text:
Main Navigation
Home Page
Osborne Online
Local News
Decatur Tribune Online
Weather Radar For Central Illinois
City Councilman McDaniel Issues Memo Stating He Will Vote Against Re-Zoning Ash Avenue And Route 51 For New Aldi Store
Mac on Sports
Groce Likes Depth, Versatility
Mac on Sports
Adreon Re-Elected IHSA Director
Salvation Army Names
Brad And Brigid Sweeney
As Tree Of Lights Honorary
Co-Chairs For 2015
The People Speak In 'Letters To The Editor'
City Council Receives Proposed Hotel Redevelopment Agreement
Osborne Online
How Long Does It Take To Become A Nuisance?
Decatur Police Department To Partner With Project AVA And Its Halloween 'Bootique' Program By Being A Local Collection Site For Costumes
Bittersweet Moment
City Council Appoints New Member, Approves Sewer Plan
Osborne Online
Musings On Life In Decatur's 'Auto World'
The Henningsens To Present Concert At Lincoln Square Theatre Oct. 17
Paul Osborne's
New Storyboard at Prairie & Franklin
Downtown's Faded 'Looking For Lincoln' Storyboards Replaced
Old Storyboard at Prairie & Franklin
A few months ago I mentioned in this column the bad condition of some of the downtown "Looking For Lincoln" signs and how they should be replaced.
I also mentioned that, many years after its dedication, Preston Jackson's African American Civil War Soldiers Monument still had no signage identifying it.
I received assurances from both City Manager Tim Gleason and Assistant City Manager Billy Tyus that the problems would be addressed very soon.
I assured those who asked me about the statue and faded signage that something would be done because both Gleason and Tyus had given me their word on the matter.
Now, they have kept their word and I'm really pleased.
I received a message from Tyus with an update on both items that concerned me -- and others.
He wrote: "All of the Looking for Lincoln signs have been installed downtown, leaving just one near the Millikin Homestead. We hired a contractor to install the downtown storyboards but the final sign will be installed soon by staff and reps from the Decatur Area Convention and Visitors Bureau.
"Also, we have ordered the plaque for the African American Civil War Soldiers Monument from C&K Custom Signs and they estimate that installation could take place within the next 2-3 weeks.
"We will also be doing a larger, more descriptive sign on site with more of a narrative and potentially pictures but wanted to get the plaque in first."
That's great news and a lot of us say "thanks" for following through and getting the work done.
-- My Thursday morning radio buddy and long-time friend Brian Byers of WSOY-AM Decatur was named Small Market Person-ality of the Year at the 2015 National Associ-ation of Broadcasters' (NAB) Marconi Radio Awards.
The awards were announced Thursday night at the 26th annual NAB Marconi Radio Awards Dinner & Show held during the Radio Show in Atlanta, GA.
The prestigious awards recognize radio's outstanding personalities and stations. Marconi finalists were selected by a task force of broadcasters, and the winners were voted on by the NAB Marconi Radio Awards Selection Academy. The votes were tabulated by an independent firm.
Congratulations to Brian and his many efforts for the Decatur area over the years -- both on and off the radio.
I've always enjoyed our weekly one-hour "City Hall Insider" chats on Byers & Co. over the past 12 years.
getting to know more about Associate Circuit Judge Thomas E. Little last week as we chatted about his candidacy for Macon County Circuit Judge.
Judge Little will be running in the March 2016 Primary as a candidate of the Republican Party to fill the vacancy created by Judge Timothy Stead-man's retirement. So far, Judge Little is the only announced candidate for the position.
-- The 14th Annual WSOY Community Food Drive will be held on Friday, October 9th from 6 am until 6 pm at the Kroger on Rt. 36.
The goal this year for the event is 1,040,000 pounds. The 12 hour food drive raised that much last year, making it the first year that the event raised over 1,000,000 pounds.
Any doubt the goal will be reached? No doubt here!
-- A few weeks ago in this column I mentioned how some vehicles' windows are so heavily tinted that I couldn't see anything inside. I see that more often and, in my mind, it certainly poses a safety hazard for any law enforcement officer who stops a vehicle with heavily tinted windows.
I felt that such heavy tints should be illegal.
One of our readers informed me that the General Assembly passed legislation some time ago that permits heavily-tinted windows.
I did check legislative records and, apparently car window tinting laws have been in effect for years and revised not that long ago.
Like most legislation, it will make you dizzy and "tint" your senses by the time you finish reading it.
It lists a lot of categories of tint and reflective glass. Apparently, a tint must, at least, allow 35% of light to come through the window.
I don't know about the percentage of light in some of the vehicles I've been seeing, but if legislators approved window tints that make it impossible to see into the car, they need to have an mri to see if there are any brain waves present!
These heavy tints are dangerous PERIOD -- and, in an environment where police officers are being targeted, it's crazy to allow drivers that kind of visual protection.
I'm not contending that all tints should be banned -- just the ones that endanger the lives of law enforcement officers because they can't see inside the vehicle!
Listen to the "City Hall Insider" hour with Paul Osborne on Byers & Co. at 7:00 every Thursday morning over NEWS/TALK 1340 WSOY, visit our website at decaturtribune.net and also find us at our Decatur Tribune Facebook page.
Paul Osborne
Editor & Publisher
Decatur Tribune Offices
Are Located At:
132 South Water Street
Suite 424
P. O. Box 1490
Decatur, Illinois 62523
Mon.-Thurs. 9:00-4:30
Phone: 217/422-9702
Fax: 217/422-7320
Submit your news
to the editor at:
or to: Decatur Tribune,
P. O. Box 1490,
Decatur, IL 62525-1490.
* * * *
The photo at the top of the page shows downtown's Central Park with the fountain and historic Transfer House.
God Bless
Our Nation
The 14th Annual WSOY Community Food Drive will be held on Friday, Oct. 9th from 6 am until 6 pm at the Kroger on Rt. 36. The goal this year for the event is 1,040,000 pounds. The 12 hour food drive raised that much last year, making it the first year the event raised over 1,000,000 pounds.
Content copyright


text:
Children's books + Short stories (children and teens)
Soup10: 'Once I started reading I couldn't get my head up from it!'
Confessionsofabooklover: 'This book was a fun read for me, but Shane's attitude and style may not be suited to everyone's tastes'
eleanorreads: 'The YA genre has been given a reputation of soppy love stories, and this book hands the critics what they want on a plate'
hockey_jess: 'it is all about overcoming adversity and how nothing will stand in the way of true love'
cupcakekate: 'It is a great read and inspires you to write small fantasy stories yourself'
Today marks the start of National Short Story week, a week dedicated to celebrating the short and sweet of fiction. Find out more here, plus read the winning entry to their Young Writer Competition and hear top children's authors Chris Priestley, Joe Craig and Tamsin Murray talk about writing short stories
jboo1698: 'all three authors use the same surroundings, characters and theme: love'
Sophie Scribe: 'In only 250 pages it really makes us see the First world war in a totally different light'
Sam_0160: 'I read eagerly to the end with my mum to see if they would find a family to love them'
Malorie Blackman, Marcus Sedgwick, Patrick Ness, Meg Rosoff and Charlie Higson are just a few of the glittering literati flocking to explore the world of young adult literature at YALC 2014…
Glimpse upcoming highlights of the weekend's schedule here – it's all kicking off on Saturday 12 July as part of the London Comic Con!
Sim: 'If Stories of World War One isn't on every public and school library bookshelf it should be'
Nurses, spies, grieving wives and daughters, newly enfranchised citizens: the First World War affected the lives of women as radically and catastrophically as it did the men fighting. War Girls is a collection of stories by famous authors such as Theresa Breslin, Anne Fine and Mary Hooper, exploring how the war changed the lives of women forever. Read Melvin Burgess' story, Mother and Mrs Etherington, right here!
CaraErica: 'War Girls is a brilliant book to remember the women of World War I and is a must read in wake of the approaching centenary'
Kat Winter: 'I found the books a little hard to get into at first, but soon I got used to the style of writing and the way the characters spoke, and couldn't stop reading'
Sophiescribes: 'I highly recommend this book if you want something really scary'
To coincide with International Women's Day, "The History Girls" - a group of authors including Mary Hoffman, Adele Geras, Celia Rees and Marie-Louise Jensen - have written an anthology of stories celebrating the achievements of women in history
Read Celia Rees' story about Emily Davison, the suffragette who was killed 100 years ago fighting for votes for women, here
HorseLover3000: 'Conan Doyle must have had a truly brilliant mind to create mysteries which at first seem so impossible both to commit or to solve'
After: Nineteen Stories of Apocalypse and Dystopia edited by Ellen Datlow and Terri Windling - review
SophieScribe: 'A must read for all dystopian fans!'
Prince Caspian: 'I really liked this book because it has lots of stories in it and they are all about different adventures and characters'
Lottie Longshanks: 'What I have always loved about Michael Morpurgo is that I can hear his voice when I read his stories and this is especially true of these old tales. Read them for yourself and I am sure that you will see what I mean'
Velociraptor: 'The stories weren't really funny, but interesting about the differences between these two creatures and the way that they behave'
- Short stories (children and teens)
- Children and teenagers
- Teen books
- Children's books: 8-12 years
- Children's books: 7 and under
- Malorie Blackman
- Teen romance (childrens and teens)
- Historical fiction (children and teens)
- Friendship (children and teens)
- War (children and teens)
- Horror (children and teens)
- Funny books (children and teens)
- Animals
- Witches, wizards and magic
- Adventure (children and teens)
- Marcus Sedgwick
- Non-fiction (children and teens)
- Children's fantasy books (children's and teens)
- Patrick Ness
- Disaster fiction (children and teens)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Ask Search Post
Pets for Sale in Austin, Texas(1 - 15 of 9,731)
$300 FFacinating male and female rottweiler puppies (12weeks old)Rottweiler · New Braunfels, TX2 Facinating male and female rottweiler puppies (12weeks old). open (ultrajordan30.tumblr.com) for email or text us directly at 775X557X6...Shannon B. · 1 day ago
Jowvaxur African Grey ParrotsAfrican Grey Parrot · Austin, TX… ,tamed talking pair.Text only to..(812) x 463 x 2534Ebenovy Z. · 5 days ago
$350 A Pair of Talking African Grey ParrotsAfrican Grey Parrot · Taylor, TX… . come with huge cage, parrot play stand, food and water dishes, food, and toys text me only at x ...Jude L. · 6 days ago
$800 CFA Persian and Himalayan KittensPersian · Burnet, TXPretty blue-cream female, red tabby male, red bicolor male Persian and Flamepoint male Himalayan available. CFA registered pet, breeder a...Burtons H. · 1 week ago
$1,000 Akc Full Blood Chocolate and White Color Male YorkieYorkshire Terrier · Austin, TXMeet Mr Texas. He is a full blood akc chocolate and white color yorkie . HE IS charting to be Between 6 and 7 pounds. He is short and sto...
$1,100 Male Chocolate Color Yorkie Akc Registered " Name Dark Man"Yorkshire Terrier · Austin, TXMeet Mr Dark Chocolate Man. He is a Short and Stocky build boy and he carries parti and Ay gold. He is charting to be between 6 and 7 bec...
$1,200 Akc Male Yorkie PuppyYorkshire Terrier · Austin, TXMeet Mr Charm. He carries Ay gold, chocolate and parti for sure and he May Carrie Ee platinum. HE IS CHARTING TO BE BETWEEN 5 AND 5 1/2 p...
$2,400 Akc Black and White Color YorkieYorkshire Terrier · Austin, TXFOR SALE.. MISS MICKY.. THIS BABY GIRL CARRIES CHOCOLATE, AY GOLD AND THE BLACK GENES.. AND SHE MAY CARRIE Ee if she PICKED IT UP FROM HE...
$800 Yorkie PuppiesYorkshire Terrier · New Braunfels, TX… for Sale - I have two puppies for sale they are 9 weeks old and ready for a new home. They have had their first shots, tai...Norma S. · 1 week ago
$400 UKCI Rat Terrier PuppiesRat Terrier · Burnet, TXBeautiful Mini Rat Terrier puppies available. Will be about 10-12 pounds when grown. I have been raising them since 1989! http://www.te...Monica B. · 1 week ago
$2,500 Gorgeous Black and White Pomeranian Puppies AvailablePomeranian · Austin, TXHere at Urban Puppies, we believe in raising each puppy holistically and organically to ensure you always leave home with a top quality p...Urban Puppies · 1 week ago
$950 Real and Adorable Ragdoll KittensRagdoll · Austin, TXAccepting deposits on pedigreed Ragdoll Kittens. Please visit my website for more pictures and adoption information. Hand delivery to Ho...Chocolottadolls R. · 2 weeks ago
$900 Stunning Male Seal Point Himlayan Persian KittenHimalayan · Hutto, TXHe is absolutely stunning and so very sweet and loving. He is 8 weeks old and will be ready to go to his new home when he is 8 weeks old....Dawn J. · 1 week ago
$400 Affordable N gorgeous Yorkshire Terrier PupsYorkshire Terrier · Austin, TXAffordable N gorgeous eyes and just fabulous coat. They just simply beautiful. Call or text 218 x 671 x 7903 for more infos.Christ R. · 3 weeks ago
$150 Adopt Marx a Black - with White Poodle (Miniature) / Terrier (Unknown TypePoodle · Austin, TXMarx is an eight week old cute boy hoping to score a home! He is a poodle/terrier mixture from best we can te but 100% cuteness! He has h...http://www.adoptapet.com ·19 hours ago on Adopt-a-Pet.comTools
- XTools
- Adopt Marx a Black - w... for $150
- Respond
- Stop Fraud
- Report
- Learn More
Find More Listings on Oodle Marketplace Find used cars, used motorcycles, used RVs, used boats, apartments for rent, homes for sale, job listings, and local businesses on Oodle Marketplace. Athens Pets | Austin Pets | Washington Pets | Greenville Pets | Jacksonville Pets | Los Angeles Pets | Madison Pets | Oklahoma City Pets | Omaha Pets | Anaheim Pets | Riverside Pets | San Antonio Pets | Seattle Pets | Trenton Pets | Tucson Pets.
Safety Tips
Safety Tips
- Meet the seller and pet in person
- Don't wire money or take advance payments.
- Only pay for shipping if you know the seller.
To learn more, visit the Safety Center. Report suspicious listings by clicking on .


text:
The Swedish Natural Science Research Council and The Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning.
Original Research
Small-scale resource tracking in a population of a long-lived insect
Article first published online: 24 SEP 2012
DOI: 10.1002/ece3.378
© 2012 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Ecology and Evolution
Volume 2, Issue 11, pages 2659–2668, November 2012
Additional Information
How to Cite
Ecology and Evolution 2012; 2(11): 2659–2668
Publication History
- Issue published online: 8 NOV 2012
- Article first published online: 24 SEP 2012
- Manuscript Accepted: 20 AUG 2012
- Manuscript Revised: 15 AUG 2012
- Manuscript Received: 10 APR 2012
Funded by
- Swedish Natural Science Research Council
- Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- Flowering pattern;
- prolonged diapause;
- resource exploitation;
- small scale patchiness;
- white swallow-wort
- Top of page
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Material and Methods
- Results
- Discussion
- Acknowledgments
- Conflict of interest
- References
How plant-feeding insects distribute themselves and utilize their host plant resources is still poorly understood. Several processes may be involved, and their relative roles may vary with the spatial scale considered. Herein, we investigate small-scale patterns, namely how population density of a gall midge is affected by individual growth form, phenology, and microsite characteristics of its herb host. The long-lived plant individuals vary much with regard to number of shoots, flower abundance, and flowering phenology. This variation is connected to site characteristics, primarily the degree of sun exposure. The monophagous insect galls the flowers of the host plant – an easily defined food resource. It is a poor disperser, but very long-lived; diapausing larvae can stay in the soil for many years. Galls were censused on individual plants during 5 years; from a peak to a low in gall population density. Only a very small fraction of the flowers produced (<0.5%) were galled even in the peak year. Nevertheless, most plant individuals had galls at least 1 year. In a stepwise multiple regression, plant size (number of shoots) was found to be the most important predictor of gall density (galls/flower). However, gall density decreased more than one order of magnitude over the plant size range observed. There was also a weak effect of plant phenology. Early flowering plants had lower gall densities than those starting later. Sun exposure had no direct effect on gall density, but a path analysis revealed indirect effects via the timing of flowering. Gall population change was highly synchronous in different parts of the study area with no significant decrease in synchrony with distance.
- Top of page
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Material and Methods
- Results
- Discussion
- Acknowledgments
- Conflict of interest
- References
The distribution of plant-feeding insects in the landscape is often affected by multiple processes, each of which may have a dominating effect on a different spatial scale (e.g., Menéndez and Thomas 2000; Krawchuk and Taylor 2003; Rabasa et al. 2005; Singer and Wee 2005; Roslin et al. 2006; Gripenberg and Roslin 2007). Many studies have been concerned with the factors determining insect occurrence or abundance in host plant patches on the landscape scale (Hanski and Gilpin 1991; Harrison 1991; Hanski 1994, 1997; Förare and Solbreck 1997; Thomas and Kunin 1999; Kéry et al. 2001). Relatively few have considered distributions on smaller scales (Heads and Lawton 1983; Doak 2000; Krawchuk and Taylor 2003; Cook and Holt 2006). For example, how do insects exploit the resources and microhabitats provided by individual herbaceous plants within the landscape-scale patches?
As a null model, insect distributions can be assumed to mirror the distribution of their food resources. However, several processes may cause deviations from such patterns, for example, risk spreading behavior among egg laying females (Root and Kareiva 1984; Förare and Solbreck 1997; Williams et al. 2001) or enemy interactions (Hopkins and Dixon 1997; Maron and Harrison 1997; Zeipel et al. 2006). Apparent deviations may also result from problems of defining the resources available to herbivorous insects (Dempster 1997, 1998). For example, differences in nutritional quality (Price 1991; Björkman 2000), host plant resistance (Fritz and Price 1988; Moran and Whitham 1990; Fernandes and Negreiros 2000), microclimatic conditions (Weiss et al. 1988; Solbreck 1995), and phenological synchronization (Hunter 1992; Quiring 1994; Fox et al. 1997; Kerslake and Hartley 1997; Ngakan and Yukawa 1997; Yukawa 2000) may render substantial parts of potentially available resources useless for herbivore populations.
Local insect densities are determined by a combination of inter-patch movements and within-patch population growth. The relative contributions of these processes vary much between different resource–exploiter systems (Andersson and Hambäck 2012). Whereas movement habits may dominate the dynamics of short-lived strong fliers utilizing temporally variable resources, in situ population growth is more likely to dominate the dynamics of long-lived, poor dispersers utilizing stable resources. This study is concerned with a system at the latter end of this spectrum, namely a poor disperser, with a very long life and population age structure, which utilizes a resource which varies little from year to year. Very little is known about the patterns of resource exploitation in this kind of system, particularly, so at the scale of individual plants and in a multi-year perspective.
Herein, we explore, in a 5-year study, how structural characteristics of the individual plant and of the plant site affect the distribution of a gall midge, Contarinia vincetoxici Kieffer galling the flowers of a long-lived perennial herb, White Swallow-wort, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medicus (L.). The insect is strictly monophagous on this plant, and the resource used (flowers) is well defined (Widenfalk et al. 2002). The larvae are stationary in the galls which are easy to find. This means that the abundance of both insects and their food resources are easily measured.
The host plant displays patchiness on two spatial scales. On the landscape scale, it is distributed in small (usually 1–500 m2) and fairly isolated patches (hundreds of meters to kilometers) (Ågren et al. 2008). There is also a small scale patchiness, which is the focus of this study. This patchiness is created by plant individuals, which form discrete tussocks. These tussocks display considerable variation in height (= shoot length), width (= number of shoots), and in density as well as in the abundance of flowers and in the temporal pattern of flowering. These structural characteristics of plants are in turn affected by microsite characteristics. Plant individuals grow in a heterogeneous microenvironment, ranging from sun-exposed rocky areas to shaded parts on often deeper soil. The degree of sun exposure has been shown to have a strong and dominating impact on plant growth form in V. hirundinaria (Ågren et al. 2008). However, microsite conditions may also have direct effects on the insects. For example, sun exposure is likely to affect the thermal environment of the insect during all phases of its life cycle. Hence, in addition to plant structural characteristics, we aim to disentangle possible direct and indirect effects of sun exposure on gall density.
The interaction between V. hirundinaria and C. vincetoxici is characterized by very local interactions, which are potentially of very long endurance. The plant is very long-lived and the insect combines a very long life cycle with poor dispersal. The short-lived adult midges have poor colonizing ability as in many cecidomyiids (Briggs and Latto 2000; Widenfalk et al. 2002). Larvae complete their development within the flower gall in about 2 weeks, and then the fullgrown larvae drop to ground beneath the plant. There they enter a prolonged diapause, which extends over several years, and which results in a "seed bank" of diapausing larvae. A cohort of larvae entering the soil in 1 year may emerge as adults over a period of more than 10 years (Solbreck and Widenfalk 2012). The kind of life history syndromes shown by the gall midge and its host plant suggests that very local patterns of population fluctuations may arise.
We first describe patterns of microsite and plant variation, to illustrate the wide variation in their characteristics. Based upon a 5-year census of galls, we analyze the degree of synchrony in gall population fluctuations over the study area. Then, we analyze the degree of resource exploitation by the insect population in relation to traits and microsite characteristics of individual plants. Five characteristics are considered, namely (1) the number of shoots per individual (genet size), (2) the number of flowers per shoot (ramet), (3) the number of flowers per individual (4) the timing of the start of flowering (phenology), and (5) the duration of the flowering period. Finally, using path analysis, we investigate possible direct and indirect effects of sun exposure.
Material and Methods
- Top of page
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Material and Methods
- Results
- Discussion
- Acknowledgments
- Conflict of interest
- References
The host plant V. hirundinaria is distributed throughout Eurasia with its north-western distribution limit in south-eastern Scandinavia (Donadille 1965; Hultén 1971; Hultén and Fries 1986). The clonal plant individuals consist of up to one hundred or more shoots (Fig. 1). Each shoot produces up to one hundred flowers during the extended flowering period, which normally begins in early June and lasts until late July or August. Plant individuals are very long-lived and their size, in terms of shoot and flower production changes little from year to year (Ågren et al. 2008; Solbreck unpubl.data).
Adult C. vincetoxici midges are small (about 2-mm long), fragile, and short-lived with a life span of at most a couple of days. Females oviposit in young flower buds of V. hirundinaria, which then develop into galls (Widenfalk et al. 2002). The gall is formed by the basally swollen and unopened petals. The gall is larger than an ordinary flower bud, and it usually has a reddish tint, thus being easily recognized. Each gall contains on average 15 midge larvae. They feed in the gall for about 2 weeks, whereafter they drop to the ground to over-winter in the soil in larval cocoons. The larvae enter a prolonged diapause of variable length, but with a median duration of at least 6 years (Widenfalk and Solbreck 2005; Solbreck and Widenfalk 2012). The adult females produce about 35 eggs, which means that they on average may induce two galls. Galls are found during a large part of the flowering period, from the beginning of June until the end of July (Widenfalk et al. 2002).
The study was conducted in a patch of V. hirundinaria at Bladåker (59°58′N, 18°17′E) 45 km north-east of Uppsala, Sweden. This is a fairly typical landscape scale patch of intermediate size, and with ordinary plant growth form and gall density for this part of Sweden. The patch is quite variable in terms of plant microenvironment, ranging from sun-exposed rocky ground to shaded, forested parts. Gall abundance was censused in the entire patch 1997–2003 by counting and marking (with a permanent marker pen on the nearest leaf) all new galls every week through the galling season, and calculating a yearly sum.
About 75% of the patch (30 × 50 m) formed the main study area, in which all galls were both mapped and counted 1998–2002 (Fig. 2). The mapping was more detailed in 2001. All 425 flowering plant individuals (covering a total surface area of approximately 50 m2) were identified and mapped and all galls mapped unto those plant individuals (Fig. 2). Using the maps of the distribution of galls between 1998–2000 and 2002 and the map of plant individuals (and galls) from 2001, a 5-year series of gall abundances for 230 of the host plant individuals could be established. This data set was used to analyze the role of individual plant characteristics and sun exposure on gall occurrence and density.
Plant individuals are usually easily distinguished on the basis of variation in flower color and morphology. Flowering phenology of each plant individual was monitored in 2001 on three randomly chosen marked shoots, which were checked weekly for the occurrence of opened flowers. The start of flowering was measured as the week, counted from the first of June, when at least one opened flower had appeared on any of the three shoots, and the length of the flowering period was measured as the number of weeks that any of the three shoots were flowering. (The different shoots of an individual plant are highly synchronized with regard to flowering.) Even though the start and the length of the flowering period will vary between years depending on the weather, the measure taken in 2001 is a good relative measure of the commencement and the length of the flowering period during the other years of study (C.S. unpubl. data).
The number of flowers per shoot was measured at the end of the flowering period in 2001 from counts of flower stalk scars. (Because flowers are numerous and flowering time very extended one can not count all flowers directly on the plant.) On each plant individual, the number of flowers was estimated on each of three randomly chosen shoots by counting (1) the number of flower stalk scars of the lowest node with flowers (x1) and (2) the number of flowering nodes (x2). The number of flowers per shoot (y) was estimated by the formula y = 5.512x2+1.9528x1, R2 = 0.931, df = 188 (Ågren et al. 2008). The mean number of flowers per shoot was then calculated from the three shoots and multiplied by the number of flowering shoots per plant to calculate the number of flowers per individual.
The number of shoots and flowers per shoot varies little from year to year. For example, the number of shoots (S) and flowers (F) on 29 individuals were compared in 2001 and 2002 and were found to be almost equal and strongly positively correlated (S2002 = 0.914S2001 + 0.384, R2 = 0.977, and F2002 = 1.031 F2001−18.13, R2 = 0.971). Therefore, we utilize the flower data from 2001 also for the other 4 years.
In the analysis, we maintain number of shoots and number of flowers per shoot as separate variables (rather than just calculating the number of flowers per individual). As plant individuals form rather distinct tufts they can be seen as tiny "islands" where island size is expressed by the number of shoots, whereas flowers per shoot can be seen as a resource density measure.
The degree of sun exposure of each individual plant was measured in the following way. A transparent plastic sheet was mounted vertically along the periphery of a horizontal semicircular plate and mounted on a tripod. The path of the sun at midsummer (as viewed from the circle center of the base plate) was delineated on the sheet and the sun′s position for each hour marked. The device was placed at the top of the plant and aligned with the aid of a compass and a spirit-level. Looking from the circle center the number of hours (between 6.00 and 18.00 hours) the plant was not shaded by vegetation could then be read. Because of the prolonged diapause of C. vincetoxici gall abundance in successive years does not (except to a small extent) represent successive generations, but rather members of a cohort emerging as adults over several years. We thus chose to use mean gall density per flower and year for the entire 5-year period as a response variable. It was log-transformed to achieve normality.
Effects on gall densities were analyzed using simple and stepwise linear regression, using the regression procedure in the SAS statistical software version 9.1. The variables no. of shoots, no. of flowers/shoot, and no. of flowers/individual were log-transformed to achieve normality. The criterion for variable entry and removal from the stepwise models was set to a significance level of 0.1.
To separate the direct and indirect effects of sun exposure and plant characteristics on gall densities, a path analysis was performed (Sokal and Rohlf 1995; Legendre and Legendre 1998). This analysis is based on the standardized coefficients from simple and multiple regressions relating the variables in the path diagram. If a variable is hypothesized to be affected by two other variables in a path diagram, the path coefficients are simply the standardized regression coefficients from a multiple linear regression with the two latter variables as independents. By comparing the path coefficient from a multiple regression with the coefficient from a simple regression (also standardized, i.e., correlation coefficients), one can obtain an estimate of the indirect and direct effects of the variable, respectively.
We hypothesized a model with both direct and indirect effects of microsite conditions (sun exposure) and only direct effects of plant characteristics. Path coefficients were obtained as the standardized regression coefficients from multiple and simple linear regressions using the regression procedure in SAS. Correlation coefficients, for studying causal and non-causal covariation, were obtained using the correlation procedure in SAS. Missing data were deleted listwise so that no individual with missing values in any of the variables were included in the analysis.
To overcome the problem that plants with zero galls are omitted from the analysis of the relationship between gall density and flowers per individual plant, we also conducted an analysis where we classified all plant individuals into size categories and calculated attack rates from the total number of galls and flowers in each category.
To analyze possible spatial autocorrelation patterns of gall density fluctuations yearly, gall data were pooled for each 5 × 5 m square of the study area (cf Fig 2B). This produced 14 time series with the criterion of a maximum of 3 zeroes (10 without zeroes, 2 with 1 zero, 1 with 2 zeroes and 1 with 3 zeroes). All time series were log(10) transformed (with zeroes replaced by 0.5). Distances between squares were measured between square centers and log(10) transformed.
The spatial autocorrelation in gall population change was analyzed using a Mantel-test (Legendre and Legendre 1998). The test consists of calculating the correlation of the matrix of pairwise correlations of population change and the matrix of distances. However, the significance cannot be directly assessed, because there are N(N−1)/2 entries for just N observations. The test is performed by permuting the matrices and calculating the same test statistic under each permutation and comparing the original test statistic to the distribution of test statistics from the permutations to generate a P-value. The number of permutations defines the precision with which the P-value can be calculated. We performed 9,999 permutations. The analysis was performed using the R statistical software.
- Top of page
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Material and Methods
- Results
- Discussion
- Acknowledgments
- Conflict of interest
- References
Variation in plant individuals and sun exposure
There was considerable variation between plant individuals with regard to size and floral production (Figs. 2A, 3) (but little change from year to year, see 'Material and Methods'). Plant size, expressed as number of shoots, varied from 1 to 85 with a strong skew toward small individuals (median 12) (Fig. 3A). The mean number of flowers per shoot showed a more normal distribution with a range from 8 to 139 (median 51) (Fig. 3B). The total number of flowers per plant ranged from 30 to 6,527 with a dominance of plant individuals with few flowers (median 610) (Fig. 3C).
There was also strong variation in the timing and duration of flowering. The first and the last individuals to initiate flowering differed by as much as 5 weeks, but more than 60% of the plants had initiated their flowering within 2 weeks of the appearance of the first opened flower (Fig. 3D). The duration of the individual flowering period varied from 1 to 10 weeks (Fig. 3E). The plant population was also variable with regard to sun exposure; from shade all day to sun exposure all day (Fig. 3F).
Distribution of galls
The total gall population varied more than one order of magnitude during the period 1997–2003 (Fig. 4). Studies in neighboring areas indicate that densities were lower prior to 1997 at least back to 1995 (C.S. unpubl.data). Our data on gall distributions 1998–2002 (Fig. 4), hence represent the situation from a population peak to a population low.
The proportion of galled plant individuals ranged from 48% in the peak year 1998 to 11% during the population low in 2002. The cumulative proportion of galled plants increased every year despite the strong decrease in overall gall abundance, and most of the plant individuals (75%) had galls at least 1 year during 1998–2002 (Fig. 4).
Despite the high proportion of galled individuals, only a very small proportion of the total number of flowers was galled in any year. For example, of a total of approximately 200,000 flowers produced in 2001, only 0.08% were galled. This means (because flower abundance is fairly constant from year to year) that approximately 0.5% of the flowers were galled in the peak gall year.
Gall density varied with individual plant size. Plants with many shoots had much lower densities of galls/flower; mean gall density decreased by more than one order of magnitude over the size range observed (Table 1, Fig. 5A). The number of flowers per shoot had a small, but significant effect on individual gall density. There is also a significant effect of number of flowers per individual, which logically follows from the two previous relationships (Table 1).
|Log no. of shoots
|Log (no. of flowers/shoot)
|Log (no. of flowers/individual)
|Onset of flowering
|Duration of flowering
|Sun exposure
There is a significant relationship between gall density and plant phenology; plants that started their flowering early in the season had lower gall densities (Table 1, Fig. 5B). Gall density is also lower on more sun-exposed plants (Table 1), but the duration of flowering did not significantly affect gall density (Table 1).
In a stepwise multiple regression (using all variables in Table 1 except number of flowers per individual which is calculated from the first two variables), the number of shoots per individual was the single most important variable explaining alone 26% of the variance in gall density (Table 2). The only other variable with a significant contribution was start of flowering, which explained an additional 7% of the variance (Table 2).
|Parameter estimate
|Standard error
|Log no. of shoots
|Onset of flowering
A path analysis revealed that even though sun exposure was not included in the stepwise regression model, there were indirect effects through the pattern of flowering (Fig. 6, Table 3). The more sun-exposed the plants were the earlier they started to flower, which in turn had a negative effect on gall density (Fig. 6). There is also a tendency, albeit not significant, that more sun-exposed plants have more shoots, which strongly affects gall density. Of the total effect of sun exposure on gall density, 61% was indirect through plant variables.
|Total covariation
|Causal covariation
|Non-causal covariation
|Sun exposure – Log no of shoots
|Sun exposure – Log (flowers/shoot)
|Sun exposure – Onset of flowering
|Sun exposure – Duration of flowering
|Log gall density – Log no. of shoots
|Log gall density – Log (flowers/shoot)
|Log gall density – Onset of flowering
|Log gall density – Duration of flowering
|Sun exposure – Log gall density
An analysis of the relationship between gall density and the actual gall midge resource (flowers per individual plant) shows a strong under-exploitation of plant individuals with many flowers (Fig. 7A). Flowers on the largest plants are two orders of magnitude less attacked than those on the smallest plants. A very similar picture was shown when the analysis was performed on size classified plants (to include plants with zero galls) (Fig. 7B), confirming the strong under-exploitation of large individuals.
The time series for gall abundance in each 5 m square of the study area are all strongly positively correlated (Fig. 8). There is no significant spatial correlation of correlation coefficients of the pairwise correlations between all time series (Mantel statistic r: −0.2379, P: 0.9552, 9999 permutations).
- Top of page
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Material and Methods
- Results
- Discussion
- Acknowledgments
- Conflict of interest
- References
The system studied is characterized by considerable small scale spatial variation. Plant individuals vary much in size, flower abundance and flowering phenology, and with regard to their exposure to sunshine (Fig. 3). The system also shows temporal stability; plant individuals do not change much over time with regard to number of shoots or flowers (Ågren et al. 2008). Local resources used by the gall midge are thus rather stable from year to year. These plant characteristics in combination with an insect life history characterized by an extended larval diapause (Solbreck and Widenfalk 2012), and poor adult dispersal has the potential of producing an historical imprint of insect population density and resource exploitation on the very local scale. For example, Maron and Harrison (1997) showed that a combination of poor dispersal and strong enemy interactions could produce within-habitat patterns in a tussock moth. There is also the possibility that different parts of the study area show asynchronous changes in density. However, our analysis of the spatial correlation of gall population change did not reveal any such spatial patterns. The temporal fluctuations in gall density in different parts of the study area were strongly synchronized.
Due to the very long life cycle in C. vincetoxici (Solbreck and Widenfalk 2012), we analyze average resource exploitation over a 5-year period, which presumably represents much of an insect cohort that emerges over several years. The vast majority of plant individuals had galls during the study period although only a very small proportion of flowers were ever used (<1%). This and similar observations from other areas (Widenfalk & Solbreck unpubl. data) give no indications for the existence of resistant plant individuals. The low attack rate by the gall midge in combination with an equally low proportion of flowers producing fruit and seed (Ågren et al. 2008) suggests that the effect of the gall midge on host plant reproduction (and thus probably also on plant fitness) is very small. Parasitoids probably play an important role in keeping gall midge populations at low average levels (Widenfalk 2002).
Two factors are identified, which are directly correlated with gall density (proportion of flowers galled). The strongest effect is from plant size (expressed as number of shoots); large plant individuals are much less efficiently used than small ones. This relationship is present even if gall density is analyzed for each year separately (not shown). Negative relationships between insect density and plant or patch size have been shown for several insect herbivores (Kareiva 1983; Bach 1988; Förare and Engqvist 1996; Förare and Solbreck 1997; Otway et al. 2005; Singer and Wee 2005; Hambäck et al. 2010), the underlying mechanisms can, however, vary. For C. vincetoxici, a possible explanation relates to the fact that V. hirundinaria individuals form fairly discrete objects (Fig. 1). If ovipositing females search for discrete host plant objects rather than for separate flowers, gall density would decrease with plant size. However, mechanisms of patch exploitation by insects are multi-faceted and other mechanisms are possible.
There is also a moderate effect of phenology; gall density is higher in plants which start flowering later (Table 2, Fig. 5B). This suggests that the timing between gall midge and host plant development is important as in many other phytophagous insects (Hunter 1992; Ngakan and Yukawa 1997; Yukawa 2000; Rehill and Schultz 2002; Albrectsen et al. 2008). Contarinia vincetoxici females lay their eggs in the very small flower buds soon after they have become visible. However, V. hirundinaria individuals produce flowers over an extended period of time, suggesting that synchrony with the earliest flowering host plants is not essential. If the emergence of the first females is somewhat later than the emergence of the first flower buds, then early flowering plants will be less exploited than later flowering ones. It is possible that early flowering individuals are more subjected to drought because they grow in more sun-exposed positions. Even though this may not manifest itself very often, late female emergence may be adaptive.
Interactions with abiotic site conditions and/or trophic web interactions may have strong effects on patterns of resource exploitation by insects. For example, enemies may distribute themselves in relation to resource densities and strongly modify the direct responses to food resources (e.g., Zeipel et al. 2006), or site characteristics may modify plant growth form or phenology (Ågren et al. 2008; Albrectsen et al. 2008). We found that gall density was significantly correlated with sun exposure (Table 1). However, in a stepwise regression, no significant effect of sun exposure on gall density remained, nor did the path analysis reveal any significant direct effects. However, there were significant indirect effects via the onset of flowering; sun-exposed plants flower earlier and are less attacked (Fig. 6).
In conclusion, the most important pattern in this study is the considerable under-exploitation of large host plant individuals compared with small ones. Although other variables, especially flowering phenology and sun exposure either directly or indirectly affect the density of galls, these effects are generally small compared with the effects of plant size.
- Top of page
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Material and Methods
- Results
- Discussion
- Acknowledgments
- Conflict of interest
- References
We thank Christer Björkman for valuable comments on the manuscript. We also thank the following persons for field assistance: Emma Berndtsson, Robert Ekblom, Thomas Persson, Daniel Rickström and Anneli Widenfalk. This study was supported by grants from The Swedish Natural Science Research Council and The Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning to Christer Solbreck.
Conflict of interest
- Top of page
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Material and Methods
- Results
- Discussion
- Acknowledgments
- Conflict of interest
- References
None declared.
- Top of page
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Material and Methods
- Results
- Discussion
- Acknowledgments
- Conflict of interest
- References
- 2008. Spatio-temporal variation in fruit production and seed predation in a perennial herb influenced by habitat quality and population size. J. Ecol. 96:334–345. , , and .
- 2008. Nutrient addition extends flowering display, which gets tracked by seed predators, but not by their parasitoids. Oikos 117:473–480. , , and .
- 2012. What shapes local density? The importance of migration rates and local growth for density-patch size relationships in two Cionus weevils. Ecol. Entomol. 37:90–98. , and .
- 1988. Effects of host plant size on herbivore density: patterns. Ecology 69:1090–1102.
- 2000. Interactive effects of host resistance and drought stress on the performance of a gall making aphid living on Norway spruce. Oecologia 123:223–231.
- 2000. The effect of dispersal on the population dynamics of a gall-forming midge and its parasitoids. J. Anim. Ecol. 69:96–105. , and .
- 2006. Influence of multiple factors on insect colonization of heterogeneous landscapes: a review and case study with periodical cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 99:809–820. , and .
- 1997. The role of larval food resources and adult movement in the population dynamics of the orange tip butterfly (Anthocharis cardamines). Oecologia 111:549–556.
- 1998. Resource limitation of populations and ceiling models. Pp.81–95 J. P. Dempster and I. F. G. Mclean, eds. Insect populations in theory and practice. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
- 2000. Habitat patchiness and the distribution, abundance, and population dynamics of an insect herbivore. Ecology 81:1842–1857.
- 1965. Contribution a l'etude du Vincetoxicum officinalis Moench et de ses "variétés" dans lu sud-est Français. Nat. Monspel. Ser. Bot. 16:17–42.
- 2000. The occurrence and effectiveness of hypersensitive reaction against galling herbivores across host taxa. Ecol. Entomol. 26:46–55. , and .
- 1996. Suboptimal patch and plant choice by an ovipositing monophagous moth – an insurance against bad weather? Oikos 77:301–308. , and .
- 1997. Population structure of a monophagous moth in a patchy landscape. Ecol. Entomol. 22:256–263. , and .
- 1997. Variation in budbreak phenology affects the distribution of a leafmining beetle (Brachys tesselatus) on turkey oak (Quercus laevis). Ecoscience 4:480–489. , , , and .
- 1988. Genetic variation among plants and insect community structure: willows and sawflies. Ecology 69:845–856. , and .
- 2007. Up or down in space? Uniting the bottom-up versus top-down paradigm and spatial ecology. Oikos 116:181–188. , and .
- 2010. Allometric density responses in butterflies: the response to small and large patches by small and large species. Ecography 33:1149–1156. , , , , , , et al.
- 1994. Patch occupancy dynamics in fragmented landscapes. Trends Ecol. Evol. 9:131–135.
- 1997. Metapopulation dynamics from concepts and observation to predictive models. Pp. 69–91 in M. E. Gilpin and I. Hanski, eds. Metapopulation biology – ecology genetics and evolution. Academic press, New York. .
- 1991. Metapopulation dynamics: Brief history and conceptual domain. Pp.3–16 in M. E. Gilpin and I. Hanski, eds. Metapopulation dynamics: empirical and theoretical investigations. Academic press, London. , and
- 1991. Local extinction in a metapopulation context: an empirical evaluation. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 42:73–88.
- 1983. Studies on the natural enemy complex of the holly leaf-miner: the effects of scale on the detection of aggregative responses and the implications for biological control. Oikos 40:267–276. , and .
- 1997. Enemy-free space and the feeding niche of an aphid. Ecol. Entomol. 22:271–274. , and .
- 1971. 2nd ed. Atlas över växternas utbredning i Norden. Generalstabens litografiska anstalts förlag, Stockholm. Swedish with an English summary
- 1986. Atlas of North European vascular plants north of the Tropic of Cancer. II. Taxonomic index to the maps 997–1936. Koeltz Scientific Books, Königstein BRD. and .
- 1992. A variable insect-plant interaction: the relationship between tree budburst phenology and population levels of insect herbivores among trees. Ecol. Entomol. 16:91–95.
- 1983. Influence of vegetation texture on herbivore populations: resource concentration and herbivore movement. Pp.259–289 in R. F. Denno and M. S. Mclure, eds. Variable plants and herbivores in natural and managed systems., Blackwell, New York.
- 1997. Phenology of winter moth feeding on common heather: effects on source population and experimental manipulation of hatch dates. J. Anim. Ecol. 66:375–385. , and .
- 2001. The effect of plant population size on the interactions between the rare plant Gentiana cruciata and its specialized herbivore Maculinea rebeli. J. Ecol. 89:418–427. , , and .
- 2003. Changing importance of habitat structure across multiple spatial scales for three species of insects. Oikos 103: 153–161. , and .
- 1998. Numerical ecology, 2nd. Elsevier Science B.V, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. , and .
- 1997. Spatial pattern formation in an insect parasitoid system. Science 278:1619–1621. , and .
- 2000. Metapopulation structure depends on spatial scale in the host-specific moth Wheeleria spilodactylus (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae). J. Anim. Ecol. 69:935–951. , and .
- 1990. Differential colonization of resistant and susceptible host plants: Pemphigus and Populus. Ecology 71:1059–1067. , and .
- 1997. Synchronization with host plant phenology and gall site preference of Dinipponaphis autumna (Homoptera: Aphididae). Appl. Entomol. Zool. 32:81–90. , and .
- 2005. Resource dilution effects on specialist insect herbivores in a grassland biodiversity experiment. J. Anim. Ecol. 74:234–240. , , and .
- 1991. The plant vigour hypothesis and herbivore attack. Oikos 62:244–251.
- 1994. The influence of inter-tree variation in time of budburst of white spruce on herbivory and the behaviour and survivorship of Zeiraphera canadensis. Ecol. Entomol. 19:17–25.
- 2005. Egg laying by a butterfly on a fragmented host plant: a multi-level approach. Ecography 28:629–639. , , and .
- 2002. Opposing survivorship and fecundity effects of host phenology on the gall-forming aphid Hormaphis hamamelidis. Ecol. Entomol. 27:475–483. , and .
- 1984. The search for resources by cabbage butterflies (Pieris rapae): ecological consequences and adaptive significance of markovian movements in a patchy environment. Ecology 65:147–165. , and .
- 2006. Seeing the trees for the leaves – oaks as mosaics for a host-specific moth. Oikos 113:106–120. , , , , , , et al.
- 2005. Spatial pattern in checkerspot butterfly – host plant association at local, metapopulation and regional scales. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 42:347–361. , and .
- 1995. Biometry – The principles and practice of statistics in the biological sciences, 3rd ed. W.H Freeman, New York. , and .
- 1995 in Long term population dynamics of a seed-feeding insect in a landscape perspective. Pp.279–301. N.Cappuccino and P. W.Price, eds. Population dynamics: new approaches and synthesisAcademic Press, San Diego.
- 2012. Very long diapause and extreme resistance to population disturbance in a galling insect. Ecol. Entomol. 37:51–55. , and .
- 1999. The spatial structure of populations. J. Anim. Ecol. 68:647–657. , and .
- 1988. Sun, slope and butterflies: topographic determinants of habitat quality for Ephydryas editha. Ecology 69:1486–1496. , , and .
- 2002. Population structure of a gall midge with a temporal refuge. [PhD thesis], Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala. .
- 2005. Slow response to strong disturbance in an insect population with a temporal refuge. Oikos 108:618–622. , and .
- 2002. Identity and phylogenetic status of two sibling gall midge species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Contarinia) on the perennial herb Vincetoxicum hirundinaria. Syst. Entomol. 27:519–528. , , , and .
- 2001. The role of resources and natural enemies in determining the distribution of an insect herbivore population. Ecol. Entomol. 26:204–211. , , and .
- 2000. Synchronization of gallers with host plant phenology. Popul. Ecol. 42:105–113.
- 2006. Host plant population size determines cascading effects in a plant-herbivore-parasitoid system. Basic Appl. Ecol. 7:191–200. , , and .


text:
Layne Staley High School Band Footage Posted; Tom Morello Debunks Audioslave Audition Story
Watch a pre-Alice in Chains Layne Staley rock with his high school band Sleze.
Watch a pre-Alice in Chains Layne Staley rock with his high school band Sleze.
After leaving Alice in Chains and struggling with drug addiction, vocalist Layne Staley had an opportunity to become the lead singer of Audioslave.
Another ten tracks have been added to the growing list of songs to which you'll be able to jam out on Guitar Hero Live, the newest game in the Guitar Hero franchise.
How well do you know Alice in Chains? Dig into their history in this edition of 'You Think You Know Rock?'
Alice in Chains and their friends have gathered together to auction off autographed items and memorabilia for a couple of worthwhile charities.
Alice in Chains rocked Seattle's CenturyLink Field Sunday during halftime of the NFC Championship Game and video has now surfaced online.
Corey Taylor delivers a blistering version of Alice in Chains' 'Them Bones' with the all-star covers band Royal Machines.
Nobody ever set out to be a grunge icon — at least nobody who actually became one.
Alice in Chains drummer Sean Kinney spoke about how streaming services such as Spotify and Pandora are "a f---ing ripoff" for musicians.
Soundgarden, Alice in Chains, Nirvana and several others have been covered in the new medley / video for '8-Bit Grunge.'
Earlier this year, Nirvana entered the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, making them the first "grunge band" from the Seattle scene to be inducted. As Alice in Chains prepare to play a show in Cleveland next week, where the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame is located, guitarist Jerry Cantrell spoke with Cleveland.com about Nirvana's induction and more.
'Guitar Center Sessions' is coming back to DIRECTV for a new season and Soundgarden and Alice in Chains are leading the way. Season 8 kicks off with six brand new episodes that were filmed during South By Southwest this year in Austin, Texas.


text:
Since ya'all are sick of Obama, wanna talk about PALIN?
She's out complaining again, but her complaints are the only coverage I see on her, so not sure what the hell the woman is talking about again.
Or should we go back to talking about Obama?
I know. I'm such a stinker.


text:
Bodybuilding.com Accessories Premium Shaker Bottle Reviews
The Quickest, Easiest Way To Mix!View Product Info
Illyriauk did not leave a written review for this product.
Jul 13, 2015
- Meg5180
- Weight: 150 lbs
- Bodyfat: 12.0%
- View Progress
This shaker bottle is one of my favorites. Great large size to accommodate all my pre workout and post workout mixes. Never any clumps,always mixes smooth drinks and shakes every time. Even great for throwing some fruit into with my water to get the flavor mix better than any infusion bottle I own. Love it!
Jul 11, 2015
- nkatsieris
- View Progress
An excellent shaker. A simple good quality shaker that does the job. I've been using this for a couple years now and I have no regrets.
Jun 19, 2015
Have had no trouble in regards to leakage. Served its purpose well!
Jun 12, 2015
Lid leaks, seals poorly and gets worse the more you tighten it. Mixes shakes well enough. Works for immediate consumption over a sink. Not good for transportation.
May 19, 2015
Works well. hassle free
May 3, 2015
- korey517
- Weight: 165.5 lbs
- Bodyfat: 8.5%
- View Progress
absolutely love this product works amazingly, i use it everyday and have no problems. works much better than the blender ball in my opinion.
Apr 19, 2015
Have to say, 2 years on and this one is still going strong. I have two of them and its awesome.
Apr 13, 2015
Works well I like the plastic strainer over the wire ball other bottles have
Mar 26, 2015
Again, My other favorite shaker... Holds up from many uses and dish washer.. Biggest thing for me is NO LEAKERS and the LID GOES ON EASILY... Again been using this type of shaker for the past 4 years.
Mar 25, 2015
- relaxncoffee
- View Progress
It is a beautiful shaker but of course similar with other ones. But it does the job well.
Mar 20, 2015
broken on delivery....
Feb 23, 2015
- otherissues
- View Progress
otherissues did not leave a written review for this product.
Feb 11, 2015
- amit4life5
- Weight: 185.19 lbs
- Bodyfat: 12.0%
- View Progress
Good bottle. Whoever says it leaks clearly cant tighten a bottle right. Buying beyond this is a waste of money.
Feb 4, 2015
Jan 16, 2015
Bottle is a good size. As it leaks when shaken, it fails at it's job.
Jan 13, 2015
This protein shaker is great at first it was not easy to use but once you figure it out on how to use. You'll love it.
Jan 12, 2015
- nfranken1625
- Height: 6'1"
- Weight: 290 lbs
- View Progress
nfranken1625 did not leave a written review for this product.
Jan 6, 2015
- Sriquelme
- View Progress
Complete peice of crap. leaked from the first day I used it. Now I just use it as a cup
Jan 5, 2015
very good quality, versatile and resistent. i have been using this for almost 10 months and still love it.
Dec 26, 2014


text:
Giuseppe Zanotti's biker boots are at once edgy and feminine. Designed with a pointed toe and silver chain embellishments, this Italian-made pair has a low stacked heel. Wear them to lend a rebellious spirit to all your basics.
Heel measures approximately 20mm/ 1 inchBlack leatherZip fastening along side
Product code: 465355 - Need help? Contact us


text:
Market falls may provide opportunities to rebalance your portfolio in a tax efficient way
We use cookies to improve site performance and enhance your user experience. If you'd like to disable
cookies on this device, please see our
cookie management page.
If you close this message or continue to use this site, you consent to our use of cookies on this devise in accordance with our cookie policy, unless you disable them.
By Kate Beioley , 01 October 2015
Analysing metrics discounts and z-scores can identify bargains, but they shouldn't be your only investment criteria
Investors considering US equities should look beyond short-term rate rise fears and focus on the long-term
Smart beta ETF investing is gathering steam. Which strategies should you consider and which should you ignore for now?
Investment trusts' reliable dividend payouts can make them a useful part of a retirement income portfolio


text:
Sir Peter Scott Noble
1 of 3 portraits of Sir Peter Scott Noble
Sir Peter Scott Noble
by Bassano Ltd
half-plate film negative, 16 August 1963
Purchased, 2004
Photographs Collection
NPG x175865
Click on the links below to find out more:
Sitterback to top
- Sir Peter Scott Noble (1899-1987), Principal of King's College; Vice Chancellor, University of London. Sitter in 3 portraits.
Artistback to top
- Bassano Ltd (active 1901-1962). Artist associated with 42717 portraits.
Portrait setback to top
Tell us moreback to top
Can you tell us more about this portrait? Spotted an error, something missing, or do you know anything that we don't know? If you have any information to share please complete the form below
Exhibitions and displays
- Women and the First World War
Until 25 October
- Curators' Choice: Photographs from the Terence Pepper Gift
Until 24 January 2016
Related pages


text:
With No Rings Till The End Of The Year Star Wars saga has new secrets Drew Goddart opened 3 mysteries about Martian MORE ›
Lyrics/song texts are property and copyright of their owners and provided for educational purposes only.
Word Up Lyrics
Word Up Song Lyrics
Dah pretty ladies around the world
Got a weird thing to show you,
So tell all the boys and girls.
Tell your brother, your sister
And mama too, cause they're
About to go down
And you'll know just what to do.
Wave your hands in the air
Like you don't care, glide by
The People as they start to look and stare.
Do you dance, do your dance quick
Mama, come on baby, tell me what's
The Word, ah – word up,
Everybody say when you hear the call
You got to get it underway,
Word up, it's the code word,
No matter where you say it,
You'll know that you'll be heard.
Now all you sucker. D.J.'s
Who think you're fly
There's got to be a reason
And we know the reason why.
And act real cool
But you got to realise
That you're acting like fools.
If there's music we can use it
We need to dance.
We don't have that time
For psychological romance
No romance
No romance
No romance for me mama
Come on baby tell me what's the word.
Ah – word up,
Everybody say when you hear the call
You got to get it underway.
Dial "L" for low...
Come on, all you people say...
Word up – word up
In-Laws Song List
›A Love For You
Paul McCartney
›No Matter What
›Don't Bring Me Down
Electric Light Orchestra
›Live And Let Die
Paul McCartney
›It's Now Or Never
Elvis Presley
›Wedding Day
Bee Gees
›I'm Carrying
Paul McCartney
›Get Down Tonight
KC & The Sunshine Band
›Good Times
›Word Up
›More Than A Friend
All Too Much
›Raindrops Keep Fallin' On My Head
B.J. Thomas
›Sunshine Of Your Love
Ella Fitzgerald
›Too Close For Comfort
Mel Torme
Michel Legrand
›A Man And A Woman (Un Homme Et One Femme)
Claudine Longet
›Gopher Mambo
Yma Sumac


text:
The shortest player on the court befuddled Wizard defenders throughout the game, particularly in the fourth quarter. Randy Wittman grew desperate enough trying to contain 5-foot-9 Isaiah Thomas that he inserted Garrett Temple into the game during the final 30 seconds after sitting the reserve guard every second before.
Let's just say Washington is still searching for a solution. The slithery Thomas scored 22 points, the last two coming on a driving floater with 1.9 seconds left in the Kings 96-94 win.
Perhaps if the Wizards' pass-friendly approach on offense had not disappeared in the second half, there would have been no late game concerns.
Since Sacramento is no longer on their schedule this season, all the Wizards can do is table those Thomas-specific issues until next season. The turnaround for solving their ills on both ends of the court comes much, much sooner with any desired implementation coming on the road.
Washington starts a three-game road swing -- and a devilish portion of the schedule -- Wednesday at Philadelphia. Before reaching the City of Brotherly Love, the Wizards must embrace their own shortcomings, ones that cropped up against the Kings after staying largely dormant during the seven wins in 10 games stretch.
Offensively, it was a tale of two halves: the Wizards shot 56.1 percent from the field and scored 57 points in the first one. After halftime, 38.9 percent shooting and 37 total points. Moving away from the team approach contributed to the production decline, as did 20 turnovers.
"We fell victim to doing too much individually," Wittman said. "Whenever we have more turnovers than assists, that means we're trying to do too much on an individual basis. I thought we fell victim to that in the second half."
Martell Webster, who scored 18 points including the tying layup with 7.9 left, acknowledged a level of complacency.
"We just kind of got in a mind state at a certain point of that game where we just kind of felt like, 'we can outscore these guys,'" Webster said.
Thomas, who scored 10 in the fourth quarter, certainly had that outscoring mentality.
Frustrated with how his primary playing options defended the Kings' point guard, Wittman turned to the 6-foot-6 Temple, who would play a grand total of 13 seconds.
John Wall had 19 points and was on the court for the defensive possession, just not on Thomas as he among those struggling with stopping the diminutive one.
"He's very quick," Wall said of Thomas. "He made a couple of tough shots, but he just got into the paint and got whatever he wanted."
Meanwhile Thomas' eyes grew larger when he realized the matchup coming his way after catching the inbounds pass on the right wing.
"I seen a guy that was guarding me that hadn't played the whole game," said Thomas with a slight giggle while reviewing the play.
The southpaw guard headed hard left with his dribble. Washington's top defensive guard, Temple unwisely did not shut off Thomas' desired direction.
"I felt like I had opportunity to take him and he kind of forced me to my strong hand," Thomas continued, which is what he did on the drive. Just inside the free throw line, his lofted attempt found its desired location, the bottom of the net.
"We didn't have anybody that could guard him," Wittman said. "I couldn't find anyone that could guard him tonight. That was disappointing, especially as the game went on. He got anywhere he wanted to. Right, left, and the kid made the play at the end."
Throughout the season, the Wizards defense has been the team's silent strength, ranking ninth in defensive rating. However stopping those lightning quick lead guards has been problematic, including recent pests like Thomas, Denver's Ty Lawson, Atlanta's Jeff Teague and Portland's Damian Lillard and of course, Los Angeles Clippers' star Chris Paul.
Washington next stretch of games includes Philadelphia, Memphis and San Antonio on the road followed by home games against the Los Angeles Clippers, New York Knicks and Brooklyn. That means facing All-Star point guard Jrue Holiday (Philadelphia), Tony Parker (San Antonio) and Paul plus Brooklyn's Deron Williams. Memphis' Mike Conley missed Monday's game with a sprained ankle.
If the Wizards want to ensure their recent successful run does not come to an abrupt end, curtailing the various undesirable traits is necessary. Then again, Washington has still won seven of 11 games after starting the season 4-28 so there is certainly no need for panic or drastic changes.
Those searching for an optimistic angle following Monday's loss might come to this conclusion: this defeat felt different that most others because now the Wizards have shown simply staying close is no longer a positive.
"We know we're in a situation where we can win these games. We have the talent to do it, we just didn't execute. Had a couple of misdirection's and turnovers down the stretch and just didn't get the defensive stops that we needed."


text:
About UsView some of our skills
Who We Are
Our mission is to provide a strong credible voice that holds public officials and government accountable and assists in the promotion of progressive ideas.
What We Do
Progress Michigan works as a communications team and media hub for the entire progressive community. We're a marketing department for progressive ideas - a campaign that never stops.
What You Can Do
Want to take your activism to the next level? Join our network of thousands of Michiganders working to make Michigan better.
Our ProjectsView some of our projects
You Won't Believe Todd Courser's Reaction to the Oregon ShootingProgress Michigan
Todd Courser is a special kind of Republican. Not because he can reach across the aisle or has revolutionary ideas for the conservative agenda. He's special because he seems to have no shame and with no shame comes no filter, which gives us an unbridled look into the mind of conservatives (or former elected officials) […]
Tim Walberg Wants to Defund an Organization that Saves Women from Breast CancerBlog
October is Breast Cancer Awareness month. Chances are that you, like me, know someone who has or has had breast cancer. It's the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women. One in eight women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in their lifetime. That's why it's so important that women have regular breast cancer screenings, like […]
The Cost Effectiveness of Paid Sick LeaveBlog
By Sean Tobin There is an effort underway to ensure everyone has the ability to earn paid sick days. Unpredictability in life shouldn't force people to choose between their health, their families and their economic well-being. In keeping with the market-driven culture we have created for businesses, we assume unpredictability is not desired. This initiative […]
Toxic IgnoranceBlog
Three consecutive headlines caught my eye this morning in a way that could only be ignored by the likes of Gov. Rick Snyder, who routinely ignores problems created by his administration until it's too late. MLive: Elevated lead found in more Flint kids after water switch, study finds MLive: State says data shows no link […]
Colbeck Doesn't Want to Burn Books, Just Rewrite HistoryBlog
By Matthew Kovac Earlier this month, State Senator Patrick Colbeck came under fire for his Facebook rants against the late historian Howard Zinn and the use of his best-selling book "A People's History of the United States" in Michigan classrooms. Now, in no less than 11 subsequent Facebook posts, Colbeck has doubled down on his […]
5 Reasons Why You Should Register to VoteBlog
Today is National Voter Registration Day. People and organizations are hitting the streets today to register tens of thousands of voters across the country. Early in 2012 (the last presidential election year), almost one in four eligible Americans was not registered to vote. The number of people age 18-29 who voted in the last presidential […]


text:
Cool Whip.
Strawberries or bananas on ice cream?
Cool Whip.
Strawberries or bananas on ice cream?
Strawberries Mamacita!!!!
which is worse - spiders or snakes?
"Faith sees the invisible, believes the unbelievable, and receives the impossible." ~ Corrie Ten Boom
Apple or vanilla candles?
Yup, with donuts!!
Jeeps or dune buggies.
Dune Buggies,
Beer or Wine.
A cat changes coming home to an empty house to coming home
4 Door or 2 Door?
Yup, with donuts!!
2 door without a garage, 4 door with one.
Regular toilet brush or disposables?
Regular. I've never used disposables.
Winnie the Pooh or Piglet?
Pooh, well I don't know, they are all cute.
Oldies or rap?


text:
Hip Hop Rap R&B Reggae'Rock, Pop, Rap Beats Intrumentals, movie soundtracks san antonio tx Shaka Banton,Mecca Banton ,Tony 2 Ninies,Mikey Ammo
Greatest hits for great listeners!
Two for Tuesday/Classic Rock and Roll/For every two songs played, two more are played!
Great Music hosted by a Musician / 1-800-358-2155 for REQUESTS
Rock N Roll of the 1960s
Your one stop station for the best classics rock, 80's 70's 60's and a flavor of Blues
There are two times it don't matter when the road signs are gone; when you know where you're going, and when you don't care.
Lifestyles Radio is based in Staten Island, NY and is part of the Media Department at Lifestyles for the Disabled. Our station features every #1 song of the 80's & 90's along with shows written and produced by our participants.
wendsday's list
Broadcasting from San Francisco, with a mix of the music genres.
Playing the best of 50's, 60's 70's, 80's, 90's, 2000's
The latest and greatest in hip hop streaming 24/7!
Classic Rock Mix


text:
The victory of fight is all in my eyes
Lyric Meaning
There is victory in the eyes of this warrior. Through the fight to the top of the mountain or his rise to being the top rapper in the game, (which many believe he is), Kendrick has finally taken a step back and realized that he has won the battle of hip hop.
Improve the quality of Backwards Lyrics by leaving a suggestion at the bottom of the page


text:
outsiders Video Channel
- Channel Views: 7,064
- Total Upload Views:
- Subscribers: 43
- Joined: October 01, 2010
- Last Visit Date: 2010-10-18T13:20:40
WAZUP!?!?!?!!!! HEY guys, My name is jordan and i live in fl. the sunshine state! i am 16 yrs old and i have no goal ,yet, except o get through the day without complete conform! i belive in most things that most people don't; ke anti- abortion,abstencey, that marrage is 4 man and woman only!, and im Straight Edge. !sXe! wich means: no drugs, no beer(ect.), and no sex befor marrige...
There is no content for this section
No playlists found for this account.


text:
Skip Prichard | Leadership Insights
Ideas, Insight & Inspiration
Main menu
Skip to primary content
Skip to secondary content
Contact Me
Books & Authors
Personal Development
Category Archives:
Lessons from My Brother, Jack
10 Youngest Billionaires of Our Time: How Did They Do It?
10 Commandments of the Dealmaker
How To Handle Challenging Job Interview Questions
6 Things to Consider When Returning to Work After An Illness
Tricks to Handle Tenacious Negotiations Situations
9 Facts and 10 Quotes for Memorial Day
Why Attitude Always Matters from Technology to Healthcare
28 Quotes to Celebrate Earth Day
Why Journaling Makes Better Leaders
Why You Should NOT Subscribe to Your Favorite Blog
Twitter is Not a Strategy
The Top 14 Posts of 2014
The Best Book Covers of 2014
50 Things to Drop Before the New Year
29 Ways to Celebrate World Hello Day
Avoid the Nightmare of the Email Blind Carbon Copy (BCC).
OCLC Ice Bucket Challenge
What Ice Buckets Teach Us About The Spread of Ideas
Branding Holds Key to Long-Term Success
12 Ideas to Boost Your Happiness
Silent Intelligence: What A Smarter World Will Mean For You
The 8 Biggest Mobile Mistakes Companies Make
At A Tipping Point: The Future of Education
July 4 Facts, Quotes and Sayings On Liberty and Freedom
Why You Should Comment on Blogs
3 Challenges for Emerging Leaders
The Hype and Hope of MOOCs
Seeing the Future at CES
The Best Book Covers of 2013
Have Yourself A Blessed Little Christmas
49 Christmas Quotes and Sayings
What I Learned On the Way to 200,000 Twitter Followers
5 Ways to Cultivate an Attitude of Gratitude
The Surprising Predictive Power of Analytics
Fabricated: The New World of 3D Printing
When Your Parent Becomes Your Child
Lessons from the Ordinary
The Best Book Covers of 2012
The 12 Top Posts of 2012
Leadership Lessons from Over 50 Thought Leaders
Endorsing the Endorsing on LinkedIn
13 Reasons To Guest Blog
13 Tips for Twitter Effectiveness
21 Customer Service Quotes
Lee Greenwood – Part Two
What Some Birds Taught Me About Friendship
Lee Greenwood Asks: Does God Still Bless the USA?
Page 1 of 2
Learn to Lead with Others in Mind
Get the FREE e-book and Discover:
How to revolutionize your leadership approach
Why the 9 Qualities of a Servant Leader will change your perspective
The biggest mistakes leaders are making and how to avoid them
How adopting servant leadership will impact your culture
Specific actions you can take that will improve your results
Join Leadership Insights today:


text:
Marine Adhesive Sealant Fast Cure 5200 3oz - 3M™
This item is found in the following Product Families
3m™ Marine Adhesive / Sealant Fast Cure 5200
With the 3M Marine Adhesive/Sealant Fast Cure 5200, you can complete all the adhesive applications on your boat in no time. This high-performance …
Marine Fast Cure 5200 Adhesive / Sealant (3m Marine)
The seal is extremely strong, retains its strength above or below the water line. Stays flexible too - allows for structural movement. Has …
This product ships in 1 business day.
Add to Cart and enter your Postal Code to determine the shipping charges and estimated delivery date.
Most products and orders leave our warehouse in 1 business day. However, select items may take more processing time. Alaska and Hawaii orders please add 1 additional warehouse processing day.
Standard Shipping Policies


text:
Lisas Bartenders LLC
You want the best in the area when it comes to Yard Greetings and other rental items. Make sure you are working with Lisas Bartenders LLC.
Yard Card Tally
Choosing a great company for party rentals in Tallahassee is now easy thanks to Yard Card Tally. We'll make your party the best it can be.
Feather Oaks Farm
Feather Oaks Farm is the best in the field when it comes to Dance Floors and other party rentals. We can provide you with just what you need.
Simmons Party Rentals
Our staff is proficient when it comes to providing Tents and other party essentials that you might need to rent. Make us the choice in Tallahassee.
Deep South Party Rental and Bounce ...
Finding the best options for Tents and other party rentals is no longer difficult. Simply talk with Deep South Party Rental and Bounce Castles to see what we can offer.


text:
Download Enka Okulları iPhone iPad iOS
Enka Okulları tarafından hazırlanan bu uygulama Enka okullarının tanıtımını, Enka Okulları'ndan haberleri ve duyuruları içermektedir.
This application developed by Enka Schools involves introduction of Enka Schools, news and announcements from Enka Schools.
The Enka Okulları is now available as a free download on Apple Store for both iPhone and iPad owners.The application is supporting English language. It weighs in at only 0.9 MB to download. It is highly advisable to have the latest app version installed so that you don`t miss out on the fresh new features and improvements. The current app version 1.0 has been released on 2014-11-08. For ensuring consistency with the device you should take into account the following app compatibility information: Compatible with iPhone 3GS, iPhone 4, iPhone 4S, iPod touch (3rd generation), iPod touch (4th generation) and iPad.Requires iOS 4.3 or later.
More Info: Find more info about Enka Okulları in Enka Schools`s Official Website : http://www.enkaokullari.k12.tr
Tags : schools , okulları , enka schools , enka okulları
iOS Enka Okulları 1.0 Mobile
Related - Education - Enka Okulları 1.0
More in Education - for Enka Okulları iPhone
More by Enka Schools - for Enka Okulları app ioS


text:
GreatNonprofits is the best way to find great local nonprofits.
Volunteers and donors use GreatNonprofits to search for ratings and reviews of nonprofits in their town.
Featured Review
In-Sync Exotics, Inc.
I am a volunteer at In-Sync. I am very proud to be at a facility that cares so much for the cats that are under our care. We strive daily to make their lives more enjoyable. Our only reward is the... more
Are you a nonprofit?
GreatNonprofits News
See What The Most Quotable Nonprofit Leaders are Saying
East St Louis Nonprofits and Charities
Caris Pregnancy Clinics
GeeGee wrote:
Caris is the reason my son is here today. He is 4 years old now with a bright amazing future. Caris staff helped me achieve my... more »
- Location:
- Palatine, IL
Joanne J. wrote:
I am a member of Attach and I am extremely grateful that I found them. This organization has considerably helped me get out from... more »
- Location:
- Lake Villa, IL
Kfar Jewish Arts Center
Jonathan wrote:
KFAR is a visionary organization which has opened my eyes (and ears) to the richness and diversity of global Jewish music beyond... more »
- Location:
- Vernon Hills, IL
Illinois Blessing Nfp
RSBL wrote:
With the cost of fuel and food prices many working families are struggling to stay ahead ... and I believe that Illinois Blessings... more »
- Location:
- Bolingbrook, IL
The Night Ministry
goodidea wrote:
I personally have seen them help individuals turn their own lives around. Love their idea of being just present in peoples lives.... more »
Pro Bono Network
Laura Y. wrote:
I became involved with the Pro Bono network about a year ago, when I began volunteering at the jail, providing legal support... more »
- Location:
- Oak Park, IL
Higher Learning Network,nfp
tittleinthemiddlegmailcom wrote:
Through my personal communicative experience and skills of being a public servant for over 50 years in my community through radio/TV... more »
Niagara Foundation
Hoosiers wrote:
Niagara Foundation Plays a huge role on bringing people of different cultures and faith traditions around the table and help building... more »
Umoja Student Development Corporation
kenschmetterer wrote:
I am as proud of my affiliation with UMOJA -- the most impactful organization I have been associated with -- as anything I have... more »
Animal Care League
filedris wrote:
I have been volunteering at ACL for some 7 yrs. I enjoy socializing Cats, volunteering at offsite events and working in the... more »
- Location:
- Oak Park, IL
Nonprofits and Charities in Other Cities
Whether your causes are animal shelters, food banks, or breast cancer groups, you'll find real nonprofit reviews you can trust at GreatNonprofits.
Millions of nonprofit clients, donors, and volunteers have shared their candid reviews of charities, nonprofits, and social enterprises.
Add your nonprofit reviews and help other donors and volunteers find a great nonprofit.
- Albuquerque Charities
- Atlanta Charities
- Austin Charities
- Bakersfield Charities
- Baltimore Charities
- Boston Charities
- Charlotte Charities
- Chicago Charities
- Cleveland Charities
- Columbus Charities
- Corpus Christi Charities
- Dallas Charities
- Denver Charities
- Detroit Charities
- El Paso Charities
- Fort Worth Charities
- Fresno Charities
- Houston Charities
- Honolulu Charities
- Indianapolis Charities
- Jacksonville Charities
- Kansas City Charities
- Las Vegas Charities
- Los Angeles Charities
- Louisville Charities
- Memphis Charities
- Miami Charities
- Milwaukee Charities
- Minneapolis Charities
- Nashville Charities
- New Orleans Charities
- New York Charities
- Oklahoma City Charities
- Omaha Charities
- Pittsburgh Charities
- Philadelphia Charities
- Phoenix Charities
- Portland Charities
- Raleigh Charities
- Riverside Charities
- Sacramento Charities
- San Antonio Charities
- San Diego Charities
- San Francisco Charities
- San Jose Charities
- Santa Ana Charities
- Seattle Charities
- Sonoma Charities
- St. Louis Charities
- Tampa Charities
- Tucson Charities
- Tulsa Charities
- Washington DC Charities
- Wichita Charities
- View All Cities
- View by State


text: Small, friendly, family-run hotel in a lovely part of the Murcia region, Bolnuevo. Hotel has own restaurant - with sushi bar! Very romantic in evenings with low lighting. We had a corner suite on the second floor which was beautifully furnished and ideal for honeymooners! Lovely decor with beautiful local art on walls. All staff very friendly and helpful. We... More


text:
key escrow(kē es´krō) (n.) A data security measure in which a cryptographic key is entrusted to a third party (i.e., kept in escrow). Under normal circumstances, the key is not released to someone other than the sender or receiver without proper authorization. Key escrow systems can be considered a security risk at the user puts access to information into the hands of the escrow agent holding the cryptographic key; however, key escrow systems are used to ensure that there is a backup of the cryptographic key in case the parties with access to key lose the data through a disaster or malicious intent.
The Clipper chip brought the idea of key escrow into the public consciousness.
Stay up to date on the latest developments in Internet terminology with a free weekly newsletter from Webopedia. Join to subscribe now.
From wacky alarm clocks to lecture hall tools and after class entertainment, these Android apps are a good fit for a student's life and budget. Read More »Sharing Threat Intelligence
A growing number of startups make the sharing of threat intelligence a key part of their solutions. Read More »Smiley Faces and Symbols
A text smiley face is used to convey a facial expression or emotion in texting and online chat conversations. This Webopedia guide shows you how... Read More »
The Open System Interconnection (OSI) model defines a networking framework to implement protocols in seven layers. Use this handy guide to compare... Read More »Network Fundamentals Study Guide
Networking fundamentals teaches the building blocks of modern network design. Learn different types of networks, concepts, architecture and... Read More »Computer Architecture Study Guide
This Webopedia study guide describes the different parts of a computer system and their relations. Read More »


text:
NPR Newscast
4min 45sec
September 1, 2010 The Central Bank of Afghanistan has taken over the country's leading private bank amid a new corruption scandal involving allies of President Hamid Karzai. For more, NPR's Robert Siegel talks to Joshua Partlow of the Washington Post.
<iframe src="http://www.npr.org/player/embed/129584553/129584540" width="100%" height="290" frameborder="0" scrolling="no">
September 1, 2010 Renee Montagne returns to Afghanistan next week for another month-long reporting trip. She tells Steve Inskeep this trip is pegged to the country's parliamentary elections later this month.
<iframe src="http://www.npr.org/player/embed/129570548/129570537" width="100%" height="290" frameborder="0" scrolling="no">
An Afghan policeman holds his weapon close during a joint patrol with U.S. soldiers on the outskirts of Kandahar city.
David Gilkey/NPR
hide caption
August 30, 2010 Gen. David Petraeus makes fighting corruption a fundamental part of his strategy to turn Afghanistan around. But while he warns his troops about striking financial deals with potentially unreliable allies, the CIA is prosecuting its part of this war by doing exactly that.
<iframe src="http://www.npr.org/player/embed/129510496/129522436" width="100%" height="290" frameborder="0" scrolling="no">
August 30, 2010 The fight against corruption in the Afghan government has received another setback with the dismissal of a senior justice official for his role in pursuing cases against some of President Karzai's most senior officials.
<iframe src="http://www.npr.org/player/embed/129522443/129522435" width="100%" height="290" frameborder="0" scrolling="no">
August 29, 2010 In another blow to U.S. efforts to fight corruption in Afghanistan, one of the country's most senior prosecutors says he was forced into early retirement by President Hamid Karzai. The prosecutor maintains that members of the Karzai government are blocking corruption investigations involving high-ranking officials. Host Liane Hansen talks to NPR's Soraya Sarhaddi Nelson in Kabul.
<iframe src="http://www.npr.org/player/embed/129506775/129506764" width="100%" height="290" frameborder="0" scrolling="no">
August 26, 2010 NPR's Robert Siegel talks to Steve Coll -- president and CEO of the New America Foundation and author of Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001 -- about corruption in the Karzai government.
<iframe src="http://www.npr.org/player/embed/129454404/129454393" width="100%" height="290" frameborder="0" scrolling="no">
August 26, 2010 Michael Enright is accused of slashing the neck and face of Ahmed H. Sharif after the New York City taxi driver said he was Muslim. Police said an empty bottle of scotch was found in a bag Enright was carrying, along with journals about his experiences in Afghanistan. Enright once volunteered with a group that promotes interfaith tolerance.
Villagers shout anti-U.S. slogans after a U.S.-led raid in Wardak, Afghanistan, that killed three civilians two weeks ago. A crowd of about 300 villagers yelled "Death to the United States" and blocked a main road in eastern Afghanistan.
Rahmatullah Naikzad/AP
hide caption
August 25, 2010 In Wardak province, U.S. forces searching for a Taliban leader killed three men, who the Americans say engaged them with hostile intent. But the family and villagers say the young men were innocent students home for Ramadan. The incident provoked anger as many Afghans tend to blame the U.S., not insurgents, for their country's troubles.
<iframe src="http://www.npr.org/player/embed/129425107/129425106" width="100%" height="290" frameborder="0" scrolling="no">
August 25, 2010 The head of the U.S. Marine Corps says it will likely take longer than the July 2011 deadline set by the White House to turn over security responsibilities to the Afghan government. The longer timeline indicates the challenges facing U.S. troops there. Melissa Block talks to NPR's Tom Bowman.
<iframe src="http://www.npr.org/player/embed/129431193/129431180" width="100%" height="290" frameborder="0" scrolling="no">
August 24, 2010 But, Commandant Gen. James Conway said, if the ban on gays serving openly in the military is repealed, the Corps will deal with it. The Senate is expected to take up the issue next month.
U.S. Special Envoy to Afghanistan and Pakistan Richard Holbrooke in Islamabad, on Feb. 18, 2010, after a joint operation with Pakistan that captured the Taliban's top commander.
Aamir Qureshi/AFP
hide caption
August 23, 2010 Foreign correspondent Dexter Filkins suggests the Pakistanis might've enlisted the C.I.A.'s help to arrest a Taliban leader, so that he couldn't participant in peace talks.
<iframe src="http://www.npr.org/player/embed/129379007/129383570" width="100%" height="290" frameborder="0" scrolling="no">
August 22, 2010 Since the fall of the Taliban in Afghanistan in 2001, the situation for women there has improved marginally. Repression continues, especially in the rural areas.
<iframe src="http://www.npr.org/player/embed/129357288/129357324" width="100%" height="290" frameborder="0" scrolling="no">
August 22, 2010 Guest host Rachel Martin returned to Afghanistan last week for the first time since 2006. What definitely hasn't changed, she says, is how hard it is to get around the country.
<iframe src="http://www.npr.org/player/embed/129357264/129357245" width="100%" height="290" frameborder="0" scrolling="no">
Women walk at an outdoor market in downtown Kabul. The resurgent Taliban and several recent executions in accordance with an extreme interpretation of Shariah law have human-rights activists worried, particularly for women.
Rodrigo Abd/AP
hide caption
August 20, 2010 In one recent case, an Afghan widow suspected of adultery was tortured and shot. In another, a woman seeking to flee an abusive marriage had her nose cut off. Activists say the U.S.-supported government of Afghanistan has been passive on issues of human rights as it is eager to negotiate peace with the resurgent Taliban.
<iframe src="http://www.npr.org/player/embed/129306237/129328350" width="100%" height="290" frameborder="0" scrolling="no">
August 20, 2010 Two U.S. Navy Special Forces trainers disappeared in Logar province and died in a Taliban ambush last month. Logar is close enough to the Afghan capital Kabul that you could end up there, if you made a wrong turn. Logar is considered almost completely under Taliban control. How did the insurgents manage to gain such a firm hold on Kabul's doorstep?
<iframe src="http://www.npr.org/player/embed/129317646/129317138" width="100%" height="290" frameborder="0" scrolling="no">
NPR thanks our sponsors
Become an NPR sponsor


text:
You have been blocked
Sorry, you cannot send any messages to this user, send a friend request, comment on his pictures or videos, or post on his wall.
|Anal, Facials, Latina
|1,992,420 ADDED April 4, 2014
|Jynx Maze, Manuel Ferrara +
|Couple, Vaginal Sex, Masturbation, Oral Sex, Anal Sex, Latin, Vaginal Masturbation, Blowjob, Stockings, Big Cock, Big Ass, Facial
Esta guarrilla sexy seguro que ja se la metían por el coló y el coño con 12 años
That slutty cum bucket in my profile pic is my cheating ex-wife. I told her I'd get my own back on her cheating on me and I have! I've uploaded all of our personal pics and videos to "zakjameson . tumblr . com" - please share so the whole world can see what a whore she is!!
Jynx sensacional!
Manuel Ferrara <3 fuck me ;)
Que rica follada!
if i was the man, we do it much harder
the man name plzz
Manuel Ferrara ,my favorite ;)
skype inetas2 :)
nice fucking, wish i was involved
So HOOOTT! Wish I could ride her...
cdavid94105 skype add me girls ;)
Love me some Jynx Maze!! And when she's with Manuel it's a combination that can't be beat...!!!
OMG, i wanna suck and lick his smooth shlong
her ass luvs it
love the way she totally gets into being fucked hard in the ass
very hot n horny babe who loves to suck and get sucked and fucked scrumptiously and lustily while impaled on a big dick...sure other ladies will love to be fucked so...
Sorry, you cannot send any messages to this user, send a friend request, comment on his pictures or videos, or post on his wall.


text:
News from Upstate
Darryl Geddes 315 464-4828
Upstate celebrates National Cancer Survivors Day June 2
SYRACUSE, N.Y.— Upstate Medical University will once again sponsor one of its most treasured celebrations—National Cancer Survivors Day—a time for people living with a history of cancer to connect with each other, celebrate milestones, and recognize those who have supported them along the way.
The celebration will be held Sunday, June 2 from noon to 3:30 p.m. (sign in at 11:30 a.m.) at the Holiday Inn, 441 Electronics Parkway in Liverpool.
The event is free for cancer survivors of all ages and their guests according to Loretta Harris, co-chair of Upstate's 2013 National Cancer Survivors Day celebration, "This celebration has such deep meaning for cancer survivors and their loved ones as it is a celebration of life," said Harris. "Seating is limited, with reservations accepted on a first come, first serve basis. For those who are interested in attending, we're advising them to register now."
Harris, who is leading the celebration with co-chair Tina Evans, adds that reservations will be accepted through Saturday, May 25.
Each year, the National Cancer Survivors Day celebration adopts a different, fun theme. "This year's theme is "magical day," said Harris. "Attendees are invited to dress as their favorite animated cartoon character. A prize will be awarded to the person with the best costume."
Upstate's National Cancer Survivors Day celebration also includes a sit-down lunch, entertainment, door prizes and music by DJ Russ Lee.
The event is sponsored by the Upstate Cancer Center, the American Cancer Society and the Central New York Oncology Nursing Society. To reserve your spot, call Upstate Connect at 315-464-8668 or 800-464-8668 by Saturday, May 25.
Caption: Richard Kilburg, associate administrator of the Upstate Cancer Center, dances with Phyllis Bates at last year's Hollywood-themed National Cancer Survivors Day event. Bates is a National Cancer Survivors Day volunteer and retired Upstate employee.
Search Upstate News
Upstate in the News
- Upstate hosting international kidney cancer conference
Syracuse Post Standard
- Upstate Medical provides tax-free home to developer of concussion diagnosis system
Syracuse Post Standard
- Couple hurries to move wedding to CNY hospital for dying father: 'A miracle come true' (video)
Syracuse Post Standard
- Upstate reviving the house call to keep patients with minor problems out of its ER
Syracuse Post Standard
- SU, Upstate Medical to use new grant program for biomedical, health-care research
Central New York Business Journal
- Study finds more young people are being prescribed antipsychotic drugs
WSYR TV9 Syracuse


text:
Display Ads
Dir. of Advertisers
October: Domestic violence awareness month
Davis at Legislature: EMS hearing brings grave concerns
More opinion
S Goat Expo to offer meat goats for sale
Hall Red Angus ranch honored as Pioneer Breeder of the year
More Ag News
Click Here for theHOTTEST SHEETS!
A statewide tornado drill will be held Wednesday between 10-11 a.m. CDT (9-10 a.m. MDT).
The test tornado watch will be followed by test tornado warnings from the six weather forecast offices that serve Nebraska.
Local sirens will be sounded in the drill.
The North Platte 911 Center urges residents to sign up for CodeRED Weather Warning and Smart911.
CodeRED Weather Warning alert residents in the direct path of severe weather, such as a thunderstorm, tornadoes or flash floods. Users opt in to receive the alerts they wish to receive and can register landline and mobile phones. There is a CodeRED Mobile Alert app available for both iPhones and Android phones available for download on iTunes and Google Play.
Smart911 is a free service that allows citizens to create a safety profile for their household by providing information before severe weather strikes. Public safety officials can leverage the information in an emergency to better prepare and expedite response to 9-1-1 calls.
There are links to both programs on the city web site, www.ci.north-platte.ne.us
The National Weather Service encourages people, businesses and schools to practice readiness Wednesday during the statewide drill.
The National Weather Service offices will transmit a special message Wednesday through the Emergency Alert System (EAS). Because of the test format of this message, it may or may not activate on certain NOAA weather radios or local stations.
Flatrock Publishing, Inc.
1300 E 4th St., Suite F
North Platte, NE 69101


text:
Latest photos
Photo detail
10/18 Matthew Alice
Photo Credit: San Diego Historical Society
House of Blues
Jeff Smith noon, Oct. 4
Matthew Suárez 11 a.m., Oct. 4
Various Authors 10:47 a.m., Oct. 4
Julie Stalmer 9:30 a.m., Oct. 4
Don Bauder 4:30 p.m., Oct. 3
Garrett Harris 4 p.m., Oct. 3
Sheila Pell 2:30 p.m., Oct. 3
© 2015 San Diego Reader. All rights reserved. No part of this site may be reproduced without our written permission.
Each newsletter subscription means another chance to win!