text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|18 Nov 2003
|Filing date
|12 Apr 2002
|Priority date
|12 Apr 2002
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|David A. Bailey, Norman E. Johnson
|Original Assignee
|David A. Bailey, Norman E. Johnson
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (20), Referenced by (15), Classifications (11), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention is generally directed to an attitude control system for a spacecraft and, more specifically, to controlling a control moment gyro array with a reaction wheel assembly control unit.
Presently, there are numerous three axis stabilized spacecraft (e.g., satellites) that use reaction wheel assemblies (RWAs) for attitude control. Due to the complexity of spacecraft attitude control, the monetary investment in software for a typical RWA control unit is generally quite large. Typically, signals provided by an inertial sensor as well as reference signals provided by other sensors (e.g., earth, sun and star sensors), incorporated within the spacecraft, are utilized by the RWA control unit to determine the effect on the spacecraft when a speed of a rotor, i.e., a wheel, of an RWA has been changed. In general, each sensor and wheel has included an interface, which allows the sensors and wheels to provide information to and/or receive information from the RWA control unit in a designated format (e.g., 1553 protocol). In this manner, the RWA control unit can appropriately control the telemetry of the spacecraft.
To achieve attitude control of the spacecraft, a typical RWA control unit provides torque signals to each RWA associated actuator (e.g., motor/generator), which cause an associated rotor, i.e., wheel, to turn at a desired speed, which wheel speed is, in turn, provided to the RWA control unit. In general, a wheel speed (ω) is related to a torque command (τ) by the following equation:
where J is the moment of inertia of a given RWA wheel and S is the Laplace Operator.
In general, a torque command is received by an RWA interface, which provides an appropriate signal to the motor and also provides feedback to the RWA control unit, in the form of an associated wheel speed. Each RWA may have it own RWA interface or a centralized interface may be utilized for all of the RWAs. The speeds received by the RWA control unit are utilized, in part, to determine an appropriate external torque for the satellite, so as to desaturate stored angular momentum of the RWA array. Various desaturation techniques may be implemented, such as magnetic torquer bars that produce a torque by reacting against the earth's magnetic field or hot or cold gas thrusters may be used in pairs to produce a desired torque. While many spacecraft would benefit from the increased agility provided by control moment gyros (CMGs), many spacecraft manufacturers have not gravitated to CMG arrays due to the large monetary investment incurred in writing and refining software to control RWA arrays.
Thus, it would be desirable to provide an attitude control system for a spacecraft that is capable of utilizing a reaction wheel assembly (RWA) control unit to control a control moment gyro (CMG) array.
The present invention is directed to an attitude control system for a spacecraft that includes an attitude control assembly (ACA) interface, a control moment gyro (CMG) array and a reaction wheel assembly (RWA) control unit. The CMG array includes a plurality of CMGs, which are coupled to and receive CMG gimbal rates from the ACA interface and provide CMG gimbal angles to the ACA interface. The RWA control unit is coupled to the ACA interface and provides RWA torque commands to the ACA interface. The ACA interface converts the torque commands to CMG gimbal rates and receives CMG gimbal angles from the CMGs and converts the CMG gimbals angles into RWA speeds, which are provided to the RWA control unit.
These and other features, advantages and objects of the present invention will be further understood and appreciated by those skilled in the art by reference to the following specification, claims and appended drawings.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary spacecraft with a plurality of control moment gyros (CMGs) arranged in a pyramidal configuration for orienting the spacecraft about any arbitrary axis;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an exemplary reaction wheel assembly (RWA) control unit coupled to an RWA array;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an RWA control unit that is coupled to a CMG array by an ACA interface, according to an embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 4 is a block diagram depicting the transfer functions implemented by the interface of FIG. 3.
According to the present invention, an attitude control system (ACS) for a spacecraft utilizes a reaction wheel assembly (RWA) control unit to control a control moment gyro (CMG) array. This advantageously allows satellite designers to utilize CMG arrays for increased spacecraft agility, while re-utilizing software developed for RWA array control.
FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary CMG array 100, incorporated within an associated spacecraft, that includes six CMGs 102-112 aligned in a pyramidal configuration. According to the present invention, the CMGs 102-112 may be controlled by an RWA control unit, via an interface, to control the attitude of the spacecraft.
FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary attitude control system 200, which includes an RWA control unit 202 that is coupled to a plurality of reaction wheel assemblies (RWAs) 204, 206, 208 and 210, which form an RWA array 214. The RWA control unit 202 is programmed to provide torque commands (τ) to each of the RWAs 204-210 and to receive wheel speeds (ω) from each of the RWAs 204-210. The RWA control unit 202 also receives inputs from a sensor array 212, which includes an inertial sensor and may include earth, sun and star sensors.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, as is shown in FIG. 3, an interface 316 is implemented, which allows the RWA control unit 202 to be utilized to control a control moment gyro (CMG) array 314. That is, the interface 316 converts torque commands received from the RWA control unit 202 into CMG gimbal rates ({dot over (δ)}) for each of a plurality of control moment gyros (CMGs) 304, 306, 308 and 310, included within CMG array 314. Each of the CMGs 304-310 provide CMG gimbal angles (δ) to the interface 316 which converts the gimbal angles into wheel speeds (ω) which are provided to the RWA control unit 202. In this manner, the RWA control unit 202 can continue to utilize software that was developed to control RWA arrays, while at the same time benefiting from the increased agility provided by CMG arrays.
FIG. 4 shows transfer functions implemented within the interface 316 of FIG. 3. It should be appreciated that the transfer functions can be realized in hardware or software. As is shown, a plurality of torque commands (τ) are provided by the RWA control unit 202 to the interface 316. The product of the torque commands (τ) and a satellite angular momentum rate (hs) yield satellite torques ωs. The satellite angular momentum rate (hs) is defined by the following formula:
where 'B' is the Jacobian from RWA speed to angular momentum
The Jacobian 'B' matrix is a '3�n' matrix of rank 3, where 'n' is the number of active RWAs. The product of the satellite torque command ωs and a transfer function [AAT+λE]−1 provides the gimbal rate ({dot over (δ)}), which is provided to the CMG array 314. As used herein, 'A' is the Jacobian from CMG angle to angular momentum
where 'H' is the angular momentum and 'δ' is the CMG gimbal angle. The robust pseudo inverse, as is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,039,290, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, is used to transform the torque command to the CMG gimbal rate.
The CMGs integrate the respective gimbal rate producing gimble angles (δ). The product of the gimbal angles (δ) and the 'A' matrix yield the stored angular momentum 'H' of the CMG array. The product of the inverse 'B' matrix and the angular momentum 'H' is then divided by the wheel moment of inertia 'J' to yield equivalent speeds (ω) of the virtual RWA. If 'n' (i.e., the number of wheels implemented) is greater than three, then B−1 represents the pseudo inverse of 'B', which is the Jacobian from the RWA speed to the angular momentum. The speeds (ω) are then fed back to the RWA control unit 202 such that the RWA control unit 202 can manage the store angular momentum of the spacecraft in a conventional manner.
Accordingly, an attitude control system has been described herein that includes an attitude control assembly (ACA) interface that receives RWA torque commands from an RWA control unit and converts the torque commands to CMG gimbal rates, which are provided to a CMG array. The ACA interface also converts gimbal angles received from the CMG array into RWA wheel speeds, which are provided to the RWA control unit.
The above description is considered that of the preferred embodiments only. Modification of the invention will occur to those skilled in the art and to those who make or use the invention. Therefore, it is understood that the embodiments shown in the drawings and described above are merely for illustrative purposes and not intended to limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the following claims as interpreted according to the principles of patent law, including the doctrine of equivalents.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|17 May 1974
|6 Jul 1976
|Sperry Rand Corporation
|Torque control system for reaction wheel assemblies and the like
|28 Dec 1984
|9 Feb 1988
|The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc.
|Energy storage attitude control and reference system
|13 Nov 1987
|2 May 1989
|Honeywell, Inc.
|Single gimbal control moment gyroscope skewed array mounting arrangement
|22 Dec 1992
|7 Feb 1995
|Honeywell Inc.
|Direct torque control moment gyroscope
|16 Jul 1993
|1 Aug 1995
|Hughes Aircraft Company
|High torque double gimbal control moment gyro
|18 Nov 1994
|18 Mar 1997
|Hughes Electronics
|Spacecraft energy storage, attitude steering and momentum management system
|15 May 1995
|2 Dec 1997
|Hughes Aircraft Company
|Universal spacecraft attitude steering control system
|2 Sep 1997
|2 Mar 1999
|Honeywell Inc.
|Non colocated rate sensing for control moment gyroscopes
|16 Mar 1998
|21 Mar 2000
|Honeywell Inc.
|Robust singularity avoidance in satellite attitude control
|16 Mar 1998
|11 Apr 2000
|Honeywell Inc.
|Escaping singularities in a satellite attitude control
|16 Mar 1998
|3 Oct 2000
|Honeywell International Inc.
|CMG control based on angular momentum to control satellite attitude
|16 Mar 1998
|10 Oct 2000
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Continuous attitude control that avoids CMG array singularities
|29 Sep 1998
|24 Oct 2000
|Hughes Electronics Corporation
|Spacecraft attitude control actuator and method
|28 Jun 1999
|6 Feb 2001
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Tilt table
|26 Aug 1998
|22 Jan 2002
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Moment control unit for spacecraft attitude control
|3 May 2000
|29 Jan 2002
|Space Systems/Loral, Inc.
|Spacecraft motion estimation using a gimballed momentum wheel
|17 May 2000
|12 Mar 2002
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Mitigating gimbal induced disturbances in CMG arrays
|24 Jan 2000
|23 Apr 2002
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Angular rate and reaction torque assembly
|30 Oct 2000
|27 Aug 2002
|Astrium Sas
|Electrical energy management and attitude control system for a satellite
|1 Feb 2000
|8 Oct 2002
|Raytheon Company
|System and method for controlling the attitude of a space craft
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|10 Jul 2002
|10 Aug 2004
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Multi-function reaction wheel assemblies for controlling spacecraft attitude
|28 Aug 2003
|12 Jul 2005
|Arizona Board Of Regents
|Singularity escape/avoidance steering logic for control moment gyro systems
|30 Jul 2004
|21 Mar 2006
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Method and system for optimizing torque in a CMG array
|23 Jul 2004
|24 Jul 2007
|Honeywell International, Inc.
|Method and system for CMG array singularity avoidance
|30 Nov 2005
|6 Apr 2010
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Method and system for controlling sets of collinear control moment gyroscopes with offset determination without attitude trajectory of spacecraft
|29 Sep 2006
|28 Sep 2010
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Hierarchical strategy for singularity avoidance in arrays of control moment gyroscopes
|17 Dec 2008
|26 Jun 2012
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Methods and systems for efficiently orienting an agile vehicle using a gyroscope array
|16 Dec 2009
|20 Nov 2012
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Control moment gyroscope based momentum control systems in small satellites
|30 Sep 2010
|4 Nov 2014
|University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc.
|Split flywheel assembly with attitude jitter minimization
|30 Jul 2004
|2 Feb 2006
|Peck Mason A
|Method and system for optimizing torque in a cmg array
|23 Jul 2004
|9 Feb 2006
|Peck Mason A
|Method and system for CMG array singularity avoidance
|19 Jul 2010
|20 Jan 2011
|Jason Herman
|Modular control moment gyroscope (cmg) system for spacecraft attitude control
|30 Sep 2010
|20 Sep 2012
|University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc.
|Split Flywheel Assembly With Attitude Jitter Minimization
|20 Jul 2005
|23 Feb 2006
|Honeywell Int Inc
|Method and system for optimizing torque in a cmg array
|18 Jul 2005
|17 Aug 2006
|Honeywell Int Inc
|Method and system for cmg array singularity avoidance
|U.S. Classification
|244/165, 244/164, 701/4, 701/13
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|12 Apr 2002
|20 Mar 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|22 Apr 2011
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|24 Apr 2015
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Mac Hammond's prosperity gospel church going broke
God's feeling the recession pinch as hard as everyone else: Mac Hammond's prosperity gospel Living Word Christian Church is broke.
Hennepin County records show that property owned by the Brooklyn Park mega-church is now owned by the money changers. TCF Bank bought the property in a sheriff's foreclosure sale for $5.1 million.
The foreclosure sale is ironic. Hammond's mega-church empire made him rich, and he preached a version of scripture that insisted it was evil to be poor.
The church's podium was also the stage from which Michele Bachmann declared she was hot for Jesus, and where Hammond endorsed her.
Even though Living Word has raked in millions in donations, it's been struggling financially of late. In 2008 it failed repeatedly to meet its own monthly budget. The way the church raises and spends money has been the subject of a long-running battle with the IRS and congressional investigations. Hammond has been forced to flog of the church's controversial private plane. And the church recently sued in an effort to avoid repaying $2.2 million in donations from a Ponzi schemer.
You know times are tough when a man of God can't let go of a crook's ill-gotten gains.
We heard Hammond say a few years ago that the only way to get out from under financial pressure is to open your pockets and tithe until the day you die. We'll be interested to see if he follows his own advice.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
KAES Enterprises, LLC
B-408366: Aug 7, 2013
Additional Materials:
- Full Report:
Ralph O. White
(202) 512-8278
(202) 512-4800
(202) 512-8278
Office of Public Affairs
(202) 512-4800
KAES Enterprises, LLC, of Puyallup, Washington, protests the decision to place an order with Energy Pro OSC, LLC, of West Columbia, South Carolina under request for quotations (RFQ) No. RFQP05001300002, issued by the Department of Justice, Bureau of Prisons, for emergency generator maintenance. KAES Enterprises argues that Energy Pro's quotation should have been rejected for failure to comply with the limitation on subcontracting set forth at Federal Acquisition Regulation § 52.219-14.
We deny the protest.
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The October Wisconsin VMUG meeting is on the 6th at Promega in Madison. 1st Basis Consulting and Pure Storage are sponsoring.
vBeers – The Bar on Lynndale in Appleton 6th Thursday August 2015
We will be having a vBeers event after our August WI-VMUG meeting in Appleton, WI at The Bar on Lynndale Ave. Please come meet us for drinks and appetizers even if you can't make it to the meeting itself!
Location: The Bar on Lynndale Ave
Address: 2435 W. Nordale Avenue, Appleton, Wisconsin 54913
Date: August 6th 2015
Time: 2:30pm
Hope to see you there!
Like vBeers on Facebook
Join the vBeers Community on Google Plus
Join us for the upcoming Wisconsin VMUG meeting at FVTC in Appleton! This is a great opportunity to come together with your fellow VMware users to discuss virtualization trends, best practices, and the latest technology!
IGEL and Netech are sponsoring this meeting.
Registration is open and included as part of member benefits for all VMUG members. Pre-registration for this event will close on Wednesday, August 5, 2015. Onsite registration will be available.
Special Directions or Parking Instructions: The meeting room is just inside the South entrance of the building. Parking is available on the north and south sides of the building.
The will be a vBeers at The Bar on Lynndale in Appleton immediately following the meeting.
Thank you to everyone who came out yesterday to our 6th annual VMUG UserCon in Madison! We beat last years attendance goal and topped out over 500 attendees! There was a lot of great sessions, sponsor interaction, good food, cool demos, cold beer, and networking with old and new friends.
The Wisconsin VMUG team thanks it membership, the sponsors, the speakers, volunteers, and VMUG HQ for helping us put on a fantastic event in 2015! We are looking forward (and already planning) for another awesome event in 2016!
Well, the UserCon itself isn't starting yet it's just today's warmup events that are about to get started. Tomorrow is our 6th annual all day User Conference but we are getting things started today with a couple of related events:
If you haven't yet registered for the 2015 WI-VMUG UserCon, you can register here. If you find pre-registration is closed, don't worry as you can also register on-site tomorrow.
Here's a link to a previous blog post with many more details but here's a couple important highlights to know:
WI-VMUG is having our annual UserCon on April 28th and to start it off on an awesome foot, we are hosting a vBeers the night before at the bar of the Marriott. We are graciously being sponsored by both Capital Data and Pure Storage. They will have engineers at the event which can answer any and all questions you have about their respective businesses. This will also allow for an OPEN BAR!! The timing on the open bar is still being determined but we are planning for 5:30-9:30pm currently with appetizers available.
Location: Marriott Madison West
Address: 1313 John Q Hammons Drive Middleton, WI 53562
Date: Monday, April 27th 2015
Time: 5:30pm
We hope if you are coming to the UserCon and staying over the night before, or if you are in the Madison area, stop in and talk to some VMUG members, enjoy some drinks, and get psyched for the WI-VMUG 2015 UserCon!!!
Like vBeers on Facebook
Join the vBeers Community on Google Plus
It's almost time for the 6th Annual Wisconsin VMUG UserCon. The 2015 User Conference is shaping up to be our biggest and we think our best event ever. It is being held on Tuesday, April 28th at the Madison Marriott West.
Last year we had 480 attendees, our goal going into this year was 525 but we are hoping to go above and beyond that number. To do so we need your help. If you haven't registered yet, what better time than now to do so. Also help spread the word to your customers, co-workers and friends. This free event is open to everyone whether you are a current VMUG member or not.
If you want to get an idea of what the event is like and the enthusiasm of the attendees, check out this VMUG Membership Benefits video filmed during last year's conference:
There are two outstanding events being held at the same venue the day before to get the ball rolling:
Here's some of the highlights of the UserCon:
While everything highlighted above makes this a can't miss event, many of those who have attended this event in the past will tell you that the biggest reason to attend is all the great networking opportunities with your peers, VMware staff and our sponsors throughout the day.
There are three last items that we need to point out:


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Malmo 5 star hotels
Find quality 5 star hotels in Malmo, Sweden. Malmo 5 star hotels are also well known for their Location and Hotel Staff.
Recommended hotels
From US$121
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Perfect in every way
After disappointment in the hotel Copenhagen I could not fault this hotel in Malmo. Perfect in every way. Room very clean, spacious and comfortable. Very enjoyable stay. Would definitely recommend..."
Lynne S 9 Sep 2014
Prices reflect the lowest "base rate" found over the next 30 days. Rates are subject to change and may not include taxes and fees, hotel service charges, extra person charges, or incidentals, such as room service. Converted rates are provided for your convenience. They are based on today's exchange rate, but the hotel will charge you in the local currency. Taxes may be payable in addition.
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Custom metal casting - Need help with the summoning ritual
January 30, 2014 7:19 AM Subscribe
I have a wax model (a small buckle). I'm interested in getting 500 or so brass or bronze castings made of it. Does anyone have any experience with a contract casting house? Who? How were they to deal with? What were prices like?
Maybe call art schools around you? They might have leads to foundries in your area..
posted by Vaike at 12:58 PM on January 30, 2014
posted by Vaike at 12:58 PM on January 30, 2014
This thread is closed to new comments.


text:
" While it may be tempting to use broad generalizations about the way business aircraft are most often used in America today, let's not neglect the importance of business aviation as a crucial competitive asset to companies, an economic driver and lifeline to communities large and small. "
Gulfstream unveils G250 super-midsize jet
As forecast in our previous issue, Gulfstream announced the G250 at the National Business Aviation Association convention in Orlando, Fla., in October. The jet falls into the super-midsize category and will cost about $24 million.
Preliminary performance numbers for the G250 include 3,400-nautical-mile range and a maximum speed of Mach 0.85. The design will retain the G200 fuselage but have a new wing and T-tail. It will be built under contract by Israel Aircraft Industries in Tel Aviv. Certification and start of deliveries are planned for 2011.
The G250 is the second new aircraft announced this year by the Savannah, Ga.-based business jet manufacturer. The large-cabin G650 was launched in March and the company began accepting orders for it at the NBAA convention.
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T-Shirts Display The Entire Text Of Favorite Novels [Pics]
Litographs is a company that designs unique posters and t-shirts featuring words from a piece of literature.
Litographs offers unique posters featuring the text from entire books. Founded by Danny Fein, the company has launched a campaign on Kickstarter to create their next product: t-shirts that let you wear your favorite book on your sleeve. They have worked with Sharprint to produce these screen printed t-shirts with all-over designs, and are seeking $15,000 for the first production run.
The text tees display the contents of an entire novel, with Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, On the Origin of Species, The Great Gatsby, Moby Dick, and a fifth design that can be voted on. Graphics that represent each book are created through creative placing of the text. A Litographs t-shirt of your choice is available for a pledge of $30. Click through to see some images of the designs and check out the campaign video below:
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There are, however, new possibilities opening up around the next generation of mediated experiences. Of course, the artistic possibilities are tremendous, but the implications are far greater for many fields which may be struggling with their digital upkeep. From advertising to fashion, art to pornography, the photograph will not be "flat" anymore. The image can be seen from any angle, from the swipe of a touchscreen or drag from a mouse, or explored step-by-step with a headset and motion detector. "Photoshopping" will be 3D. It is not only industry-class endeavours that will change, as depth-sensing is now smaller and portable, and could give the (word-of-the-year contender) selfie an added dimension. Will the Facebooks or Flickrs support this new format? Or will another contender arise to facilitate a new process of creative self-identification?
Prosthetic Knowledge Picks: Computational Photography
Prosthetic Knowledge | Thu Oct 3rd, 2013 10 a.m.(0)
The latest in an ongoing series of themed collections of creative projects assembled by Prosthetic Knowledge. This edition brings together works dealing with computational photography, featuring new technologies which may alter the experience, relationship, and even definition of "the image."
The digital eye is an ubiquitous feature of current portable technology—webcams, DSLRs, mobile phones, tablets, even MP3 players. The Black Mirror-like ability to capture a moment and share it on social networks has shifted image recording from the creation of discrete analog mementos to an ongoing process of self-identification.
by Michael Connor on Sep 29th, 2015
by Anton Haugen on Sep 29th, 2015
by Gaby Cepeda on Sep 24th, 2015
by Michael Connor on Sep 22nd, 2015
Posted by College
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Call for Artists:
Call for Artists: Outside the White Cube
Call for Artists: Outside the White Cube
Posted by themultipleexposureproject
Call for Artists:
The First Catskill Digital Art competition
The First Catskill Digital Art competition
Posted by Yechiam Gal
Call for Submissions:
Anthology 2015 | Call For Applications OPEN CALL EXHIBITION at VAN DER PLAS GALLERY, NEW YORK
Anthology 2015 | Call For Applications OPEN CALL EXHIBITION at VAN DER PLAS GALLERY, NEW YORK
Posted by Adriaan Van der Plas
Call for Submissions:
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Workshop: REVERSE Fall Workshops 2015
Posted by REVERSE
Call for Papers: Marking Time: Video Blogging as Art Practice
Posted by Will Luers
Call for Artists: Mist Gallery Call for Submissions
Posted by MistGallery
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Vincenzo1981 participated with 46 other designers who submitted 154 entries and was awarded $2000. View this project »
Smart designer with fresh concrete ideas barilla_italy
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Night Eyes II
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Not only you can Watch Movies Online on 10StarMovies, but you can also participate in the Watch Movies forum with a wide variety of topics?
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Watch Night Eyes II Online
Director:Rodney McDonaldActors:Andrew Stevens, Shannon Tweed, Tim Russ, Richard Chaves, Geno Silva(View All)
Description: Watch Night Eyes II full movie online for free directed by Rodney McDonald produced in 1993. Genres are Drama, Thriller.
Fatal error: Allowed memory size of 33554432 bytes exhausted (tried to allocate 13410317 bytes) in /home/star10/public_html/cache-credits/Night_Eyes_II_1993.php on line 1


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Moffat County football hit hard by 41-0 loss to Rifle
The Bulldogs knew they were in for one of the tougher matches of the season Friday night, but that didn't make the eventual defeat any easier to take. Moffat County High School moved to 1-1 after a 41-0 loss to Rifle at the Bulldog Proving Grounds.
Moffat County boys golf switches to match-play format for tourney
MCHS, Steamboat coaches: Good event for JV players
A change of plans was an opportunity for something different and very beneficial Friday at Yampa Valley Golf Course. Moffat County High School was scheduled to host the Bulldog Invitational, but when teams including Summit, Basalt and more were unable to attend, coach Justin Folley opted to turn the tournament format into a match-play event between his Moffat County golfers and the Steamboat Springs team.
Hat trick sets Sailors on top
The Steamboat Springs High School boys soccer team got a 4-1 win at home against Moffat County on Thursday night thanks to a hat trick from sophomore Will Beurskens.
Moffat County football bearing toward win against Rifle
Fans of Moffat County High School had plenty to cheer about when the Bulldogs started the season with a win against their regional rivals. And, if all goes well in the upcoming meeting with the big bad bruisers coming up Highway 13, local sports junkies will be ecstatic. The Bulldogs host the Rifle Bears Friday, a game that will test their mettle after having their spirits buoyed twice in the past week with a 27-0 varsity pounding of Steamboat Springs and Monday's 50-6 JV slaughter of the Sailors for good measure.
Moffat County soccer kicks into gear with 4-1 win in Grand Junction
The Moffat County High School boys varsity soccer team took it to their first opponent of the season Tuesday, winning, 4-1, against the Warriors of Grand Junction's Central High School.
Bulldog Sports for the week of Aug. 31, 2015
The coming week in sports for Craig and Moffat County.
Rain soaks Moffat County golf in Rifle
Moffat County High School athletes had a tough day on the links this past Thursday when both the varsity and JV boys golf teams competed at Rifle Creek Golf Course.
Quick start to season for Moffat County cross country
Ary Shaffer, Ashley Suits lead Bulldog runners
Moffat County High School cross country got a good start on the season Friday when runners took on the Cheyenne Mountain Stampede in Colorado Springs.
Moffat County football tackling challenges head-on
Last season saw Moffat County High School's football program coping with some major alterations, not the least of which included a new coaching staff and a move to the 2A division of CHSAA. A year later, the head of the team has gotten more settled in to the area, and both he and players are ready to defend their title as the champions of the Western Slope North League.
Moffat County football sinks Sailors, 27-0, in season opener
Moffat County High School was the place to be Friday night for the start of football season and the continuation of the ongoing rivalry between the MCHS Bulldogs and the Steamboat Springs High School Sailors that culminated in a 27-0 win for Moffat County.
Moffat County Bulldogs ready to rip apart Steamboat rivals
You couldn't ask for a more appropriate beginning to the varsity football season in Northwest Colorado. Moffat County High School opens its schedule Friday night with a Zero Week match against its Highway 40 foes, the Steamboat Springs Sailors, duking it out at the Bulldog Proving Grounds.
Craig Sports Briefs for Aug. 28, 2015: Co-ed volleyball registration open
Craig Parks & Recreation's fall co-ed volleyball season begins soon, with two leagues: competitive teams play Monday nights, semi-competitive Tuesdays. Sign-up is $200 per team and $20 per player, and the deadline to register is Sept. 4.
Make some noise for Moffat County's new cheer coach
Stacey Ortega plans for expanded, more physical spirit squad
They've got spirit, yes, they do! How about you? Stacey Ortega was recently hired as the new cheerleading coach for Moffat County High School. Having cheered herself, as well as coached for teams aged middle school through college, she said the position seemed like for a great fit for someone like her, new to town and hoping to get involved.
Craig Middle School football, volleyball, cross country looking forward to fall
They may be younger, but they're no less ready to compete with the big dogs. Craig Middle School started its fall sports seasons this week, including football, volleyball and cross country.
Craig Sports Briefs for Aug. 26, 2015: Youth organizations starting fall Fifth Quarter events
Bear River Young Life and Grand Futures Prevention Coalition will host several events in the coming weeks following Moffat County High School football games. Grand Futures will host a special kickoff of the Fifth Quarter series at 6:30 p.m. Wednesday at MCHS, 900 Finley Lane. Open to all high school and middle school ages in Craig and Hayden, the get-together is a free night of fun with a Slip 'n Slide to commemorate the last week of summer. Grand Futures and Young Life will band together Friday night following Moffat County's varsity gridiron game against Steamboat Springs with a parking lot dance party, admission for which is $1.


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Richard Hall
Hall, Richard Bruce August 30, 1967- April 2, 2014 Richard Bruce Hall of Dallas, Texas passed away April 2, 2014 after a long illness in a Plano, TX Hospital. Rich was born in Austin, Minnesota the youngest of three brothers. He grew up in Dallas, Texas attending Christ the King elementary school and Hillcrest High School where he established his life-long friendships and graduated from the University of North Texas with a Degree in Finance. Richard worked for companies in the Restaurant and Hospitality industry including Brinker International, Texas Golf Association and Lakewood Country Club. Always an upbeat person, Richard enjoyed life and making sure everyone he touched had fun and enjoyed their time while with him. His passions were many including spending time with family and friends, golf, fishing, the lake, playing the drums and watching movies. He is survived by his mother Marlene Hall Murphy, brothers Scott and Michael Hall, sister in law Amy Hall, nieces Shelby and Cameron Hall, nephews Brady, Zachary and Garrett Hall, the love of his life Denise Roessler and a large, loving family including his Grandmother, great aunts, uncles, aunts and cousins. Services to celebrate his life will include a viewing from 6-8:00pm Friday, April 4, 2014 at Sparkman Hillcrest Funeral Home, 7405 Northwest Highway, Dallas, TX. Funeral services will be at 1:00pm Saturday, April 5, 2014 at Christ the King Catholic Church on 8017 Preston Road, Dallas, TX. Graveside Services will follow at Hillcrest Memorial Park Cemetery. Pallbearers are Lane Wendorff, Mark Meadows, Todd Barfield, Jay Barta, Brett Lamm, and Justin Lee. Please make gifts honoring his memory to the Richard Hall Memorial Fund to P.O. Box 823215 Dallas, TX 75382. Online condolences may be made to www.Sparkman-Hillcrest .com
Funeral Home
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7405 West Northwest Highway
Dallas, TX 75225
(214) 363-5401
Published in Dallas Morning News on Apr. 4, 2014


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Page 1
Copyright 2002 by the Genetics Society of America
Mutations in the midway Gene Disrupt a Drosophila Acyl Coenzyme A:
Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase
Michael Buszczak,* Xiaohui Lu,†William A. Segraves,* Ta Yuan Chang†and Lynn Cooley‡,1
*Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103,†Department of
Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 and‡Departments of Genetics and
Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8005
Manuscript received November 16, 2001
Accepted for publication January 28, 2002
During Drosophila oogenesis, defective or unwanted egg chambers are eliminated during mid-oogenesis
by programmed cell death. In addition, final cytoplasm transport from nurse cells to the oocyte depends
upon apoptosis of the nurse cells. To study the regulation of germline apoptosis, we analyzed the midway
mutant, in which egg chambers undergo premature nurse cell death and degeneration. The midway gene
encodes a protein similar to mammalian acyl coenzyme A: diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), which
converts diacylglycerol (DAG) into triacylglycerol (TAG). midway mutant egg chambers contain severely
reduced levels of neutral lipids in the germline. Expression of midway in insect cells results in high levels
of DGAT activity in vitro. These results show that midway encodes a functional DGAT and that changes
in acylglycerol lipid metabolism disrupt normal egg chamber development in Drosophila.
mental mechanisms of development including stem cell
munication, cytoskeletal regulation, and signaling path-
ways (Spradling 1993; Van Buskirk and Schu ¨pbach
ated within each egg chamber that control the co-
ordinated activities of the somatic follicle cells and the
germline nurse cells and oocyte. In addition to egg
chamber-autonomous information, the progression of
oogenesis is influenced by environmental factors such
as food availability. Stage 8 of oogenesis, which is just
prior to the initiation of vitellogenesis, is particularly
sensitive to environmental conditions. Underfed fe-
males accumulate many previtellogenic egg chambers
and produce few if any mature eggs. Stage 8 may also be
a mid-oogenesis checkpoint for monitoring general egg
chamber health; stage 8 egg chambers in wild-type fe-
malesoccasionallydegenerate (GiorgiandDeri1976).
The removal of defective or doomed egg chambers at
stage 8 could allow the female to conserve the energy
required for vitellogenesis. The mechanism by which
egg chambers are selected to die during mid-oogenesis
is largely unknown, but recent findings point to the
involvement of the ecdysone signaling hierarchy. Dis-
ruption of dare, a gene encoding an enzyme required
ESEARCH on Drosophila oogenesis has led to nu-
merous advances in our understanding of funda-
for steroidogenesis, the ecdysone receptor (EcR), and E75,
an ecdysone early response gene, all cause the develop-
mentalarrestandsubsequentdegeneration of egg cham-
bers during stage 8. It is possible that this hormone
response pathway is a link between environmental con-
ditions and oogenesis progression as is the case in mos-
Cell death also plays an essential role in the develop-
ment of every Drosophila egg. During oogenesis, the
15 nurse cells of each egg chamber are dedicated to
the synthesis of maternal components, which are trans-
ring canals (Mahajan-Miklos and Cooley 1994a). Sev-
the nurse cells to the oocyte during the first 10 stages
stage 11, the nurse cells contract to force their remaining
cytoplasm into the oocyte, resulting in the rapid growth
of the oocyte. During stage 10, nurse cells prepare for
fast cytoplasm transport with a massive rearrangement
of filamentous actin to form arrays of actin bundles
surrounding each nucleus. Actin bundle formation is
followed by nurse cell nuclear membrane permeabiliza-
tion and nurse cell contraction (Matova et al. 1999).
Once the nurse cells have successfully transferred their
cytoplasm into the oocyte, the nurse cell remnants are
cleared from the egg chamber by apoptosis (Cavaliere
et al. 1998; Foley and Cooley 1998). Several lines of
evidence suggest that programmed cell death does not
simply follow rapid transport but actually serves to trig-
ger this morphological event. For instance, electron mi-
croscopy and the use of molecular markers show that
nurse cells exhibit symptoms of apoptosis before the
Sequence data from this article have been deposited with the
EMBL/GenBank Data Libraries under accession nos. AF468649 and
1Corresponding author: Department of Genetics, Yale University
Medical School, 333 Cedar St., P.O. Box 208005, New Haven, CT
06520-8005.E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Genetics 160: 1511–1518 (April 2002)
Page 2
1512 M. Buszczak et al.
end-labeling (TUNEL) assay was performed using a kit from
Boehringer Mannheim (Indianapolis) and according to
Soller et al. (1999). Nile red staining was carried out ac-
cording to Greenspan et al. (1985). ?-Galactosidase staining
was performed according to Cooley et al. (1992). In situ hy-
bridizations were done using a 2.4-kb antisense RNA probe
corresponding to the midway coding region (Buszczak et al.
1999). A sense strand probe was also synthesized and used as
a negative control.
Molecular biology: Plasmid rescue was performed as de-
scribed in Xue and Cooley (1993). Phage DNA was isolated
using standard techniques. Several cDNA clones, correspond-
ing to the Drosophila expressed sequence tags (ESTs)
LD14270, LD33852, LD47766, LD13711, and LD11422
(Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project/HHMI EST Project,
unpublished data), were obtained from Research Genetics
(Huntsville, AL). Cas and midway cDNAs were isolated from
a library enriched in Drosophila ovarian cDNAs, sequenced
(Yale KECK facility), and analyzed as described in Xue and
Cooley (1993). Genomic DNA was isolated from adult flies
using a DNeasy tissue kit (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA). cn bw was
as a wild-type control. DNA fragments corresponding to the
Cas and midway coding regions were independently amplified
by PCR at least three times and subsequently sequenced. Gen-
Bank database accession numbers of related sequences used
are as follows: human DGAT, NP036211; mouse DGAT,
NP034176; Caenorhabditis elegans DGAT, AAF82410; human
ACAT1, NP03092; human ACAT2, NP003569; Drosophila
CG8112,AAF54271;and Saccharomyces
Expression of recombinant midway and DGAT assays: mid-
way coding sequence with an N-terminal FLAG epitope (IBI/
Kodak, New Haven, CT; MGDYKDDDDG) was subcloned into
pFastBac (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY). Recombi-
nant baculoviruses were obtained using the Bac-to-Bac expres-
sion system (Life Technologies) and amplified in SF9 cells
[cultured in SF900 medium (Life Technologies) and 7.5%
fetal calf serum].
High Five cells were infected with recombinant baculovirus
carrying the midway gene or a control gene (human ACAT1;
Chang et al. 1997) for 48 hr. Membrane fractions from unin-
fected or infected cells were isolated. For ACAT and DGAT
activity assays, 100 ?g of membrane proteins from uninfected
or infected cell extracts in 100 mm Tris-HCl pH 7.2, 250 mm
sucrose, 1 mm EDTA, and 3 mm MgCl2in a total volume of
100 ?l was used. DAG, cholesterol, or solvent only was added
as a substrate from stock ethanolic solution (16 mm) to a final
concentration of 20 ?m (Figure 5C) or 100 ?m (Figure 5, A
and B). The final ethanol concentration in each assay tube
was kept at 0.6%. DAG was added in the form of DAG/phos-
phatidylcholine (PC) liposomes at a DAG:PC ratio of 1:100
(Figure 5C). The assays were started by adding 5 nmol of
[3H]oleoyl-CoA/BSA (43.5 mCi/mol) to 50 ?m final concen-
tration. The enzyme reactions were performed at 37? for 10
min (Figure 5, A and B) or the indicated time (Figure 5C)
and were terminated by adding chloroform/methanol (2:1).
The lipid products were extracted and separated on TLC.
The [3H]triacylglycerol and the [3H]cholesterol bands were
scraped off and quantified by scintillation counting.
completion of rapid cytoplasm transport (Guild et al.
germline clones of dcp-1 exhibit a block in final trans-
port, characterized by a lack of actin bundle formation,
nuclear envelope permeabilization, and nurse cell con-
traction (McCall and Steller 1998). This genetic analy-
sis of caspase function suggests that activation of the pro-
grammed cell death pathway is essential for rapid
cytoplasm transport.
We sought to identify factors that influence an egg
chamber's decision to develop past the mid-oogenesis
checkpoint or to undergo apoptosis. This was done in
the hope that characterizing such factors would provide
a link between the molecular mechanisms that control
that trigger rapid cytoplasm transport. We focused our
efforts on cloning the midway (mdy) gene because of its
loss-of-function phenotype. midway mutant egg cham-
bers display precocious nurse cell actin bundling and
nuclear membrane permeabilization phenotypes prior
to their degeneration during mid-oogenesis. Aspects of
this phenotype are reminiscent of the morphological
changes that normally accompany the rapid phase of
tion of the midway locus reveals that the gene encodes
a protein with a high degree of similarity to acyl coen-
lian and plant DGATs catalyze the conversion of diacyl-
glycerol (DAG) into triacylglycerol (TAG). Loss of midway
results in a severe reduction of lipid esters in nurse
cells and oocyte. Furthermore, expression of midway in
cultured insect increases DGAT activity, demonstrating
that the Midway protein can function as a DGAT. These
results show that changes in glycerol lipid levels can
cause nurse cells to undergo programmed cell death.
Drosophila stocks: All stocks were maintained at 25? using
standard culturing conditions. Females were fed yeast paste
24–36 hr before ovary dissection to stimulate oogenesis. The
esis screen (Schu ¨pbach and Wieschaus 1991). The muta-
tions l(2)k03902 and ep(2)2592 were isolated by P-element
mutagenesis (Rorth et al. 1998; Spradling et al. 1999). Can-
ton-S and cn bw were used as wild-type controls. es(3)79 was
used as the germline-specific enhancer trap (Cooley et al.
Staining procedures: Ovaries were dissected in IMADS
(Singleton and Woodruff 1994) and fixed with 100 ?l Devit
buffer [6% formaldehyde, 16.7 mm KH2PO4/K2HPO4 (pH
6.8), 75 mm KCl, 25 mm NaCl, 3.3 mm MgCl2] and 600 ?l
times with PBT (1? PBS, 0.3% Triton-X-100, 0.5% BSA). For
immunofluorescence, ovaries were incubated overnight at 4?
with undilutedanti-Quail (6B9) monoclonalantibody (Maha-
jan-Miklos and Cooley 1994b). The ovaries were then
washed four times with PBT and incubated overnight at 4?
with an anti-mouse secondary antibody conjugated to FITC
(Pierce, Rockford, IL) and 3 units of either rhodamine-phal-
loidin (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) or alexafluor-488-
midway egg chambers undergo premature apoptosis:
midway alleles were first identified in a screen for female
sterile mutations on the second chromosome and were
reported to result in egg chamber degeneration during
Page 3
1513Drosophila DGAT and Oogenesis
Figure 1.—midway egg chambers contain pre-
mature actin bundles. Wild-type and mdyqx25egg
C), Alexafluor-488-conjugated phalloidin (D–G),
and quail monoclonal antibody (H). Normally,
nurse cellnuclei remainintact throughstages 1–9
(A) up until stage 10B (B). midway nurse cell
nuclei begin to break down at stage 9 (arrows;
C). In wild-type egg chambers, actin was detected
on ring canals and subcortically in both germline
and follicle cells during stage 9 (D; see inset).
At stage 10B, the F-actin reorganized into actin
bundles in the nurse cell cytoplasm (E; see inset).
Cytoplasmic actin bundles were present in midway
nurse cells prior to egg chamber degeneration
(F; see inset). Double labeling egg chambers with
Alexafluor-488 phalloidin and anti-quail antibody
bundles that form in mdyqx25egg chambers during
stage 9 (arrowheads; G and H). Bars, 50 ?m.
stages 8 and 9 of oogenesis (Schu ¨pbach and Wieschaus
1991). We stained wild-type and midway egg chambers
with propidium iodide to visualize DNA and alexafluor-
488-conjugated phalloidin to visualize the F-actin cy-
toskeleton. Labeling egg chambers with propidium io-
dide revealed nuclear condensation occurred in midway
egg chambers during stage 9 (Figure 1C). In wild-type
egg chambers F-actin localized subcortically in both
germline and follicle cells and to ring canals in the
nurse cells from stages 1–10A (Figure 1D). At stage 10B,
a dramatic rearrangement of F-actin resulted in the
formation of prominent actin bundles in the nurse cell
midway egg chambers frequently contained actin bun-
dles in the nurse cell cytoplasm during stages 8 and 9
(Figure 1, F and G). Interestingly, these bundles had a
striated appearance similar to actin bundles present in
wild-type stage 10 egg chambers (Riparbelli and Cal-
laini 1995; Guild et al. 1997). The quail gene encodes a
villin-like protein that colocalizes with cytoplasmic actin
bundles in wild-type nurse cells during stage 10B of
oogenesis (Mahajan-Miklos and Cooley 1994b). Im-
munofluorescence revealed that Quail protein was asso-
ciated with the actin bundles present in midway stage 8
and 9 nurse cells (Figure 1H). This observation sug-
gested that thebundles detected in stage 8and 9 midway
egg chambers were similar in composition to the bun-
dles that normally form during stage 10B of oogenesis.
also resembled stage 10 wild-type nurse cell nuclei. The
nurse cell nuclear envelope permeabilization that oc-
curs during stage 10B was assayed using a germline
enhancer trap that expresses ?-galactosidase (?-gal)
with a nuclear localization signal (Cooley et al. 1992).
Inwild-typeeggchambers, ?-galfromtheenhancertrap
remained in the nurse cell nuclei during stage 9 (Figure
2A) and did not begin to leak into the cytoplasm until
stage 10B of oogenesis (data not shown). In a midway
background, the ?-gal marker leaked out of the nurse cell
nuclei during stages 8 and 9 of oogenesis (Figure 2B).
The rapid phase ofcytoplasm transport of Drosophila
egg chambers occurs in response to an apoptotic signal
(Buszczak and Cooley 2000). The TUNEL assay was
used to examine whether midway egg chambers were
undergoing programmed cell death. Wild-type egg
chambers did not exhibit TUNEL during stages 8 and
9 of oogenesis (Figure 2C). However, midway egg cham-
bers were strongly labeled prior to their degeneration
(Figure 2D). This result demonstrated that mutations
in the midway gene caused egg chambers to undergo
programmed cell death during mid-oogenesis. After ac-
tin bundles form and the nuclear envelopes become
cytoplasm into the oocyte. midway nurse cells, on the
other hand, did not appear to contract; there was no
movement of ?-gal into the oocyte (Figure 2B). Thus,
the events similar to those that occur in wild-type egg
chambers leading up to but not through nurse cell con-
Page 4
1514M. Buszczak et al.
against a GST-CAS fusion protein revealed that there
was no reduction of transcript or protein levels in either
of the midway alleles (data not shown). Furthermore,
recently isolated point mutations in Cas complemented
the mdyqx25and mdyrf48alleles but did not complement
l(2)k03902 (Tekotte et al. 2002). These data suggested
that l(2)k03902 and ep(2)2592 affected both Cas and a
second gene disrupted by midway mutations.
Sequence analysis of the Cas genomic region (Berke-
ley Drosophila Genome Project, unpublished data) us-
ing a combination of commercially available (Research
Genetics) and cloned (this study) cDNAs revealed that
Cas was contained within an intron of another gene
(Figure 3A). Homology searches suggested that this
second gene encoded a protein with a high degree of
similarity to members of the acyl coenzyme A: choles-
terol acyltransferase (ACAT) family of enzymes (Figure
3B). Members of this family of acyltransferases fall into
two classes on the basis of the substrates they use: those
that use cholesterol (ACATs; Chang et al. 1997) and
those that use diacylglycerol (DGATs; Cases et al. 1998).
The predicted protein was most similar (38.3% identi-
cal) to human DGAT, also referred to as ACAT-related
gene product-1 (Oelkers et al. 1998). Molecular lesions
in the coding region of this DGAT-like gene were found
in both EMS-induced midway alleles. mdyqx25contained
a nonsense mutation that truncated the predicted pro-
tein by 66 amino acids. The mdyrf48allele had a missense
mutation that resulted in a valine-to-aspartic-acid change
(Figure 3A). Identification of these molecular lesions
provided strong evidence that the DGAT-like gene was
disrupted by midway mutations.
The sequencing of genomic DNA, EST, and cDNA
clones revealed that two different midway transcripts
3A). Several ovarian cDNA clones were derived from
transcripts initiating with the more upstream of the two
alternative 5? exons, which contained several stop co-
dons. Clones derived from the other midway transcript
did not contain stop codons in their 5? exons. A methio-
nine in the first common exon was a good candidate
for a translational initiation site, based on consensus
sequence (Figure 3A), but we cannot rule out the possi-
bility of other upstream initiation sites.
Searching the Drosophila genomic sequence data-
(CG8112) that was predicted to encode another ACAT
family member. The predicted protein encoded by this
gene was related to human ACAT1 and ACAT2 more
closely than to human DGAT (Figure 3C).
In situ hybridization showed that midway was ex-
pressed specifically in the germline at low levels begin-
ning in stages 4 and 5. Expression of midway increased
dramatically during stage 9 of oogenesis (Figure 4A),
the same stage when most midway mutant egg chambers
Neutral lipid accumulation is disrupted in mdy mu-
Figure 2.—midwayeggchambersundergoapoptosisduring
mid-oogenesis. (A and B) The es(3)79 enhancer trap was used
to highlight nurse cell nuclei. In wild-type egg chambers
?-galactosidase was restricted to the nuclei during stage 9 (A).
In mdyrf48egg chambers ?-galactosidase was present in the
cytoplasm, revealing nurse cell nuclear envelope permeability
(arrowhead; B). (C and D) The TUNEL assay was performed
on wild-type and midway egg chambers. No TUNEL was de-
tected during stage 9 in wild-type egg chambers (C). TUNEL
teristics of programmed cell death (D).
transferase: The two midway alleles, mdyqx25and mdyrf48,
were mapped to region 36A8-E2 on the second chromo-
some(Schu ¨pbachandWieschaus1991).Complemen-
tation tests using deficiencies in the region were used
to further localize midway to 36A8-36B2. Mutations in-
duced by P elements mapping to this region were tested
for noncomplementation with midway. One, l(2)k03902,
did not complement either of the midway alleles. Trans-
heterozygotes of l(2)k03902 with either midway allele
were female sterile due to egg chamber degeneration
during mid-oogenesis. Both the lethality of l(2)k03902
and female sterility of l(2)k03902/mdy were reverted by
excision of the P element. Sequence analysis of the
l(2)k03902 insertion site revealed that the P element was
inserted in the 5?-untranslated region (UTR) of a gene
encoding a protein with a high degree of similarity to
the mammalian protein cellular apoptosis susceptibility
factor (CAS; Figure 3A; data not shown). Hereafter, this
gene is referred to as Drosophila Cas (Cas). A second
transposable element, ep(2)2592, was inserted near
l(2)k03902 (Figure 3A). Genetic analysis revealed that
ep(2)2592 behaved similarly to l(2)k03902. ep(2)2592 did
not complement either mdyqx25or mdyrf48and was lethal
in combination with l(2)k03902.
To determine if midway encoded Cas, genomic DNA
corresponding to the Cas coding region was sequenced
from the cn bw parental strain and mdyqx25and mdyrf48
homozygotes. No molecular lesions or polymorphisms
were found in the Cas coding region in either allele.
Both Northern analysis using a Cas-specific probe and
Western analysis using a polyclonal antibody generated
Page 5
1515Drosophila DGAT and Oogenesis
Figure 3.—The predicted translation product of midway is an acyl coenzyme A: diacylglycerol acyltransferase protein. (A)
midway encodes two transcripts with exons spread over ?15 kb of genomic DNA. The Cas gene is contained entirely in the fourth
common intron of midway. Triangles indicate the positions of P-element insertions. The molecular lesions in both midway EMS
alleles are near the carboxy terminus (arrows). (B) Alignment with human DGAT and human ACAT1 shows midway to be a
member of the ACAT family of enzymes. The FY.DWWN motif is underlined. Identical residues are shown on a black background.
(C) A phylogenetic tree is shown of Midway, human DGAT, mouse DGAT, C. elegans DGAT, human ACAT1, human ACAT2,
Drosophila CG8112, and S. cerevisiae SAT1.
tants: ACAT family members catalyze the esterification
of long-chain fatty acids to hydroxyl groups of mem-
brane-embedded targets including cholesterol and di-
acylglycerol (Hofmann 2000). To determine whether
Nile red. Nile red strongly fluoresces in the presence
of triacylglycerol and sterol esters (Greenspan et al.
1985). Staining of wild-type egg chambers revealed the
presence of Nile red positive neutral lipids. The level
of detectable conjugates greatly increased during stage
9ofoogenesis (Figure4B).Thisincrease coincidedwith
mutant egg chambers contained very few Nile red posi-
tive conjugates in the germline, while follicle cell levels
were unchanged (Figure 4C). Comparison of Nile red
staining of wild-type and midway egg chambers sug-
gested that synthesis of triacylglycerol and/or sterol es-
ters had been disrupted in the mutant nurse cells.
Substrate specificity of midway: To determine the sub-
tagged version of midway cDNA was expressed in insect
cells using a baculovirus expression system. Cells infected
with virus containing this cDNA expressed a 69-kD pro-
tein (data not shown), in close agreement with the pre-
dicted size of the Midway protein. Midway-expressing
cells did not have any detectable cholesterol esterifica-
tion activity as compared with ACAT virus-infected cells
(Figure 5A). However, midway virus-infected cells were
able to incorporate more oleoyl CoA into triacylglycerol
relative to control and ACAT1 virus-infected cells (Fig-
ure 5, B and C). These results show that Midway protein
has DGAT activity.
We have shown that the Drosophila midway gene en-
codes a DGAT enzyme that converts DAG into TAG,
the major lipid-based energy reserve in eukaryotic cells.
The predicted Midway protein is highly homologous to
and contains the FY.DWWN motif that is invariant


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MSI Butterfly concept hands-on
MSI always has a soft spot for concepts at CES, and 2011 was no different as it used the show to show off both a tablet designed specifically for kids (the MSI Kid Pad) and an all-in-one PC that turned into a rather large stationary tablet.
We managed to track down the Butterfly to have a quick fumble to see what all the fuss was about and whether it's something worth waiting for.
The key element to the MSI Butterfly is that it features a sliding, ten points of contact, multi-touch screen that allows you finger control over your work when you really can't be bothered to type.
That means a number of things, mainly that you can select the angle that you type, and that big screen has a number of positions on the way down.
So what are you expected to do with this new feature? MSI suggests that you'll want to play the piano with the Butterfly, coming with "exclusive software that lets you play classical piano or drums using both hands simultaneously", a spokeswomen told us.
If that wasn't enough the Butterfly will also come with a removable 7-inch portable tablet that can wirelessly access the base from anywhere in the house, turning it into a media server.
You'll also get a charming pink and white colour scheme.
Why the Butterfly? Neither we or our spokeswomen could really make it out, but we are sure it's something to do with that screen moving. Either that or as the marketing blurb next to the concept read:
"Unfurl your wings with the Butterfly". Whatever that means.
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Scanning a large pile of different-sized documents such as medical forms or real estate contracts can be cumbersome. To ease the burden and help save time, Xerox (NYSE: XRX), Xerox introduces the DocuMate 4760, a high-quality production sheetfed scanner that scans documents at 60 ppm (simplex) and 120 ipm (duplex), and includes a 150-page capacity Automatic Document Feeder (ADF). This affordable scanner has the ability to scan a wide range of mixed document sizes (up to A3 / 11" x 17") and supports long document scanning up to 38" (965 mm).
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Division of System Immunology (SIMM)21
Latest publications
- Commentary: "Can Selective MHC Downregulation Explain the Specificity and Genetic Diversity of NK Cell Receptors?".
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- A Stochastic Model for CD4+ T Cell Proliferation and Dissemination Network in Primary Immune Response.
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- Structural Heterogeneity of Mitochondria Induced by the Microtubule Cytoskeleton
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- A Spatial Model of Insulin-Granule Dynamics in Pancreatic β-Cells.
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- The molecular basis of synergism between carboplatin and ABT-737 therapy targeting ovarian carcinomas.
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- Filed Under
In life, timing makes all the difference. The same can be said for sports, which Maine-Endwell was rudely reminded of as the Spartans lost 1-0 to Port Chester in the boys soccer state quarterfinals on Monday afternoon in Oneonta.
With time running out, Maine-Endwell's Luke Osovski fired a shot inside the penalty box off of the crossbar. The ball rocketed straight down, where the rebound was sent home by Brennan Crowle, apparently forcing overtime.
However, the referees declared that time ran out as the ball ricocheted off the crossbar, ending the game and giving the victory to the Rams. ...


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Seska's poor unamed lost baby
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September 26 2012, 09:04 AM
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Re: Seska's poor unamed lost baby
Friends is just godawful. It still irritates me that they set it in NYC with not a skerrick of NYC-ness to any of it. Generic. But I've probably seen no more than 10 eps when forced to sit through it at other people's houses.
I looked up Rake which I hadn't heard of.. I don't do court dramas or those idiotic CSI shows unless there's a very very very good reason. The last good reason was Denny Crane. Anyway..
"Dr. Chandler is accused of having sex with the family dog and Cleaver Greene defends him. "
"Damnit Spock. God damnit!" Kirk ST:V
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Unfortunately my favorite place has been having money problems and it might have closed in December (but I still have to confirm it). But there are still many great restaurants. The only inconvenient is that they are a bit expensive.
If I had to chose one now I would say ZhongNong 中农。If you want more information just ask.
By the way, my name is Marc.


text:
BAGHRABAD, Afghanistan
It's unlikely there will be a monument for Abdullah Khan and others like him when the war in Afghanistan finally ends, but there should be. Mr. Khan is one of the country's unsung heroes, an ordinary man who stepped from the sidelines in this counterinsurgency struggle to openly and actively support his community and government in defiance of the extremist Taliban. That cost him his life.
"You've always got the intimidation campaign which they [the Taliban] use quite extensively," said a U.S. Marine officer who requested anonymity. "Dragging someone out in the village and beating them in front of their family is very effective, and so are kidnappings and murders."
Mr. Khan was a farmer in the Nawa District of southern Helmand Province, a hotbed for Taliban gunmen until U.S. Marines in late summer pushed most of the insurgents into the neighboring district of Marjah.
Government aid is now about to begin filtering into impoverished villages, and Mr. Khan was part of that process. Although he was only in his 30s, he was so respected in the area that the district governor appointed him a community counselor. With elders, he helped identify and prioritize Baghrabad's governance, social and economic needs, informed people of government policies and how they would affect them, and acted as an ombudsman. He also gave information on suspicious activities to the authorities.
"I'm afraid," he said the first and only time this reporter met him. "Please help me. I think the Taliban are going to kill me and my family tonight."
Mr. Khan told a Marine sergeant who was leaving Baghrabad at the end of an evening patrol that he had been receiving death threats - spoken directly to him by strangers or shouted out to him - every time he visited a bazaar about two miles away.
"Today men from Marjah called out, 'Why are you in the shura [council], why are you a CC [community counselor]?' " he said. " 'We are going to kill you.' Later I saw a man from nearby who I think is a Taliban spy watching my house."
Mr. Khan asked the Marines for a gun, but they weren't allowed to provide one. They offered the safety of their outpost nearby for his entire family. He declined. But he also made a promise: If he survived the night, he'd leave a marker the Marines would recognize outside the house of the suspected Taliban spy so he could be arrested. He also promised more information on suspected Taliban in the area.
Two days later, two suspected Taliban operatives were in custody and Afghan authorities, after reviewing evidence compiled, deemed them guilty of security offences. Five other Taliban-connected men detained in the next two days were similarly judged guilty after tips from Mr. Khan and other area villagers.
The full story of how Mr. Khan died is not known. He and another community counselor - Haji Mohammad Anwar - had inexplicably gone to the bazaar at dusk on a motorcycle after the second set of arrests. Goat herders said that from afar they saw the two men being riddled by bullets in an open field about four miles farther away.
Few Marines at combat outpost Sullivan knew Mr. Khan by name or sight. But when word came of his murder and what he had done to help with security, there were heads shaking, expletives muttered and grimaces made. Maybe when they return home and grouse about locals standing on the sidelines, one will say, "but there was this one guy …"
Perilous patrols
"You ride in a Humvee?" a Marine sergeant asked rhetorically of an Army corporal. "You won't catch me in one of those. Ninety percent or more of IED blasts involving Humvees are catastrophic."
The conversation around an open fire at Combat Outpost Sullivan in Helmand Province was prompted by a Humvee hitting an improvised explosive device a day earlier in a neighboring sector. One Marine was killed and two seriously injured. The soldier, a reservist in a psychological operations unit attached to Marines, had asked for an update on information about the blast because he rides in the same type of vehicle.


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Effect of nutrient supplementation on atopic dermatitis in children: a systematic review of probiotics, prebiotics, formula, and fatty acids
ABSTRACT To identify whether nutrient supplementation with probiotics, prebiotics, formula, or fatty acids prevents the development of atopic dermatitis (AD) or reduces the severity of AD in newborns to children younger than 3 years.
We searched MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Science Literature) from January 1, 1946, to August 27, 2012, and performed an additional manual search.
Randomized controlled trials and cohort studies examining nutritional supplementation in prevention and amelioration of AD among children younger than 3 years.
Of 92 articles, 21 met inclusion criteria.
In the 21 studies, a total of 6859 participants received supplements, which included infants or mothers who were either pregnant or breastfeeding;4134 infants or mothers served as controls. Nutritional supplementation was shown to be an effective method in preventing AD (11 of 17 studies) or decreasing its severity(5 of 6 studies). The best evidence lies with probiotics supplementation in mothers and infants in preventing development and reducing severity of AD. Specifically, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG was effective in long-term prevention of AD development. γ-Linolenic acid reduced severity of AD. Supplementation with prebiotics and black currant seed oil (γ-linolenic acid and ω-3 combination) was effective in reducing the development of AD. Conflicting findings were reported from different research groups that performed supplementation with an amino acid–based formula.
Certain types of nutrient supplementation are beneficial in preventing AD development and reducing its severity. Future research elucidating the mechanisms underlying the actions of nutritional supplementation on AD is necessary.
- References (0)
- Cited In (16)
- "For instance, it has been suggested that colonization of the GIT with Bifidobacteria properly shapes gut microbiota, induces oral tolerance and decreases the frequency of allergic disorders [61]. For lactobacilli, a clinical study demonstrates that perinatal administration of a probiotic strain of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) reduces the development of atopic eczema in children [61-64]. This effect may be due to the anti-inflammatory properties of this probiotic bacterium. "
Article: Role of commensal and probiotic bacteria in human health: A focus on inflammatory bowel disease[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The human gut is one of the most complex ecosystems, composed of 1013-1014 microorganisms which play an important role in human health. In addition, some food products contain live bacteria which transit through our gastrointestinal tract and could exert beneficial effects on our health (known as probiotic effect). Among the numerous proposed health benefits attributed to commensal and probiotic bacteria, their capacity to interact with the host immune system is now well demonstrated. Currently, the use of recombinant lactic acid bacteria to deliver compounds of health interest is gaining importance as an extension of the probiotic concept. This review summarizes some of the recent findings and perspectives in the study of the crosstalk of both commensal and probiotic bacteria with the human host as well as the latest studies in recombinant commensal and probiotic bacteria. Our aim is to highlight the potential roles of recombinant bacteria in this ecosystem.Microbial Cell Factories 07/2013; 12(1):71. DOI:10.1186/1475-2859-12-71 · 4.22 Impact Factor
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Environmental exposures to phthalates, particularly high molecular weight (HMW) phthalates, are suspected to contribute to allergy. To assess whether phthalate metabolites are associated with allergic symptoms and sensitization in a large nationally representative sample. We used data on urinary phthalate metabolites and allergic symptoms (hay fever, rhinitis, allergy, wheeze, asthma) and sensitization from participants 6 years and older in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2006. Allergen sensitization was defined as positive to at least one of 19 specific IgE antigens (>0.35 kU/L). Odds ratios (ORs) per one log10 unit change in phthalate concentration were estimated using logistic regression adjusting for age, race, body mass index, gender, creatinine, and cotinine. Separate analyses were conducted for children (age 6-17 years) and adults. The HMW phthalate metabolite mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) was the only metabolite positively associated with current allergic symptoms in adults (wheeze, asthma, hay fever, and rhinitis). Mono-(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate and the sum of diethylhexyl phthalate metabolites (both representing HMW phthalate exposures) were positively associated with allergic sensitization in adults. Conversely, in children, HMW phthalate metabolites were inversely associated with asthma and hay fever. Of the low molecular weight phthalate metabolites, mono-ethyl phthalate was inversely associated with allergic sensitization in adults (OR=0.79; 95% CI: 0.70, 0.90). In this cross-sectional analysis of a nationally representative sample, HMW phthalate metabolites, particularly MBzP, were positively associated with allergic symptoms and sensitization in adults, but there was no strong evidence for associations between phthalates and allergy in children aged 6-17 years.Environmental Health Perspectives 06/2013; 121(10). DOI:10.1289/ehp.1206211 · 7.98 Impact Factor
Article: Probiotic milk consumption in pregnancy and infancy and subsequent childhood allergic diseases[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Whether probiotics, which can influence the microbiome, prevent infant eczema or allergic disease remains an open question. Most studies have focused on high-risk infants. We sought to assess whether consumption of probiotic milk products protects against atopic eczema, rhinoconjunctivitis, and asthma in early childhood in a large population-based pregnancy cohort (the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort study). We examined associations between consumption of probiotic milk products in pregnancy and infancy with questionnaire-reported atopic eczema, rhinoconjunctivitis, and asthma in 40,614 children. Relative risks (RRs) were calculated by using general linear models adjusted for potential confounders. Consumption of probiotic milk in pregnancy was associated with a slightly reduced relative risk (RR) of atopic eczema at 6 months (adjusted RR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.89-0.99) and of rhinoconjunctivitis between 18 and 36 months (adjusted RR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.78-0.98) compared with no consumption during pregnancy. Maternal history of allergic disease did not notably influence the associations. When both the mother (during pregnancy) and infant (after 6 months of age) had consumed probiotic milk, the adjusted RR of rhinoconjunctivitis was 0.80 (95% CI, 0.68-0.93) relative to no consumption by either. Probiotic milk consumption was not associated with asthma at 36 months. In this population-based cohort consumption of probiotic milk products was related to a reduced incidence of atopic eczema and rhinoconjunctivitis, but no association was seen for incidence of asthma by 36 months of age.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 09/2013; 133(1). DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.07.032 · 11.48 Impact Factor


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Martin Ecosystems is an environmental technology company that manufactures and supplies BioHaven® Floating Technology and EcoShield™. Our products provide cost-effective solutions for a variety of environmental challenges including stormwater and waste water treatment, shoreline protection, and habitat restoration.
As a family owned business, we are committed to improving our environment and our water.
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Rahmat Gul, Associated Press
KABUL, Afghanistan — Taliban insurgents killed 10 Afghan troops in an ambush in western Herat province, police and government officials said Tuesday.
A spokesman for the provincial governor, Muhiudin Noori, said the Afghan troops — which included both soldiers and police — were searching late Monday for a group of insurgents who had earlier set up a roadblock, stopping and seizing passing vehicles, when they were ambushed.
Five policemen, including the district commander and five soldiers died in the ensuing firefight, Noori said. There were no insurgent casualties, but police later arrested 25 suspects found in the area, he said.
Also Tuesday, an American service member was killed in an insurgent attack in the east, the U.S. military said in a statement. It did not provide further details about the attack. The latest death makes at least 12 American service members killed so far this month and 265 killed so far this year.
The Herat ambush was the bloodiest single incident for Afghan security forces this year in western Afghanistan — an area where the insurgents have been less active than in their strongholds in the east and west of the country.
In recent months, Taliban guerrillas have been switching tactics and increasingly targeting Afghan security forces as the international coalition continues its drawdown toward a planned withdrawal of the majority of combat troops in 2014.
Meanwhile, President Hamid Karzai condemned "in the strongest possible terms" a NATO raid on Sunday in Logar province in which he said four children were killed.
A presidential statement said coalition troops carried out the operation in Baraki Barak district in an effort to apprehend two armed militants. But this resulted in the deaths of the four children who were tending to their animals in the same area, it said.
Din Mohammad Darwesh, spokesman for the provincial governor, said the victims were between 10 and 13 years old.
NATO on Tuesday acknowledged that its forces "may be responsible for the unintended, but nonetheless tragic, death of three Afghan civilians" during the operation in Baraki Barak district. Coalition commander U.S. Gen. John R. Allen expressed his condolences to the families of those killed.
There was no immediate explanation for the discrepancy in the number of victims in the two statements.
In recent months, Karzai has criticized the international military coalition for what he said was the killing of civilians in Afghanistan, for not going after terrorist safe havens in neighboring Pakistan and for not providing the Afghan forces with all the weapons they need.
The criticisms drew an angry response from U.S. Defense Secretary Leon Panetta, who earlier this month said the Afghan leader should occasionally say "thank you" to allied forces who are fighting and dying in Afghanistan, rather than criticizing them.
Associated Press writer Slobodan Lekic in Kabul contributed to this report.
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Out Here Grindin
|"Out Here Grindin"
|Single by DJ Khaled featuring Akon, Rick Ross, Young Jeezy, Lil Boosie, Trick Daddy, Ace Hood and Plies
|from the album We Global
|June 24, 2008
|Digital download
|Gangsta Rap, Hardcore Hip Hop
|3:57 (Album/Video version)
4:21 (Single version)
|We the Best, Terror Squad, Koch
Khaled Khaled
Aliuane Badara Thiam
William Roberts
Jay Jenkins
Torrence Hatch
Arthur Young
Antoine McColister
Algernod Lanier Washington
|The Runners, Jim Jonsin & Akon
|Gold (RIAA, CRIA)
|DJ Khaled singles chronology
"Out Here Grindin" is the first single[1] from DJ Khaled's third studio album, We Global. The track features American hip hop artists Akon, Rick Ross, Young Jeezy, Lil Boosie, Trick Daddy, Ace Hood and Plies. It is produced by The Runners and co-produced by Akon and the hook is written by T-Pain.
This song originally featured Lil Wayne in place of Young Jeezy. The version with Young Jeezy in place of Wayne is the official single version. Plies' verse has been moved to Wayne's part. The version with Jeezy's verse was recently released on Jeezy's mixtape "The Prime Minister". The reason for Wayne's verse being removed is allegedly because of him not being able to attend the music video shoot.
The song has 3 versions.
- Out Here Grindin (Original Version)
(DJ Khaled featuring Akon, Rick Ross, Plies, Lil Boosie, Trick Daddy, Ace Hood and Lil Wayne)
- Out Here Grindin (Single Version)
(DJ Khaled featuring Akon, Rick Ross, Young Jeezy, Lil Boosie, Trick Daddy, Ace Hood and Plies)
- Out Here Grindin (Video & Album Version)
(DJ Khaled featuring Akon, Rick Ross, Plies, Lil Boosie, Ace Hood and Trick Daddy)
Music video[edit]
A music video was on 106 & Park on July 23 and features all the guest artists working with green screens.[2] Cameos were made by Tyga, Travis of Gym Class Heroes, Bun B, Pistol Pete, Young Dro, Lil Phat, Fat Joe, Red Cafe, Brisco, Lil Mama, Flo Rida, Busta Rhymes, Maino, Kardinal Offishall, Shawty Lo, Royce Da 5'9, Sean Kingston, and T-Pain.[citation needed] The video premiered on BET's 106 & Park on July 22, 2008. The video does not include Young Jeezy, but he is still kept on the official single. The video version has Akon, Rick Ross, Plies, Lil Boosie, Ace Hood and Trick Daddy, and is the version that ended up being on the album.
"Out Here Grindin" first made a "Hot Shot Debut" at #38 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for the issue of July 19, 2008 making it DJ Khaled's highest debut on the chart.[3] Also in Canada it debuted at #71 on the Canadian Hot 100 based on downloads.
|Chart (2008)
|Canadian Hot 100
|U.S. Billboard Hot 100
|U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs[4]
|U.S. Billboard Hot Rap Tracks
|U.S. Billboard Pop 100
- ^ Ace Hood
- ^ "Out Here Grindin'" video shoot. Accessed June 6, 2008.
- ^ acharts.us - Billboard Hot 100 - Issue Date: Saturday July 19th, 2008
- ^ "Out Here Grindin' chart position. Billboard. Accessed July 12, 2008.
|This 2000s hip hop single-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
- 2008 singles
- DJ Khaled songs
- Akon songs
- Rick Ross songs
- Plies (rapper) songs
- Lil Boosie songs
- Ace Hood songs
- Trick Daddy songs
- Songs written by Akon
- Songs written by Ace Hood
- Songs written by Trick Daddy
- Song recordings produced by Akon
- Singles certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America
- Songs written by Young Jeezy
- Music videos directed by Gil Green
- Songs written by Rick Ross
- Song recordings produced by The Runners
- Gangsta rap songs
- 2000s hip hop single stubs


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