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We love a good wedding registry — and the fact that setting up a registry can be one of the most laid-back and fun parts of wedding planning. It's a great chance for the two of you to step back... Read More
Author Archives: Anne
Planning a destination wedding takes all of the hustle and bustle of planning your dream wedding and adds the extra component of long-distance decision making. Whether your location is tropical, international or the hometown you now live a plane flight... Read More
When a destination wedding is part of your plan, it's likely you have more on your mind than what goes in your carry-on bag. However, knowing what to pack and what to leave behind will cut stress out of your... Read More
If you have a friend, sister, cousin or niece getting married, there's a very good chance that you've been called upon (or offered!) to host a bridal shower for your loved one and soon-to-be bride. While we've talked about bridal... Read More
It's entirely possible that the only thing we love more than looking at gorgeous wedding dresses is looking at gorgeous wedding dresses for a good cause. Those of you who are in the Denver area may already know this, but... Read More
What isn't there to love about succulents? They're pretty, they're versatile, they're incredibly durable (which makes them perfect for weddings in both hot and cold extremes. Take that, winter.) and they seem to go with everything. Modern weddings, rustic weddings,... Read More
There are some details that just scream "modern wedding." Whether that means you and your significant other are all about clean lines or bright colors, there's one more detail that's practically guaranteed to give off contemporary vibes at your celebration:... Read More
Okay, first order of business: geodes are cool. They make great bookends, they make great earth science projects (hey, elementary school), and they make incredible wedding decor. So if you're in the market for some unique wedding ideas and agate... Read More
Now that you've chosen the members of your wedding party and asked those lucky individuals to stand beside you on one of the most important days of your life, it's time to start thinking about how you're going to show... Read More
It's official: copper is having a moment. While this bright metallic hue has been overshadowed in the past (we're looking at you, gold), it's all about stealing the scene lately and we couldn't be more excited. From table decor to... Read More
We love to have a little DIY inspiration in our lives. Whether it's a one of a kind wedding DIY or a small project to brighten everyday life, there's something exciting about bringing an idea to life with your own... Read More
Let's get one thing straight: we are by no means money experts. But we are wedding experts, and we want to make this wedding planning and newlywed adventure as blissful as utterly possible. We're also pretty sure that the nursery... Read More
Fringe details come in many shapes and sizes, not to mention styles. There's glammed-up 20's-style fringe, eye-catching metallic fringe and then, of course, everyone's favorite, DIY-able fringe (full disclosure: we're toying with the idea of a fringe focused DIY for... Read More
Sometimes, especially in the middle of all of the excitement of wedding planning, a quiet night at home is just what a couple needs to relax, re-charge and basically get in some quality time together. Whether your preferred agenda for... Read More
It's official: the new edition of mywedding magazine is on newsstands and we could not be more thrilled. Each and every page of this magazine is filled with the ideas, inspiration and wedding planning tips and advice (not to mention... Read More
It's not every day we see a trend that sends us into a serious case of envy…but today is one of those days. It started with the Bachelor (doesn't everything? Sorry, maybe that's just us), or rather, a former Bachelorette... Read More


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2015 Foundation Programme Intake 3
Wednesday, 12 August 2015
The University of Otago Language Centre and Foundation Year is located in Dunedin, New Zealand. We provide expert English language tuition, academic knowledge and an entry qualification to enable you to be admitted to a New Zealand university or improve your English language skills.
We are proud to be a part of this internationally acclaimed university, and we strive for excellence in everything we do.
We offer a supportive, caring and safe environment where students can reach their full potential, whatever field of study they choose.
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Arizona Cardinals
Whisenhunt: Hope entire team took Seattle loss 'personally'
The Arizona Cardinals are five days removed from their worst loss in franchise history — a 58-0 shellacking at the hands of the Seattle Seahawks — and still can't shake themselves from the devastating defeat.
Even as the Cardinals look to snap their nine-game losing streak Sunday against the Detroit Lions, questions still remain over went wrong a week ago.
When asked Friday about the beat down his team took in Seattle, Ken Whisenhunt didn't shy away from the topic.
"I hope we all took what happened last week personally, the whole team," Whisenhunt said. "That's unacceptable. You can't turn the ball over eight times and give up over 300 yards rushing."
While the Cardinals coach said the team has tried to move beyond the loss this week, in some ways Whisenhunt seemed to insinuate it should be used as a point of motivation the rest of the season.
"We moved on from [the loss]," said Whisenhunt. "But it's still about being professionals and doing what you're supposed to do."
Although the Cardinals have little to play for standings-wise over the next three weeks, Whisenhunt said he was encouraged about his team's energy level in practice this week.
"I felt good about [this week]," said Whisenhunt. "Guys worked, there was energy and they paid attention. Hopefully it will translate to playing well Sunday."
The Lions come into University of Phoenix Stadium Sunday losers of five straight since November 4. Like the Cardinals, Jim Schwartz's squad sits in last place in their division with a 4-9 record. However, Detroit's offense leads the league in passing yards per game (307.8).
Cardinals Audio
Danny O'Neil, ESPN Seattle radio host
Tuesday October 6
O'Neil gives local reaction to the Seahawks getting the benefit of another missed call.
Bickley Blast
Tuesday October 6
The Seahawks are the luckiest franchise in sports.
Monday October 5
The "Eye Roll of the Week" award, the "Coolness" award, and more.
Bruce Arians, Cardinals head coach
Monday October 5
Arians discusses the disappointing loss to St Louis and what problems he saw on offense and defense.
Bickley Blast
Monday October 5
The Cardinals and Sun Devils had very different weekends.


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BEST WESTERN Casa Grande Inn
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
How has this hotel rated in the past?
- Continental Breakfast
- Meeting rooms/conference facilities
- Suites
- Wireless internet connection in room (free)
- Smoking rooms available
- Refrigerator in room
Travelers also recommend:
Historical Traveler Reviews BEST WESTERN Casa Grande Inn Arroyo Grande
One nighter....
Exterior better than interior. Room could use updating/renovation. Faint smell of natural gas in room. We didn't want to fight for breakfast with the two bus tours so we gave up.
Fairly good value. Pool area was nice. One night was sufficient.
Wish we had stayed longer
This is a lovely motel (exterior access to most rooms) that is deceptively large. The pool area looked great although we didn't get a chance to use it. Our room was oversized, nicely decorated and spotlessly clean. The free breakfast included fresh muffins, bagels, bread, cereal and fresh fruit. It was better than most continental breakfasts we encountered on our California trip and the breakfast room was very pretty, too.
The front lobby is beautiful and the desk staff was very helpful.
We only stayed one night on our trip up the coast so we didn't get to see the area but the hotel is right off the highway and it looked like there was a lot of shopping nearby.
Wonderful gem, quiet location, immaculate & great staff!
Was looking for location close to Avila Beach & Pismo Beach with amenities to keep the family happy while I consulted locally. What a gem! Immaculate large rooms, (additionally they have poolside suites & a two-bedroom townhouse also), with refrigerator, in-room coffee service, large work table, and quiet air conditioner (I was in room 317) Pool and jacuzzi were extremely clean, nice flowering landscaping, and garden paths with fountains to add to the cool breeze coming from the ocean. Away from the freeway, so no road noise with shopping centers/cafes within walking distance. Bus line runs within a block of the hotel, and all day passes available to go to Pismo Beach if you want. Good variety of continental breakfast items and cookies/cocoa/coffee in the afternoon. No internet directly in the room, but a large main lobby building with wireless and/or their computers in private desk areas and comfy chairs made checking email and bus and restaurant info no problem. They have a large game room upstairs in the lobby building with a TV for videos/DVD's, pool tables and paperback selections-- was a good hangout for kids. Ask the staff for restaurant recommendations--we went to Angie & Rudy's Mexican--good 49'er memorabilia in the bar dining area, with Mexican murals in the regular dining area. Owners check in at the table to check on level of service. Definitely would stay again at this Best Western.
A wonderful 5 day stay
My wife and I arrived at the Casa Grande Inn planning to stay for 2 nights on an 11 day tour of the California coast; it was so great that we extended our stay to 5 days and made daily trips out.
We took a suite on the ground floor looking out over the pool and this is probably greatly superior to the regular motel rooms in the other block. The suite was clean, well equiped and beautifully situated. The staff are all very courteous and helpful and the main building is very pleasant with comfortable furnishings and a log fire - very nice for the cookies and chocolate served each afternoon. There is a pleasant garden walk in the grounds.
Arroyo Grande itself is a pleasant, quiet little seaside town with a great fish restaurant and cheap 9 hole public golf course at the beach. All things considered we had an excellent stay.
Clean rooms, nice little spot.
Stayed at this hotel with my wife and young daughter. We stayed here as a halfway point between San Francisco and LA. Was a clean hotel, and the front desk staff was very helpful and friendly. He brought us a crib within 30 mins of checking inn. The rooms were very basic but clean. The hotel seemed to be within a nice area and there was a K-Mart within walking distance across a little walking bridge. The front desk staff in the morning opened up the laundry room early for us so we could get our child's laundry done and back on the road to LA, which was very much appreciated. We booked this hotel through Hotwire for $43 a night which was a good deal for this hotel.
Not the best place!
I guess we were given the loser room or something because our experience definitely did not match those of the others. We were on the second floor in the middle of the complex. The room was large, dark, smelly, noisy, with creaky beds, ugly bedspreads, wobbly lamps, and a VERY noisy drippy scary refrigerator/cooler thing that my husband had to get on the floor and unplug just so we could survive. We were only here one night on our way to Santa Cruz so it wasn't worth moving. In the morning the breakfast was a real let down. Your standard white bread, stale cereal sodium and glucose muffin crap. Why do they go to so much trouble and not serve one decent tasting thing? Lumpy apples, old oranges and very bad coffee. The breakfast room was packed solid with some weird people, TV blaring, it felt like spending the day at some YMCA in the barrios. Sorry, but we were not impressed. The only good thing was that the woman who checked us in was very friendly and helpful. Overall not a positive experience. A dark, scary smelly room .... for less then this price one might as well stay at a Super 8!
Great Hotel, Great Price
Unfortunately, we only stayed at the Casa Grande for one night. To our surprise at check-in, the front desk had upgraded us to the "Honeymoon Suite" for no additional charge. This was the largest hotel room I've ever seen and included all the amenities! Room was clean. Front staff was friendly and knowledgeble. Rates were excellent. Will return to Casa Grande in the future!
A Family haven!
This is a wonderful family retreat. It was clean and exactly as the internet described. We were just a couple miles away from Pismo Beach, but right near all of the amenities.
My kids ages 10 & 14 love pools and the pool was wonderful. Nice and clean and plenty of space. The whirlpool area was nice and there was also a separate sauna for men and women. The hotel staff was very friendly and did a great job.
My only complaint was that the room was not ready at check in time and we had to wait, but there was complimentary tea and hot chocolate for all guests.
Also for the extra $20.00 get the suite it was fantastic!
Excellent value
very reasonably priced we paid only $75.00 mid week ..when other hotels were twice that amount.
We didn't use saunas/exercise rooms ,but did have breakfast comp and computer /internet in lobby no charge ..big rooms ,kids liked pool .restaurant is closed only complaint but several close by ..Nicest place we stayed on vacation at 1/2 price .
Good deal for the money
This hotel is right off the 101 and about a 30 min drive to Hearst Castle. I was looking for a hotel to stay overnight as I drove north to Hearst Castle. This hotel was conveniently located right off the 101, the rooms were clean, and the staff friendly. I'll stay here again if I ever drive on the 101 and want a place to rest overnight.
TripAdvisor Reviews BEST WESTERN Casa Grande Inn Arroyo Grande
Travel Blogs from Arroyo Grande
Beaches and clams
Following Route 1 up north-west from Santa Barbara drifts up from the direct coast line but brings you through Santa Maria Valley, driving by quite some vineyards. This is the perfect place for a stop to do some wine testing and maybe even buy one or the other bottle.
I didn't stop in Santa Maria, but drove straight though towards Pismo …
End of 2014 3) Back to California
... on the beach and even managed a walk across the hills. But the highlight was to work up an appetite for Thanksgiving dinner with a walk with Astrid and her extended family to Avala Beach although for the last couple of hours of the walk it was just Astrid's niece Erica and I as apparently it took all the other adults to go back and baste the ...
SLO to LA
After dropping my buddy off at the campus library in the morning so he could be a studious student and study for his midterm later in the day I stopped by the local donut shop on the way back to his house. SLO Donut Co has some tasty donuts that are made fresh each morning. I had a "crumb" as well as their famous maple bacon. I'd have to say they could give Voodoo donuts in Oregon a run for their money. I decided to run up the hill in Los Osos that overlooks the ...
11th Day
... at Hearst Castle (William Randolph Hearst) but there was a wait for the tours of a couple hours so we skipped on that. Met up with another couple on the road who are doing the opposite way we are and they said they went thru Las Vegas and it was 109. I guess we are in for warmer weather down the road. We just ate dinner at a place called AJ Spurs a steakhouse. Wow did you get alot of food ...
From Beach to beach
... We arrived in Pismo around dinner and grabbed some delicious grub at the new Shell Beach brewhouse. Walking down to the beach later we enjoyed some more great views and the last beach sunset of our trip. Yes, I could live here...not sure what I would do or where I would have to drive to work but just for pretend I could live here.


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Reef Zen Wonder Flip Flop
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Step off the yoga mat and slip on the Zen Wonder flip flops from Reef. This casual flat sandal has incredible comfort technology that allows you to just sink into relaxation!
- Fabric upper
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- EVA midsole
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- View more Women's Reef Shoes
By: emstenb
Location: Fort Collins, CO
June 17, 2015
Sooo comfy
"Love Reef sandals. These are way cute and super comfy. I love flippies, and prefer to go walking in these than in my sneakers."
By: toastarama
Location: Connecticut
June 08, 2015
very comfy but runs small
"I am exchanging for a larger size since these run so small. the footbed is very comfy and cushy and i am looking forward to my new pair!"
By: heavygirl
Location: Jackson, MS
May 20, 2015
Goes good with jeans
"comfortable flip flop."
By: pubhealthSA
Location: San Antonio, TX
May 15, 2015
2nd Reef flip flop is super!
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- Filed Under
A $1 million bond cash or surety was set Wednesday in Mount Vernon Municipal Court for the man accused of stabbing to death an 80-year-old woman Tuesday at her apartment at Hiawatha Senior Village.
Knox County Coroner Jennifer Ogle, who responded to the 978 Beech St. crime scene, said a complete forensic autopsy was completed Wednesday. "The cause of death for Marilyn Eversole is exsanguination (blood loss) as a result of multiple stab wounds. The manner of death remains a homicide," she said.
Tyrone Caldwell, 34, of 6 W. Chestnut St., Apt. 1, had a bond hearing Wednesday morning, according to ...


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1.4 Cu. Ft. 1000W Countertop Microwave
by Avanti Products
1.2 Cu. Ft. 1000W Countertop Microwave
by Avanti Products
0.8 Cu. Ft. 700W Countertop Microwave
4 stars
It's your basic small microwave but with the stainless steel look, and it really compliments the rest of the stainless steel appliances.- Nick in Dallas, TX
0.9 Cu. Ft. 900W Countertop Microwave
5 stars
I ordered this microwave few months ago and so far so good, the size is perfect and it's a great quality. The price was reasonable to. So, I will be back to shop for more items. Thanks- LINDA in Atlanta, GA


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from £59 /night help Price for guests, Nights approx:
from £59 /night help Price for guests, Nights approx:
Estimated nightly price based on a weekly stay. Excludes fees (if applicable). Enter your dates to see the total cost.
House / 4 bedrooms / sleeps 7 Home 4774109
Availability Your dates are available
House / 4 bedrooms / sleeps 7
|Key Info
A unique building converted into an unusual holiday residence, situated in secluded and unspoilt woodland. A listed building of architectural and historic interest, it may have been used for storing grain. The water beneath the arch enabled trading wherries to load their wares from above. There is ample mooring space and a dinghy, which is ideal for fishing or water excursions. Shop and pub within a quarter of a mile. Norwich is still considered to be the capital of East Anglia and remains attractive and prosperous. The cathedral and castle dominate the city. They lie within easy reach of each other and close to many of the other historic buildings admired by visitors, making this an interesting place to explore on foot. As well as historic interest, Norwich is a shoppers' paradise, as well as traditional high-street stores and a modern mall, Norwich has many charming specialist shops and a large open-air market. A day out at the seaside is a must for the children, Great Yarmouth offers all the traditional seaside attractions, whilst Caister, a little quieter, has a wide sandy beach and sand dunes. If sailing the Broads beckons, then you can hire a day boat from nearby Wroxham and spend a day on one of the busiest stretches on the Broads, stopping off for a well earned meal in one of the waterside restaurants before heading back to the seclusion of your holiday cottage. Wherry Arch has something for everyone. Shop 1/4 mile.
Additional amenities include: highchair, pub within 1 mile, shower, garden / patio, cot available, bed linen included, car parking available, detached property.
|Sleeps up to 7, 4 bedrooms
|4 bedrooms
|No pets allowed, No smoking at this property
Features and Facilities
|Not suitable for wheelchair users
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Calendar last updated:22 Sep 2015
Based in United States
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EDUCAUSE Library Items for Intrusion Detection and Prevention
- Seminar 01A - Our Shared Risk, Our Shared Responsibility: Learning to Prevent Confidential Data Loss PLEASE NOTE: Separate registration and fee are required to attend this seminar.
April 4, 2011
A session at the Security Professionals Conference 2011
The information security team at Texas State University has embarked on a strategic initiative to prevent confidential data leakage through a combination of endpoint protection, data loss preventio…
- Phishing Technical Controls: Beyond Proofpoint
April 5, 2011
A session at the Security Professionals Conference 2011
As phish attacks increase in sophistication, a focused technical arsenal to combat them is necessary. We will share an innovative, cost-free preventative control that can identify a phish-related U…
- Seminar 02P - Malware Detection and Mitigation with Passive DNS and Blackhole DNS PLEASE NOTE: Separate registration and fee are required to attend this seminar.
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Modern malware is now highly reliant on DNS systems to coordinate communications between infected clients and controlling servers. This dependency can be exploited to detect and mitigate infections…
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A session at the Security Professionals Conference 2011
The growing number of public-facing university systems also leads to increased risk of potential disclosure of sensitive information. This session will explore pragmatic, technical approaches secur…
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A session at the NERCOMP Annual Conference 2011
This seminar will be presented by a group of information security experts who will discuss the four basic components of security: prevention, detection, response and recovery. Prevention is the are…
- How Secure Is Your Information?
March 30, 2011
A session at the NERCOMP Annual Conference 2011
This dynamic session will provide a brief overview of the information security standards institutions must comply with in order to provide data security. The program will include some live demonstr…
- Gone Phishing at Wayne State University: Protecting Your Inbox with Zimbra
March 16, 2010
A session at the EDUCAUSE Midwest Regional Conference 2010
Wayne State University has successfully minimized risks associated with phishing attacks by integrating the Zimbra ZCS anti-phishing Zimlet and other techniques with its existing technology to incr…
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January 12, 2011
A session at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Conference 2011
Many bad guys revised their attack methodology during 2010. Roughly 80% of attacks are now initiated through the web application layer 7 vulnerabilities, yet most higher ed Institutions allocate le…
- Using OSSEC Open-Source, Host-Based Intrusion Detection
April 13, 2010
A session at the Security 2010
OSSEC is a free, open-source, cross-platform, host-based intrusion detection system. The University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences has used OSSEC for several years. We utilize OSSEC to…
- Data Loss Prevention - Attacking the Root Cause
April 13, 2010
A session at the Security 2010
Despite many tools and solutions on the market for the past 10 years, data breaches have continued to increase. Traditional approaches of simply protecting the perimeter are not nearly enough to pr…


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Property to let in Mundy Place, Cathays, Cardiff CF24 - 3 bedrooms
Keywords and filters like garden and parking live here
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£350 pcm (£81 pw)
Mundy Place, Cardiff, Cardiff. CF24Flat to rent - 3 bedrooms
Three double rooms available in this eight bedroom house share! Looking for students only, the rooms have been finished to a high standard and come fully furnished. There is also an open plan lounge/kitchen, two full bathrooms and a separate WC. Bills ... More details
Note: Distances are straight line measurements
- Cathays (0.2 miles)
- Cardiff Queen Street (0.7 miles)
Marketed by Wentworth Estate Agents, CF24. Call 029 2227 8933


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Nidah Spa
The Best Santa Fe SpaIn America's most unique city, discover a mystical Santa Fe Day Spa that lives up to its name. Nidah is the Native American word for your life, and Nidah enriches your life with a journey that changes every time you explore it. Celebrate the spa journey of your life at Nidah.
See all of our Santa Fe day spa services.
Nidah Spa is listed as Premier Traveler's World's 10 Best Spas.
Join the Nidah Spa Gold Card Club and save 50% off your 11th treatment!
To make a Spa Reservation or for more information,
call us at 505-995-4535.
We Invite You To Relax With Autumn Specials
Valid September 1 - November 30, 2015Tableside Guacamole Body Wrap with Agave Nectar Oil Massage
This softening wrap begins with a dry brush treatment to stimulate circulation. The body is then smothered with a soothing, rich Avocado Mask, infusing the skin with extra hydration. Afterwards, luxuriate with a 25-minute Agave Nectar Oil massage. Not only will you feel buttery smooth and hydrated, you'll leave a little sparkle wherever you go! 80 minutes, $170
Butter Rum Scrub
What do Butterscotch Rum, Brown Sugar and Rice Bran Oil have in common? Combined, these aromatic ingredients create an intoxicating buttery rich body scrub! For silky smooth glistening skin, try this astounding Butter Rum Scrub. 25 minutes, $70
Butter Rum Marshmallow Melt Pedicure
Soothe and soak your feet in a Spiced Apple Cider Fizz with vitamin E and almond oil. Next, those lovely tootsies will be exfoliated with a Butter Rum Sugar Scrub and the heels treated with a warm Honey Heel Glaze moisture serum. Afterwards, your feet will be expertly massaged with our Marshmallow Shea Butter Melt, nourishing and softening the skin. This delightful pedicure includes clip, file and polish for your toes. 50 minutes, $80
Caramel Apple Butter Rum Lower Leg Revitalizer
Ease those hard working feet with our Hot Apple Cider Fizzing tub with vitamin E and almond oil. After your fizz, your beautiful feet and legs will savor a deep exfoliation with our Butter Rum Sugar Scrub. After we apply a Pudding A-peel Tapioca Resurfacing Mask, removing dead skin surface cells, we'll massage you with a silky Backcountry Caramel Body Milk Lotion to hydrate and nourish your skin.
45 minutes, $65
Book an Express Pedicure to get your nails clip, file and painted to complete your feet! 30 minutes, $55
Hair Specials
Book any color service, one color process, partial or full highlights and receive a Deep Conditioning Treatment plus scalp treatment by MoroccanOil for FREE. Remember, gorgeous hair is the best revenge! $50 value.
Book a Hair Cut and receive a Deep Conditioning Treatment by MoroccanOil for FREE! $30 value.


text:
Money - Page 6
Looking for a Big Raise? Here's Where You Should Move
If you expect to see a giant pay increase next year, a new study suggests you had better head west.
University of Montana Students Can Save Money on Textbooks
The long list of student fees tacked on to most college tuition bills is enough to make any student scream. When I was enrolled at The University of Montana, it seemed like fees were being added or increased every single semester, and I will be the first to admit that half of the time, I didn't even know what I was paying for


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Now and then: '60s and '70s rockers
Published On: Sep 23 2011 01:21:44 AM CDT Updated On: Aug 25 2015 01:00:00 AM CDT
With Tuesday marking the 40th anniversary of Bruce Springsteen's iconic rock album "Born to Run," see how "The Boss" and other rockers from the 1960s and 1970s have aged over the years.
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Chevy 2500hd 6.0
Reviewed By Karl c. G (Narrowsburg, NY) Reviewed for a 2012 Chevy Silverado —10/8/2015 4:24 AM
Most of the screw and bolt holes don't line up. The filter pressure sensor is facing the wrong way and causes the wiring harness to be pulled tight. It was missing hardware so I called volant and they said they would send it but I still haven't received anything. Overall poor quality and my 2500hd didn't seem to run well even after giving it time to relearn. Back to the stock intake for me. Volant will never get my money again. Auto anything was great.


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2011 Peterbilt 387
Gulfport, MS
2016 Freightliner BUSINESS CLASS M2 106
Somerville, NJ
2012 Dodge RAM 5500SLT
New Hampton, IA
2013 Dodge RAM 3500
Jacksonville, FL
2007 International 9400i
Lake Butler, FL
2012 Volvo VNL64T300
Des Moines , IA
Trailer for 2016 Fontaine Closed Tandem Steel Single Drops
Voorhees, NJ
2010 Freightliner CA11364SLP - CASCADIA
Healdsburg, CA
2000 Volvo VNL64T660
Ocala, FL
2007 Freightliner COLUMBIA
Kansas City, MO
Description: | Dyno Tested.More Information
Description: This truck is Dyno Tested, New Oil & Filter, Dot passed,New Mattress and New Triangle & fire Ext. Money Saving90day/25,000 mile Limited Engine, Transmission and RearEnd limited warranty at no cost to you. Call for details.Also, ask about our Extended Warranty on this truck aswell as our new 24/7 Roadside Assistance Program!Call us to schedule test drive today. We are located at10830 S HARLAN RD, I-5 EXIT 465,FRENCH CAMP(STOCKTON) , CA 95231. | 90 DAY WARRANTY.More Information
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Kinectimals -- Now with Bears!
Kinectimals -- Now with Bears! Cheats & Codes
All | Cheats | Unlockables | Hints | Easter Eggs | Achievements
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Game Details
Published by: Microsoft
Developed by: Frontier Developments
Genre: Virtual Pet
Release Date:
United States: October 11, 2011
UK: October 11, 2011
E for Everyone : No Descriptors
Also known as: Kinectimals with Bears!
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Resolution: standard / high
Figure 3.
Forced IFIT-2 expression modulates protein expression. RAW264.7 and RAW-IFIT-2 cells were stimulated with 1 μg/ml or as stated LPS for 24 h or as stated and (A) TNF-α-, (B) IL-6, (C) MIP-2 or (D) VEGF secretion was determined by ELISA. Significant differences (two-way ANOVA or t-test) were found for TNF-α, IL-6 and MIP-2 (p < 0.001). Three independent experiments with similar results.
Berchtold et al. BMC Immunology 2008 9:75 doi:10.1186/1471-2172-9-75


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A fan-fiction take on the legendary series!
From Guitar Hero to Black Friday, Shamoozal's got it covered!
It's Arfenhouse, the movie!!!1
For gods sake jim.. You ruined everything.
There should be a button that allows you to stab him with his own knife. Nah, just kidding, this game was awesome. Just like everyone else I found a way to do every single choice. At first I had an affair then tried to cure them and failed. Then I found a cure, then I got stabbed in the workplace. Then I found my family stabbed at home. With good grace I won't tell anyone how to replay it. I found that (since replaying some cutscenes was quite boring) it was funny to kill the mood by flipping back and forward and trying to walk away when the man tried kill himself. I also found it funny when she said she was glad I came in and asked me if we could talk outside, and how I casually walked past her without saying a word. Glitches: on 2 days to live if you try to go back in the house it resets the game. Also on the last day if you try to leave work he walks of the screen. Oh and when you bring molly inside she is already found sitting down in front of you, but she still disappears when you walk up to that spot. Atmosphere was brilliant, thank you for this submission. (Y)
Oh, I see what you did there...
The whole no replay feature is very clever. But, you should give people a second chance. Because, it's just a game....right?
Kinda makes you think, doesn't it?
(I'm going to be assuming people who are reading this have already played through the game, so expect spoilers)
I think there's also another, possibly unintended message here aside from the obvious "You only have one life, so live it to the fullest" sort of thing. When I first completed the game, I got what seemed to be one of the most common endings for people to reach: discovering the cure, but the only survivors at that point were the main character and his daughter.
Disappointed in seeing his wife commit suicide and thinking maybe there was a way to cure her as well, I figured out one of the ways to play the game again. This only led to me finding that, when I did things differently, everything turned out even worse. To me, this comes off as a message about having regrets, and how pointless it is. Horrible things will happen... and a lot of the time, there really IS nothing you can do about it.
That being said, I only have two major issues:
1) I'm a little uncertain about how I feel about the attempt at removing replayability. I say "attempt" because it is easily circumvented using any of multiple methods. I understand it's there to help further convey your message, but you're only delaying the inevitable. Anyone who so desperately wants to see the endings (such as myself) can pretty easily find one of these methods. Regardless, I'd personally find it flattering if people were so desperate to find a way to replay a game I created, so take that as a silver lining to the fact that we're ignoring the "only one chance" message to an extent, if you like.
2) The choices, when you look at it, were really pretty limited, mostly just being to either stay at home with the family, work, or ditch with your coworker... though I suppose the limited options might be part of the message you're trying to convey?
There's also a minor glitch on Day 2 when you go to the roof to watch the man suicide. If you try to head back downstairs before talking to him, you'll instead just walk off the edge of the screen.
A number of people seem unhappy about the slow walk speed, but I think it's fine as is and really adds to the atmosphere. It really gives you time to think and reflect on your choices. The final day especially... The words changed from "You have one chance," to "You had one chance." With movement speed practically being a crawl, the significance of those words had the right amount of time to really sink in by the time I was faced with the decision of going to work or the park. I really felt like giving up and spending the last day with Molly in the park. It was a really nice shift in tone that added to the mood of hopelessness.
Long story short, while a little short and more of an interactive life lesson than a fully fleshed out game, it's definitely work taking for a spin. It only takes a few minutes to play, and you don't have to worry about it turning into a huge time waster. Unless you go out of your way to break the anti-replay system... You only have one chance.
Who needs a replay button when all you have to do is switch Firefox to private browsing mode and play the game to see the other endings.
You might as well put in a replay button as its easy to replay the game.
Yeah i get that you only get one chance but not only did i find a way to play the game again (a method that i will keep to myself to preserve the whole 1 chance thing) but i didn't find any of the endings particularly satisfying. You find a cure, die trying or die not trying at all.


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When I ask the girls where they would like to go, a popular response is the zoo. In the UK we were members of Bristol Zoo and visited there regularly. Having membership made our visits more relaxed, we didn't have … Continue reading
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Convert Multiple FLV Files To MP3 Files Software
editor's review
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During our testing we have noticed that Convert Multiple FLV Files To MP3 Files Software carries out a task quickly and provides very good audio quality. It doesn't eat up a lot of CPU and memory, so the overall performance of the computer is not affected.
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University of Redlands > Academics >
College of Arts & Sciences >
Undergraduate Studies >
Race & Ethnic Studies >
Diversity-Related Programs & Events
Campus Diversity and Inclusion (CDI)
First Generation Students Programs
Native American Programs
R.E.A.C.H. Program
The campus of the University of Redlands covers 160 acres.
© 2015 University of Redlands. All Rights Reserved.


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contact us
upcoming events
Fairlanes Craft Brew League Begins!
Mon, September 14, 2015 7:30 PM
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USBC Youth League Begins!
Sat, September 26, 2015 11:00 AM
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bowling hours
Monday: 11:00 am - 11:00 pm
Tuesday: 9:00 am - 11:00 pm
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Call for AVAILABILITY and make a reservation today!!!
Daily Specials not valid during national holidays.
welcome to fairlanes family entertainment center
Fairlanes Family Entertainment Center is your home for family FUN and family entertainment in West Michigan.
Fairlanes is a great place to have fun times with family and friends. At Fairlanes Family Entertainment Center you can have a great time at prices that won't break your family's budget. We have plenty of bumper bowling lanes just for kids! Bumpers are great to keep the bowling balls out of the gutters and smiles on the faces of your small children.
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Mercy Jane from the site Vinamy.com says that: "Ultimate Forearm Training For Baseball is the unique book that provides people with a lot of strength training exercises to develop their hands and forearms, and detailed instructions on how to perform these exercises correctly. In addition, when ordering this book, people will receive 8 special gifts from Jedd Johnson. Firstly, people will get the "Tube Ball Grip Training" book, the "Loaded Bat Grip Training" book, and the "Year-Round Strength Training Program" book. Secondly, people will receive the "20 Grip and Forearm Workouts" book, the "Essential Forearm Stretches for Baseball" book, and the "8-Week Grip Training Program" book. Finally, Jedd Johnson will give people the "Grip Considerations For Bench Press" book, the "Grip Training Program" video, and the "Medicine Ball Training Manual" book. Moreover, Jedd Johnson also offers people a policy of money back if the "Forearm Training For Baseball" book does not work for them."
If people wish to view pros and cons from a full overview about this book, they could visit the website: http://vinamy.com/baseball-hitting-tips-with-ultimate-forearm-training-for-baseball/
To know more information about this book, get a direct access to the official s
|Source: PRWeb
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All rights reserved


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VATICAN CITY (AP) — Pope Benedict XVI says he is convinced that peace will prevail in 2013 despite the inequality, terrorism and "unregulated financial capitalism" that afflict the world today.
Benedict celebrated a Mass on Tuesday in St. Peter's Basilica to mark the church's world day of peace. In the front pews were diplomats accredited to the Holy See, who next week will attend the pope's annual address about the plight of the world's poor and its war-torn regions.
In his homily, Benedict said despite today's terrorism, criminality and the inequality between rich and poor he was convinced that the "numerous works of peace, of which the world is rich, are testimony to the innate vocation of humanity to peace."


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It's been said before that 90 percent of bass fishermen focus their efforts in the shallows. For those anglers confident enough to fish in deep water the technique can pay off.
Anglers who fish for a living rarely get tackle at Christmas because we tend to have everything we need or buy it as we need it. But, I got lucky this year, as a couple of gifts put a smile on my face.


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Locarno 2015. Day 8Daniel Kasman
Hong Sang-soo's competition entry, the feature debut of Isiah Medina, and the end of the essential Marlen Khutsiev retrospective.
Hong Sang-soo's competition entry, the feature debut of Isiah Medina, and the end of the essential Marlen Khutsiev retrospective.
Bombs on an ocean liner endanger lives and enable a political discourse in Richard Lester's savage, savvy seventies thriller Juggernaut.
Athina Rachel Tsangari's yacht games, Marlen Khutsiev's stunning period film, and a comic adaptation of Dostoyevsky's "The Double".
Apartment nightmares by Marco Bellocchio, Chantal Akerman and Marlen Khutsiev.
José Luis Guerín's exquisite classroom of muses, a 1968 UFO debuting Bulle Ogier, and two by Sam Peckinpah.
An excellent premiering debut, two shaky competition titles, and more from the festival's wonderful retrospectives.
To coincide with his Locarno retrospective, Polish designers' takes on one of the most American of auteurs.
Andrzej Żuławski's first film in 15 years and revisiting Sam Peckinpah's "The Wild Bunch."
An essential discovery.
The Swiss film festival begins!
India's stunning movie theatres, trailers for films by Hou, Michael Bay, & Hong Sang-soo, Pedro Costa chats, Godard's illustrated scenario.
The latest film from the Golden Leopard-winning Swiss director is getting a 30-day run on MUBI.


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|Vernon Browser - Client Examples
Each individual client has customised Vernon Browser to fit their own branding and selection of features.
Many make use of the Highlights page to group together key objects around a particular theme. The McKay, in USA, uses the Highlights feature to illustrate key areas of the collection.
Some sites also have introduction pages that provide access to specific subsets of their collection. The River and Rowing Museum in the United Kingdom is one example, with their main collection pages showcasing key collections areas including art, medals, trophies and photographs.
University of Melbourne publish collections held by the Medical History Museum, the Henry Forman Atkinson Dental Museum and the Harry Brookes Allen Museum of Anatomy and Pathology.
Have a look a some of our other client implementations of Vernon Browser:
Art Gallery of Western Australia
Australian Centre for the Moving Image
Historic Houses Trust of New South Wales


text:
Missouri-Kansas City v Louisville
Russ Smith of the Louisville Cardinals steals the ball from Nate... News PhotoBall,Basketball - Sport,Horizontal,KFC Yum Center,Kentucky,Louisville Cardinals,Match - Sport,Men's College Basketball,Russ Smith - Basketball Player,Sport,Stealing,USA,University of LouisvillePhotographer Andy LyonsCollection: Getty Images Sport 2012 Getty ImagesLOUISVILLE, KY - DECEMBER 08: Russ Smith #2 of the Louisville Cardinals steals the ball from Nate Rogers #0 of the Missouri-Kansas City Kangaroos during the game at KFC YUM! Center on December 8, 2012 in Louisville, Kentucky. (Photo by Andy Lyons/Getty Images)


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Indy Moments: Snapshots of local life
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"The Burren, Co. Clare, Ireland" Top 5 Page for this destination Burren by webeida
Burren Travel Guide: 66 reviews and 131 photos
The Burren has a rich and varied concentration of rock formations including caves, cliffs, castles, tombs, and tower houses. Also, there is an abundance of plants that are rare and spectacular. The best way to experience, explore and enjoy this eco-system is by bicycle. Places of interest are Ballyvaughan, Carran, Doolin, Fanore, Kilfenora and Lisdoonvarna. Along the way you can visit Ailwee Caves, the Cliffs of Moher, Ailwee Cave, Kilmacduagh and Poulnabrone.
- Pros:Beautiful place with unique character and earth formations.
- Cons:Restaurants and Hotels can be pricey.
- In a nutshell:The Burren is the moon's landscape on earth
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Anyone who thinks of the Burren usually thinks of the Cliffs of Moher, the pubs with traditional irish music in Doolin,... more travel advice
If you would like to have a hassle-free cycling holiday, you don't have to organise your accommodation for yourself.... more travel advice
If you are cycling around the Burren, you don't need to carry your luggage around with you. West Ireland Cycling can... more travel advice
The best way to explore the Burren, Co. Clare is by bicycle. With West Ireland Cycling, you can either hire a bicycle... more travel advice
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It's now the second Sunday of Advent, a period when most folks prepare for the annual celebration of Christmas. Some of us will celebrate a secular social holiday with trees, and parties and gifts. Others of us will celebrate the birth of our Savior with worship and fellowship (and trees, and parties and gifts). Besides being a time of preparation, Advent also serves as a time of "expectant waiting." It reminds some people of the patience of the original Hebrews, who waited for the Messiah to come and who wait still. For others folks, it reminds us of the One who came, and who will come again.
Unfortunately, Advent has also become a time for a different type of waiting. We wait until Black Friday to get the best deals. We wait in traffic to shop for stuff. We wait in line to buy our presents. We wait for the mail to see how bad the bills will be. We wait to see what we get, before we make any plans to give. And, we wait to do unto others until they have done unto us. But, regardless of our respective religious convictions, Advent should be special time for all of us. It should be a season of patience, and a time of peace.
I was fortunate enough to hear a wonderful sermon on the second Sunday of Advent. In it, Pastor Rhonda Kouterick of the First United Methodist Church reminded me of the meaning of Advent. As a result, I completely rewrote this story after the church service. Well, I first took my family out to lunch before our annual trip to cut down a tree. But, it only gave the meaning of Pastor Rhonda's sermon time to percolate in my mind. But, at the risk of preaching to myself, allow me to shift to the topic of local history. But, be sure to keep the meaning of Advent in mind.
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Cadillac desert: the American West and its disappearing water
Pimlico, Mar 15, 2001 - Nature - 582 pages
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 10, 1994
|Filing date
|Feb 25, 1993
|Priority date
|Feb 25, 1993
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Vera B. Gorfinkel, Serge Luryi
|Original Assignee
|At&T Bell Laboratories
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Non-Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (15), Classifications (25), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application pertains to an article (e.g., a communication or data processing system) that comprises a semiconductor laser and to a method of operating the article that comprises high frequency modulation of the laser output.
Semiconductor lasers are well known. High-frequency modulation of the output radiation of semiconductor laser is an active area of optoelectronics. At present, amplitude modulation (AM) is the most widely used scheme. The conventional method of modulating the output amplitude of a semiconductor laser involves varying the laser pumping rate, by varying either electrical pump current or pump photon flux. This method is simple but is known to be limited to relatively low frequencies, typically ≲10 GHz. Furthermore, the modulation frequencies ≳1 GHz, the conventional modulation method is plagued by oscillations in the wavelength of the dominant mode of the output radiation. This phenomenon is generally referred to as "chirp". Both of the above referred to shortcomings of the conventional modulation method are due to an intrinsic resonance in the nonlinear laser system, the electron-photon resonance.
An alternative method for modulating the laser output is to directly control by external means the gain coefficient associated with the laser cavity. See, for instance, U.S. Pat. No. 5,023,878, which discloses a semiconductor laser which comprises, in addition to a "gain" section, a "loss" section that is optically coupled to the gain section but is electrically substantially isolated therefrom, such that the modal gain of the laser cavity can be changed through change of the electrical bias on the loss section.
Recently, a different and novel method of varying the gain coefficient associated with the active medium was disclosed. The method involves varying the effective carrier temperature Te in the laser active region. V. B. Gorfinkel et al., International Journal of Millimeter and Infrared Waves, Vol. 12, p. 649 (1991) disclose heating the electrons in the active region by driving an electric current through the active region, and V. B. Gorfinkel et al., Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 60, p. 3141 (1992) (incorporated hereby by reference ) disclose heating by inducing intersubband absorption in quantum wells in the active region. See also U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/814,745, filed Dec. 24, 1992 for V. B. Gorfinkel et al. (also incorporated by reference), which inter alia discloses an optical modulator that utilizes carrier heating by means of intersubband absorption. High frequency modulation of Te by several tens of degrees has been demonstrated experimentally.
Although the method of varying Te in principle allows faster laser modulation than the conventional (pump current modulation) method, it neither eliminates the relaxation oscillations nor the frequency chirp.
Although at present most laser modulation is AM, there is a growing demand for frequency-modulated (FM) laser output. Coherent optical communication methods based on FM signals are advantageous because varying the optical frequency within the laser amplification bandwidth (approximately 10 nm) opens a larger number of communication channels that are available with AM methods. Existing FM techniques are typically based on the modulation of the optical cavity length of a single-mode laser and can be classified in two groups: those which use the electro-optic effect for the modulation and those that modulate the carrier concentration in specially designed cavity sections. In both schemes, it is the real part of the refractive index which is modulated by the external control means, leading to a variation of the optical path length.
The electro-optic effect typically is very fast. However, as usually implemented in the prior art, electro-optic FM is necessarily accompanied by oscillation in the carrier concentration in the laser, which limits the possible rate of modulation and typically results in output that exhibits amplitude as well as frequency modulation (AFM).
FM schemes that modulate the carrier concentration also exhibit drawbacks. If the carrier modulation occurs in a region of the laser wherein the semiconductor material has a larger bandgap than the material in the active region of the laser then the modulation speed typically is limited by a relatively slow (of order 1 ns) spontaneous recombination. If, on the other hand, the bandgap is the same in the two regions then the recombination can be faster, helped by the stimulated emission process, but the optical output of the laser typically will exhibit AFM.
To summarize, conventional methods of laser modulation, whether they are nominally AM or FM, at high modulation rates (above about 1 GHz) typically result in an unwelcome mixture of the amplitude and frequency modulation. Moreover, the most widely used conventional laser modulation methods, based on the modulation of laser pump rate, are limited to relatively low frequencies (≲10 GHz).
It would be highly desirable to have available a method of modulating a semiconductor laser that can make possible higher modulation rates than are attainable with the conventional (pump current modulation) methods, and/or that makes possible substantially pure amplitude-modulated (AM) or pure frequency-modulated (FM) laser output at modulation frequencies higher than the currently attainable maximum frequency of about 1 GHz. This application discloses such a method, as well as apparatus for the practice of the method.
Higher modulation frequencies, and/or substantially pure AM or FM laser output modulation at rates in excess of the currently attainable maximum rate of about 1 GHz, would be of interest in many areas of technology, exemplarily in optical fiber communications and in optical data processing. We anticipate that the below disclosed method and apparatus can be advantageously used in these and other areas of technology.
Broadly speaking, the invention is embodied in a novel method of modulating a semiconductor laser, as well as in apparatus that comprises a semiconductor laser and novel means for modulating the laser output.
We have discovered that coherently varying, e.g., both the laser pumping rate and the optical gain in the active region of the laser can eliminate the relaxation oscillations and makes possible modulation at frequencies in excess of 10 GHz, e.g., up to about 50 GHz. It also can suppress chirp, making possible emission of substantially chirp-free pulses at repetition rates in excess of 1 GHz, e.g., up to about 10 GHz. Exemplarily, the optical gain is varied by modulating the effective carrier temperature Te in the laser active region.
As will be described in detail below, coherently varying the pumping rate and the optical gain is a particular example of a more general procedure which involves coherently varying at least two parameters out of a set of relevant laser parameters. Among the relevant parameters are, in addition to pump rate and optical gain, the photon lifetime τph, the confinement factor Γ, and the spontaneous emission factor β. The meaning of "coherently varying" two laser parameters will be defined below.
A particular embodiment of the invention is a method of operating an article (e.g., an optical fiber communication system) that comprises a semiconductor laser and means for utilizing the radiation output of the laser. Associated with the laser at least during laser operation are a pumping rate J, an optical gain g, a photon lifetime τph, a confinement factor Γ, a spontaneous emission factor β, a carrier density n, an effective carrier temperature Te, an output power P and an output frequency Ω. The method comprises pumping the laser so that the laser operates in the lasing regime. Significantly, the method further comprises varying coherently at least two of J, g, τph, Γ, Te, Ω and β. It should be noted that the pumping rate J, having dimensions (length)31 3 � (time)-1, is the rate of electron/hole pair generation, and is proportional to pump current or pump radiation intensity, as the case may be.
Another particular embodiment of the invention is an article (e.g., optical data processing apparatus) that comprises a semiconductor laser and means for utilizing the radiation output of the laser. Associated with the laser at least during laser operation are said parameters J, g, τph, Γ, β, n, Te, P and Ω. The article comprises means for pumping the laser, such that the laser is in the lasing regime. Significantly, the particle still further comprises means for varying coherently at least two of J, g, τph, Γ, Ω and β. In some currently preferred embodiments of the invention the pumping rate J is varied coherently with one of g, τph and Γ. In another currently preferred embodiment g and Ω are varied coherently.
Herein, one parameter X1 (t) (e.g., the optical gain) is varied "coherently" with another parameter X2 (t) (e.g., the pumping rate) if, for harmonic modulation, the two parameters are varied at one and the same frequency, with a predetermined phase and amplitude relationship between the variations. For non-harmonic (e.g., pulsed or arbitrary analog modulation), "coherent" modulation required a definite, determinable relationship between X1 (t) and X2 (t), e.g., between the pulse shapes, amplitudes and phases.
FIG. 1 schematically depicts an exemplary article according to the invention, namely, an optical fiber communication system; and
FIGS. 2-4 schematically show exemplary lasers according to the invention.
A semiconductor laser can be described by standard rate equations, as follows:
dn/dt =J-Sg-Bn2 ; (1a)
dS/dt =(Γg-τph -1)S+βBn2. (1b)
For background and greater detail see, for instance, G. P. Agrawal et al. "Long Wavelength Semiconductor Lasers"; Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1986.
In these equations, n is the carrier density, S is the photon density, J is the pumping rate, B(˜10-10 cm3 /s) is the radiative electron/hole recombination coefficient, β is the spontaneous emission factor, g=go c, where go is the optical gain in the active region and c is the speed of light in the medium, Γ is the confinement factor for the radiation intensity, τph is the photon lifetime in the laser cavity, and t is time. The output power P(t) is to a good approximation proportional to S(t).
In the lasing regime, the steady state value of J=J is greater than a threshold value Jth =Bn2, where the bar signifies the steady state value of the given parameter. In the steady state one has approximately [neglecting the typically small (β˜10-4) term βBn2 ],
gS=J-Jth ; and Γgτph =1
Equations 1) can be solved by conventional small signal analysis, utilizing the notation that any time-varying quantity X(t) can be expressed as X+Xeiωt, where X is the steady state value, X is the (typically complex) amplitude of the variation, and ω is the angular frequency.
We will now consider a particular embodiment of the invention, namely, laser operation with both J and g varied harmonically, and all other relevant parameters (e.g., Γ, τph, β) maintained constant. Specifically, we will consider variation of g by varying the effective carrier temperature Te in the active region.
With these assumptions, equations (1) can be linearized about a steady state value above the lasing threshold, to yield
iωn=J-Sg-gS-2Bnn; (2a)
iωS=(Γg-τph -1)S+ΓSg+2βBnn. (2b)
The small signal variation of the gain can be described by two coefficients g'n and g'T, each of which depends on the steady state values of carrier concentration n and temperature Te, as well as the optical angular frequency Ω, as follows:
g=g'n (n, Te, Ω)n+g'T (n, Te,Ω)Te. (3)
The goal of this analysis is to find solutions of equations (2a) and (2b) for which the quantities n and Te have a definite "target" relationship, that is to say, for which
n=γTe, (4)
where γ is a, possibly complex, coefficient.
Those skilled in the art will be able to verify that the following is a solution of equations (2a) and (2b), subject to condition (4):
S=(J/g)[1-ω2 τph τ+iωτph (1+τ/τsp)]-1, (5)
where τ=γ[(g'T +γg'n)S]-1, and τsp =(2Bn)-1. Equation (5) is the laser response function. It contains the usual pole, corresponding to the electron-photon resonance, and shows that the laser signal power P (which is proportional to S) decreases to ω-2 at high enough frequencies.
This substantially completes the analysis of the first exemplary embodiment, which was provided for pedagogical reasons, and which is not intended as a limitation on the scope of the invention. In particular, it must be understood that the invention is not restricted to harmonic modulation and/or small signal modulation, but applies to laser operation in pulse mode as well as large signal analog operations.
As those skilled in the art will recognize, equation (4) requires that the variations in pumping rate and Te have predetermined amplitude and phase relationship, i.e., be "coherent". The details of these coherent variations will in general depend on the objective to be achieved, as will be illustrated below.
If the desired result is the increase of the modulation frequency range then the target relation equation (4) should be chosen so as to eliminate the relaxation oscillations in the laser. This corresponds to the requirement that γ=0=n. In this case, equation (5) reduces to
S=J[g(1+iωτph)]-1 ; (5')
This solution requires that the variations J and Te be related to each other in the following definite way:
Te =(J/Sg'T)[iωτph /(1+iωτph)]. (6)
When equation (6) is fulfilled, then there is no variation of n in the system, and the modulation efficiency decays with frequency as ω-1, in accordance with equation (5'). Thus, in a particular embodiment of the invention, Te is varied coherently with the pumping rate such that n=0. Exemplarily this is accomplished by varying Te and pump current in accordance with equation (6).
We will next evaluate equation (6) for an exemplary laser that comprises InGaAs quantum wells, substantially as described in our article in Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 60(25), p. 3141.
In the exemplary laser, the change with temperature of the gain coefficient go near Te =300K is ∂go /∂Te ≈-1.6 cm-1 /K, yielding g'T ≈-1.6 s-1 K-1 (c, the speed of light in the medium, is approximately 1010 cm/s).
As mentioned above, the steady state solution of equations (1) corresponds to gS=J-Jth and Γg=1/τph. Substituting these expressions in equation (6) yields
Te =[J(J-Jth)-1 ][Γτph g'T ]-1 [i ωτph (1+iωτph)-1 ], or
Te ≈[30K ][-iωτph (1+iωτph)-1 ],
assuming the following exemplary values: Γ=0.05, τph =4ps, and J=0.1(J-Jth). Thus, for a sinusoidal variation of the pumping rate (e.g., of the pump current) of angular frequency ω and the assumed amplitude, the corresponding coherent variation in Te must have an amplitude of approximately (30K)�(ωτph)(1+ω2 τ2 ph)-1/2 and a phase φ=(π/2) + arctan (ωτph).
For the above exemplary case, and for frequencies much lower than about 40 GHz, ωτph is much less than 1, the required coherent variation of Te is very small, going to zero as ω. On the other hand, for frequencies high enough such that ωτph is much greater than 1, the amplitude of the required coherent variation of Te settles at 30K, and the required phase shift φ becomes π, i.e., the two variations must have opposite sign.
The above exemplary evaluation of a particular coherent variation of two laser parameters was provided for tutorial purposes only, and is not intended to imply any limitation on the scope of the invention.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the above analysis can be readily extended to the generation of an arbitrary analog optical signal, and also to the generation of an optical pulse of arbitrary shape. We will now briefly describe an exemplary technique that can be used to determine the coherent variations in the pumping rate and Te that will yield a desired radiation pulse S(t), under the previously assumed constraint that carrier density n is to be constant (i.e., no electron-photon resonance).
As a first step, Fourier transform S(t) into S(ω). Next, using equation (5'), determine J(ω) from S(ω), and inverse Fourier transform J(ω) to yield J(t). In order to determine Te (t), use equation (6) to determine Te (ω) from J(ω), and inverse Fourier transform Te (ω) to yield Te (t). This completes the process of determining J(t) and Te (t) to result in a radiation pulse S(t), with n= constant.
As those skilled in the art know, it is a simple and routine matter to compute Fourier transforms and inverse Fourier transforms, either on a general purpose computer or on a dedicated computer. The procedures are well known to those skilled in the art. If the form of S(t) is not known in advance, or in the case of an analog system, then the procedure has to be carried out in real time. However, in many cases (e.g., an optical communication system) S(t) is predetermined. In these cases, J(t) and Te (t) can be determined once and for all, and the means for providing the required coherent J(t) and Te (t) can be incorporated into the system.
Suppression of the electron-photon resonance by means of coherent variation in pumping rate and optical gain is not the only desirable result that can be achieved. Another possible result is essentially complete elimination of chirp, as will now be shown.
As is well known, frequency chirp originates from relaxation oscillation, which lead to variations δη in the real part η of the refractive index in the active region.
The small-signal change of η, designated η, can be written as follows:
η=ηfc +ηn +ηT
In the expression ηfc is the index change arising from free carrier absorption and is of form ηfc =-An, where exemplarily A≈10-20 cm3 for InGaAs. Furthermore, ηn and nT are due to variations in interband optical gain, and are determined by evaluation of the following Kramers-Kronig relations: ##EQU1## where P denotes the principal value of the integral. For definitions of g'n and g'T, see equation (3) above.
It can be shown that it is possible to completely suppress refractive index oscillations (i.e., η=0) if Te and J are chosen such that ##EQU2## This expression can be evaluated by known methods, as those skilled in the art will appreciate. It may bear emphasizing that suppression of the electron-photon resonance (η=0) results in significant chirp reduction, in addition to extension of the modulation range to higher frequency. On the other hand, the condition η=0 (or, more generally, the lasing frequency Ω= constant) typically does not result in complete suppression of the electron-photon resonance, with consequent decay of the modulation efficiency as ω-2 for sufficiently high frequencies.
As indicated above, pumping rate and optical gain are not the only laser parameters whose coherent variation can produce advantageous results. Exemplarily, coherent variation of pumping rate and confinement factor Γ can also produce such results, as will not be demonstrated.
Assuming that J=J(t) and Γ=Γ(t) are the only time-dependent externally varied parameters, a procedure substantially as used to derive equations (2a) and (2b) can be used to derive
iωn=J-Sg'n n-gS-n/τsp ; (7a)
iωS=S(Γg'n n+Γg). (7b)
Requiring, as above, n=0, results in the following coherence relation between Γ and J:
Γ=iωJ/Sg2. (8)
It follows that, as long as equation (8) is satisfied, the modulation efficiency will have no frequency roll-off, with S=J/g as in the static case. Of course, maintenance of equation (8) becomes more difficult as frequency increases, since higher and higher amplitude Γ is needed, substantially according to
Γ/Γ=iωτph J(J-Jth)-1 (9)
Equation (9) shows that suppression of the electron-photon resonance by means of coherent variation of pumping rate and containment factor typically requires that Γ(t) and J(t) are about 90� out of phase.
Coherent modulation of J and Γ according to the invention is also not restricted to small harmonic variations, and can also encompass pulse modulation and arbitrary analog variation. The required coherent variations can be determined substantially as described above for the case of variations in J and g.
As stated above, the invention encompasses coherent variation of at least two of the relevant parameters, with the relevant parameters including J, g, Γ, τph, Te, Ω and β. Those skilled in the art will be able to extend the above analysis to any desired combination of externally variable parameters, e.g., to J(t) and τph (t), and detailed exposition of these cases appears unnecessary.
Variation of the pumping rate by means of variation of the pump current (or pump radiation intensity) in any desired manner is conventional and needs no discussion. Variation of the optical gain through variation of Te is known. See, for instance, the articles in International Journal of Millimeter and Infrared Waves, Vol. 12, p. 649, and Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 60, p. 3141 (both incorporated herein by reference), which disclose carrier heating by means of an electrical current and by means of radiation, respectively. These techniques can be adapted to lasers, and we contemplate embodiments of the invention which comprise one or the other of these means for carrier heating. Of course, other means for carrier heating will likely be discovered in the future, and the use of all such means is contemplated.
As is well known, the confinement factor Γ depends on the refractive index of the cladding material that surrounds the core of the waveguiding region in the semiconductor laser. Variation of Γ can advantageously be accomplished by varying the refractive index difference between the core and the cladding material. Such variation can be accomplished by a variety of known means, for example, electro-optically. See, for instance, I. P. Kaminow, "Introduction to Electro-Optic Devices", Academic Press, Orlando, 1974. Other ways of varying Γ are likely to be discovered in the future, and the use of all ways of varying Γ is contemplated.
It it also well known that τph depends on the reflectivity of the "mirrors" that define the laser cavity. Variation of the reflectivity of distributed Bragg reflectors has recently been demonstrated (see O. Blum et al., Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 59, pp. 2971-2973, 1991), and embodiments of the invention (e.g., surface-emitting lasers) that comprise means for varying the reflectivity of one or both of the cavity-defining mirrors are contemplated.
Next we will discuss an exemplary embodiment of the invention which can result in a pure FM output regime. As indicated above, the resonant optical frequency Ω is one of the laser parameters that can be modulated by external means. For example, in a single-mode laser it is possible to electro-optically vary the index of refraction in a section of the laser cavity, resulting in a variation of the real part η of the mode refractive index, so that Ω varies in accordance with the resonant-cavity condition Ω=πc/ηL, where L is the cavity length. (For simplicity, we have neglected the possible variation of Ω due to a varying phase of the mirror reflectivity.) The gain function g depends on the concentration n and temperature Te of carriers in the active region, as well as on the optical frequency Ω--which in turn depends on the real part of the mode refractive index η that also may be varied directly by some external influence X, viz. η=η(X, n, Te). Therefore, a variation g of g [Ω(X, n, Te), n, Te ] now consists of three parts: ##EQU3##
In the instant exemplary embodiment, only two parameters are externally varied. These parameters are Te and X, where the latter exemplarily is a voltage V(t) that is applied to the electro-optic section of the laser resonant cavity, resulting in variation of Ω. Other externally variable parameters are assumed constant, i.e.,
J=Γ=τph =0. (12)
Under these exemplary circumstances, imposition of the target relation
ti g=0, (13)
will result in a pure FM regime (characterized by S=0), with the frequency Ω varying as ##EQU4## as those skilled in the art will be able to verify. Moreover, the fulfillment of the target condition (13) under conditions (12) will automatically ensure a constant carrier concentration in the active region, namely n=0.
The variables X and Te meet equation (13) if g'x X=-g'T Te or, equivalently,
X=-[(∂g/∂Te)Te ][(∂g/∂Ω)(∂Ω/.differential.X)]-1. (15)
Equation (15) is the coherence requirement between the dual modulations X and Te to bring about the pure FM regime S=0, provided the remaining variables are kept constant, as in Eq. (12).
The above analysis also has been provided for tutorial purposes, and is not intended to limit the invention.
Exemplarily, an optically pumped (J=0) vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) with one or more quantum wells in the active region, with Te controlled by CO2 laser radiation, and with η (and therefore Ω) controlled by means of an applied voltage V(t), can be operated in the above discussed pure FM mode. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the confinement factor Γ typically does not vary in VCSELs, and τph will be essentially constant in such a laser if, e.g., the mirrors are dielectric mirrors having high (typically ≳99%) real reflectance R.
FIG. 1 schematically depicts an exemplary embodiment of the invention, an optical fiber communication system 10. Laser 11 emits radiation 14 in response to coherently varying inputs 190 and 191. The radiation is received by optical fiber 12, guided therethrough and detected by conventional detecting means 13, resulting in electrical output 15. Inputs 190 and 191 (exemplarily pump current and electron-heating radiation, respectively) are varied in response to a (typically electric) signal 16, with each of source means 17 and 18 (exemplarily current source and radiation source, respectively) comprising means (e.g., phase shift means and amplifier means) for providing coherence between 190 and 191.
FIG. 2 schematically depicts a semiconductor laser 20 with means for externally varying the pumping rate and confinement factor. The laser comprises cladding regions 21 and 22 (at least one comprising electro-optic material, typically multilayered material), core region 23, and contact layers 24 and 25. Means 28 are provided for applying a time-varying voltage V(t) across the cladding structures. The core region, which comprises the active region of the laser (not separately shown), is electrically grounded. Pump radiation 26, of any wavelength capable of providing electron-hole pairs to the active region, is incident on the laser, resulting in emission of laser radiation 27 of power P(t). The pumping rate J(t) is proportional to the pump radiation intensity Φ(t), and V(t) causes variation in the refractive index of the cladding and therefore in the confinement factor Γ(t). Coherently varying Φ(t) and V(t) can result in improved laser performance, e.g., in absence of frequency variations ("chirp"; i.e., Ω= constant), or in suppression of the electron-photon resonance (n=0).
FIG. 3 schematically shows another semiconductor laser. Core region 23 comprises a quantum well 30, the active region of the laser. Means 31 facilitate application of pump current I(t) to the laser structure. Radiation 32, of wavelength adapted for exciting carriers from a lower to a higher energy level in the quantum well (i.e., adapted for carrier heating), is incident on the quantum well. Variation of the intensity Φ(t) of radiation 32 results in variation of Te (t). Coherently varying the pump current I(t) and the intensity of radiation 32 can result in improved device performance, as discussed above.
Although FIGS. 2 and 3 schematically depict longitudinal cavity lasers, the invention is not so limited. Indeed, in many cases, it will be advantageous to practice the invention with a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL), and FIG. 4 schematically shows a VCSEL 40 with dual parameter variation. The laser comprises quantum well region 44 between cladding regions 45 and 46. Region 43 comprises an electro-optic medium (e.g., comprising quantum wells) whose refractive index is a function of the electric field, controlled by the voltage V(t) applied between contact layer 50 and grounding means 51. Regions 41 and 42 are multilayer high reflectivity dielectric mirrors. Numeral 48 refers to constant amplitude pump radiation, 47 to carrier heating radiation, exemplarily CO2 laser radiation, and 49 to the laser output. If V(t) and radiation 47 are appropriately chosen, FM laser output 49 has constant amplitude.
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|U.S. Classification
|372/26, 372/31
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 25, 1993
Owner name: AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY, NEW YORK
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|Oct 21, 1997
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