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Cloud Computing Zone Tests "Chongqing Model" China's Wukan village stands up for land rights. 15 December 2011Last updated at 15:56 By Martin Patience BBC News, Wukan, Guangdong province Many protesters say they will continue to make a stand, despite government concessions At first light, the sound of mourning music could be heard across the rooftops.
Wukan - home to more than 10,000 people - is a village in revolt. Local officials have fled and the villagers have set up makeshift roadblocks - branches covering the street - at the village's entrances. This week the villagers' fury reached a new pitch after they alleged that the authorities had beaten to death one of their own. That is denied by local officials, who say the villager died of natural causes while being held in police custody. But in the early afternoon thousands of people gathered to call for justice. Banned in China by Jonathan Mirsky. In late December, a foreign correspondent in Beijing emailed me to say that a four-page article on China I'd written for a special New Year's edition of Newsweek had been carefully torn from each of the 731 copies of the magazine on sale in China.
Now, friends and colleagues are telling me what an honor it is to have one's writing banned in the People's Republic. In over forty years of writing about China, I have been subjected to many forms of pressure. Countering the Contagious West - Mohamed A. El-Erian. Exit from comment view mode.
Click to hide this space NEWPORT BEACH – Imagine for a moment that you are the chief policymaker in a successful emerging-market country. You are watching with legitimate concern (and a mixture of astonishment and anger) as Europe's crippling debt crisis spreads and America's dysfunctional politics leave it unable to revive its moribund economy. Would you draw comfort from your country's impressive internal resilience and offset the deflationary winds blowing from the West; or would you play it safe and increase your country's precautionary reserves? That is the question facing several emerging-market economies, and its impact extends well beyond their borders. The very fact that we are posing this question is novel and notable it its own right. The answer to the emerging markets' question would have been straightforward a few years ago. In the process, they would shift some of the policy emphasis from production to consumption.
Is Meritocracy Good? Notes on the Rise of China - Anne-Marie Slaughter - International. For all China's potential, it faces very real obstacles that it might not be ready to acknowledge Students attend their college graduation ceremony in Shanghai's Fudan University / Reuters I spent two days recently at the second annual FutureChina Global Forum in Singapore, a conference on major trends in China sponsored by BusinessChina, itself an organization created by former Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Kwan Yew to help his country become "the leading bilingual and bi-cultural channel for closer collaboration with China" as well as to strengthen knowledge of Chinese language and culture in Singapore itself.
Patrick Chovanec. Three Videos About China - James Fallows - International. Or, two videos and an interesting photo. 1) This is why I love China: a video of a young woman who finds an innovative answer to the parking problems engendered by the nonstop increase in the number of cars.
She just creates, out of nothing, a "legal" parking space for herself on a main road, complete with instant striping for the pavement and a fake big 'P' sign by the space she wants to use. The video is not embeddable, but if you start maybe 40 seconds in you'll get the idea, and probably want to watch for another minute or two. China's Second And Third Tier Cities Have Laws Too. : China Law Blog : China Law for Business. Since the inception of this blog, one of our recurring themes has been the need for foreign companies to follow China's laws.
We are always writing of how China does have laws, those laws apply more strictly to foreign companies than to domestic companies, and those laws apply whether or not some local governmental official assures you that they will not be enforced. We have also consistently extolled the virtues of setting up your business in a second tier city. It then zeroes in on the legal risks in these cities and how even though these cities are often less stringent on law enforcement, foreign companies should still comply with the law.
What's So Great About China? Observations based on my Trip to China. Sorry I was away so long.
I was in Spain, and then China. Let me tell you about the China trip. One of the first things I discovered on the China trip was that I couldn't write posts on Our Finite World from China, thanks to China's censorship. I could, however, read posts that I had previously written on Our Finite World. The impression I got was that China allows a moderately free expression of opinion, as long as it is through a recognized organization, like a newspaper, or even The Oil Drum, or Energy Bulletin. My trip consisted of two parts: (1) A visit to China University of Petroleum for three days, followed by (2) A commercial to tour (by Viking) which included stops at Beijing, Xian, and Shanghai and a boat ride down the Yangtze River from Chongqing to Wuhan. Visit to China University of Petroleum Gail, her husband Ben Setzer, Professor Feng, and three of his students at the University.
We met with Professor Feng's students, and they told me about their projects. At the symposium. China's Legal Exceptionalism Threatens International Integration. China's housing bubble: New evidence. For a while now, analysts have been arguing there is a bubble in China's property market. Using records from 35 major cities this column finds evidence of a housing bubble. It compares house prices to cointegrated fundamentals and finds that property in China is in general overvalued by around 20% – and even more so in the boom towns. For many observers, the Chinese economy has been spurred by a bubble in the real-estate market, probably driven by the fiscal stimulus package and massive credit expansion (Nicolas 2009). For example, the stock of loans increased by more than 50% since the end of 2008.
The end of cheap coal. World energy policy is gripped by a fallacy — the idea that coal is destined to stay cheap for decades to come. This assumption supports investment in 'clean-coal' technology and trumps serious efforts to increase energy conservation and develop alternative energy sources. It is an important enough assumption about our energy future that it demands closer examination. There are two reasons to believe that coal prices are likely to soar in the years ahead. China's Bumpy Road Ahead. When exactly will China take over the world?
The moment of truth seems to be coming closer by the minute. China will become the world's largest economy by 2050, according to HSBC. No, it's 2040, say analysts at Deutsche Bank. Try 2030, the World Bank tells us. No quick solution to China's power shortage. Guest Post: China is Different. Cross posted from MacroBusiness We need a new framework for understanding and interpreting what is happening in China.
As a friend recently commented to me, there should be three categories of economies: developed, developing and China. China may struggle, but it will struggle in a uniquely Chinese way, and inevitably pose deep questions about the future of capitalism. Pundits, especially of the bearish persuasion, are fond of deriding the comment that "this time it is different". But are things always the same? Latest Census in China Triggers Fears of Demographic Decline - Wikistrat. Latest Census in China Triggers Fears of Demographic Decline Census details rapid aging of population and dramatic reduction of labor pipeline.
Female fertility sits well below 2.0, triggering fears of Japan-like decline. One-child policy under attack, but government holds firm out of fear of resource requirements and social burden. Analysis. How China Could Yet Fail Like Japan. Japan's gross domestic product per head (at purchasing power parity) jumped from a fifth of U.S. levels in 1950 to 90 percent in 1990.
But this spectacular convergence went into reverse: by 2010, Japan's GDP per head had fallen to 76 per cent of U.S. levels. China's Economy Faces Three Contradictions. China is undeniably an economic miracle. It has been doubling living standards every decade since it started opening up, a feat that took the U.S. about 30 years even in times of its fastest growth. But fissures are showing in China's economic foundations. Call them the three contradictions. First, China's leadership is determined to slow the pace of growth and thwart inflation while continuing to raise wages and deliver the goods to the masses. That would be a challenge for any government, and particularly for one so afraid of losing control that it's reluctant to let market forces do much of the work. In a country that still has statues of Marx and Engels, wages have been a shrinking share of overall income and the gap between rich and poor is widening, hardly a recipe for more consumer spending.
With demand for labor strong, wages are increasing faster, a key to maintaining social stability Chinese leaders prize and fueling consumer spending needed for China to wean itself off exports. Can China's style of rule continue in an age of citizen uprisings and social networking? - Asia, World. Modern members have come from far and wide on a pilgrimage to Xintiandi, which means "New heaven and earth". It's a decidedly non-proletarian environment – the Party people are sleek and confident; dressed in brand-name clothes and carrying the latest mobile phones; New China's elite. Xintiandi has a Covent Garden feel and most of the biggest Western brands are represented here. Beware China's Political Bubble: Business Class.
Cisco Poised to Help China Build Surveillance Project. Western companies including Cisco Systems Inc. CSCO +0.18% Cisco Systems Inc. U.S.: Nasdaq $22.89 +0.04 +0.18% April 15, 2014 4:00 pm Volume (Delayed 15m) : 29.15M AFTER HOURS $22.89 0.00 0.00% April 15, 2014 6:32 pm Volume (Delayed 15m): 697,961 P/E Ratio 14.96 Market Cap $117.71 Billion Dividend Yield 3.32% Rev. per Employee $637,890 04/15/14 To Build Cloud-Services, Some ... 04/15/14 HEARD ON THE STREET: Cloud Inv... 04/13/14 Vietnam's FPT Aims to Fill IT ...
More quote details and news » CSCO in Your Value Your Change Short position are poised to help build an ambitious new surveillance project in China—a citywide network of as many as 500,000 cameras that officials say will prevent crime but that human-rights advocates warn could target political dissent. The system, being built in the city of Chongqing over the next two to three years, is among the largest and most sophisticated video-surveillance projects of its kind in China, and perhaps the world. Mr.


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Rich Homie Quan Switches the Formula on 'DTSpacely Made This'
Rich Homie Quan switches things up and flirts with different lanes on his latest project, his 'DTSpacely Made This' mixtape.
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Over an expansive 17 tracks, Fetty Wap's self-titled debut album doesn't stray too far from the formula that got him here in the first place.
Kevin Gates is one of the more respected lyricists on the scene and "Tattoo Session" is another example of the MC's lyrical acumen.
2 Chainz and Wiz Khalifa live the American dream in "A Milli Billi Trilli" video.
Los Angeles native Kaalan Rashad Walker, better known as KR, drops the smooth "Bout That."
Your Old Droog keeps it a buck on his latest track, "Before I Go ('02 - '06 Freestyle)."
Jeezy takes a break from his recently sermon-like tracks to drop a club banger, "Gold Bottles," the fourth single off his upcoming 'Church in these Streets' album.


text:
This book was only slightly amusing as it seemed to be a less funny, older version of Ambrose Bierce's The Devil's Dictionary.
I normally like the more sarcastic answers in joke dictionaries, and this one just had a chuckle here and there.
See it as donating a moment of your social media time, every little thing helps us improve and stay online.
Cara Devon has always suffered curiosity and im... Read more
When the economic downturn ends Matty Cruzs co... Read more
A telekinetic teenager. A telepathic child. A p... Read more
A century after an apocalyptic war reduces all... Read more
Fall in love with the Kensington siblings in th... Read more


text:
Greetings in Jesus' name, We would like to introduce you to Mt Zion House, a Christian drug and alcohol treatment facility for men located in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. Mt. Zion House is under the umbrella of Mt. Zion Christian Church with direct accountability to the church's Elder Board. Our facility is located just west of Mt. Zion Christian Church at 2330 Hwy 120, Lake Geneva, WI.
Fill in your address into the address field below the map and the shortest route will be calculated.


text:
People & Dog Friendly Dog Training in Buffalo NY
We are not currently accepting new clients. Thank you for your interest.
Welcome to the home of All Positive Dog Training. We provide professional dog training in Buffalo NY and the surrounding areas. With over 10 years of experience, professional certifications, and ongoing education in animal learning theory, Ines Gaschot (CPDT-KA) is one of the most qualified professional dog trainers in the Western New York area. We specialize in puppy socialization and training, obedience dog training and behavior modification. Discover the dog you've always wanted has been living with you all along!
Puppy Training & Socialization. Dog Training.
Basic Manners. Obedience. Aggression. Leash Reactivity.
"Most pet owners want to have happy, kind relationships with their well-behaved animals. There's no better place to help with this than All Positive Dog Training LLC. Ines has a gift for teaching in a clear, positive, and people-friendly way that improves animal behavior while strengthening the relationship you share." – Risë VanFleet, PhD, CDBC Author, The Human Half of Dog Training
Regain Control of Your Dog – And Your Life!
Save Time & Energy
We come to your home when it suites your schedule. Additionally, our board & train programs allow us to achieve milestones in your dog's training in the shortest amount of time possible.
Easy & Effective Training That Fits Your Lifestyle
Effortlessly integrate our training techniques into your normal daily routine. Have confidence that your dog will listen to you throughout the day – not just during training sessions.
Peace of Mind
We teach people and train dogs using proven, positive, reward-based methods. Your dog is in the best hands while he's learning better behaviors.
We are proud to provide effective dog training while providing friendly and exemplary service. Call us at (716) 246-1566 to schedule your free no-risk evaluation with our certified trainer!
Featured Video
Learn More
About The Trainer
Our Services
Our Dog Training Philosophy
How to Choose the Right Dog Trainer for You
We provide dog training in Buffalo NY, including Akron, Buffalo, Tonawanda, Amherst, Cheektowaga, Lockport, Wheatfield, Kenmore, and Williamsville.
Call us at (716) 246-1566 to schedule your complimentary evaluation with our certified dog trainer.


text:
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text:
See how to programmatically create, start, stop, and delete a service under Windows NT/2000/XP.
Latest NT Services Articles
WinNT/2000 Service Controller
Use this dialog-based application to control the services in WinNT/2000.
Managing Windows Services from a Remote System
Build a simple command line utility for managing Windows services from a remote system.
Creating a Windows NT/Windows 2000 Service
Learn how to create create a Windows NT/ Windows 2000 service by following these simple steps.
A wrapper class for Win32. API service functions
SpeedySCM: Terminating Services, Quickly Starting Multiple Services
SpeedySCM: Terminating Services, Quickly Starting Multiple Services
Latest Developer VideosMore...
Latest CodeGuru Developer Columns
C++ Tips and Tricks
Quirky and yet persistent, C++ is a language that keeps programmers coming back to it. Pick up some new ways to wrangle it into your workflow.
Event Refresher
Even today, there's still a need for Events. Learn about them, and how to use them in your coding.
Using WndProc to Override Mouse Functions
Learn how to use the simple, yet powerful, WndProc command and its associated methods to override various window and mouse functions.
Lesson Learned: The Need for a Domain Language
Translation costs time and money, and can affect the quality of the product being made. Make sure all your team members speak the same language.


text:
Brazil's Straw Hat project helps women leave abusive situations
A look at Switzerland's entrenched gun culture
07 Jan 2014 11:58 GMT | Asia
Police chiefs in one of the most volatile provinces in Pakistan are trying to double the number of female recruits.
Conservative social values and the dangers of the job keep many women away.
Al Jazeera's Imtiaz Tyab reports from Abbottabad.
Source: Al Jazeera
The two incidents killed 11 people in two different sites, among them a teenager outside a government school.
Asia, Pakistan
1995 march for black rights was one of the biggest race rallies in US history, and organisers say it's time for another.
Racism, Protests, United States
Tackling the refugee crisis, Iran nuclear deal, and helping rape victims push candidates towards the coveted prize.
War & Conflict, Human Rights, Norway
Joining the West, Reykjavik imposed sanctions on Russia over Ukraine, but now its fishermen are paying the price.
Politics, Business & Economy, Iceland
The illicit kidney trade in South Asia has exploded as brokers use social media to find donors.
Health, Business & Economy, India
Blasts at peace rally in the centre of the capital kill at least 30 people, injure dozens, interior ministry says.
War & Conflict, Middle East, Turkey
Moscow targeted US-funded groups in attempt to weaken them, US officials say, as Washington scraps training programme.
Middle East, Syria, United States, Russia
Follow the incredible journey of Asadullah Rahman, the youngest inmate to be held at Guantanamo Bay.
War & Conflict, Afghanistan, Taliban
People & Power investigates India's Hindu fundamentalists and their influence on the country's government.
India, Politics, Human Rights
101 East explores why over 300 Australian children are abducted by a parent and taken overseas every year.
Australia, Asia, Law
Al Jazeera World looks at the neutral nation's entrenched gun culture and the debate about the right to carry weapons.
Gun violence, Europe, Arts & Culture


text:
Radar is an acronym that stands for RAdio Detection And Ranging. A weather radar consists of a parabolic dish (it looks like a satellite dish) encased in a protective dome and mounted on a tower of up to five stories tall. About 150 NEXRAD (NEXt generation of weather RADar) Doppler radars were installed throughout the U.S. in the 1990s. The radar itself does not delineate between rain and snow but AccuWeather's proprietary algorithms do, based on atmospheric conditions. The state-level Snow/Ice/Rain (Standard) radar images update every 5 minutes on AccuWeather.com Premium, which also gives access to longer loops of radar data. The exclusive AccuWeather.com StormTimer(tm) plots the expected movement of significant storms over the next hour, and also gives access to storm details like hail and rotation. AccuWeather.com RadarPlus offers an interactive weather experience with street-level radar, satellite and lightning data, as well as PredictiveRadar which moves the current radar picture 4 hours into the future.
One of the most intense and long-lasting rainstorms in recorded history slammed the Carolinas this week, bringing widespread and dangerous flooding.Read Story >
From coast to coast and top to bottom, unforgettable foliage displays happen in all sorts of unlikely places. Here's your guide to chasing falling leaves around the country, from now to Thanksgiving.Read Story >


text:
What's up. I'm at the point of the alien ship mission where Randy is free. He broke the elevator and said have to fix it. I placed the crystal in the elevator but I still can't use it. I ran around the entire ship looking for something but I can't seem to find anything else. Can I get a helpful nudge in the right direction please? Thanks.
You are not allowed to request a sticky.


text:
Jalen Hurd and Von Pearson made noise in spring practice as January enrollees, but now that the lights of fall camp are on and the opener stands just 29 days away, each has set his sights on continuing to stand out.
Click here for the original story.
Welcome to SECTalk.com
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text:
Anthony (Tony) DiNozzo Quotes
McGee: Sleep deprivation affects high level cognitive functions, cardiovascular health, circulation.
Tony: You just Googled that on the ride over didn't you?
Tony: Choward's scented gum.
Gibbs: That mean something to you?
Tony: Yeah. It means McGee's right. I'm starting to see things.
Tony: Hey. Delilah. Why are you here?
Delilah: Haven't you heard? Transfer just came in. It's official - I'm joining the team.
McGee: Careful Delilah. Tony's operating on a serious sleep deficit. His neural transmitters aren't processing humor right now.
Delilah: I was just kidding, Tony.
Tony: Do I seem okay to you?
Ducky: Markedly better than the last occupant of that table.
Tony: He made a run for it. Drew on him but I couldn't pull the trigger. You would have had him on the ground in two seconds flat. Taken out a leg or shot him in the ass.
Gibbs: Well. You followed your gut.
Tony: Maybe I was wrong about a lot of people.
Gibbs: Are we still talking about the case?
Tony: It's so interesting. No one will say her name. Have you noticed? It's like she's dead. Every time I look at her desk, every time I close my eyes....I just feel like I made a mistake. Like I made the wrong decision. Only it wasn't me who decided. So yeah - I'm probably wrong to think Anton's innocent in all this.
Gibbs: I'll trust you any time.
Tony: I want to help.
Anton: One thing I've learned, Tony. Just because you want it doesn't mean it's going to happen.
Tony: Tell me about it. It's funny - never stops me from trying.
McGee: Whoa, whoa, whoa! What are you, in some kind of twelve-stop program for recovering misogynists?
Tony: These past few weeks have been.....interesting, haven't they? It's just gotten me thinking about the choices that we make and the people that we let in, or don't let in. Just trying to make it better. Any more questions?
McGee: Yeah. What'd you do with the real Tony?
Tony: Maybe this is the real Tony.
Tony: It's obvious you're looking to hire a replacement.
Gibbs: Motive?
McGee: I don't know. Maybe you think we need the help. Three's the magic number. Who knows? But, we don't need anyone else, boss. And we don't want anyone either.
Gibbs: I was talking about the murder.
Grady: You all really care. About the job, but also about each other.
Tony: Well sometimes it's a pain in the ass.
Purcell: What happens now?
Tony: You're going to be held in a detention facility and booked for accessory to murder, illegal sale of explosive, and assaulting two federal officers.
Purcell: Two federal officers?
Tony: Yeah. Me and Agent Strickland.
Purcell: That old broad is an agent?
Vera: I just need one minute with that clown.
Murray: This kind of looks like you.
Tony: It is.
Murray: How close were you two?
Tony: Give me that.


text:
Company Overview of TimberPro, Inc.
Company Overview
TimberPro, Inc. manufactures machinery and equipment for forestry, pipeline, utility work, and biomass operations. It offers wheeled harvesters, wheeled feller bunchers, pipeline and matting machines, track machines, forwarders, and skidders. The company sells its products through dealers in Colorado, California, Georgia, Idaho, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Tennessee, South Dakota, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin; and Australia, Brazil, Canada, Germany, Continental Europe, Spain, Portugal, South of France, Finland, Russia, and South Africa. TimberPro, Inc. is based in Shawano, Wisconsin.
1407 Industrial Drive
Shawano, WI 54166
United States
Founded in 2002
Key Executives for TimberPro, Inc.
TimberPro, Inc. does not have any Key Executives recorded.
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To contact TimberPro, Inc., please visit www.timberpro.com. Company data is provided by Capital IQ. Please use this form to report any data issues.
Our data partners will research the update request and update the information on this page if necessary. Research and follow-up could take several weeks. If you have questions, you can contact them at firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 29, 2003
|Filing date
|Sep 30, 1997
|Priority date
|Sep 30, 1997
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Harry Bims, Avinash Ghirnikar, Biswa Ghosh
|Original Assignee
|Glenayre Electronics, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Non-Patent Citations (9), Referenced by (22), Classifications (16), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to the field of data communications; more particularly, the present invention relates to performing automatic repeat request (ARQ) sessions in a communication system.
A communication system transfers information between a source and a destination. Generally, a communication system includes a transmitter and a receiver which transmit and receive information signals over some media. This media may be cable wiring or atmosphere. When communications occur over atmosphere, or airwaves, they are commonly referred to as "wireless" communications. Examples of wireless communication systems include digital cellular, packet data, paging and digital cordless telephones, wireless modems, wireless local and wide area networks, digital satellite communications and personal communications networks.
Paging communication systems have typically been one-way communication systems. Recently, two-way paging systems have been introduced and are now commercially available.
One problem faced with current wireless communications systems is ensuring that the entire message is received by the mobile unit without errors. Some communication systems perform ARQ, or Automatic Repeat reQuest, as a way of providing reliable transmission of information over a lossy channel. In all ARQ schemes, the sender and recipient communicate with each other so that when some data arrives at the recipient having been corrupted or is lost, the sender retransmits that information until either the entire message is received reliably by the recipient or the message transfer is aborted.
ARQ has been used in wired communications systems in the prior art. More recently, ARQ has been used in GSM and cellular. For example, see the TIA/EIA interim standard, TIA/EIA/IS-136.2-A, October 1996 for cellular communication. However, the IS-136 implements symmetric forward and reverse channels and each unit is autonomously responsible for its own timing and actions.
Two-way paging channels have the characteristic of non-real time operation, limited reverse channel bandwidth (when compared to the forward channel), and the network device, or terminal, controls the allocation of the bandwidth.
When an ARQ session is started, there is no guarantee that the receiving unit will receive the entire message. The receiving unit may end up with a message with errors. This situation leads to another problem in that even if the receiving unit won't be able to receive the entire message without errors, the receiving unit is still consuming valuable battery power in the process. It would be desirable to ensure that messages, once started, are received without errors and that no extraneous power consumption due to extraneous transmissions occurs.
In Forward Channel ARQ, because the ARQ message is sent in separately transmitted fragments, the device receiving the ARQ message may not be able to receive the entire message. This is because the receiving unit cannot determine whether it has enough memory to receive the entire ARQ message before some portion of the message is already received. Also the receiving unit cannot refuse an ARQ message.
In the Reverse Channel ARQ, once the system knows that a mobile unit wants to send a message, the transmissions are scheduled and an acknowledgment is sent by the network unit after receiving each fragment. Thus, the network unit knows when the message has been sent completely. If the network unit does not receive a scheduled transmission, it sends a message requesting the mobile unit to resend the last transmission. The mobile unit responds by transmitting the last fragment (that it understood was to be sent).
One problem associated with Reverse Channel ARQ is that after the network unit has indicated that the entire message has been received (because it knows when the entire message has been received), it sends the acknowledgment to the mobile unit. However, if the mobile unit does not receive this acknowledgment from the network unit, it will continue sending the final fragment. However, the network unit, operating as it had already received the entire message, is no longer looking for the last fragment from the mobile unit and, as far as it is concerned, believes that the ARQ session has ended. Therefore, the mobile unit will continue to send the last fragment, thereby consuming extra energy in continuing to transmit and continuing to wait for the network unit's acknowledgment, even though the message has been completed or has been completely received by the network unit. It would be desirable to avoid this extra power consumption and ensure that both units know that the ARQ session has been completed successfully.
The present invention provides for performing ARQ in a manner that avoids the problems and limitations described above in the prior art.
Forward and Reverse Channel Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) communication methods and systems are described. The present invention provides a system having a mobile unit and a network terminal for two way communication with the mobile unit using forward and reverse channels with the network terminal controlling the timing and bandwidth allocation for the reverse channel.
This invention also provides a selective call receiver comprising a storage space and control operable to refuse to receive a message when available space in the storage space is not large enough to store the message.
The present invention will be understood more fully from the detailed description given below and from the accompanying drawings of various embodiments of the invention, which, however, should not be taken to limit the invention to the specific embodiments, but are for explanation and understanding only.
FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of a mobile unit of the present invention.
FIG. 2 illustrates a diagram of the messages for a forward channel ARQ session.
FIG. 3 illustrates a diagram of the messages for a reverse channel ARQ session.
FIG. 4 illustrates a two-way paging system.
A method and apparatus for performing Automatic Repeat reQuest (ATQ) transfers are described. In the following description, numerous details are set forth, such as message types and names, bit designations, protocols, etc. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art, that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form, rather than in detail, in order to avoid obscuring the present invention.
Overview of the Present Invention
The present invention provides for Forward Channel ARQ and Reverse Channel ARQ. Forward Channel ARQ refers to the method of transmitting ARQ messages from the network terminal to the mobile unit, and Reverse Channel ARQ refers to the method of transmitting an ARQ message from the mobile unit to the network terminal.
In one embodiment, ARQ messages are messages of variable length that are sent from the source to the destination either as a single fragment, or as multiple fragments, which are reassembled at the destination to form the entire message. In one embodiment, fragments are fixed size. An ARQ session, or simply, session, refers to the series of transmissions or communications that occur between a network terminal and a mobile unit in completing the transmission of an ARQ message.
The present invention provides a system having a mobile unit and a network terminal for two way communication with the mobile unit using forward and reverse channels with the network terminal being in control of the timing and bandwidth allocation for both channels. In one embodiment, the mobile unit is the selective call transceiver (e.g., a pager receiver, paging transceiver). The network terminal specifies to the mobile unit at least one period of time that the mobile unit may communicate on the forward and reverse channels. In other words, the network channel schedules the communications of the mobile unit on the two channels.
In one embodiment, the mobile unit is a selective call receiver having a storage space. The mobile unit of the present invention may refuse to receive a message when available space in the storage space is not large enough to store the message.
FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of the mobile unit of the present invention. Referring to FIG. 1, the mobile unit comprises an antenna 103 to receive messages. Message processing/control 104 processes the messages received. Control 104 is coupled to memory 105 which may be used to store messages, and may include storing messages in a folder. Mobile unit 102 also includes a transmitter 101 coupled to message processing/control 104 to transmit messages under control of the control 104. Control 104 comprises processing logic that may be a combination of hardware (e.g., hardware logic), software or a combination of both. Such message processing, except to the extent set forth herein in conjunction with the description of the present invention, is well known to those skilled in the art. The responses and acknowledgments provided by the mobile unit are made by control 104. Furthermore, control unit 104 is responsible for performing forward and reverse channel ARQ sessions with the terminal unit.
The present invention provides for performing Forward Channel ARQ between a network terminal and a mobile unit, such as mobile unit 102. Commands are sent to mobile unit 102 to start a forward channel ARQ session where the command includes a message length field specifying the length of an ARQ message to be sent by the network terminal to the mobile unit. In one embodiment, the message length field indicates the length of fragments in the ARQ message. Fragments are made up of a variable number of data units. The size of a data unit is fixed for the duration of a session to a single time-based unit. Mobile unit 102 replies to the command based on the length of the ARQ message. When mobile unit 102 receives the command, control 104 determines the amount of storage space required for the ARQ message based on the data in the message length field. Control 104 compares the amount of storage required to store the ARQ message to its available memory. Then, based on the comparison, control 104 replies, via transmitter 101, to the command sent by the network terminal.
Based on the comparison between the space required for the ARQ message and the memory space available in the mobile unit, the mobile unit may respond by sending an acknowledgment to the network terminal if the mobile unit desires the network terminal to send the ARQed message. The mobile unit may also provide a memory full response where the available storage in the mobile unit is not sufficient to store the ARQ message. In such a case, the mobile unit terminates the ARQ session. The mobile unit may respond to the command of the network terminal by requesting the network terminal to resend the command. The network terminal then is responsible for resending the command within a predetermined time limit; otherwise, the mobile unit unilaterally terminates the ARQ session. To reiterate, each of these responses is made under the control of control 104.
When the ARQ message is being sent by the network terminal, the mobile unit acknowledges each received fragment via the reverse channel. In response to these acknowledgments, the network terminal sends the next fragment within a predetermined time limit. If the next fragment is not sent in the predetermined time limit, the mobile unit unilaterally terminates the ARQ session.
After all of the fragments in the ARQ message have been sent, the mobile unit sends a message to the network terminal that indicates that the message is done. In response, the network terminal sends another message indicating completion (a "done indication message") to the mobile unit to complete the transfer of the ARQ message.
The present invention also provides for performing a Reverse Channel ARQ between a network terminal and a mobile unit. In the present invention, the mobile unit sends a request to the network terminal to request the Reverse Channel ARQ session. Assuming the request had been granted, the mobile unit sends an ARQ message. The network terminal sends a message to the mobile unit indicating that the message is complete after receiving all of the ARQ message. Thereafter, the mobile unit sends an acknowledgment indication to the network terminal in response to that done indication message. If the mobile unit does not receive the done indication message after a predetermined time limit, it terminates the ARQ session. Similarly, if the network terminal does not receive the acknowledgment indication from the mobile unit within a predetermined time limit, the network terminal resends the done indication message. The network terminal also terminates the ARQ session if the acknowledgment indication is not received within a predetermined time limit.
In the following description, the ARQ methods for communication of the present invention are described in terms of a mobile unit and a network terminal, which communicate with each other via messages. The mobile unit may be a one-way or two-way pager, or another device capable of receiving and/or sending wireless communications. The network terminal may be any device, terminal, computer server, system, or other control device for sending and receiving of communication messages, such as, for example, a terminal in a Network Operations Center (NOC) responsible for coordinating paging communications or another similar device. Other examples include the mobile switching center in IS-136.
In the present invention, a forward channel transmission refers to messages sent from the network terminal to the mobile unit, and a reverse channel transmission refers to messages sent from the mobile unit to the network terminal.
The present invention provides for Forward Channel ARQ and Reverse Channel ARQ. Forward Channel ARQ refers to the method of transmitting an ARQ encoded message from the network terminal to the mobile unit, and Reverse Channel ARQ refers to the method of transmitting an ARQ encoded message from the mobile unit to the network terminal.
Forward Channel ARO
FIG. 2 is a diagram of the messages for a forward channel ARQ session. Referring to FIG. 2, a forward channel ARQ session is started when the network terminal sends a "Start of Forward Channel ARQ" command to the mobile unit. In one embodiment, each command is a type of message. The command includes information fields which specify the length of the message, a session number which is used to identify this particular ARQ session, and scheduling information for the MU's reply. The use of a session number allows for multiple ARQ sessions to be simultaneously active between the mobile unit and network terminal, without conflict. The session number is chosen from a set of numbers which are unused in both forward and reverse directions at the time of assignment. Note that the message length does not have to be specified exactly. For example, specification in kilobytes or kilo-characters (for alphanumeric messages) is sufficient.
In one embodiment, the "Start of Forward Channel ARQ" command is defined in a vector with a message type allowing the system to specify response scheduling information while providing command or acknowledgment information to the mobile unit. This command may be used for ARQ acknowledgments with mobile unit transmissions required or requesting status information from the mobile unit while providing scheduling information for the response. In one embodiment, one word of this command contains a 17-bit field which specifies the length of the message in kilobytes or kilo-characters. Specifying the message length allows for ARQ messages up to size 128 Megabytes. In one embodiment, another word of this command contains scheduling information for the mobile unit response, including a start frame number, a start packet field which specifies the packet command from the start of reverse channel, and a total reservation length.
When the mobile unit receives the command for Start of Forward Channel ARQ, control processing, such as control 104, determines how much storage space will be required by the ARQ message from the message length field. The mobile unit then checks if there is sufficient storage space available for this message before replying. Thus, unnecessary transmission of the message is avoided when the mobile unit does not have enough space.
Note that once an ARQ session is started, the mobile unit reserves the storage space for the session. While the ARQ session is occurring, if a new concurrent ARQ session begins, the available memory for the new session is determined by subtracting reserved storage space from the total available space. The available memory is then compared to the message length of the new concurrent ARQ session. In this way, the mobile unit is able to maintain ARQ sessions simultaneously without danger of memory overflow.
In one embodiment, control processing of the mobile unit determines that the available space in its memory will not be enough to receive the ARQ message, and in response to this determination, increases the available space in the memory by deleting one or more previously stored messages (or other information). The control may delete these messages based on priority or based on some other indication provided or stored in the mobile unit. For instance, the mobile unit may delete messages that are already designated for deletion. Such a designation may be by a flag stored for each message indicating that the message is to be deleted. In one embodiment, the oldest messages are deleted to make enough room for the incoming ARQ message. In one embodiment, the messages for deletion are those stored in a specifically designated "delete" folder in the mobile unit in which all messages are designated for deletion.
After determining if sufficient storage space is available, the mobile unit responds with a reverse channel transmission. The transmit timing for the response is determined by the scheduling information provided in the command from the network terminal. The mobile unit response can be one of several choices. The mobile unit may send an Acknowledgment (ACK), which then completes the initial handshake for, start of an ARQ session, a Negative Acknowledgment (NACK), which indicates the command should be resent by the network terminal, a Memory Full response, which indicates the mobile unit does not have sufficient space to store the entire message, or Abort Message, which means that the mobile unit does not wish to receive the message for some other reason. The last two responses result in termination of the ARQ session.
The response from the mobile unit, and in fact all further transmissions between network terminal and mobile unit for the session, will include the session number.
If the network terminal receives an ACK in response to the "Start of Forward Channel ARQ" command, then it sends the message in successive fragments to the mobile unit. The fragments may vary in size and number.
The mobile unit periodically acknowledges reception of the fragments to the network terminal, either as an ACK or a NACK for each fragment. The network terminal schedules the times for the acknowledgments and specifies these times to the mobile unit as part of the fragments. These represent the timing indication by which the receiver responds.
If the network terminal does not correctly receive and decode the response from mobile unit, it will resend the "Start of Forward Channel ARQ" message. In one embodiment, the network terminal has a limit on the number of attempts it will make to send the "Start of Forward Channel ARQ" message without a response from the mobile unit. The network terminal also has a time limit within which this maximum number of retransmissions will occur. When this limit is reached, the network terminal unilaterally aborts the ARQ session.
If the mobile unit detects a "Start of Forward Channel ARQ" message with the same session number as the one it just acknowledged successfully, it again sends an acknowledgment to the most recent message.
If the mobile unit does not correctly receive the "Start of Forward Channel ARQ" message, it transmits a NACK response to the network terminal. In one embodiment, the network terminal has a predetermined time limit within which to transmit a new "Start of Forward Channel ARQ" message. If this does not occur, then the mobile unit unilaterally terminates the ARQ session.
There is a time limit within which the next message fragment is to be transmitted after the ACK has been transmitted for the current fragment. If this time limit is exceeded, the mobile unit unilaterally aborts the ARQ session.
An ACK indicates the fragment was received successfully, and a NACK means the fragment should be retransmitted. If the network terminal receives a NACK from the mobile unit, or neither an ACK nor a NACK, for a fragment or series of fragments, then the network terminal retransmits those fragments. The transmission and retransmission of fragments and acknowledgments continue until the entire message is received by the mobile unit.
If the network terminal does not correctly receive ACK/NACK information from the mobile unit, then it resends the current fragment. There is a predetermined maximum time limit within which this retransmission occurs. In one embodiment, the network terminal has a maximum number of retry attempts without an ACK/NACK before it will unilaterally abort the ARQ session.
When all of the fragments have been correctly received by the mobile unit, the mobile unit sends a "MU Done" message to the network terminal, which signifies that the mobile unit has received all of the fragments. The mobile unit sends this response in place of the usual ACK/NACK response which was scheduled by the network terminal for the last fragment.
In response to the mobile unit Done message, the network terminal then sends a "NT Done" command to mobile unit, thus completing the handshake for the end of the ARQ session. In one embodiment, the "NT Done" command does not require a response from the mobile unit. The ARQ session is then considered to be complete.
If the network terminal misses the MU Done message, then it will retransmit the last fragment or set of fragments. After receiving the fragment(s) again, the mobile unit again responds with "MU Done" during its assigned time. The mobile unit will not terminate the session until it either receives the "NT Done" command, or its session timer times out. The network terminal will not terminate the session until either it sends the "NT Done" command or its session timer times out. When transmitting the MU Done message, the mobile unit waits a predetermined amount of time for a NT Done message from the network terminal. If the message is not received within the time limit, then the mobile unit unilaterally closes the ARQ session successfully.
If the MU Done message is not received by the network terminal, the network terminal will transmit the last fragment using the same timing requirements as for earlier fragments. If the maximum time limit without a mobile unit response is exceeded, then the network terminal unilaterally aborts the ARQ session.
Reverse Channel ARO
The ARQ method of the present invention for the reverse channel is the same as for the forward channel, with differences in the commands used due to the asymmetry of the connection (in which the network terminal is in control of all traffic). In one embodiment, only one reverse channel ARQ session is allowed at a time. In alternate embodiments, multiple reverse channel ARQ sessions may be allowed to occur at the same time. This is through the use of different session numbers which are sent with each communication. The session numbers allow the mobile unit and the network terminal to identify communications that belong to a particular ARQ session.
FIG. 3 is a diagram of the messages for a reverse channel ARQ session. Referring to FIG. 3, a reverse channel ARQ session begins when the mobile unit sends a "Request for Reverse Channel ARQ" message to the network terminal. This request includes the length of the message in appropriate units (e.g., bytes or kilobytes) and a session number which identifies this session. In one embodiment, there is no scheduling information for the network terminal's reply, as the network terminal is itself in control of all scheduling. As in the case of the forward channel, all further transmissions between network terminal and mobile unit include the session number (until the session is terminated) to track the communications for each session back and forth between the mobile unit and the network terminal. This session number is chosen by the mobile unit from a set of numbers which are unused in both forward and reverse directions at the time of assignment.
When the network terminal receives this request from the mobile unit, the network terminal replies with either a "Grant of Request" or a denial.
The network terminal may decide to deny the ARQ session for a variety of reasons. In one embodiment, the network terminal may deny the ARQ session because the mobile unit may not be authorized to send messages of the desired size or because network traffic may be too high. The network terminal may also tell the mobile unit to defer the message until a later time. This may be accomplished by the network terminal transmitting scheduling information to the mobile unit which specifies the time in a future for the mobile unit to use the channel. Another method that the network terminal may defer is to reply to the mobile unit with an indication that it is processing a request and that the mobile unit should wait further. If the network terminal responds with a "Grant of ARQ Request", then this completes the initial handshake to start the ARQ session.
If the "Grant of ARQ Request" is not received within a predetermined time, the mobile unit transmits the Request. This process of resending the Request occurs up to a maximum (e.g., 3) number of times (retry values), after which the mobile unit aborts the ARQ session.
If the network terminal receives a Request after the Grant has been issued, then it transmits the Grant again. This situation could occur if the mobile unit misses the first Grant.
The Grant of Request from the network terminal includes scheduling information for the mobile unit indicating the number of fragments to transmit and at the time at which to transmit them. The mobile unit sends its fragments according to the scheduling information and awaits further Grants. Subsequent Grants from the network terminal include ACK and NACK information on the fragments sent in the previous Grant. The network terminal keeps track of which fragments have been received successfully, and the mobile unit keeps track of which fragments have been ACK'ed successfully by the network terminal. All retransmissions of fragments are scheduled by the network terminal. Thus, the network terminal controls the timing and bandwidth allocation of the reverse channel.
As with the Forward Channel ARQ, fragments are made up of a variable number of data units. The size of a data unit is fixed for the duration of a session to a single time-based unit. The fragment number range for new fragments is specified in the Grant as well. In one embodiment, the network terminal allocates enough air time in a single Grant for the mobile unit to resend all NACK'ed data units as well as the new data units within the specified air time. Therefore, a single mobile unit transmission can contain multiple data units transmitted consecutively within its scheduled air time. These data units are transmitted according to their consecutive order of occurrence within thee message.
Delays between Grant and the scheduled mobile unit transmission are kept as short as possible. In one embodiment, if reverse channel traffic requires a reduction in throughput for each mobile unit, the network terminal reduces the number of fragments and/or their size rather than increase the delay from Grant to mobile unit transmission. In fact, it is beneficial if the time to transmission is fixed to a single frame delay. This may maximize the number of retry attempts by the network terminal before a mobile unit timer expires if the forward channel link is faulty.
If the network terminal does not receive a data unit or units in response to a Grant, then the network terminal reissues a Grant for the outstanding data unit(s) by NACK'ing the outstanding fragment(s).
If the mobile unit has sent a data unit, and the network terminal Grants reverse channel air time for that data unit (this is not a NACK, but a first request for the data unit), then the mobile unit sends it again.
If the mobile unit does not receive ACK/NACK information for its transmission within a predetermined time, the mobile unit unilaterally aborts the session.
Because the network terminal schedules all fragments, it is aware when the entire message has been received. When this occurs, the network terminal sends a "NT Done" command to the mobile unit, signifying that the network terminal has received the entire message.
The network terminal Done command includes scheduling information for a response. When the mobile unit receives the network terminal Done message, it responds according to the scheduling information with an ACK. This terminates the ARQ session. In other words, the ACK/NACK flags in the response to the network terminal Done command are used by the mobile unit to terminate the session.
If the mobile unit misses the "NT Done" command, then the mobile unit awaits further grants for the last fragment. The network terminal timer awaiting the MU's ACK then expires, and the network terminal sends the "NT Done" command again. The mobile unit does not terminate the session until it receives the "NT Done" command or its session timer expires. The network terminal will not terminate the session until it receives positive acknowledgment (ACK) of its "NT Done" command or its session timer expires.
By using the present invention, the entire ARQ message may be received by the receiver with no errors in the message while using a reduced number of extraneous transmissions, thereby saving power consumption by the pager and prolonging battery life.
Exemplary Paging System
The present invention may be implemented for use with pagers in a one-way or two-way paging system. In other words, the communication device of the present invention may be designed for use in a one-way paging system or in a two-way paging system. In a one-way paging system, a computer, server, or other control device, comprising the network terminal described above, is interfaced to a transmitter in the paging system and initiates transmission of paging messages. The transmitter, via links to a satellite and one or more base transceivers, sends these paging messages to pagers.
In a two-way paging system, such as is shown in FIG. 4, these same components comprise the same communication path to the pager. Referring to FIG. 4, a computer or other control device 401, operating as the network terminal described above, interfaces with a paging transmitter 402 (via, for instance, the Internet or some other network), transmitter 402 sends paging messages using satellite 403, and in turn, satellite 403 transmits the paging messages to base transmitter 404 for forwarding onto pager 405. In one embodiment, the communication between base transmitter 404 and pager 405 occurs at 940 MHz. Pager 405 includes transmitter functionality that allows for transmitting messages over air waves at 901 MHz to base receiver 406. Such functionality is well-known in the art. Base receiver 406 uses land lines to transmit the messages to the control device 401.
Whereas many alterations and modifications of the present invention will no doubt become apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art after having read the foregoing description, it is to be understood that any particular embodiment shown and described by way of illustration is in no way intended to be considered limiting. Therefore, references to details of various embodiments are not intended to limit the scope of the claims which in themselves recite only those features regarded as essential to the invention.
Thus, forward and reverse ARQ methods have been described.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
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|Mar 6, 1998
Owner name: WIRELESS ACCESS INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:BIMS, HARRY;GHIRNIKAR, AVINASH;GHOSH, BISWA R.;REEL/FRAME:009029/0545
Effective date: 19980219
|Jan 18, 2002
|Oct 28, 2003
|Certificate of correction
|Oct 25, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 7, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Dec 5, 2014
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Apr 29, 2015
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jun 16, 2015
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20150429


text:
Lemonade stands, bike rides, and birthday parties: Family summer time with the Seinfelds (as seen on Jessica's Instagram)
He may have a net worth of more than $800 million, but it seems that Jerry Seinfeld's summer has been more about family fun than lavish extravagance so far.
His wife Jessica has been busy posting snaps showing a slew of activities featuring lemonade stands, birthday parties and family barbecues on her Instagram account over the past few weeks.
The couple have a daughter Sasha and two sons Julian and Shepherd - and the trio feature in many of the shots.
Charity drive: Proceeds from the Seinfeld family's lemonade stand went to Jessica's Baby Buggy charity
They also help out running a charity lemonade stand for their mother's Baby Buggy charity, with Jessica writing: 'It's a sell out....Proceeds go to Babybuggy.org #fatherhoodprogram,' beside the picture.
The star launched her charity back in 2001, asking for donations of used baby supplies to help families in need.
And it seems all the family pitch in to help, with Jessica later posting a picture of a large bowl of popcorn with the caption: 'Making popcorn. For another lemonade stand. 'NOOOOOOoooooooooo.'
Birthday parties: The three children pose with their father and family friends with two deserts and the caption: 'My ❤ beats for these freaks. #unclemichellesbirthday'
And with a touch of drink: Jessica captioned another shot: 'Jerry and his ladies celebrating NATIONAL TEQUILA DAYYYYYYY. Not a moment too soon.'
Another shot features Jerry and Argentine polo player Nacho Figueras standing beside their daughter Sasha who is drinking a bottle of Coca-Cola.
'Dads of the year, Jerry Seinfeld and @nachofigueras making Sascha try her first Coke,' she wrote.
More shots showed Jerry munching on barbecue chicken and wearing a pink sweater, Jessica enjoying a bike ride and she and daughter Sasha posing with a copy of her latest cookery book: The Can't Cook Book: 100 Recipes for the Absolutely Terrified.
Businesslike: 'Don't be a Hater...Be a Lemonader...' she captioned this family show of the lemonade stand
Funny man: Jessica captioned this shot: 'Dads of the year, Jerry Seinfeld and @nachofigueras making Sascha try her first Coke, which featured Argentine polo player Nacho Figueras
Puppy love: Jessica posted another shot of herself cuddling a dog while on a bike
Support your local book store: Jessica posted a snapshot of she and daughter Sasha posing with a copy of her latest recipe book
for school summer reading for this girl and signing books in my
favorite local hang: Book Hampton. Remember to shop local book stores!
So important for authors, shop owners, employees and all readers to have
a non-virtual space,' she wrote alongside the shot.
Very much the family woman, another snap featured Jessica and her youngest son Shepherd snuggling, with the caption: 'Super Moon Saturday Sleepover Selfie. Goodnight, Honeys. You are all super⭐'s. Love.'
the author of three cookbooks displays her prowess in the kitchen in
several posts, with the family dinner an occasion clearly important to the
Peace to all: Jessica posted a snap of daughter Sasha with the caption ' Shabbat Shalom'
More tequila: The star posted a picture of a dinner date in long island with the caption: 'Looks like I'm driving home.'
Good at eating: Jessica has previously described Jerry as not being too big a fan of the kitchen
Thinking pink: 'Let's play Guess Whose Sweater This Is Not with @nachofigueras and #jerryseinfeld,' Jessica wrote on one Instagram snap
In fact, Jessica says that her book was partly inspired by Jerry's dislike of the kitchen.
'For this book though, my muse is my husband,' she told GQ magazine in an interview last year. 'Who is incompetent - those are his terms, by the way, "incompetent" and "moronic."
'I based every recipe on how to cook if you're starting with complete incompetence. I assumed no knowledge. A droid can pick this up and cook something.'
Coffee throwback: Jessica posed with a glass of shakerato - a shot of espresso poured over ice cubes and simple syrup, then shaken.
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text:
'We Were the Mulvaneys'
Reviewer Alan Cheuse takes a look at Joyce Carol Oates's latest novel, We Were The Mulvaneys. The book is set in upstate New York, marking the author's literary return to one of her favorite areas.
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We all have that one thing that doesn't go completely as planned, but snow and a strapless dress? That could turn those happy smiles upside down quickly. Luckily, this couple had buckets full of love AND the right team toRead More On SMP