text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 13, 1987
|Filing date
|Feb 14, 1986
|Priority date
|Dec 3, 1984
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Larry J. Huey, Paul D. Beuther
|Original Assignee
|Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (34), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (22), Classifications (24), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Z=(x75 σo /μo reo)*(1/vo)*1/(MR0 -1)
Z=(x75 σo /μo reo)*(1/vo)*1/(MRo -1)
This is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 677,451, Filed Dec. 3, 1984 now abandoned.
This invention pertains to mineral fibers and the manufacture of mineral fibers for such uses as textiles, reinforcements, construction materials, and insulating materials. With respect to this invention, mineral fibers means fibers of glass, rock, slag or basalt. In one of its more specific aspects, this invention pertains to non-circular mineral fibers and, in particular, non-circular glass fibers.
The production of wool glass fibers by means of the rotary process is well known. In general, molten glass is fed into a spinner which revolves at high speeds. The spinner has a peripheral wall containing a multiplicity of orifices. Molten glass passed by centrifugal force through the orifices of the peripheral wall forms small diameter molten glass streams. Positioned circumferentially about the spinner in an annular blower for turning the fibers downwardly and, in some cases, for further or secondary attenuation of the original or primary fibers to produce fibers of smaller diameter. As the streams of molten glass are emitted from the orifices, they are still sufficiently nonviscous that surface tension forces pull or shape each of the molten streams into substantially circular cross-sections, regardless of the cross-sectional shape of the streams as they are emitted from the orifices. Further, rotary fiberizers are typically equipped with annular burners or other sources of hot gases for secondary attenuation of the primary fibers; these hot gases keep the glass sufficiently fluid or nonviscous that fibers of substantially circular cross-section result.
The production of textile or continuous glass fibers by mechanically drawing molten streams of glass from orifices in the bottom wall of a bushing or feeder is also well known. Non-uniformities in the roundness of the molten streams tend to be corrected by surface tension forces prior to the cooling and hardening of the molten streams into glass fibers. Thus, as in the case of wool glass fiber production, it has not been possible to produce significantly non-circular continuous fibers using shaped orifices in a bushing.
There has long been a need for producing fibers, both in the rotary process and in the continuous fiber process, that have significantly non-circular cross-sections. With respect to reinforcement of resin matrices, such non-circular fibers would be useful in imparting greatly increased transverse strength and improved shear strength qualities. Non-circular fibers for use as insulation materials would be advantageous in that the increased surface area per unit volume of glass would lower the thermal conductivity of insulation made from such fibers.
A measure of the non-circularity of mineral fibers is the "mod ratio", which is defined as the ratio of the diameter of the smallest circle into which the fiber cross-section fits to the diameter of the largest circle which can fit inside the fiber cross-section. As employed herein, fibers having a mod ratio of less than 1.2 are referred to as circular fibers; fibers having a mod ratio greater than or equal to 1.2 are referred to as non-circular fibers.
One attempt to make non-circular glass fibers was by Warthen, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,063,094. Warthen's method employs mechanical perturbation of the glass stream while it is still in plastic, deformable state. Warthen teaches that to create a non-circular fiber, the glass stream, initially in a conical shape with a circular cross-section, should be distorted at a region where the viscosity of the stream is sufficiently high as to become rapidly chilled or solidified during attenuation of the streams to a continuous fiber whereby a similar distortion in the cross-section configuration is retained in the attenuated solidified fiber. Warthen also teaches that a heat sink is to be applied to the glass stream by direct contact. This raises the viscosity of the molten glass to better enable retention and perpetuation of the non-circular cross-sectional character of the mechanically perturbed molten glass stream.
Other attempts at producing non-circular fibers have been shown in the art. Processes are known for modifying round glass fibers in order to produce optical fiber wave guides of a non-circular shape. In some cases, a double crucible method is employed for making an optical fiber in which the inner fiber core has a non-circular cross-section. It is also known in the art of making glass fibers to use a mechanical stirrer positioned within the fiber forming cone to produce a twisted or distorted fiber.
In the art of producing organic fibers, it is a common practice to use quenching methods to solidify molten streams of organic material into non-circular cross-sections which are similar to the shapes of the non-circular orifices. However, these methods are practical under conditions which differ greatly from conditions associated with forming mineral fibers. The production of organic non-circular fibers can be facilitated by pressurization of the bushings, whereas pressurization of bushings containing molten glass present severe operating problems. The melting points of glass and organic compositions differ by 1500� F. (815� C.) or more. The mineral material of this invention will have a liquidus temperature greater than about 1200� F. (649� C.), whereas organic compositions soften and/or decompose at much lower temperatures.
The differences in physical characteristics can be clearly understood by comparing the ratio of viscosity-to-surface tension for glass with the same ratio for organic fiber forming material. The viscosity-to-surface tension ratio (poises/(dynes/cm)) of polymers lies within the range of from about 25 to about 5000. The ratio for glass is within the range of from about 0.1 to about 25, preferably within the range of from about 0.25 to about 15, and most preferbly within the range of from about 0.4 to about 10. The viscosity of molten glass at fiber forming temepratures is typically about 300 poises whereas the viscosity of the molten organic material is typically on the order of about 1000 to about 3000 poises. Also, the surface tension forces of glass (on the order of about 250 to about 300 dynes/cm) are an order of magnitude greater than those of the organic material (about 30 dynes/cm). The lower viscosity and higher surface tension of glass make it about 100 times more difficult to prevent the shaped glass fibers from re-forming into glass fibers having circular cross-sections.
In spite of past attempts to manufacture non-circular mineral fibers, there has never been a commercially successful method or apparatus for achieving the goal of making non-circular fibers from non-circular orifices.
It has now been found that mineral fibers, such as glass fibers, can be produced with non-circular cross-sections by discharging streams of molten mineral material from non-circular orifices and forceably quenching the streams sufficiently fast to harden them into non-circular mineral fibers. This forceable cooling of the streams hardens them into fibers with non-circular cross-sections before surface tension forces can cause the streams to assume circular cross-sections. The rapid cooling aspect of this invention enables the production of mineral fibers having higher mod ratios than those practically feasible with the processes of the prior art. The invention can be employed in both the rotary process and in a continuous fiber process.
Although the preferable means for quickly quenching the streams is a relatively cold (e.g., room temperature) gaseous flow, such as air, directed into contact with the streams, any suitable means for rapidly cooling the streams, such as fluid flow, water spray, liquid bath, ultrasonics or fin shields, can be employed. Streams having greater mod ratios will, in general, have greater surface areas (i.e., greater perimeter of the stream cross-section) and hence greater heat transfer characteristics (and quench rates) than those streams with lesser mod ratios. When using a cooling gas, the temperature and velocity of the cooling gas flow also affect the quench rate, as does the velocity of the streams and the time required for passage of the streams through the quenching gas flow as well as the distance traveled before the streams are hardened into fibers.
The mineral fiber forming process of this invention can be affected by numerous variables, including inertia forces (hydrostatic head or pressurization in a textile process; hydrostatic head forces in a rotary process), body forces in a rotary process, initial temperature and viscosity of the mineral material, thickness or depth of the non-circular orifice, surface tension characteristics of the molten mineral material, speed at which the streams are traveling, and the rate at which the streams are quenched.
Pressurization of the body of molten glass, or the inertial force on the glass from the spinner, or the mechanical pulling force in a continuous fiber process, can affect the ultimate mod ratio of the mineral fibers. To the extent that surface tension forces start to act to re-form the streams into circular cross-sections before the streams reach the cooling gas flow, the source of which may be positioned some distance below the non-circular orifices, the time for the streams to reach the region of the cooling gas flow may be critical.
According to this invention, there is provided a method of making non-circular mineral fibers comprising discharging molten mineral material from non-circular orifices to produce streams of non-circular cross section, and cooling the streams to harden them into fibers having a non-circular cross-sectional shape similar to the shape of the orifices before the streams can assume a circular cross-section. A plurality of such orifices can be positioned in a wall of a container for a body of molten mineral material. The container can be, for example, a spinner or a feeder.
According to this invention, there is also provided a method of making non-circular mineral fibers comprising discharging molten mineral material from non-circular orifices positioned in a bushing wall to produce streams of non-circular cross-section and cooling the streams to harden them into fibers having a non-circular cross-sectional shape similar to the shape of the orifices before the streams can assume a circular cross-section.
According to this invention, there is also provided a non-circular mineral fiber produced according to the method of the invention.
According to this invention, there is also provided a matrix reinforced with minearl fibers produced according to the method of the invention.
In one aspect of the invention, the quenching of the mineral material is effected by directing a cooling fluid into contact with the glass stream in an amount and at a locus sufficient ot prevent the material from assuming a circular cross-section.
In another aspect of the invention, the cooling is sufficient to satisfy the equation Z≦2 where
Z=(x75 σo /μo reo)*1/(MRo -1)
and where X75 is the distance from the bushing at 75 percent attenuation (centimeters), μo is the initial viscosity (poise), reo is the initial equivalent fiber radius (centimeters), σo is the initial surface tension of the mineral material (dynes/cm), vo is the initial velocity (cm/sec) through the orifices and MRo is the initial mod ratio of the streams.
In yet another aspect of the invention, a non-circular cross-sectional shape similar to the shape of the orifices is preserved in the mineral fibers in the absence of perturbation of the streams. In another embodiment of the invention, each stream from each of the orifices is hardened into a mineral fiber without coming into contact with another of the streams.
According to this invention, there is also provided apparatus for making non-circular mineral fibers comprising an orificed bushing for discharging one or more streams of molten mineral material, the orifices having a mod ratio greater than about 1.2, and means for quenching the streams to form mineral fibers having a non-circular cross-sectional shape similar to the shape of the orifices. Preferably, the orifices have a mod ratio within the range of from about 1.2 to about 50, more preferably within the range of from about 1.3 to about 25, and most preferably within the range of from about 1.7 to about 10. The orifices can be trilobal, with the three lobes being generally, evenly, angularly spaced from each other.
In yet another aspect of the invention, the bushing is also equipped with circular orifices for the simultaneous production of both circular fibers and non-circular fibers.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view in elevation of one apparatus for forming continuous non-circular glass fibers from a bushing according to the principles of the invention.
FIG. 2 is an upward plan view of a bushing bottom plate containing an array of non-circular orifices.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a non-circular orifice of FIG. 2, and a non-circular glass fiber being formed.
FIG. 4 is a graph of fiber characteristics as a function of distance from the bushing.
FIG. 5 is a schematic view in elevation of a non-circular orifice according to the principles of the invention.
FIGS. 6 through 9 illustrate non-circular cross-sections of glass fibers made under various conditions of quenching.
FIG. 10 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the trilobal glass fiber of FIG. 9.
FIG. 11 is a graph indicating the relationship between the mod ratio and quench velocity.
FIG. 12 is an isometric view in perspective of a resin matrix reinforced with non-circular fibers.
FIG. 13 is an enlarged isometric view in perspective of three of the trilobal fibers of FIG. 12.
FIG. 14 is an upward plan view of a bushing bottom wall containing both circular and non-circular orifices.
FIG. 15 is a schematic cross-sectional view in elevation of the invention applied to a rotary process.
FIG. 16 is a schematic view in elevation of the spinner of FIG. 15.
FIG. 17 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a crescent-shaped fiber produced on the appratus of FIGS. 15 and 16.
FIG. 18 is a plan view of an embodiment of a tipped non-circular orifice.
This invention will be described in terms of a glass fiber forming process and apparatus, and products made thererfrom, although it is to be understood that the process is suitable for fibers or other mineral materials, particularly of such mineral materials as rock, slag and basalt.
As shown in FIG. 1, molten glass streams 10 are emitted from orificed bushing bottom wall 12 of feeder or bushing 14, and the drawn into fibers 16 by any suitable means, such as by the mechanical action of winder 18. Gathering shoe 20 and size applicator 22 can be employed in the manner well known in the art. The bushing contains a body of molten glass 24 from which the streams of molten glass are drawn. As illustrated, air nozzles 26, which are means for quenching the streams of molten glass, are positioned to direct air into contact with the molten streams as they are emitted from the bushing bottom wall. The air flow cools the molten streams quickly enough into glass fibers so that they retain the general non-circular shape of the molten streams. Other suitable cooling fluids, such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, steam or water, can be employed to forceably cool the streams.
As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the bushing bottom wall contains trilobal orifices 28, having the lobes positioned evenly around the periphery. The orifices and the resulting fibers can be of various shapes, such as, for example, cross-shaped, star-shaped, pentalobal, octalobal, or rectangular.
In order to quantitatively describe the formation of non-circular glass fibers, it is useful to consider a time constant τ for the decay of the shape from non-circular cross-section back to circular cross-section. As soon as a molten glass stream of non-circular cross-section flows from a non-circular orifice, surface tension forces act on the stream to change it into a circular cross-section. Opposing these forces are viscous forces, which tend to resist changes in the shape of the stream. The viscous forces increase extremely rapidly because of cooling as the molten glass in the stream moves away from the orifice. In order to successfully make non-circular fibers, the viscous forces (i.e., the viscosity) must be increased quickly enough to retard the effect of the surface tension forces.
The time constant is believed to be the function of the viscosity of the glass, the equivalent radius of the glass stream, and the surface tension, according to the equation: τ=μr/σ. This equation can be transformed with a velocity factor to enable integration over distance along the fiber, i.e., vertical distance downward from the orifice, instead of with respect to time. In operation, when only a few time constants pass prior to the hardening or greatly increased viscosity of the glass, the fiber still maintains its non-circular shape. When many time constants pass, however, prior to reaching high viscosity, the glass stream returns to a circular cross-section and produces a circular fiber. When the inverse of the time constant is integrated over the distance to 100% attenuation, the ratio of the time-to-become-viscous to the time-to-revert-to-a-circular-cross-section is obtained. This ratio, difficult to measure exactly, can be estimated by the ratio Z, as given by the following equation:
Z=(x75 σo /μo reo)*(1/vo)*1/(MRo -1)
x75 is the distance from the bushing at 75 percent attenuation (cm);
μo is the initial viscosity (poise);
reo is the initial equivalent fiber radius (cm);
σo is the initial surface tension of the mineral material (dynes/cm);
vo is the initial velocity (cm/sec) through the orifices; and
MRo is the initial mod ratio of said streams.
The factor 1/(MRo -1) is a factor indicative of the mod ratio fo the hole, and hence the initial mod ratio of the glass stream. It has been found that this equation correlates very well with theoretical considerations as shown in FIG. 4 where the curve represents the reciprocal of the time constant as a function of distance from the bushing. The integral is the area underneath the curve, and the smaller the area underneath the curve, the smaller the number of time constants experienced by the stream before hardening and therefore the greater the mod ratio. It has been found that in order for the final fiber to be non-circular, Z should be less than or equal to 2, and preferably less than or equal to 1.
The inertia forces or glass pressure at the orifices can affect the extent to which non-circular fibers can be formed. The pressure can be produced by any means, such as the hydrostatic head of the molten glass, gas pressurization of the feeder, or a combination of both. For the production of continuous glass fibers, the hydrostatic pressure is preferably within a range of from about 0.4 psig (2,800 Pascals) to about 100 psig (690,000 Pascals). Most preferably, the molten mineral material will be subjected to a hydrostatic pressure within the range of from about 0.7 psig (4,800 Pascals) to about 5.0 psig (34,000 Pascals).
Although the bushing shown in FIGS. 1-3 contains tipless orifices, the invention can be performed with tipped orifices as well. The orifice in FIG. 5 has depth "t". It has been found that shallower or less deep orifices enable an improvement or increase in the mod ratio of the non-circular fibers. Preferably, the depth of the orifices is within the range of from about 0.001 in. (0.025 mm) to about 0.250 in. (6.4 mm). Most preferably, the depth is within the range of from about 0.002 in. (0.051 mm) to about 0.030 in. (0.76 mm). Preferably, the orifice walls 30 are of substantially uniform height with respect to the bushing. Also the orifices are preferably defined by orifice walls of substantially uniform temperature.
The mineral fibers produced according to this invention will, in general, have equivalent diameters within the range of from about 0.2�10-5 in. (0.05 microns) to about 300�10-5 in. (76 microns), although non-circular fibers outside this range are possible. Preferably, the mineral fibers are within the range of B to Y filaments, i.e., within the range of from about 10�10-5 in. (2.5 microns) to about 120�10-5 in. (30 microns). Most preferably, the mineral fibers of this invention are G through T filaments, within the range of from about 35�10-5 in. (8.9 microns) to about 95�10-5 in. (24 microns).
FIGS. 6 through 9 illustrate cross-sections of four non-circular fibers produced from apparatus similar to that shown in FIGS. 1-3. These fiber cross-sections are all similar in shape to the trilobal orifice. The apparatus was controlled at substantially constant operating conditions except for the velocities of the quenching fluid. The velocities were different for each of the fibers. It is believed that the rate at which the molten glass streams is cooled is a function of the velocity of the quenching medium when all other conditions are equal. Fiber 16a in FIG. 6 was produced with a quench air velocity at the bushing orifice of approximately 10 meters per second, and has a mod ratio of about 1.35. Non-circular fiber 16b shown in FIG. 7 was produced with a quench rate of approximately 15 meters per second, and has a mod ratio of about 1.45. Fiber 16c shown in FIG. 8, having a mod ratio of about 1.75, was produced with a quench rate of approximately 20 meters per second. Non-circular fiber 16d shown in FIG. 9, having a mod ratio of about 2.70, was produced with a quench rate of approximately 30 meters per second. Although quench velocities of up to 60 meters per second, or more, could possibly be used with the invention, it has been found that the preferred quench velocity of room-temperature (approximately 80� F., 27� C.) air is below about 40 meters per second. Most preferably, the quench rate is within the range of from about 5 to about 30 meters per second. These quench velocities are in contrast to those used in normally operating air-quenched bushings used to prevent flooding, which have quench rates at the bushing tips on the order of about 2 to 4 meters per second.
As shown in FIG. 10, the dimensions of non-circular fiber 16d can be characterized by using the mod ratio, which is the outer diameter Do divided by the inner diameter Di. The outer diameter is the smallest circle into which the entire cross-section can be placed. The inner diameter is the largest circle which can be positioned within the fiber cross-section.
Another measure of the non-circularity of fibers is the surface area ratio, which is the ratio of the fiber perimeter to the perimeter of an equivalent round fiber. Circular and non-circular fibers are "equivalent" with respect to cross-sectional area when they have the same cross-sectional area. The surface area ratio is useful in characterizing fiber having cross-sections of relatively high perimeters, with substantially equivalent areas as those of circular fibers. For example, a multilobal fiber with a large number of very small lobes would not differ greatly in cross-sectional area from an equivalent circular fiber, but would have a significantly greater perimeter, and thus a greater effective surface area. The surface area ratio fo a circular fiber is 1. The non-circular mineral fibers of this invention preferably have a surface area ratio greater than about 1.1. Most preferably, the surface area ratio is within the range of from about 1.1 to about 5.
Another measure of the non-circularity of fibers is the polar moment of inertia ratio, which is the ratio of the polar moment of inertia of a non-circular fiber to the polar moment of inertia of an equivalent circular fiber having the same cross-sectional area. The polar moment of inertia ratio is a measure of the eccentricity of the fiber with respect to an equivalent circular fiber. The polar moment of inertia about a central point (center of gravity) is given by ∫r2 da. The equivalent round fiber is given by the expression πre 4 /2. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the non-circular fibers have a polar moment of inertia ratio greater than about 1.1, and most preferably a polar moment of inertia ratio within the range of from about 1.1 to about 7. Also, the polar moment of inertia ratio of the shape of the orifices is within the range of from about 1.1 to about 50.
Yet another measure of the non-circularity of fibers is the inertial balance, which is the ratio of the maximum moment of inertia to the minimum moment of inertia for the fiber cross-section. The inertial balance ratio is useful where the moment of inertia is different in different directions. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the inertial balance of the non-circular fibers is greater than 1, and most preferably within the range of from about 1.1 to about 25. Also, the inertial balance of the shape of the orifices is within the range of from about 1.1 to about 100.
As shown in FIG. 11, the mod ratio increases with an increase in the quench velocity. It is also shown that when the bushing is pressurized, the mod ratio increases.
As shown in FIGS. 12 and 13, continuous trilobal fibers 16d can be made and positioned in a matrix, such as plastic resin 32, for reinforcement. The mineral fibers of this invention can be used to reinforce any organic or inorganic matrix suitable for use with other types of reinforcement. For example, thermoplastic or thermoset resins, such as polyesters or epoxies, could be used. Cements, low melting point metals, and silicate matrices could also be reinforced. Matrices reinforced with non-circular mineral fibers of this invention could also be simultaneously reinforced by any other suitable reinforcement, such as circular mineral fibers or organic fibers.
Non-circular mineral fibers of this invention preferably should have the characteristic that when used to reinforce an organic matrix the fibers provide increased transverse tensile strength, within the range of from about 10 percent increase to about 100 percent increase, and most preferably within the range of from about 10 percent increase to about 40 percent increase, as compared with the equivalent circular fibers, as measured by ASTM Standard D 3039. The non-circular mineral fibers should also preferably provide increased NOL shear strength, as measured by ASTM Standard D2344, within the range of from about 10 percent increase to about 100 percent increase, and most preferably within the range of from about 10 percent increase to about 40 percent increase, as compared to equivalent circular fibers.
As shown in FIG. 14, the bushing bottom wall 12 can contain both non-circular orifices 28a and circular orifices 34 to produce strands of fibers, some of which have circular cross-sections and some of which have non-circular cross-sections.
As shown in FIG. 18 a tipped bushing can be used to produce non-circular fibers of the invention. The three legs 54 of the orifice have enlarged leg ends 56. The orifice is formed in the bottom end of a closed end tube tip 58.
When the invention is carried out using the rotary process, the "container" is a spinner rather than a feeder or bushing, and the non-circular orifices are positioned in the spinner peripheral wall rather than in the bushing bottom wall.
As shown in FIG. 15, molten glass 30 can be supplied to rotating spinner 42. The molten glass impinges on bottom wall 44 of the spinner and flows outwardly by centrifugal force to the spinner peripheral wall 46. The spinner peripheral wall contains non-circular orifices 48 through which molten streams of glass 50 emanate. The relative motion of the glass streams emanating from the spinner and the air surrounding the spinner results in a quenching of the molten streams into glass fibers 52. To some extent, the rate of quenching can be controlled by the rotational rate of the spinner. An annular blower, such as blower 54, can be positioned concentrically around the spinner to turn the fibers down for collection of the fibers, which can be by conventional means.
The spinner can be adapted with non-circular orifices of various shapes, such as slots or crosses, and in various configurations. As shown in FIG. 16, the spinner can be adapted with crescent-shaped orifices to produce glass fiber 52 having the cross-sectional shape shown in FIG. 17.
Continuous E glass trilobal fibers having an average mod ratio of about 2.3 were made from a tipless bushing having 20 trilobal orifices under the following conditions:
Trilobal Orifice size:
depth: 0.15 in. (0.38 mm)
width of eacdh leg: 0.009 in. (0.23 mm)
length of each leg to center of orifice: 0.027 in. (0.69 mm)
Glass temperature =2190� F. (1200� C.)
Glass type: 200E
Bushing pressure (total): 8.7 psig (60 KPa)
Glass Flow rate: 0.034 lb/hr/hole (0.26 g/min/hole)
Number of filaments: 20
Hole pattern: 2 rows, 10 holes/row, staggered pattern spacing between rows: 0.125 inch (3.18 mm) hole spacing along row: 0.120 inch (3.05 mm)
Quench medium: air at 80� F. (27� C.)
Quench nozzle size: 1.5 in. (38.1 mm) horizontal �0.25 in. (6.35 mm) vertical
Quench nozzle position:
1 in. (25 mm) from center line of bushing (center line between two rows)
15 degree angle from horizontal
Quench nozzle flow rate: 300 scfh (10.2 kg/hr)
Quench velocity:
32 ft/s (9.8 m/s) at quench nozzle 29-32 ft/s (8.8-9.8 m/s) at bushing center line (very little velocity decay, if any)
Winder speed: 1550 ft/min (7.87 m/s)
Average fiber diameter: M filament 65 HT (16.5 microns) based on cross-sectional area
Tip tube diameter: 0.130 in. (3.3 mm)
Tip tube length: 0.240 in. (6.1 mm)
Tip end thickness (depth of orifice): 0.011 in. (0.28 mm)
Tip pattern:
2 rows, 7 tips/row, straight pattern
spacing between rows--0.030 in. (7.6 mm)
tip spacing along row--0.23 in. (5.8 mm)
Finished geometry: fin thickness--0.055 in. (1.4 mm)
fin height--0.625 in. (15.9 mm)
fin length--1.68 in. (42.7 mm)
fin blade spacing--0.23 in. (5.8 mm)
Glass Type: 200 E
Glass temperature: 2250� F. (1230� C.)
Bushing pressure (total): 1.1 psig (7.6 KPa)
Winder speed: Approximately 750 ft/min (3.81 m/s)
This varied somewhat during the experiments.
Hole dimensions:
D--0.025 in. (0.64 mm)
P--0.020 in. (0.52 mm)
W--0.010 in. (0.25 mm)
Glass flow rate: 0.018 lb/hr/hole (0.14 gm/min/hole)
Average fiber diameter: N filament, 70 HT (17.8 microns)
Average mod ratio: 2.2
Hole dimensions:
D--0.025 in. (0.064 mm)
P--0.020 in. (0.51 mm)
W--0.005 in. (0.13 mm)
Glass flow rate: 0.014 lb/hr/hole (0.106 gm/min/hole)
Average fiber diameter: L filament, 59 HT (14.9 microns)
Average mod ratio: 5.3
It will be evident from the foregoing that various modifications can be made to this invention. Such, however, are considered as being within the scope of the invention.
This invention will be found to be useful in the production of glass fibers for such uses as thermal and acoustical insulation products, and reinforcements for resin matrices.
|Cited Patent
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|Dec 29, 1981
|Ametek Inc.
|Hollow tapered brush bristles
|Mar 12, 1980
|Feb 23, 1982
|Teijin Limited
|Synthetic fur and process for preparation thereof
|Feb 23, 1981
|May 11, 1982
|Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation
|Method for forming and treating kinky fibers from glass
|Oct 29, 1981
|Sep 14, 1982
|Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation
|Multiple orifice bushing
|Apr 27, 1981
|Dec 7, 1982
|Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation
|Method and apparatus for producing glass fibers or filaments
|Sep 17, 1981
|Mar 15, 1983
|Ametek, Inc.
|Formation of hollow tapered brush bristles
|Aug 17, 1981
|May 31, 1983
|U.S. Philips Corporation
|Method of producing an optical fiber having a core which has a noncircular cross-section, and double crucible for use in this method
|May 13, 1982
|Jul 5, 1983
|Societe Vetrotex Saint-Gobain
|Process and apparatus for the manufacture of fibers
|May 3, 1982
|Aug 16, 1983
|Societe Vetrotex Saint-Gobain
|Method and apparatus for the manufacture of fibers
|Mar 3, 1982
|Aug 30, 1983
|Societe Vetrotex Saint-Gobain
|Process and apparatus for the manufacture of discontinuous glass fibers
|May 3, 1982
|Mar 20, 1984
|Societe Vetrotex Saint-Gobain
|Method and apparatus for multifilament glass strand
|May 3, 1983
|Sep 4, 1984
|Societe Vetrotex Saint-Gobain
|Method and apparatus for the manufacture of fibers
|Title not available
|"Cooling of a Free Jet with Variable Viscosity" Paper # 68-FF-19 Transactions of the ASME Glicksman 10/1968.
|Cooling of a Free Jet with Variable Viscosity Paper 68 FF 19 Transactions of the ASME Glicksman 10/1968.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 29, 1986
|Jul 26, 1988
|Nitto Boseki Co., Inc.
|Method of manufacturing glass fiber strand
|Dec 27, 1988
|Apr 17, 1990
|Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation
|Method for producing rotary textile fibers
|Jul 12, 1990
|Nov 5, 1991
|Ppg Industries, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for forming round glass fibers
|Jul 10, 1991
|Dec 22, 1992
|Manville Corporation
|Method of forming bushing plate for forming glass filaments with forming tips having constant sidewall thickness
|Oct 8, 1991
|Apr 6, 1993
|The Procter & Gamble Company
|Open capillary channel structures, improved process for making capillary channel structures, and extrusion die for use therein
|Oct 21, 1992
|Sep 7, 1993
|The Procter & Gamble Company
|Process for making capillary channel structures and extrusion die for use therein
|Jan 24, 1992
|Oct 5, 1993
|Phillips Petroleum Company
|Polymer/bi-lobal fiber composites having improved strength
|Sep 10, 1992
|Nov 29, 1994
|The Procter & Gamble Company
|Fluid accepting, transporting, and retaining structure
|May 14, 1993
|Dec 13, 1994
|Oyama; Nobuo
|Method of forming striated light diffuser
|Sep 28, 1995
|May 13, 1997
|The Procter & Gamble Company
|Resilient fluid transporting network for use in absorbent articles
|Feb 29, 1996
|Jul 7, 1998
|Owens Corning Fiberglas Technology, Inc.
|Method of making shaped fibers
|Jun 6, 1997
|Nov 24, 1998
|General Electric Company
|Glass filled polyester molding composition
|Nov 19, 1997
|Apr 20, 1999
|Owens Corning Fiberglas Technology, Inc.
|Method of making shaped fibers
|Apr 17, 2000
|Jul 17, 2001
|The Boeing Company
|Fiber optic bundle interstitial cooling using heat pipe technology
|Sep 14, 2000
|Mar 8, 2005
|Paramount Glass Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|Process and apparatus for producing glass fibers
|May 16, 2002
|Jan 31, 2006
|Ottawa Fibre Inc.
|High throughput capacity spinner for manufacturing dual-component curly fibers
|Jul 27, 2007
|Jun 29, 2010
|The Boeing Company
|Structurally isolated thermal interface
|Mar 30, 2006
|Aug 19, 2014
|Reforcetech As
|Ceramic bushing/s consisting local heating/s integrated in apparatus for manufacturing mineral/basalt fibers
|Mar 30, 2006
|Oct 5, 2006
|Brik Alexesy V
|Apparatus integrated with ceramic bushing for manufacturing mineral/basalt fibers
|May 16, 1990
|Nov 28, 1990
|Ppg Industries, Inc.
|Novel reinforced glass fiber forming bushing and tips
|Feb 27, 1997
|Sep 18, 1997
|Owens Corning Fiberglass Corp
|Bicomponent glass and polymer fibers made by rotary process
|Sep 15, 2006
|Aug 9, 2007
|Roman V Kibol
|Process for producing chopped rock fibers
|U.S. Classification
|65/437, 425/76, 425/463, 264/177.1, 428/399, 65/510, 65/481, 65/521, 65/497, 65/470
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 16, 1986
Owner name: OWENS-CORNING FIBERGLAS CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:HUEY, LARRY J.;BEUTHER, PAUL D.;REEL/FRAME:004576/0887;SIGNING DATES FROM 19860212 TO 19860213
|Nov 13, 1986
Owner name: WILMINGTON TRUST COMPANY, DELAWARE
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:OWENS-CORNING FIBERGLAS CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:004652/0351
Effective date: 19861103
Owner name: WADE, WILLIAM, J., DELAWARE
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:OWENS-CORNING FIBERGLAS CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:004652/0351
Effective date: 19861103
|Jul 31, 1987
Owner name: OWENS-CORNING FIBERGLAS CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE
Free format text: TERMINATION OF SECURITY AGREEMENT RECORDED NOV. 13, 1986. REEL 4652 FRAMES 351-420;ASSIGNORS:WILMINGTON TRUST COMPANY, A DE. BANKING CORPORATION;WADE, WILLIAM J. (TRUSTEES);REEL/FRAME:004903/0501
Effective date: 19870730
|Jun 25, 1990
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 16, 1992
Owner name: OWENS-CORNING FIBERGLAS TECHNOLOGY INC., ILLINOIS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:OWENS-CORNING FIBERGLAS CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE;REEL/FRAME:006041/0175
Effective date: 19911205
|Jul 1, 1994
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Apr 29, 1998
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


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The Delta Leland Kitchen Faucet with Diamond Seal Technology is perfect for homes with contemporary or modern decor. This kitchen faucet is made from premium-quality materials, and this serves to make it robust and durable. Choose from a host of finishes in which this kitchen faucet is available. This kitchen faucet features the Diamond Seal technology which serves to make it efficient and long-lasting. This kitchen faucet has a spout head that can be pulled out from the dock, and this makes it convenient to use. The Leland Kitchen Faucet with Diamond Seal Technology by Delta is a part of the Leland collection.
Product Details
Handles Included
Multiple Spray Head Functions
Special Offer:
12 Issues of Golf Magazine
Included with purchase ($20 value).
Additional Documents
Weights & Dimensions
|Pull Out Spray: Yes
|Maximum Flow Rate: 1.8 Gallons per Minute (GPM)
|Mount: Deck mounted
|Number of Installation Holes: 1
|Product Type: Standard kitchen faucet
|Side Spray Included: No
|Style: Modern
|Diamond Seal Technology: Yes
Handles Included: Yes
|Red/Blue Indexes Included: Yes
|Cartridge Material: Ceramic
Multiple Spray Head Functions: Yes
|Soap Dispenser Included: No
|Hose Included: Yes
|Bidet Faucet: No
|Country of Manufacture: United States
|Installation Required: Yes
|Product Warranty: Lifetime Limited
|ADA Compliant: Yes
|ASME A112.18.1 Certified: Yes
|CSA B125.1 Certified: Yes
Part Numbers
|Finish: Arctic Stainless
|Finish: Chrome
|Finish: Venetian Bronze
|Finish: Stainless
About the ManufacturerDelta works wonders with water. Water, when left to its own devices, can be unruly, which is fine if you're white water rafting, but not if you're brushing your teeth. That's where their 55 years of innovation comes in. From showers that won't scald to the latest styles, finishes, faucets, handles, and accessories, Delta has everything your water needs to reach its full potential in your home. Welcome to the world of Delta, where they do indeed work wonders with water. Delta will be the market share leader in providing differentiated branded faucets and related products that support their success with faucets among consumers. They will focus on understanding and fulfilling the product and service needs of consumers, builders, installers and specifiers of faucets for places where people live around the world. They will understand the needs of their targeted customers and implement programs and services to provide optimal access to our products, utilizing Masco products and services where appropriate. With the most extensive quality control system in the world, faucet from Delta is pre-tested before it leaves the warehouse to ensure perfection upon arrival. With Delta's patented premium finishes, you can be sure that your Delta faucet will be both durable and easy to clean with no tarnishing or discoloring. All parts and finishes of the Delta faucet are warranted to the original consumer purchaser to be free from defects in material and workmanship for as long as the original consumer purchaser owns their home. Delta will replace, free if charge during the warranty period, any part or finish that proves defective in material and/or workmanship under normal installation, use and service. The Company's flagship Delta® brand delivers exceptionally well-made, stylish faucets and related kitchen and bath accessories that are both beautiful inside and outside. This market-leading product line features a unique combination of stylish looks and excellent quality, and is available in a wide variety of finishes. Brizo® is a new premium brand that promises customers distinctively designed, inventive faucets and accessories that will live up to homeowners' expectations of beauty and performance. Peerless® offers value-driven, proven designs that don't sacrifice style. Delta offers the broadest line of beautifully engineered commercial faucets in the industry. Comprised of products from Brizo, Delta, and Delta Commercial, they deliver an exceptional commercial faucet selection backed by the Delta name. American quality and styling make Delta a globally recognized brand name faucet. The company's Delex® Euroline™, Delta Euroline, Brizo Euroline and Synergy products offer a selection of styles, finishes and valving for discerning international consumers. Delta'smanufacturing plants are located in Greensburg, Indiana; Jackson, Tennessee; Chickasha, Oklahoma; Ontario, Canada; and Panyu, China.
More About This Product
Free Shipping
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Ships via: FedEx/UPS
Enter your shipping zip or postal code to calculate shipping estimatesGet Delivery Estimate
We want you to love it. If you don't, you may return your purchase within 30 days of delivery. All you need to do is visit our Self-Service Return Center for instructions. Return credits are issued within 24 hours once the item is received and inspected. Please note that shipping charges are non-refundable. The cost of return shipping will be deducted from your refund. 30-Day Return Policy
Overall Rating
Based on 40 reviews
Customer PhotosAdd your own photo
Great looking faucet at a decent price. Naoki from Torrance, CA on 12/26/2014 – Verified Buyer
This product was bought for a residential project. The design aesthetics on this faucet met the clients expectations; the small design aspects such as the curve at the bottom of the faucet and the start of the nozzle added to the style that the client was looking for: modern but a bit on the classic side. The lever operation works smoothly and the nozzle detaches easily as well. Great faucet for the price! Simple and elegant.
Was this helpful? Yes 0 No 0
Beautiful faucet Kami from Escondido, CA on 03/10/2015 – Verified Buyer
Love the pull down feature of the faucet. The sprayer is easy to use and returns easily to it's base. Not quite sure the reference to a "magnet" return in the description as I haven't noted a magnetic pull, but it operated smoothly, nonetheless. It is a beautiful faucet and makes a great statement in my kitchen.
Was this helpful? Yes 0 No 0
Beautiful and Useful Judy from Midland, GA on 06/15/2014 – Verified Buyer
We've been using this gorgeous faucet for about two years without a problem. Just press a button and you have a water spray, another press and you have a stream. The hose is easy to manipulate, and the magnetic attachment is a wonderful feature. We couldn't be more pleased.
Was this helpful? Yes 2 No 0
Beautiful faucet in Venetian Bronze lisa from marysville, MI on 03/27/2015 – Verified Buyer
Love this style, color and functionality. I saw this in our local big box store in chrome and loved it as well. Aesthetically pleasing styling. Pros: Beautiful finish and styling Cons: Wish it came with a soap dispenser
Was this helpful? Yes 0 No 0
Senior Old Lady Sally from Big Piney, WY on 10/28/2014 – Verified Buyer
Really like my new faucet. Color matches my black sink and appliances, too. Easier to wash my hair and the two spray options are perfect. I have two little dogs that it really helps for their bath. All in all it is just perfect and attractive, too, in the bronze. I highly recommend it.
Was this helpful? Yes 0 No 0

subset: commoncrawl


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FW: Make the day distinguished with a beautiful new wrist accessory.
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I have been visiting the Village since 1985. I found and fell in love with The Gables in 1991. I was engaged and married at The Gables. The owners are inviting and make every effort to occomadate your needs. My husband and I have been back to visit since our wedding in 1996, and are still greeted with warmth and... More
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This product is no longer available.
You can try these similar gifts instead.
Glowing 8" Ball Glass Garden Ornament
It's so nice to sit out in their yard as the sun sets, then enjoy the conversation of family and friends as the stars come out in the night sky. This ornament will glow beautifully throughout pleasant nights.


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BETT 2013 Interviews: Simon Finch
By Terry Freedman, Educational ICT Consultant | Wednesday, February 20, 2013 at 12:32PM | Permalink
E-safety guru Simon Finch talks about why pupils should be allowed to use social media, why teachers should use it, e-safety and identity management.
Look out for more video interviews coming soon.
What did you think of BETT? Please take a couple of minutes to complete an unofficial survey about it: BETT 2013 Review.
My own thoughts are recorded in my Review of BETT 2013.


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Town Square
Portola Valley finds buyer for Blue Oaks lots
Original post made on Nov 19, 2012
Read the full story here Web Link posted Monday, November 19, 2012, 11:16 AM
Comments (1)
a resident of another community
on Nov 19, 2012 at 4:21 pm
Whoever came up with the idea that Portola Valley is "rural" is a marvelous comedian. It's kinda like saying that Alcatraz is rural.
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Mademoiselle Colette, now open in downtown Menlo Park
By Elena Kadvany | 23 comments | 4,310 views
Do we want a palo alto where only the rich can move here to live
By Steve Levy | 71 comments | 3,192 views
The Big Four - Part one
By Laura Stec | 7 comments | 1,368 views


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About The Empire State Healthcare Coalition:
The Empire State Healthcare Coalition is a not-for-profit organization formed by New York State brokers and consultants working to find private-sector solutions to keep healthcare affordable and to reduce the ranks of the uninsured in New York State.
Available Topic Expert(s): For information on the listed expert(s), click appropriate link.
Craig Hasday
|SOURCE Empire State Healthcare Coalition
Copyright©2009 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved


text: The hotel is easy to find and in a good location. Secure parking just a block away and the hotel gets a discount if you get reception to validate your ticket. Staff are very friendly and helpfull. Wifi is good in the room. Very quiet room with a comfortable bed. Coffee and tea making provided. There is a great Italian... More


text:
I'm always skeptical about news that comes out of various NFL camps at this time of the year. Last week, Buffalo Bills rookie offensive coordinator Nathaniel Hackett told reporters that the Buffalo Bills will feed the ball to RB C.J. Spiller until "he either taps out or throws up." Interesting.
After watching the Bills first preseason game this afternoon, there is little doubt that Spiller is going to be the focal point of the offense. The Clemson grad carried the ball in four of the first five snaps for the Bills. Spiller ripped off two very nice carries at the start of the game when the Bills were pinned back inside their own three yard line. After two quick carries, the Bills were at their own 36-yard line.
It was obvious that the Bills are going to be running a quick, hurry-up offense and they appeared much faster than the offense the Philadelphia Eagles ran over the last week under the leadership of former Oregon head coach Chip Kelly. Spiller is going to be the focal point.
The first two possessions was all I needed to see. Spiller is in line for a monster year and he seems to be in mid-season form.
Given the conservative play calling by the Bills with the amount of calls which put the ball in the hands of running backs this afternoon, I believe Spiller might actually touch the ball 25 times a game, an anomaly on many teams in the NFL these days. His value is rising on my draft boards.
Spiller's back-up is 32-year old veteran Fred Jackson. Jackson looked old and slow when he entered the game after a few series. Journeyman Tashard Choice might see some action for the Bills this season, but it seems clear after only one game, CJ Spiller is going to be the focal point of this offense this season and with his skill set, will reap rewards for fantasy football owners.
Filed under: AFC, AFC East, Buffalo Bills, Fantasy Football, NFL
Tagged with: Buffalo Bills News, CJ Spiller, Fantasy Football, Fred Jackson, Tashard Choice
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Pending Rules Amendments
Any change to the federal rules must be designed to promote simplicity in procedure, fairness in administration, the just determination of litigation, and the elimination of unjustifiable expense and delay.
The process for promulgating an amendment to a rule or form involves several levels of consideration and approval, the first of which is consideration and approval by the appropriate advisory committee and then the Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure. Following approval by the Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure, proposed amendments must be considered and approved by the Judicial Conference, the Supreme Court, and then Congress. Below are proposed rules and forms amendments currently under consideration at each level following approval by the Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure.
Amendments Approved by the Rules Committees – Pending Judicial Conference Review
- Proposed amendments to Appellate Rules 4, 5, 21, 25, 26, 27, 28, 28.1, 29, 32, 35, and 40, and Forms 1, 5, and 6, and proposed new Form 7;
- Proposed amendments to Bankruptcy Rules 1010, 1011, 2002, 3002.1, 9006(f), and new Rule 1012;
- Proposed revisions to Bankruptcy Official Forms 1, 2, 3A, 3B, 4, 5, 6Sum, 6A-J and declaration, 7, 8, 9A-I, 10, 10A, 10S-1, 10S-2, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16A, 16B, 16D, 17A-C, 18, 19, 21, 22A-1, 22A-1Supp, 22A-2, 22B, 22C-1, 22C-2, 23, 24, 27 (as renumbered), and the abrogation of Official Forms 11A and 11B, to take effect on December 1, 2015;
- A request to allow the following Bankruptcy Official Forms in effect on November 30, 2015, remain Official Forms until December 1, 2017, in the United States Bankruptcy Courts for the Central District of California, the District of New Jersey, and the District of New Mexico, only for use by pro se debtors who initiate a chapter 7 case by using the court's Electronic Self-Representation system: Official Form 1, Official Forms 6Sum, 6A-J and declaration, Official Form 7; Official Form 8; and Official Forms 22A-1, 22A-1Supp, and 22A-2;
- Proposed amendments to Civil Rules 4, 6, and 82; and
- Proposed amendments to Criminal Rules 4, 41, and 45.
Amendments Approved by the Judicial Conference – Pending Supreme Court Review
- There are no rules amendments currently under review.
Amendments Adopted by the Supreme Court – Pending Congressional Review
The following rules were adopted by the Supreme Court and transmitted to Congress on April 29, 2015:
- Bankruptcy Rule 1007
- Civil Rules 1, 4, 16, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, 37, and 55, and abrogation of Rule 84 and the Appendix of Forms
Pending Amendments to the Civil Rules (Redline)
The rules, orders adopting the rules, and letters of transmittal are available on the website of the Supreme Court of the United States. The entire package of materials transmitted to Congress is available here.
Bankruptcy Forms - Pending Judicial Conference Review
Most Official Bankruptcy Forms are scheduled to be replaced with substantially revised, reformatted and renumbered versions effective December 1, 2015, if approved by the Judicial Conference at its September 2015 meeting. Find out more about the pending bankruptcy forms.


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There's a packed-to-the-rafter and highly impressive line-up at this benefit for charity Street Child. On the bill are Marcus Brigstocke, Seann Walsh, Shappi Khorsandi, Ed Byrne, Russell Kane, Milton Jones, Phill Jupitus, Jeremy Hardy, Robin Ince and Greg Burns. Plus music from KT (not 'Katy') Tunstall and beatboxer Shlomo.
An Evening of Comedy with Street Child of Sierra Leone
|Event website:


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Items Tagged with "Restaurants In Mid Ohio"
HideAway Inn Hires New Enthusiastic Executive Chef and Rebrands Restaurant and Bar!HideAway Country Inn, located in Bucyrus, Ohio, near Marion and Mansfield, enthusiastically announces D. Josh Hartman as our new Executive Chef for our beautiful, historic restaurant, as well as our casual dining pub. In addition to the hiring of Chef Josh, this summer we will also be re-launching b Read More...
Upcoming Events
Oct 09
The Ghost of Ceely Rose Drama7:00 pm - 8:00 pm
Oct 09
The Haunted Prison Experience7:00 pm - 12:00 am
Oct 09
Disney's Aladdin Jr.7:30 pm - 9:30 pm
Read More »Testimonials
Good Evening! I'm writing in regards to the stay my husband and I recently experienced at your bed and breakfast. We stayed last night in the Oak room. We absolutely fell in love with your lovely B&B! The entire staff was so welcoming, from check-in to check-out. Very friendly, even though we had a late check in. We always appreciate good hospitality, and the room was just perfect for what we were looking for. We had dinner at your restaurant and I kept stealing my husband's smashed potatoes :) The food was amazing (loved that the chef brought out the calamari in the three sauces. It was sooooo good!) and the service was awesome. We chatted pleasantly with the server off and on throughout the night and really loved the recommendation for the wine. Everything was lovely in the morning as well; what a beautiful, relaxing stay! I only wish that we would have taken another day to stay, but we'll make sure we do that on the next visit. Will DEFINITELY be back!!! Jama Smith Jama " "


text:
updated 09/01/2010 AT 1:00 PM ET
•originally published 09/01/2010 AT 1:45 PM ET
In light of her arrest Friday for possession of cocaine, socialite Paris Hilton has been banned from the Las Vegas resorts Wynn and Encore, a spokesman for the properties confirmed to PEOPLE.
The ban comes after several Las Vegas insiders claimed that the heiress might be blackballed from nightclubs. After the car in which she was riding was stopped, Hilton, 29, was taken inside the Wynn, where it was allegedly discovered that she had cocaine in her purse.
Coinciding with the ban, Wynn Las Vegas also announced in a vague statement that Hilton's boyfriend, nightclub executive Cy Waits, has been "separated from the company and is free to pursue other interests." No further comment or details was provided.


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Latest Videos
Pumpkins Patch This YearFancy a pumpkin pie? Make your move now, CBS 2's Brad Edwards reports.
CBS 2 Weather Watch (10PM Oct. 9, 2015)CBS 2 Meteorologist Steve Baskerville with the latest weather.
Private School Teacher Faces Child-Porn ChargesCBS 2's Audrina Bigos reports on a Wheaton man who allegedly was caught with a "mind-numbing" amount of child porn on his computer equipment.
Historic Buildings Accessible During 'Open House'Some of Chicago's architectural treasures will be open to the public next weekend. CBS 2's Vince Gerasole has a preview.
George Ryan Continues Call For End To Death PenaltyCBS 2's Mike Parker talks with the former Illinois governor.
Suspect Charged In Shooting Death Of CPD Civilian EmployeeCBS 2's Suzanne Le Mignot has reaction from Chicago police officials.
CBS 2 Weather Watch (5PM Oct. 10, 2015)CBS 2 Meteorologist Steve Baskerville with the latest weather.
Marathon Participants Ready To GoThousands will be running on Sunday. CBS 2's Dorothy Tucker talks with some of the participants.
Mood Electric In WrigleyvilleCBS 2's Roseanne Tellez reports from Cubs Fan Central before Game 1 of the NLDS.
Cubs-Cards Rivalry Front And Center In St. LouisCBS 2 Chief Correspondent Jay Levine is on hand for the start of Game 1 of the NLDS.
How Jake Bugg Has Matured Beyond His Years - Rock & Roll Reality Check Ep. 10It's our 10th episode of Rock & Roll Reality Check and we're celebrating by looking at the music of Jake Bugg. Although he's a young guy, he's musically versed well beyond his years
Cubs Fans Get Up For The PlayoffsCBS 2's Marissa Bailey reports
Wrigleyville "Busy Like Summertime" Ahead Of Cubs-Cardinals Playoff MatchupIt's playoff pandemonium in Chicago. The mood is electric as Cubs fans can barely wait for Friday night's National League Division Series opener against the archrival Cardinals in St. Louis. CBS 2's Mike Puccinelli reports.
Lake County Authorities Hold Active Shooter Drill At Wadsworth SchoolEven the thought of a shooting at their child's school is terrifying for parents, but officials in Lake County said they want to make sure they're prepared should it ever happen, so they were staging an emergency drill in Wadsworth on Friday.


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Republicans on the House Judiciary Committee say the Justice Department's defense of Eric Holder is inadequate and it dodges a real question behind the agency scandal: What role did the nation's leading law enforcer play in the agency's surveillance and records seizure of members of the media?
On May 15, Mr. Holder said he knew nothing of "the potential prosecution" of the press," Fox News reported. But just a few days later, information emerged that confirmed Mr. Holder was personally involved in the Justice Department's decision to seize Fox News correspondent James Rosen's emails, labeling him as a "co-conspirator" in leaked information case.
Mr. Holder was asked to explain this discrepancy to committee members before Wednesday.
SEE ALSO: Sen. Marco Rubio: Time for A.G. Eric Holder to step aside
On Monday, the Justice Department gave this letter to Republicans on the House committee, Fox News reported: "The Attorney General's testimony before the committee on May 15 … with respect to the department's prosecutions of the unauthorized disclosure of classified information as accurate and consistent with these facts."
But the letter also said: "[Mr. Holder} was consulted and approved the application for the search warrant." Moreover, the letter to the committee came from a "principal deputy assistant attorney general," and not from Mr. Holder. Committee members had given Mr. Holder until June 5 to personally explain his May 15 testimony.
Republicans' response was emphatic: Are we stupid?
"This response is insulting and further proof that Attorney General Holder refuses to hold himself accountable," Rep. Jim Sensenbrenner said, in the Fox News report. "It is increasingly obvious that Eric Holder has something to hide."
Committee Chairman Bob Goodlatte spoke similarly, in Fox News.
"[The] response from the Justice Department's Office of Legislative Affairs raises more questions than it answers," Mr. Goodlatte said, in Fox News. "By having a subordinate send this response rather than Attorney General Holder himself, this response begs the question of whether Holder has something to hide."
Mr. Goodlatte also said, Fox News reported: "Discrepancies in Attorney General Holder's congressional testimony made on the record need to be corrected on the record to Congress by Attorney General Holder himself."


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Harvard Business School continues to be the gold standard for business leadership in Wall Street, Silicon Valley and other major sectors.» Read More
The New York City Council on Wednesday passed sweeping legislation to prevent employers from discriminating against out-of-work job seekers.
Tom Farley, New York City health commissioner, explains why he is standing by Mayor Bloomberg in his fight against sugary drinks.
Pulitzer Prize winning investigative reporter at The New York Times Michael Moss is the author of "Salt Sugar Fat." Moss weighs in on Mayor Bloomberg's attempt to ban sodas larger than 16 ounces in New York.
Paddy Spence, Zevia CEO, explains why he backs Mayor Bloomberg's ban and discusses how his company would profit from a ban on large sugary drinks.
CNBC's Jackie DeAngelis reports New York City's Mayor Bloomberg vows to fight a judge's decision to strike down his large soda ban.
A judge has blocked New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg's ban on large, sugary drinks, but the city's leader vows to fight back, reports CNBC's Jackie DeAngelis.
CNBC's Jackie DeAngelis reports Mayor Bloomberg vows to fight a judge's ruling that struck down his ban on large, sugary drinks in New York City.
A New York state judge overturned Mayor Bloomberg's proposed ban on large sugary drinks today. Mark Walsh, Ruxton Ventures; Joel Pollak, Breitbart editor-in-chief; Emily Sussman, Former Young Democrats of America executive director; and Guy Benson, TownHall.com, weigh in.
New York City Mayor Bloomberg wants to ban styrofoam cups and containers, reports CNBC's Courtney Reagan.
In a live report from Central Park, CNBC's Brian Shactman reveals late breaking details about the city's decision to cancel the NYC Marathon.
WNBC in New York reports that the NY City Marathon has been canceled for this weekend. CNBC's Brian Shactman reports. With CNBC's Melissa Lee and the Options Action traders.
New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg endorses President Obama on the basis of climate change. Karen Finney, The Hill columnist, and Kellyanne Conway, The Polling Company president & CEO, provide perspective.
Regulators are meddling in technical definitions between a "hurricane" and a "tropical storm" when it comes to insurance deductibles, with Jim Whittle, Chief Claims Council at American Insurance Association.
Former NYC Mayor Rudy Giuliani tells Larry Kudlow that the nation will be dazzled by the way in which New York City emerges from Hurricane Sandy.
U.S. Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano remarks on efforts to recover from Sandy. "This recovery will be as speedy and as efficient as possible," says Napolitano.
New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, (R), explains how the city is responding to recovery requests in and around the city.
Mary Wittenberg, New York Road Runners president & CEO, explains why the decision was made to go ahead with Sunday's marathon, despite widespread damage in Lower Manhattan.
With the state just beginning to dig out from Hurricane Sandy, New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie signed an executive order Wednesday postponing Halloween celebrations due to unsafe conditions.
New York City's Mayor Bloomberg rings the opening bell at the NYSE, as trading resumes after Hurricane Sandy forced markets to close for two days. And CNBC's Bob Pisani talks with Duncan Niederauer, NYSE Euronext CEO, about the return to normal trading.
*JFK, LaGuardia and Newark airports are closed until further notice, according to the Port Authority. *US Airways Group Inc is not operating in New York, Washington, Philadelphia, Boston and several other Northeast airports on Tuesday. *American Airlines has flights scheduled into Richmond, Virginia, several Ohio airports, Pittsburgh and Boston on Tuesday.


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Swaminathan S. Anklesaria Aiyar
Swaminathan S. Anklesaria Aiyar
Nov 23rd
Have six months of Narendra Modi's rule produced the achhe din (good days) promised during his election campaign? To some extent, yes. But this owes more to good luck than good policy. The most dramatic improvement by far is falling inflation. After years of double digit inflation, consumer inflation is down to just 5.5%.Wholesale price More >
Nov 9th
The Berlin Wall fell 25 years ago. An entire generation has come up since, barely aware of the Wall's history. Its lessons must never be forgotten. World War II ended with East Germany occupied by the USSR and West Germany by the US and its allies. East Germany by the US and its allies. East More >
Nov 2nd
Dear Dr Harsh Vardhan, You are rightly worried about the health effects of cigarettes. You are campaigning for much higher taxes to deter cigarette smoking, a ban on the sale of loose cigarettes, and a ban on e-cigarettes. You want three-quarters of every cigarette pack to be covered with health warnings. Very good, but there More >
Oct 29th
Policy changes after the Maharashtra elections have sent animal spirits and stock markets soaring. Diesel has been decontrolled. The price of natural gas has been revised to $5.61, with a proviso to revise it every six months. Coal blocks deallocated by the Supreme Court are going to be auctioned soon. Earlier, there were some changes More >
Oct 26th
Having been thrashed in the general election, and again in the state elections last week in Maharashtra and Haryana, can the Congress bounce back? And if so, how and why? In the past, the Congress has often been written off after massive defeats but bounced back. However, we may have entered a new phase. The More >
Oct 19th
Indians are delighted that Kailash Satyarthi has won the Nobel Peace Prize for combating child labour. This includes Indians who have, directly or indirectly, used child labour in house holds, dhabas, and artisanal work of every kind (from weaving and matchstick-making to pottery and gem polishing). Child labour is so common that it evokes tut-tutting More >
Oct 15th
Narendra Modi has generated much hope and enthusiasm. He has been praised for the Jan Dhan Yojana, the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, higher FDI limits for defence and insurance, punctuality requirements for bureaucrats and selfcertification of documents by citizens. Some of these are simply extensions of old Congress schemes, but Modi has done a fine sales More >
Oct 12th
The government seems serious about a ridiculous proposal — supplying Pakistan five million units of imported gas per day, enough for two large power plants. When India is desperately short of gas, this is folly. Many Indian power plants lie closed for want of gas. The consequent power shortage translates into lakhs of farmers with More >
Oct 5th
For several years, Bihar has been India's fastest-growing state. In 2013-14 it has been overtaken by another backward state, Madhya Pradesh, which grew 11.08% against the national 4.7%. MP has averaged over 10% in the last three years, even as national rate has plummeted. Till the 1990s, backward states in the Hindi belt grew slowly, More >
Oct 1st
The stock markets have soared this year, with blue chips up 30% and some midcaps up 100% or more. Many analysts believe that, even without radical reform, Prime Minister Narendra Modi's administrative dynamism will help raise GDP growth from last year's 4.7% to 5.5% this year, 6.5% next year, and 7% later. Some stock market More >
Sep 30th
Narendra Modi's Madison Square Garden address to overseas Indians was more a rockstar concert than a prime minister's lecture. He had delirious fans cheering, clapping, and chanting "Modi, Modi, Modi!" He plucked their heartstrings, praising them lavishly for raising India's global image, and promised that India would become a stunning success that would make them More >
Sep 28th
Denationalize coal. Auction all future coal blocks. Allow all winners to produce associated gas (methane) as well as coal. These should be the key features of a new coal policy, following the Supreme Court's striking down of 214 coal block allocations since 1993. Many analysts call this a verdict against corruption. Actually, the court has More >
Sep 26th
WASHINGTON DC: Prime Minister Narendra Modi's US visit is a damage repair job, not a triumphal clinching of a strategic relationship. Indo-US relations resemble a broken-down car covered with dust. Modi must do more than wipe off the dust. He must convert India into an economic powerhouse that is globally relevant again, and has strategic More >
Sep 21st
Narendra Modi came to power by promising fast economic growth to create millions of jobs. So, it's mysterious that he has spent so much time on foreign visits and receiving foreign dignitaries like Chinese president Xi Jinping. Foreign relations matter, but cannot create millions of jobs – that requires structural reforms that dynamise Indian investment. More >
Sep 17th
Media analyses of the Kelkar Committee on reducing import dependency in oil and gas have focused on the committee's suggestions on gas pricing. But it has also proposed new models for exploration and production contracts to reduce disputes and corruption, while improving bidders' interest in new exploration blocks. For decades, India has signed production-sharing contracts More >


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Building Your First Website Using Node.js (Part 1) Hello Node
This is the first in a series of posts that explain, at length, how to build a fully-featured website or web application using Node.js and the popular Express framework.
- Basic understanding of terminal usage
- Basic JavaScript comprehension
What is Node?
Node.js is an open-source server-side I/O framework built on Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine. It provides...


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Item #07110
Product Description
Inspired by the architecture and casual lifestyle of the desert southwest, this Saguaro Outdoor Sconce features clean lines with recessed edges, caramel-beige glass and a clay bronze finish. Order now to get this very attractive sconce that makes use of the minimalist approach.
Product Details
Saguaro 20"H Outdoor Sconce
Saguaro 13"H Outdoor Sconce
Saguaro 16"H Outdoor Sconce
Martin Outdoor Wall Lantern
$234.00 - $499.00
Pembrooke Outdoor Wall Lantern
$189.00 - $279.00
Bullnose Deluxe Chaise Outdoor Cushion
$70.99 - $169.00
Anderson Outdoor Wall Lantern
$89.00 - $274.00
Harbour Area Rug I
$25.00 - $299.00


text:
Colloidal Silver 1 0
User Ratings
[YEA] I had mold exposure a few years ago and a medical person recommended colloidal silver (10ppm). The problem cleared up in 2 days.
Replied by Gwen
05/07/2014Hi! Just wondering how much C. Silver you used, how many times per day? Did you take it in water? I suffer from asthma and think it was caused by mould exposure - do you mind me asking what your symptoms were? Thanks so much!
Hello Gwen from Canada,
I see you posted to "Bcnu" who posted a year ago, so may not see your question.
So I'll answer from my perspective in case Bcnu misses your post.
Bcnu said she/he took CS for two days and ended the mold infection. If me, I'd take three times daily two tablespoons per dose for a month (on empty stomach and away from mineral supplementation). But if symptoms are gone in two days...great. Stop after you are sure the infection is killed.
Replied by Larry
Blue River, Oregon, Usa
11/20/2014Yes, how did you take the Colloidal silver? In a mist in the lungs or spray in mouth or what ? I've been leaf blowing here in a very moldy fungus area of Oregon lots and lots of mold here and I disturb them up in the air and breathe them as I was using a backpack leaf blower and I believe my lungs have been infected with mold.


text:
BEST ENTRANCE: Main
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text:
Diabetes Health Center
Type 2 Diabetes and Sleep
In this article
People who have diabetes often have poor sleep habits, including difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep. Some people with diabetes get too much sleep, while others have problems getting enough sleep. According to the National Sleep Foundation, 63% of American adults do not get enough sleep needed for good health, safety, and optimum performance.
There are several causes of sleep problems for people with type 2 diabetes, including obstructive sleep apnea, pain or discomfort, restless legs syndrome, the need to go to the bathroom, and other problems associated with type 2 diabetes.
Recommended Related to Diabetes
The Daily Diabetes Care Checklist
When you have type 2 diabetes, it's often a juggling act to remember all of your daily tasks. Nora Saul, RD, CDE, a diabetes educator and manager for nutrition services at the Joslin Diabetes Center in Boston, offers this "healthy habits" checklist to guide you through the day. Check your blood sugar levels. Most people with type 2 diabetes need to check their blood sugar, also called glucose, at least once a day. "That's the minimum," Saul says. But the frequency depends on your treatment...
Read the The Daily Diabetes Care Checklist article > >
Sleep Problems and Type 2 Diabetes
Sleep apnea involves pauses in breathing during sleep. The periods of stopped breathing are called apneas, which are caused by an obstruction of the upper airway. Apneas may be interrupted by a brief arousal that does not awaken you completely -- you often do not even realize that your sleep was disturbed. Yet if your sleep was measured in a sleep laboratory, technicians would record changes in the brain waves that are characteristic of awakening.
Sleep apnea results in low oxygen levels in the blood because the blockages prevent air from getting to the lungs. The low oxygen levels also affect brain and heart function. Up to two-thirds of the people who have sleep apnea are overweight.
Sleep apnea alters our sleep cycle and stages of sleep. Some studies have linked altered sleep stages with a decrease in growth hormone, which plays a key role in body composition such as body fat, muscle, and abdominal fat. Researchers have found a possible link between sleep apnea and the development of diabetes and insulin resistance (the inability of the body to use insulin).
Peripheral neuropathy, or damage to the nerves in the feet and legs, is another cause of sleep disruption. This nerve damage can cause a loss of feeling in the feet or symptoms such as tingling, numbness, burning, and pain.
Restless legs syndrome is a specific sleep disorder that causes an intense, often irresistible urge to move your legs. This sleep disorder is often accompanied by other sensations in the legs such as tingling, pulling, or pain, making it difficult to fall asleep or stay asleep.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 29, 2007
|Filing date
|Sep 12, 2005
|Priority date
|Sep 12, 2005
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Stephen Fisher, Robert Harwell
|Original Assignee
|Invivo Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (3), Classifications (4), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates generally to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) equipment and in particular to a method of providing electrically isolated power to patient monitoring equipment used in conjunction with MRI.
Magnetic resonance imaging can provide sophisticated images of the human body by detecting faint nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals primarily from concentrations of hydrogen protons. In MRI, the patient is located in a strong polarizing magnetic field and hydrogen protons of the patient's tissues are excited into precession with a strong radio frequency (RF) pulse. A series of applied gradient magnetic fields are switched on and off to spatially encode the protons by phase and frequency after which sensitive antennas are used to detect the NMR signals which can then be reconstructed into images.
The MRI machine is a difficult environment for other electrical instrumentation. The switched magnetic gradients and the RF pulse create electromagnetic interference and the MRI receiving antenna is sensitive to interference from other devices. Magnetic materials such as those used in transformer and inductor cores must be eliminated from the region of the MRI machine because of the extremely strong polarizing magnetic field.
Often it is necessary to monitor physiological data of the patient in the MRI room before or during scanning. Such monitoring equipment may, for example, include blood pressure meters, anesthetic gas monitors, oximeters and ECG amplifiers requiring a source of electrical power.
If line power is used to power such monitoring equipment, care must be taken to isolate patient contacting portions of the equipment from the source of the line power, typically, 120 to 240 volts and 20 amperes or more. Conventional iron-core transformers can provide such isolation, but are impractical in the MRI environment because of their ferromagnetic cores. Ferrites, in contrast, can become saturated in the magnetic field of the MRI magnet, often 0.5 Tesla or more. Air core transformers, such as provide adjacent windings of copper conductors without a ferromagnetic core, may be used; however, air core transformers are bulky and inefficient, and this latter drawback generates heat that can be a problem in a patient contacting device.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,737,712 describes a method of providing isolated power to a patient contacting instrument by converting electrical power into another form (e.g. optical, mechanical, or acoustic power) and then reconverting those alternative forms of the electrical energy back into electrical energy for use by the device. The conversion process provides inherent limitations in power transfer. This approach requires complex mechanisms and is practically limited to extremely low power transfer.
The present inventors have recognized that power can be effectively transferred and isolated in an MRI environment by the dielectric of high voltage but small capacitance capacitors forming part of a tuned circuit blocking the normal frequency (60 Hertz) of line current. This simple approach does not require complex conversions from one type of power to another and uses a low cost circuit design. The transferred power is shifted in frequency to avoid the blocking effect of the tuned circuit.
Unlike an air core transformer approach, the present invention produces very little radiated electrical power such as may interfere with the MM machine and the circuit may be compact. Isolation is provided in two directions limiting power to the patient and limiting power to the equipment.
Specifically, the present invention provides an MRI compatible patient monitor having a patient sensor circuit communicating with the patient and including an electrical load. The invention provides an alternating current power source attached to a source of line power and having a frequency different from a line frequency and an electrical filter connecting the alternating current power source to the electrical load. The electrical filter has a rejection band encompassing the line frequency.
It is thus is one object of at least one embodiment of the invention to provide a simple isolating circuit compatible with the environment of an MRI machine, and that prevents line voltage faults from being communicated to patient contacting portions of a patient sensor.
The electrical filter may provide isolating capacitors between the alternating current power source and the patient sensor circuit.
It is thus another object of at least one embodiment of the invention to block all flow of direct current.
The total capacitance between the alternating power source and the load may be less than 1000 picofarads.
It is thus another object of at least one embodiment of the invention to provide a high impedance limiting all low frequency current flow.
The electrical filter may be a series resonant inductance and capacitance.
It is thus one object of at least one embodiment of the invention to provide a passive filter blocking line current frequencies without significant heating.
The alternating current power source may provide a power and return conductor and the electrical filter may provide a capacitor in series with each of the power and return.
It is thus another object to the invention to prevent dangerous current flows on a return conductor.
Each capacitor may have a breakdown voltage of no less than one thousand volts.
It is thus another object of at least one embodiment of the invention to prevent the flow of current at extremely high voltages, for example, that may be associated with other medical equipment.
The alternating current power source may provide a first phase of alternating current on a power conductor and an opposite phase of alternating current on a return conductor.
It is thus another object of at least one embodiment of the invention to provide extremely low radio emissions from the power and return conductor by providing balanced current flows whose fields cancel each other out.
Each power conductor and return conductor may provide a series resonant, series connected, inductor and capacitor or may use a simple resistance-capacitor circuit.
It is thus another object of at least one embodiment of the invention to provide balance in the filter circuitry among the power and return conductors to reduce electromagnetic interference and to ensure that neither the power nor return conductor can conduct fault currents.
The circuit may include a resistance in series with the series connected inductor and capacitor.
It is thus one object of at least one embodiment of the invention to provide a range of blocked frequencies to accommodate variations about normal line frequency.
The circuit may further include a parallel-connected inductor and capacitor bridging the power and return lines.
It is thus another object of at least one embodiment of the invention to reduce high frequency harmonics of the line frequency such as those created by the non-linear loads of rectifier diodes and thereby reduce radio emissions.
The alternating current power source may have a frequency at least 100 times the line frequency.
Thus it an object of at least one embodiment of the invention to shift the frequency of the source of power away from the line frequency to prevent attenuation of the transmitted power by the electronic filter.
The alternating current power supply may have a frequency of at least 10 kilohertz.
It is another object of at least one embodiment of the invention to provide a high frequency alternating current power source allowing adequate power transfer across small isolating capacitors.
The patient sensor may measure any physiological parameter, including for example, a blood pressure, temperature, respiration, specific blood oxygen, or ECG.
Thus it is another object of at least one embodiment of the invention to provide an isolating system generally useful for a wide variety of patient monitoring apparatus.
The electronic filter may have an impedance of greater than five mega-ohms at the line frequency.
It is thus another object of at least one embodiment of the invention to provide predetermined limits on the amount of current flow that may occur in a direct fault situation.
These particular objects and advantages may apply to only some embodiments falling within the claims and thus do not define the scope of the invention.
Referring now to
The polarizing magnet 12 may include a bore 14 into which the patient 25 may be placed for scanning. Within the bore 14, the patient 25 is surrounded by a coil set 16 providing for an RF excitation pulse, one or more gradient magnetic fields, and an antenna for detecting a faint NMR signal, as will be understood to those of ordinary skill in the art. The coil set 16 communicates with remote analysis signal processing electronics and computers (not shown) via cables 18.
The present invention provides a patient monitoring system 20 having an on-patient sensor unit 22 requiring a source of electrical power. The on-patient sensor unit 22 may, for example, include transducers for detecting blood pressure, amplifiers for ECG signals; light emitting diode/photodetector pairs for specific blood oxygen measurement and the like. The general construction of such sensor units are well know in the art.
The on-patient sensor unit 22 communicates via lead 26 to a patient monitoring system 20. The lead 26 is sized to allow the patient 25 to be moved into the bore 14 for scanning and ideally for the patient monitoring system 20 to operate during that scanning process.
The patient monitoring system 20 in turn may receive a source of line power 24 through a conventional power cord 30 plugging into a floor mounted outlet or the like. The on-patient sensor unit 22 must be electrically isolated from line power 24, in the event of an unexpected fault condition that results in the breakdown of blocking elements or insulation normally between the patient 25 and line power 24.
Referring to
To the left of dividing line 34, the isolating circuit 32 provides an alternating current power source 36 receiving a source of line power 24 typically being 120 volts at 60 hertz referenced with respect to a ground lead 37. The alternating current power source 36 converts the line power 24 into two out-of-phase, equal amplitude, waveforms, one at a V+ output 38 and the second at a V− output 40. In the preferred embodiment, the waveform at V+ output 38 is a sine wave of frequency of no less than ten kilohertz and preferably thirty megahertz with approximately 20 volts amplitude and the V− output 40 is exactly 180 degrees out of phase with the V+ output 38, but identical in frequency and amplitude.
The alternating current power source 36 may employ a rectifier, such as a full wave rectifier, followed by a filter to convert the line power 24 into a DC voltage. The necessary waveforms may then be synthesized from the DC voltage according to methods well known in the art, for example, using a switching amplifier driven by a stable reference oscillator source.
Referring still to
The capacitors 48 and 52 block all direct current flow past a dielectric barrier 49 produced by the insulating separators between the capacitor plates. In the preferred embodiment, the capacitors 48 and 52 are approximately 50 picofarads and have a breakdown voltage of at least 1000 volts and preferably 2.5 kilovolts to produce a leakage current of less than fifty microamperes at 60 hertz for a worst case line voltage fault. Generally the total capacitance between the alternating power source and the load is limited to be less than 1000 picofarads and preferably less than 100 picofarads and the total impedance between the alternating power source and the load is greater than five mega-ohms and preferably greater than 50 mega-ohms.
The remaining terminal of capacitor 48 connects to a first input 54 of an AC to DC converter 56, whereas the remaining terminal of capacitor 52 connects to a second input 58 of the AC to DC converter 56. The AC to DC converter 56 may, for example, be a half wave or full wave rectifier or other rectification system known in the art followed by filter elements such as capacitors or inductors to provide an output of plus and minus DC voltage 68 referenced to a ground, for example, through the use of a divider. Referring also to
Because the frequency of resonance (and thus the center of the pass band 64) is proportional to a ratio of the values of the inductors 42 and 44 and the capacitors 48 and 52, each of the series resonance circuits of inductor 42, and capacitor 48 and of inductor 44 and capacitor 52 are together and individually tuned to the same frequency.
The frequency 66 of the line power 24 is substantially lower than the frequency of the alternating current power source 36, in the preferred embodiment, more than 100 times lower, thus ensuring that there is relatively little attenuation of the power generated by the alternating current power source 36 as received by the AC to DC converter 56.
The nonlinear characteristics of the diodes of the AC to DC converter 56 may create a varying load such as may induce asymmetric currents and high frequency harmonics in the leads 26 generally passing between capacitors 48 and 52 and inputs 54 and 58. Accordingly, a parallel resonance circuit formed of capacitor 70 and inductor 72 may be placed across inputs 54 and 58 and tuned to create a low impedance at possible frequencies of radio frequency harmonics. The exact tuning of these devices can be determined empirically by observing, for example, on a spectrum analyzer, the frequencies of electromagnetic interference. Alternative loads to the AC to DC converter 56 include resistive loads and electrical lamps such as LEDs.
The capacitors provide extremely lightweight isolation with low heating determined by the values of resistors 46 and 50. The circuit employs no ferromagnetic components.
As will be apparent from the above description, the present invention could alternatively employ an unbalanced approach in which the V− output 40 is simply a ground reference. Alternatively the V+ output 38 and V− output 40 may be out of phase square waves or other waveforms with the possible disadvantage of increased electromagnetic interference. Further, it will be recognized that a simple series resistor-capacitor circuit, providing, for example, a high pass filter allowing passage of the high frequency of the alternating current power source 36 but blocking the lower frequency of the line power 24 can be used. Other well-known passive filter designs can also be used.
It is specifically intended that the present invention not be limited to the embodiments and illustrations contained herein, but include modified forms of those embodiments including portions of the embodiments and combinations of elements of different embodiments as come within the scope of the following claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 14, 1984
|Dec 9, 1986
|Advanced Nmr Systems, Inc.
|NMR gradient field modulation
|Dec 31, 1986
|Apr 12, 1988
|General Electric Company
|Isolated power transfer and patient monitoring system with interference rejection useful with NMR apparatus
|Sep 23, 1991
|Apr 6, 1993
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Anti-interference filter for a gradient coil in a nuclear magnetic resonance imaging apparatus
|Dec 20, 1995
|Mar 31, 1998
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|MR compatible patient monitor
|May 18, 2001
|Jul 1, 2003
|Jomed Inc.
|Signal conditioning device for interfacing intravascular sensors having varying operational characteristics to a physiology monitor
|Feb 27, 2002
|Dec 16, 2003
|Volcano Therapeutics, Inc.
|Connector for interfacing intravascular sensors to a physiology monitor
|Sep 18, 2001
|Mar 23, 2004
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Physiological sensor system
|Sep 29, 2004
|Oct 17, 2006
|General Electric Company
|Magnetic resonance system and method
|Aug 22, 2002
|May 22, 2007
|Medrad, Inc.
|Communication systems for use with magnetic resonance imaging systems
|Aug 30, 2006
|Jan 3, 2008
|Tran Bao Q
|Systems and methods for providing interoperability among healthcare devices
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 11, 2009
|May 21, 2013
|The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Illinois
|Apparatus and method for measuring a characteristic of a composition reactive to a magnetic field
|May 11, 2009
|Dec 10, 2009
|The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Illinois
|Apparatus and method for measuring a characteristic of a composition reactive to a magnetic field
|Mar 25, 2010
|Sep 29, 2011
|General Electric Company
|Method, system and apparatus for monitoring patients
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 12, 2005
Owner name: INVIVO CORPORATION, FLORIDA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:FISHER, STEPHEN DOUGLAS;HARWELL, ROBERT ANDREW;REEL/FRAME:016991/0650
Effective date: 20050908
|Jan 16, 2012
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jun 3, 2012
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jul 24, 2012
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20120603