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Hurricane Sandy Brings Out the Shirtless Horseman (to a Local News Report)
You can't stop a jogger!By Eliot Glazer
You can't stop a jogger!By Eliot Glazer
Involuntary Cat Lady win!By Eliot Glazer
Take your marks, meme-lovers! Sweet Brown is your new favorite thing.By Eliot Glazer
And that's why you always have exact change.By Eliza Shapiro
Third time's a charm.By Eliot Glazer
"I love lamp" in real life!By Eliot Glazer
Somewhere in Detroit, things just got weird.By Eliot Glazer
Don't drink and drive. Also, don't drink and then try to casually toss to Weather.By Eliot Glazer
Back in my day, we just used to drink beer right out of the can. Boy oh boy, how times have changed.By Eliot Glazer
Reporter Pat Collins is a total fruit, but how else is he supposed to get this kind of story?By Eliot Glazer
And 47 percent since 2003.By Joe Coscarelli
The FDNY should watch their backs.By Joe Coscarelli
This 7-year-old wore a tuxedo.By Joe Coscarelli
"Dude, that thing shoots hair at you. It's got fangs."By Amanda Dobbins
Levi Aron and his father are both named in separate suits.By Joe Coscarelli
But he still argues that he wasn't responsible.By Joe Coscarelli
This sounds familiar.By Joe Coscarelli
Way to go, FDNY social media!By Joe Coscarelli
Even 9/11 wasn't sacred.By Joe Coscarelli
Just in case.


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thank you Jacqueline and Ally :)
thank you Renae :), thanks all for hearts/fav.
Love the color!
Cool effect floral abstract!
thank you Brandi and Phil :)
This is great!
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gorgeous art syl
thank you Biff, Viviana and Cat :), thanks all for hearts/fav.
print is in shop now, thank you !
beautiful work! :)
thank you Musenyo :)
Muy bonito!!
thank you Maria :)
gorgeous work ----------------------------------- ♥
thank you Viaina :)
Wonderful work Sylvia!
thank you Roy :), thanks all for hearts/fav.
thank you Bob :), glad you like it
Ethereal, beautiful.
thank you Mary and Kim :)
wow seemed to have missed these two pieces ;-D gorgeous Silvia !!
thank you RvHART :)
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thanks Irina :)
molto bello, complimenti
thank you Germana :)
thanks Terri :)
Delicate soft textures, Sylvia! ***
thank you so much Christiane :)
wonderful abstract!
thank you Iris :)
thanks Chris :)
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thank you Brandon and Helen :)
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thanks Guillermo and Hannes :)
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Archive for category : Your Local News
Attention Senior Citizens, By State Rep. Marcia Hahn 138th Legislative District
I would like to invite residents of the 138th Legislative District to my annual Senior Expo, which will be held
St. John's Sacred Voices Concert
Submitted by SUSAN L. FRICKERT "When Speaking Has Ceased" is the theme when St. John's United Church of Christ, 183
Candidate Forum For New Senatorial District
Submitted by BEVERLY HERNANDEZ The League of Women Voters of Northampton County is sponsoring a Candidates' Forum on Wednesday, October
Lions Technology Helps Student With Visual Needs
A visually impaired student at Central Catholic High School in Allentown spoke to members of the Bath Lions Club at
Andy's Corner | 9/25
The 2014-2015 Nazareth High School sports season is midway through the fall season. The Blue Eagles played host to Emmaus
Martin Guitar Strives To #SaveElephants
Music mogul partners with The Nature Conservancy in admirable attempt to slow ivory demand By DANIELLE S. TEPPER In 1980,
Delps Park Project Bid Approved At Lehigh Twp Meeting
The agenda for the Sept. 9 supervisors meeting included discussion of the Delps Park project in Danielsville that was put
Andy's Corner | 9/18
The 2014 Nazareth sports season is in full gear. On Friday, September 12, the Nazareth football team went over to
Northampton Sister Cities Event Celebrates Culture
Laying a wreath at the Sister Cities monument in Northampton on Saturday were (l-r) Council President John Yurasits, Hilda (Spitzer)
Andy's Corner | 9/11
The Nazareth Blue Eagles sports season is now heading into its third week. The Nazareth football team took their 1-0


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amending accounts
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help to understand fair value
UK Resident being taxed in US on US private pension and IRA distributions
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Some clients seem to think so.
S455 tax
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Tax returns from 2009-2014 would need to be resubmitted to claim remittance basis.
AIA or WDA
as above
software recommendation required
Out of time repayment claim and double tax relief
Change of registered business address from Scotland to England
conversion / refit of a van
companies house
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ltd company
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Should my client do this?
desktop applications
How did the VAT Office get the bank account?
Which VAT number do i use
Staff commissions
what's required?
How can one claim business expenses initially paid for by someone else?
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Imagine a simple backbone model like
window.model= Backbone.Model.extend({
name: "",
date: new Date().valueOf()
I'm trying to find a way to always make the model store the name in lower-case irrespective of input provided. i.e.,
model.set({name: "AbCd"})
model.get("name") // prints "AbCd" = current behavior
model.get("name") // print "abcd" = required behavior
What's the best way of doing this? Here's all I could think of:
- Override the "set" method
- Use a "SantizedModel" which listens for changes on this base model and stores the sanitized inputs. All view code would then be passed this sanitized model instead.
The specific "to lower case" example I mentioned may technically be better handled by the view while retrieving it, but imagine a different case where, say, user enters values in Pounds and I only want to store values in $s in my database. There may also be different views for the same model and I don't want to have to do a "toLowerCase" everywhere its being used.


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I scored an old Mongoose IBOC pro SX off of Craigslist but I can't figure out the year it was made or what components are stock and such. help?
Also if you know how much something like this would be worth, that would help too. It has a carbon aluminum composite frame, XTR v brakes, some really cool shimano "servo action" brake levers, and a manitou fork witha TI spring. thanks.
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Use this directory to find phone numbers, email addresses and website links for university departments and offices. To find contact information for a specific person, visit our People Directory. Individuals can edit their online directory information.
You can also submit a new listing or download a PDF version of this Directory.
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Your Guide To Buying A New Car
When the time comes to buy a vehicle, you have an important decision to make — whether you must buy a new or used vehicle. If you do end up leaning in the new direction, you'll be happy to know that there are many great newer vehicles out there, as well as many awesome advantages to buying new. However, you never want to rush into such a major purchase. Instead, take the time to really think about and carefully consider your decision. Can You Afford It? First things first, before you start thinking about buying a new car or...read more
Do I Really Need Car Insurance?
You are not legally allowed to drive without car insurance in most states. Even if your state does not charge you with criminal penalties if you drive without car insurance, you will need enough assets to pay for the damages that result from a car accident in which you are at fault. You can choose to forgo some insurance coverage, which can lead to you being stuck with the bill for your own car repairs if you are responsible for the accident. Purchasing a Bond In some states, by having a large sum of money, you can purchase a bond from an...read more
Tips To Get The Most From Your Automobile's Brakes
Your car's brakes are the most important safety feature of the automobile, but they are a component that many people know little about. As a result, these drivers may be unsure of how to get the most from their brakes, and considering the importance and cost of quality brakes, this is an important goal for most drivers. Fortunately, using these automobile brake tips should make this an easier task for you. Avoid Ceramic Brake Pads When You Will Be Hauling Heavy Items When you are choosing brake pads for your car, you will likely...read more
Collision Repair: Three Tools For Tackling Minor Auto Body Dents
You are driving down the road and suddenly you are hit by another car. You get out to inspect your vehicle and notice a dent. While you might be thinking that it's time to head off to an auto body shop to get some collision repair done, you might not have to. Minor dents can often be fixed at home with one of these three tools: 1. Standard Plunger Believe it or not, you can actually use a standard plunger to fix a minor dent in your vehicle. The suction created by the plunger will essentially pull the dent out. All you need for this is...read more
3 Things You Didn't Know You Can Get Ticketed For While Driving
A lot of people do things to their vehicles without checking to see if it's illegal, or they let small damages go and don't realize they could get a ticket. If your car has been accessorized with illegal items, or if there are repairs needed and you've avoided having the necessary work done, you should expect to get a fine or ticket. Here are just a few of the things you can get ticketed for. Large License Plate Cover If you have a large license plate cover that has the mascot of your favorite sports team, or that has your...read more
Car Tires 101 | A New Driver's Guide To Understanding Tire Pressure
As a new driver, there is definitely a lot to take in and learn when it comes to driving and maintaining a vehicle. Of all of the things that you need to get familiar with, the tires and your tire pressure could be one of the most important things. The tires of your vehicle do not just make it possible for you to drive a car at all, they keep you safe while you travel in a vehicle. Here are a few of the most common questions about tire pressure you may have as a new driver. Do all tires operate best with the same tire pressure? All tire...read more
Just A Crack? Think Again: The Dangers Of A Cracked Windshield
Many drivers have had the misfortune of noticing a crack or ding in their vehicle's windshield. If you have recently noticed a flaw in your auto glass, you might be tempted to overlook fixing the damage. It's important that you understand that even a small crack could cause serious damage if you fail to have auto glass repair done promptly. Here are three dangers you could be facing when you don't fix your cracked windshield quickly. 1. You run the risk of receiving a fine if you drive with a cracked windshield. If the...read more
Two Tips To Help You Avoid Getting Dings And Scratches On Your Auto Body
Few things can mar the appearance of a car more quickly than unsightly dings and scratches. They seem to appear out of nowhere, and often only increase as time goes on. However, you don't have to accept the accumulation of dents and scratches on your vehicle if you know what to do. Use this information to learn more about two ways that you can avoid getting dings, dents and scratches on your car. Maintain An Appropriate Following Distance One of the best ways for you to protect the exterior of your vehicle from damage...read more
3 Tips For Shopping For A Used Car
Buying a used car can be one of the most productive things that you do in your life, or could be a process that is filled with headaches, depending on how you choose to go about it. There are some specific steps that you'll want to follow, in order to be sure that you get the right price, the best vehicle and the absolute most out of your purchase and your decision as a whole. Follow these steps and allow yourself to get the help that you need as you set out to purchase a used automobile that can square you away. #1: Weigh In The...read more
How To Make Your Used Car Feel Like New
Trying to turn that newly purchased pre-owned car into one that feels like it's always been yours? Here are a few ways you can personalize your car and make it your own. Get a Clean Slate Unless you bought your car from a pre-owned auto dealer like Gagel's Auto Sales, your new old car probably has some interior wear and tear. Take an afternoon to clean it all out from floor to ceiling. Make a mixture of equal parts club soda, Dawn dish soap and vinegar. Spray it onto cloth upholstery, scrub with a scrub brush and vacuum out stains...read more


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Ethan Harris
Is The Oil Crash A Result Of Excess Supply Or Plunging Demand: The Unpleasant Answer In One ChartSubmitted by Tyler Durden on 08/21/2015 17:25 -0400
Courtesy of the following chart by BofA, we have the answer: while for the most part of 2015, the move in the price of oil was a combination of both supply and demand, the most recent plunge has been entirely a function of what now appears to be a global economic recession, one which will get far worse if the Fed indeed hikes rates as it has repeatedly threatened as it begins to undo 7 years of ultra easy monetary policy.
- 183 comments
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- 105825 reads
Let The Kool Aid Flow: Bank Of America "Predicts" No Recession In The Next DecadeSubmitted by Tyler Durden on 08/06/2015 19:05 -0400
One year ago, as part of its always entertaining long-run forecasting exercise, Bank of America predicted that GDP growth in 2015 and 2016 would be 3.3% and 3.4% respectively. Fast forward one year, when in its updated "long-run" forecast, Bank of America's crack economist Ethan Harris admits he was off by "only" 30% in his prediction of next year's GDP, and instead of 3.3%, he now "forecasts" 2015 GDP to be... 2.3%. But the punchline is this: "if history is our guide, at some point in the next decade the US will experience a recession, but predicting a recession far in advance is almost impossible. We plan to update this table on a regular basis."
- 65 comments
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- 11527 reads
Bank Of America Begins 66-Day Countdown Until The "Ghost Of 1937" ReturnsSubmitted by Tyler Durden on 06/16/2015 08:08 -0400
- Bank of America
- Bank of America
- Bond
- Bridgewater
- Central Banks
- Double Dip
- Equity Markets
- Ethan Harris
- EuroDollar
- Federal Reserve
- France
- Futures market
- goldman sachs
- Goldman Sachs
- Great Depression
- Israel
- Lehman
- Monetary Policy
- Money Supply
- Open Market Operations
- Ray Dalio
- Recession
- Switzerland
- Trichet
- Volatility
The last time the Fed tried to exit a period of massive balance sheet expansion coupled with ZIRP - back in 1937 - its strategy completely failed. The Fed tightening in H1'37 was followed in H2'37 by a severe recession and a 49% collapse in the Dow Jones. This is the ghost of 1937 and it is about to make a repeat appearance.
- 193 comments
- Read more
- 133744 reads
The "Scariest Spreadsheet In Fed Possession" Just Revealed A Very Scary Number For Q2 GDPSubmitted by Tyler Durden on 04/30/2015 21:03 -0400
- 85 comments
- Read more
- 52086 reads
Even Wall Street's Biggest Permabulls Are Throwing In The "Recovery" TowelSubmitted by Tyler Durden on 04/29/2015 13:04 -0400
Unlike last year when every single weatherman, pardon "economissed", quickly declared the collapse in Q1 GDP from an initial consensus of 3% to an abysmal -2.5% was due to the weather, and not due to a dramatic tightening in Chinese end demand, this time there is suddenly no silver lining, and one after another, the economisseds are lining up to say that, ooops, they were all wrong.
- 48 comments
- Read more
- 20222 reads
How To Shut Someone Up The Next Time They Blame The Winter For The Economic CollapseSubmitted by Tyler Durden on 04/10/2015 10:24 -0400
In a note today, Bank of America economists (after looking at weather data) admit their finding "puts us in an awkward spot today." What did it find? Namely that all those who reran that 2014 playbook, Ethan Harris and other Bank of America economists included, and decided to blame the weather for Q1 GDP crashing from over 3% to under 1%, are wrong or simply lying.
- 46 comments
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- 20055 reads
This Is How Many Times Blogger Bernanke Use The Word "Debt" In A Post About Secular StagnationSubmitted by Tyler Durden on 03/31/2015 19:45 -0400
And the answer is...
- 54 comments
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- 24042 reads
The Pathetic 'Talk Therapy' Of Janet YellenSubmitted by Tyler Durden on 02/26/2015 15:55 -0400
What in god's name does Janet Yellen think she is doing? Just a few weeks ago she established the ridiculous Fedspeak convention that "patient" means money market rates will not rise from the zero bound for at least two meetings. Now she has modified that message into "not exactly".
- 44 comments
- Read more
- 8301 reads
FOMC Minutes Preview: The 3 Key Issues The Sell-Side Is Looking ForSubmitted by Tyler Durden on 01/07/2015 14:23 -0400
The December FOMC statement revealed a lack of agreement among Fed officials over communication, BofAML explains, as evidenced by the complicated extension of the forward guidance language and the dissents from both sides of the hawk-dove spectrum. While Standard Chartered expects the Minutes to show The Fed in no rush to raise rates, UBS warns the Minutes "could upset market perceptions of what is important to the Fed's decision-making process."
- 21 comments
- Read more
- 5284 reads
'We Are Entering A New Oil Normal"Submitted by Tyler Durden on 11/30/2014 14:14 -0400
- Bank of America
- Bank of America
- Barclays
- Bond
- China
- Citigroup
- Creditors
- Crude
- Crude Oil
- Ethan Harris
- Evans-Pritchard
- Exxon
- fixed
- Ford
- Foreign Policy magazine
- India
- International Energy Agency
- Iran
- Iraq
- Kuwait
- Market Share
- Merrill
- Merrill Lynch
- Mexico
- Middle East
- national security
- Natural Gas
- Purchasing Power
- Reality
- Renaissance
- Reuters
- Risk Premium
- Saudi Arabia
- Sovereigns
- The Economist
- Trade Deficit
- Turkey
- White House
The precipitous decline in the price of oil is perhaps one of the most bearish macro developments this year. We believe we are entering a "new oil normal," where oil prices stay lower for longer. While we highlighted the risk of a near-term decline in the oil price in our July newsletter, we failed to adjust our portfolio sufficiently to reflect such a scenario. This month we identify the major implications of our revised energy thesis. The reason oil prices started sliding in June can be explained by record growth in US production, sputtering demand from Europe and China, and an unwind of the Middle East geopolitical risk premium. The world oil market, which consumes 92 million barrels a day, currently has one million barrels more than it needs.... Large energy companies are sitting on a great deal of cash which cushions the blow from a weak pricing environment in the short-term. It is still important to keep in mind, however, that most big oil projects have been planned around the notion that oil would stay above $100, which no longer seems likely.
- 92 comments
- Read more
- 20697 reads
Hilsenrath Backs Away From His "Considerable Time" PredictionSubmitted by Tyler Durden on 09/17/2014 08:30 -0400
Yesterday's exuberant equity market reaction has been largely defined by the mainstream media as driven by WSJ Hilsenrath's 'confirmation' that Yellen will keep the uber-dovish phrase "considerable time" in the FOMC statement today. So, we wonder, why did the Fed-whisperer, after markets had closed last night, issue a quasi-retraction of his prediction explaining that instead of some prohetical "I just know" statement, it was a "best guess," as he concluded, "will the Fed take these steps? Only the people in the room know that. The rest of us will see Wednesday afternoon." It appears the sell-side disagrees with him on the language...
- 38 comments
- Read more
- 7087 reads
Hilsenrath Front-Runs Fed: Hints "Considerable Time" Language Will RemainSubmitted by Tyler Durden on 09/16/2014 12:07 -0400
The last week has been dominated by sell-side strategists raising hawkish concerns about this week's FOMC with a focus on the drop of the "considerable time" language describing the period from the end of QE to the start of rate hikes. The Wall Street Journal's Fed-whisperer Jon Hilsenrath just dropped a rather large hint that that the "considerable period" language will remain... "Given the economic backdrop, they don't want to send a signal right now that rate increases are imminent." Here's what the street thinks...
- 40 comments
- Read more
- 8584 reads
Futures Flat On Russia Sanctions Round 3 DaySubmitted by Tyler Durden on 09/12/2014 07:09 -0400
While today's key news event will likely be the preannounced latest, third, round of anti-Russian sanctions and the Russian retaliation, the reality as DB notes, is that the market seems to be seeing "some fatigue" in this story with the ECB, Scotland and next week's Fed meeting taking center stage. As a result, and ahead of expectations of change in Fed language which should carry a more hawkish tone, the dollar has been bid up some more overnight, leading to fresh multi-year highs in the USDJPY, and the now-paired TSY trade, with 10Y yields up to 2.57%, although this may now be in short-term oversold territory. The latest Scottish poll appears to have dented some of the "Yes" momentum, with 52% of the polled saying they would vote No in the referendum, although right now neither side has a clear majority when factoring in the undecideds: which means it will come down to the wire next week, with clear implications for Europe's secessionist movements if the Yes vote still manages to prevail, not to mention massive ramifications for the UK.
- 15 comments
- Read more
- 2591 reads
Jackson Hole Preview: Do Not Expect Policy ShiftSubmitted by Tyler Durden on 08/15/2014 21:35 -0400
Going into this year's Jackson Hole meeting, it does not appear to BofAML's Ethan Harris that the FOMC is leaning toward a policy change as in 2010, let alone on the verge of a big shift as in 2012. Instead, the Fed is in a bit of a limbo state as it waits for clear evidence that 1Q GDP was a fluke and convincing signs of stronger wages. With significant policy changes a long way off, and with the intense market focus on Jackson Hole, we expect the Fed Chair to try to say nothing interesting about the policy outlook.
- 35 comments
- Read more
- 5523 reads
"An Unforgettable Winter" - Bank Of America's "Explanation" For The 17th Worst GDP Print In US HistorySubmitted by Tyler Durden on 06/25/2014 14:03 -0400
And so the polar bears penguins come out of hibernation, "explaining" today's disastrous GDP print. Randomly selected for your reading pleasure, here is Bank of Frigid America's Ethan Harris spiking the Kool Aid with an above Surgeon General recommended dose of hopium.
- 169 comments
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- 15974 reads


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Select Local Merchants
Blue Jean BluesRead MoreGrab a seat and dig in! Blue Jean Blues in Fort Lauderdale offers tasty eats everyone will enjoy. Dieters beware — Blue Jean Blues does not offer low-fat cuisine. Take a peek at the drink menu here, and make sure to sample something off the list. Unwind on a budget, and enjoy happy hour's low-cost beers and simple eats. Warm weather brings out Blue Jean Blues' highly coveted patio seating. Blue Jean Blues is a great location to host a group dinner. Sit back and enjoy the restaurant's live music, or take your table out on the dance floor. Take note that the restaurant can get a bit loud, so vocal cords and eardrums should be in tip-top shape. Weekend diners, beware! The restaurant is busiest on Friday and Saturday, so getting seated will take some time. Throw on your favorite T-shirt and head out the door — dining at Blue Jean Blues is all about comfort. Convenient street parking is easy to find outside Blue Jean Blues. Travel by bike to Blue Jean Blues and store your bike at a nearby rack. Blue Jean Blues is serving up five-star food at a reasonable price.3320 NE 33rd StFort Lauderdale, FL US
Into The BluesRead MoreFor an eclectic blend of flavors from cultures all over the world, check out Hollywood's Into The Blues. Ready for a drink to unwind? At Into The Blues, you can pair your meal with something from their full bar. Save money on a sitter — kids are welcome to join the table at Into The Blues. Looking for a good happy hour? Head to Into The Blues and treat yourself to a bite or a drink for a discounted price. Al fresco eating options are also available at Into The Blues, which presents a lovely patio seating area for warmer months. Have a large group? No problem. Head to Into The Blues for easy seating. Music lovers will appreciate Into The Blues' freshly mixed tunes spun by live DJs. Into The Blues also offers delivery and carry out if you're in the mood for the restaurant's cooking but prefer to provide your own ambience. Drivers will love the convenience of a parking lot with valet service near Into The Blues. Prices are a bit on the higher side, so this might be a good pick for a special night out. Into The Blues dishes up breakfast, lunch, and dinner, so stop by for your favorite meal.1906 Harrison StHollywood, FL US
Cuenca CigarsRead MoreIf you have a hankering for something extra tasty, sample the menu at Hollywood's Cuenca Cigars. Enjoy the luxury of eating a delicious meal outside at Cuenca Cigars. At Cuenca Cigars, you won't have to worry about circling the block multiple times to find parking. Prices are affordable, with a typical meal running under $30. Cuenca Cigars accepts Visa, MasterCard, Discover, American Express, and all major credit cards.1928 Harrison StHollywood, FL US
Ocean Ave Green Market CafeRead MoreWith its cool cafe vibe, Ocean Ave Green Market Cafe is the perfect place to unwind in Boynton Beach's Boynton Town district. Ocean Ave Green Market Cafe's diners can park in a nearby lot or on the street. For food that tastes like a million bucks, Ocean Ave Green Market Cafe s got you covered for a fraction of the price. Don't delay — head over to Ocean Ave Green Market Cafe for a great lunch.400 East Boynton Beach BoulevardBoynton Beach, FL US
The Fish HouseRead MoreFresh fare can be found at The Fish House, where diners seek to sample every seafood dish on the menu. Dieters beware — The Fish House does not offer low-fat cuisine. Toast your evening out at The Fish House with a glass of beer or wine from their lengthy drink list. Families will feel right at home at The Fish House with its kid-friendly menu and atmosphere. A great space for entertaining large parties, consider reserving the private room at The Fish House for your next big event. Wifi is on the house at The Fish House, so you can stay connected on your mobile device. The Fish House's outdoor seating is available during the warmer months. Reservations are not accepted at The Fish House, so you may encounter a crowd during rush hours. No need to gussy up for a trip to The Fish House, where patrons dress for comfort and fun. Or, take your grub to-go. Love the food so much you want to serve it at your next soiree? No problem — The Fish House offers catering. Guests can park for free in the adjoining lot. The menu at The Fish House is reasonably priced, with most items costing less than $30.10000 SW 56th StMiami, FL US
El CliqueRead MoreDon't limit yourself to one entree — at El Clique, you can sample a range of small plates (and share with your friends!). Fulfill your cravings with the yummy fare at El Clique. You won't be disappointed unless you're on a diet. This dining establishment is located near hassle-free parking options. Checks are bigger than average at the restaurant, so prepare your wallet.1252 Coral WayMiami, FL US


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text: Ramblin' Jack Elliott Caffe LenaSaratoga Springs, NY Share this event: Get Tickets There are no active dates for this event. Powered by Pre-sales end two hours before showtime. Remaining tickets will be available at the door while supplies last, starting a 1/2 hour before showtime. If the show sells out in advance, a Sold Out Message will be posted immediately on the Caffe's voicemail (518-583-0022). Not Available Event Ramblin' Jack Elliott On the occasion of our 51st anniversary, we wrap up another wonderful year at the Caffè Lena with a special concert and party, featuring guest of honor Mr. Ramblin' Jack Elliott! Beer, wine, hors d'oeuvres, desserts and a silent auction are included with your ticket."He was a brilliant entertainer . . . Most folk musicians waited for you to come to them. Jack went out and grabbed you. Jack was King of the Folksingers." -Bob DylanOne of the last true links to the great folk traditions of this country, with over 40 albums under his belt, Ramblin' Jack Elliott is considered to be one of the country's legendary foundations of folk music. From Johnny Cash to Tom Waits, Beck to Bonnie Raitt, Ry Cooder to Bruce Springsteen, the Grateful Dead to The Rolling Stones, they all pay homage to Ramblin' Jack Elliott. He ran away from his Brooklyn home at fourteen to join the rodeo and learned to play guitar from a cowboy. In 1950 he met Woody Guthrie, moved in with the Guthrie family, and traveled with Woody to California and Florida, from the redwood forests to the Gulf Stream waters.In the tradition of roving troubadours Jack continues to spread the seeds of story and song, keeping the traditions alive for today's generation. He has been honored with a 2009 Grammy for Best Traditional Blues Album, a 1995 Grammy for Best Traditional Folk Album, five additional Grammy nominations, and a National Medal of the Arts. Discussion LocationCaffe Lena 47 Phila Street Saratoga Springs, NY 12866 United States Categories Music > Folk Kid Friendly: Yes! Dog Friendly: No Non-Smoking: Yes! Wheelchair Accessible: No Contact Email:firstname.lastname@example.com


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From Our Editors
Featuring organic, nitrate, natural, farm-raised and hormone-free cuisine, Food Lab, located on Sunset Boulevard in Silver Lake, is a family-owned and vegan-friendly establishment. All of their plates, cups and cutlery are biodegradable and environmentally friendly, and their simple, but clean décor gives off a relaxing and fresh ambiance. There are only a couple of tables inside, but the white brick and natural wood detailing is very welcoming and inviting. Menu items are affordable and range from organic salads to organic curried chicken with lingonberry chutney on raison walnut bread to smoked salmon with crème fraiche, cucumber and lime zest. Fresh cut flowers adorn all of the tables and it gives off a soothing vibe, making it great spot to mellow out and enjoy a feel-good breakfast or lunch.


text: SDN Members don't see this ad. (About Ads) Hi all, thanks for the help! I am trying to decide between the following 4 programs for prelim year: 1. Kaiser Oakland 2. Santa Clara Valley TY and Prelim 3. CPMC 4. Scripps I am looking for a more 'laid back' year with high quality of life, and also learn on the wards. Thoughts on these programs???


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Cinamour Sells Forbidden Warrior at NATPE
Producer and distributor Cinamour Ent. announced at NATPE that it signed fours deals for its martial arts film, FORBIDDEN WARRIOR. Cinamour sold the 90-minute film to Rainbow Media's VOOM HD Channels, Eurocine (Spain and Andorra), Brand View Media (China Home Video) and DAAR Communications (Nigeria). The fantasy-adventure film follows the adventures of a female Asian mythical hero.


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COLUMBUS, Ohio In a new study, researchers at The Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center show that is possible to restore immune function in spinal injured mice.
People with spinal cord injury often are immune compromised, which makes them more susceptible to infections. Why these people become immune-suppressed is not known, but the Ohio State study found that a disorder called autonomic dysreflexia can cause immune suppression.
Autonomic dysreflexia is a potentially dangerous complication of high-level spinal cord injury characterized by exaggerated activation of spinal autonomic (sympathetic) reflexes. This can cause an abrupt onset of excessively high blood pressure that can cause pulmonary embolism, stroke and in severe cases, death.
"Our research offers an explanation for why people with spinal cord injuries develop a condition referred to as 'central immune depression syndrome.' Their immune systems, which are required to fight off infection, are suppressed due to damage or malfunction in regions of the spinal cord that help control immune function," said principal investigator Phillip G. Popovich, Ph.D., Professor of Neuroscience in Ohio State's College of Medicine and Director of Ohio State's Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair.
The study is published in the Journal of Neuroscience.
Researchers found that autonomic dysreflexia develops spontaneously in spinal cord injured mice, and becomes more frequent as time passes from the initial spinal cord injury.
They also found that simple, everyday occurrences that activate normal spinal autonomic reflexes, such as having bowel movements or emptying the bladder, become hyperactive and suppress immune function in people with spinal cord injury.
In the study, Popovich and colleagues were able to restore immune function in mice with spinal cord injuries using drugs that inhibit norep
|Contact: Eileen Scahill
Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center


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Only spent one night, but having arrived in the small hours from the airport, I was given a warm welcome, and also an extended checkout time so that I could get a few extra hours sleep! Breakfast was great, and the service of the staff in the Jasmine cafe in the lobby was superb, they were most kind and the pasta was delicious! The view from my room on the eighth floor was very good and gave me a first glimpse of Amman.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Crowne Plaza Amman Hotel is only 30 minutes drive from Queen Alia International Airport and enjoys a prime location in the heart of Amman's City Center,business district and major shopping areas. The Hotel has 279 guestrooms, all are equipped with modern amenities any travel would need. The hotel's leisure facilities are outstanding with heated indoor and Outdoor Swimming pools, Sauna, Jacuzzi, Turkish bath, not to mention the extensive list of facial & body treatments by the The Spa. 6 Restaurants & lounges satisfying all tastes & expectations. For the business traveler, the hotel has a fully equipped Business Center and a choice of 5 meeting rooms accommodating from 400 to 25 guests and delegates in a variety of setups. ... more less
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New Groups Restrict Categories and Groups Import Export.
- Groups 404 Redirect allows to redirect visits to pages that are protected by Groups.
- Groups Blog Protect restricts access to blogs based on group membership.
- Groups File Access Groups File Access is an extension that allows to provide file download links for authorized users. Access to files is restricted to users by their group membership.
- Groups Forums provides a powerful and yet light-weight forum system for WordPress sites.
- Groups Gravity Forms allows to add users to groups automatically, based on form submissions.
- Groups Import Export – An import and export extension for Groups.
- Groups Jigoshop Groups integration for Jigoshop that supports memberships and subscriptions.
- Groups Newsletters helps you to communicate efficiently, providing targeted information to groups of recipients through automated campaigns.
- Groups Notifications allows to send automatic notifications to group members and the site administrator.
- Groups PayPal – Sell memberships and subscriptions with Groups and PayPal.
- Groups Restrict Categories features access restrictions for categories, tags and other WordPress taxonomies, including support for custom post types and taxonomies.
- Groups Restrict Comments Pro This extension for Groups allows to restrict who can post or read comments based on a user's group membership.
- Groups Subscriptions is a subscription framework for Groups.
- Groups WooCommerce Groups for WooCommerce is a WordPress plugin that allows you to sell memberships.
- WooCommerce Group Coupons This extension for WooCommerce uses Groups and WordPress roles to limit the validity of coupons.
- WooCommerce Groups Newsletters The WooCommerce Groups Newsletters extension lets customers subscribe to newsletters at checkout.
User groups
- Supports an unlimited number of groups
- Provides a Registered group which is automatically maintained
- Users can be assigned to any group
- Users are added automatically to the Registered group
Groups hierarchy
- Supports group hierarchies with capability inheritance
Group capabilities
- Integrates standard WordPress capabilities which can be assigned to groups and users
- Supports custom capabilities: allows to define new capabilities for usage in plugins and web applications
- Users inherit capabilities of the groups they belong to
- Groups inherit capabilities of their parent groups
Access control
- Built-in access control that allows to restrict access to posts, pages and custom content types to specific groups and users only
- control access to content by groups: shortcodes allow to control who can access content on posts, show parts to members of certain groups or to those who are not members Shortcodes: [groups_member], [groups_non_member]
- control access to content by capabilities: show (or do not show) content to users who have certain capabilities Shortcodes: [groups_can], [groups_can_not]
Easy user interface
- integrates nicely with the standard WordPress Users menu
- provides an intuitive Groups menu
- conceptually clean views showing the essentials
- quick filters
- bulk-actions where needed, for example apply capabilities to groups, bulk-add users to groups, bulk-remove users from groups
Sensible options
- administrator overrides can be turned off
- optional tree view for groups can be shown only when needed
- provides its own set of permissions
- cleans up after testing with a "delete all plugin data" option
Access Control
Groups defines some capabilities of its own. The groups_read_post capability is used to restrict access to certain posts or pages to groups (and users) with that capability only.
- Solid and sound data-model with a complete API that allows developers to create group-oriented web applications and plugins
- All features are supported independently for each blog in multisite installations
Your opinion counts
You & Groups
Beta-testers and developers who need to integrate group-based features in their plugins and web applications: please use it and provide your feedback.
Feedback is welcome!
If you need help, have problems, want to leave feedback or want to provide constructive criticism, please do so here at the Groups plugin page.
Please try to solve problems there before you rate this plugin or say it doesn't work. There goes a lot of work into providing you with free quality plugins! Please appreciate that and help with your feedback. Thanks!
Follow me on Twitter for updates on this and other plugins.
Content Access Control
Access restrictions on posts
On posts an pages (and custom content types) a new meta box titles Access restrictions appears. By checking Enforce read access, you can restrict access to the post to groups and users who have the groups_read_post capability. You need to assign this capability to a group and make users members of that group to allow them to see those posts.
Content visibility for members and non-members
The [groups_member] and [groups_non_member] shortcodes are used to limit visibility of content to users who are members of a group or users who are not members of a group. Multiple comma-separated groups can be specified.
Example: Limiting visibility of enclosed content to registered users.
[groups_member group="Registered"]
Only registered users can see this text.
Content visibility based on capabilities
The [groups_can] and [groups_can_not] shortcodes limit visibility of enclosed content to those users who have the capability or those who do not have it. Multiple capabilities can be given.
Example: Showing enclosed content to users who can edit_posts (standard WordPress capability).
[groups_can capability="edit_posts"]
You can see this only if you have the edit_posts capability.
Integration in the 'Users' menu:
Users – group membership is managed from the standard Users admin view. Users are automatically added to the Registered group. You can add multiple users to other groups here and also remove them.
Sections in the 'Groups' menu:
Here you can:
- add groups
- remove groups
- assign capabilities to groups
This is where you add, remove and manage capabilities.
Capabilities can be assigned to groups and users (1). These capabilities include the standard WordPress capabilities but you can also define additional capabilities for your web-application.
Groups defines some capabilities of its own. The groups_read_post capability is used to restrict access to certain posts or pages to groups (and users) with that capability only.
(1) Assigning capabilities to users is not integrated in the user interface yet but can be done through API calls.
Administrator override :
Administrator overrides can be turned off.
Permissions :
For each role these permissions can be set:
- Access Groups: see information related to Groups.
- Administer Groups: complete control over everything related to Groups.
- Administer Groups plugin options: grants access to make changes on the Groups > Options admin section.
Testing the plugin :
A convenient option is provided to delete all data that has been stored by the Groups plugin. This option is useful if you just need to start from fresh after you have been testing the plugin.
Please visit the documentation page on shortcodes for up-to-date information: Groups Shortcodes
Download the Groups plugin on WordPress.
1,743 Responses to Groups
Andrei G July 7, 2015 at 5:27 pm #
I am using currently the Groups plugin with a couple of extensions on a private site that requires login to be viewed. I am looking to create two additional sites that will share possibly the same user and user meta database.
The idea is that some users will have access to one, two or all sites, depending on what Groups they're assigned to.
Is this something that is possible with the Groups plugin or how should I go about it?
I'm using Groups with the WooCommerce extension, and have run into a problem. It's possible for someone to order membership (which adds them to a special group) and a physical product in the same order. The provisioning system I'm using for physical products puts the order in "pending" state until the order ships, and the user is not added to the members group immediately.
I have added these users to the group using the bulk edit feature, but am having issues with ONE user. He is able to see the group-restricted forum (bbpress) fine, but unable to see a group-restricted page (it redirects using the Groups 404 Redirect extension). I've had him try on his phone and his computer, and in Safari and Firefox with the same results.
Any suggestions for clearing up this problem?
Mario August 8, 2015 at 5:36 pm #
I am looking to restrict access by custom post type. Restricting access on a post-by-post level will soon become difficult to manage.
Is there a way to easily restrict access to every post created from a specific custom post type? If so, can this be done with a snippet or a plugin/extension that currently exists?
Ryan August 9, 2015 at 12:11 pm #
Yes.. I have run into an issue with the Groups Plugin and am trying to get assistance…
I am using a WordPress Theme Called Directory+
This is basically a business directory theme with features built in to add this functionality. Within the WordPress Admin the theme adds a menu item named "Items" which holds the Business Directory Items/Categories/Locations. For some reason, when I enable the Groups Plugin, this entire "Items" menu disappears from the admin menu. This took me awhile to figure out because I have quite a few plugins. By process of elimination, I was able to determine that when I have the Groups Plugin enabled, this "Items" menu item disappears. As soon as I disable the Groups Plugin, this item comes right back!.
I am trying to setup the site with WooCommerce Subscriptions to manage members of the organization, whom as part of being a member, receive a page within the business directory for their company. When installing WooCommerce Subscriptions, it says that the Groups Plugin is required so I installed it but then my Business Directory (or "Items") menu disappeared.
Please provide any assistance you can… many thanks in advance.
Denis Miller August 10, 2015 at 10:43 pm #
Hi, there is a bug
I created the MyPage, set group to 'newgroup'.
This group was created.
Than I went to Groups and deleted newgroup.
MyPage is disappeared. I see number of pages: 8, but actually I can see only 7, without MyPage.
I disactivated Groups. And MyPage is there again!
Denis Miller August 12, 2015 at 8:17 pm #
one more page-
Kevin August 18, 2015 at 6:00 pm #
I'm currently using Groups with bbPress and the plugin limits forums like a charm! My one question though, is there a way I can get topics and replies to adopt the forums group?
Even though forums are limited topics are still visible by all!
whoaloic August 26, 2015 at 7:03 am #
I use your plugin in an extranet website.
Each member is registered manually with its group capabilities.
I have a mailchimp account and I would like to use RSS driven campaigns.
I already have mailchimp lists where subscribers are registered manually (I don't use a subscription form because I want to control which user is allowed to see specific content).
I mean that I use
My idea is to create mailchimp RSS driven campaigns per mailchimp list.
So each list matches with each group.
For example, I get posts with restrict access "Premium" (or capability "premium_read") so I would like the mailchimp list "Premium" would receive a RSS driven campaign of posts with "premium_read" capability.
Is it possible to set a capability as a feed ?
Thank you very much for your help.
Rob August 27, 2015 at 8:26 am #
I want to use the plugin with Woocommerce.
Can I use the plugin to let sellers sell products on the shop?
they need to ask to be able to sell products and the site manager need to approve them.
(you give support here, on the plugin page on WordPress or other place?)
Pre-purchase question:
I know there is a group hierarchy, but does it work too with the post restrictions where you use the shortcodes to put the restricted content inbetween?
Does explicit membership in a sub-group give implied membership to the parent group?
I ask because I have a parent group with a number of subgroups. I would like some content to be visible to users who have membership in any of the sub-groups. It would be easiest if I could simply query membership in the parent group, rather than in each of the sub-groups. To do that, do I need to explicitly assign the user membership in the parent group AND the sub-group? Or is sub-group membership sufficient that a query on parent group membership will return true even if I haven't explicitly granted that user membership?
Answer to my own comment, which I can't see even if I visint the link: http://www.itthinx.com/plugins/groups/comment-page-12/#comment-668379
you said that, assuming the groups Basic and Advanced which is a child group of Basic. Users from Advanced would not be able to see content restricted to Basic. I understand fully.
But will people from Basic have access to content restricted to Advanced? Meaning that if I create an Admin group and VIP group which is child group of Admin, the users in Admin group will be able to see the content restricted to VIP?
katerina September 11, 2015 at 1:17 pm #
Hi, is it possible to redirect a group user after login to a specific page(url)?
Hi, thanks for your work on this plugin. Is it possible to list groups by parent? Something like [groups_groups parent="1"]? If not, is it sensible for me to modify the plugin and add this?
Andrei G. September 15, 2015 at 9:36 pm #
I am aware of the Access Restrictions panel that allows you to select groups that ARE allowed access.
However, what if instead I would like to select only those that ARE NOT allowed access?
For example, if I have 20 groups and 18 of them have access, I would much rather select the 2 that do not have access instead of having to click through all the 18.
Any ideas?
Thank you.
Andrei G. September 15, 2015 at 9:43 pm #
I know that content can be restricted at a page or page content level, but what about things like widgets that are assigned to certain footer areas?
For example I would like to show certain user groups a certain contact info that is displayed via a footer widget, and then show a different group some other contact information instead.
Any ideas?
Todd Ryks September 24, 2015 at 4:43 pm #
We've purchased the WooCommerce groups and subscriptions. We have a members only area and would like to have a page that displays a list of member contact information. Is that possible with any of your plugins?
Bram October 4, 2015 at 6:11 pm #
Hi Antonio,
Is there a way to reverse the access?? So I have two pages, one should only be visible to guests/ unregistered and one i available for the two groups i created.
I have figured out how to NOT show the page or menulink for the group page. But I am struggeling with Not showing the guest page when someone is logged in in his/her group.
Can you give me a tip?
Bastien October 5, 2015 at 2:33 pm #
Hi guys,
We're using Visual Composer to build our pages and we haven't found a short and sweet way to use the "[groups_member group="XYZ"] … [groups_member]" shortcode to hide/display content on pages that uses different Visual Composer elements. It like the shortcode conflicts with the other VC shortcodes and doesn't behave appropriately.
Would you consider adding a Visual Composer block/element for Groups where we could put every VC element we want to hide/show for a given group? Or do you have maybe a way of using the shortcode in order for all VC blocks within the Groups shortcode in a text element to display/hide appropriately?
Waiting for your feedback!
whoaloic October 9, 2015 at 10:01 am #
I second this 😉
Craig Damon October 9, 2015 at 12:39 am #
We have a small problem we purchased your Subscription/Group plugin jigoshop.com it's not working correctly we need to update one of the 3 components but can login into your site with the credentials we created when we bought your product…further we can't find any documentation and the documentation link in the plugin returns a 404 page not found…Please advise…
whoaloic October 12, 2015 at 7:27 am #
When groups is enabled, I experience an issue of "Connection Lost" (Media library is extremely slow to reach documents).
When I deactivate groups, all works fine.
When I deactivate all plugin, except groups, same issue appears.
I try to switch to default theme, same issue appears.
Any idea to resolve this please?
July 2, 2015
[…] Groups by @itthinx (free plugin) […]
August 27, 2015
[…] you are using Groups by @itthinx and you need to filter the feeds, this code can help you: function my_feed_filter ( […]
October 1, 2015
[…] to provide an Answer (unless someone is familiar with this plugin). Hopefully, you already read the documentation and checked the code, […]


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Cheyenne Jewel gets hard lesbian punishment and fetish anal sex with Aiden Starr
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|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Número de solicitud
|Fecha de publicación
|24 Nov 2005
|Fecha de presentación
|20 May 2004
|Fecha de prioridad
|20 May 2004
|También publicado como
|Número de publicación
|Xiaoye Wu, Neil Bromberg, Alexander Kolker, Piero Simoni, Thomas Toth
|Cesionario original
|Xiaoye Wu, Bromberg Neil B, Alexander Kolker, Simoni Piero U, Toth Thomas L
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (9), Citada por (8), Clasificaciones (12), Eventos legales (3)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet
This invention relates generally to methods for computed tomography (CT) imaging and more particularly to methods and apparatus for calibrating CT imaging apparatus detectors to produce images having reduced artifacts.
X-ray CT measures x-ray attenuation through an object with a plurality of detector elements at various angular positions with respect to the object. With appropriate data processing, a cross-sectional image revealing inner structures of the object can be reconstructed. Reconstructed images represent a property of an object in response to x-rays (or other radiation), namely, the x-ray (or other radiation) linear attenuation. To reconstruct artifact free images, calibration of an CT imaging system and an appropriate correction must to be applied in the reconstruction process. For example, calibration and correction related detector response to incident x-ray spectrum must be performed. X-ray spectra often have wide energy bandwidths, typically from a few tens of keV to more than a hundred keV. In third generation CT configurations an X-ray tube and detectors rotate together around an object. This configuration makes image quality sensitive to spectral characteristics of detector elements. This sensitivity tends to be greatest for detector elements near iso-center, the axis around which the CT gantry rotates. Thus, effort has to be expended to produce and select detector elements with nearly identical spectral characteristics.
After detector elements are arranged in a detector array, a spectral calibration can be performed to determine residual spectral response differences among detector elements and to ensure that reconstructed images of water phantoms are uniform and free of artifacts. Inaccurate determination of spectral response differences between detector elements results in rings and bands in images around the iso-center. In at least one known method for spectral calibration, uniform phantoms made of water-like material are used for calibration. By scanning these phantoms, the detector response to an x-ray spectrum attenuated through a given length of water can be determined. However, multiple phantoms of various sizes are often required to cover the attenuation range needed for some types of imaging, including medical imaging, leading to lengthy calibration times. Spectral calibration is often performed every few months. Because of the complexity of the calibration procedure, well-trained technicians must usually be employed to perform these calibrations.
In one aspect, some configurations of the present invention provide a method for calibrating a computed tomographic imaging apparatus having a gantry, a radiation source operable at a plurality of kVp's, and a detector array having a plurality of detector elements. The method includes using a system detection function to estimate signals of each detector element that would have been detected through air and through a given thickness of water to determine estimated datasets. The estimated datasets are used to determine data pair sets each comprising a normalized water projection value and an ideal projection value for each detector element. The method further includes determining and storing a representation of a mapping function of the normalized water projections values to the ideal projection values in a memory of the computed tomographic imaging apparatus as a spectral calibration of the computed tomographic imaging apparatus.
In another aspect, some configurations of the present invention provide a computed tomographic imaging apparatus having a gantry, a radiation source operable at a plurality of kVp's, and a detector array having a plurality of detector elements. The apparatus is configured to use a system detection function to estimate signals of each detector element that would have been detected through air and through a given thickness of water to determine estimated datasets. The apparatus is configured to utilize the estimated datasets to determine data pair sets each comprising a normalized water projection value and an ideal projection value for each detector element. Also, the apparatus is configured to determine and store a representation of a mapping function of the normalized water projections values to the ideal projection values in a memory as a spectral calibration.
In another aspect, some configurations of the present invention provide a computed tomographic imaging apparatus having a rotating gantry, a radiation source operable at a plurality of kVp's, and a detector array having a plurality of detector elements. The radiation source and detector array are mounted on the rotating gantry and configured to rotate with the gantry. The CT imaging apparatus is configured to determine a set of system detection coefficients utilizing air scan measurements at a plurality of kVp's of the radiation source. Utilizing the determined set of system detection coefficients, the CT imaging apparatus is also configured to determine detected signals of each detector element through air and through a given thickness of water. Using the determined detected signals, the CT imaging apparatus is also configured to determine a plurality of data pair sets having a predicted signal and an ideal signal for each detector element and to obtain a spectral correction for the detector elements using the determined data pair sets.
Configurations of the present invention in principle do not require the scanning of phantoms. Instead, some configurations of the present invention are able to determine x-ray detection efficiency as a function of photon energy for individual detector elements by measuring x-ray projections through air at multiple kVps. With the detection efficiencies thus determined, spectral errors for an x-ray spectrum attenuated through any given size of water-like object can also be determined. Configurations of the present invention thus can be performed in the time required for conventional air calibrations and can be fully automated, making daily spectral calibration feasible. Moreover, some configurations of the present invention enable spectral calibration of arbitrary or dynamically varying beam filters (such as bow tie filters) that can be used to reduce radiation dose to the patient, even through physical calibration is not necessarily performed with a shape of a particular beam filter.
Example embodiments of methods and apparatus that facilitate calibration of CT imaging apparatus and CT imaging methods and apparatus having reduced image artifacts are described below in detail. A technical effect of the methods and apparatus described herein include at least one of calibration of CT imaging apparatus, reduction of image artifacts, and the determination of detector element detection efficiency as a function of photon energy for individual detector elements.
In some known CT imaging system configurations, an x-ray source projects a fan-shaped beam which is collimated to lie within an X-Y plane of a Cartesian coordinate system and generally referred to as an "imaging plane". The x-ray beam passes through an object being imaged, such as a patient. The beam, after being attenuated by the object, impinges upon an array of radiation detectors. The intensity of the attenuated radiation beam received at the detector array is dependent upon the attenuation of an x-ray beam by the object. Each detector element of the array produces a separate electrical signal that is a measurement of the beam intensity at the detector location. The intensity measurements from all the detectors are acquired separately to produce a transmission profile.
In third generation CT systems, the x-ray source and the detector array are rotated with a gantry within the imaging plane and around the object to be imaged such that the angle at which the x-ray beam intersects the object constantly changes. A group of x-ray attenuation measurements, i.e., projection data, from the detector array at one gantry angle is referred to as a "view". A "scan" of the object comprises a set of views made at different gantry angles, or view angles, during one revolution of the x-ray source and detector.
In an axial scan, the projection data is processed to construct an image that corresponds to a two-dimensional slice taken through the object. One method for reconstructing an image from a set of projection data is referred to in the art as the filtered backprojection technique. This process converts the attenuation measurements from a scan into integers called "CT numbers" or "Hounsfield units" (HU), which are used to control the brightness of a corresponding pixel on a cathode ray tube display.
To reduce the total scan time, a "helical" scan may be performed. To perform a "helical" scan, the patient is moved while the data for the prescribed number of slices is acquired. Such a system generates a single helix from a fan beam helical scan. The helix mapped out by the fan beam yields projection data from which images in each prescribed slice may be reconstructed.
Reconstruction algorithms for helical scanning typically use helical weighing algorithms that weight the collected data as a function of view angle and detector channel index. Specifically, prior to a filtered backprojection process, the data is weighted according to a helical weighing factor, which is a function of both the gantry angle and detector angle. The weighted data is then processed to generate CT numbers and to construct an image that corresponds to a two-dimensional slice taken through the object.
To further reduce the total acquisition time, multi-slice CT has been introduced. In multi-slice CT, multiple rows of projection data are acquired simultaneously at any time instant. When combined with helical scan mode, the system generates a single helix of cone beam projection data. Similar to the single slice helical, weighting scheme, a method can be derived to multiply the weight with the projection data prior to the filtered backprojection algorithm.
As used herein, an element or step recited in the singular and proceeded with the word "a" or "an" should be understood as not excluding plural said elements or steps, unless such exclusion is explicitly recited. Furthermore, references to "one embodiment" of the present invention are not intended to be interpreted as excluding the existence of additional embodiments that also incorporate the recited features.
Also as used herein, the phrase "reconstructing an image" is not intended to exclude embodiments of the present invention in which data representing an image is generated but a viewable image is not. However, many embodiments generate (or are configured to generate) at least one viewable image.
Referring to
Rotation of components on gantry 12 and the operation of x-ray source 14 are governed by a control mechanism 26 of CT system 10. Control mechanism 26 includes an x-ray controller 28 that provides power and timing signals to x-ray source 14 and a gantry motor controller 30 that controls the rotational speed and position of components on gantry 12. A data acquisition system (DAS) 32 in control mechanism 26 samples analog data from detector elements 20 and converts the data to digital signals for subsequent processing. An image reconstructor 34 receives sampled and digitized x-ray data from DAS 32 and performs high-speed image reconstruction. The reconstructed image is applied as an input to a computer 36, which stores the image in a storage device 38. Image reconstructor 34 can be specialized hardware or computer programs executing on computer 36.
Computer 36 also receives commands and scanning parameters from an operator via console 40 that has a keyboard. An associated cathode ray tube display 42 (or a suitable display of another type) allows the operator to observe the reconstructed image and other data from computer 36. The operator supplied commands and parameters are used by computer 36 to provide control signals and information to DAS 32, x-ray controller 28, and gantry motor controller 30. In addition, computer 36 operates a table motor controller 44, which controls a motorized table 46 to position patient 22 in gantry 12. Particularly, table 46 moves portions of patient 22 through gantry opening 48.
In one embodiment, computer 36 includes a device 50, for example, a floppy disk drive, CD-ROM drive, DVD drive, magnetic optical disk (MOD) device, or any other digital device including a network connecting device such as an Ethernet device for reading instructions and/or data from a computer-readable medium 52, such as a floppy disk, a CD-ROM, a DVD or another digital source such as a network or the Internet, as well as yet to be developed digital means. In another embodiment, computer 36 executes instructions stored in firmware (not shown). Computer 36 is programmed to perform functions described herein, and as used herein, the term computer is not limited to just those integrated circuits referred to in the art as computers, but broadly refers to computers, processors, microcontrollers, microcomputers, programmable logic controllers, application specific integrated circuits, and other programmable circuits, and these terms are used interchangeably herein.
Although the specific embodiment mentioned above refers to a third generation CT system, the methods described herein equally apply to fourth generation CT systems (stationary detector—rotating x-ray source) and fifth generation CT systems (stationary detector and x-ray source). Additionally, it is contemplated that the benefits of the invention accrue to imaging modalities other than CT. Thus, a rotating gantry is not present in all configurations of the present invention. Additionally, although the herein described methods and apparatus are described in a medical setting, it is contemplated that the benefits of the invention accrue to non-medical imaging systems such as those systems typically employed in an industrial setting or a transportation setting, such as, for example, but not limited to, a baggage scanning system for an airport or other transportation center.
In many of the example embodiments described herein, it is assumed that an x-ray source 14 is used and that radiation beam 16 is an x-ray beam. However, with the use of suitable detector elements 20, a different type of radiation source 14 can be substituted for x-ray source 14. In such configurations, beam 16 can more generally be referred to as a radiation beam 16.
Spectral errors that appear in reconstructed CT images, particularly third generation CT images, result from uncontrolled filtration of radiation beam 16 (for example, shadowing of an antiscatter collimator) and differences in signal production efficiency between detector elements as a function of incident photon energy. Thus, an incident x-ray spectrum attenuated by the same thickness of water will result in unequal signals being produced from different detector elements 20. Because attenuation of x-rays 16 through water is strongly dependent upon photon energy, and detection efficiency is also a function of photon energy, a difference in detected signal can not be compensated using air measurements. Thus, rings and bands occur in third generation CT images.
A detector array 18 in many configurations comprises a plurality of detector modules, i.e., groups of detector elements 20 that comprise a single unit out of a plurality of such units forming a portion of detector array 18. As the number of detector 18 rows in a CT imaging system 10 increases and the number of operation modes dramatically increases, the probability of finding high quality detector modules in all detector array 18 rows decreases and staging time for phantom-based spectral calibration increases. Configurations of the present invention thus provide methods and apparatus for rapid, high sensitivity spectral calibration. Detection efficiency is used to determine spectral errors rather than phantom-by-phantom direct spectral error measurements.
In some configurations of the present invention, for a selected beam filter, a number of scans are performed at various kVp settings of x-ray tube 14. Detection efficiency for each detector element 20 is determined using changes in detected signal from these scans. Spectral errors for various path lengths of water absorber (i.e., a water-based phantom used as object 22) are determined using knowledge of the initial x-ray spectrum, the materials of a beam filter (not shown in the Figures), and detector element 20 detection efficiencies as a function of photon energy.
Some configurations of the present invention thus determine detector element 20 detection efficiencies as a function of photon energy. Spectral errors originate from several aspects, namely, beam-hardening by water, the uncontrolled beam filter, and usually most importantly, differential efficiency among the plurality of detector elements 20. Beam hardening by water is a physical property that can be calculated precisely. If the incident x-ray spectra are well-controlled, the beam hardening effect can be accurately predicted and removed. Spectral errors resulting from the uncontrolled beam filter and differential efficiency among detector elements 20 are produced by imperfections in manufacturing and are thus unpredictable. The combined effect of uncontrolled beam filter and differential efficiency can be combined mathematically into a deviation in detection efficiency. Various configurations of the present invention determine the detection efficiency as a function of incident photon energy by comparing relative signal level among several x-ray spectra.
An ideal projection value Pideal(i, kv) is written:
P ideal(i, kv)=ΣE {S(E, kv)*E[1−exp(−μ(scintillator, E)*T L)]*exp(−b(E, kv, i)} (1)
The predicted (i.e., estimated) projection values (i.e., ideal projection coefficients) form a dataset {P(i, kv)} that takes into account physical properties of detection components of imaging system 10. The dataset of ideal projection coefficients is determined at 106 from the simulation at 104. (The "detection components of imaging system 10" include detector elements 20, radiation source 14, and filter 19, if present, and other spectral effects introduced by detector array 18.) The predicted projection values are written:
P(i, kv)=ΣE {S(E, kv)*E[1−exp(−μ(scintillator, E)*T L)]*exp(−b(E, kv, i)*f(E, i)} (2)
where f(E, i) is the system detection function for photons with energy E. The system detection function f(E, i) can be modeled as a smooth function of E, for example and not by way of limitation, a polynomial with system detection coefficients Xn(i) such as f(E, i)=X0(i)+X1(i)*E+X2(i)*E2+X3(i)*E3.
The acquired dataset {D(i, kv)} (subtracting an electronic offset reading) is normalized at 108, using an expression written Dnorm(i, kv)=D(i, kv)/ΣiD(i, kv), where Dnorm(i, kv) represents the normalized measured data.
The ideal projection data coefficients are normalized at 110, using an expression written Pnorm(i, kv)=P(i, kv)/ΣiPideal(i, kv).
In various configurations of the present invention, the various values of system detection coefficients Xn(i) are determined at 112 for each detector element using a relationship written Pnorm(i, kv)=Dnorm(i, kv) by solving a set of linear equations, if system detection function f(E, i) is expressed in a polynomial form as shown herein. Otherwise, if necessary, nonlinear or numerically-derived techniques can be used to determine the system detection function f(E, i).
In some configurations, an air projection dataset {A(i, kv)} is estimated at 114 using the values of Xn(i). The model A(i, kv) is written:
A(i, kv)=ΣE {S(E, kv)*E[1−exp(−μ(scintillator, E)*T L)]*exp(−b(E, kv, i)*f(E, i)}.
Also, at 116, a projection dataset through water {W(i, kv, L)} for path length L is estimated at 116 using the values of Xn(i):
W(i, kv, L)=ΣE {S(E, kv)*E[1−exp(−μ(scintillator, E)*T L)]*exp(−b(E, kv, i)*f(E, i)*exp(−μ(water, E)*L)}.
Next, the water projection is logarithmically normalized to the air projection at 118 to produce a projection value Proj(i, kv, L) written:
Proj(i, kv, L)=−log[W(i, kv, L)/A(i, kv)].
An nth order polynomial is fitted to the data pair (normalized water projection, ideal projection)=(Proj(i, kv, L), Ideal(i, kv, L)) to generate the spectral calibration vector at 120. The normalized water projection data Proj(i, kv, L) is mapped to the ideal projection value, which is written as:
Ideal(i, kv, L)=μ*L,
where μ is a constant that is equal to the water linear attenuation at the average x-ray energy for a given kVp, and spectral cal vectors are also generated. The purpose of spectral cal for water is to linearize a measured projection value to water path length. More particularly, a mapping function Proj(i, kv, L)=>Ideal(i, kv, L) is the spectral calibration, which can either be in the form of a look-up table or in some functional form. A polynomial fit can characterize the mapping. The coefficients of the mapping polynomial can be obtained by fitting data pairs (Proj(i, kv, L), Ideal(i, kv, L)) generated at various water path length L.
Steps 114, 116, 118, and 120 can be iterated with different bowtie filter 19 shapes, if bowtie filter 19 (or another adjustable filter) is present to obtain different mappings for different values of b(E, kv, i). The different mappings are especially useful for applying a spectral correction to adaptive or dynamic beam filters that change the beam filter shape before or during patient scanning.
Thus, an ideal spectral effect is modeled by simulation of an x-ray beam spectrum and its interaction with materials such as filters in the beam path and water phantoms. Deviation from the ideal model is determined from the measurements at multiple kVp's. Detector detection efficiency as a function of photon energy and any additional filtration in the beam path is modeled as the absorption coefficients of a polynomial function directly as shown herein, or two distinct materials plus a polynomial, or any other smooth functional form. System detection coefficients Xn(i) are determined from measurements of air scans through known beam filters or through air scans without beam filters, at a plurality of kVp's. The number of kVp's required in some configurations is equal to or greater than the number of unknown coefficients in the functional form, or, in some other configurations, a least squares method of obtaining coefficients is used. The functional form can be further reduced to linear terms of the unknown coefficients, simplifying the process of obtaining the solutions of the unknown coefficients. Upon obtaining the coefficients in the functional form, the detected signal of each detector element through the beam filter and through a given thickness of water is determined for a spectrum at a given kVp. The spectral errors of any detector element can be determined by comparing the calculated signal, normalized to a calculated air signal, with the negative of the logarithm taken and incorporating the detection functional form, to the ideal signal (or a corrected signal). The ideal signal used here is a linear function of the water penetration length. By making such determinations for all penetration lengths of water relevant to imaging (for example, in a medical imaging application), a data pair set of predicated signal and ideal signal is built for each detector element. This data pair set provides a direct spectral correction for removing beam hardening in water and eliminating detector errors. This data pair set can be fitted by a polynomial, providing fast spectral correction. Moreover, the spectral correction can be performed dynamically or statically for any beam filter shape, upon the determination of the system detection coefficients Xn(i). For example and without limitation, a spectral correction can be applied to adaptive beam filters that change the beam filter shape before or during patient scanning for radiation dose reduction.
Configurations of the present invention can be used in combination with other calibration methods. For example, spectral calibration using phantoms can be used in combination with configurations of the present invention to achieve improved image quality by accounting for non-spectral related detector efficiency deviation such as x-ray scatter.
Configurations of the present invention described herein are directed to spectral correction for water or water-like materials. However, configurations of the present invention that determine detection efficiency as a function of photon energy for detector elements can also be used in other applications. Such other applications include, but are not limited to, correction of image artifacts originated from spectral changes due to materials other than water or water-like materials, such as bones, contract agents, metal implants, or other materials. Correction factors can be obtained in a manner similar to that described above by including the extra materials in the processing.
It will thus be appreciated that configurations of the present invention provide accurate determination of the spectral errors for individual detector elements across an entire field of view. These spectral errors can be characterized as a high-order polynomial for fast data correction. Besides providing high accuracy, configurations of the present invention do not require calibration phantoms, thereby allowing rapid and simple calibration. The process can be fully automated and performed daily. Configurations of the present invention make possible spectral calibration for adaptive beam filters that reduce radiation dose to the patient. Such an adaptive beam filter can dynamically change filter shape according to patient size, making it difficult and time-consuming to perform spectral calibration on each of the beam filter configurations. However, configurations of the present invention determine detector response to x-rays captured under a given filter, or no beam filter at all, so that the spectral correction for any given beam filter can be dynamically calculated based on the knowledge of the material in the beam filter, and the determination of Xn(i).
While the invention has been described in terms of various specific embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the claims.
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By / 5 Nov 2014
There may not be another genre that delivers the automotive experience to the same extent. You can spend a lot on a roadster depending on type and heritage, but since they're plentiful in affordable price ranges, they're also a great point of entry to classic car ownership. Here are five classic British roadsters currently on sale for every budget.
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