text:
OSI-Approved Open Source (35)
- GNU General Public License version 2.0 (21)
- BSD License (5)
- Academic Free License (4)
- Adaptive Public License (3)
- GNU General Public License version 3.0 (3)
- GNU Library or Lesser General Public License version 2.0 (3)
- GNU Library or Lesser General Public License version 3.0 (2)
- MIT License (2)
- Apache License V2.0 (1)
- Apache Software License (1)
- Common Development and Distribution License (1)
- Open Software License 3.0 (1)
- Other License (2)
- Public Domain (2)
- Modern (38)
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Top Apps
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Open System Testing Architecture - a distributed software testing architecture designed around CORBA. The current toolset has the capability of performing scripted Web (HTTP and HTTPS) heavy load tests with performance measurements from Win32 platforms.101 weekly downloads
inadyn-mt - dynamic DNS client
inadyn-mt - inadyn, inadyn-advanced fork. A multi-OS (*NIX, BSD, NT,214 weekly downloads
cfix: unit testing framework for C/C++
cfix is a xUnit unit testing framework for C and C++, specialized for Win32 and NT kernel mode. The aim of the framework is to make the development of test suites as easy as possible while fully exploiting the services provided by Windows.35 weekly downloads
DLLInjector is a simple command-line tool for injecting a DLL into a running process.20 weekly downloads
Automatic Drawing Generation
A canvas library for generating technical drawings14 weekly downloads
A windows c++ program to test various libraries on various routers to forward ports on routers.11 weekly downloads
Easiest Calendar Creator
Displays any calendar starting with 1760... at no cost!5 weekly downloads
Current Time Designator
Displays all time information... at no cost!6 weekly downloads
BLA Messenger
This is an P2P Chatclient for everyone and open source. It was created for people to see an example for a chat-programm and learn how to networkprogramming works by looking at our code. We hope you enjoy it.4 weekly downloads
Video ICC/ICM color transform
The software pack for ICC/ICM color transform for captured or realtime (live) video data. Uses Argyll CMS for automatic profile creating (using standard IT8 target or custom generated). VirtualDub plugin and DirectShow filter.4 weekly downloads
Javelina Code Coverage Tool
Javelina is an advanced code coverage tool that uses dynamic instrumentation to minimize the overhead for collecting coverage data. Additionally, Javelina allows the application of logical operations to code coverage data.1 weekly downloads
A GUI comparison tool that automates diffs detection between versions. You can record and play scenarios on two different releases of the same app (in sequential or parallel mode); jDiffChaser compares both screens and shows you the differences.1 weekly downloads
CDP Dissector
CDP Dissector is a plugin for Wireshark (the network protocol capture and analyzer tool) to dissect and analyze the UDP-based proprietary CDP protocol (Control Design Platform) from Industrial Control Design.1 weekly downloads
Open Source GlassFish Software Appliance
Open Source Application Server Appliance based on Open Source GlassFish1 weekly downloads
The aim of this project is to facilitate the development of open source software for the acceptance testing of commonly used PET (positron emission tomography) systems in accordance with published NEMA standards.1 weekly downloads
PHP TTS Bindings
PHP-VOX is the Text To Speech(TTS) binding for PHP.1 weekly downloads
Quick Line Counter
Add any number of files and count the total lines, empty lines, and commented lines. Add entire directories and filter file types, easy to use and quick.1 weekly downloads
Text File Statistics
A command line utility to display statistics about a text file consisting of lines of data. The statistics include counts of line terminator pairs (CR, LF, CR+LF) and line counts. Also shows if there is an unterminated trailing line.1 weekly downloads
Wavy is a program based on Johnny Lee's fingertracking project that makes you control your mouse cursor with your fingers (with the help of reflective tape) and supports every thing you can do with a regular mouse.1 weekly downloads
Windows Batch Delay
A Windows console app to delay a specified number of seconds and exit if a key is pressed. Handy for automation batch files. For example: :start batdelay 10 if ERRORLEVEL 1 goto :EOF ...do something goto start1 weekly downloads
banshee-- A toolkit for building constraint-based program analyses1 weekly downloads
This utility is to construct the interactive function call graph.0 weekly downloads
Cellocity LInux Operating System
Cellocity Linux is Based on Fedora Core 6 Source Code. With only basic core elements needed to operate Compatipal and a completley Graphic Interface as well as Text. Version 2.0 will include more applications 32,64 bit and 80 Core Intel CPU0 weekly downloads
This program calcules a any Earthing Eletrical System: the voltage, grounding resistence and step voltage. (Programa que calcula num sistema de aterramento: a tensao em qualquer ponto do solo, a resistencia do aterramento e a tensao de passo)0 weekly downloads
The idea of this project is automatize hydrogen Booster system created by Stanley Meyer to implement it in cars,trucks and electric plants as well as for production of free energy.0 weekly downloads


text:
Teens from the Boys and Girls Club Keystone group at Hope Leadership Academy hosted twelve local senior citizens at the center's annual Primp and Pamper event. The event gives teens the opportunity to provide service to seniors in the community and develop intergenerational relationships.
It has become a much-anticipated tradition. For nine years, LeBron James has made the NBA All-Star weekend about much more than just a basketball game. As the game moves from one city to the next, LeBron teams up with the Boys & Girls Club of America to commit massive acts of generosity at local facilities.
On January 31, the East Harlem Center Keystone Club hosted the #KnowYourRightsNYC forum, an opportunity for teens to come together to help build stronger community relations with the police while also learning about their rights if they have personal interactions with police officers.
On January 17, Associates Council volunteers gathered at the Dunlevy Milbank Community Center in Harlem to support Study Now, Play Later, a signature Children's Aid program where students (grades K-5) spend their Saturday reinforcing concepts learned in school, specifically math and reading.
Community members of all ages braved the frigid weather to attend the Town Hall Meeting at our Dunlevy Milbank Center in Harlem. Milbank staff organized the event to promote open and honest conversation within the climate of strained relations between police members and communities of color. The meeting featured a panel of local leaders, elected officials, and current and retired members of the New York Police Department.
Here at Children's Aid, we have a lot to be thankful for throughout the holiday season. We learned of yet another thing about which to be grateful.
For seven years, the Pig Brooch Theatre Company has been staging a word-for-word performance of "A Charlie Brown Christmas," mimicking to perfection every movement of the animated characters. Presented at the Brooklyn Lyceum, the event has become a well-known family tradition.
711 Third Avenue - Suite 700 | New York, NY 10017 | 212-949-4800 | 212-949-4936 (Development)
The Children's Aid Society is registered as a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Urvashi Rautela Follow
All About Urvashi Rautela
Model-actress Urvashi Rautela was detained at the airport while he was returning from Dubai. She was carrying some valuable ornaments with her worth Rs 11.5 lakh which the actress did not declare. The Airport Intelligence Unit (AIU) of airport cu ... read more
Bollywood actor Arjun Kapoor who has turned a year older ringed in his birthday with cousins actress Sonam Kapoor and producer Rhea Kapoor. ... read more
Divya Khosla Kumar who debuted as a director with the 2014 hit 'Yaariyan' comprising mostly of newcomers, is back with her next film 'Sanam Re' which stars Pulkit Samrat and Yami Gautam in the lead and Rishi Kapoor and Ur ... read more


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The 1951 Hoffman: Because a wheelbase that's shorter than the width of the track is a good thing, right?
13 Cars That Define Buick At Age 110
A blank space in the dash and a bunch of loose wires are enough to significantly upgrade the kinds of things your car can do.
Slide removal tools into the slots on the radio's face.
15 Cars That Couldn't Save Their Brand


text:
Isco has pulled out of Spain's squad for their friendly against Chile on Tuesday due to an ankle injury.
The Real Madrid playmaker was in line to collect his second international cap in the match in Geneva, but the national team have confirmed he has returned to the Spanish capital "as a precaution" following tests on his left ankle.
Isco was an unused substitute in his country's 2-0 victory over Finland in FIFA World Cup qualifying on Friday, and it is now clear that he was deemed unfit to take part prior to the trip to Helsinki.
However, despite the 21-year-old's absence, manager Vicente del Bosque has opted against calling up a replacement for the match against Chile.
"Francisco Roman Alarcon 'Isco' leaves the Spanish national team training camp as a precaution," a statement from the Spanish Football Federation read.
"The discomfort is in his left ankle, although tests have ruled out any anatomic evidence of injury.
"The player was tested last Wednesday, and we have been advised to use caution.
"The complete medical report with radiological tests performed will be sent to the medical services of Real Madrid, with whom the doctors of the team have maintained continuous communication.
"National coach Vicente del Bosque has decided not to call any player instead."
Isco moved to the Santiago Bernabeu from Malaga in the close-season and has made an immediate impact for his new side, scoring three goals in their first three La Liga games.
0 - 1
1 - 1
1 - 2
44' E. Vargas
(assist by A. Sánchez)
Jesús Navas 90'+2
(assist by Pedro)
2 - 2
|Víctor Valdés
|Sergio Ramos
|Nacho Monreal
|Javi García
|Coach: Del Bosque
|C. Bravo
|M. González
|G. Jara
|E. Mena
|D. Pizarro
|A. Vidal
|M. Isla
|M. Diaz
|G. Medel
|E. Vargas
|5' 44'
|A. Sánchez
|Coach: J. Sampaoli
for Fàbregas 46'
for Xavi 46'
for Sergio Ramos 59'
for Víctor Valdés 59'
for Soldado 66'
for Javi García 79'
for G. Jara 46'
for D. Pizarro 46'
for E. Vargas 86'
for A. Sánchez 90+3'
|France 4 Armenia 0: Benzema fires Deschamp´s side to friendly win
|Portugal 1 Denmark 0: Moutinho fires hosts to Euro 2016
|Northern Ireland 3 Greece 1: Davis at the double as hosts qualify for Euro 2016
|Nigeria 0 DR Congo 2: Oliseh suffers first defeat
|Messi hits out at tax trial decision
|Klopp named new Liverpool boss
|AFC World Cup Qualifying Review: Australia slip up, Japan remain unbeaten
|CAF World Cup Qualifying Review: South Sudan earn draw in milestone first qualifier
|Carragher issues transfer fund warning to Klopp
|Daley Blind: My father should not be fired if Netherlands fail to qualify
|Dyke: FA will await FIFA verdict before dropping Platini support
|Bosnia-Herzegovina v Wales: Kanu out to finish the job
|Costa Rica v South Africa: Oviedo relishing return to international action
|Cahill: England captaincy a dream come true
|Platini slams ´farcical´ FIFA ban
|Rooney won´t be risked in either game - Hodgson
|Arsenal and Chelsea fined by FA after feisty encounter
|Andorra v Belgium: Wilmots´ side on the verge of qualification
|UEFA stands ´fully behind´ banned Platini
|Kuwait 0 South Korea 1: Koo header makes the difference
|Injury delays Ings´ England debut
|Klopp ready to become ´a Liverpool man´
|Chung Mong-joon: Ethics Committee is Blatter´s ´hitman´
|Chelsea snap up free agent goalkeeper Amelia
|Jordan 2 Australia 0: Asian champions suffer first loss
|Messi to stand trial over tax allegations, according to reports
|Reform activist Collins: FIFA at risk of collapse
|Syria 0 Japan 3: Honda, Okazaki and Usami strike to claim top spot
|Ribery edging closer to Bayern comeback
|Liverpool set to announce Klopp appointment
|Tebas sides with Barcelona over Turan registration
|Ronaldo: Ferguson was my football father
|´Enough is enough´ - IOC president Bach slams FIFA
|Nigeria icon Enyeama retires from international football
|FA continue to support Platini despite FIFA ban
|What They Said: Blatter, Platini respond to FIFA bans
|Hayatou vows not to contest FIFA presidency
|Rooney ruled out of Estonia match
|Western Sydney Wanderers 1 Brisbane Roar 3: Maclaren at the double as Roar start in style
|Blatter ´relieved of all duties´ by FIFA
|Blatter hits back at Ethics Committee after FIFA suspension
|Gotze committed to Bayern Munich
|Mourinho thanks Abramovich for vote of confidence
|Blatter, Platini and Valcke banned by FIFA
|Michel Platini´s statement in full
|Platini labels FIFA leak ´insidious´ after suspension reports
|Pogba out of France friendlies with ankle injury
|Freixa critical of Barcelona over Turan absence
|Reus hopes Ireland feel the pressure
|Poyet: Sunderland managers not to blame
|Fabregas: Mourinho is the best coach for Chelsea
|United States v Mexico: Confederations Cup spot up for grabs
|MLS Review: Whitecaps qualify for play-offs, Drogba scores again but Red Bulls win
|Osorio will coach Mexico
|Dunga: Brazil must restore fans´ confidence
|Moyes has Sociedad backing - Martinez
|Pekerman: Falcao will always be called up
|De Gea: Madrid saga has made me grow
|Schelotto wants to join Leicester
|Coutinho ´extremely happy´ at Liverpool - agent
|Tabarez: We don´t want to cause problems
|Free agent Ronaldinho hopes to continue playing
|Del Bosque the best man for Spain - Guardiola
|Arda hits back at Van Persie comments
|Alexis and Vidal doubts to face Brazil
|CAF World Cup Qualifying Review: Historic South Sudan clash called off, Kenya thump Mauritius
|Mandzukic out of Croatia´s qualifiers
|Aguero: No. 10 shirt belongs to Messi
|Dinamo Zagreb´s Ademi fails doping test
|FIFA president Blatter facing suspension, claims advisor
|Spain v Luxembourg: Holders close in on qualification
|England v Estonia: We´ve won nothing yet, Hart warns
|Douglas Costa: I cannot replace Neymar
|Lloris sure Benzema can lead France forward
|Lewandowski one of the best I´ve played against - Martin
|Ancelotti urges Milan to give Mihajlovic time
|Colombia v Peru Preview: Falcao out to silence his critics
|Ancelotti: Ibrahimovic is not finished
|Colombia v Peru: Falcao out to silence his critics
|Keita ruled out for five weeks
|Hummels denies singling out Dortmund team-mates
|Zidane was great, but I only had eyes for Riquelme - Pastore
|De Boer fears Netherlands disaster
|France v Armenia Preview: Deschamps has faith in Giroud
|Scotland suffer Anya blow ahead of Poland clash
|Mata: Chelsea still in Premier League title race
|Gotze has silenced critics - Low
|Roy Keane has bigger t**s than me, says Robbie
|El Shaarawy: I have found serenity at Monaco
|Evans out of vital Northern Ireland qualifier
|Argentina v Ecuador: Aguero the man to watch in Messi´s absence
|Argentina v Ecuador Preview: Aguero the man to watch in Messi's absence
|Walcott vows to deliver Arsenal form for England
|I wish we could stop the Pique whistles, says Nolito
|Insigne withdraws from Italy squad
|Luongo thought Ballon d´Or nod was a joke
|Muller pays tribute to ´great role model´ Gerd
|Nolito: Barcelona rumours won´t change me
|Chung Mong-joon vows to sue ´hypocrite´ Blatter
|Fast-paced England can go far at Euro 2016 - King
|Adverse WADA findings down in 2014
|Vertonghen hoping to see Kompany play for Belgium
|Nedved: Morata´s future is at Juventus
|Costa´s poor Spain form understandable - Mata
|I have to get the better of Schweinsteiger - Meyler
|Ancelotti: I will return next season
|Depay: Criticism does not affect me
|Bolivia - Uruguay Preview: Tabarez wary of poor record
|Ozil: Arsenal do not fear Bayern Munich
|Cristiano Ronaldo will retire at Real Madrid - Ancelotti
|Beckham: Don´t write off Rooney
|Bigas: I did not deliberately injure Messi
|Inter training was boring - Kovacic
|Klopp can be Liverpool ´immortal´ - Hamann
|I had my best season under Benitez - Mata
|Neymar will break my record anyway - Kaka
|Chile v Brazil: Dunga aware of qualifying difficulties
|Wanyama has ´forgotten´ about failed Tottenham move
|United won´t end up like Liverpool - Beckham
|Bolivia v Uruguay: Tabarez wary of La Paz altitude
|Cabaye unsurprised by Martial talent
|Enyeama rift just a ´misunderstanding´
|´I´m ready to go´ - Bale
|Osorio set to take charge of Mexico
|Lewandowski expects to be targeted by Scotland
|Kramaric frustrated with Leicester role
|Fowler: I´d love to join Klopp at Liverpool
|Nigeria v DR Congo: Visa chaos undermines friendly
|Ramos: Benitez can speak to me about penalty
|Portugal v Denmark: Ronaldo & Co on the brink of Euro 2016 finals
|You can´t build a team around Ronaldo - Cruyff
|Germany without Podolski for final qualifiers
|Bosnia hopeful Dzeko can face Wales
|Sevilla rule out move for United outcast Valdes
|Kovacic criticises distant relationship with Mancini
|England call up Walker, Townsend as Stones drops out
|Amalfitano released by West Ham
|Torres defends Benitez over ´defensive´ jibes
|Beckham predicts Premier League return for Ancelotti
|Cabaye relishing competition from Diarra
|Dybala is already a star - Martino
|Bayern and Germany legend Muller suffering from Alzheimer´s
|Diarra thanks Deschamps for France recall
|Scotland v Poland: Newcomer Shinnie boosted by confidence in Strachan´s squad
|Doumbia rules out Roma return
|France v Armenia: Deschamps has faith in Giroud
|Cruyff critical of Van Gaal and Mourinho
|Kuwait v South Korea: Perfect records on the line
|Sneijder: Netherlands face two finals to reach France
|Beckham backs Giggs as future Manchester United manager
|Northern Ireland v Greece: Norwood confident of qualification
|Jovetic slams ´absurd´ injury reports
|Keane slams Sunderland hierarchy after Advocaat exit
|Republic of Ireland v Germany: Gundogan doesn´t want to play for a draw
|Beckham reflects fondly on relationship with Ferguson
|Tax charges dropped against Messi
|Gundogan: Klopp would be a great fit for Liverpool
|´He didn´t have the baby´ - New father Keane expected to line-up for Ireland
|Bertrand eager to state England case
|Nedved warns Pogba: You can´t have everything
|Sakho: I was like a caged lion on the sidelines
|Honda hits back at Mihajlovic: There´s no point in blaming the players
|Tottenham´s fitness too much for opponents - Dier
|Ramos withdraws from Spain squad due to shoulder injury
|Gundogan and Boateng praise in-form Muller
|Janmaat ruled out of Netherlands qualifiers
|Benitez: Defensive? My Napoli team scored 104 goals!
|Ronaldo not untouchable and will be rested, says Benitez
|Barca, Madrid and United are Bayern´s Champions League rivals - Effenberg
|Neymar will stay at Barcelona for his ´entire life´ - Robert
|Klopp would deliver at any club - Can
|O´Neill: I didn´t prostitute myself for Grealish
|Mourinho burning out his players - Capello
|Lewandowski´s stunning form ´does not make Poland a better team´
|Barcelona are looking at January signings, confirms Robert
|Deschamps: I won´t sub Benzema
|Chung Mong-Joon expects FIFA suspension
|Mourinho: Ferguson knew I didn´t want United job
|Ferguson´s hairdryer treatment inspired players – Ronaldo
|Jordan v Australia: Visitors ready for tough trip
|Falcao confident of Chelsea turnaround
|Syria v Japan: Top spot up for grabs
|Euro giants are scared of playing Wales - Coleman
|Benzema must convert more chances - Benitez
|Nasri happy for future without France
|Van Persie situation concerns Blind
|Walcott almost unstoppable - Coquelin
|Bale named as Wales player of the year once more
|Rojo latest player ruled out of Argentina qualifiers


text: We're sorry, Stripy Peg Bag With Vintage Button is no longer available Why not try one of these instead? Pastel Bird Collection Wall Storage Hooks by Dibor £9$19.50€13.31$14.80 Vintage Style Painted Letter Hook by the letteroom £15$32.50€22.19$24.67 can be personalised Candy Ball Hook Rack by The Forest & Co £9$19.50€13.31$14.80 Porcelain Teapot Hanging Hook And Vase by Sparks Living £15$32.50€22.19$24.67 Stripy Peg Bag With Vintage Button by Old Favourite £12$26€17.75$19.74 This item is no longer available £18.50$40.08€27.37$30.43 delivery to United States Receive this item 5-10 working days from dispatch International delivery available colourcolour (required)Red stripecolour (required)Red stripecolour (required)Red stripecolour (required)Red stripe we're sorry we're sorry, This item is no longer available buy a gift voucher related categories baby & child > children's room accessories > children's storage > hooks, pegs & clips home > laundry room > laundry home > children's room > furnishings & fittings > hooks, pegs & clips by Old Favourite Location: Devon, GB read seller's profile see seller's complete range more items from this seller Lavender Bag £7$15.16€10.35$11.51 Enlarged Postcard Print Cushion £28$60.67€41.43$46.06 Beach Hut Wash Bag £20$43.34€29.59$32.90 'Time For Tea' Tea Towel £7$15.16€10.35$11.51 Beach Hut Cup £10.95$23.72€16.20$18.01 Bone China Cotton Reel Cup £10.95$23.72€16.20$18.01 view all you may also like PRODUCT DETAILS CUSTOMER REVIEWS DELIVERY RETURNS Made in Britain ask seller a question save for later A practical and nostalgic striped peg bag to hold all your wooden pegs, with a lovely vintage button and ribbon detail. Available as Red, Navy or Black stripe. Vintage buttons and cotton ribbon colours may vary. made from: 100% cotton with wooden hanger. dimensions: 41cm x 31cm, peg section 16cm x 31cm product code: 131094 2 customer reviews Thu 02 Jan 2014 Love the bag Wed 01 Jan 2014 No comment supplied. read about our product rating system ratings guide trusted independent customer feedbackforum excellent bad good poor This product is dispatched to you by Old Favourite. MAINLAND UK order now and receive this item by price Standard Delivery Monday 19 October £2.75$5.95€4.06$4.52 NON-MAINLAND UK estimated delivery price Highlands & Islands of Scotland 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £2.75$5.95€4.06$4.52 Northern Ireland 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £2.75$5.95€4.06$4.52 Other UK Islands 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £2.75$5.95€4.06$4.52 INTERNATIONAL DELIVERY estimated delivery price Western Europe 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £11.50$24.92€17.01$18.91 Rest of Europe 5-10 working daysfrom dispatch £11.50$24.92€17.01$18.91 USA & Canada 5-10 working daysfrom dispatch £18.50$40.08€27.37$30.43 You have 28 days, from receipt of cancellable goods, to notify the seller if you wish to cancel your order or exchange an item. Please note: goods that are personalised, bespoke or made-to-order to your specific requirements, perishable products and personal items sold with a hygiene seal (cosmetics, underwear) in instances where the seal is broken are non-refundable, unless faulty. Read more about our returns policy.Should you choose to return or exchange your order you will need to deliver the item(s) to the UK, where this seller is based. Old Favourite's return policy


text:
Redken Hair Cleansing Cream
201 reviews
87% would repurchase
Package Quality: 4.3
Price: $$$
Package Quality: 4.3
Price: $$$
INGREDIENTSWater (Aqua), Sodium Laureth Sulfate, Lauryl Glucoside, Cetearyl Alcohol, Sodium Chloride, Glycol Stearate, Cocamidopropyl Betaine, Phenoxyethanol, PPG 5 Ceteth 20, Fragrance, Pentasodium Pentetate, Limonene, Methylparaben, Citric Acid, DMDM Hydantoin, Stearic Acid, Saccharum Officinarum (Sugar Cane) Extract, Amino Methyl Propanol, Hexyl Cinnamal, Linalool, Wheat Amino Acid, Hydrolyzed Soy Protein, Butylphenyl Methylpropional, Citrus Limonum (Lemon) Fruit Extract, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Extract, Camellia Sinensis (Green Tea) Leaf Extract
on 7/6/2007 11:12:00 PM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Very Oily, Other, Not Sure
Hair: Brown, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
Love it (that being said I have oily hair). This is the only shampoo I have ever found where I only have to wash my hair every other day and I do not look like a disaster.
on 7/5/2007 4:41:00 PM
Age: 18 & Under
Skin: Oily, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
I've been using this on my roots every time I wash my hair, which is every other day, with Redken's Fresh curls shampoo on the rest of my hair and use it once a week on my whole hair. I love it. I have oily hair, thus is why I don't use the Fresh curls on my roots (but I can't dettach myself from the from fresh curls, see my reviews) so I use this instead. Wow. By the next day, my hair is usually itchy & oily. I swear, I can now go about 3 days without washing (even though I usually don't like to) but if I do, it feels exactly the same way it did the very first day I washed it! For being a cleansing shampoo, it leaves my hair incrediably soft yet clean and I love the smell. It lathers and spreads beautifully. Yay.
on 10/29/2006 5:13:00 AM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Other, Other
Eyes: Black
I'm quite impressed with this. I recently just finished Pantene Clarifying shampoo, and i decided to give this one ago. It smells abselute devine... It's like a super clarifying shampoo, lathers well, and it leaves my hair all soft and gunk free. After shampooing my hair with this product I use Redken Smooth down butter treatment. My hair feels sooo much healthier now since I've been adding this to my weekly treatment. Thumbs up!!!
on 4/21/2006 2:28:00 PM
Age: 36-43
Skin: Oily, Other, Not Sure
Hair: Blond, Other, Other
Eyes: Green
Love, love this shampoo. Leaves my hair bouncy and clean, but without stripping it to death. I will continue using this and have for a few years now.
on 1/1/2006 6:39:00 AM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Combination, Other, Not Sure
Hair: Brown, Other, Other
Eyes: Green
nothing special at all and contains chemicals...://www.ewg.org/reports/skindeep2/
I started using JASON JOJOBA SHAMPOO and i highly recommend for somebody, who wants fantastic results.I tried many products starting from expensive brands Rusk, Abba,KMS, Kerastase,Clinique finishing natural brands like Weleda. I have baby thin, wawy oily hair with dry ends. i use Jojoba's shampoo and results are better compare with Kerastase even and way better compare with Johnson&Johnson ...and even without conditioning my hair is moisturised, shine, very very soft and full of body. My husband has dry hair and the shampoo is the best as well!!!! highly recommended.
on 10/20/2005 4:01:00 AM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Blond, Other, Other
Eyes: Green
I used this years ago when my hair was healthy and not color-treated. It removed build-up well. Now my hair is coloured and dry, and i use the All-Soft line. This line gives me a buildup though and i feel like i need to clarify. The only thing that stops me from buying this clarifying shampoo again - what if it strips the colour from my hair? What a dilemma...
on 9/19/2005 1:30:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Dry, Fair, Neutral
Hair: Brown, Wavy, Medium
Eyes: Blue
I use this to remove build-up every now and then (I don't use it that often, I tend to alternate between different regular shampoos when I can, but when I do use it I really need it), and also if I for some reason have super-greasy hair (in that case it's excellent, it really lathers). On it's own I find it entirely too drying for my hair, even if I condition after my roots that I don't condtion feel dry and coarse. But if I use this first and rinse it out without combing through my hair, and then use my regular hydrating shampoo, it really does what it's supposed to. It also smells nice.
While I really like the product, I would probably not repurchase, at least not right away. I would see if I could find a cheaper (redken is quite expensive where I live) clairifying shampoo that isn't as drying. continued >>
on 9/8/2005 3:55:00 AM
Age: 18 & Under
Skin: Dry, Other, Not Sure
Hair: Blond, Other, Other
Eyes: Blue
The best deep cleanser ther is. But don't use it more than every two weeks, or it will make your hair dry.
on 6/9/2005 3:13:00 PM
Age: 30-35
Skin: Combination, Other, Not Sure
Hair: Blond, Other, Other
Eyes: Blue
I like Redken products, but this was a huge disappointment. I experimented with clarifying shampoos a few months ago, and this stuff is very, very harsh and drying, and it made my otherwise normal hair look brittle. I think it would be very damaging to color-treated hair, since it was for my normal hair.
on 5/30/2005 1:57:00 PM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Oily, Other, Not Sure
Hair: Blond, Other, Other
Eyes: Blue
An amazing clarifying shampoo that gets the "gunk" off my hair, but is not drying in the least to my hair. Im left with happy, bouncy shiney hair. My only complaint is I wish the bottles were bigger, as I go through a lot of shampoo.
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environmental risk assessments Companies in Ukraine
Category: Environmental Management ×
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Employees number: 11-100 ×
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based in London, UNITED KINGDOM
Ecometrica is passionate about clear, correct, and meaningful environmental management that helps businesses meet their sustainability challenges, reduce costs, and increase overall performance. We help our clients measure their environmental impacts, from carbon, energy, paper, waste and water management all the way through to full supply chain accounting. We have global ...
Cambridge Environmental Research Consultants (CERC)
based in Cambridge, UNITED KINGDOM
Developers of environmental software including the well known Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling System, ADMS. The world leading ADMS-Urban calculates pollution concentrations at street level resolution over urban areas and links seamlessly to regional air quality models. ADMS 5 for industrial pollution combines state-of-the-art science with an unparalleled range of model ...
Selerant srl
based in Cassina de pecchi, ITALY
Recognized as a global leader, Selerant provides innovative formula-based manufacturers with product development solutions to dramatically accelerate time to market. Selerant addresses the unique concerns of formula-based manufacturers in its latest product lifecycle management solution, DevEX. With its core strenght in compliance and more than 20 years of experience, ...
Quantum Compliance
based in Ann Arbor, MICHIGAN (USA)
Quantum Compliance provides Environmental Health and Safety (EH&S) software solutions that help businesses implement and maintain compliant and sustainable EH&S practices. Our cost-effective modules are available individually or as part of the integrated Q EHS compliance system. Founded in 1985 by a team of environmental engineering and computer science professionals who ...
Rivo Software Ltd.
based in Warwick, UNITED KINGDOM
Rivo Software is a world leading enterprise safety, security and sustainability platform. We unlock value by providing technology for managing safety, security and sustainability, resulting in increased efficiency, performance and protection of people, assets and reputations. We use our expertise to continually evolve our technology platform maintaining superior quality ...
CSRware, Inc.
based in San Francisco, CALIFORNIA (USA)
CSRware offers Conflict Minerals Management, Supply Chain and Energy & Sustainability software with EH&S integration. Meet CMRT, SEC reporting or other regulatory deadlines quickly, easily and accurately. To do your job well, you need accurate information at the right time. Unfortunately, that information lives in an ever-increasing mess of fragmented spreadsheets, ...
KMK Regulatory Services
based in Blainville, QUEBEC (CANADA)
KMK Regulatory Services provides expert regulatory and SDS authoring services for manufacturers, blenders and distributors of chemicals. We've served thousands of customers worldwide, for more than a decade. KMK's President and Chief Scientific Officer, Dr. Luc Seguin, PhD., (Chemist), is a highly qualified and respected expert in the field of chemical compliance. He was ...
Lakes Environmental Software
based in Waterloo, ONTARIO (CANADA)
Lakes Environmental is committed to supplying robust and easy-to-use air dispersion modeling software to consulting companies, industries, governmental agencies and academia. The introduction of Lakes Environmental's graphical Microsoft Windows-based interfaces revolutionized the field of air dispersion modeling software. Since 1995, Lakes Environmental has been ...
Perillon Software Inc.
based in Littleton, MASSACHUSETTS (USA)
Perillon Software delivers comprehensive cloud-based Operational Risk & Compliance Management solutions to mid to large-sized companies in energy, power, industrial, manufacturing and process industries. As the technology leader, Perillon helps Environmental, Health, Safety and Quality (EHS&Q) professionals at all levels in the organization measure, manage and analyze ...
RVSL Aachen GmbH
based in Pulheim-stommeln, GERMANY
Founded in 1994 with Offices and/or customers in: Germany, Austria, Malta, Mexico, UK. Certification bodies for ISO´s MS and Consulting for Risk Management, Business Continuity, Energy Management.Management systems that we assess: Quality ISO 9001, Environment ISO 14001, Safety and Health OHSAS 18001,Management systems that we advice: RISK Management ISO 31000, Corporate ...


text: The rate is low but for that you receive a very clean comfortable room. The place really needs updating. The finishes and furnishing are worn heavily. The staff are very friendly and accommodating. There is no food that is close except for the Hilton next door and what they offer in the store is junk food. There is quite a... More


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Family if 4 2 nights. Very nice room and breakfast. Easy parking. Only downside is the walk into Bruges which is about 25 mins. Really nice walk if weather is ok unfortunately it rained very heavily. Bruges is stunning. Beer is great.
We stayed for one week. The location, 10 minutes by bike outside the main town and by the canal, was scenic, peaceful and quiet with very good access to all cycle routes and other picturesque villages.
Our room was spacious and comfortable with a balcony and access to the garden. Best of all was the generous and delicious breakfast.
Le Coquin B&B is a nice place to stay in Bruges. It's a bit difficult to find, however, we managed to find it after asking someone at the petrol station. It's convenient if you need a place to park. The room is spacious even for 4 people and has got a big balcony. I love breakfast here. It's very healthy...
We chose to stay at le coquin because of its location, ability to park our car and the convenience of its location. We wanted to visit bruges for the christmas markets and wasn't disappointed with what the city had to offer!! The facilities and service we received at this b&b made the trip even more enjoyable. Alain and his cat...
Found the b&b through Hotels.com website and booked it through them.
I had some questions and easily found the b&b's website and contacted them through their email.
The questions were answered quickly?
The b&b is located next to a canal which was a little tricky to find as you need to drive down a cycle path to get to the...
Excellent accommodation and an excellent host. Alain is a very helpful and accommodating, speaks excellent English and nothing is too much trouble. Breakfast is fantastic, my husband a 2 children really enjoyed breakfast and the Hot Chocolate provided. The assortment of breakfast "goodies" is amazing, we even had pancakes!! The room was very spacious and the 4 of us had...
Very nice bed and breakfast - Alain is very accommodating (and as another reviewer mentioned, so was the cat!) and speaks very good English. Breakfast was excellent - a nice assortment of what appeared to be home baked breads, plus cheese, meats, cereals and yogurt. Room had a balcony and spacious bathroom. Free parking (which we really appreciated after paying...
Such a beautiful place in walking distance to the city. Awesome breakfast. We had a really nice stay with our 4-month old baby. The owner was really friendly and helpfull. We can totally recommend this Bed & Breakfast.
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Excellent place to stay..alain is a wonderful host..the only thing is its slightly away from the city..but that doesnt matter as it gives you the privacy and the peace..excellent place to unwind and chill..it has only 3 rooms so it is not crowded at all..only thing which alain has to change is that he has to change the wash room...


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Yozakura Quartet -Hana no Uta- Ao Nanami Ani Statue
By Kotobukiya SKU: PP571
$99.99 $99.99
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Product Description
Kotobukiya presents a new Ani Statue of Ao Nanami from the popular Yozakura Quartet -Hana no Uta-! Highly sculpted details bring Ao to life from the folds in her clothing to her sculpted hair. Display with or without her long scarf as she puts on the rest of her uniform.
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37 reviews | 4.4 out of 5
I have always been a brief guy. Thought I would try these knit boxers. I was pleasantly surprised. They are soft, nice waist band, they fit well. Not to mention the price was right. Underware for a big man that's fits and feels good. What more could you ask for. Colors maybe? Well the pack of five had five different colors. Again, underware for a big man that isn't just boreing white. Great choice here. I love em.
I prefer that my Fruit of the Loom boxer underwear should be very loose fitting. My waiste size is 45 inches. I was told by Fruit of the Loom to buy the 2XL size. the waisteband is smaller than I wanted. The waisteband measures 17 inches (half way around) compared to my older underwear which measures 19 inches. My new underwear may stretch over time, but in the meantime, I will be a little uncomfortable. I was disappointed that Fruit of the Loom did not have actual measurements of the cloth in their underwear. When purchasing underwear, you should buy one package and try them on before buying a large quantity.
These are decent, soft, comfortable knit boxers. the quality is proportionate to the price point. The cut, shape and style are all good. I liked the muted autumnal colors in the photo but the "assorted" package I received had bright red, bright marine blue, & turquoise that I didn't like, and 2 muted colors I liked. I wish Fruit of the Loom would separate their "assorted color" packages into color groups, like "bright assorted" "Muted assorted" and "black white & grays". Sizing is a little bit all over the place. I got the 3xl which fit smaller than other 3xl boxers I've purchased, plus they shrink a little in the wash. It sounds the smaller sizes run either true to size or big. So I guess the size accuracy varies from one size to the next. But it's a relaxed style in comfort cut which is forgiving. At this price the sizing is not that far off that it's anything to worry about. The stitching is ok, it's not double stitched, it's not going to last forever, but again for this price point it's fine. I like the button closure in the center of the fly.
The waistband is sturdy and doesn't get twisted up the way the knit hanes do, so that's good.
I dont have to worry bout tying them. They stay put. Im bout 260 lbs very nice
They are comfortable and the colors stay perfect after several washings.
I was disappointed when the order came and three of the pair were purple in color. Not my favorite color for sure. None of the shorts pictured in the ad were purple. I guess you get what you pay for. Would have been much more satisfactory if the colors were varied and comparable to colors shown in ad. I could have returned them but not worth the effort.
Assorted colors.......? The five pack I received had three Purple and two light grey. And the purple is really Purple! returning to a store and hopefully findingf some more suitable colors.
MY 3x underware are more like 5z, there huge.
Husband said they are comfortable and they haven't shrank in wash. That is wonderful to me.
Good material and good fit.
I found this to be very comfortable
great material
Great product
I was pleasantly happy with the fit and comfort
The underwear are an excellent quality and a fair price. The shipping was slightly flawed in that for some strange reason the shipping label was missing my apartment number and they delivered the parcel to the complex's office and no one thought to inform me.. I did check my acct and shipping info and all was correct online but I looked at the label and it was missing the apartment number.. Walmart may want to check the shipping software for any glitches thanks bye Nick.
Excellent quality and fit. Order arrived quickly and was filled correctly. Price was reasonable and material was good quality.
These are very soft and comfortable. Size is just right and not too small. I like all the colors also.
My husband ordered these knit boxers just to try because he was very frustrated with the texture of regular boxers. His old boxers did not fit well either so I guess they weren't true to size. These knit boxers are true to size, stay in place and are super soft. The boxers wash up nicely and did shrink a tiny bit but didn't change the size. Hope this helps.
It is very soft, comfortable, nice and wonderful!!!!!!!!
Perfect fit and very comfortable....


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Joel Embiid's Health Concerns Scare Away Cavaliers
Joel Embiid's Health Concerns a Problem?
Joel Embiid's health has been the main problem regarding the former Kentucky center. While teams will often times take on a little bit more risk with a talented big man, it looks like the Cleveland Cavaliers are running away.
There have been huge concerns about Embiid's back, which is one of the worst spots for a player of his size to have concerns. Reportedly, the Cavs have seen enough out of Embiid, and will not draft him with the number one overall pick.
.@TheRealTRizzo: Sources tell me Joel Embiid's physical w/ the #Cavs did not go well. Enough red flags that they won't take him #1 overall.
— ESPN Cleveland (@ESPNCleveland) June 13, 2014
It's a shame that Joel Embiid's health is such a red flag, because he really has the ability to become a very special player in the NBA. We've seen too many big men have their careers derailed with similar problems, a la Greg Oden and Andrew Bynum. Well, there are many more problems with Bynum. But you get the point.
If the Cavs are scared, who will take Embiid? You have to imagine that the teams behind Cleveland will have similar concerns, but at some point, he's just too good to pass on.
Joel Embiid's health will be a concern for whoever drafts him, but ultimately, it seems like someone might get a bargain.
Would the Bucks take him at two? Maybe, depending on how committed they are to Larry Sanders.
The 76ers could, but would they want to do so before even seeing Nerlens Noel play a single NBA minute?
At four, even the Magic could justify passing on him if they believe Nikola Vucevic is their man, as they have other needs.
This could be an interesting story line, but it's a shame that Joel Embiid's health concerns are holding back such a talented player.


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The role of syllables in sign language production
Baus, Cristina
Gutiérrez, Eva
Carreiras, Manuel
Frontiers in Psychology
The aim of the present study was to investigate the functional role of syllables in sign language and how the different phonological combinations influence sign production. Moreover, the influence of age of acquisition was evaluated. Deaf signers (native and non-native) of Catalan Signed Language (LSC) were asked in a picture-sign interference task to sign picture names while ignoring distractor-signs with which they shared two phonological parameters (out of three of the main sign parameters: Location, Movement, and Handshape). The results revealed a different impact of the three phonological combinations. While no effect was observed for the phonological combination Handshape-Location, the combination Handshape-Movement slowed down signing latencies, but only in the non-native group. A facilitatory effect was observed for both groups when pictures and distractors shared Location-Movement. Importantly, linguistic models have considered this phonological combination to be a privileged unit in the composition of signs, as syllables are in spoken languages. Thus, our results support the functional role of syllable units during phonological articulation in sign language production.
sign language; speech production; syllables; sign parameters; picture naming
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When does a system become phonological? Handshape production in gesturers, signers, and homesigners
Brentari, Diane
Coppola, Marie
Mazzoni, Laura
Goldin-Meadow, Susan
Natural language & linguistic theory
Sign languages display remarkable crosslinguistic consistencies in the use of handshapes. In particular, handshapes used in classifier predicates display a consistent pattern in finger complexity: classifier handshapes representing objects display more finger complexity than those representing how objects are handled. Here we explore the conditions under which this morphophonological phenomenon arises. In Study 1, we ask whether hearing individuals in Italy and the United States, asked to communicate using only their hands, show the same pattern of finger complexity found in the classifier handshapes of two sign languages: Italian Sign Language (LIS) and American Sign Language (ASL). We find that they do not: gesturers display more finger complexity in handling handshapes than in object handshapes. The morphophonological pattern found in conventional sign languages is therefore not a codified version of the pattern invented by hearing individuals on the spot. In Study 2, we ask whether continued use of gesture as a primary communication system results in a pattern that is more similar to the morphophonological pattern found in conventional sign languages or to the pattern found in gesturers. Homesigners have not acquired a signed or spoken language and instead use a self-generated gesture system to communicate with their hearing family members and friends. We find that homesigners pattern more like signers than like gesturers: their finger complexity in object handshapes is higher than that of gesturers (indeed as high as signers); and their finger complexity in handling handshapes is lower than that of gesturers (but not quite as low as signers). Generally, our findings indicate two markers of the phonologization of handshape in sign languages: increasing finger complexity in object handshapes, and decreasing finger complexity in handling handshapes. These first indicators of phonology appear to be present in individuals developing a gesture system without benefit of a linguistic community. Finally, we propose that iconicity, morphology and phonology each play an important role in the system of sign language classifiers to create the earliest markers of phonology at the morphophonological interface.
Sign language; phonology; morphology; homesign; gesture; language evolution; historical change; handshape; classifier predicates
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Handshape monitoring: Evaluation of linguistic and perceptual factors in the processing of American Sign Language
Grosvald, Michael
Lachaud, Christian
Corina, David
Language and cognitive processes
We investigated the relevance of linguistic and perceptual factors to sign processing by comparing hearing individuals and deaf signers as they performed a handshape monitoring task, a sign-language analogue to the phoneme-monitoring paradigms used in many spoken-language studies. Each subject saw a series of brief video clips, each of which showed either an ASL sign or a phonologically possible but non-lexical "non-sign," and responded when the viewed action was formed with a particular handshape. Stimuli varied with respect to the factors of Lexicality, handshape Markedness (Battison, 1978), and Type, defined according to whether the action is performed with one or two hands and for two-handed stimuli, whether or not the action is symmetrical.
Deaf signers performed faster and more accurately than hearing non-signers, and effects related to handshape Markedness and stimulus Type were observed in both groups. However, no effects or interactions related to Lexicality were seen. A further analysis restricted to the deaf group indicated that these results were not dependent upon subjects' age of acquisition of ASL. This work provides new insights into the processes by which the handshape component of sign forms is recognized in a sign language, the role of language experience, and the extent to which these processes may or may not be considered specifically linguistic.
ASL; psycholinguistics; markedness; phoneme monitoring
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Effects of language experience on the perception of American Sign Language
Morford, Jill P.
Grieve-Smith, Angus B.
MacFarlane, James
Staley, Joshua
Waters, Gabriel
Perception of American Sign Language (ASL) handshape and place of articulation parameters was investigated in three groups of signers: deaf native signers, deaf non-native signers who acquired ASL between the ages of 10 and 18, hearing non-native signers who acquired ASL as a second language between the ages of 10 and 26. Participants were asked to identify and discriminate dynamic synthetic signs on forced choice identification and similarity judgement tasks. No differences were found in identification performance, but there were effects of language experience on discrimination of the handshape stimuli. Participants were significantly less likely to discriminate handshape stimuli drawn from the region of the category prototype than stimuli that were peripheral to the category or that straddled a category boundary. This pattern was significant for both groups of deaf signers, but was more pronounced for the native signers. The hearing L2 signers exhibited a similar pattern of discrimination, but results did not reach significance. An effect of category structure on the discrimination of place of articulation stimuli was also found, but it did not interact with language background. We conclude that early experience with a signed language magnifies the influence of category prototypes on the perceptual processing of handshape primes, leading to differences in the distribution of attentional resources between native and non-native signers during language comprehension.
Sign language; Sign perception; Non-native first language acquisition; Second language acquisition
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Sign language and pantomime production differentially engage frontal and parietal cortices
Emmorey, Karen
McCullough, Stephen
Mehta, Sonya
Ponto, Laura L. B.
Grabowski, Thomas J.
Language and cognitive processes
We investigated the functional organization of neural systems supporting language production when the primary language articulators are also used for meaningful, but non-linguistic, expression such as pantomime. Fourteen hearing non-signers and 10 deaf native users of American Sign Language (ASL) participated in an H2 15O-PET study in which they generated action pantomimes or ASL verbs in response to pictures of tools and manipulable objects. For pantomime generation, participants were instructed to "show how you would use the object." For verb generation, signers were asked to "generate a verb related to the object." The objects for this condition were selected to elicit handling verbs that resemble pantomime (e.g., TO-HAMMER (hand configuration and movement mimic the act of hammering) and non-handling verbs that do not (e.g., POUR-SYRUP, produced with a "Y" handshape). For the baseline task, participants viewed pictures of manipulable objects and an occasional non-manipulable object and decided whether the objects could be handled, gesturing "yes" (thumbs up) or "no" (hand wave). Relative to baseline, generation of ASL verbs engaged left inferior frontal cortex, but when non-signers produced pantomimes for the same objects, no frontal activation was observed. Both groups recruited left parietal cortex during pantomime production. However, for deaf signers the activation was more extensive and bilateral, which may reflect a more complex and integrated neural representation of hand actions. We conclude that the production of pantomime versus ASL verbs (even those that resemble pantomime) engage partially segregated neural systems that support praxic versus linguistic functions.
Related Articles
Sign Perception and Recognition in Non-Native Signers of ASL
Morford, Jill P.
Carlson, Martina L.
Language learning and development : the official journal of the Society for Language Development
Past research has established that delayed first language exposure is associated with comprehension difficulties in non-native signers of American Sign Language (ASL) relative to native signers. The goal of the current study was to investigate potential explanations of this disparity: do non-native signers have difficulty with all aspects of comprehension, or are their comprehension difficulties restricted to some aspects of processing? We compared the performance of deaf non-native, hearing L2, and deaf native signers on a handshape and location monitoring and a sign recognition task. The results indicate that deaf non-native signers are as rapid and accurate on the monitoring task as native signers, with differences in the pattern of relative performance across handshape and location parameters. By contrast, non-native signers differ significantly from native signers during sign recognition. Hearing L2 signers, who performed almost as well as the two groups of deaf signers on the monitoring task, resembled the deaf native signers more than the deaf non-native signers on the sign recognition task. The combined results indicate that delayed exposure to a signed language leads to an overreliance on handshape during sign recognition.
ASL; Sign language; Perception; Sign recognition; Lexical access; Language experience; Delayed first language acquisition; Second language acquisition
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The effects of learning American Sign Language on co-speech gesture*
Bilingualism (Cambridge, England)
Given that the linguistic articulators for sign language are also used to produce co-speech gesture, we examined whether one year of academic instruction in American Sign Language (ASL) impacts the rate and nature of gestures produced when speaking English. A survey study revealed that 75% of ASL learners (N = 95), but only 14% of Romance language learners (N = 203), felt that they gestured more after one year of language instruction. A longitudinal study confirmed this perception. Twenty-one ASL learners and 20 Romance language learners (French, Italian, Spanish) were filmed re-telling a cartoon story before and after one academic year of language instruction. Only the ASL learners exhibited an increase in gesture rate, an increase in the production of iconic gestures, and an increase in the number of handshape types exploited in co-speech gesture. Five ASL students also produced at least one ASL sign when re-telling the cartoon. We suggest that learning ASL may (i) lower the neural threshold for co-speech gesture production, (ii) pose a unique challenge for language control, and (iii) have the potential to improve cognitive processes that are linked to gesture.
gesture; American Sign Language; bilingualism
Related Articles
Palm Reversal Errors in Native-Signing Children with Autism
Shield, Aaron
Meier, Richard P.
Journal of communication disorders
Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who have native exposure to a sign language such as American Sign Language (ASL) have received almost no scientific attention. This paper reports the first studies on a sample of five native-signing children (four deaf children of deaf parents and one hearing child of deaf parents; ages 4;6 to 7;5) diagnosed with ASD. A domain-general deficit in the ability of children with ASD to replicate the gestures of others is hypothesized to be a source of palm orientation reversal errors in sign. In Study 1, naturalistic language samples were collected from three native-signing children with ASD and were analyzed for errors in handshape, location, movement and palm orientation. In Study 2, four native-signing children with ASD were compared to 12 typically-developing deaf children (ages 3;7 to 6;9, all born to deaf parents) on a fingerspelling task. In both studies children with ASD showed a tendency to reverse palm orientation on signs specified for inward/outward orientation. Typically-developing deaf children did not produce any such errors in palm orientation. We conclude that this kind of palm reversal has a perceptual rather than a motoric source, and is further evidence of a "self-other mapping" deficit in ASD.
Autism spectrum disorder; sign language
Related Articles
Neural responses to meaningless pseudosigns: Evidence for sign-based phonetic processing in superior temporal cortex
Emmorey, Karen
Xu, Jiang
Braun, Allen
Brain and language
To identify neural regions that automatically respond to linguistically structured, but meaningless manual gestures, 14 deaf native users of American Sign Language (ASL) and 14 hearing non-signers passively viewed pseudosigns (possible but non-existent ASL signs) and non-iconic ASL signs, in addition to a fixation baseline. For the contrast between pseudosigns and baseline, greater activation was observed in left posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS), but not in left inferior frontal gyrus (BA 44/45), for deaf signers compared to hearing non-signers, based on VOI analyses. We hypothesize that left STS is more engaged for signers because this region becomes tuned to human body movements that conform the phonological constraints of sign language. For deaf signers, the contrast between pseudosigns and known ASL signs revealed increased activation for pseudosigns in left posterior superior temporal gyrus (STG) and in left inferior frontal cortex, but no regions were found to be more engaged for known signs than for pseudosigns. This contrast revealed no significant differences in activation for hearing non-signers. We hypothesize that left STG is involved in recognizing linguistic phonetic units within a dynamic visual or auditory signal, such that less familiar structural combinations produce increased neural activation in this region for both pseudosigns and pseudowords.
sign language; deaf signers; fMRI; pseudowords
Related Articles
The Biology of Linguistic Expression Impacts Neural Correlates for Spatial Language
Emmorey, Karen
McCullough, Stephen
Mehta, Sonya
Ponto, Laura L. B.
Grabowski, Thomas J.
Journal of cognitive neuroscience
Biological differences between signed and spoken languages may be most evident in the expression of spatial information. PET was used to investigate the neural substrates supporting the production of spatial language in American Sign Language as expressed by classifier constructions, in which handshape indicates object type and the location/motion of the hand iconically depicts the location/motion of a referent object. Deaf native signers performed a picture description task in which they overtly named objects or produced classifier constructions that varied in location, motion, or object type. In contrast to the expression of location and motion, the production of both lexical signs and object type classifier morphemes engaged left inferior frontal cortex and left inferior temporal cortex, supporting the hypothesis that unlike the location and motion components of a classifier construction, classifier handshapes are categorical morphemes that are retrieved via left hemisphere language regions. In addition, lexical signs engaged the anterior temporal lobes to a greater extent than classifier constructions, which we suggest reflects increased semantic processing required to name individual objects compared with simply indicating the type of object. Both location and motion classifier constructions engaged bilateral superior parietal cortex, with some evidence that the expression of static locations differentially engaged the left intraparietal sulcus. We argue that bilateral parietal activation reflects the biological underpinnings of sign language. To express spatial information, signers must transform visual–spatial representations into a body-centered reference frame and reach toward target locations within signing space.
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Event segmentation in a visual language: Neural bases of processing American Sign Language predicates
Malaia, Evie
Ranaweera, Ruwan
Wilbur, Ronnie B.
Talavage, Thomas M.
Motion capture studies show that American Sign Language (ASL) signers distinguish end-points in telic verb signs by means of marked hand articulator motion, which rapidly decelerates to a stop at the end of these signs, as compared to atelic signs (Malaia & Wilbur, in press). Non-signers also show sensitivity to velocity in deceleration cues for event segmentation in visual scenes (Zacks et al., 2010; Zacks et a., 2006), introducing the question of whether the neural regions used by ASL signers for sign language verb processing might be similar to those used by non-signers for event segmentation.
The present study investigated the neural substrate of predicate perception and linguistic processing in ASL. Observed patterns of activation demonstrate that Deaf signers process telic verb signs as having higher phonological complexity as compared to atelic verb signs. These results, together with previous neuroimaging data on spoken and sign languages (Shetreet, Friedmann, & Hadar, 2010; Emmorey et al., 2009), illustrate a route for how a prominent perceptual-kinematic feature used for non-linguistic event segmentation might come to be processed as an abstract linguistic feature due to sign language exposure.
sign language; ASL; fMRI; event structure; verb; neuroplasticity; motion
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Acquiring word class distinctions in American Sign Language: Evidence from handshape*
Brentari, Diane
Coppola, Marie
Jung, Ashley
Goldin-Meadow, Susan
Language learning and development : the official journal of the Society for Language Development
Handshape works differently in nouns vs. a class of verbs in American Sign Language (ASL), and thus can serve as a cue to distinguish between these two word classes. Handshapes representing characteristics of the object itself (object handshapes) and handshapes representing how the object is handled (handling handshapes) appear in both nouns and a particular type of verb, classifier predicates, in ASL. When used as nouns, object and handling handshapes are phonemic—that is, they are specified in dictionary entries and do not vary with grammatical context. In contrast, when used as classifier predicates, object and handling handshapes do vary with grammatical context for both morphological and syntactic reasons. We ask here when young deaf children learning ASL acquire the word class distinction signaled by handshape. Specifically, we determined the age at which children systematically vary object vs. handling handshapes as a function of grammatical context in classifier predicates, but not in the nouns that accompany those predicates. We asked 4–6 year old children, 7–10 year old children, and adults, all of whom were native ASL signers, to describe a series of vignettes designed to elicit object and handling handshapes in both nouns and classifier predicates. We found that all of the children behaved like adults with respect to all nouns, systematically varying object and handling handshapes as a function of type of item and not grammatical context. The children also behaved like adults with respect to certain classifiers, systematically varying handshape type as a function of grammatical context for items whose nouns have handling handshapes. The children differed from adults in that they did not systematically vary handshape as a function of grammatical context for items whose nouns have object handshapes. These findings extend previous work by showing that children require developmental time to acquire the full morphological system underlying classifier predicates in sign language, just as children acquiring complex morphology in spoken languages do. In addition, we show for the first time that children acquiring ASL treat object and handling handshapes differently as a function of their status as nouns vs. classifier predicates, and thus display a distinction between these word classes as early as 4 years of age.
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Discriminating Signs: Perceptual Precursors to Acquiring a Visual-Gestural Language
Wilbourn, Makeba Parramore
Casasola, Marianella
Infant behavior & development
We tested hearing six- and ten-month-olds' ability to discriminate among three American Sign Language (ASL) parameters (location, handshape, and movement) as well as a grammatical marker (facial expression). ASL-naïve infants were habituated to a signer articulating a two-handed symmetrical sign in neutral space. During test, infants viewed novel two-handed signs that varied in only one parameter or in facial expression. Infants detected changes in the signer's facial expression and in the location of the sign but provided no evidence of detecting the changes in handshape or movement. These findings are consistent with children's production errors in ASL and reveal that infants can distinguish among some parameters of ASL more easily than others.
Perception; Discrimination; American Sign Language; Parameters; Infants
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Discriminant Features and Temporal Structure of Nonmanuals in American Sign Language
Benitez-Quiroz, C. Fabian
Gökgöz, Kadir
Wilbur, Ronnie B.
Martinez, Aleix M.
PLoS ONE
To fully define the grammar of American Sign Language (ASL), a linguistic model of its nonmanuals needs to be constructed. While significant progress has been made to understand the features defining ASL manuals, after years of research, much still needs to be done to uncover the discriminant nonmanual components. The major barrier to achieving this goal is the difficulty in correlating facial features and linguistic features, especially since these correlations may be temporally defined. For example, a facial feature (e.g., head moves down) occurring at the end of the movement of another facial feature (e.g., brows moves up), may specify a Hypothetical conditional, but only if this time relationship is maintained. In other instances, the single occurrence of a movement (e.g., brows move up) can be indicative of the same grammatical construction. In the present paper, we introduce a linguistic–computational approach to efficiently carry out this analysis. First, a linguistic model of the face is used to manually annotate a very large set of 2,347 videos of ASL nonmanuals (including tens of thousands of frames). Second, a computational approach is used to determine which features of the linguistic model are more informative of the grammatical rules under study. We used the proposed approach to study five types of sentences – Hypothetical conditionals, Yes/no questions, Wh-questions, Wh-questions postposed, and Assertions – plus their polarities – positive and negative. Our results verify several components of the standard model of ASL nonmanuals and, most importantly, identify several previously unreported features and their temporal relationship. Notably, our results uncovered a complex interaction between head position and mouth shape. These findings define some temporal structures of ASL nonmanuals not previously detected by other approaches.
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The Link Between Form and Meaning in American Sign Language: Lexical Processing Effects
Thompson, Robin L.
Vinson, David P.
Vigliocco, Gabriella
Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition
Signed languages exploit iconicity (the transparent relationship between meaning and form) to a greater extent than spoken languages. where it is largely limited to onomatopoeia. In a picture–sign matching experiment measuring reaction times, the authors examined the potential advantage of iconicity both for 1st- and 2nd-language learners of American Sign Language (ASL). The results show that native ASL signers are faster to respond when a specific property iconically represented in a sign is made salient in the corresponding picture, thus providing evidence that a closer mapping between meaning and form can aid in lexical retrieval. While late 2nd-language learners appear to use iconicity as an aid to learning sign, they did not show the same facilitation effect as native ASL signers, suggesting that the task tapped into more automatic language processes. Overall, the findings suggest that completely arbitrary mappings between meaning and form may not be more advantageous in language and that, rather, arbitrariness may simply be an accident of modality.
semantics; iconicity; sign language; word recognition; psycholinguistics
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The perception of handshapes in American Sign Language
Baker, Stephanie E.
Idsardi, William J.
Golinkoff, Roberta Michnick
Petitto, Laura-Ann
Memory & cognition
Despite the constantly varying stream of sensory information that surrounds us, we humans can discern the small building blocks of words that constitute language (phonetic forms) and perceive them categorically (categorical perception, CP). Decades of controversy have prevailed regarding what is at the heart of CP, with many arguing that it is due to domain-general perceptual processing and others that it is determined by the existence of domain-specific linguistic processing. What is most key: perceptual or linguistic patterns? Here, we study whether CP occurs with soundless handshapes that are nonetheless phonetic in American Sign Language (ASL), in signers and nonsigners. Using innovative methods and analyses of identification and, crucially, discrimination tasks, we found that both groups separated the soundless handshapes into two classes perceptually but that only the ASL signers exhibited linguistic CP. These findings suggest that CP of linguistic stimuli is based on linguistic categorization, rather than on purely perceptual categorization.
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Amodal Aspects of Linguistic Design
Berent, Iris
Dupuis, Amanda
Brentari, Diane
PLoS ONE
All spoken languages encode syllables and constrain their internal structure. But whether these restrictions concern the design of the language system, broadly, or speech, specifically, remains unknown. To address this question, here, we gauge the structure of signed syllables in American Sign Language (ASL). Like spoken languages, signed syllables must exhibit a single sonority/energy peak (i.e., movement). Four experiments examine whether this restriction is enforced by signers and nonsigners. We first show that Deaf ASL signers selectively apply sonority restrictions to syllables (but not morphemes) in novel ASL signs. We next examine whether this principle might further shape the representation of signed syllables by nonsigners. Absent any experience with ASL, nonsigners used movement to define syllable-like units. Moreover, the restriction on syllable structure constrained the capacity of nonsigners to learn from experience. Given brief practice that implicitly paired syllables with sonority peaks (i.e., movement)—a natural phonological constraint attested in every human language—nonsigners rapidly learned to selectively rely on movement to define syllables and they also learned to partly ignore it in the identification of morpheme-like units. Remarkably, nonsigners failed to learn an unnatural rule that defines syllables by handshape, suggesting they were unable to ignore movement in identifying syllables. These findings indicate that signed and spoken syllables are subject to a shared phonological restriction that constrains phonological learning in a new modality. These conclusions suggest the design of the phonological system is partly amodal.
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Bimodal bilingualism*
Bilingualism (Cambridge, England)
Speech–sign or "bimodal" bilingualism is exceptional because distinct modalities allow for simultaneous production of two languages. We investigated the ramifications of this phenomenon for models of language production by eliciting language mixing from eleven hearing native users of American Sign Language (ASL) and English. Instead of switching between languages, bilinguals frequently produced code-blends (simultaneously produced English words and ASL signs). Code-blends resembled co-speech gesture with respect to synchronous vocal–manual timing and semantic equivalence. When ASL was the Matrix Language, no single-word code-blends were observed, suggesting stronger inhibition of English than ASL for these proficient bilinguals. We propose a model that accounts for similarities between co-speech gesture and code-blending and assumes interactions between ASL and English Formulators. The findings constrain language production models by demonstrating the possibility of simultaneously selecting two lexical representations (but not two propositions) for linguistic expression and by suggesting that lexical suppression is computationally more costly than lexical selection.
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Bilingual processing of ASL-English code-blends: The consequences of accessing two lexical representations simultaneously
Emmorey, Karen
Petrich, Jennifer
Gollan, Tamar H.
Journal of memory and language
Bilinguals who are fluent in American Sign Language (ASL) and English often produce code-blends - simultaneously articulating a sign and a word while conversing with other ASL-English bilinguals. To investigate the cognitive mechanisms underlying code-blend processing, we compared picture-naming times (Experiment 1) and semantic categorization times (Experiment 2) for code-blends versus ASL signs and English words produced alone. In production, code-blending did not slow lexical retrieval for ASL and actually facilitated access to low-frequency signs. However, code-blending delayed speech production because bimodal bilinguals synchronized English and ASL lexical onsets. In comprehension, code-blending speeded access to both languages. Bimodal bilinguals' ability to produce code-blends without any cost to ASL implies that the language system either has (or can develop) a mechanism for switching off competition to allow simultaneous production of close competitors. Code-blend facilitation effects during comprehension likely reflect cross-linguistic (and cross-modal) integration at the phonological and/or semantic levels. The absence of any consistent processing costs for code-blending illustrates a surprising limitation on dual-task costs and may explain why bimodal bilinguals code-blend more often than they code-switch.
bilingualism; lexical access; sign language
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Neuroplasticity Associated with Tactile Language Communication in a Deaf-Blind Subject
Obretenova, Souzana
Halko, Mark A.
Plow, Ela B.
Pascual-Leone, Alvaro
Merabet, Lotfi B.
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
A long-standing debate in cognitive neuroscience pertains to the innate nature of language development and the underlying factors that determine this faculty. We explored the neural correlates associated with language processing in a unique individual who is early blind, congenitally deaf, and possesses a high level of language function. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we compared the neural networks associated with the tactile reading of words presented in Braille, Print on Palm (POP), and a haptic form of American Sign Language (haptic ASL or hASL). With all three modes of tactile communication, indentifying words was associated with robust activation within occipital cortical regions as well as posterior superior temporal and inferior frontal language areas (lateralized within the left hemisphere). In a normally sighted and hearing interpreter, identifying words through hASL was associated with left-lateralized activation of inferior frontal language areas however robust occipital cortex activation was not observed. Diffusion tensor imaging -based tractography revealed differences consistent with enhanced occipital-temporal connectivity in the deaf-blind subject. Our results demonstrate that in the case of early onset of both visual and auditory deprivation, tactile-based communication is associated with an extensive cortical network implicating occipital as well as posterior superior temporal and frontal associated language areas. The cortical areas activated in this deaf-blind subject are consistent with characteristic cortical regions previously implicated with language. Finally, the resilience of language function within the context of early and combined visual and auditory deprivation may be related to enhanced connectivity between relevant cortical areas.
deafness; blindness; tactile language; neuroplasticity; fMRI; diffusion tensor imaging
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Distinguishing the Processing of Gestures from Signs in Deaf Individuals: An fMRI Study
Husain, Fatima T.
Patkin, Debra J.
Thai-Van, Hung
Braun, Allen R.
Horwitz, Barry
Brain research
Manual gestures occur on a continuum from co-speech gesticulations to conventionalized emblems to language signs. Our goal in the present study was to understand the neural bases of the processing of gestures along such a continuum. We studied four types of gestures, varying along linguistic and semantic dimensions: linguistic and meaningful American Sign Language (ASL), non-meaningful pseudo-ASL, meaningful emblematic, and nonlinguistic, non-meaningful made-up gestures. Pre-lingually deaf, native signers of ASL participated in the fMRI study and performed two tasks while viewing videos of the gestures: a visuo-spatial (identity) discrimination task and a category discrimination task. We found that the categorization task activated left ventral middle and inferior frontal gyrus, among other regions, to a greater extent compared to the visual discrimination task, supporting the idea of semantic-level processing of the gestures. The reverse contrast resulted in enhanced activity of bilateral intraparietal sulcus, supporting the idea of featural-level processing (analogous to phonological-level processing of speech sounds) of the gestures. Regardless of the task, we found that brain activation patterns for the nonlinguistic, non-meaningful gestures were the most different compared to the ASL gestures. The activation patterns for the emblems were most similar to those of the ASL gestures and those of the pseudo-ASL were most similar to the nonlinguistic, non-meaningful gestures. The fMRI results provide partial support for the conceptualization of different gestures as belonging to a continuum and the variance in the fMRI results was best explained by differences in the processing of gestures along the semantic dimension.
American Sign Language; gestures; Deaf; visual processing; categorization; linguistic; brain; fMRI
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From iconic handshapes to grammatical contrasts: longitudinal evidence from a child homesigner
Coppola, Marie
Brentari, Diane
Frontiers in Psychology
Many sign languages display crosslinguistic consistencies in the use of two iconic aspects of handshape, handshape type and finger group complexity. Handshape type is used systematically in form-meaning pairings (morphology): Handling handshapes (Handling-HSs), representing how objects are handled, tend to be used to express events with an agent ("hand-as-hand" iconicity), and Object handshapes (Object-HSs), representing an object's size/shape, are used more often to express events without an agent ("hand-as-object" iconicity). Second, in the distribution of meaningless properties of form (morphophonology), Object-HSs display higher finger group complexity than Handling-HSs. Some adult homesigners, who have not acquired a signed or spoken language and instead use a self-generated gesture system, exhibit these two properties as well. This study illuminates the development over time of both phenomena for one child homesigner, "Julio," age 7;4 (years; months) to 12;8. We elicited descriptions of events with and without agents to determine whether morphophonology and morphosyntax can develop without linguistic input during childhood, and whether these structures develop together or independently. Within the time period studied: (1) Julio used handshape type differently in his responses to vignettes with and without an agent; however, he did not exhibit the same pattern that was found previously in signers, adult homesigners, or gesturers: while he was highly likely to use a Handling-HS for events with an agent (82%), he was less likely to use an Object-HS for non-agentive events (49%); i.e., his productions were heavily biased toward Handling-HSs; (2) Julio exhibited higher finger group complexity in Object- than in Handling-HSs, as in the sign language and adult homesigner groups previously studied; and (3) these two dimensions of language developed independently, with phonological structure showing a sign language-like pattern at an earlier age than morphosyntactic structure. We conclude that iconicity alone is not sufficient to explain the development of linguistic structure in homesign systems. Linguistic input is not required for some aspects of phonological structure to emerge in childhood, and while linguistic input is not required for morphology either, it takes time to emerge in homesign.
sign language; homesign; gesture; phonology; morphology; language emergence; iconicity; grammaticalization
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Sign Language Ability in Young Deaf Signers Predicts Comprehension of Written Sentences in English
Andrew, Kathy N.
Hoshooley, Jennifer
Joanisse, Marc F.
PLoS ONE
We investigated the robust correlation between American Sign Language (ASL) and English reading ability in 51 young deaf signers ages 7;3 to 19;0. Signers were divided into 'skilled' and 'less-skilled' signer groups based on their performance on three measures of ASL. We next assessed reading comprehension of four English sentence structures (actives, passives, pronouns, reflexive pronouns) using a sentence-to-picture-matching task. Of interest was the extent to which ASL proficiency provided a foundation for lexical and syntactic processes of English. Skilled signers outperformed less-skilled signers overall. Error analyses further indicated greater single-word recognition difficulties in less-skilled signers marked by a higher rate of errors reflecting an inability to identify the actors and actions described in the sentence. Our findings provide evidence that increased ASL ability supports English sentence comprehension both at the levels of individual words and syntax. This is consistent with the theory that first language learning promotes second language through transference of linguistic elements irrespective of the transparency of mapping of grammatical structures between the two languages.
Related Articles
The influence of visual feedback and register changes on sign language production: A kinematic study with deaf signers
Applied psycholinguistics
Speakers monitor their speech output by listening to their own voice. However, signers do not look directly at their hands and cannot see their own face. We investigated the importance of a visual perceptual loop for sign language monitoring by examining whether changes in visual input alter sign production. Deaf signers produced American Sign Language (ASL) signs within a carrier phrase under five conditions: blindfolded, wearing tunnel-vision goggles, normal (citation) signing, shouting, and informal signing. Three-dimensional movement trajectories were obtained using an Optotrak Certus system. Informally produced signs were shorter with less vertical movement. Shouted signs were displaced forward and to the right and were produced within a larger volume of signing space, with greater velocity, greater distance traveled, and a longer duration. Tunnel vision caused signers to produce less movement within the vertical dimension of signing space, but blind and citation signing did not differ significantly on any measure, except duration. Thus, signers do not "sign louder" when they cannot see themselves, but they do alter their sign production when vision is restricted. We hypothesize that visual feedback serves primarily to fine-tune the size of signing space rather than as input to a comprehension-based monitor.
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Deaf Mothers and Breastfeeding: Do Unique Features of Deaf Culture and Language Support Breastfeeding Success?
Chin, Nancy P.
Cuculick, Jess
Starr, Matthew
Panko, Tiffany
Widanka, Holly
Dozier, Ann
Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association
Deaf mothers who use American Sign Language (ASL) consider themselves a linguistic minority group, with specific cultural practices. Rarely has this group been engaged in infant-feeding research.
To understand how ASL-using Deaf mothers learn about infant feeding and to identify their breastfeeding challenges.
Using a community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach we conducted four focus groups with Deaf mothers who had at least one child 0–5 years. A script was developed using a social ecological model (SEM) to capture multiple levels of influence. All groups were conducted in ASL, filmed, and transcribed into English. Deaf and hearing researchers analyzed data by coding themes within each SEM level.
Fifteen mothers participated. All had initiated breastfeeding with their most recent child. Breastfeeding duration for eight of the mothers was three weeks to 12 months. Seven of the mothers were still breastfeeding, the longest for 19 months. Those mothers who breastfed longer described a supportive social environment and the ability to surmount challenges. Participants described characteristics of Deaf culture such as direct communication, sharing information, use of technologies, language access through interpreters and ASL-using providers, and strong self-advocacy skills. Finally, mothers used the sign 'struggle' to describe their breastfeeding experience. The sign implies a sustained effort over time which leads to success.
In a setting with a large population of Deaf women and ASL-using providers, we identified several aspects of Deaf culture and language which support BF mothers across institutional, community, and interpersonal levels of the SEM.
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text:
2003 Isuzu Other
While my wife was leaving work Check Engine and Reduced Power " Idiot" light came on in her 2003 Isuzu Rodeo and coasted to a stop. The engine kept running but the lights stayed on. She shut the engine off, and then restarted. Now the only light illuminated was the Check Engine light. Not having an engine analyzer is there anything that can be done to reset the computer to see if the FAULT goes away? I can only assume that if you disconnect the negative terminal on the battery it should reset the code(s). As for the problem, without hooking it up I would guess that the EGR or Air Sensor is going or has gone bad. What do you think?
Wm. Reid Hoover
Wm. Reid Hoover
William Hoover
August 31, 2006.
August 31, 2006.
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