text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 30, 1999
|Filing date
|Oct 17, 1997
|Priority date
|Oct 17, 1997
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Gary H. Ogasawara, Timothy Ju
|Original Assignee
|Lockheed Martin Missiles & Space
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (36), Non-Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (53), Classifications (8), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of telecommunications. More particularly, the present invention relates to a system and a method for allocating communication system resources to calls for optimizing network system performance.
2. Description of Related Art
In a typical satellite communications system, caller communication units are linked to ground-based communication facilities, or ground nodes, which, in turn, are linked to satellites. In some cases, individual communication units are linked directly to a satellite. The amount of caller traffic in a communications system is limited by the available communication bandwidth of the system. When caller demand exceeds the capacity of the system, new callers are denied access.
In conventional communication systems, there is a fixed amount of satellite bandwidth assigned to each ground node. The available bandwidth in these systems is often used inefficiently. For example, one ground node may be overloaded with calls, denying access to new callers, whereas a neighboring ground node may be underutilized, leaving unused satellite bandwidth assigned to that ground node. When a ground station becomes overloaded with calls, there is no mechanism in a conventional satellite system for transferring satellite bandwidth from an underutilized ground station.
To overcome this deficiency, demand-assigned multiple access (DAMA) systems utilize a central control station that allocates satellite bandwidth on a call-by-call basis. Such conventional systems employ a simple, greedy strategy for assigning satellite bandwidth. That is, a ground node requests additional bandwidth from the central control station when a new call is received. The central control station assigns satellite bandwidth to the ground nodes as bandwidth requests are received allowing bandwidth to be reassigned from an underutilized ground node to an overloaded one.
Instead of using a greedy approach, a few conventional satellite systems use a predictive approach, whereby the central control station predicts which stations will be receiving a high call demand, and allocates extra bandwidth to those stations in anticipation of their future need.
Nevertheless, conventional greedy DAMA systems and predictive DAMA systems do not always allocate resources in an optimal manner. For example, in a system in which calls have different priority levels, if available bandwidth is allocated for handling a high demand of low priority calls, future higher priority calls may be blocked, or calls in progress may require preempting for satisfying demands of higher priority calls. As another example, if the system allocates all available bandwidth to one ground node for handling a high call demand or a high predicted call demand, there might be a lack of bandwidth available for another ground node that will receive high call demand in the future.
What is needed is a system that measures trade-offs involved in allocating bandwidth between stations over time. Further, what is needed is a system that determines an optimal allocation of communication resources (i.e., bandwidth) that maximizes overall network system performance.
The present invention provides a communications system that measures trade-offs involved in allocating bandwidth between stations over time. The present invention further provides a communications system that determines an optimal allocation of communication resources (i.e., bandwidth) maximizing overall network system performance.
The advantages of the present invention are provided by a system that includes ground nodes receiving calls and a control unit allocating communication resources to received calls by maximizing a communication system expected utility function. The control unit allocates communication system resources, such as communication bandwidth, by assigning unused communication resources to calls, blocking calls, or preempting calls in progress.
The control unit maximizes the expected utility function of the communication system by identifying decisions relating to communication resource allocation, each decision di being a different communication resource allocation decision . The control unit determines a maximum expected utility E as: ##EQU1## wherein sj is a possible configuration of communication bandwidth assigned to individual calls, C is a system context based on the past and/or present network state, p(sj |di,C) represents a probability of achieving state sj given a decision di and the system context C, and u(sj,di) represents a utility function based on a weighted combination of network performance characteristics. The control unit selects the optimal system resource allocation decision di, by choosing the decision that maximizes the expected utility E of the communication system.
The communication resources that are allocated are time slots, frequency channels, or a combination of time slots and frequency channels. The control unit includes a memory that stores information representing past caller demand and network supply (i.e., network resource availability) information. The past caller demand information can include ground node caller demand, call holding times, call source and destination ground nodes, data rate requirements, error rate requirements, and call priority levels. The network supply information can include network connectivity, call delay times, satellite link reliability, ground node reliability, battery capacity of individual satellites, and relative location of individual satellites.
The utility function u(sj,di) is a weighted combination of network performance characteristics which can include grade of service (percentage of blocked calls), throughput, message delay, utilization, number of satellite hops, percentage of calls preempted, quality of service, and satisfaction of higher priority call requests. The utility function u(sj,di) can also be a summation of a past utility function, a present utility function, and a future utility function. Calls can have an associated priority level and can be either voice or data.
The control unit can allocate an optimal communication resource configuration for each call request, or the control unit can allocate an optimal communication resource configuration after a predetermined number of call requests are received, or periodically after a predetermined time period has elapsed. Each call individual call can be divided into multiple packets. The control unit can make a resource allocation decision for the entire call, or for each individual packet.
The present invention is illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the accompanying figures in which like reference numerals indicate similar elements and in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates a satellite-based communications system;
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing influences affecting a decision problem for allocating communication system resources; and
FIG. 3 shows details of an influence diagram relating past, present, and future network states for allocating communication system resources according to the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a flow chart of the basic steps used by the system of FIG. 1 to allocate communication resources to call requests;
The present invention provides a Decision-Theoretic DAMA (DT-DAMA) technique that intelligently allocates bandwidth requests, call blocks, and call preemptions based on a current network state and predictions of a future network state to maximizes overall network system performance. The DT-DAMA approach uses Bayesian decision theory to intelligently allocate communication resources to call requests. The system decides to either assign bandwidth to calls, block calls, or preempt calls in progress to maximize overall network system performance. Bayesian decision theory combines probabilistic reasoning (predicting future bandwidth supplies and caller demands) with utility reasoning (measuring network performance characteristics according to predetermined system preferences).
Compared to neural networks or rule-based systems, Bayesian decision theory provides both accurate modeling of complex systems and efficient run-time execution. Simple optimization functions like those often used by neural networks are often unable to explicitly model complex problems, and because of the lack of system initialization data, the neural networks usually require extensive tuning and training to converge to an acceptable solution. Rule-based systems which encode general directives like: "If a request has routine priority AND there is available bandwidth, THEN grant the request" are inadequate for complex and uncertain systems, where it becomes difficult to create and maintain an acceptable set of rules.
FIG. 1 shows an exemplary satellite communications system that utilizes the present invention. The exemplary system of FIG. 3 includes a plurality of individual communication units 11 and 12, a plurality of ground stations 10, a plurality of satellites 13 and a control unit 14 with a memory 15. Individual communication units 11 are linked in a well-known manner to a ground station 10 which, in turn, is linked in a well-known manner to at least one satellite 13. Individual communication units 12 can link directly to the satellite 13. A control unit 14 makes decisions for allocating communication resources to calls, such as communication bandwidth, so that network system performance is optimized. Control unit 14 also contains a memory 15 that stores past caller and network resource history information. Control unit 14 may be located in a separate ground facility, as shown in FIG. 1, but may also be located inside one of the ground stations 10, in a satellite 13, or distributed in a well-known manger among multiple ground stations and satellites.
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the communication network resource communication network resource allocation decision problem as an influence diagram. In an influence diagram, ovals represent uncertain variables, rectangles represent decisions, and diamonds represent utility variables. Arrows pointing to ovals represent conditional probabilistic dependence. Arrows pointing to diamonds represent conditional utility dependence. The lack of an arrow implies conditional independence.
The details of network demand information 20, network supply information 21 (i.e., network resource availability), and network performance 22 variables are abstracted into the three respective uncertain variables. The utility 24 of the decision problem is directly dependent only on the network performance characteristics. Allocation decisions rectangle 23 represents decisions to be optimized, that is, allocations of satellite bandwidth over a duration of the analysis period.
FIG. 3 provides a more detailed model of the same decision problem for satellite communications resource allocation. In this influence diagram, the model has been temporally divided into past 3a, current 3b, and future 3c states. For simplicity, only two network performance variables are shown: grade-of-service (GOS) and throughput. The expected utility of a network state is a function of the network performance variables with arrows pointing into the diamond utility nodes. In the example shown, the utility functions are maximized when throughput and GOS are maximized. The final utility node is also a weighted function of the sub-utilities at each time point in the past, present, and future.
Information that is available is entered as evidence by setting the values of the nodes in the influence diagram. For example, the information for the past nodes 3a is generally known, and their values can be input into the corresponding node. Then, through inference (i.e., application of probability and utility axioms), updated probability distributions on the other nodes are determined. Let V={v1, . . . ,vn } represent the n uncertain variables in the future nodes (future demand, future supply). Let pa(vi) be defined as the set of parents of vi, that is, the past and current nodes with arrows pointing into vi. The probability of achieving a certain future network state is then calculated by: ##EQU2## This process is repeated for each individual decision that is evaluated. The decision leading to the highest expected utility is the optimal choice.
FIG. 4 is a flow chart depicting how control unit 14 allocates bandwidth to calls so that system performance is optimized. As calls are placed by communication units 11 and 12, control unit 14 receives requests for bandwidth for the calls, at step 40. Control unit 14 can allocate communication bandwidth as each individual call is received, after a predetermined number of calls is received, or periodically after a predetermined time period as elapsed.
At step 41, control unit 14 determines present network demand and network supply (i.e., network resource availability) information. At step 42, the control unit 14 retrieves past network demand and supply history information from memory 15. Examples of variables that represent caller demand information used by the present invention include: (1) call frequency for each ground node, (2) call holding times, (3) source and destination nodes for each call, (4) call priority levels, and (5) data and error rate requirements. Examples of network supply variables that can be used by the present invention include: (1) network connectivity, (2) call delay times, (3) satellite link reliabilities, (4) ground link reliabilities, (5) ground node reliabilities, (6) satellite locations, and (7) satellite battery capacities.
After receiving call requests and past and present network information, at step 42, control unit 14 determines n possible decisions for allocating system bandwidth to the call requests received in step 40. Control unit 14 determines which allocation decisions are possible by evaluating present network supply and demand information. Each individual decision di εD may consist of assigning unused bandwidth to calls, blocking calls, or preempting existing calls. Each decision results in a different configuration of assigning time slots and/or frequency channels to call requests. Calls can be broken up into packets, and the control unit 14 can make a resource allocation decision for each individual packet or for the entire call. Assigning communication bandwidth on the packet level frequently produces better performance due to the smaller granularity of the unit processed.
In step 44, control unit 14 selects one allocation decision di for allocating bandwidth to calls (or call packets), and based on the selected decision, calculates probability distributions for future network supply and demand variables. For example, the control unit 14 calculates probability distributions for future overall caller demand, high-priority call demand, link reliability, etc. The control unit 14 calculates probability distributions based on the particular allocation decision di and past and present network supply and demand information, as shown by steps 41 and 42.
Once the probability distributions for future network supply and demand variables are calculated, control unit 14 measures overall network system performance based on the selected allocation decision di. Network system performance is measured by calculating a utility function that is a weighted combination of various network performance characteristics. The network performance characteristics, are functions of the network supply and demand information. Utility represents system preferences for achieving different network performance criteria. Examples of network performance characteristics: (1) grade of service (percentage of calls that fail to connect on the first attempt), (2) throughput, (3) message delay, (4) network utilization, (5) number of satellite hops, (6) percentage of calls preempted, (7) quality of service, and (8) satisfaction of higher priority calls.
A utility function can be a summation of a past utility function, a present utility function, and a future utility function. The past utility function measures past network performance. Similarly, present utility function measures present network performance, while the future utility function measures future network performance. One example of a utility function that can be used by the present invention is a linear weighted summation of network performance characteristics, such as:
U=A1 (Grade of Service)+A2 (Throughput)+A3 (Message Delay)+A4 (Utilization)+A5 (Quality of Service)+A6 (Number of Satellite Hops)+A7 (Percentage of Calls Preempted)+A8 (Quality of Service) (1)
In the example utility function of Equation (1), if throughput is more highly valued than grade of service, then coefficient A2 would be greater than coefficient A1 by the degree necessary to obtain satisfactory throughput in accordance with the relative valuing.
The future utility function is more difficult to calculate than the past and present utility functions because the future network supply and demand information is not known. Future network performance is measured by the use of an expected utility function. The expected utility function combines the probability distributions of future network supply and demand variables calculated in step 44, and the network performance criteria. An expected utility function is calculated using: ##EQU3##
The function p(sj |di,C) represents the probability of achieving a future network state sj given allocation decision di selected in step 44 and a system context C. System context C includes the past and present network demand and supply information. Each individual outcome state sj .di-elect cons.S represents a possible allocation of communication bandwidth time slots or frequency channels to individual calls (or packets). The probability of achieving each network outcome state sj is calculated based on the probability distributions of future network supply and demand information calculated in step 44. The function u(sj, di) represents the utility of state sj after decision di has been made.
As a simple example of how the expected utility function operates, consider a system where the only network performance criteria of interest is throughput. Suppose control unit 14 determines three outcome states: high throughput, medium throughput, and low throughput. Based on making a particular allocation decision d1 and the predictions of future network supplies and demands, control unit 14 calculates Phigh, Pmed, and Plow, the probabilities of achieving a high, medium, and low throughput, respectively. Control unit 14 also calculates Uhigh, Umed, and Ulow, the utility or "value" that the system attaches to achieving high, medium, and low throughputs, respectively. The expected utility of making decision di is then:
E(d1)=Phigh Uhigh +Pmed Umed +Plow Ulow.(3)
After the expected utility E has been calculated for the first decision di, then control unit 14 returns to repeat steps 44 and 45 for each of the n allocation decisions. In step 47, the system then selects the decision d* where:
d* =argmaxdi.di-elect cons.D E[u(di,C)]. (4)
Decision d* represents the decision which produces the maximum expected utility E. This is the allocation decision that produces the optimal network performance. At step 48, control unit 14 then allocates bandwidth to the calls (or call packets), as determined by decision d*. Lastly, at step 49, control unit 14 stores the present network supply and demand information in memory 15, to be retrieved in future cycles for calculating updated probability distributions.
The expected utility E is large for decisions that result in high probabilities of achieving high-performance network states. As a simple example of overall system operation: if there is a relatively low probability for ground station A (FIG. 1) to have a high caller demand during the next hour, then the control unit 14 is not likely to assign additional bandwidth to ground station A, because a decision to assign additional bandwidth to ground station A results in a low expected utility E. However, if ground station A is predicted to have a small amount of high priority calls during the next hour, control unit 14 may decide to assign additional bandwidth to ground node A when the utility function places enough value on satisfying high priority calls. If the utility function places more value on overall system throughput, rather than satisfying priority calls, then control unit 14 will not likely assign additional satellite bandwidth to ground station A. In summary, whether ground station A is allocated bandwidth depends both on the probability that A will receive a high caller demand, and the value that the system places on satisfying that demand.
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|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
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Effective date: 20071130


text:
South Carolina's capital city had too much water. Now, officials are racing to make sure it has enough.
Airman 1st Class Spencer Stone, hailed as a hero for helping to tackle a gunman on a French train in August, was stabbed and seriously wounded outside a bar
Town Council candidate Jim Sims drew sharp criticism from his opponents Wednesday night over his proposal to eliminate the Bluffton Police Department.
A Port Royal man has been charged with three counts of attempted murder after authorities say he opened fire on police officers.
In a terse warning, South Carolina's governor urged thousands of people in low-lying areas near the coast to evacuate
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Richardson News
Local news for Richardson, TX continually updated from thousands of sources on the web.
Primecorp joins real estate consortium
Wednesday Sep 30 | Ottawa Business Journal | Comment?
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Tuesday Sep 29 | CultureMap | Comment?
Burger King gets into Halloween spirit with black buns
Monday Sep 28 | WISH-TV Indianapolis | Comment?
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Early morning condo fire in Richardson damages two units, displaces residents
Thursday Sep 24 | Dallas Morning News | Comment?
Long Live Expensive Water
Thursday Sep 24 | Dallas Observer | Comment?
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How Should the US Government Respond to ISIS?
American Terrorism: Plain and Simple
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Wednesday Sep 23 | Chemistry World | Comment?
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Eyes on Arlington: Party for a Purpose returns to support youth initiatives
Wednesday Sep 23 | Star-Telegram.com | Comment?
Deception, harrassment are trademarks of bill collector
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Skyrocketing water bills have North Texas cities double-checking meters
Saturday Sep 19 | Dallas Morning News | Comment?
Attorney Resigns After Complaints About Impersonating a Cop and Ripping off Clients
Thursday Sep 17 | Houston Press | Comment?
Dixon's $10 million bond reduced in Sonnier capital murder case
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We're Loving Video Association of Dallas' Sexy French New Wave Film Series
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OAKLAND (AP) - Chris Davis hit a three-run shot in the first inning for his 27th homer to back rookie Tyler Wilson's impressive spot start, and the Baltimore Orioles beat the Oakland Athletics 9-2 on Monday night.
SANTA CLARA (AP) - Quinton Dial is running with the first-team defense for the San Francisco 49ers, who are looking to once again turn a young, raw prospect into a producer along their defensive line after the departure of long-time starters Ray McDonald and five-time Pro Bowler Justin Smith.
KAZAN, Russia (AP) - The women are getting it done at the world swimming championships.
NAPA (AP) - Reggie McKenzie knew it would take some time to build the Oakland Raiders the way he wanted to after being hired as general manager in January 2012.
OAKLAND (AP) - Perhaps more than any other position in football, wide receivers are forced to depend on teammates for success.
SELMA, Ala. (AP) - Protest marches have been part of Selma's civil rights fabric since 1965, but an 860-mile trek to Washington had a minister leaning on the Bible for heavenly support Saturday.
OAKLAND . (AP) - Mark Canha's afternoon began on the Oakland bench, not unusual considering the slump he's been in.
SANTA CLARA (AP) - Two players the San Francisco 49ers could not depend upon last year will be counted on to play big roles this season.
ARLINGTON, Texas (AP) - The San Francisco Giants nearly added to their impressive collection of two-out rallies Sunday after being held to only one hit through eight innings.
SAN JOSE (AP) - Diego Valeri sent a penalty kick careening off the crossbar in the 75th minute and the Portland Timbers settled for scoreless tie with the San Jose Earthquakes on Sunday.
CANTON, Ohio (AP) - The Pro Football Hall of Fame will allow Junior Seau's daughter to speak in an interview after his bust is unveiled next weekend.
LOS ANGELES (AP) - Clayton Kershaw and Mike Trout made history at Dodger Stadium on Saturday. It was the first time that a reigning MVP from the National League faced a reigning MVP from the American League.
NAPA (AP) - Sio Moore walked up to the assembled media members and began his news conference by saying "Remember me?"
LONG POND, Pa. (AP) - Joey Logano was the first leader to fade, his tank empty with three laps left.
GAINESVILLE, Va. (AP) - Troy Merritt walked to the final tee with a three-shot lead and slapped hands with fans on both sides of the ropes, knowing he had all but wrapped up his first PGA Tour title and wanting to show his appreciation for the fans cheering him on.
Page 4 of 657
SAN DIEGO (AP) - The city and county's updated plans for a new $1.1 billion stadium were immediately trashed by the Chargers, making it ...
HOUSTON (AP) - Alex scored in the 77th minute and the Houston Dynamo outlasted the short-handed San Jose Earthquakes 2-1 on Saturday night.
STANFORD (AP) - Angelique Kerber pushed away any post-match fatigue or tired legs and relished yet another championship.
AKRON, Ohio (AP) - If the rest of the year is any indication, Jordan Spieth is trending in the right direction heading to the final major ...
Thirty years ago, on August 7, 1985, the Northern California team, led by the solid play of Manteca's Kevin Wentworth, tied for top honors ...
NEW YORK (AP) - From the football field to the broadcast booth, Frank Gifford was a star. And a winner.
NEW YORK (AP) - A teenage fan at Yankee Stadium showed off quite an arm Sunday - at the expense of All-Star outfielder Brett Gardner.
OAKLAND (AP) - His new teammates can only shake their heads. Danny Valencia, acquired off waivers a week ago, continues to impress.
CHICAGO (AP) - Buster Posey and the San Francisco Giants capped a rough road trip with a difficult weekend in Chicago.
NAPA (AP) - For all the good that Derek Carr accomplished as a rookie starting 16 games at quarterback for the Oakland Raiders, there was one ...
SAN ANTONIO (AP) - Having established himself as the shadow world champion in three events, Michael Phelps pondered the last time he felt this good.
SANTA CLARA (AP) - Eli Harold came to work Friday morning and was hit quickly with the realization there would be no more easing into his ...
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Court rejects challenge to Seattle arena plan
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September Art Challenge - A Great Fall!
Soon (at least for those of us in the northern hemisphere ;)), fall will be upon us. After last month's challenge, I'm almost tempted to say it will be forever autumn, but I hate to be obscure, or to pun-ish the readers ;). 'twill be the equinox, the perfect balance of night and day.
Fall. Your theme for September.
Whether it's the autumn leaves of Earth, or the defeat of the Federation at the hands of their enemy, or the Fire Falls of Gal'Gathong on Romulus, or skydiving from the edge of space. Most importantly, it must be a great fall - try to create an epic scope, the sort of picture that tells a grand story.
Re: September Art Challenge - A Great Fall!
I'm not taking the fall for this one! :D
Re: September Art Challenge - A Great Fall!
Wakka wakka!
Re: September Art Challenge - A Great Fall!
Don't forget to send those entries to ptrope at gmail dot com by tonight!!
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text: El Hotelito is located at the end of the beach, in the quietest part of Mahahual. Room was really clean, spacious, with Wi-Fi, A/C, satellite TV and a nice balcony. Staff were really nice and helpful. Plus the hotel has an agreement with a nearby hotel where you can use their sun loungers, beach umbrellas and deck chairs on the... More


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Eastern Finance Association
The Financial Review
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2001, Volume 36, Issue 3
- 39-61 Reward-to-Risk Ratios in the Treasury-Bill Market
by Pilotte, Eugene A & Sterbenz, Frederic P
- 63-88 The Lead-Lag Relation between Spot and Futures Markets under Different Short-Selling Regimes
by Jiang, Li & Fung, Joseph K W & Cheng, Louis T W
- 89-99 An Improved Approach to Computing Implied Volatility
by Chambers, Donald R & Nawalkha, Sanjay K
- 101-22 Motivation and Performance of Seasoned Offerings by Closed-End Funds
by Akhigbe, Aigbe & Madura, Jeff
- 123-51 Post-reform Market-Order Execution Quality: Multidimensional Comparisons across Market Centers
by Hatch, Brian & Battalio, Robert & Jennings, Robert
- 153-73 The Dynamic Relation between Stock Returns, Trading Volume, and Volatility
by Chen, Gong-meng & Firth, Michael & Rui, Oliver M
- 175-90 Stochastic Properties of Time-Averaged Financial Data: Explanation and Empirical Demonstration Using Monthly Stock Prices
by Wilson, Jack W & Jones, Charles P & Lundstrum, Leonard L
2001, Volume 36, Issue 2
- 1-20 Underwriter Lock-up Releases, Initial Public Offerings and After-Market Performance
by Keasler, Terrill R
- 21-44 Evidence and Implications of Increases in Trading Volume around Exchange Listings
by Tandon, Kishore & Webb, Gwendolyn P
- 45-74 Informed Testing around Merger Announcements: An Empirical Test Using Transaction Volume and Open Interest in Options Markets
by Jayaraman, Narayanan & Frye, Melissa B & Sabherwal, Sanjiv
- 75-96 Combining Bond Rating Forecasts Using Logit
by Kamstra, Mark & Kennedy, Peter & Suan, Teck-Kin
- 97-113 Internal Finance and Corporate Investment
by Kholdy, Shady & Sohrabian, Ahmad
- 115-38 Market Quote and Spread Component Cost Behavior around Trading Halts for Stocks Interlisted on the Montreal and Toronto Stock Exchanges
by Kryzanowski, Lawrence & Nemiroff, Howard
- 139-59 Sources of Capital Market Segmentation: Empirical Evidence from Finland
by Vaihekoski, Mika & Nummelin, Kim
- 161-75 Determinants of Foreign Ownership in Newly Privatized Companies in Transition Economies
by Anderson, Christopher W & Jandik, Tomas & Makhija, Anil K
- 177-99 Synthetic Trades and Calendar Day Patterns: The Case of the Dollar/Sterling Markets
by Thatcher, Janet S & Blenman, Lloyd P
2001, Volume 36, Issue 1
- 1-22 Forced versus Voluntary Dividend Reduction: An Agency Cost Explanation
by D'Mello, Ranjan & Mukherjee, Tarun & Tawatnuntachai, Oranee
- 23-38 Aggregate Dividend Behavior and Permanent Earnings Hypothesis
by Pan, Ming-Shiun
- 39-54 Selectivity and Market Timing Performance of Fidelity Sector Mutual Funds
by Dellva, Wilfred L & DeMaskey, Andrea L & Smith, Colleen A
- 55-70 Is Volatility Risk for the British Pound Priced in U.S. Options Markets?
by Sarwar, Ghulam
- 71-94 Index Options-Futures Arbitrage: A Comparative Study with Bid/Ask and Transaction Data
by Fung, Joseph K W & Mok, Henry M K
- 95-124 Further Evidence on Mean Reversion in Index Basis Changes
by He, Yan & Wu, Chunchi
- 125-41 The Effects of the Asian Crisis on Global Equity Markets
by Tuluca, Sorin A & Zwick, Burton
2000, Volume 35, Issue 4
- 1-8 Corporate Finance, Incentives, and Strategy
by Noe, Thomas H
- 9-29 The Impact of Capital Structure on Efficient Sourcing and Strategic Behavior
by Krishnaswami, Sudha & Subramaniam, Venkat
- 31-50 Corporate Bankruptcy in Korea: Only the Strong Survive?
by Bongini, Paola & Ferri, Giovanni & Hahm, Hongjoo
- 51-67 Asset Maturity, Debt Covenants, and Debt Maturity Choice
by Goswami, Gautam
- 69-93 Incentive Compensation and the Stock Price Response to Dividend Increase Announcements
by Lippert, Robert L & Nixon, Terry D & Pilotte, Eugene A
- 95-108 Open-Market Stock Repurchase and Stock Price Behavior When Management Values Real Investment
by Isagawa, Nobuyuki
- 109-21 Multiple Bids, Management Opposition, and the Market for Corporate Control
by Lefanowicz, Craig E & Robinson, John R
- 123-37 The Pricing of Equity Carve-Outs
by Prezas, Alexandros P & Tarimcilar, Murat & Vasudevan, Gopala K
- 139-52 Managerial Motives and Merger Financing
by Chang, Saeyoung & Mais, Eric
2000, Volume 35, Issue 3
- 1-31 Ownership Structure as a Determinant of Firm Value: Evidence from Newly Privatized Czech Firms
by Makhija, Anil K & Spiro, Michael
- 33-51 The Performance Persistence of Closed-End Funds
by Bers, Martina K & Madura, Jeff
- 53-78 Fund Manager Succession in Closed-End Mutual Funds
by Rowe, Wei Wang & Davidson, Wallace N, III
- 79-104 Market Efficiency in Specialist Markets Before and After Automation
by Freund, William C & Pagano, Michael S
- 105-24 On Testing the Random-Walk Hypothesis: A Model-Comparison Approach
by Darrat, Ali F & Zhong, Maosen
- 125-43 Asymmetric Effects of Interest Rate Changes on Stock Prices
by Lobo, Bento J
- 145-68 The Impact of the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act on the Risk of Savings Institutions
by Madura, Jeff & Wiley, Marilyn K
2000, Volume 35, Issue 2
- 1-15 The "Dogs of the Dow" Myth
by Hirschey, Mark
- 17-35 Valuing the Potential Transformation of Banks into Financial Service Conglomerates: Evidence from the Citigroup Merger
by Johnston, Jarrod & Madura, Jeff
- 37-58 The Impact of Country Diversification on Wealth Effects in Cross-Border Mergers
by Kiymaz, Halil & Mukherjee, Tarun K
- 59-77 Real Activity, Inflation, Stock Returns, and Monetary Policy
by Park, Kwangwoo & Ratti, Ronald A
- 79-96 January Anomalies: Implications for the Market's Incorporation of News
by Christie-David, Rohan & Chaudhry, Mukesh
- 97-123 The Predictive Ability of Dividend and Earnings Yields for Long-Term Stock Returns
by Wu, Chunchi & Wang, Xu-Ming
- 125-46 Informed and Uninformed Trading in an Electronic, Order-Driven Environment
by Brockman, Paul & Chung, Dennis Y
- 147-74 Stock-Price Effects of Internet Buy-Sell Recommendations: The Motley Fool Case
by Hirschey, Mark & Richardson, Vernon J & Scholz, Susan
2000, Volume 35, Issue 1
- 1-14 Market Response to Liquidity Improvements: Evidence from Exchange Listings
by Elyasiani, Elyas & Hauser, Shmuel & Lauterbach, Beni
- 15-28 "Marking-to-Market" and Treasury-Bill Futures Prices: Some Empirical Evidence
by Choi, Seungmook & Jameson, Mel
- 29-48 Multivariate GARCH Modeling of Exchange Rate Volatility Transmission in the European Monetary System
by Kearney, Colm & Patton, Andrew J
- 49-66 Bank Growth Choices and Changes in Market Performance
by Cyree, Ken B & Wansley, James W & Black, Harold A
- 67-84 An Examination of the 1992 Increase in the Allowable Carryover of Reserves in the Bank Settlement Process
by Griffiths, Mark D & Winters, Drew B
- 85-104 Closed-End Fund Expenses and Investment Selection
by Malhotra, D K & McLeod, Robert W
- 105-20 Industry Distributional Characteristics of Financial Ratios: An Acquisition Theory Application
by Cudd, Mike & Duggal, Rakesh
- 121-36 Contagion Effects of Dividend Reduction or Omission Announcements in the Electric Utility Industry
by Impson, Michael
1999, Volume 34, Issue 4
- 1-27 Symposium on Market Microstructure: A Review of Empirical Research
by Coughenour, Jay & Shastri, Kuldeep
- 29-54 Market-Making in the Third Market for NYSE-Listed Securities
by Doran, Lynn
- 55-73 The Impact of Market Maker Competition on Nasdaq Spreads
by Klock, Mark & McCormick, D Timothy
- 75-94 Changing the Size of a Futures Contract: Liquidity and Microstructure Effects
by Karagozoglu, Ahmet K & Martell, Terrence F
- 95-117 The Cross-Sectional Relationship between Trading Costs and Lead/Lag Effects in Stock and Option Markets
by O'Connor, Matthew L
- 119-44 Information Production, Insider Trading, and the Role of Managerial Compensation
by Narayanan, Ranga
- 145-57 Nasdaq and the Chicago Stock Exchange: An Analysis of Multiple Market Trading
by Van Ness, Bonnie F & Van Ness, Robert A & Hsieh, Wen-Liang
- 159-70 Day-of-the-Week Autocorrelations, Cross-Autocorrelations, and the Weekend Phenomenon
by Higgins, Eric James & Peterson, David R
1999, Volume 34, Issue 3
- 1-17 The Industry Effects Regarding the Probability of Takeovers
by Akhigbe, Aigbe & Madura, Jeff
- 19-32 Private Placement of Common Equity and Earnings Expectations
by Goh, Jeremy, et al
- 33-46 Examining the Impact of the 1986 Tax Reform Act on Corporate Dividend Policy: A New Methodology
by Casey, K Mike, et al
- 47-63 A Cross-Sectional Empirical Test of a Dual-State Multi-factor Pricing Model
by Howton, Shelly W & Peterson, David R
- 65-77 An Empirical Examination of the Nasdaq/CHX Dual-Trading Experiment
by Van Ness, Bonnie F & Van Ness, Robert A & Pruitt, Stephen W
- 79-94 Comparing the Effectiveness of Traditional and Time Varying Hedge Ratios Using New Zealand and Australian Debt Futures Contracts
by Wilkinson, Katherine J & Rose, Lawrence C & Young, Martin R
- 95-111 Futures Commitments and Commodity Price Jumps
by Chatrath, Arjun & Song, Frank
- 113-25 Price Elasticity of Demand and an Optimal Cash Discount Rate in Credit Policy
by Rashid, Muhammad & Mitra, Devashis
1999, Volume 34, Issue 2
- 1-20 Effects of Executive Share Option Plans on Shareholder Wealth and Firm Performance: The Singapore Evidence
by Yeo, Gillian H H, et al
- 21-36 Economic Exchange Rate Exposure of U.S.-Based MNCs Operating in Europe
by Martin, Anna D & Madura, Jeff & Akhigbe, Aigbe
- 37-56 Ownership Restrictions and Stock Prices: Evidence from Chinese Markets
by Su, Dongwei
- 57-72 Random Walks and Market Efficiency Tests of Latin American Emerging Equity Markets: A Revisit
by Ojah, Kalu & Karemera, David
- 73-88 The Reaction of Closed End Funds to Stock Distribution Announcements
by Datar, Vinay & Dubofsky, David A
- 89-108 An Examination of Mandatorily Convertible Preferred Stock
by Huckins, Nancy White
- 109-26 The Effects of Inverted Yield Curves on Asset Returns
by McCown, James Ross
- 127-40 Bond Immunization for Affine Term Structures
by Barber, Joel R
1999, Volume 34, Issue 1
- 1-26 The Influence of Information Arrival on Market Microstructure: Evidence from Three Related Markets
by Lee, Chun I & Mathur, Ike
- 27-44 Market Making and Trading in Nasdaq Stocks
by Goldstein, Michael A & Nelling, Edward F
- 45-70 Filter Tests in Nasdaq Stocks
by Szakmary, Andrew & Davidson, Wallace N, III & Schwarz, Thomas V
- 71-90 Do Beta Pricing Models Explain January Mean Reversion in Stock Returns?
by Gangopadhyay, Partha & Sen, Jishnu
- 91-100 Long Memory In Futures Prices
by Barkoulas, John T & Labys, Walter C & Onochie, Joseph I
- 101-18 Explicit versus Implicit Contracts: The Case of DIFF and CROSS Futures
by Karagozoglu, Ahmet K
- 119-36 Managerial Ownership and Agency Conflicts: A Nonlinear Simultaneous Equation Analysis of Managerial Ownership, Risk Taking, Debt Policy, and Dividend Policy
by Chen, Carl R & Steiner, Thomas L
- 137-58 The Industry-Wide Implications of Dividend Omission and Initiation Announcements and the Determinants of Information Transfer
by Kohers, Ninon
- 159-70 Who Moves the Asia-Pacific Stock Markets--US or Japan? Empirical Evidence Based on the Theory of Cointegration
by Ghosh, Asim & Saidi, Reza & Johnson, Keith H
1998, Volume 33, Issue 4
- 1-16 Board Composition, Managerial Ownership, and Firm Performance: An Empirical Analysis
by Barnhart, Scott W & Rosenstein, Stuart
- 17-32 Golden Parachutes, Board and Committee Composition, and Shareholder Wealth
by Davidson, Wallace N, III & Pilger, Theodore & Szakmary, Andrew
- 33-46 Stock Splits: An Institutional Investor Preference
by Mason, Helen B & Shelor, Roger M
- 47-60 The Effect of Junk Bond Defaults on Common Stock Returns
by Vu, Joseph D
- 61-80 A Futures Duration-Convesity Hedging Method
by Daigler, Robert T & Copper, Mark
- 81-92 Option Pricing with Heterogeneous Expectations
by Guo, Chen
- 93-106 Further Evidence on Equity Market Contagion: The FSLIC's Solvency and the Liguidity Crisis of Financial Corporation of America
by Cooperman, Elizabeth S, et al
- 107-24 Is There Excess Capacity in Rural Banking Markets?
by McNulty, James E & Akhigbe, Aigbe
- 125-40 Adjustment Process of the Price to Book Ratio for Regulated Utilities
by Nwaeze, Emeka T
- 141-62 Pension Benefits, Wealth Accumulation, and Capital Market Equilibrium: A Life Cycle Hypothesis-Based Dynamic Model
by Lin, Winston T & Chen, Yueh H
1998, Volume 33, Issue 3
- 1-20 Insider Trading and the Bid-Ask Spread
by Chung, Kee H & Charoenwong, Charlie
- 21-34 Stock Returns in Thinly Traded Markets
by Butler, Kirt C & Osborne, Richard M
- 35-51 Bid-Ask Spread Estimation for a Correlated Value Innovation Process
by Bhardwaj, Ravinder K & Moore, William T
- 53-67 Earnings Forecasts and the Information Contained in Spinoff Announcements
by Best, Ronald W & Best, Roger J & Agapos, A M
- 69-83 The Impact of Asymmetric Information on Proxy Outcomes: An Empirical Test
by Mensah, Sam
- 85-98 The Impact of Ownership Structure on Corporate Debt Policy: A Time-Series Cross-Sectional Analysis
by Moh'd, Mahmoud A & Perry, Larry G & Rimbey, James N
- 99-114 Leveraged Recapitalizations, Operating Efficiency, and Stockholder Wealth
by Walker, M Mark
- 115-28 Stock Prices and the Secondary Dissemination of Information: The Wall Street Journal's "Insider Trading Spotlight" Column
by Chang, Saeyoung & Suk, David Y
- 129-48 Optimal Asset Allocation over the Business Cycle
by Brocato, Joe & Steed, Steve
- 149-68 Changes in Factor Betas and Risk Premiums over Varying Market Conditions
by Ahmed, Parvez & Lockwood, Larry J
- 169-82 Sufficiency Conditions for Inclusion of One Asset over Another in Investment Portfolios
by Trainor, William J, Jr
- 183-97 An Examination of Blume and Vasicek Betas
by Lally, Martin
- 199-212 An Examination of Cross-Sectional Realized Stock Returns Using a Varying-Risk Beta Model
by Howton, Shelly W & Peterson, David R
- 213-23 Integration of International Long-Term Interest Rates: A Fractional Cointegration Analysis
by Hsueh, L Paul & Pan, Ming-Shiun
1998, Volume 33, Issue 2
- 1-18 Insider Ownership and Signals: Evidence from Stock Split Announcement Effects
by Han, Ki C & Suk, David Y
- 19-34 Failed Takeovers, Methods of Payment, and Bidder Returns
by Chang, Saeyoung & Suk, David Y
- 35-53 An Empirical Comparison of Bankruptcy Models
by Mossman, Charles E, et al
- 55-68 The Evidence of Bidders' Overpayment in Takeovers: The Valuation Ratios Approach
by Han, Ki C & Suk, David Y & Sung, Hyun Mo
- 69-83 Properties of Time-Series Estimates of Degree of Leverage Measures
by Lord, Richard A
- 85-98 Geographical Deregulation and Competition in U.S. Banking Markets
by Zardkoohi, Asghar & Fraser, Donald R
- 99-113 Alternative Adjustments to Analysts' Earnings Forecasts: Relative and Complementary Performance
by Lo, May H & Elgers, Pieter T
- 115-25 Active Management, Fund Size, and Bond Mutual Fund Returns
by Philpot, James, et al
- 127-44 International Mutual Fund Selectivity and Market Time during Up and Down Market Conditions
by Kao, G Wenchi & Cheng, Louis T W & Chan, Kam C
- 145-60 Price Reversal and Drift Following Earnings Announcements
by Ho, Li-Chin Jennifer & Liu, Chao-Shin & Ziebart, David A
- 161-75 A Test of the Investor's Daily Stock Ranking System
by Olson, Dennis O, et al
- 177-93 Indirect Tests of the Haugen-Lakonishok Small-Firm/January Effect Hypotheses: Window Dressing versus Performance Hedging
by Lee, Cheng-few & Porter, David C & Weaver, Daniel G
- 195-212 Price Discovery around Trading Halts on the Montreal Exchange Using Trade-by-Trade Data
by Kryzanowski, Lawrence & Nemiroff, Howard
- 213-25 A Transactions Data Analysis of Intraday Betas
by Kim, Suhkyong & Lockwood, Larry J & McInish, Thomas H
1998, Volume 33, Issue 1
- 1-16 The Effect of Leverage on Bargaining with a Corporation
by Sarig, Oded H
- 17-30 Risk Adjusted Discount Rates and the Present Value of Risky Costs
by Ariel, Robert
- 31-44 Correlated Interest Rate Risk and Funding Strategies for Nonfinancial Firms
by McNulty, James E & Smith, Stephen D
- 45-63 Deterministic Nonlinearity in the Stock Returns of Major European Equity Markets and the United States
by Pandey, Vivek & Kohers, Theodor & Kohers, Gerald
- 65-76 Economically Significant Stock Market Forecasts
by Pelaez, Rolando F
- 77-83 The Generation of Stock Market Cycles
by Bolten, Steven E & Weigand, Robert A
- 85-103 The Relationship between Mutual Fund Fees and Expenses and Their Effects on Performance
by Dellva, Wilfred L & Olson, Gerard T
- 105-18 The Impact of Option Introduction on the Conditional Return Distribution of Underlying Securities
by St Pierre, Eileen F
- 119-30 Determining the Implied Volatility for American Options Using the QAM
by Kutner, George W
- 131-46 The Liquidity Effects Associated with Addition of a Stock to the S&P 500 Index: Evidence from Bid/Ask Spreads
by Erwin, Gayle R & Miller, James M
- 147-61 Why Electric Utility Stocks Are Sensitive to Interest Rates
by O'Neal, Edward S
- 163-72 An Examination of Market Efficiency around Hurricanes
by Lamb, Reinhold P
1997, Volume 32, Issue 4
- 635-58 Success and Failure in the Market for Corporate Control: Evidence from the Petroleum Industry
by Byrd, John W & Stammerjohan, William W
- 659-89 The Impact of Antitakeover Amendments on Corporate Financial Performance
by Johnson, Mark S & Rao, Ramesh P
- 691-707 The Impact of Antitakeover Devices on the Valuation Consequences of Voluntary Corporate Selloffs
by Loh, Charmen & Rathinasamy, R S
- 709-27 Stock Returns and Open-Market Stock Repurchase Announcements
by Liu, Chao-Shin & Ziebart, David A
- 729-49 Adverse Information and Dealer Spreads: Evidence from Dutch Auction Repurchases
by Forjan, James M & McCorry, Michael S
- 751-78 The Impact of Health Care Reform on Capital Acquisition for Hospitals
by Topping, Sharon & Carroll, Carolyn & Lindley, James T
- 779-99 Capital Gains Taxes and Stockholders' Response to Dutch Auction Tender Offers
by Kadapakkam, Palani-Rajan & Seth, Sarabjeet
- 801-19 The Market Reaction to Discontinuing Regular Stock Dividends
by Phillips, Aaron L & Baker, H Kent & Edelman, Richard B
- 821-44 The Causality Effects of the Federal Reserve's Monetary Policy on U.S. and Eurodollar Interest Rates
by Mougoue, Mbodja & Wagster, John
- 845-65 Index Futures Trading and Stock Return Volatility: Evidence from the Introduction of MidCap 400 Index Futures
by Galloway, Tina M & Miller, James M
1997, Volume 32, Issue 3
- 411-30 Is the Market Portfolio a Dynamic Factor? Evidence from Individual Stock Returns
by Koutmos, Gregory
- 431-48 Accuracy of International Interest Rate Forecasts
by Gosnell, Thomas F & Kolb, Robert W
- 449-76 Tobin's q-Ratio and Market Reaction to Capital Investment Announcements
by Blose, Laurence E & Shieh, Joseph C P
- 477-99 Why Manufacture Offshore? An Empirical Analysis of Valuation Effects
by Ojah, Kalu & Seitz, Neil E & Rawashdeh, Mufeed
- 501-25 Do Investors Learn? Evidence from a Gold Market Anomaly
by McQueen, Grant & Thorley, Steven
- 527-44 Forward Hedging the Exchange Risks of U.S. Equity Investments in the U.K., Germany and France
by Varela, Oscar & Naka, Atsuyuki
- 545-68 Mutual to Stock Conversion, Information Cost, and Thrift Performance
by Carhill, Mike & Hasan, Iftekhar
- 569-89 Mergers, Method of Payment and Returns to Manager- and Owner-Controlled Firms
by Blackburn, Virginia L & Dark, Frederick H & Hanson, Robert C
- 591-607 The Effects of the Method of Payment and the Type of Offer on Target Returns in Mergers and Tender Offers
by Suk, David Y & Sung, Hyun Mo
- 609-34 Securityholder Taxes, Corporate Capital Structures and the Priority Structures of Debt
by Kim, Chang-Soo & Mauer, David C
1997, Volume 32, Issue 2
- 205-24 Volatility Reversion and Correlation Structure of Returns in Major International Stock Markets
by Theodossiou, Panayiotis, et al
- 225-47 Arbitrageur Heterogeneity, Investor Horizon and Arbitrage Opportunities: An Empirical Investigation
by Blenman, Lloyd P & Thatcher, Janet S
- 249-71 Did the 1986 Tax Reform Act Affect Market Reactions to Stock Splits?: A Test of the Tax-Option Hypothesis
by Dhatt, Manjeet S & Kim, Yong H & Mukherji, Sandip
- 273-91 Equity-for-Debt Exchange Offers: Theory, Practice, and Evidence
by Born, Jeffrey A & McWilliams, Victoria B
- 293-307 Co-Kurtosis and Capital Asset Pricing
by Fang, Hsing & Lai, Tsong-Yue
- 309-29 The Information Content of Dividend Initiations and Firm Size: An Analysis Using Bid-Ask Spreads
by Mitra, Devashis & Rashid, Muhammad
- 331-56 Long-Term Financing Decisions: Views and Practices of Financial Managers of NYSE Firms
by Kamath, Ravindra R
- 357-71 Bank Holding Company Risk from 1976-1989 with a Two-Factor Model
by Maher, Matt
- 373-89 The Price Effect of the Introduction of Leaps
by Holland, Larry C & Wingender, John R
- 391-409 Profit Multiplier in Covered Currency Trading with Leverage
by Ghosh, Dilip K
1997, Volume 32, Issue 1
- 1-20 Pricing Effects of the Decision to Sell or Hold Adjustable Rate Mortgage Loans in a Portfolio
by Benjamin, John D & Heuson, Andrea J & Sirmans, C F
- 21-48 A Test of the Debt-Monitoring Hypothesis: The Case of Corporate R&D Expenditures
by Zantout, Zaher Z
- 49-70 Day-of-the-Week Effects in the Long-Run Performance of Initial Public Offerings
by Perfect, Steven B & Peterson, David R
- 71-86 Ex-dividend Returns and the Tax Reform Act of 1986
by Siddiqi, Mazhar A
- 87-105 The Role of Default Risk in Determining the Market Reaction to Debt Announcements
by Best, Ronald W
- 107-24 Implied Risk Aversion Parameter from Option Prices
by Bartunek, Kenneth S & Chowdhury, Mustafa
- 125-44 The Impact of Option Introduction on Stock Return Variances: The Role of Bid-Ask Spreads, Return Autocorrelations, and Intrinsic Variances
by Niendorf, Bruce D & Peterson, David R
- 145-62 Unbiasedness of the Forward Exchange Rates
by Bakshi, Gurdip S & Naka, Atsuyuki
- 163-84 Regulation and Systematic Risk in the Electric Utility Industry: A Test of the Buffering Hypothesis
by Davidson, Wallace N, III & Rangan, Nanda & Rosenstein, Stuart
- 185-203 The Relationship between Market Efficiency and Insider Ownership in Large and Small Firms
by Dowen, Richard J & Bauman, W Scott
1996, Volume 31, Issue 4
- 695-720 Managerial Self-Interest, Pension Financial Slack and Corporate Pension Funding
by Datta, Sudip & Iskandar-Datta, Mai E & Zychowicz, Edward J
- 721-46 The Effects of Variations in Laxity (or Strictness) of Closure Rules on the Valuation of Deposit Insurance
by Lai, Van Son
- 747-63 Macroeconomic Forces and Mutual Fund Betas
by Lockwood, Larry J
- 765-81 Investor Response to Mutual Fund Policy Variables
by Santini, Donald L & Aber, Jack W
- 783-807 Industry Structure and Ripple Effects of Bankruptcy Announcements
by Cheng, Louis T W & McDonald, James E
- 809-30 Expected Inflation, Interest Rates, and Stock Returns
by Domian, Dale L & Gilster, John E & Louton, David A
- 831-57 Differences in Information and Common Stock Returns: Estimation Risk or Unequal Distribution of Information?
by Marston, Felicia
- 859-67 A Generalized Simple Formula to Compute the Implied Volatility
by Chance, Don M
- 869-84 Graphical Portfolio Analysis
by Rodriguez, Ricardo J
- 885-912 Voluntary Divestitures and the Choice between Sell-Offs and Spin-Offs
by Khan, A Qayyum & Mehta, Dileep R
- 913-25 Financial Distress Costs and Delayed Calls of Convertible Bonds: An Empirical Analysis
by Krishnan, V Sivarama & Rao, Ramesh P
1996, Volume 31, Issue 3
- 475-98 A Test of the Conditional CAPM with Simultaneous Estimation of the First and Second Conditional Moments
by Ellis, David M
- 499-519 The Relationship between Stock and Option Prices Changes
by Diltz, J David & Kim, Suhkyong
- 521-34 Risk Premia in Foreign Currency Futures: A Reexamination
by Tse, Yiuman & Booth, G Geoffrey
- 535-52 The Factors behind Put-Call Parity Violations of S&P 100 Index Options
by Wagner, Drew & Ellis, David M & Dubofsky, David A
- 553-64 Further Evidence on Foreign Exchange Market Efficiency: An Application of Cointegration Tests
by Lajaunie, John P & McManis, Bruce L & Naka, Atsuyuki
- 565-83 Option Delisting of Stocks That Continue Trading: An Examination of Welfare Effects
by Bartunek, Kenneth S
- 585-602 Ex Ante Stock Market Return Volatility Implied by the OEX Option Premium
by Weber, Carlene E
- 603-22 An Examination of the Short-Term and Long-Term Behavior of Foreign Exchange Rates
by Pan, Ming-Shiun & Liu, Y Angela & Bastin, Hamid
- 623-40 Convertible Debt Issuance and Market Completeness
by Broughton, John B & Smith, David M
- 641-66 Effect of Underwriter Prestige on the Interest Cost of Municipal Bond Offerings
by Roden, Peyton Foster & Bassler, John
- 667-94 An Examination of Option-Implied S&P 500 Futures Price Distributions
by Sherrick, Bruce J & Irwin, Scott H & Forster, D Lynn


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Houses to let in Chester Street, Coventry CV1 - 2 bedrooms
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Marketed by Wilsons, CV1. Call 024 7511 9732


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Tuesday, September 10, 2013
- 11:00 am - 1:00 pm
- Fayetteville State U Visit
- Details:
- Specific Location: Student Center
- General Location: Sanford Campus
- Audience: All
Due to the inclement weather expected this weekend, the Chinese Art Exhibition hosted by Central Carolina Community College Confucius Classroom will not be held Sunday, Oct. 4, as scheduled. The event will be rescheduled and a new date will be announced at a later time.
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Mandar Marathe | July 8, 2013 | Comments |
With new regulations from the Telecom Authority of India, brands can consider these three online video ad opportunities.
The Indian television industry has come under TRAI's (Telecom Regulation Authority of India) scanner. Effective October 1, all TV channels will be restricted to air only 12 minutes of advertisements and promotional content per hour. This regulatory move has drawn stringent criticism from most TV broadcasters. The Internet advertising industry would embrace this as a welcome move.
What are some of the video alternatives advertisers and broadcasters can look at to continue grabbing eyeballs and create an equivalent impact/reach as available on television in India?
1. Interstitial video advertising via Mobile TV. Mobile TV is booming in India. With 50 million mobile Internet subscribers and approximately 30 million smartphones, the future is bright. Zenga TV, a 360-degree multi-platform player, has approximately 18 million monthly users with 225 million video views per month. Zenga boasts of having 100+ TV channels including Aaj Tak, DD National (News), POGO (Kids), and Zoom (music).
Pepsi advertising on the IPL (Indian Premier League) broadcasted on Zenga TV.
The nexGTv platform has six million downloads and approximately 22 million video views monthly (as of October 12). Vdopia monetizes the entire nexGTv inventory using its proprietary "clickable video ad-unit technology" and complete HTML5 interactivity. It offers 30-second video ads to advertisers.
The cost of advertising on mobile TV is 1/100,000th the fractional cost of TV advertising (industry estimates: Rs.40,000 for 30-second spot on TV and Rs. 0.4 for 30-second spot on mobile TV).
2. Leveraging online video. As per comScore, online video is growing at a 12 percent rate (much slower than the growth of Internet users in India). The video landscape is heavily dominated by YouTube, which has considerable growth (~24 percent).
Traditional advertisers (favoring TV) have already started embracing the YouTube platform - with innovations via the Mast Head (prime inventory on YouTube's home page) and First Watch. Some statistics that compare YouTube to Indian TV channels:
a. YouTube has 90 percent reach compared to Star Plus amongst urban youth audience.
b. With the new TRAI regulations, television would monetize a maximum of 20 percent of viewing time as opposed to 3 percent for YouTube.
Source: comScore, March 2012, Extended Universe Extrapolation, TV:TAM, March 2012
c. Advertising on YouTube is at a lower CPRP (cost per rating point) compared to news, English movies, and infotainment channels.
Source: comScore, March 2012, Extended Universe Extrapolation, TV:TAM, March 2012
3. Monetizing video content (an alternative for broadcasters and movie producers). Broadcasters and content producers can alternatively monetize video content uploaded online. Since this content is not "live," the monetization value may be lesser, but still this is a viable alternative, for both broadcasters and advertisers.
Star TV and Sony Entertainment Television (SET) broadcast online.
Times Internet-owned BoxTV.com touched one million users in April, during the broadcasting of IPL cricket matches. BigFlix.com and Hungama.com (online movies) also have a steady viewership.
In what could possibly upset business models of TV advertising, digital video advertising stands to gain. Only time will tell.
Pro Rank Tracker is a cutting-edge ranking tracking tool for keeping you up-to-date with all the latest changes in the rankings of your websites and videos.
Mandar Marathe brings in more than 7 years of experience in digital marketing and web technologies. He currently heads Reprise Media's Mumbai office. On a day-to-day basis, he works with clients to service their digital marketing needs and absolutely loves his job! Prior to Reprise, Mandar has worked with Digitas (Publicis Groupe), Dell, Infosys, and 30 Dollar Finance. At various stages of his career, Mandar has worked with Fortune 100 clients to deliver digital solutions including hands on web site design and development, search marketing, social media strategy, SEO, and web analytics implementations.
October 21-22, 2015
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Traditionally desktops have shown to convert better than mobile devices however, 2015 might be a tipping point for mobile conversions! Download this report to find why mobile users are more important then ever.
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Fashion Week Predicts Bold Beauty in Spring 2016 view
Beauty That Gives Back: BCA Must-Haves view
Find the Perfect Fall Red Lipstick For Your Complexion view
Taste the rainbow with these vivid, color-rich lips.
Wendy Poindexter attends the media preview event for Dark and Lovely's new...
Wendy Poindexter attends the media preview event for Dark and Lovely's new line, Au Naturale, in New York City.
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Plot out what your family will enjoy for dinner for the next month with these helpful day-to-day meal planners.
How to Cook Like a Pro
Rosemary is amazingly aromatic, but it's not the only herb that will work here; thyme or sage are stellar options as well. Pile up the leftover stems—and any lemon or orange rinds you have from other recipes—and stuff them into the cavity to add a little extra oomph to your bird.
Recipe: Herb-Roasted Turkey
No Thanksgiving or Christmas meal would be complete without gravy. And, fortunately, it couldn't be simpler with this not-too-salty, not-too-thin version made with low-sodium chicken broth and dry white wine.
Recipe: Velvety Gravy
Best Bacon Varieties


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Vixen Chat: 'Bad Girls Club' Star Elease Donovan Launches Swimwear Line
Widely known for her role in the reality series Bad Girls Club: Las Vegas, Elease Donovan wants you to know that there is more to her than just catfights and celebrity dates! The Miami-based designer has launched her new swimsuit line (@EDSwimwear) and we got a chance to speak to her about the new endeavor and what we can next expect for the TV reality star. –Vicki Valery
VIBE VIXEN: When did you realize you wanted to be a designer?
ELEASE DONOVAN: When I was, maybe, 3 years old cutting up my own clothes and drawing. My mom knew that's what I was going to be in life.
I think it was a skirt and a top. I cut up my own clothes to get the fabric. My mom would hate that! After that, I started doing sketches and stuff…and that's how it kinda came about. It was always my thing. I wanted to start off with swimsuits because I would like to be a whole brand. I wanna do dresses, I wanna do shoes and a line of luxury watches. I wanna start with something smaller which is easier and just build from there.
I feel like they have the Audemars Piquet for women, but when you think of Audemars, you think of a man's watch. If I say "Elease Donovan Watches," I want you to already know it's a high-end designer watch for women.Something for the ladies.
Yea [giggles], that's right! For the ladies!


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Here are four ways to "Get Your Preak On!" in Louisville.
If you ever wanted to get into the Louisville theatre scene, this may be your best chance as 15 theatre companies will take part in the 2010 unified auditions on May 22.
Come on down to Butchertown this Saturday, May 15th for their annual art fair!
Farmers' market by day, cinema by night: Catch a free movie this weekend on Bardstown Road [Highlands]
If you were driving down Bardstown Road last weekend and swore you saw a bunch of people watching a French-subtitled print of 'Ghostbusters' from lawn chairs in a church parking lot, you weren't hallucinating. And this weekend, you can get up close for a free 'walk-in movie' not once but twice.
The 20th annual Concerts in the Park series at Warder Park in Jeffersonville starts this Friday at 7:30. Free admission.
Take a peek into the costuming of the Alley Theater's Hedwig and the Angry Inch.
The main branch of the Louisville Free Public Library is having a Grand Re-Opening Celebration this weekend to commemorate the completion of its restoration.
Canoe and ayak along with Louisville Metro Parks and the Mayor's Healthy Hometown Movement are looking for a youth ambassador to champion paddle sports this summer in New York City.
Relationships, reality, and conforming to societal norms never seem appealing when you've never cared about any of those things.
Barenaked Ladies' drummer Tyler Stewart talks about his rejuvenated band, hockey, and their upcoming show at the Louisville Palace on Saturday May 15 in support of their new release All In Good Time.
Arts & Crafts fan? Gardener? Antique lover? Fan of touring mansions? Then your weekend plans should include a visit to the 18th annual Victorian Chautauqua Spring Arts, Crafts, and Garden Festival in Jeffersonville, IN
Local singer-songwriter Saredren Wells to play CD release party with The Mack and Roadie from Arnnett Hollow Friday on the rooftop garden at Glassworks.
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home computerA personal computer specially configured for use in a home rather than an office. Typically, home computers have only medium -power microprocessors, but are equipped with a full complement of multimedia devices. In addition, manufacturers often bundle recreational and educational software with home computers.
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From wacky alarm clocks to lecture hall tools and after class entertainment, these Android apps are a good fit for a student's life and budget. Read More »Sharing Threat Intelligence
A growing number of startups make the sharing of threat intelligence a key part of their solutions. Read More »Smiley Faces and Symbols
A text smiley face is used to convey a facial expression or emotion in texting and online chat conversations. This Webopedia guide shows you how... Read More »
The Open System Interconnection (OSI) model defines a networking framework to implement protocols in seven layers. Use this handy guide to compare... Read More »Network Fundamentals Study Guide
Networking fundamentals teaches the building blocks of modern network design. Learn different types of networks, concepts, architecture and... Read More »Computer Architecture Study Guide
This Webopedia study guide describes the different parts of a computer system and their relations. Read More »


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David in MI
Transformed my bike easier to ride tight sections. I was afraid the bike would feel slower after installation. That doesn't appear to be the case the bike still rev's up very fast. I think it has improved wheel spin somewhat when searching for traction in sandy conditions Pro's Easier to launch no longer have to rev the engine much on launch Doesn't flame out suddenly with no warning anymore when putting along or launching. More forgiving if riding a gear to high smoother when lugging motor. Cons Having to epoxy this to the flywheel meant no going back after installation (Very glad i liked it)Read All Reviews
katherine in OH
gave me the ability to really lug my 450r. power rolls on very smooth nowRead All Reviews
Nick in CA
Where has this been all my life? Such a great tool. Made out of nylon so will not scuff top of piston. Screw it in and motor will not rotate. Great for torqueing bolts etc.Read All Reviews


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The Inn Around The Corner
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TripAdvisor Reviews The Inn Around The Corner Black Mountain
Travel Blogs from Black Mountain
... at the Cherokee Reservation. It is very commercialised, lots of tourist shops, motels and the casino. We were dropped in downtown Asheville for dinner and went to the Wayside Diner. Finally got to hotel at 8:20pm. Saw the difference of Southern hospitality, they had complimentary cupcakes and cookies and breakfast is included down south. Although spent most of day sitting on bus, am very ...
Spruce Pines via Blue Ridge Parkway
... to the Atlantic - the Orchard has been a vital travel route since our continent's earliest settlers began exploring these mountains. Buffalo and elk traversed here, followed by the Cherokee Indians and eventually European settlers.The ancient game paths became foot trails and then trading routes. Early settlers defied British attempts to make peace with the Indians by disallowing settlement to the west of the ...
A surprise in Maggie Valley
... who was on his way south on a transit of the Americas. Ten days later, in northern Arkansas, we heard the news that Alistair had been killed in a collision. Even here in the US, where driving conditions are relatively benign, riding a bike is always a risky business. Alistair had that wonderful sense of curiosity that marks out the true "voyageur" and the news of his death was a great sadness.
We detoured a little from the Parkway south of ...
The Seed
... out in California and ran across a trip they were offering to Israel in the summer. The trip price was out of my price range and so I voted it out of my mind. I then decided to look up the trip I heard on the radio and decided it was a little to biblically and touristy based for me. I knew though at the time that Israel was not something I personally want to do, as I fear the country from all the stories, but was instead something God called me to ...
Rainy Day AND Monday
... area which has a sort of run down steel mill town to feel it but I get the "artsy" thing. There were a lot of interesting architectural details I enjoyed looking at. Including a water tower thing with lots of graffiti that was very interesting. We also checked out the downtown area but I have to say it looks difficult to park in. It is all either metered parking or pay lots but a bit crazy and jam packed. We checked out ...


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FCX had a detailed 45 slide presentation which can be seen on their website. Slide 26 sums up everything for me as a long term investor
FCX will earn $12billion EBITDA in 2015 assuming the following prices
This year we will have EBITDA of approximately $6billion if we avg $3.20 for copper
I recommend that all longer term investors look at their presentation
I bought more today
good luck
Sentiment: Buy
The Chinese Warehouse levels dropped 4,600 tons this week. this is the third week of weekly drops, the previous drops being 16,000+ tons and 6,500 tons the week before that. Officially a trend. there is also a general positive correlation between the SHFE drops and the levels of the non-reporting warehouses in China. So this is good. However, the three weekly drops only bring the SHFE warehouse levels down to 223,000 tons, which is still well stocked. Need the warehouse drawdowns to continue over the next half dozen weeks before you'll see any impact on the spot price of copper. Price firming likely will not occur until SHFE levels approach 160K tons. Just something to keep an eye on.
Sentiment: Hold
Hey Brain good to see one of the old posters back on the board. I bought back yesterday and will snag some more this next week if it should go lower. Should be close to the bottom.......I hope!
My opinion is that the longer the FED prints money the more valuable hard assets like oil and gold {which sell on a world market} will become.I look at the big picture not the momentary snap shot.
I agree price will rise. Some of the reason is the need for more currency worldwide, and the extraordinary demand for dollars.. Population growth around the world, ie in US alone we have gone from 250 in 1990 to 301 in 2008 and projected to 350 in 2025. Similar for the rest of the world, resulting in the need for more currency particularly as money is moving all over the world. IMHO, this will result also in an increase in commodities as more people are able to buy them.
Sentiment: Strong Buy
It is really difficult for me to understand why the world's major Central Bankers can print money and think that we will not have inflation. This will end very badly. I am retired and only buy out of favor investments and I focus on the industry leaders. The only thing I don't like about FCX is that their senior mgmt. personally are benefiting from the current acquisition. It is probably ok, but it looks bad and WS is suffering from appearance of unethical activity. As you are aware, commodity prices are volatile, but the long run demand for copper will increase and so will the price of FCX over the next couple of years
I agre and hard assets (real estate, commodities, land etc) will go up in value. If FCX can sell copper for $4 in 2015, their Earnings before taxes, Interest depreciation and amortization will exceed $16 billion. We will easily se a share price of $60


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Ban Bo Suak in Nan province used to be an important area producing glazed ceramics that widely popular throughout the northern region. The ceramics production and patterns are really unique from elsew...Rincian lebih lanjut
The National Museum of Nan is situated at Pha Kong Road, Nai Wiang District, Amphoe Mueang Nan, Nan. The museum is opposite to Wat Phra That Chang Kham, near Wat Phumin. The style of the building is ...Rincian lebih lanjut


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4 months ago
I mentioned in my first post that I was hooked; I'm well and truly addicted to foiling now, a little like that buzz you get when you first learn to kite or i...
I mentioned in my first post that I was hooked; I'm well and truly addicted to foiling now, a little like that buzz you get when you first learn to kite or i...
I've always been one for trying something new, whether that was skim boards and surfboards with kites, or race boards when they arrived, essentially I've a...
Get this in your life for some feel good factor ahead of the long Easter weekend! Short, sweet and stylin'; current World Champion Karolina Winkowska looking...
The PKRA is going to kick off in Dakhla soon, and lets just say it looks like the current World Champ Karolina Winkowska has stepped up her game a bit... She's...
After a season that came to head in controversy over a single trick Karolina takes the 2014 crown and makes the statement... It's not about one trick, not abou...
What a week we've just had down in Kernow, the land of the Saints… When the British Kite Sports Association pulled the plug on the annual "Wavemasters"...
Hitting the spot. We all know it can be harder than it looks to find the elusive spot where practiced tricks become perfected. Join Karolina as she hits the G-...
She's not just brilliant with a kite, Karolina takes a trip to the Warsaw Wake Academy to show us that she's also able on the cable. It has us thinking about w...
Christophe Tack and Karolina Winkowska secured their first place finishes in the double elimination on Friday in choppy onshore conditions. Top spots were over...
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YMMV: Kid Rock
- Face of the Band: Duh. Although his band of musicians does have a name "Twisted Brown Trucker", the entire crew is just called "Kid Rock", rather than "Kid Rock and the Twisted Brown Trucker".
- Sequel Displacement: The Grammys nominated him for Best New Artist... in 2000! A full decade after his debut album! An album which is still in print almost 25 years later.
- Signature Song: All Summer Long


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HOME NHL Winnipeg Jets Gear Winnipeg Jets Kids Winnipeg Jets Kids Sweatshirts $20 to $40 (11 items) Product ID: 1314901
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Westchester County, NY (PRWEB) July 21, 2014
Northern Westchester Hospital today announced its collaboration with the New York State District of the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG District II) on the Safe Motherhood Initiative (SMI). The project has one goal: to save the lives of women faced with severe complications related to pregnancy and childbirth.
Close to 99% of the nearly 250,000 live births in New York State result in the discharge of a mother and her baby. Yet, there are mothers who die or suffer severe permanent harm. In fact, New York State currently ranks 47th in the country for its maternal mortality rate.
The SMI focuses on implementing standard approaches for handling New York's three leading causes of maternal death: Obstetric hemorrhage (severe bleeding), venous thromboembolism (blood clots), and severe hypertension in pregnancy (high blood pressure). ACOG District II is working with more than 100 obstetric and maternity care hospitals across New York State on standardized protocols for these events to help ensure every woman has a safe and healthy pregnancy and childbirth.
As part of the Safe Motherhood Initiative, a multidisciplinary, core team of nurses and physicians at Northern Westchester Hospital meets monthly to conduct performance review audits, lead emergency simulation drills, and hold workshops geared toward improving communication.
The SMI is funded by Merck for Mothers, Merck
|Source: PRWeb
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