text:
ROMKids Day Camp
Looking for something to do with the kids on their school PD Days?
Join us at the ROM for a day at camp!
Kids have special access to hands-on learning at the Museum. Register your kids ages 5 – 14 for a full day of ROM Camp. This one-day version of our popular Summer Club program provides a full day of supervised educational activities, art projects, science experiments, and more! Registration is required.
- $75.00 per child; $67.50 per child for ROM Members.
- Extended Care from 4 – 6 pm: $10 per child; $9 for ROM Members
- Pre-registration is required. Limited space is available. Registration is on a first-come, first-serve basis.
Dates and Course Schedule
|November 13, 2015
|January 22, 2016
|February 12, 2016
|June 10, 2016
|Age 5
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|Myths, Monsters & More
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|Ages 10-14
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ROM Camp Daily Schedule
8:00am - 9:00am: Drop off and sign in at our lockers. Then watch a few films in the theater before we begin.
9:00am - 10:15am: First half of the morning session. Lesson time with the instructor as well as gallery exploration.
10:15am - 10:30am: Break time in the ROMKids Lunch Room or, weather permitting, outside in Philosopher's Walk.
10:30am - 12:00pm: Second half of morning session. Work on art projects or science experiments in our learning labs.
12:00pm - 1:00pm: Time to fuel up for the afternoon. We'll have a supervised lunch in our classrooms and relax to a few short films.
1:00pm - 2:15pm: First half of the afternoon session. We'll continue to explore the galleries with our instructor and work through our art.
2:15pm - 2:30pm: Afternoon Break
2:30pm - 4:00pm: Second half of afternoon session. Time to wrap up all our work and prepare to go home.
4:00pm: Sign out at the lockers.
4:00pm - 6:00pm: Extended Care. Supervised games and activities in the ROMKids Lunch Room
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text:
CSUMB remedial math program gets HP award
There are 4 comments on the Monterey County Herald story from Jan 12, 2011, titled CSUMB remedial math program gets HP award. In it, Monterey County Herald reports that:A remedial math program developed by CSU Monterey Bay has been awarded top honors by HP.
Join the discussion below, or Read more at Monterey County Herald.
1 - 4 of 4 Comments Last updated Aug 18, 2011
#1 Jan 12, 2011
Why are students who need remedial math being accepted to a four-year university? To answer my own question, they probably would not have enough students to keep the university open (since 60 percent need remedial math!).
If a student does not have the basic math skills he or she should have learned in high school, then the student should enroll in a community college. Once the students have their basic skills down in community college they can transfer to a four-year university.
Unfortunately, it looks like our public universities are becoming extensions of our high schools where the students are hand-held through their education. As a teacher in Salinas, I am appalled and frustrated by how much we allow our students to get away with. There's no accountability in our schools and the results are now showing up in our universities.
Who is going to take our universities seriously if we continue this trend?
#2 Jan 12, 2011
It's amazing, isn't it. No remedial students should be accepted to any of our four year public universities. That's what Community college is supposed to be for. Yet, the statistics are absolutely staggering. I'll post them again:
California Community Colleges:
84% of incoming students are placed in Remedial Math
72% of incoming students are placed in Remedial English
CSU system:
60% of incoming students are placed in either Remedial English and/or Remedial Math.
UC system:
35% of incoming students are placed in either Remedial English and/or Remedial Math.
#3 Aug 17, 2011
Student's aren't always to blame, sometimes teacher like yourself need to take the responsibility. If a student has to take a remedial course in college it's not always there fault. There could be thousands of reasons why students score what they score. You say if a student doesn't have the basic math skills to attend a community college, the majority of the people who attend community college drop out within the four years. Who are you to say that a student should not attend a University, because of a math score. If they have met the requirements than it should not be a problem.
#4 Aug 18, 2011
I know the answer to this question! Students are accepted to 4 year schools because A, Colleges need the money and B the process weeds out the students, over 4 years, as only the ones doing the work will actually graduate. The first 2 years are an extension of high school, coming up to speed on math, English, social studies. It is in the first 2 years that you are supposed to develop good study skills. The last 2 years everything changes and the demands increase dramatically. Also, most of the free money is used up during the first 2yrs. I worked in College admissions for 4 years and know that in the first 2 years of school most students will pass, even if its just a C, as it keeps the money coming. Everyone deserves a chance at a higher education in this country; its just a shame how much you have to pay for it. You want higher standards, make it free for everyone and no one will be able to go but the few that had enough parenting and drive to make through the door .
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Deviant Art
The Brink of SuicideI teeter on the edge.The Brink of Suicide7 years ago in Free Verse More Like This
Should I spin destiny?
Tip into precarious fate?
See what no other can see?
An eerie silence surrounds me;
A suffocating mist of pain.
Must I stay in this horrible world?
In life, there's nothing to gain.
Want to?guilty, empty, and fallenWant to?8 years ago in Free Verse More Like This
These are the feeling that I get when you talk of me.
usless, week, on the verge of death
These are what I feel when you don't talk.
Ever feel like you can't win?
Like no matter how you push your pawn,
you'll still loose everything.
Feel like kicking the buket?
Just take that sweet little blade
And slide it across your life line.
And yet you realize it will only make things worse than they are...
Wish to bathe in water of non existance?
Stand back on the side lines and watch the parade that is caused
all because you were never born?
Beg to just scream?
Thirty seconds till the school bell rings
And disturb that suspenceful silence
to know you still can be heard
Love to beat up those who have done it.
As they cross the line
you leave your mark on their spotless features.
So many emotions, so many lusts....
Broken BattlefieldSweeping across the bloodied battlefield,Broken Battlefield7 years ago in Free Verse More Like This
I take notice of the numerous deaths,
Evidence of the horrors of the past,
And unforgiving oracles of the deadly future.
This is a symptom of arriving hell.
Broken bodies of innocent people lay dead,
Brutally killed by the followers of my father,
For he is the King and he ordered a massacre,
But I glance at these corpse's and my soul dies.
This is a warning of immediate despair.
I try to force myself to not concentrate on the murder,
But to concentrate on the wealth that we've gained,
But money and sadistic pleasure do not seem fair trade,
For the worthwhile lives of beautiful individuals.
This is the leftovers of a broken battlefield.
|Sta.sh Submit


text:
WritingIsBeauty voted on Loving His Submission - Chapter 42-Did You Just Call Me Daddy?
hmm...What about me? Well, I suppose it's safe to say that I'm a reader before a writer. Since I have moved to U.S., I've been addicted to the fictional worlds I escape to through the many stories I have read. The pleasure of reading, to me, comes above most things in my life, including sleep and food. Anyhow, reading, or my teacher rather, have led me to join the millions who keep creating the world to which I escaped to. It all started with essays that caught my teacher's attention, and since then, I never once doubted the passion I have for writing and reading.
Now a Junior in Celebratio High School, I write for our online newspaper (link at the bottom); It was the second best desicion in my life, the first being to enter a short story contest. Besides the two hobbies, I also love to draw anything and everything, my family, my friends, my awesome high school, and most of all, I love my Islamic faith and everything that comes along with it. With all this, and more, a girl couldn't ask for more.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 30, 1992
|Filing date
|Jul 21, 1989
|Priority date
|Aug 3, 1987
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Gerald Shearer, Karl M. Lofgren, Kenneth W. Ouyang
|Original Assignee
|Western Digital Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (61), Classifications (10), Legal Events (9)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a division of application Ser. No. 07/080,957, filed on Aug. 3, 1987 now U.S. Pat. No. 4,871,979.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is generally directed to servo systems that include a variable frequency oscillator which can be characterized as being non-linear. More specifically it is directed to phase locked loops which have a non-linear voltage controlled oscillator provided in combination with a charge accumulator and a charge pump.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A known phase locked loop (PLL) system 100 is illustrated in FIG. 1. The PLL system 100 includes a phase comparator (detector) 10 which receives a self-clocking DATA signal from an asynchronous data source such as a disk drive for example. The comparator 10 supplies a frequency incrementing control signal FUP and a frequency decrementing control signal FDN to a charge pump 20. The charge pump 20 generates a pump current Ip which flows in either a positive or negative direction depending on whether one or the other of the respective frequency incrementing/decrementing signals, FUP and FDN, is supplied. The pump current Ip is generated as one or more fixed magnitude pulses 21 each having a pulse width Pw equal to the time of application of either the FUP or FDN signals. Depending on which of the FUP and FDN signals is applied, the Ip current pulses will either add charge into or withdraw charge out from a charge accumulating capacitor 30. The capacitor 30 has a predetermined capacitance Ci. Charge accumulation in the capacitor 30 generates an integrated voltage Vi =ΣIp Pw /Ci which is applied to the input of a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 40. The VCO 40 produces a periodic CLOCK signal having a variable frequency Fout which is a function of the input voltage Vi. The CLOCK signal is fed back to one input of the phase comparator 10 while the DATA signal, which is generally aperiodic and is therefore of unknown phase and frequency, is supplied to another input of the phase comparator 10.
Although the DATA signal is generally aperiodic, it is self-clocking in the sense that it has a fundamental clocking frequency which can be derived by averaging over time. The PLL system 100 is designed to derive this fundamental clocking frequency and to lock on to the phase of the incoming DATA signal as well. The operation of the PLL system will be explained for the case where the CLOCK signal lags behind the DATA signal and then for the case where the CLOCK signal leads the DATA signal.
In situations where incoming edges of the DATA signal arrive before corresponding edges of the CLOCK signal (the CLOCK signal lags), the phase comparator 10 outputs the frequency incrementing signal FUP to the charge pump 20 and thereby causes the charge pump to inject the pump current Ip into the integrating capacitor 30 so as to accumulate charge therein. The input voltage Vi of the VCO 40 is incremented by the accumulated charge and in response, the VCO increases the speed of the CLOCK signal. The CLOCK frequency Fout is incremented to a value greater than the fundamental clocking frequency of the DATA signal. The edges of the faster CLOCK signal then begin to catch up with the edges of the slower DATA signal. The output frequency Fout drops back to the value of the fundamental clocking frequency as the CLOCK edges close in on the DATA signal edges. Once the CLOCK signal is substantially in phase with the DATA signal, the phase comparator 10 ceases to output the frequency incrementing signal FUP and the output frequency Fout is held at a steady state value which is for practical purposes equal to the fundamental clocking frequency of the DATA signal.
For cases where the DATA signal edges lag behind the CLOCK signal edges, the phase comparator 10 outputs the frequency decrementing signal FDN thereby causing the capacitor 30 to discharge to reduce Vi and the output of the VCO (the CLOCK signal) to slow down. This delays the CLOCK signal edges until the edges of the DATA signal catch up to and align with the CLOCK signal. The FDN control signal is shut off once phase alignment is obtained.
The speed at which the PLL system 100 comes into alignment with the incoming DATA signal is referred to as the slew rate. It is desirable to provide the PLL system 100 with as high a slew rate as possible. The slew rate is limited by a characteristic loop gain GLOOP of the PLL system which in turn, is set by the gain functions (transfer functions) of the charge pump 20 and the VCO 40. For most applications, the loop gain GLOOP of the PLL system 100 is kept constant to prevent undesirable loop oscillations. Circuit designers often purposefully provide the charge pump 20 with a constant amplification gain, that is, they hold the magnitude of the pump current Ip at a constant level. Typically, the charge pump 20 is designed as a digital circuit which delivers the pump current Ip in the form of rectangular pulses 21. The magnitude of the input voltage Vi is changed by modulating the pulse width Pw of the pump current pulses 21.
FIG. 2 illustrates a characteristic curve K40 that may be used to describe the gain function of a voltage controlled oscillator such as the VCO 40 used in the circuit of FIG. 1. The gain function defines the relation between the output frequency Fout and the input voltage Vi. Due to various design constraints, the gain function K40 of the VCO 40 is typically non-linear. The gain function K40 is often characterized by a rapidly rising first portion beginning at a low end V1 of the VCO's input voltage range and by a second portion which slopes off to a generally flat plateau when the input voltage Vi is increased toward a high end V2 of the input range.
The system loop gain GLOOP is in part a function of how quickly the output frequency Fout changes relative to a variable phase difference Δt detected by the phase detector (comparator) 10. The phase difference Δt is the timing gap between corresponding edges of the CLOCK and DATA signals. A linear rate of frequency change relative to the rate of phase difference change dFout /dΔt is often required to keep the loop gain GLOOP constant. Since the voltage Vi across the capacitor 30 rises linearly relative to the phase difference Δt (Vi =Ip �Δt/Ci where Δt is the time of application of the pump current Ip), only the slope of the characteristic curve K40 is of concern. The loop gain of the PLL system 100 is therefore often defined as:
GLOOP =f(dFout /dVi)
The above definition reflects the concern of PLL system designers for the curvature (non/linearity) of the VCO's gain function curve K40. Generally it is desirable to force the characteristic curve K40 of the VCO to be as linear as possible. This can be done by modifying the design of the VCO to include, for example a pre-compensation circuit (not shown) between the capacitor 30 and VCO 40. The pre-compensation circuit changes the input voltage Vi so as to compensate for the non-linearity of the K40 curve. The operating range ΔVi and ΔFout of the PLL system is thereby widened. Such linearization attempts, however, tend to increase the overall cost of the PLL system dramatically because they require additional components that must be matched to the characteristics of the VCO and they introduce new delays into the loop which complicate the design of the PLL system. In other designs, the circuitry of the VCO 40 is kept simple to reduce cost and the PLL system is restricted to operating in a small portion ΔVi of the VCO's characteristic curve K40. The restriction is imposed by designers in order to maintain a generally constant loop gain GLOOP, but the restriction also limits the usefulness of the PLL system to a very small frequency range ΔFout such as indicated in FIG. 2. The present invention takes a different approach which allows designers to expand the usable ΔVi and ΔFout ranges of servo systems while employing relatively simple, low cost VCO's.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a charge pump/voltage controlled oscillator combination with a substantially constant transfer function even for situations where the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) has a non-linear gain function.
The objective is met by increasing the gain of the charge pump when the slope of the VCO gain function decreases.
In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, a charge-pump/voltage-controlled-oscillator combination is provided wherein a frequency-modulating voltage is applied to the input of a voltage controlled oscillator and the frequency-modulating voltage (or an analog thereof) is also applied to the gain control of a variable-gain charge pump. The variable-gain charge pump feeds a charge integrating filter which supplies the frequency-modulating voltage to the VCO. The characteristic gain function curve of the variable gain charge-pump is arranged to counterbalance the slope of the characteristic gain function curve of the VCO such that a product of the slope of the VCO characteristic curve and the amplitude of the charge pump's characteristic curve will be substantially constant over a predetermined range of frequency-modulating input voltage magnitudes and corresponding output frequencies. A generally linear combined-transfer-function results from the counterbalancing effect of the characteristic curves belonging to the VCO and the charge pump.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a voltage controlled oscillator that is especially suited for use in the above mentioned charge-pump/VCO combination.
This second objective is met by constructing a ring oscillator having a variable delay section which includes one or more inverters that are characterized in that their signal propagation times are a function of a biasing current passing through them. A voltage-to-current conversion means, such as a field-effect-transistor (FET), is used to convert the above described frequency-modulating voltage into a biasing current and the biasing current is passed through the one or more inverters of the variable time delay section to thereby modulate the frequency of the ring oscillator.
It is a third objective of the present invention to provide a CMOS amplifier especially adapted to drive capacitive loads in the above mentioned charge-pump/VCO combination.
This third objective is met by providing a mirror isolated amplifier having an input stage comprising a constant current source, first and second current conduction legs for conducting respective first and second leg currents, and a current splitting means for dividing a constant current generated by the constant current source to produce the first and second leg currents in a balanced manner. Each of the first and second current conduction legs includes an input voltage receiving FET for receiving an input voltage at a gate thereof and for regulating the balance between the first and second leg currents in response to the input voltage. Each of the first and second legs further includes a gate voltage regenerating FET for transforming the leg current of its respective leg into a second gate voltage that is required by the regenerating FET to support the leg current flowing therethrough. The mirror isolated amplifier is further provided with an output stage comprising third and fourth current conduction legs for conducting respective third and fourth leg currents. Each of the third and fourth current conduction legs includes a current mirroring FET whose gate is coupled to the gate of a corresponding gate voltage regenerating FET in the input stage such that the third and fourth leg currents flowing through the output stage will be mirrored copies of the first and second leg currents. The current mirroring FET's are preferably sized larger than the regenerating FET's so that the output stage can conduct larger currents than the input stage. Moreover, the source (or drain) terminals of the current mirroring FET's are preferably each connected directly to a power supply rail so that the output voltage of the mirror isolated amplifier can swing to substantially the full voltage of the power supply rail.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a known PLL system.
FIG. 2 is a characteristic curve of the gain function of a typical low-cost voltage controlled oscillator.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a first PLL system in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the mirror image relationship between the characteristic curves of a variable gain charge pump and a VCO in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a second PLL system.
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a third PLL system.
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a variable time delay section such as used in the circuit of FIG. 6.
FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating the characteristic signal propagation delays of a plurality of variable time delay sections such as shown in FIG. 7 that are fabricated as integrated circuits and are obtained from different wafer processing batches.
FIGS. 9A and 9B are schematic diagrams of two ring oscillators according to the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a mirror isolated amplifier according to the present invention.
Like reference numbers are used to denote like elements in the drawings.
As discussed above, it is desirable to provide a constant loop gain in servo systems such as the one shown in FIG. 1. A constant loop gain is desired for numerous reasons including for example, the ease with which circuits can be designed to suppress undesirable loop oscillations. The loop gain of the PLL system 100 will be referred to hereafter as GL100 to distinguish it from the loop gains of other soon-to-be described systems.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the loop gain GL100 may be expressed as
GL100 =f(dFout /dVi)
Fout =F1 �K40 (Vi)
=F1 �K40 (Ip �(t2 -t1)/Ci).
In the above equations, K40 is the gain function of the VCO 40, and F1 is a reference output frequency of the VCO which corresponds to a selected reference input voltage. The reference input voltage can be arbitrarily chosen to be for example Vi =V1 as shown in FIG. 2. The symbols t1 and t2 respectively represent the turn-on and turn-off times of the pump current Ip. As mentioned earlier, the magnitude of the pump current Ip is a fixed constant. The direction of the pump current Ip is determined by whether one or the other of the frequency incrementing and decrementing control signals, FUP and FDN, is generated by the phase comparator 10. Since the K40 curve of FIG. 2 is non linear, it will become apparent that the loop gain GL100 will change with the absolute value of the timing difference, t2 -t1 and it will be difficult to obtain a servo loop which can operate stably without oscillating over a wide range of DATA signal frequencies and/or phase states.
Referring to FIG. 3, the block diagram of a first PLL system 200 in accordance with the present invention, is shown. The PLL system 200 includes a variable gain charge pump 50 which has an automatic gain control (AGC) input 50a that is responsive to a gain control voltage Vg. The magnitude of a variable amplitude output current IP2 generated by the variable gain charge pump 50 may be expressed as:
IP2 =I1 �K50 (Vg).
K50 is the gain function of the variable gain charge pump 50 and I1 is a predetermined constant corresponding to the current amplitude produced by the charge pump 50 when the gain control voltage Vg is equal to a preselected reference voltage such as Vg =V1 for example.
A voltage linking or coupling element 60 is provided between an input voltage Vi2 of the VCO 40 and the AGC input 50a of the charge pump 50 so that the control voltage Vg will be a function of the input voltage Vi2. When the voltage coupling element 60 is simply a wire, such as shown in FIG. 3, it will be apparent that Vg =Vi2. The output frequency Fo2 of the PLL system 200 may be expressed as:
Fo2 =F1 �K40 (IP2 �(t2 -t1)/Ci)
=F1 �K40 (I1 �K50 (Vi2)�(t2 -t1)/Ci)
=F1 �K40 (K50 (Vi2)�Δt�I1 /Ci).
Charge accumulated in the capacitor 30 during the time period Δt=t2 -t1 produces the voltages Vg =Vi2 and in turn, the output frequency F02.
The loop gain may be expressed in accordance with its broader definition as
GL200 =f(dFo2 /dΔt)
=f(F1 �dK40 (x)/dy)
x=K50 (Vi2)�.sub.Δ t�I1 /Ci
y=.sub.Δ t.
This expression may be rewritten, using calculus, as: ##EQU1##
From the above equation, it will be apparent that the loop gain GL200 is a function of the product of the slope of the K40 curve and the amplitude of the K50 curve. If the K50 curve is arranged to be generally large in a first voltage range where the curve K40 flattens out, and the K50 curve is also arranged to be generally small in a second voltage range where the slope of the K40 curve is large, then it will be seen by referring to FIG. 4 for example, that the counterbalanced arrangement of the dK40 /dVi2 and K50 (Vg) curves results in a substantially constant loop gain GL200. It is to be understood that even when the loop gain GL200 is not constant, a substantial improvement in circuit performance can be realized if the product K50 (Vg)�dK40 /dVi2 is made appreciably more linear than the original VCO gain function K40 (Vi2).
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a second PLL system 300 in accordance with the invention. Like reference numbers are used in FIG. 5 to denote like elements conforming to those described for FIG. 4. The second PLL system 300 includes a variable frequency oscillator 140 which produces a periodic CLOCK signal having a variable frequency Fo3. A first control signal x is supplied to an input of the oscillator 140 to shift the output frequency Fo3 in accordance with a predetermined gain function KFX such that Fo3 =KFX (x).
The PLL system 300 has a filter or integrator 130 which receives a second control signal z. The second control signal z is provided as a series of pulses each having an individual magnitude zi and a respective pulse width ti. The filter 130 processes the pulse series by for example averaging (integrating) the pulses over time to produce the first control signal x=Σzi �ti. The first control signal x is applied to an input of a mapping or linking means 160 which outputs a third control signal y in response to the first control signal x. The relation betwen the first and third control signals is defined by a mapping or linking function Kyx such that y=Kyx (x).
A frequency adjuster 150 receives the third control signal y and in response, sets the magnitude zi of each pulse of the second control signal z in accordance with another characteristic function Kzy such that zi =Kzy (y). The individual pulse widths ti of the second control signal pulses z are set by a phase difference signal Δt which is produced by a phase detector 110. The phase detector 110 also supplies an Fup/down signal to the frequency adjustor 150 to control the sign of the zi pulses.
The CLOCK signal from the oscillator 140 is fed back to one input of the phase detector 110 while an externally provided DATA signal, which is to be tracked by the CLOCK signal, is delivered to a second input of the phase detector 110. The loop gain GL300 of the PLL system 300 can be expressed as:
GL300 =f(dFo3 /dti)
Fo3 =KFx (x)=KFx (Kzy (y)�ti)
=KFx (Kzy (Kyx (x))�ti).
Taking the derivative, one obtains: ##EQU2## where, x=Kc (x)�ti, and, Kc (x)=Kzy (Kyx (x)). The latter term Kc (x) can be thought of as the combined function resulting from the cross-mapping of the respective gain functions Kyx and Kzy. Finally, one can express the loop gain as
GL300 =f(dKFx /dx�Kc (x)).
It will be seen from inspection of the above equations that the loop gain GL300 can be kept constant if the product of the slope of the KFX function and the amplitude of the Kc function is kept constant. Referring more specifically to the graphs included in FIG. 5, it will be seen that the linking function Kyx maps the Kzy function relative to the KFx function such that for a first cross-mapping point, x1,y1 where the slope dKFx /dx is relatively large, the amplitude of the Kzy function will be relatively small. Conversely, for a second cross-mapping point, x2, y2 where the slope dKFx /dx is relatively small, the Kzy function will be relatively large. Thus the counterbalancing effects of the counter arranged dKFx /dx and Kzy curves can be used to create a combined transfer function for the oscillator/frequency-adjustor circuit which is substantially more linear than the gain function KFx of the oscillator 140 taken alone.
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a PLL subsection 400 which utilizes the above concept. Like reference numerals are used to denote those elements of FIG. 6 which conform to those of FIG. 5. The numerous metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistors (MOSFET's) shown in FIG. 6 are generally referrenced as either Nx for N-channel devices or as Px for P-channel devices. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that field effect transistors (FET's) and analogous active devices in general exhibit a drain-current/gate-voltage relation similar to the current/voltage curve K50 of FIG. 4. It will be shortly seen that this non-linear characteristic of active devices is exploited in the circuit of FIG. 6 to provide a variable gain charge pump having a characteristic gain function similar to K50.
A VCO 240 having a transfer function basically similar to that of the K40 curve (FIG. 4) is formed by a ring oscillator 241 whose output frequency Fo4 is a function of a pair of respective first and second biasing input voltages, VNi and VPi, provided by a bias source generally indicated at 242. The bias source 242 includes an N-channel FET denoted at N5. The gate of N5 is connected to a filter network 230 which includes an on-chip integrating capacitor CN and an external filter 231. All circuit components shown in FIG. 6, except for the external filter 231, are provided on the substrate of a single integrated circuit (IC) chip. Connections to off-chip circuitry is provided through a plurality of chip connection pads 232. An electrostatic discharge pad 233 is connected to the gate of N5 to protect that MOSFET from dangerous high voltages which may be generated outside the IC chip.
The gate of N5 is also connected to the gates of N-channel FET's N6 and N7 which form portions of two vertical current biasing legs, P6-N6 and P7-N7, that supply biasing currents to a pair of respective CMOS inverters 243 and 244 in the ring oscillator 241. The signal propagation times of the inverters 243 and 244 vary in accordance with the magnitude of bias currents provided through their respective biasing legs. This aspect of the circuit will be described in greater detail when a variable delay section 241a of the ring oscillator 241 (shown in FIG. 7) is later discussed. The variable delays of the inverters 243, 244 established the output frequency F04 of the ring oscillator 241. P-channel FET's P6 and P7 are provided in complementary relation to the FET's N6 and N7 in the current biasing legs P6-N6 and P7-N7. The gates of P6 and P7 are connected to the gate of another P-channel FET P5 which is included in the bias source 242.
A NAND gate 245 couples the output of the inverter 244 to the input of the other inverter 243 in the ring oscillator 241. A CLAMP signal is applied to the NAND gate 245 to start and stop the oscillation of the ring oscillator 241 at desired times. The ring oscillator inverters, 243 and 244, are CMOS circuits (FIG. 7) which operate on average at voltages midway between the +5 V and ground rails of the illustrated PLL system 400. A first differential amplifier 246 drives the gate of P5 to produce the second input voltage VPi in a manner which balances the midleg voltage of the P5-N5 leg at approximately 2.5 V so that the P5-N5 leg will be generally speaking a DC mirror image of the P6-N6 and P7-N7 legs in the ring oscillator 241. A capacitor CN is connected to the output of the first differential amplifier 246 to stabilize the second biasing input voltage VPi. As a result of mirror image symmetry, it will be appreciated that the biasing currents flowing through the P6-N6 and P7-N7 legs of the ring oscillator will be approximately the same as the current flowing through the P5-N5 leg of the bias source 242.
When the first input voltage VNi at the gate of N5 rises, more current will flow through the P5-N5 leg, and as a consequence of current mirroring, the bias currents in the P6-N6 and P7-N7 legs will increase to thereby increment the output frequency Fo4 of the ring oscillator 241 upwardly. Conversely, when the first input voltage VNi at the gate of N5 is decreased, the output frequency Fo4 is decremented. The first input voltage VNi can as a result be referred to as a frequency-modulating voltage that shifts the output frequency of the VCO 240.
The first input voltage VNi is generated by time averaging (integrating) a pump current IPUMP which is supplied to the filter 230 either in a forward direction (source current) from a first pump circuit FET, P4, or in a backward direction (sink current) from a complementary, second pump circuit FET N4. A first FET switch comprising an inverter 251 and a pair of transistors, P2 and P3, connects or disconnects the gate of the first pump circuit FET P4 to a p-side gate biasing voltage VgP in response to a frequency incrementing control signal FUP. A second FET switch comprising inverters 252, 253 and a pair of transistors, N2 and N3, connects or disconnects the gate of the second pump circuit FET N4 to an n-side gate biasing voltage VgN in response to a frequency decrementing control signal FDN.
When the FUP control signal is applied to the first FET switch, the p-side biasing voltage VgP is supplied to the gate of P4. A forward pump current +IPUMP having a magnitude that is a function of the p-side biasing voltage VgP can consequently be sourced to the filter network 230 for accumulating charge therein. If on the other hand, the FDN control signal is activated, the n-side gate biasing voltage VgN will be applied to the gate of N4 through the second FET switch. A backward (sinking) current -IPUMP having a magnitude that is determined by VgN will flow through N4 out of the filter network 230.
Of importance, a linking resistor 260 (R1) is provided to connect the gate of N5 to the second FET switch so that VgN will be equal to VNi when the FDN control signal is activated for a predetermined time period Δt. The magnitude of the backward current -IPUMP will as a result, become a function of the magnitude of the first biasing input voltage VNi at the gate of N5.
An n-side/p-side conversion circuit 270 is provided between the first and second FET switches (P2 and N2) to transform the n-side gate biasing voltage VgN to its complementary p-side biasing voltage VgP. The conversion circuit 270 forces the p-side gate biasing voltage VgP to be a function of VgN and from there, to be a function of the (frequency-modulating) first input voltage VNi.
In the conversion circuit 270, the n-side biasing voltage VgN is applied to the gate of a current mirroring N-channel FET N1. This FET N1 is arranged in mirror image relation to the second pump circuit FET N4 so that a hypothetical leg current that could flow through the P4-N4 leg of the charge pump 250 will be mirrored into a P1-N1 leg of the conversion circuit 270 that includes the mirroring FET N1. The current flowing through N1 must also flow through a P-channel second mirroring FET P1 that included in the P1-N1 leg. A second differential amplifier 271 drives the gate of P1 to generate the p-side biasing voltage VgP. A negative input of the second amplifier 271 is connected to the n-side biasing voltage VgN such that the p-side gate voltage VgP will change in inverse relation to any change of its complementary n-side biasing voltage VgN. A positive input of the second amplifier 271 is connected to the drain of P1. Under steady state conditions, the second amplifier 271 urges the P1-N1 midleg voltage Vml (at the drains of P1 and N1) equal to the n-side biasing voltage VgN. This is done so that the currents through P1/N1, and hence through P4/N4, will be as equal as possible despite the modulation of a midleg voltage Vm4 at the drains of transistors P4 and N4. It should be noted that the n-side gate biasing voltage VgN is DC-wise a substantial equivalent of the P4-N4 midleg voltage Vm4 because Vm4 is coupled to the node of VgN by a low pass filter comprising resistors R2, R1, and capacitors CN, CN2. The drain-source voltages of P1 and N1 will therefore mimic the drain-source voltages of corresponding transistors P4 and N4. Vm1 is urged to be a DC-wise substantial equivalent of Vm4 by the action of the second amplifier 271. The P1-N1 leg thereby becomes a steady-state mirror image of the P4-N4 leg and furthermore, in the case when Vm4 settles down to equal Vcc /2=2.5 V, a steady-state mirror image of the P5-N5 leg in the VCO 240. The steady state midleg voltage Vm5 of the P5-N5 leg it should be noted, is forced to a steady state 2.5 V (equal to VgN in the steady state) by the first differential amplifier 246.
A pair of capacitors, CN2 and CP2, are connected to respective lines of the n-side and p-side biasing voltages, VgN and VgP, to prevent undesirable oscillations in those biasing voltages. A voltage limiting circuit 272 comprising N-channel FET's, N8, N9 and P-channel FET P8 is connected to the n-side biasing voltage line (VgN) to prevent that line from dropping completely to ground. If VgN is allowed to go to zero, a lock-up state results wherein neither of the charge pump FET's, P4 and N4, can be activated to alter the filter network's output voltage VNi. In the lock-up state, VgP rises to the +5 V level of P4's source and VgN drops to the same ground level existing at the source of N4 so that both transistors are turned off. The FUP and FDN control signals cannot be used to to bring the system 400 out of this state.
The gate of N8 senses the voltage on the n-side biasing voltage line (VgN). If VgN drops toward zero, N8 shuts off and its drain voltage rises towards +5 V. Since the gate of N9 is connected to N8's drain, N9 is turned on under this situation and N9 forces VgN back up towards the +5 V rail. P8 supplies a bias current to N8.
Referring now to FIGS. 7 and 8, the variable delay section 241a of the ring oscillator 241 will be explained by describing the characteristics of a test circuit 500 shown in FIG. 7. The test circuit 500 has the same configuration as the variable delay section 241a and like reference symbols are used to denote like elements.
The voltages at the gates of N6 and N7 were held constant while the voltage VPi at the gates of P6 and P7 was stepped upwardly from zero toward +5 V. At each step of the VPi voltage range, measurements were made of the signal propagation delay through a series connected chain comprising the CMOS inverters 243 and 244. A fast rising pulse Vin was applied at a first time instance t0 to the input of the first inverter 243 in the series connected chain and the delay time for the rising edge of the input pulse to be delivered as an output Vout at the output of the second inverter 244 was recorded.
The test circuit 500 was reproduced on a number of integrated circuits, each being manufactured under slightly different wafer production conditions. A Gaussian-like distribution was observed in the signal delay characteristics of the numerous reproduced circuits. The mean delay characterisitic is illustrated in FIG. 8 as the nominal delay curve. For yet undetermined reasons, some circuits were relatively fast such as indicated by the lowest curve in FIG. 8 and other circuits were relatively slow as indicated by the upper most curve. All of the delay curves however were generally of the same asymptotic shape. It can be seen from the test results that as VPi was stepped toward +5 V the signal propagation time (DELAY) changed slowly at first and then rose asymptotically at a faster rate as the range 3.0-4.0 V was reached. The increasing VPi voltage can be correlated with a decreasing biasing current in the legs P6-N6 and P7-N7. Similar results are predicted for a modified experiment wherein VPi is held constant and the voltage at the gates of N6 and N7 is stepped in a reverse direction from +5 V towards zero. A theoretical V*Ni scale is shown in FIG. 8 to illustrate the expected results. A normalized frequency scale f*=1/DELAY (MHz) is also drawn in FIG. 8 to show how the frequency of a ring oscillator incorporating the variable time delay circuit 500 is expected to behave.
When the f*/V*Ni scales of FIG. 8 are considered, it will be noted that the normallized frequency f* changes rapidly at the low end of the theorized V*Ni scale and that the rate of frequency change drops off as V*Ni rises. This corresponds to the K40 curve (FIG. 4) that is associated with previously known voltage controlled oscillators (VCO's). The variable time delay circuit 500 of FIG. 7 is preferred for the PLL subsection 400 (FIG. 6) because the component FET's of the vertical legs P6-N6 and P7-N7 can be easily fabricated on a common semiconductive substrate to be matched with the p-channel and n-channel FET's of the vertical circuit legs, P1-N1, P4-N4 and P5-N5, using CMOS manufacturing technology. The frequency characteristics of the variable delay section 241a tend to be matched to the current producing capabilities of the P4-N4 vertical leg when both circuits are fabricated on the same IC chip under identical wafer production conditions. Since the ring oscillator 241 is relatively simple, the VCO 240 of FIG. 6 can be designed to occupy a very small portion of the available surface area on a standard size IC chip thereby making room for additionally desired features which can be incorporated into the same IC chip.
A first modified ring oscillator 247 in accordance with the present invention is shown in FIG. 9A. The modified ring oscillator 247 may be substituted for the ring oscillator 241 of FIG. 6. Like reference symbols denote like elements in FIGS. 6 and 9A. The NAND gate 245 of FIG. 6 is replaced by a variable delay NAND gate 248. The variable delay NAND gate 248 includes a complementary pair of current biasing transistors, P10 and N10, whose gates are correspondingly connected to the gates of P6, P7 and N6, N7. Transistors P11, N11 and N12 are included in a vertical P10-N10 leg of the NAND gate 248 along with P10 and N10. P12 is connected between the +5 V rail and the middle of the P10-N10 leg. When the CLAMP signal, which is applied to the gates of P12 and N12, is raised to a logic high (+5 V), N12 is turned on and P12 is turned off. The ring oscillator 247 starts up in a predeterminable phase state relative to the time of the switching of the CLAMP signal to its logic high level. If the CLAMP signal is generated by a flip flop 249 that in turn is triggered by a suitable edge of the DATA signal, the ring oscillator 247 may be started up approximately in phase with the edges of the DATA signal. Thus the duration of the phase locking mode can be minimized. The CLAMP control level can also be used to shut off the ring oscillator 247 at a desired time.
A second modified ring oscillator 247' is shown in FIG. 9B. Like reference symbols denote like elements in FIGS. 9A and 9B. A high speed NAND gate 248' is formed by replacing the serially connected transistor N12 of FIG. 9A with an FET switch 280 which drives the gate of N10 in response to the CLAMP signal. It has been found that the high speed NAND gate 248' of FIG. 9B has a shorter delay time than the NAND gate 248 of FIG. 9A and thus, the second modified ring oscillator 247' can attain higher operating frequencies.
Referring to FIG. 6, it will be observed that the outputs of the first and second differential amplifiers, 246 and 271, are connected to drive respective capacitive loads, CP and CP2. Capacitive loads require unusually large currents when rapid level shifting is desired. Conventional CMOS differential amplifiers lack this capability.
FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a preferred amplifier circuit 275 which is used for the differential amplifiers, 246 and 271. For reasons soon to be apparent, the amplifier circuit 275 is referred to as a mirror isolated amplifier. The mirror isolated amplifier 275 has an input stage comprising first and second vertical current legs, P14-N14 and P16-N16. A matched output stage 277 of the amplifier 275 is provided with a corresponding set of third and fourth vertical current legs, P17-N17 and P18-N18. First and second vertical currents, I1 and I2, of the respective first and second vertical legs are joined at a current summing node 278 whose combined output, I12, is passed through a constant current source N15. For various reasons including size limitations placed on N15, it is preferred that the combined current I12 is kept relatively small. The gate of N15 is connected to a 1.7 V reference voltage.
The gates of N14 and N16 respectively receive the positive and negative input voltages, +VIN and -VIN, of the amplifier 275. Since the summed current I12 =I1 +I2 is substantially constant, any change in the first vertical current I1 will be balanced by an opposed or competing change in the second vertical current I2. Accordingly, if the positive input voltage +VIN rises above the negative input voltage -VIN, the first vertical current I1 will increase and the second vertical current I2 will decrease.
The first and second vertical currents, I1 and I2, pass respectively through a pair of gate voltage regenerating transistors, P14 and P16, provided in the upper portions of the first and second vertical legs. The gates of P14 and P16 are connected to their respective drains so as to generate the necessary gate voltages, VP1 and VP2, for conducting the corresponding first and second vertical currents, I1 and I2.
The generated gate voltages, VP1 and VP2, are coupled to the gates of corresponding p-channel mirroring FET's, P18 and P17, in the output stage 277. The P-channel mirroring FET's, P18 and P17, are preferably enlarged copies (e.g. having wider channel regions) of the respective input stage p-channel regenerating FET's, P14 and P16 such that substantially larger currents will flow through P17 and P18 for a given gate voltage.
The third and fourth vertical currents, I3 and I4, flowing through P17 and P18 respectively are magnified reproductions of the first and second vertical currents, I1 and I2, due to current mirroring. The enlarged third and fourth vertical currents, I3 and I4, pass through respective n-channel FET's, N17 and N18, of the third and fourth vertical legs in the output stage 277. The drain of N17 is connected to its gate and also to the gate of N18 so that a current decrease through N17 will generally result in a lower gate voltage at N18 and consequently a higher voltage drop across the drain and source of N18. An output voltage signal +VOUT is generated at the drain of N18.
N17 and N18 are enlarged copies of N14 and N16, respectively. The output stage vertical legs, P17-N17 and P18-N18, are therefore enlarged mirror reproductions of the input stage vertical legs, P16-N16 and P14-N14. Because the components of the output stage 277 are upwardly scaled reproductions of the devices in the input stage 276 (with the exception of the current limiting transistor N15), a relatively large output current IOUT can be delivered from the fourth vertical leg P18-N18 to an amplifier load. Because the source terminals of P18 and N18 are respectively connected directly to the +5 V and ground power rails, the output voltage VOUT can swing across substantially the full voltage between the power supply rails. The capacity of the amplifier to supply a relatively large output current IOUT means that the amplifier load can include a relatively large capacitive component CLOAD and/or a relatively small resistive component RLOAD while the amplifier can still supply a desired output voltage signal +VOUT. The vertical currents, I1 and I2, of the input stage 276 are isolated from the output current IOUT such that loading effects at the output stage 277 will generally not alter the constant level balance I12 =I1 +I2 in the input stage. The mirror isolated amplifier 275 can accordingly provide the necessary output power for driving the capacitive loads, CP and CP2, of the differential amplifiers 246, 271 in the circuit of FIG. 6. Furthermore, when the positive and negative input voltages are equal, +VIN =-VIN, and the amplifier load is substantially capacitive (CLOAD is large relative to any discharging resistance RLOAD), the output voltage VOUT at the drain of N18 can be held at a desired level (e.g. Vcc /2=2.5 V) because the drain current I4 of N18 matches the drain current of the complementary transistor P18 and IOUT is therefore substantially equal to zero. This eliminates the need for a voltage offset circuit normally used in amplifiers to force the output to settle at a desired voltage level such as Vcc /2.
It will of course be understood that numerous modifications to the present invention, in its various aspects, will be apparent to those skilled in the art, some being apparent only after study and others being matters of routine electronic design and device fabrication. As such, the scope of the invention should not be limited by the particular embodiments described herein but should rather be defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 8, 1991
Owner name: BANK OF AMERICA NATIONAL TRUST AND SAVINGS ASSOCIA
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:WESTERN DIGITAL CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE;REEL/FRAME:005926/0103
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