suitable mechanical connections are added to the edges and/or corners of the boxes for interconnection, as disclosed herein for the precast concrete boxes.
These boxes and those described below are preferably "intermodal" shapes which can be conveniently handled and shipped by at least two modes of transportation, including trucking, railcar and surface water transportation including container ships and barges. That is, they have dimensions (length, width, height) which will permit them to conveniently fit into the allowable spaces in such transport media, either singly or in combination. For example, currently standard containers measuring approximately eight feet wide by 8.5 feet high and either twenty or forty feet long can be easily transported by ship, rail and trucks. Furthermore, these boxes can be produced as sets of at least two different sizes, having proportional dimensions which facilitate their use in standard size transportation media and together to form structures such as seawalls and other shoreline reinforcing systems of various sizes.
For example,
As shown in
Locking fitting (230) is fitted with top flange (232) and flexible locking arms (234). Additional O-rings (238) are fitted between top flange (232) of locking fitting (230) and the concrete wall of box (101) and pipe insert (244). Locking fitting (230) is formed so that the upper portion of its inner aperture is threaded (256) and the lower portion of this aperture has a smaller diameter than the threaded upper portion. This allows unthreaded cylinder (229) to fit through locking fitting (230). Inner spreader insert (222) has a top hexagonal flange (224) and is externally threaded (226) to be screwed into threaded aperture (256) of locking fitting (230). Inner spreader insert (222) has a lower, unthreaded cylinder (229) which contacts the tapered insides of the locking arms (234) of locking fitting (230) when it is screwed in and spreads the locking arms (234) to contact pipe insert (244) with a cam action to lock and compress O-rings (238). With the quick-connect fitting secured and sealed to box (100) or (101), an air line with shutoff valve (not shown) can be inserted into hole (228) and locked into groove (259) to form a quick connect coupling to permit air to blow the water ballast out of the box or connect to vent valve to contain air to float the box or release air to permit flooding and sinking.
The pilings are hollow tubes of metal or plastic pipe, which are filled with concrete when all boxes and pilings are in place to provide permanent structural strength. Since the main strength is provided by the concrete thus cast, the material for the pipes is not critical, but they are preferably made of durable plastic materials such as PVC so that they will not corrode. The boathouse structure here is emplaced with the closed end toward the shore (with normal walkways or the like provided for access, but not shown here) and the open end toward the water for boat access. The closed end of the boathouse is shown in
Optionally, a roofdeck (314) can be provided, comprising a solid deck (316) perched atop pilings (312) and secured in place mechanically. Deck (316) can also be of precast concrete of suitable thickness such as precast sections spanning the distance between pilings (312) and any necessary supports, wood, recycled plastic "lumber" or any suitable building material. Preferably roofdeck (314) includes an open railing (318) suspended from posts (319) for safety, and is provided with access by stairs or ladders (not shown) for use by the owners. Movable or fixed side curtains or other closures such as fixed walls (not shown) can be provided for privacy and protection of boats using the structure.
Since such a structure with completely solid sides underwater could be vulnerable to scouring and forces exerted by local currents, as shown in
The top decks of boxes (103) can be fitted with appropriate mooring fixtures for boat (310) (not shown here), allowing mooring both inside and outside the walls. The boathouse itself can be secured to bottom (304) by standard mooring systems such as a four point moor, chains (410) to clump anchor (412), or screw anchors (413). The boathouse can also be retained in place by a number of piles (105) passing through rings or brackets (107) which are attached to the sides of boxes (103). Ramp (408) or other suitable means can be used to provide access from the deck of box (103) to boat (310). Similarly, optional pier or walkway (410) connects the floating boathouse to land (402). Two or more rigid spacing bars (315) are provided between the arrays of boxes and mechanically attached at (317) to keep them in alignment. This boathouse design can provide a relocatable, permanent or temporary facility for pilots, marine patrols, military forces, Coast Guard, and the like.
Extending laterally down the beach from the seawall are at least two arrays of "berm boxes" (502), which can be about four to eight feet high by eight feet wide by twenty feet long, to provide berm groins and closed berm cells (504) much like those employed in the systems in the patent cited. Smaller box groins (503) form open groin cells (505). These may be open boxes which are filled with sand and then fitted with tops, or if local tidal conditions permit, can be floatable boxes which are floated into position and then sunk in place, as described above. Another lateral row of berm boxes (502) is installed perpendicular to the berm groins and approximately parallel to the seawall, filled with sand and left open or covered. The beach spaces between the berm groins and lateral rows of boxes are partially filled with sand and preferably covered with filter cloth and articulated concrete mats as disclosed in the patent cited, in columns 10/11 and FIGS. 16/17, then covered with more sand.
Alternatively, the spaces can simply be partially filled with gravel, rip-rap and/or sand, and local winds, tides and waves allowed to deposit additional sand, etc. with time. The result will be a stable structure that prevents erosion of the shoreline and actually tends to build up sand and gravel to form additional beach under most conditions. Storm protection is also provided for the boardwalk (or seawall) boxes and the landward buildings and other structures.
Additional smaller groins (503) can be added to seaward of the lower lateral row of boxes described above. Such groins (503) can be formed of arrays of at least one "beach box" (503) (which can be about four feet wide by four feet or 2′ 8″ to 4 feet high and ten or twenty feet long) at the right and left sides, as described above for the berm boxes, and filled with sand or gravel for ballast. Such boxes are preferably set from the land, or if intended to extend into the sea, floated into position and sunk in place for installation. In addition, or as an alternative, T-walls (506) and beveled T-walls (507) can be used as shown in the center and described in the patent cited, in column 7 and FIGS. 8, 9 and 18. Such T-walls could be used for the entire pier-groins as disclosed in the patent cited, or simply to provide the seaward components of this system (in which case the beveled ends of the outward T-walls minimize potential damage to boats and the like which approach closely). In general, with no beach existing, it will be easier to install beach boxes where they can be floated into position, so they are preferred for most components of the systems of the present invention. With an established beach, installation from landward is preferred. The double T or "pi" units of
Further uses of rectangular boxes (optionally in combination with hexagonal and half-hexagonal boxes), whether metal, precast concrete or fabricated of other materials, are illustrated in
There are several mutual benefits from this arrangement. First, the piles notify any boater of the location of the breakwater during a storm's high water or flood. Secondly, the piles help maintain the boxes in place before sand has built up to secure them in place. Also, initially the boxes are filled with water, which is lighter than the sand and silt that will eventually replace some of the water. As high storm tides overtop the boxes and deposit some of the suspended sand, the mass in the boxes increases, thereby increasing the stability of the breakwater. Thirdly, the mass of the boxes protects the pier from ice, large floating debris and hurricane strength storms.
The breakwater (and groin if installed) protect the land from erosion by naturally building a beach. Boats can make landings and moor on the seaward side of the breakwater, whereas this would be impossible with a stone breakwater. Additionally, smaller boats can be moored on the protected landward side of the breakwater near the ends where the water is deeper. Hence this combination yields not only preservation of land, but optimum utilization for land-water access.
Environmentally, the arrangement has benefits as well. Sub-aquatic vegetation will grow inside the boxes, where the box provides a protective nursery from the storm waves crashing on the beach. Barnacles and other plant material will grow on the inside, and crabs and fish have access through holes in the boxes to find sanctuary from their predators. The inside bottoms of the boxes form ecosystems of their own to replace a large percentage of the sub-aquatic river or sea bottom covered by the outside bottoms of the box covers. Finally, in an actual installation on the Potomac River, it has been found that large masses of sub-aquatic vegetation are taking up residence outside the boxes between the breakwater and the land in the calm water provided by the breakwater.
As shown in
With the module held in place by such tugs, anchored or moored to buoys, vessel (550) can be brought alongside, bow section (558) detached from stern section (552) and the stern section maneuvered against the rear surface of the module (562), using propeller (554), thruster propulsion (559) or tug assistance if necessary. Contemporaneously, tugs or other craft hold bow section (558) in position until stern section (552) is attached to module (562). The vessel's anchor can be used to anchor bow section (558) during this period if desired, provided that an auxiliary power source is provided to power the anchor windlass. Then bow section (558) is maneuvered into position against the front surface of module (562) by tugs and secured in place. The same systems used to fasten the bow and stern sections of the vessel together can be used to attach the bow and stern sections to the array (562) of boxes. The result is a "stretched" vessel (570) (shown in
In addition to transporting and unloading such floating arrays of concrete boxes as described above, the vessel of the invention can be used to carry a variety of other floating objects or arrays of objects, provided they are sufficiently buoyant, have appropriate proportions and can be fitted with attachment devices to attach them securely to the two hull sections of the vessel. Various types of containers and tanks, floating bridges, pontoons, caissons and other floating construction components can be incorporated in the vessel and transported. This could be of particular value when transporting and installing components to form structures in areas of military landings. Furthermore, such a vessel could be constructed to have the appropriate size, proportions and attachment fittings to transport floating drydocks, whether commercial or military. Floating drydocks are described in The Naval Institute Guide to Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet, published in annual editions by the U.S. Naval Institute of Annapolis, Md. Most U.S. Navy floating drydocks are open-ended "through-deck" models, except for the ARD models, which have one end closed by a ship-shaped bow structure. The larger Navy models are sectional, allowing disassembly for easier towing. Some navy floating drydocks are on lease to civilian salvage firms.
A representative floating drydock is shown in
Applicant considers the essential components of a floating drydock to be a hull with a bottom which is substantially flat inside and is joined to side "wing" or hull portions extending vertically upward from this flat surface on their inner sides and preferably joined smoothly to the bottom on their outer sides. The vessel thus formed has a cross section like an open-topped box, with at least one end normally left open and unobstructed to allow the entry of vessels to be drydocked. Optional accessories include cranes or other hoisting equipment atop at least one of the side hull portions for working on drydocked vessels and gates or other enclosures at bow and/or stern to help retain these vessels in place and prevent the free entrance of water during towing at sea.
The operation of floating drydocks is simple in theory but can be difficult in execution. When at least one vessel is to be drydocked, the drydock is anchored, moored or otherwise secured in place as firmly as possible to limit movement during the docking and undocking procedures. Suitable blocks and supports are carefully placed on the drydock bottom and secured in place so that the vessel to be docked can be emplaced thereon to hold it firmly in place without damage, much like placing an automobile without wheels on blocks. Using valves and pumps as necessary, the bottom and sides of the drydock are flooded sufficiently to sink it to a level where the upper surface of its bottom is far enough below the water's surface to allow the entry of the vessel to be docked without touching any of the blocks.
The docking officer carefully supervises the movement of the vessel into the flooded drydock and its positioning directly above the blocks and supports upon which the vessel's bottom is to rest. Then, maintaining the relative position of the vessel to the drydock as exactly as possible with the aid of mooring lines or other suitable means, the flooded portions of the drydock are pumped free of water or "blown" so as to raise the drydock to bring the blocks and supports into contact with the docking vessel's hull. After a diver carefully checks underwater that all blocks and supports are in proper position, more water is pumped from the drydock's tanks to raise the upper surface of the bottom well above the water surface. The vessel can then be worked on from top to bottom and stem to stern. When repairs, painting or other services are complete, the process is essentially reversed to undock the vessel. Floating drydocks can be very helpful in providing drydock services to relatively small vessels such as submarines, patrol craft or fishing vessels in advanced overseas operating areas or temporary bases.
An article in Towline (Moran Towing Company, ca. 2001, of record) relating an operation of towing a floating drydock from China to Maine illustrates the potential difficulty of towing such a vessel, with high freeboard and considerable sail area, over long distances with unpredictable weather, and thus highlights the advantages of the present invention for enabling worldwide operations with floating drydocks as well as the "bundled" groups of prefabricated construction components which can be transported as components of a modular ship. By incorporating a floating dry dock as the midship section of a vessel of the present invention, it can be transported faster and with better control. In addition to providing a transportable floating drydock for conventional docking applications, such drydocks can also be employed as platforms for mobile plants for the production of precast concrete modules, as described below.
During the period from after Hurricane Katrina (August, 2005) until approximately June of 2006, there has been a project underway to temporarily enhance and strengthen the levees along the Mississippi River. In that there is little capacity for volume production of concrete products in the heavily damaged Gulf region and a minimum cost system is desirable, it is proposed to utilize readily available and perhaps partially damaged shipping containers. Such containers often accumulate in port areas such as New Orleans because it is more cost effective for shipping companies to produce and utilize new containers at overseas origins than to return and reuse the containers which have reached U.S. ports. Their empty weight is about 4,600 pounds for 20 foot containers and 9,400 pounds for 40 foot containers. They are readily transportable by truck, train, barge, and ships of the intermodal transportation system. Secondly, helicopters can lift and transport the empty containers to the levees.
The containers can be used to raise the tops of the levees to prevent overtopping by higher category hurricanes. While they are mostly watertight, they may need an impervious liner or sealant to hold water when used above sea level. For longer service one might want the containers treated with an approved coating such as Coal-Cat or a polyurea. They would be placed atop or dug partially into the levee, along with water-impervious plastic or sheet pile as necessary to reduce undermining (or any other revetment, weakened dam, etc.) to be reinforced or repaired. Screw anchors could be used to secure them in place and suitable mechanical attachment means used to connect them together. Then they could be pumped full of water and/or sand to present a large mass to impinging waves or storm surges. They could be backed by earth and/or rock revetments on the seaward and/or landward sides to assist in maintaining the boxes' position. Pipes with valves or plugs can be installed on the top and bottom sides of containers to facilitate flooding and draining the boxes, as disclosed elsewhere herein.
Secondly, in addition to the temporary or permanent use of recycled shipping containers, prefabricated rectangular and/or hexagonal containers made of precast concrete, plastics or metal as disclosed herein can be installed at the toes of levees, dams, or revetments to prevent scour on the waterside and leak-through or blow-out protection on the landward side. Here they could be filled with sand and/or water and connected together to form a very large integrated mass. Impervious sheet material on the riverside and semi-permeable geotechnical material on the landward side (as illustrated and discussed in regard to
Thirdly, such prefabricated containers can be used to help prevent or plug breaches in levees, barrier islands or dams. In emergencies, shipping box containers can be transported and airlifted into place, connected together, and floated into place. Then they can be sunk into place by opening valves, plugs, or in emergencies using mechanical or explosive means to break the watertight integrity, as disclosed herein for precast concrete modules. Cables on the ends of a linear array of connected boxes can be tended to guide the "plug" into place and then secure it in place. To strengthen the tops of weak spots in dams and levees, such arrays of boxes can be used as buffers near weak spots as floating, semi submerged, or submerged containers.
Examples of such operations are illustrated in
A specialized system of containment using rectangular modules can be used to rebuild barrier islands on the Gulf Coast to mitigate hurricane wave damage. These shipping container-sized (i.e., about eight feet square by forty feet long) modules are sized to be easily transportable within the intermodal transportation system on trucks, trains, ships and barges, as disclosed above and in previous patents. The components of this system are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,491,473. They can be used to build structures including underwater "reef" breakwaters, semi-submerged breakwaters, and concrete "backbones" within sand dunes on the back beach of an existing barrier island or similar formation, as described above with regard to
Where a barrier island 950 lying between, e.g., a sound or bay 952 and an ocean or gulf 954, is eroded below sea level or is just awash (imminent as shown in
The rectangular modules 100 used can be transported to the barrier islands aboard container ships, barges or similar vessels, or by tugs towing arrays of floating watertight modules. On calm days, they can be brought ashore in barges or suitable landing craft or simply floated ashore by themselves. On the beach, heavy equipment such as crawler cranes or large excavators can move the boxes to their final sites for assembly of the arrays described herein. Alternatively, specialized tracked "high lift" container movers such as used in port facilities can be used. Once arranged in the desired arrays and patterns, the modules are securely fastened together and to the beach using suitable mechanical fasteners disclosed herein. Initially the boxes can be at least partially filled with water to provide additional mass. The boxes can be filled with sand as the grid is filled when the beach is nourished with sand pumped from nearby sand deposits. Alternatively, natural processes during storms will tend to fill the open modules and the grid cells as the waves containing suspended sand are slowed by the structure.
The individual rectangular subarrays 958 can be on the order of 200 feet square, or similar sizes as required by the particular location and installation, and can be repeated as required to "cover the ground". Dotted lines 964 in
Alternative techniques may be required where the barrier islands and/or bottoms of the bay and/or sea contain more silt than sand. In such areas, e.g. the Mississippi delta of Louisiana, it has been found that many structures emplaced to build up or repair barrier islands simply sink deep into silt and mud. One solution to this problem is to employ rectangular boxes similar to those described above, but with closed tops and carefully placed holes for flooding, draining and venting the boxes under various tidal conditions. Such boxes can be emplaced with open tops, ballasted, and then "tuned" to a weight which will keep the boxes in place during most conditions, but delay their sinking into mud or silt.
Concrete or metal boxes of rectangular or hexagonal cross sections could be used as vertical cores for levees, dams or similar structures. Their width, height and length would be commensurate with the site-specific conditions needed for the structure. The rectangular sizes most convenient for intermodal transportation would be boxes with outside dimensions about 8.5 feet high, 8 feet wide, and 10, 20, or 40 feet long. Containers or modules 12 feet wide and having fractional cross sectional dimensions totaling about 8.5�8 feet are also possible, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,697,052 cited above. Boxes shipped within modular steel frames can be smaller than the standard intermodal size. The boxes can be compartmented for strength as needed. Further, they can be equipped with suitable pipes and valves to allow them to be filled with a liquid such as water or a slurry of sand, cement or other flowable fills as desired for strength and mass.
Where a variable mass is desired a pumpable liquid is used. In this later case, the boxes are installed vertically and jetted down in soil, which may be unstable. They are then filled with a liquid, most likely water or seawater. This extra weight will assist in "pumping" the unit down in sand or alluvial soils. Pipes can be built into the boxes to pass gas and liquids (normally air and water) to assist jetting material from under the box, using the air acting as a "lift pump" to lift the displaced material upward. When in place the boxes are linked together by suitable mechanical fasteners such as disclosed above. Should the core of the levee tend to subside, the water used can be pumped or blown out of some of the compartments in order to achieve "neutral buoyancy" and to "tune" the mass of the core commensurate with the base soil conditions.
Where the soil conditions dictate, a pair of horizontal "collar" boxes on each side of the vertical levee boxes can be clamped by cables to each other. This provides a greater base area at some point, probably on the lower portion of the vertical levee boxes, to impede subsidence in soft soils.
The hexagonal and/or rectangular modules of the invention can be used to form, reinforce or repair a levee or dam. They can be dug into hard ground or pumped down with air and water jets in certain soils that may be unstable, as described above for "jetting in" the L-walls of Applicant's prior inventions. Hollow modules can be installed empty and then filled with water, or a slurry of sand or cement. They can be filled with a liquid such as water or water-sand slurries for weight and then "pumped" down using external jetted water and air mixed or water alone. When the module has reached the proper depth, pumping is ceased. Then to prevent further subsidence, some of the water can be pumped out of the module until the weight is equal to the "buoyant force" of the unstable soil in which they were placed. In other words, the effective weight or displacement of the modules can be varied over their life in order to maintain a "neutral buoyancy" by pumping or blowing water in or out of a module located in unconsolidated soils. This procedure is analogous to pumping or blowing the tanks of a submarine to modify its displacement in water and maintain neutral buoyancy at a particular depth.
Using vertically oriented hexagonal or rectangular modules, a flood gate can be manufactured from, for example, a hexagonal module or array thereof constructed in two portions. As shown in
When it is desired to close this flood gate 1020, water is simply flooded or pumped into the movable top portion 1021 to make it negatively buoyant again, thereby causing it to descend and close the flood gate.
The array of boxes can be unloaded from the barge by dropping a heavy anchor (614) which is attached to the array by extended cable (607), then backing the barge (by self-propulsion or tug, not shown here) to exert tension on cable (607), as illustrated in
When the array is in optimum position for installation as determined by navigational or global positioning system fixes, all boxes are sunk sequentially or simultaneously by remote control or manual means, and allowed to settle into their installed positions to form a submerged breakwater or reef (622) as shown in
The concrete boxes are amenable to intermodal transportation as well as lifting and placement on the ground (or actually in water, if the bottom units are waterproof) or stacking, as illustrated in
Because the concrete is strong, resistant to liquids and vermin, it can be used in wet areas, acidic soils, underground, on water, under water and in other challenging environments. It is ideal for constructing strong, relocatable structures, such as for military or security areas. Such precast boxes can be ideal for constructing bunkers, fallout shelters, underground or underwater storage facilities or earth-sheltered homes.
The system shown in
A series of five groins (742) was installed, extending approximately 20 feet from the wall and approximately perpendicular thereto. The groins were formed of inverted T-walls approximately 3 feet high by 3 feet wide, and placed so as to nourish the present beach with sediment. A pier groin (758) also extends from the wall in a perpendicular direction, for about 30 feet. The pier groin was constructed of inverted "Double-T" units. This system was designed to protect the presently eroding river bank, encourage accretion on the present beach and enhance recreational use of the area.
Modular Ships Comprising Hexagonal Boxes.
In addition to serving as ships or barges, self-propelled or otherwise, large arrays of hexagonal and half-hexagonal modules assembled in vertical orientation can be transported from an assembly point to offshore areas for assembly in larger arrays to form floating bases of various types.
As indicated by the arrows between the two upper arrays, they can be moved adjacent to each other in reasonably calm waters, using tugs, pusher boats or other suitable small craft discussed elsewhere herein. Once the arrays are brought into close contact along their full lengths, they can be moored together in conventional fashion, using mooring lines, chocks and bitts in classic fashion as any pair of vessels are moored side by side. Mooring lines can also be used to bring the arrays into close contact, using winches or other tensioning means (not shown), to avoid damage which might be caused by excessive momentum developed by one array or the other when pushed by a tug or the like. Conventional fenders or other cushioning materials can be used between the arrays to avoid damage as they are brought together. Depending upon the mission, such arrays could be kept moored together or fastened together in a permanent or temporary fashion using various suitable mechanical fasteners, cables and the like, as discussed elsewhere herein.
Array 806, shown below the two arrays just discussed, has a bow 806A modified to fit into stern niche 804A of those arrays, and so can be pushed into position in the stern of such an array, moored and optionally secured permanently or temporarily thereto to form a larger array. Since array 806 has the same type of stern niche 804A as the other arrays described, any number of such arrays can be brought together and joined bow to stern. Such floating platforms, if properly equipped, could be used as mobile disaster relief platforms from which helicopters, airboats or the like could operate.
Vessels or other floating arrays comprising hexagonal modules can be employed for various military and civilian missions. For example,
A civilian application for arrays 804, 806, 1000 or the like could be mobile, floating "SEAHOUSES" or seagoing apartments. Interior units, "waterfront" units and hexagonal units on "moon pool" sides where private boats could be kept, would appeal to residents of various income levels. Units of various sizes such as single, one and one half or two hexagonal modules or arrays could be provided. Porches and windows would be available on the upper decks of multideck platforms as well as on open air roof spaces.
The platform normally has at least one defined bow end 760 and optionally can have a removable stern section 1006 which separates from the main body along lines of separation 1004 and can be moved aside for submarine entry or hinged at the outer edges with hinges 1011 to open like double doors along another line of separation 1004. Alternatively, stern section 1006 can be ballasted or deballasted to sink and rise along rails or other suitable guides 1018, as shown in
The platform 1000 is configured to provide a "moon pool" 1003 and a cavity 1001 above with sufficient clearance to allow a submarine to surface and float on the water surface therein (at various vessel drafts) without impacting the modules overhead with the uppermost projections of the submarine. The level of water in the moon pool 1003 relative to the inner surfaces of modules 751 and platform bottom 1007 can be controlled by varying the pressure of the air in a closed cavity 1001. A portion 1009 of an upper module layer or deck 1002 is shown cut away in
An alternate version of platform 1000 can employ a squared-off bow rather than the rounded configuration 760 shown here. Such a vessel could be incorporated as the midsection of the modular ship described above with regard to
Missile modules (766), shown in more detail in
The individual hexagonal modules are designed to be waterproof, even when provided with access hatches, apertures or other fitting. Thus, a structure such as the ship of
The modules can be arranged and interconnected to form honeycomb arrays by various suitable methods, ashore or afloat, much as described above for rectangular boxes. They can be prepared and outfitted in a shipyard or other facility, then moved via (and/or water transport to be assembled while floating in the water. Since assembly while floating could require diving services, an ideal approach is to assemble arrays or portions thereof in dry dock. Once the desired array has been formed and all modules connected, the drydock can be flooded, its gate removed and the array towed out for immediate use, further outfitting or connection with other arrays.
A substantial portion of stern section (763) can be power/propulsion "pod" or module designed for easy removal along connections or borders (808). As shown, such a module comprises electrical power module (786), nuclear reactor module (788), auxiliary power-modules (802), electro-steam generator module (804), water jet propulsion modules (782) and propulsion modules (782) and propulsion modules (759).
Arrangements of rectangular boxes 100 as shown previously in
Platform 798 is designed with at least one layer of hexagonal boxes 751 which will carry the expected load of the superstructure in a stable manner without exceeding the draft for the waters where the vessel will be moored or operated. While a platform with a defined tapered bow 823 as shown is desirable for a vessel which will be frequently moved by self-propulsion (e.g., a suitable inboard power plant and at least one propeller 798A) or towing, a houseboat which is to be permanently moored or anchored could be substantially rectangular.
Some advocate avoiding building homes on waterfront property which is subject to erosion and interference with the natural forces in the beach environment. In lieu of this people could live on floating homes using hexagonal modules along with half-hexagonal modules and triangular sections made by connecting the two ends of two adjacent sides of a hexagon with a straight line. In this fashion a boat can be made of modules having at least three sizes and/or shapes, where each are independently waterproof. Therefore the vessel would be very unlikely to sink, since many failures of modules would have to occur to allow negative buoyancy. The modules should all be substantially watertight. Most are used for buoyancy, while others can be tanks for fresh water, fuel, or waste as described above for other types of vessels. A few modules could be used for storage and machinery. Some on the periphery could be used for ballast, generating energy from waves, or trimming or stabilizing the vessel, as disclosed elsewhere herein.
Further, in residential or industrial areas subject to shallow flooding, houses or other buildings could utilize a hull containing hexagonal and/or rectangular modules as a waterproof foundation and basement. In areas prone to deeper flooding, such floatable "houses" could actually become tethered "houseboats" and survive floods relatively intact by rising with the flood waters. Even though a rising tide might not "elevate all boats", structures mounted upon what are effectively floatable foundations would have vastly improved chances of surviving most floods. In such configurations, some of the modules used to construct the floatable "basement" could have the capabilities to take on and expel ballast water to prevent undesired floating during a low or moderate flood.
Watertight doors are commonly used in marine construction and are commercially available, as well as through Navy or maritime salvage yards. They generally include a series of hinges which can be rotated to engage with brackets or "dogs" in the doorway and press the door's metal "knife edge" firmly against a resilient gasket to seal the doorway. The optimum form provides a master lever to rotate all these parts simultaneously to provide a convenient means of opening and closing the door and sealing the knife edge effectively against the gasket.
At least one garage 1114 is provided within basement 1100, with doorway 1112 having twin doors 1110, which may be watertight. In this depiction, the basement 1100 is secured to the surrounding earth using a number of cables 1104 attached to screw anchors 1102. Windows 1106 can be provided, with watertight shutters 1108 to be closed when necessary. As mentioned above, such watertight garages can be provided with pumps, hoses and other suitable equipment as described elsewhere herein to ballast, deballast or pump the various spaces dry, depending upon the circumstances. It may be necessary to provide flexible or detachable utility connections in case floods lift the basement off its footings.
For the modular vessels described above as well as hexagonal modular floating platforms for various applications, there may be a need to have a system to raise or lower the ship or platform draft, correct a list or trim due to loading or battle damage in a static condition. Furthermore, a dynamic system located in the outboard modules to minimize roll or pitching may be desirable for smaller versions of the platforms. This allows water to be blown, flooded or pumped to minimize any rolling or pitching of the platform in a seaway or even restricted waters during storms.
By having some of the bottom tanks in the outboard modules along the length of the ship or platform open to the sea, high pressure air from the other tanks can be used to blow ballast water out of an open bottom or through an open flood and drain opening. By venting air above the air-water interface, ballast water can be flooded into the tank to increase the draft and mass of the platform. By flooding or blowing ballast out of selected ballast tanks, the trim forward and aft or list port or starboard can be corrected for load imbalance or battle damage flooding.
In a storm, small versions of the hexagonal module platforms may be subject to pitch and roll motions. These dynamic accelerations may be dampened by blowing or flooding tanks and/or pumping liquids from tank to tank, in order to counter such motions. This may be needed only in certain circumstances such as launching or recovering aircraft or smaller seacraft from a "SEABASE" platform.
This is a schematic representation illustrating that a platform as represented by 1060 should have at least one such open module on each side (e.g., port and starboard) and suitable pumping and control means to achieve the desired objectives of minimizing roll and/or pitch. At a minimum, such a platform might have only two open modules at opposing corners (for a substantially rectangular platform), at least one module in each corner to control roll only, or optionally at least one additional open module on the forward and after surfaces or corners to control pitch. Preferably, a plurality of open modules and suitable pumping, valve and control means are provided on each of the side and end surfaces of the platform to effectively control both roll and pitch.
Again as shown in
Suitable control means, electric power and signal connections (shown schematically as 1055) connect to pump(s) 1054 to activate pumps as needed to control ballasting, roll and pitch and other functions as required based upon sensors such as inclinometers, angular velocity sensors, accelerometers, gages for external sea pressure and the like (shown schematically as part of control module 1055). Pump(s) 1054 connect to suitable valving (not shown here) to pump air into or out of air chambers 1062 of modules 751, as shown by arrows 1056 and 1058. Pumping air into such chambers will force water in these chambers out into the sea through check valve(s) 1061, as indicated by arrow 1051, while exhausting air from such chamber(s) will allow water to enter the chamber(s), also through two opposite one-way check valve(s) 1061. This is similar to classical systems for blowing and ballasting tanks open to the sea as used on submarines as well as roll stabilization systems for surface ships, so suitable control means, valving and the like are readily available.
Each vertical set of modules is also equipped with piping 1025 extending from the lower portions of air chambers 1062 (to point 1059) to upper portions of the platform for venting and using valves 1044 to open piping 1025 to high pressure air tanks (not shown here). Water and/or air pumps 1054 can be used to transfer air and/or water depending upon water level, and thus can be used for wave energy conversion, as described herein with regard to
One feature of massive fixed or floating structures is that the ocean waves rise and fall relative to the structure without moving it significantly. The wave energy can thus be extracted as it compresses and rarefies air above a column of water in a module open to the sea below. By using one-way check valves, the air on both compression and rarefaction cycles can be sent through an air turbine which can generate electricity for immediate use or storage in batteries for later use.
As shown in
In summary, using a differential area piston with the large area subject to small variations of water pressure, a greater pressure can be generated in proportion to the ratio of the large area to the smaller area of the piston rod acting in a smaller cylinder, where the same force acts on a small area. In this manner, using check valves, water can be pressurized in a volume tank with an air bladder to be used for various purposed such as flushing, fire fighting or washing down.
A similar application using high pressure sea water, preferably generated by wave energy as discussed above, is to make fresh potable water (i.e., desalinization) using apparatus comprising at least one semi-permeable membrane. Such membranes are generally formed of polymeric materials, sometimes containing zeolites, and are commercially available. The fresh water molecules pass through such a membrane by osmosis and the brine left behind can be discharged overboard. In times of no waves or wind generated swells, a high pressure pump using other energy sources such as solar, wind, fuel cells or fossil fuels can provide the needed pressure for making fresh water. This could be a more efficient and cost-effective way to obtain the fresh water essential for lengthy operations on station when compared with conventional fresh water evaporative stills, especially when operating in tropical waters.
In the floating platforms and vessels disclosed herein, various spaces within the modules will be occupied with fuel, weapons, supplies of various kinds and spaces for crew messing, berthing and recreation. Such features are disclosed in connection with the vessels of
In addition to the detachable bow and stern sections disclosed in connection with
This detachable "vessel" comprises at least one hexagonal module 751 and optional half-hexagonal modules 753 as may be required to provide a shape which is easily detached from the min platform along lines of separation and can be navigated in open waters. At least one hatch 1069 is provided in upper surface or deck 751A of the vessel, and an elevated portion 1071 (comprising smaller hexagonal or rectangular modules or any suitable superstructure materials) contains space 1072 for command, control and communications, using at least one antenna 1073. An upper level such as 1070 can contain cooking, dining and recreation areas, while levels just below can contain berthing and medical care areas. Tanks 809 for fuel and water are provided at the lowest levels, where the weight of liquids will serve to ballast the vessel and stabilize it. Levels above these tanks can be devoted to storage (805B), power and auxiliary areas. Such vessels can be anchored or mobile, and several could be deployed in an operational area as weather stations, early warning sensor platforms, communications links and the like. Smaller versions such as a single floating, vertically oriented hexagonal module could be used as an anchored ocean sensing buoy. Such hexagonal buoys could be transported to their ocean locations as part of an array of similar hexagonal modules incorporated as the midship section of a modular vessel and dropped off one at a time.
The hexagonal and half-hexagonal boxes can be cast using typical molds, with provisions for the inclusion of reinforcing rods (rebar), tensioning cables and supports for the edges thereof, using methods similar to those used for the rectangular boxes disclosed herein and in the previous U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,697,736 and 5,697,052.
Similar casting techniques can be used for casting modules with other cross sections, such as triangular, half-hexagonal, pentagonal or octagonal if required; the hexagonal and half-hexagonal versions are presently preferred due to their ability to produce structures having high strength-to-weight ratios when joined in arrays. Reinforcing materials of metal or other suitable materials can be included in the side walls and/or bottom as discussed above with regard to
The hexagonal modules 751 can have an inner cross section that can be hexagonal or circular. While the hexagonal shape inside and out provides uniform wall thickness as shown in
The hexagonal modules 751 and vertical arrays thereof can have a number of decks and compartments installed. As such, since each module is independently waterproof, and normally there is no access provided horizontally between adjacent modules, a central ladder or elevator is useful for vertical access. Should horizontal access between modules be desired, a deck level could be chosen at approximately mid height for the installation of watertight submarine doors. As shown in
There will be a need for pipes, power cables, communication lines, ventilation and similar communications passing through and between the modules as well. These lines can pass through passages 811 inside the hexagonal module at the wall intersections 751C as in
As shown in
The main concrete plant could be built on a pier or a floating drydock moored with the aft end fast to the land or wharf facility in the fashion known as a "Mediterranean moor". Then barges or smaller coastal ships can come alongside the drydock or pier to unload cement and sand from the barges directly into the plant as necessary. Crushed stone, aggregate, steel, carbon or other reinforcing fiber, personnel, etc. could come by land or also by barge alongside. The finished product could be loaded on a barge or ship from the seaward end of the plant where the water is deeper.
Floating drydocks generally have overhead cranes which would be useful for the concrete casting operation and may be available surplus, as our national shipbuilding and repair business has declined. Also, some of the products may be compatible with using a tug, integrated tug-barge (ITB) or specialized ship to transport the modules as a floating assembly directly to the desired location for use.
Time-motion studies should prove the efficacy of a system where bulk materials can flow into the port and starboard sides of a precast concrete plant established on a floating drydock; personnel, smaller components and services are brought in from the landward end; and products are offloaded to transport vessels on the water on the seaward end of the plant. Furthermore, such a plant can be relocated closer to the next job site after the current work is finished for efficiency.
While the hexagonal and half-hexagonal boxes of the invention have been described for use in fabricating modular ships or other floating structures, they can be used as well in constructing shoreline structures as disclosed above and in previous U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,491,473 and 5,697,052, which can be attached to the shore above high tide levels, on the bottom or in floating structures attached to the shoreline or sunken structures, all in honeycomb arrays to take advantage of the high strength-to-weight ratios. Floating structures incorporating honeycomb arrays of these hexagonal modules can be transported by the vessels disclosed herein and assembled in remote locations to form complex floating structures which can serve as floating bases for a variety of aircraft, small craft and ships for various civil and military purposes. For example, such floating platforms, which can include self-propulsion and defense means, could be used to support combat or patrol operations, rescue efforts for national disasters such as Hurricane Katrina of 2005, exploration and production of minerals or oil, maritime construction projects, floating "SEAHOUSE" communities and the like.
Hexagonal modules of the invention can be used to great advantage, either combined together into various types of arrays or in combination with the rectangular modules and other structural components discussed above for constructing shoreline structures such as seawalls, bulkheads, jetties, groins, piers and breakwaters, the latter of which may be at least semi-submerged depending upon tidal state. For example,
This figure illustrates how hexagonal and (optionally) half-hexagonal modules can be assembled to create branches extending at angles of approximately 60 or 90 degrees to the basic linear array to follow a curving shoreline contour or form the beginnings of a groin or pier. Here, two modules 751 are used to create branch 1123 forming a 60 degree angle to seawall 1122 and following the contour of shoreline 402. Such adjustments may be necessary to follow a curved natural bank or match up with a structure on adjacent properties, or can be used to provide an angled seawall to influence the flow of water and the deposition of sand and gravel. Three modules 751 are used here to form a roughly triangular section 1124 approximately perpendicular to the seawall. Such a projection could be used for space for a patio, gazebo or other recreational use, or with the use of half-hexagonal modules (not shown here) could be the base for building a groin or pier some distance out toward the waterline 1126.
In addition to their usefulness in constructing shoreline structures, arrays comprising hexagonal, half-hexagonal and optionally rectangular modules can be used in various configurations as breakwaters, which would be installed offshore from the beach and roughly paralleling it (dependent upon the direction of prevailing or seasonal winds and waves). Modifications to straight linear arrays, extending either landward or seaward, such as branch 1123 and triangular projection 1124 on array 1122 can be designed to deflect waves and/or winds when such breakwaters are installed at least partially submerged in the water 952.
A larger version of such construction can be seen in
The same large size hexagonal modules which could be used for mobile "SEABASE" platforms could also be used for a floating or bottomed modular port facility. Such a facility could accommodate large deep draft ships, which could not enter shallow ports, much like oil pumping platforms are used to load modern supertankers. Also for security reasons, the use of such port facilities could enable cargo to be inspected some distance from existing port facilities located near population centers.
If floating, these massive ports would be secured to the bottom with large anchors. Screw anchors and multi-point mooring systems similar to those used for large floating oil drilling rigs could be used.
If bottomed, the modules could be flooded to gain mass and weight to assist in jetting them into the bottom. Selected corner modules could be taller ones, which could be jetted deeper into the bottom. Their bottom sections could be filled solid with concrete for greater strength at the corners. Like the towers at the corners of castles and fortresses, these taller modules would have a good view of two sides of the port as well as an elevated view of the activity on the port's surface.
The inboard side of the fortress-like "SEACASTLE" port would be protected from wind and large waves. There, pilot boats, smaller coastal ships, barges, tankers, hovercraft and smaller ferry and personnel boats could moor. Large container, freight, bulk and tanker ships could transfer their cargo directly across the narrow sides of the facility to inboard ships without temporarily storing the material at the port. Further, trains and trucks could access a nearby shore port via connecting means such as causeways or tunnels. Similarly, pipelines could pump liquids ashore for storage and further distribution to trucks and tanker rail cars. A large tube with massive mechanisms similar to a gondola ski lift could transport containers on rollers, rails or the like to a land based facility for further shifting to trucks, trains, barges or storage.
The hexagonal modules in relatively larger sizes (e.g., from about 24 to 160 feet high and about eight to sixty feet wide between flat sides) are ideal to use alone or as components of floating or fixed port facilities inshore or in offshore waters. If they are to be fixed to the bottom, they could also be jetted down into the sand or mud bottom and then ballast water pumped out to "tune" the units to a neutral buoyancy to prevent further subsidence. If the bottom is hard, then the ballast could be maximized to achieve the greatest mass to resist storm waves and currents.
For Homeland Security, a permanent facility at the entrance or slightly offshore of some existing port entrances would be desirable. Such a facility could be either floating or fixed to the bottom. Location would be based on site conditions such as currents, tides, prevailing winds and waves, geographic protection, bottom material, etc. At least one module would be taller than the rest to provide a central control and observation location.
Besides providing radar, lasers, visual observation, communications and other electromagnetic signatures and coding such as IFF etc., the "Sea Sentinel" Base could be a check-in location, inspection station, and traffic control tower for a busy port. Coast Guard helicopters and patrol craft as well as immigration, agricultural and Homeland Defense personnel could serve as the initial filter for the port at some distance from the main facilities and population centers.
In most cases an entrance on the leeward side protected from waves by natural geological features could protect the facility. A breakwater could provide protection if no natural features exist. In locations where rough water may be commonplace, an area of calm water could be formed by a modular breakwater comprising hexagonal and/or rectangular modules.
A movable entrance to the base can be designed to open or close as needed. One way is to have one of the hexagonal (or rectangular) modules split horizontally. The top half would be capable of being made neutrally buoyant and hinged so that it could be swung open and closed like a gate or door, using suitable mechanical means such as cables on a winch.
A second method would be to have one or more modules which could be shorter in length be connected by rails to their fixed neighbor modules. These modules could be moved up or down by blowing water ballast out to raise and close or flooding ballast to sink the "gate" to allow surface traffic in or out, as described above for a water gate system.
Some applications of precast concrete boxes of the invention for shellfish habitat are illustrated in
The boxes are provided with removable concrete tops (710) which can be held in place with pins (708) passing through holes (706) in both covers and the corners of the boxes. Shellfish are to be cultivated on the covers of the boxes when sunk into place, thus elevating the shellfish at least the height of the box (perhaps 4 to 8 feet) above the bottom where they are removed from silt and pollutants and exposed to currents carrying more nutrients and oxygen. The boxes preferably have dimensions and proportions which permit intermodal transport and the covers are provided with various types of projections or roughened surfaces to promote adhesion by shellfish spat. This working surface of the covers is turned inward for convenience in transport, then is reversed and secured in place before sinking and installation of the boxes. In
Two ways of providing inner mesh structures are to install vertical sections of mesh (736) extending from a narrow end of the container (where they attach to frames (732) and/or side mesh (733) to at least the center, where they can be attached to wire or rod supports (727). Such vertical mesh sections could extend from one end of the container to the other. In addition, or alternatively, horizontal layers of mesh (734) can be attached to a narrow end of the container, extending parallel to the bottom at least to the center of the container, where they can be attached to wire or rod supports (729). Such horizontal layers of mesh can also extend the entire length of the container.
A precast concrete top (710), much like that shown in
Since container (701) is much lighter than a concrete box, even when filled with structures for shellfish culture, hoisting and bridle cables (730) and (728) can be used to lift the entire container, cover and all, or alternatively, similar cables can be connected to lift cover (710) independently. Also, if the container (701) is mounted upon a solid concrete box such as illustrated in
Various changes and modifications to the presently preferred embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention and without diminishing its attendant advantages. Therefore, the appended claims are intended to cover such changes and modifications, and are the sole limits on the scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
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|Feb 14, 1911
|William Edward Mcneillie Jr
|Hull construction.
|Dec 30, 1914
|Feb 29, 1916
|David Mcdougald Shearer
|Sep 18, 1915
|Mar 28, 1916
|Case Coast Prot Corp
|Reinforced concrete groin.
|Oct 6, 1915
|Jun 5, 1917
|David Mcdougald Shearer
|Apparatus for launching revetment-mats.
|Sep 12, 1914
|Nov 27, 1917
|Raymond Concrete Pile Co
|Dock construction.
|Jan 29, 1921
|Apr 8, 1924
|Cushing John F
|Nov 2, 1927
|Oct 14, 1930
|Western Foundation Company
|Retaining wall
|Apr 23, 1931
|Feb 23, 1932
|Ball John P
|Breakwater wall construction
|Mar 22, 1939
|May 23, 1939
|Alan Buzzell Dow
|Concrete riprap
|Jun 18, 1941
|May 9, 1944
|L A Wells Construction Company
|Mar 13, 1942
|Feb 13, 1945
|Smith Peter P
|Sectional vessel
|Dec 3, 1942
|Dec 11, 1945
|Railroad Accessories Corp
|Cabling strap
|Feb 15, 1957
|Apr 25, 1961
|Winslow Charles A
|Balanced safety anchor
|Oct 23, 1959
|Oct 3, 1967
|Carthage Mills Inc
|Prevention of beach erosion and encouragement of land restoration
|Oct 23, 1968
|Jan 20, 1970
|Dempster Harry E
|Concrete floating structure
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|Jan 26, 1971
|Vickers Ltd
|Cargo vessels
|Oct 16, 1969
|Feb 8, 1972
|Peyre James H La
|Method of installing breakwater caissons
|Mar 16, 1970
|May 30, 1972
|Tancho D Georgiev
|Buoyant structure
|Mar 9, 1971
|Mar 27, 1973
|Bitumarin Nv
|Support means for slope revetments
|Jun 7, 1971
|Apr 9, 1974
|Seawall Enterprises Inc
|Sea wall construction
|Jan 21, 1974
|Apr 22, 1975
|Garcia Emilio C
|Cargo vessel flexibly sizable in accordance with its cargo
|Apr 2, 1975
|Apr 20, 1976
|Johnson Don E
|Floating structure arrangement
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|May 18, 1976
|George Hepworth
|Erosion control bag
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|Raymond International, Inc.
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|Apr 14, 1976
|Jan 10, 1978
|Jones Robert M
|Modular floating structure
|Nov 21, 1977
|May 8, 1979
|Bruno Soland
|Ground covering with adjoining plates
|May 26, 1977
|Jun 12, 1979
|Einar Knutsen
|Construction unit, such as quay, container or platform
|Sep 11, 1978
|Aug 21, 1979
|Postma Randall F
|Method and apparatus for installing a dock
|Aug 14, 1980
|Mar 8, 1983
|Crow Robert Q
|Flexible concrete for soil erosion prevention
|Sep 22, 1981
|Apr 3, 1984
|Vidal Henri C
|Marine structure
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|Taizo Nozawa
|Block construction for preventing outflow of ballasts
|Feb 11, 1985
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|Hilfiker Pipe Co.
|Soil reinforced cantilever wall
|Oct 29, 1986
|Dec 15, 1987
|Rose Leo J
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|Jul 24, 1987
|Apr 11, 1989
|Wheeler Jack L
|Method of coastal erosion control using massive sea block system
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|Mar 27, 1990
|Henri Vidal
|Wall systems
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|Apr 10, 1990
|Keystone Retaining Wall Systems, Inc.
|Retaining wall with flexible mechanical soil stabilizing sheet
|Oct 14, 1988
|Jul 10, 1990
|Dlugosz Leonard T
|Concrete construction units and multi-ply concrete composites made therefrom
|May 4, 1989
|Oct 23, 1990
|Randall House
|Traffic barrier and method of construction
|Apr 4, 1990
|Feb 11, 1992
|Mccreary Donald R
|Method of constructing a seawall reinforcement or jetty structure
|May 12, 1989
|Oct 27, 1992
|Holmberg Dick L
|Erosion control foundation mat and method
|May 20, 1992
|Jan 12, 1993
|Societe Civile Des Brevets De Henri Vidal
|Counterfort wall
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|Guaranteed Advanced Tank Technologies International Ltd.
|Maritime chemical tanker having composite tanks for storing and/or transporting liquid organic and inorganic chemicals and the like
|Feb 5, 2001
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|Sidney E. Veazey
|Precast modular concrete shapes and methods of installation to form shoreline stabilization, marine and terrestrial structures
|Dec 15, 1989
|Jul 26, 1990
|Pacheco Ricardo Grechi
|Floating modulate concrete platform
|All above photos printed from website of Sea Box, Inc., www.seabox.com, visited most recently on Jul. 8, 2006.
|B & W photocopy of floating drydock containing docked cruise ship.
|B & W photocopy of supply boat which could be fitted to carry precast concrete boxes on after cargo deck.
|B & W photocopy of tug pushing barge.
|Color photoprint showing (1) apparent floating breakwater; (2) loaded container ship; (3) MSC cargo ship offloading container to barge by crane; and (4) container on ship deck with ISO fitting on corner.
|Photo of "deluxe" backyard shed based upon converted shipping container, date unknown.
|Photo of an elephant house constructed from adapted shipping containers, date unknown.
|Photo of interior of shipping container converted to workshop, date unknown.
|Photo of large arch assembled for bike race in Phila., date unk.
|Photo of large movie screen assembled for Walt Disney Studios from 180 shipping containers, ca. 1995.
|Photo of shipping container adapted for shelter use; date unknown.
|Photo of shipping container converted to "berthing van," date unknown.
|Photo of two story office building constructed of shipping containers, built ca. 1989.
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 2, 2012
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|May 20, 2012
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jul 10, 2012
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20120520