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A New York rap star signs with a violent Los Angeles-based record producer, triggering a bicoastal war. Stars Rashaan Nall, Merlin Santana and Faizon Love.
Jaxx is a rising hip-hop phenomenon who has it all--but wants more. Leaving his New York life behind, he signs with an infamous L.A. gangsta producer--and ignites a violent bi-coastal turf war that explodes out of the studio and onto the streets!
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I love this movie. No real reason, it was just humorous to me. Crazy type hood story.Published 8 months ago by Norm Peterson
I bought it for my dad, it made him happy so i guess it was a good buy.Published 10 months ago by A.J.S
Pretty solid movie. I remember BET used to show this movie a lot back in the early 2000's. Definitely a must see.Published on April 2, 2013 by Wachovia
I ENJOYED EVERY MINUTE OF THIS MOVIE. TONI BRAXTON DID A GREAT JOB ACTING. WOW! I HEARD THAT TONI BRAXTON WAS IN A MOVIE AND I HAD TO BUY IT. THIS IS A MUST SEE.Published on December 4, 2012 by Almarine The Redeemed
I'm just pissed that I cant find any music from Corey Crawford! Jaxx's actual rapper. He is sick! Kind of reminds me of PacPublished on May 3, 2012 by Amazon Customer
THIS MOVIE IS BETTER THAN MOST HIP HOP FILMS CATERED TO THE HIP HOP/RAP GENRE. I TOTALLY DIG THIS MOVIE ALL THE WAY, BUT FELTED LIKE VH1(THE NETWORK WHO MADE THIS ORIGINAL... Read morePublished on August 24, 2011 by Mike Wilson
Well to start I have to say that I am a devoted Toni Braxton fan. I would not have taken time to see this film if not for her. Read morePublished on December 15, 2007 by F. Armstrong


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Seattle Gay Club Arson Suspect Pleads Guilty
The man authorities believe set a popular Seattle gay club on fire on New Years Eve has pleaded guilty to a federal arson charge, LGBTQ Nation reports.
Musab Mohammed Masmari, 30, allegedly brought a canister of gasoline to Neigbours, a gay club in Seattle, on New Years Eve and just before midnight doused a set of stairs in the liquid before lighting it on fire.
More than 700 people were at the club when the fire broke out, but Neighbour's staff quickly put out the flames and police say no one was hurt during the incident.
Both police and prosecutors say Masmari, who was spotted on surveillance footage during the night of the fire carrying what appears to be a can of gasoline, set the fire. When Masmari, who reportedly has a number of other ongoing cases unrelated to the arson case, was arrested in January, police said they found he was holding a one-way ticket to Turkey and two passports.
Masmari is being held in King Court Jail on a $1 million. He has been charged with arson and prosecutors say he is a flight risk. Prosecutors may also charge the suspect with a hate crime.
As LGBTQ Nation reports, Masmari was originally charged in state court but federal authorities took over the case, which means the suspect may serve more than twice the prison time if found guilty, according to U.S. Attorney Jenny Durkan.


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|My cosplay and convention photos. I hope you enjoy. Please comment on what you like and don't like; ideas for improvement are always welcome.
Burlesque Showgirl. Nerd. Pinup Model. Badass Mother Fucker.
To book me, please email me at email@example.com
|I want to buy a one year membership. Give me points and I will give you Llamas!


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Tag Archives: Downtown Berkeley
8 top East Bay patios for enjoying an Indian Summer
September, the East Bay's other summer, is almost upon is. While al fresco dining is a year-round option in our pocket of Northern California, these warm days and golden evenings are the perfect time to take advantage of some of the area's outdoor dining and drinking spots. And, since El Niño is supposed to give us a long, wet winter (we hope!) it may be a while before patios seem appealing again. Below are eight of our favorite places, but we're sure we missed a few — leave us a comment if you have a much-loved patio or garden that didn't make our list. … Continue reading »
Berkeley condo project set for latest review
A 12-story building set to include 92 condominiums and nearly 12,000 square feet of commercial space could get its penultimate review from Berkeley's Design Review Committee tonight, Aug. 20.
The 120-foot-tall building would, if approved, take the place of one- and two-story buildings that currently exist on the block, housing several local businesses, including Berkeley Vacuum, the Missing Link annex and the Cutaway hair salon.
The project, at 1951-1975 Shattuck Avenue, at Berkeley Way, would be just north of the approved but not yet built Acheson Commons, and across the street from Berkeley Way West, a proposed UC Berkeley project that is slated to house several departments for the campus.
Read more about tall building projects in Berkeley.
The project could become one of seven new tall buildings downtown from 120 to 180 feet tall approved by voters during the Downtown Area Plan process in recent years. Two of those sites are reserved for UC Berkeley.
The San Francisco-based Nasser family first submitted its plans for 1951 Shattuck in December 2013. In June 2014, the city's Zoning Adjustments Board offered preliminary feedback to the project team. … Continue reading »
Tagged 1951-1975 Shattuck Ave., Abraham Nasser, Bay Architects, Berkeley Downtown Area Plan, Berkeley real estate, Berkeley tall buildings, Berkeley Vacuum, Berkeley Way, Community benefits, Design Review Committee, Downtown Berkeley, Evergreen Cafe, Jim Novosel, L'Argent, Nasser family, Shattuck Avenue, The Cutaway, UC Berkeley
To City Council: A response to Berkeley balcony collapse
Once you own a hammer every problem looks like a nail.
Over the past 20 years the City of Berkeley has had a number of deaths which have occurred in its rental housing stock. After each incident the response was the same: mandate inspections and charge the landlord. This rarely addresses the real problem but it is good politics.
The first was a problem of a student renting a house in North Oakland, close to the Berkeley border. His parents came … Continue reading »
Berkeley hotel project drops condos; at DRC this week
Thursday night, Berkeley's Design Review Committee will get its third look at the 16-story hotel planned downtown at Shattuck Avenue and Center Street.
The 168-foot-tall building is set to include 336 hotel rooms, some retail, and about 11,000 square feet of conference space. A parking garage is planned on the second floor, with additional parking set to be allocated in the Center Street garage after its renovation is complete. In its prior iteration, the hotel had been set to reach 18 stories and include nearly 40 condominiums, which no longer appear in the plans.
Read more about the tall buildings proposed in downtown Berkeley.
Project representative Matt Taecker said Pyramid Hotel Group "took another look at things" and decided to take the condos out of the project, at 2129 Shattuck. As a result, the building height has been reduced by two stories and 12 feet.
"The decision was to kind of simplify things and increase the number of hotel rooms," said Taecker. … Continue reading »
Harold Way project gets Landmarks Commission approval
A controversial mixed-use project proposed in downtown Berkeley won an important permit Thursday night after a 6-3 vote from Berkeley's Landmarks Preservation Commission.
The commission had been tasked with deciding whether to grant 2211 Harold Way a structural alteration permit, which it needs to carry out excavations on the project site. The 18-story building is set to include 302 residential units, 177 underground parking spots and more than 10,000 square feet of commercial space.
More than 60 people turned out to Thursday night's meeting, including more than 50 local residents who spoke forcefully against the project, and about six who spoke in favor. Many project opponents made their disapproval known by hissing and jeering at the handful of speakers who said Berkeley needs more housing, and that Harold Way will be a good project for the city. Commission Chair Christopher Linvill repeatedly had to ask the crowd to quiet down and give the project supporters their chance to speak. The public comment period lasted roughly three hours. … Continue reading »
Tagged 2211 Harold Way, Berkeley Downtown Area Plan, Berkeley real estate, Berkeley tall buildings, Community benefits, Downtown Berkeley, Hill Street Realty, HSR Berkeley Investments, Joe Penner, Kelly Hammargren, Landmarks Preservation Commission, Mark Rhoades, Residences at Berkeley Plaza, Shattuck Cinemas Landmark
Woman arrested after punching passer-by in the face
A homeless woman police say punched a passer-by in the head without provocation, and injured an officer who tried to detain her, has been arrested in Berkeley for at least the fourth time since March.
Berkeley Police spokeswoman Officer Jennifer Coats said Dawn Carraway, 25, caused non-life-threatening injuries to the 66-year-old Berkeley woman she attacked.
The incident happened at 4:35 p.m. Tuesday when the victim was walking near Allston Way and Milvia Street in downtown Berkeley.
"As she was walking the suspect punched the victim without provocation," said Coats. … Continue reading »
Op-ed: The Harold Way Project, as presented, will sacrifice Berkeley's unique character
The construction of the first, true high-rise in the city of Berkeley (in this case the Harold Way Project), will forever change the nature of our very unusual, human-scale city. Under the unfortunately voter-approved Downtown Plan, once the high-rise limit is breached, the city will never turn back as it rushes forward to become part of what Bay Area planners sometimes admiringly refer to as "the vernacular of today." And there is no way the skyscrapers will be forever … Continue reading »
Carpenters union protests new Berkeley balconies
Protesters from the local carpenters union set up a large display on Shattuck Avenue on Tuesday to question the construction standards of balconies at a new downtown Berkeley apartment building that's nearing completion.
Scott Littlehale, spokesman for the Hayward-based Carpenters Union Local 713, said the community should be paying close attention to building standards for projects, like the new Varsity Berkeley, that were approved by the city prior to the passage of urgency ordinances last month by the Berkeley City Council that mandate stricter building standards for balconies. Littlehale said his group has concerns about "generally deteriorating standards" for construction around the Bay Area, and said the group plans to return Wednesday to continue to demonstrate.
Project developer William Schrader Jr. told Berkeleyside on Tuesday afternoon that his building, Varsity Berkeley — formerly known as The Durant — is safe, and that the accusations being levied against it are false. He outlined the steps he has taken in recent months to ensure that his building's 31 balconies are secure and can be used with confidence. Schrader said his building plans, which he has adjusted, have been reviewed and approved by the city following the Library Gardens collapse in June. … Continue reading »
Berkeley plans 'very efficient garage that people will be happy to come to'
As plans proceed for an updated municipal garage on downtown Berkeley's Center Street, project details are firming up, and the plan for where people can expect to park while construction is underway has been released.
The city is planning to demolish its circa 1958 5-story parking structure at 2025 Center and replace it with a modern 8-story structure featuring a double-helix design to halve the time it takes drivers to exit the garage.
Last Thursday, July 23, the city's Zoning Adjustments Board learned about the newest iteration of the plans for the project, and gave feedback to city staff about several issues they still hope to see addressed. The project is set to return to the board Aug. 27 for a vote.
Read more about parking in Berkeley.
Earlier this month, the city's Design Review Committee gave the project a favorable review. The city's Civic Arts Commission is also on board, and is helping determine the process the city will use to select public art — described as colored LED lighting on the façade — that will appear on site. Last Thursday, zoning board commissioners said they were largely pleased with how the project is coming along.
"I've seen this project four times and it gets better and better," said Commissioner Richard Christiani. "Generally it's a very well-thought-out building. It's nice to see so much attention given to a structure like this." … Continue reading »
New plan calls for 10 theaters at 2211 Harold Way
The developer of 2211 Harold Way and Landmark Theatres are nearing a deal to increase the number of movie theaters in the 302-unit building in downtown Berkeley to 10 — but detractors say the changes do not go far enough.
After discussions with Ted Mundorf, the CEO of Landmark, Joseph Penner of HSR Berkeley Investments has submitted a new set of plans with the 10 theaters. Previously, the number of theaters proposed had ranged from zero to nine.
The current plan, which still needs city approval, would place the box office by the sidewalk on Shattuck Avenue, much like it currently is. There would be four theaters on the street level. Patrons would take an escalator, stairs or an elevator one flight down to the six other theaters. There would also be bathrooms, a bar, a lounge and a snack bar on the bottom level. … Continue reading »
Tagged 2211 Harold Way, 2929 Entertainment, Berkeley City Council, Berkeley Downtown Area Plan, Berkeley real estate, Berkeley tall buildings, Berkeley Vacuum & Sewing Center, Community benefits, Donald Goldmacher, Downtown Berkeley, Gerald and Chris Seegmiller, Hill Street Realty, HSR Berkeley Investments, Joe Penner, Kelly Hammargren, Mark Cuban, Mark Rhoades, Residences at Berkeley Plaza, Shattuck Cinemas Landmark, Ted Mundorff, Zoning Adjustments Board
UC Theatre project gets boost with $1.3M matching grant
One of the Bay Area's biggest philanthropists has given a $1.3 million matching grant to spur completion of the renovation of the UC Theatre in Berkeley.
Tad Taube, who made his millions in real estate and through his connection to Joseph Koret, a women's clothing manufacturer, announced this week that he will back the $5.6 million project, scheduled to be completed this fall.
"Music and the arts are gifts that should be accessible to everyone," Taube said in a press release. "David Mayeri and his innovative team at the Berkeley Music Group have developed a contemporary vision for the UC Theatre that will both enrich our community and broaden youth engagement in the arts. Supporting this project presents an opportunity for our community to engage in an endeavor that will have a broad, diverse impact on music, culture, education and quality of life in our community." … Continue reading »
Op-ed: Berkeley should revisit its balcony code changes
There are a lot of questions swirling around regarding the City of Berkeley's handling of its investigation into the Library Gardens balcony collapse.
The recent new safety regulations passed by the City Council and believed by Berkeley Mayor Bates to be the toughest in the state, while welcomed, add much fuel to the controversy.
Two conspiracy theories have emerged to explain the City's haste to demolish the second balcony and turn the evidence over to the owner. The first … Continue reading »
Hundreds gather in Berkeley to remember balcony victims
A month after a fifth-floor balcony snapped off the façade of 2020 Kittredge St. in Berkeley, sending six people in their 20s to their deaths and injuring seven others, hundreds of people gathered at Martin Luther King Jr. Civic Center Park on Sunday to honor them.
The event was a "Month's Mind," a traditional Irish requiem mass held a month after a death, according to Philip Grant, the Irish consul general in San Francisco. It is meant to remember and honor the deceased. There is a moment of silence for reflection.
"It's a moment of reflection on what happened and where we've come," said Grant. … Continue reading »


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In Conversation with the makers of hit Aussie series Glitch @OPENCHANNEL next Thursday 15 October - more info at http://t.co/YGWyIo3i0i
Tuesday 8:30pm
Talking Fishing is a LIVE panel show discussing current fishing issues, conditions, reports and tips. Segments...
Monday 9pm
Repeated Wednesday 12:30am, Friday 2am
K!ckers follows the random events of best friends Sunny Palai and Michael Stevens.
Thursday 9pm
Repeated Tuesday 10:30pm
Aussie Hunting Adventures is a hunting and outdoor adventure series aimed at showcasing hunting opportunities...
Varies: regular weekly what's on in Melbourne segment
On The List is Melbourne's only weekly 'what's on' video and event listing...
Wednesday 7:30pm
Repeated Friday 3pm
Saturday 2pm
A tour around everyday gardens, presented by Vasili! Features helpful tips and advice.
In Conversation with the makers of hit Aussie series Glitch @OPENCHANNEL next Thursday 15 October - more info at http://t.co/YGWyIo3i0i
RT @KiNK_TV_SHOW: THE KiNK! is on tonight with Ernest the Youtuber and a news report about sausage dog racing. 1130pm @C31Melbourne http://…
RT @ginnisaraswati: Back in @melbourne, catch me on @BentTVAustralia on @C31Melbourne with these lovelies tonight at 10pm. #TVLyf http://t.…
RT @Melbourne22TV: It's premiere of the fourth season of Melbourne 22! Tune into @C31Melbourne (Digital 44) Fridays at 7PM to see what's ha…


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 20, 1989
|Filing date
|Dec 10, 1987
|Priority date
|Dec 10, 1987
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Hugo Boeckmann
|Original Assignee
|Zip-Pak Incorporated
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (16), Referenced by (81), Classifications (26), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention relates to reclosable bags and to methods and apparatus for the manufacture of such bags and more particularly to continuous formation of bags by a form fill and seal process with improved means for advancing the film to intermittently cross-seal and fill the bags.
Reclosable bags having male and female profile cooperating reclosable elements along the opening to the bag have been known for some considerable time. Various forms of manufacture have been employed with one method of making such a bag including extruding a tube where the reclosable elements are integral therewith and the bags are formed by flattening the tube to close the reclosable elements and to cross-seal the flattened tube transversely.
One method of forming bags has been known as the form fill and seal method wherein a continuous length of film is fed forwardly and downwardly over a forming tube with the edges of the sheet of film being sealed to each other. The thus formed tube is cross-sealed at intervals and contents are filled into the bags down through the tubular mandrel over which the bag tube is formed.
An improved form of bag made by the foregoing methods resulted from advancements in the development of reclosable fasteners. Thus, a bag formed in this manner can be openable and reclosable when film which is utilized has a reclosable continuous fastener extending therealong.
In the formation of such bags, it is necessary to intermittently advance the film over the mandrel. Between the intermittent advancement of film, the reclosable fastener (zipper) is ultrasonically spot welded to maintain engagement of the male and female profiles and provide a flattened section for cross-seals to prevent leakage. A cross-seal is formed and contents are dropped gravitationally down through the mandrel to fill the tubular bag. A bag is then advanced and another cross-seal formed to provide the top seal of the previous bag and the bottom seal of a succeeding bag.
The mechanism and method used for the advancement of the film is critical to form the bags of the proper width and it may be even more critical where printing on the bag must be kept in registry. It is also important that the film be advanced without rotating it on the mandrel so that the reclosable fastener will always remain at the right location on the side or top of the bag. Also, the bag must be advanced such that the sealing apparatus will always engage the edges of the bag to form a satisfactory seal between the film edges.
It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide an improved structure and method for advancement of the film in a form fill and seal apparatus wherein film with a reclosable fastener is used. Another object of the invention is to provide an improved apparatus for advancement of the film in a form fill and seal mechanism wherein relatively delicate film can be handled, and can be accurately and reliably advanced so that the functions of forming the cross-seal, the filling and forming the longitudinal seal can be carried out accurately and reliably.
A further object of the invention is to provide an improved film advancing mechanism which is capable of advancing the film without wrinkling or stressing and wherein accurate control of the increment of advance can be effected.
In accordance with the present invention, thin plastic film for forming bags is advanced in a form fill and seal operation by the flat plastic film being wrapped around a tubular mandrel through which contents are filled into the finished bag. The film is advanced uniquely by driving it downwardly through engagement of the outer surface by frictional or vacuum belts. The belts are preferably in the form of two pairs of belts with one pair straddling the longitudinal fastener. The pairs are placed diametrically opposite and are of essentially identical construction so that equal and opposite forces are applied to the film so that even very fragile soft film material subject to wrinkling or stretching will be handled and advanced uniformly in a manner so that the longitudinal seam can be formed. Means are provided in advance of one pair of belts to guide the reclosable fastener accurately and reliably between two of the belts.
Other objects, advantages and features will become more apparent with the teaching of the principles of the invention in connection with the disclosure of the preferred embodiments thereof in the specification, claims and drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of apparatus constructed and operated in accordance with the principles of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a fragmentary elevational view of a portion of the structure of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a fragmentary vertical view taken substantially along line III--III of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a fragmentary vertical sectional view taken substantially along line IV--IV of FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is a fragmentary horizontal sectional view somewhat enlarged taken substantially along line V--V of FIG. 2; and
FIG. 6 is a substantially enlarged fragmentary horizontal sectional view taken substantially along line VI--VI of FIG. 2.
As illustrated in FIG. 1, a sheet of film 10 is fed from a suitable supply to the equipment illustrated in a form fill and seal operation. The sheet of film is fed over a shaped guide having sides 16 so that it envelops a vertical hollow mandrel 14. Edges 11 and 12 of the sheet of film are brought together to be sealed. Where the film is of a material such as polyethylene, the sealing is a heat seal process and it ill be understood that various forms of single layer or multiple layer film may be employed. Along the length of the film is a continuous reclosable fastener 13. This will provide an openable and reclosable fastener for the finished package which is shown at 22.
In operation, the film must be brought forward incrementally, and as it is brought forward, the edges are sealed together to form a side seam 18. As the film is stopped, a bottom cross-seam 21 is formed and the finished bag is cut to form bag 22 as shown. When the bottom seal 21 is formed, contents are filled into the bag through the hollow mandrel 14, and then the film is again advanced so that the next filled bag can be sealed at the top and cut off.
The film must be fed forwardly in a manner so that it does not wrinkle or tear and the reclosable fastener strip 13 must be maintained in its oriented position so that it will be located at the top front of the completed bag. The incremental feed can be measured such as by an electric eye, not shown, orienting with marks on the film and this method is used where printing is on the film which must be oriented on the finished bag. Alternately, the film may be advanced a predetermined distance but with either arrangement for advancement, the advancement must be uniform and done without damage to the film. This must be accomplished with sufficient force so that the edges of the film can be brought together and formed over the mandrel and a pull must be applied to the film in such a manner without losing the orientation or damaging or wrinkling the film.
In accordance with the principles of the present invention, the film is pulled down frictionally by means having frictional engagement with the outer surface of the bag film.
As illustrated in the figures, the outer surface of the bag is engaged by first and second pairs of belts shown at 23 and 24 with the belts extending in the direction of the film advancement and having contact with the film over a substantial length.
One pair of belts shown at 25 and 26 is positioned at one edge of the bag in a location so as to straddle the reclosable fastener and hold it in orientation essentially bracketing the fastener 13 therebetween in the manner shown in the enlarged sectional drawing of FIG. 6. Diametrically opposite the frictional advancement mechanism 23, is located the other frictional advancement member 24 having belts 27 and 28. The sets of belts on opposite sides of the film must have essentially the same frictional engagement with the film so as to pull it down evenly. The smooth outer surface of the mandrel 14 provides a support for the film as the belts engage the outer surface. The belts have a polyurethane or other frictional plastic surface which engages the film and other forms of rubber or other outer belt surfaces may be employed depending upon the film used.
In advance of the first of belts 23, a fastener guide assembly 60 is provided and the detail of this structure will be described later in connection with FIG. 5.
The side seam which is continually formed as the film is advanced is formed by a heated bar 15 supported on an arm 17. If relatively low temperatures are used, the bar 15 can stay in contact with the seam, or the bar may be lifted each time the advance of the film is stopped.
The frictional drive belts are carried on support mechanisms 32 and 33. The belts are of essentially identical construction, and therefore only the belts and support 32 need be described in detail as shown in FIG. 2.
Fixed frame members 39, shown on the right and left of FIG. 1, support the frictional drive assemblies and the assembly 32 is supported on horizontal rods 40 and 41 for the lefthand frictional drive, and rods 40a and 41a support the righthand frictional drive. The ends of the frame piece 39 are split so that bolts 42 and 43 can be tightened to lock the rods 40 and 41 in their adjusted position.
The rods support the dual sheaves 29 and 30 for the belts 25 and 26, and the dual sheaves 31 and 32 for the belts 27 and 28. As shown in FIG. 4, suitable drive mechanisms are provided for driving the shaft of the sheaves and motor 34 is illustrated intermittently operated by a control mechanism, not shown, so that the motor is driven for the appropriate period of time to give the advancement necessary to provide the correct length of bag 22.
The belts at each side of the mandrel are driven concurrently and for the same distance.
The belts are pressed against the plastic film with a predetermined force and for this purpose, backing rollers engage the inner surface of the belts. As illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 4, the backing rollers are arranged in tandem along behind the belts. As shown in FIG. 4, a series of rollers as illustrated at 46 and 47, back up belt 25 and a series of rollers 48 and 49 back up belt 26. These rollers are supported on their shafts in side plates 44 and 45. For purposes of assemblage of the rollers, the side plates have alternate holes to receive the roller shafts. For example, roller 46 is assembled by having its shaft inserted in a hole 50 in the frame plate 44. The adjacent roller for the belt 26 is assembled by having its shaft slid into a slot 52. Similarly, the roller 49 below roller 48 is installed by having its shaft inserted into a hole 53 in the side plate 45, while the opposite roller 47 has its shaft slid into the slot 51. In other words, the side plates 44 and 45 have alternate holes and slots which are staggered relative to the two plates 44 and 45 to permit assemblage of the rollers in the side plates.
The side plates 44 and 45 are part of a U-shaped support as shown in FIG. 6 which is mounted on shafts 54 and 55, FIG. 2, which shafts are supported on a base plate 56. The base plate is pushed inwardly to control the force that the rollers apply to the belts by threaded shaft 57 which threads into the frame 39. By turning a knob 58 on the shaft 57, the amount of force applied to the plate 56 will be determined and when the plate 56 is adjusted for the proper pressure between the rollers and the belts, it is locked in place by a locking nut 59. The belt assembly 24 on the right of FIG. 1 is adjusted in the same manner so that the belts at each side of the mandrel engage the film with equal force.
Another manner of obtaining frictional engagement between the belts and the film to advance the material is by applying a vacuum to the film through the belts. By placing a vacuum gland behind the belts and providing belts with holes extending therethrough, a low vacuum will draw the film tightly to the surface of the belts so that the film will advance with travel of the belts due to the friction between the belts and film. With the vacuum arrangement, the belts can be situated so that they do not press the film against the mandrel, but instead draw the film downwardly in light engagement with the mandrel or the belts can be spaced slightly from the mandrel. A very light vacuum will be all that is needed to firmly grip the film to the belts and the belts can be shortened so that the extent of contact between the film and belt may be less than that shown in the drawing. The vacuum will be released at the lower end of the contact between the belts and the film so that the film will be freed from the belt at the lower end of belt travel. Thus, actually the film is drawn down due to frictional engagement between the belt and film, but the frictional engagement is obtained due to vacuum rather than having the belt pressed against the film as it is slidably backed by the mandrel. Control of the frictional engagement between the film and belts can be controlled by increasing or decreasing the vacuum so as to accommodate more or less slippery film and to accommodate film which requires more or less pressure to be pulled down. Where the backing rollers are used to obtain the frictional engagement between the belt and film, the pressure of the rollers against the belt can be adjusted.
FIG. 5 illustrates the mechanism for guiding the fastener strip 13 downwardly so that is passes directly between the belts 25 and 26. The guide 60 is supported on a frame 65 and has a fixed arm 61 and a pivotal clamp arm 62. The arm 62 has a guide recess 63 and the arm 62 has a guide recess 64 with these recesses arranged to receive the fastener strip 13. The pivotal arm 62 is pivoted at 66 on the fixed arm 61 and a compression spring 67 urges the movable arm toward the fixed arm 61. An adjustable stop screw 68 limits the pivotal movement urged by the spring so that the spacing between the grooves 63 and 64 can be set to freely pass the fastener strip as it is pulled downwardly with the film.
An additional tightening screw 70 locks the arms in their relative adjusted position.
In operation, the pair of belts 25 and 26 at one side of the mandrel and the pair of belts 27 and 28 at the other side of the mandrel are incrementally driven to draw down the plastic film. While the film is advancing downwardly, the heated bar 15 seals the edges of the film together. When a bag length is drawn downwardly, the belts stop and sealing bars 19 and 20 are brought together to form a cross-seam at the top of the filled bag and at the bottom of the succeeding bag, and the filled bag is also cut from the length of film to drop downwardly, such as illustrated by the bag 22. When the contents have been filled into the bag through the hollow mandrel 14, the belts again are driven forward to uniformly draw down the film. This operation is continually repeated in a relatively high speed manufacturing process to fill and form bags.
Thus, it will be seen that there has been provided an apparatus and method for advancing film and forming bags which meets the advantages and objectives above set forth and which is capable of operating with a variety of materials and is capable of reliably forming bags at a suitable high rate of manufacturing speed.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 10, 1987
Owner name: ZIP-PAK INCORPORATED, NORTHBROOK, ILLINOIS A CORP.
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:BOECKMANN, HUGO;REEL/FRAME:004816/0805
Effective date: 19871204
|Nov 12, 1991
Owner name: ILLINOIS TOOL WORKS INC., A CORP. OF DE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:ZIP-PAK, INC., A CORP. OF DE;REEL/FRAME:005906/0818
Effective date: 19911028
|Oct 5, 1992
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 24, 1993
Owner name: MINIGRIP INC., NEW YORK
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ILLINOIS TOOL WORKS INC.;REEL/FRAME:006711/0107
Effective date: 19930921
|Sep 30, 1996
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Dec 20, 2000
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Reviewed By FRED V (Staten Island, NY) Reviewed for a 2015 Chevy Silverado —10/1/2015 5:24 AM
The steps look as if they were on the car from the factory. they seem very durable compliment the look of the truck
Reviewed By Trent B (HUDSON, WI) Reviewed for a 2015 Chevy Silverado —9/25/2015 6:35 PM
I have a 2015 Chev Duramax LTZ crew cab. It sits too high for most normal people to get into and out of without risking back strain. Very simply, I bought these bars and installed them myself. They came quickly, as promised, in pristine condition. Instructions were good enough to figure out quite easily. While I used an impact wrench for speed, this was a quick job. I'm thoroughly satisified. Look great/work great. Very durable and consistent with my otherwise HD truck.


text:
Special Exhibition Gallery
The Dumbarton Oaks Museum organizes temporary Special Exhibitions that offer new and different perspectives on the collections. These exhibitions are intended to enhance and complement the Permanent Exhibitions. Special Exhibitions may be on view in the Museum's Special Exhibition Gallery, as well as in the Bliss Gallery, the Textile Gallery, and the Orientation Gallery.
Now of View
75 Years/75 Objects
September 8, 2015–May 22, 2016
September Rotation: Researching—Museum work is not confined to collecting, stewardship, and display. There is also a significant obligation to advance knowledge. Each of the objects in this exhibit has benefited from past scholarly and scientific scrutiny, yet research remains an ongoing curatorial responsibility.
Curator's Tours: September 11 and 25, 2015 | 3 p.m.
Document Actions


text:
|Numéro de publication
|Type de publication
|Numéro de demande
|Date de publication
|19 sept. 2002
|Date de dépôt
|19 oct. 2001
|Date de priorité
|14 mars 2001
|Autre référence de publication
|Numéro de publication
|Milo Martin, Daniel Sorin, Mark Hill, David Wood
|Cessionnaire d'origine
|Martin Milo M.K., Sorin Daniel J., Hill Mark D., Wood David A.
|Exporter la citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citations de brevets (3), Référencé par (17), Classifications (7), Événements juridiques (5)
|Liens externes: USPTO, Cession USPTO, Espacenet
[0001] This application claims the benefit of provisional application 60/275,743 filed Mar. 14, 2001.
[0002] The present invention relates generally to a system for coordinating cache memories in a shared-memory computer architecture, and in particular, to a system that chooses a mechanism for communicating cache coherence messages based on the bandwidth available for transmitting such messages.
[0003] Large computer software applications, such as simulators and database servers, require cost-effective computation beyond that which can be provided by a single microprocessor. Shared-memory, multiprocessor computers have emerged as a popular solution for running such applications.
[0004] Most shared memory multiprocessor computers provide each constituent processor with a cache memory into which blocks of the shared memory may be loaded. The cache memory allows faster memory access. A coherence protocol ensures that the contents of the cache memories accurately reflect the contents of the shared memory. Generally, such protocols invalidate all other cache memories when one cache is written to, and updating of the main memory before a changed cache is flushed.
[0005] Two important classes of protocols for maintaining cache coherence are "snooping" and "directories". In the snooping protocols, a given cache, before its processor reads or writes to a block of memory, "broadcasts" a request for that block of memory to all other "nodes" in the system. The nodes include all other caches and the shared memory itself. The node "owning" that block responds directly to the requesting node, forwarding the desired block of memory. A refinement of snooping, is "multicast snooping", in which the requesting node attempts to predict which of the other nodes has a copy of the desired block, and rather than broadcasting its request, the requesting node performs a multicast to the predicted copy holders. This technique is described in Multicast Snooping: A New Coherence Method Using a Multicast Address Network, E. Ender Bilir, Ross M. Dickson, Ying Hu, Manoj Plakal, Daniel J. Sorin, Mark D. Hill, and David A. Wood, International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA), 1999, hereby incorporated by reference.
[0006] In the directory protocols, a given cache "unicasts" its request for a block of memory to a directory which maintains information indicating those other caches using that particular memory block. The directory then "multicasts" requests for that block directly to a limited number of indicated caches. Generally, the multicast will be to a superset of the caches, over those that actually have ownership or sharing privileges, because of transactions which are not recorded in the directory, as is understood in the art.
[0007] Snooping protocols are often used with small computers because they transmit the necessary cache messages quickly without the delaying intermediate step of using the directory. For large systems with many processors, however, snooping generates large numbers of messages which may overwhelm a communications channel. For this reason, the directory protocol, which focuses communications only to a limited number of relevant caches, may be desirable in larger, multiprocessor machines.
[0008] While the above principals guide the system designer in selecting between snooping and directory protocols, the decision can be complicated. First, many multiprocessor units are designed to accommodate a range of different processor numbers. Selecting one of a directory protocol or a snooping protocol will result in less than optimal performance when the same system is configured with different numbers of processors or in certain upgrade operations where more processors are added to the system.
[0009] Second, even for a fixed number of processors, the application being executed may result in a radically different demand on the cache protocol communication network for which one of the snooping or directory protocols will be preferable to the other protocol. For any given system, the amount of memory traffic may vary significantly over time.
[0010] What is needed is a cache coherence protocol that works better with these varying real-world conditions.
[0011] The present invention provides an adaptive, hybrid protocol that is sensitive to the bandwidth available for communication of cache protocol messages. Specifically, the hybrid protocol performs like snooping if bandwidth is plentiful, and performs like a directory if bandwidth is limited.
[0012] The adaptability of the present invention provides improved performance over a range of different sizes of multiprocessor machines, running a variety of different applications, and during different phases of the execution of those applications. Simulation suggests that not only does the hybrid protocol outperform snooping for periods of high bandwidth demand and outperform directory systems for periods of plentiful bandwidth, but also outperforms both snooping and bandwidth for intermediate bandwidth availability, a state likely to dominate in many practical system applications.
[0013] Specifically then, the present invention provides a method and apparatus for coordinating cache memories in a multiprocessor computer having at least two processor units each with a processor and cache memory, and further having a shared memory, where the processor units communicate cache coherence messages over a network. The invention provides for two mechanisms for communicating cache coherence messages. When the first, snooping mechanism is used, the cache coherence messages are sent directly from a given processor to another processor. When the second, directory mechanism is used, the cache coherence messages are sent directly from a given processor to a directory and then to multiple processor units indicated by the directory. Available bandwidth on the network, used to communicate the cache coherence messages, is evaluated and for a given cache coherence message, different mechanisms for communication of the cache coherence message are used depending on the evaluation of available bandwidth.
[0014] Thus, it is a first object of the invention to provide multiple communication mechanisms for cache coherence messages, where the particular mechanism may be selected dynamically as a function of the available bandwidth.
[0015] The snooping mechanism may broadcast the given cache coherence message to all other processor units.
[0016] Thus, it is an object of the invention to provide a direct communication mechanism when bandwidth is plentiful.
[0017] The given cache coherence message may be related to a portion of the shared memory and the directory may provide an index linking portions of the memory to a given set of processor units and the directory mechanism may send the cache coherence message to the given set of processor units linked to the portion of the shared memory related to the given cache coherence message.
[0018] Thus, it is another object of the invention to provide for a focused transmission of cache coherence messages to less than all the processors when bandwidth is limited.
[0019] When used in a hybrid system with multicast snooping, the directory may send the cache coherence message directly over the network to the given set of processor units.
[0020] In this way, the invention streamlines the directory process over the process normally used in multicast snooping by eliminating the need to send a NACK signal to the originating processor requiring the originating processor to start over with the request.
[0021] The method may include the steps of detecting insufficiency in the set of processor units to which coherence messages are sent, when using the directory, and retrying the transmission a predetermined number of times if there is an insufficiency, and afterwards, reverting to a broadcasting of the given cache coherence message to all processor units.
[0022] Thus, it is another object of the invention to address possible problems of live lock wherein one processor unit using the directory technique is unable to compete with other processor units using a direct broadcast technique.
[0023] The processor units in responding to a retry of the cache coherence message may add a retry number to the forwarded data to link it to a specific cache coherence message.
[0024] Thus, it is another object of the invention to eliminate ambiguity at the receiving node when the directory undertakes retries.
[0025] The evaluation of available bandwidth may compare the available bandwidth against a predetermine threshold and select the mechanism of snooping in situations where the available bandwidth is greater than the threshold and the mechanism of directory in situations where the available bandwidth is less than the threshold. This decision may be a simple or complex function of the thresholding process. The threshold may be less than all the bandwidth of the network.
[0026] Thus, it is another object of the invention to provide a flexible method of dynamically selecting between cache coherence message transmission mechanisms based on a simple threshold that may be empirically derived.
[0027] The step of selecting the mechanism for communication of cache coherence messages may provide a mix of selections of snooping and directory mechanisms where the mix is a function of the evaluation of the available bandwidth and has greater than two values. In one embodiment, the mix may be generated pseudorandomly according to a probability function based on the evaluation of available bandwidth.
[0028] Thus, it is another object of the invention to provide an effectively continuous variation in the mechanism selection process to provide improved control dynamics.
[0029] In this hybrid directory/snooping system, the mechanism of snooping may use multicast snooping where the cache coherence message is transmitted to a selected set of processor units based on a prediction as to which processor units have caches loaded with relevant data.
[0030] Thus, it is another object of the invention to provide the benefits of this hybrid system together with an alternative to broadcasting to all processors during snooping.
[0031] The directory monitors the multicast to determine insufficiency in the set of targets of the multicast resulting from erroneous prediction to initiate a retransmission of the cache coherence message.
[0032] It is another object of the invention to provide a lower latency correction mechanism for speculatively multicasting.
[0033] The step of evaluating the available bandwidth may monitor the communication on the network at the processor unit transmitting the given cache coherence messages.
[0034] Thus it yet another object of the invention to provide for a simple approximation of network bandwidth that may be performed locally at each processor unit.
[0035] The foregoing objects and advantages may not apply to all embodiments of the invention and are not intended to define the scope of the invention, for which purpose claims are provided. In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and in which there is shown by way of illustration, a preferred embodiment of the invention. Such embodiment also does not define the scope of the invention and reference must be made therefore to the claims for this purpose.
[0036]FIG. 1 is a fragmentary block diagram of multiprocessor architecture employing a number of processor units, each processor unit having a processor, a cache, the latter including a cache controller, the processor units communicating on multiple logical networks with a memory having a directory;
[0037]FIG. 2 is a simplified representation of the processor units and memory of FIG. 1 showing a snooping, cache coherence message transmission mechanism used in the present invention;
[0038]FIG. 3 is a figure similar to that of FIG. 2, showing a directory cache coherence message transmission mechanism also used in the present invention;
[0039]FIG. 4 is a detailed fragmentary view of the cache controller of FIG. 1 showing the functional elements of the bandwidth monitoring of the present invention to selected between a snooping and directory protocol;
[0040]FIG. 5 is a simplified graph plotting performance of the cache communications in the multiprocessor unit versus available bandwidth of the network for each of the snooping mechanism alone, the directory mechanism alone, and for the present invention which switches between the snooping and directory mechanisms based on network bandwidth, the graph showing the superiority of the present invention;
[0041]FIG. 6 is a flow chart showing the steps of a program executing by the directory of the memory of FIG. 1 in responding to a broadcast or dual-cast message, or in a second embodiment, to a multicast message;
[0042]FIG. 7 is a figure similar to that of FIG. 2 showing the multicasting cache coherence message transmission mechanism of FIG. 5; and
[0043]FIG. 8 is a detail of a processor unit similar to that of FIG. 1 showing the addition of a predictor to the cache controller to allow multicasting of FIGS. 5 and 6.
[0044] Referring now to FIG. 1, a multiprocessor, shared-memory, computer system 10 includes a number of processor units 12 communicating on a network 14 with a shared memory system 16. Although the shared memory system 16 is depicted as a single unitary structure, in practice, the physical memory of the shared memory system 16 may be distributed among different processor units 12 to be shared over a network or the like. The shared memory system 16 includes a shared memory 17 of conventional architecture and storing a number of memory blocks 19, a directory 21, and a memory controller 11 as will be described below.
[0045] Each processor unit 12 includes a processor 18 connected over an internal bus 20 with a cache memory 22 and cache controller 26. Only two processor units are shown in FIG. 1, however, the present invention is applicable to architectures having an arbitrary number of processor units and is particularly well suited for multiprocessor, shared-memory, computer systems 10 accepting variable numbers of processor units 12.
[0046] During operation of the computer system 10, the cache memory 22 may receive a copy of a block 19 of the shared memory 17 to speed execution of reading or writing of that block 19 by its associated processor 18. The directory 21 records which cache memory 22 holds which block 19, providing a table that links each block 19 to all cache memories 22 having a copy of that block 19. The directory 21 may also indicate the status of that block 19 in each cache memory 22 as, for example "owned" indicating the processor unit 12 associated with the cache memory may perform reads or writes to the block 19, or "shared" indicating that the processor associated with the cache memory 22 may only read the block, as is understood in the art.
[0047] The cache controllers 26 communicate cache coherence messages with the memory controller 11 of the shared memory system 16 or other cache controllers 26 along an ordered request network 28. The ordered request network 28 observes the requirement that each of the cache controllers 26 and the directory 21 receive the requests in the same order although not necessarily synchronously. The invention, however, is not limited to this type of ordered network, but may also be used with networks that allow certain reordering of the requests.
[0048] The cache coherence messages generally help to provide a consistent ordering of reads and writes of multiple processor units 12 as is understood in the art. The present invention is applicable to a variety of cache coordination messages but of particular importance is a request for a memory block 19 that must be made by a cache memory 22 prior to writing to the cache memory 22.
[0049] The cache memories 22 may receive data (also broadly part of the cache coherence messages as the term is used herein) from the shared memory system 16 or other cache memories 22 along a nonordered data network 24 providing rapid transfer of data between cache memories 22 and the shared memory 17 or other cache memories 22.
[0050] Referring now to FIG. 2, when a snooping mechanism is used for the transmission of cache coherence messages, for example, from a processor unit 12 a, the cache coherence message is duplicated and broadcast over the ordered request network 28 to each of the remaining processor units 12 b through 12 f and the memory controller 11 of the shared memory system 16 as indicated by the arrows 23 of FIG. 2. When the cache coherence message is a request for a block 19, that cache memory 22 owning the block 19 (or the shared memory system 16 if it is the owner) responds by relinquishing the block 19 to the cache memory 22 of the requesting processor unit 12 a. Snooping is rapid, but requires a large number of messages as is apparent from FIG. 2.
[0051] Alternatively, referring to FIG. 3, when a directory mechanism is used for the transmission of cache coherence messages, the processor unit 12 a dual-casts the cache coherence message (arrow 27) to itself and the directory 21 which identifies those processor units, for example, processor units 12 c and 12 d (or the memory systems 16 itself) having the desired block 19 (e.g. as an owner or sharer of the block 19). The directory 21 then multicasts the cache coherence message (arrows 29) to those specifically identified processor units (12 c and 12 d) and the originating, processor 12 a and itself only. As is apparent from this example, the number of cache coherence messages required to be transferred over ordered request network 28 is much reduced with respect to the snooping mechanism. This disparity grows even more pronounced as additional processor units 12 are added. However, it will also be evident, that the two-step process with the communication with the directory 21 imposes a delay in the transmission of cache coherence messages.
[0052] Referring now to FIG. 4 in the present invention, the cache controller 26 implements a state machine 29 that may execute either a snooping mechanism 30 or a directory mechanism 32. This state machine 29 provides for a switch 34 whose state selects between these mechanisms for the transmission of a given cache coherence message over the ordered request network 28.
[0053] Generally, the state of the switch 34 is determined by monitoring the message traffic on the ordered request network 28. Specifically, the cache controller 26 receives a network usage signal 36 having a high state indicating that the ordered request network 28 is receiving or transmitting messages related to the cache memory 22 and a low state indicating that the ordered request network 28 is idle with respect to cache memory 22. A weighting may be applied to the network usage signal 36 to create a threshold as will be explained below. In the preferred embodiment, a +1 weighting is assigned to the high state of the network usage signal 36 and a −3 weighting is assigned to the low state of the network usage signal 36. This weighted signal is periodically sampled and integrated by integrator 38 implemented, for example, by a saturating seven-bit signed adder. If at the sampling time, the network usage signal 36 is in the high state, the adder adds 1 to its value, whereas if at the sampling time the network usage signal 36 is in the low state, the adder subtracts 3 from its value. The weighting described above causes the output 40 of the integrator 38 to swing about a zero value when the utilization of the network is about 75%; saturation of the adder effectively limits the range of the output 40 of the integrator 38 to between −64 and +64.
[0054] It will thus be understood that the output 40 of integrator 38 provides a value dependent on the duty cycle of the network usage signal 36 and thus provides an approximation of available network bandwidth, with negative output values representing less than 75% of the bandwidth being used and positive values representing more than 75% of the bandwidth being used. This threshold of 75% may be adjusted by changing the weighting to account for the limited sampling of the ordered request network 28 at only one processor unit 12 and may be adjusted empirically.
[0055] The term bandwidth as used herein is intended to indicate generally a measure of the amount of data that can be transmitted per time on the ordered request network 28 and is intended to include the effects both of the speed of the network (e.g. how many bits per second can be transmitted on a network line), and the width of the network (e.g. how many lines are run in parallel for the network).
[0056] The output 40 of integrator 38 is periodically sampled (every 128 cycles) by a second integrator 41 implemented by a saturating six-bit unsigned counter, each sampling resetting the integrator 38 to provide an average utilization signal 42. If the output 40 of integrator 38 is positive, this indicates that the utilization of the ordered request network 28 is greater than 75% and the counter of the second integrator 41 counts up one, whereas if the average output 40 of integrator 38 is negative this indicates that the utilization of the ordered request network 28 is less than 75% and the counter of the integrator 41 counts down one.
[0057] This average utilization signal 42 could be provided directly to a comparator whose output is used to directly control the state of switch 34 so that the snooping mechanism 30 is used whenever the utilization indicated by the average utilization signal 42 is below a threshold (for example, half its output range) and directory mechanism 32 is used whenever the average utilization signal 42 is above threshold.
[0058] This approach, however, would provide a relatively coarse control system, so accordingly, in preferred embodiment of the present invention, the average utilization signal 42 is treated as a probability function to be compared with a pseudorandom sequence 44 produced by pseudorandom sequence generator 46. Only if the average utilization signal 42 is greater than the pseudorandom sequence 44 is the directory mechanism 32 used and in all other cases, snooping mechanism 30 is used to create a probabilistic mix 50 of selections of the snooping mechanism 30 and directory mechanism 32 for each cache protocol message being transmitted. The balance of the mix 50 varies continuously as a function of the deviation of average utilization signal 42 from the selected threshold so that as the network utilization increases, the mix 50 favors directory transactions and as it decreases, the mix 50 favors snooping transactions.
[0059] Referring now to FIG. 5, for a period 52 of low available bandwidth, generally, the performance 51 of a directory mechanism 32 is superior reflecting, intuitively, the fact that broadcast systems will tend to overuse the bandwidth of the ordered request network 28 slowing the net transfer of information. In contrast, the performance 55 of a snooping mechanism 30 during periods 54 of high available bandwidth will exceed the directory mechanism 32, the latter which is fundamentally limited by the indirection through the directory 21, which increases latency. Interestingly, empirical studies have shown that the performance 53 of the present invention can provide comparable performance to both the snooping mechanism 30 and the directory mechanism 32 in these periods 52 and 54 yet superior performances to both mechanisms in periods 56 of mid-bandwidth utilization. This surprising result reflects the fact that the present system better utilizes available bandwidth creating fewer issues of interference.
[0060] Referring again to FIG. 1, generally each of the processor units 12 responds to a cache coherence message from another processor unit 12 or from the memory controller 11 of the shared memory system 16 requesting a block 19, by evaluating whether they have that block 19 in their cache memory 22. If they have that block in the capacity of an owner, and the request is for sharing, they downgrade their ownership to a sharing status. If on the other hand, the request is for ownership, they invalidate their cache memory 22 and transmit ownership and the data of that block 19 to the requesting processor unit 12. If on the other hand, the request is for ownership and the cache 22 has a shared copy, it downgrades its shared copy to invalid.
[0061] Referring now to FIG. 6, the procedure executed by the memory controller 11 of the shared memory system 16 is somewhat more involved. If a cache coherence message requesting a block 19 is received as part of a broadcast request, as determined by decision block 60 implemented in circuitry within the memory controller 11, then the memory controller 11 proceeds to decision block 62 to determine whether the requested data is owned by the shared memory 17. If so, as indicated by process block 64, the memory controller 11 replies with the block 19 and updates its directory 21 indicating the new copy holders as identified to one or more cache memories 22. Invalidation of the other caches is performed by the broadcast message only if necessary due to an ownership change.
[0062] If the block 19 is not owned by the memory controller 11 as determined by decision block 62, then at process block 66, the directory 21 is updated to indicate new copyholders as needed but no data is sent.
[0063] If at decision block 60, the cache coherence message is not a broadcast request, the memory controller 11 proceeds to process block 68 to determine whether the message is part of a dual-cast request to the directory 21. If so, memory controller 11 proceeds to decision block 70 to determine if the requested block 19 is owned by the shared memory 17. If so, then at process block 72, the shared memory 17 replies with the data and the memory controller 11 updates its directory 21.
[0064] If the block 19 of a dual-cast request is not owned by the memory controller 11, as indicated at decision block 70, and as determined through review of the directory 21, the memory controller 11 proceeds to process block 74 and a retry number (stored within the messages) is initialized to zero. The memory controller 11 then proceeds to check to see if a message can be injected on the ordered request network 28 as indicated by decision block 75.
[0065] If a network buffer is not available (as a necessary condition to getting on the ordered request network 28), then at decision block 75, a deadlock situation is possible and the memory controller 11 proceeds to process block 82 to send a NACK (no acknowledgement) signal to the cache controller 26 originating processor unit 12 for it to start over.
[0066] When a network buffer is available, the memory controller 11 proceeds from decision block 75 to process block 76 and the retry number is incremented, and at process block 78 a multicast message is sent only those processor units 12 indicated by its directory 21 to have relevant data in their cache memories 22 and to the processor unit 12 originating the request, and to itself. The value of the retry number is appended to the multicast messages.
[0067] The multicast message will be received by the memory controller 11 and reviewed at decision block 79 by comparing the scope of the multicast with the directory 21. If no intervening request has changed the directory 21 so that the multicast addressees are still sufficient, then the multicast is sufficient and the memory controller 11 branches to decision block 62 as described above. If the set of targets of the multicast is insufficient, however, the memory controller 11 moves to decision block 80 to check if the value of the retry number is at its maximum (set in the preferred embodiment to three).
[0068] If the retries have not been exhausted, the memory controller 11 branches to decision block 75 as has been described to undertake yet another retry multicast. Processor units 12 responding to a multicast, append the retry number to their responses to allow the origination processor unit to match responses with retry requests on the ordered request network 28.
[0069] If the number of multicast retries have been exhausted then the memory controller 11 checks at decision block 81 (similar to decision block 75) whether there is a buffer available on the ordered request network 28 so as to forestall a deadlock situation. If a buffer is available, the memory controller 11 moves to process block 83 and sends a broadcast request to all other processor units 12. If there is no buffer available, a NACK is sent to the origination processor unit 12 to let it initiate the process again.
[0070] Referring now to FIG. 7, in an alternative embodiment, the invention may alternate between a directory mechanism 32 and a snooping mechanism 30 where the latter undertakes less than a full broadcast to all of the processor units 12 and memory controller 11 but instead multicasts (as indicated by arrows 100) only to itself, processor units 12 likely to have the desired block 19 and memory controller 11. This multicast also includes the retry number.
[0071] Referring also to FIG. 8, in this embodiment, the cache controller 26 is augmented by a predictor 98, which endeavors to predict those processors units 12 a through 12 f likely to have copies of the block 19 being sought. The predictor 98 may make its predictions in a number of ways including, for example, storing information about recent mispredictions to the same block 19, recent mispredictions to any block 19, behavior of spatially adjacent blocks 19, recent mispredictions of the same static load or store instructions (indexed to the program counter), input form the software (the programmer, compiler, library or runtime system or some combination of these).
[0072] Referring again to FIG. 6, when multicasting snooping is allowed, the memory controller 11 may detect a multicast as one of the possibilities after decision block 68 and monitor the multicast by the originating processor unit 12 as indicated by process block 79. This monitoring checks the success of the multicast, as with the multicast from the memory controller 11.
[0073] If the multicast by the originating processor unit 12 is successful, the memory controller 11 will do nothing except update its directory 21 per the path of decision block 62, but if the multicast is insufficient, meaning that it was sent to fewer than the necessary processor units 12, the memory controller 11 may initiate its own multicasting message per the path of decision block 80. No NACK need be sent to the initiating processor unit 12 which may deduce an error occurred by receipt of the multicasting message from the memory controller 11.
[0074] It is specifically intended that the present invention not be limited to the embodiments and illustrations contained herein, but that modified forms of those embodiments including portions of the embodiments and combinations of elements of different embodiments also be included as come within the scope of the following claims.
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|Classification aux États-Unis
|Classification internationale
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Owner name: WISCONSIN ALUMNI RESEARCH FOUNDATION, WISCONSIN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:WOOD, DAVID A.;HILL, MARK D.;MARTIN, MILO M. K.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:012433/0191;SIGNING DATES FROM 20011031 TO 20011213
|1 nov. 2002
|19 juil. 2005
|Certificate of correction
|26 sept. 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|28 sept. 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


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