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EARLY, Mary Olivia
Cherokee Tribune
October 03, 2012 12:00 AM
| 2014 views | 0
Mary Olivia (Billie) Privette Early, age 88, died September 27, 2012 at her residence, surrounded by her children. Mary was born in Darlington County, South Carolina to the late Jacob Peele and Vera Mae Privette. She was preceded in death by her husband of 61 years, Doyet Arnold "Jack" Early, her sister Vera Mae Anderson, and her brother retired Lt. Col. Jacob Henry Privette. Mrs. Early was a graduate of the School of nursing of the Medical College of the State of South Carolina. She worked as a graduate nurse in Washington, DC, during World War II. She returned to South Carolina and married her high school sweetheart upon his arrival home from the war. Mrs. Early worked as head nurse of the Pediatric Department of Hall County Hospital for 14 years. After retiring from nursing she became an active member of the Medical Auxiliary of Northeast Georgia Hospital. She served as president of the Auxiliary and was instrumental in establishing the first "Market Place" as the major fundraiser for the Auxiliary for the past 25 years. Mrs. Early received the prestigious "employee of the year" and "Volunteer of the year" awards from the hospital. She was an active member of Peasant Hill Baptist Church. Mary is survived by her children, Judge Jack and Lee Early of Bamberg SC, Joe Early of Oakwood GA, Dr. Bill and Donna Early of Canton, GA, Mary and Ted Evans of Commerce, GA and Martha Buxton of Gainesville, GA. Her grandchildren, Will and Dasher Early of Mount Pleasant, SC, Ross and Natasha Early of Islamorada, FL, Katie and Kevin Laymon of Wilmington, NC, Joseph and Alisa Early of Ashville, NC, Allison and Chris Faucett of Canton, GA, Dr. Paul and Christina Early of Canton, GA, John, Matthew, and Mary Early of Canton, GA, David and Tabitha Evans of Commerce, GA, and Catherine and Daniel Buxton of Macon, GA. Her precious great grandchildren, Lesesne and Harvey Early of Mount Pleasant, SC, Kara, Maci, Bella, and Samantha Laymon of Wilmington, NC, Olivia Faucett of Canton, GA, and Parker Evans of Commerce, GA. Funeral Services will be Saturday, September 29 at 3 p.m. from Pleasant Hill Baptist Church with Rev. Stacy Phillips officiating with the interment following at Hillside Cemetery. The family will receive friends at the church on Saturday from 1-3 p.m. In lieu of flowers contributions can be made to Pleasant Hill Baptist Church: 3650 Browns Bridge Rd. Gainesville, GA 30504, Hospice of Northeast Georgia: 2150 Limestone Parkway, Suite 222 Gainesville, GA 30501, The Northeast Georgia Medical Center Auxiliary "Love Light Tree": 743 Spring St. Gainesville, GA 30501. Little-Ward Funeral Home Commerce is in charge of arrangements.
Copyright 2015 Cherokee Tribune. All rights reserved.
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What is the PLUS™ Reagent?
Product FAQ
PLUS™ Reagent is a proprietary reagent for pre-complexing DNA. It enhances cationic lipid-mediated transfection of DNA into many cultured eukaryotic cells when used in conjunction with a transfection reagent. Use PLUS™ Reagent to enhance transfection results with Lipofectamine® Reagent, Lipofectamine® LTX Reagent, Lipofectin® Reagent, Cellfectin® Reagent, and Oligofectamine™ Reagent. Lipofectamine® LTX is offered in combination with the PLUS™ Reagent in Cat. Nos. A12621, 15338030, and 15338100. PLUS™ Reagent is also offered as a stand-alone product (Cat. No. 11514015). We do not recommend using the PLUS™ Reagent with Lipofectamine® 2000 or Lipofectamine® 3000.
Answer Id: E9026
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Why do I have to dilute my DNA in medium before adding the PLUS™ reagent? Can I just add them together?
Product FAQ
No, it is important to dilute the DNA into medium and mix before adding the PLUS™ reagent or the DNA may precipitate.
Answer Id: E3849
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Is the passage number of my cells important to consider when doing transfection?
Product FAQ
In general, once optimal transfection conditions are determined for a given cell line, it is recommended that cells be passaged less than 20 times to maintain reproducible results. Thus immediately following the determination of optimal conditions, cells should be frozen down so that when the working stock approaches 20 passages, a new batch can be started from the frozen stock.
Answer Id: E3852
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How can I improve transfection efficiency with cationic lipids?
Product FAQ
1. Select the cationic lipid reagent that is likely to result in highest transfection efficiency for your cell type. See the references listed in the Cell Lines database on our web site.
2. Optimize the cationic lipid reagent and DNA amounts. The most important parameter after the condition of the cells is the ratio of lipid to DNA.
3. Do not use serum during complex formation. Serum contains lipids which will interfere with complex formation. Opti-MEM® I Reduced-Serun Medium or DMEM (use either medium in the absence of serum during complex formation) is good media for complex formation.
4. Do not use antibiotics, EDTA, citrate, phosphate, RPMI, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, dextran sulfate, or other sulfated proteoglycans in the medium used to prepare the DNA-cationic lipid reagent complexes.
5. Cell density should be from 50% to 80% confluent at the time of transfection (for Lipofectamine® 2000, we recommend >90% confluency). Cells should be in the mid-log growth phase.
6. Make sure the promoter-enhancer of the transfected DNA is compatible with the target cell type.
7. Do not use cationic lipid reagent that has been frozen or stored in a section of the refrigerator where the temperature is below 4 degree.
8. Include a positive control for the transfection assay.
Answer Id: E3994
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Why do I see precipitates on the cells after transfection?
Product FAQ
A small granular-like precipitate may be detected microscopically on the cells after transfection using cationic lipid. This is normal. The presence or absence of this precipitate is not indicative of the transfection efficiency. The precipitate can be caused by presence of excess EDTA or cationic lipid. Use DNA in water or, if in TE, use EDTA concentrations of <0.3 mM in the diluted DNA. Ensure concentrations of cationic lipid reagents do not exceed recommended amounts in complex formation.
Answer Id: E3996
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Is my lipid (Lipofectin®, Lipofectamine®, DMRIE-C, Lipofectamine® 2000, Oligofectamine™, Cellfectin® II) supposed to be cloudy?
Product FAQ
It is normal to see some turbidity and cloudiness in DMRIE-C, Cellfectin® II and Lipofectamine® 2000, and the others should be clear. Lipid transfection reagents are sensitive to low temperature; if you put them at temperature below 4 °C they will precipitate or even freeze and lower the efficiency. Most lipids will go cloudy and precipitate upon freezing, and may not be active anymore.
Answer Id: E4000
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Are lipid transfection reagents fluorescent?
Product FAQ
The intrinsic fluorescence of Lipofectamine® 2000 and Lipofectamine® under FITC conditions was examined and the results were as follows:
- Lipofectamine® 2000 in serum-free conditions (with or without DNA) - weak whitish fluorescence.
- Lipofectamine® 2000 in serum-containing conditions (with or without DNA) - medium white and red fluorescence.
- Lipofectamine® & Lipofectamine® PLUS (with or without DNA) - orange fluorescence.
- We haven't seen any significant green fluorescence attributable to the Lipofectamine®.
These observations were made after transfection of CHO-K1 cells and by examining the live cells in PBS. Other lipid transfection reagents were not studied extensively on this issue, but it is very likely they will produce fluorescence in transfected cells.
Fluorescence from various media components may be where the problem lies. For example, riboflavin apparently fluoresces in the green wavelength and thus DMEM, which has a high riboflavin content, can be problematic in fluorescence experiments. Ham's F12 medium is 10x lower in riboflavin and is more suitable for fluorescence work.
One possible solution is to perform fluorescence imaging in PBS, rather than in culture medium. Also, check to make sure the cells are healthy and intact. Lysed cells or cells under stress may generate autofluorescent products.
Answer Id: E4451
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Which lipid transfection reagent do you recommend for my cell line?
Product FAQ
The best transfecting agent and efficiency would depend on the particular cell line you have. Please visit our online selection tools to see our recommendation for your specific cell line. If your cell line is not on the list, we recommend you try Lipofectamine® LTX or Lipofectamine® 2000 for plasmid transfection, and Lipofectamine® RNAiMAX for siRNA transfection. For primary cells, Lipofectamine® LTX with PLUS™ reagent is generally the best choice for plasmid transfection. For some hard-to-transfect cells, like suspension cells and stem cells, the Neon™ electroporation system usually works better compared to lipid transfection reagent.
Answer Id: E4502
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Can Lipofectamine® LTX be used in RNAi experiments?
Product FAQ
Lipofectamine® LTX performs well with vector-based RNAi experiments since you are transfecting DNA. But for direct transfection of RNA molecules like siRNA and Stealth RNAi™ negative control transfections, we recommend Lipofectamine® RNAiMAX.
Answer Id: E4994
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Can Lipofectamine® LTX be used in transfection of Suspension cells and other hard to transfect cells?
Product FAQ
We have tested transfection of suspension cells such as Jurkat and K562. We achieved transfection efficiency of less than 5% for each of them. We do not notice toxicity with Lipofectamine® LTX reagent when used with these suspension cells. For other cell lines please follow the guidelines in the product insert. However, if you experience low transfection efficiency, then we recommend Neon electroporation system or Viral delivery.
Answer Id: E4995
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Can Lipofectamine® LTX be used for transfecting primary cells?
Product FAQ
We have tested four primary cell lines: HuVec, NHFF (Normal human foreskin fibroblast), MJ90 and NDHF. We have observed transfection efficiency in the range of 5-25%. We suggest optimizing transfection efficiency for your primary cell line by varying DNA and lipid ratio. If you are using any other primary cell line, please follow guidelines suggested in the product insert. Alternatively, Neon® electroporation system and viral delivery methods are recommended.
Answer Id: E4996
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How do I choose between Lipofectamine® 2000 and Lipofectamine® LTX?
Product FAQ
Lipofectamine® LTX and Lipofectamine® 2000 are both recommended for plasmid DNA transfections. However, if you notice increased cytotoxicity with Lipofectamine® 2000, Lipofectamine® LTX is the preferred reagent due to significantly reduced cytotoxicity levels and improved transfection performance in a number of hard-to-transfect cell lines.
Answer Id: E4997
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What is the difference between Lipofectamine® and Lipofectamine® PLUS™ reagent?
Product FAQ
Lipofectamine® and the PLUS™ Reagent are utilized for transfection of a wide range of cell types. In the past, Invitrogen™ sold Lipofectamine® with the PLUS™ reagent. This is no longer the case. Generally speaking, one would not use the PLUS™ Reagent by itself. It is used in conjunction with some other reagent, such as Lipofectamine®, Lipofectamine® LTX or in some cases, with Lipofectin®. Lipofectamine® LTX is offered in combination with the PLUS™ reagent in catalog numbers A12621 and 15338100. We do not recommend using the PLUS™ Reagent with Lipofectamine® 2000 as it does not generally help. .
Answer Id: E3035
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Are there any guidelines for choosing a lipid transfection reagent?
Product FAQ
It is best to optimize for your cells and application. Here are some basic guidelines:
- Lipofectamine® LTX and PLUS™ Reagent: Minimal optimization, excellent efficiency with adherent eukaryotic cells DNA, difficult cell lines
- Lipofectamine® Reagent: Adherent eukaryotic cells, DNA, oligonucleotides
- Lipofectin® Reagent: Transfecting DNA in eukaryotic cell
- Cellfectin® II: Insect cells
- DMRIE-C Reagent: DNA, RNA, suspension cells
- Oligofectamine™: Oligonucleotides
- Lipofectamine® RNAiMAX: siRNA, pre-miR, miRNA, anti-miR
NOTE: Please also visit our online Transfection Selection Tool to get specific recommendation for your cell line
Answer Id: E3079
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What kind of tubes can I use to form DNA:lipid complexes?
Product FAQ
We recommend using polypropylene tubes.
Answer Id: E3124
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Controlling costs
Duncan calls for more college funding
U.S. Education Secretary Arne Duncan told a gathering of college and university leaders on July 27 that his vision for America's higher-education system includes making college more affordable, financial aid…
Containing the costs of a higher education degree
Many higher-ed institutions are turning to online models to more cheaply deliver certain kinds of courses and assess student learning. Is this, in fact, a good or sustainable strategy? What…
3 ways tech can reduce growing costs for student services
As campus IT departments move to on-demand models—ecosystems that support fully-customized and personalized options—for student services and campus functions, it's also critical to provide these services at a lower over-time…
Will further state higher-ed funding cuts hinder economic innovation?
A new analysis of state spending projects that a slowing in the growth of the labor force will lead to slower economic growth over the next decade, while rising Medicaid…
How to calculate the real costs of developing and delivering MOOCs
Is a MOOC worth anywhere between $39,000 to $325,000 in development and delivery costs to your college or university? How do you know? For colleges and universities already on alert thanks…
Community colleges seeking money to hold onto students
SUNY's community colleges are seeking increased funding of $250 per student for initiatives to hold onto students and decrease the number of remedial classes they have to take. SUNY Adirondack President…
Accreditation is bigger than a chicken-and-egg problem
Sylvia Manning, former president of the regional accrediting agency, the Higher Learning Commission, who was also infamously embroiled in the closure of Altius Education, has published a paper with the…
5 questions for the cross-examination of higher ed
Higher education is in the dock in 2014. The questions are flying. Why does it cost so much? Why does it cost more each year? Why do so many students…
Universities now taking major gamble on one person
Imagine that you're in debt, so much so that your house is on your bank's radar for repossession. You have a little money, but not much, and you feel if…
Universities to take back control of digital resources
Four large research universities have formed a new consortium in an attempt to wrestle control over the digital learning landscape from educational technology companies, the founders announced Wednesday.


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The Nickel Ride: Cooper (Jason Miller, The Exorcist), known as the key man because of his large ring of keys, manages several warehouses containing the Mobs stolen goods. When the Mob has stolen so much that they are running out of space, they send Cooper to negotiate for a new warehouse. His boss gets nervous and, believing the big-hearted key man to be more of a risk than an asset, orders him to be watched. Also starring Linda Haynes (Rolling Thunder) and Bo Hopkins (The Wild Bunch). Directed by Robert Mulligan (To Kill A Mockingbird).
99 and 44/100% Dead: In a future where the laws of reality have been suspended, Harry Crown (Richard Harris) is a hit man whos been hired by Mafia don Uncle Frank (Edmond OBrien) to eliminate Big Eddie (Bradford Dillman), a rival gangster who has been moving in on his turf. Big Eddie counters with his own enforcer, Marvin Claw Zuckerman (Chuck Connors), and as the rival killers attempt to destroy each other, some wild high-speed chases ensue. Directed by John Frankenheimer (The Manchurian Candidate, Seconds).
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I recently purchased this double feature. Not only was the price right but the Richard Harris movie was a joy to see again. Read morePublished 7 months ago by Gary Gilfoy
Two hard to find films for the price of one. I enjoyed them both, particularly Jason Miller's follow up role after "The Exorcist."Published 12 months ago by Mr. Lucky


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Rockfax DescriptionStrenuous and sustained climbing up the long crack-line. Often loose and dirty, but good when clean. Needs traffic. © ROCKFAX
Hannes B - Lead O/S - 24/Jun/14 with wil
Brown - 2nd - 18/Jun/13 with John
This route would be brilliant if cleaner. On way down i gave it a reasonable clean on the crucial bits. Also left a good sling on the tree near the top to lower off. Needs more traffic and it will become a proper 3* stoney classic! get on it!Alex Mason - Lead O/S - 22/Jul/10 with Mikey G
TonyF - Lead O/S - 2010
Ian Parnell - Lead O/S - 27/Jun/08 with ben bransby
Al Evans - 2008
Hidden - Lead - 13/Jun/00
nickcanute - Lead O/S - 2000
Hidden - Lead - 17/Aug/93
Hidden - 2nd - 1988
Dave Musgrove - 19/Jun/85
Nice to lead it.Ian Jones - Lead rpt - 1983 with Robert Kieske ('Flog')
Felt a little esoteric.Ian Jones - 2nd O/S - 1980 with Dave Greenald


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A beautiful high gloss finish to your nails, with 14+ days of superior colour, no matter what life brings you. Set it and forget it. Practical and fearless. Improve your nails with an armor coat that says "see you in 2 weeks".


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The Case for a Public/Private Partnership
Rheaume, Cynthia, The Public Manager
Can private sector incentives help improve our federal buildings?
In March of this year, the General Accounting Office (GAO) issued its report, "Federal Buildings--Billions are Needed for Repairs and Alterations" (GAO-GGD-00-98). Sounds pretty grim. This is not a new situation. In May 1991, GAO reported that federal buildings suffered from years of neglect and that about $4 billion was needed to bring some of these buildings up to acceptable quality, health, and safety standards. It's time for a change, wouldn't you say?
Here is my favorite story about how private sector efficiency motives can drive what is perceived to be a public mission to a swift conclusion.
Donald Trump and the Wollman Memorial Skating Rink
The Wollman Memorial Skating Rink in Central Park was badly in need of repair in the late 1970s. After several years of preparation and planning, the New York City Parks and Recreation Department closed down the rink in 1980 for a rebuilding project scheduled to take two years and cost under $5 million. The project involved dismantling the old surface, then installing a new network of coolant pipes and pouring concrete over them. But for reasons that two subsequent studies failed to fully explain, the work went badly. Midproject delays left the coolant pipes exposed to the elements for a year. When the concrete was finally poured there was not quite enough, and the last batch was diluted to finish the job. The coolant system subsequently developed leaks, for many possible reasons I won't go into here. After spending six years and $12 million on the job, the city found that the work to date was essentially worthless and that the job would have to be completely redone.
Donald Trump wrote to Mayor Ed Koch in May 1986 to express his amazement at the city's failure to accomplish so simple a task during six years in which Trump had built several major Manhattan projects. Trump offered to rebuild Wollman Rink himself, at no profit, as a goodwill gesture to the city, and, he added, so that his young son could ice skate in the park before he grew up. The capital projects director for the Parks and Recreation Department conceded that Trump possessed advantages over his own agency, which was "bound by the city's rules and regulations and checks and balances." The city had to follow certain procedures for selecting contractors; Trump could choose on the basis of reputation. The city had to take the lowest bidder that met the literal terms of the contract; Trump could consider aspects of quality beyond contractual specifications. If a city contractor performed well the city could only reward him with the agreed-upon fee and a thank you. Trump could offer bonuses pegged to performance and promptness. If a contractor failed to deliver, the city could only threaten to sue for the return of progress payments; Trump could make it clear that any firm hoping for future work in his far-flung organization had better deliver on the Wollman job. Trump declared "I'm going to get good contractors and push the hell out of them." And he did. The Wollman Rink reopened months ahead of schedule and 25 percent under budget. What the city had been unable to do with six years and $12 million, Trump did in three months for $2.3 million.
Impediments to Partnering
Five years ago, when I worked on the Privatization and Financial Management Team at the National Partnership for Reinventing Government, our team visited the Public Buildings Service of the General Services Administration (GSA) to tell them about public/private partnership structures used to dispose of assets at the Resolution Trust Corporation. These were real partnership agreements, not just some form of contractual profit-sharing arrangement. Government assets were placed into a trust, which was owned by the partnership. The government was a limited partner and therefore had no voice in the management of the assets, but any losses were limited to the imputed value of the government's partnership interest. …


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" While it may be tempting to use broad generalizations about the way business aircraft are most often used in America today, let's not neglect the importance of business aviation as a crucial competitive asset to companies, an economic driver and lifeline to communities large and small. "
Film fest takes flight
Lights! Camera! Airplanes! The National Aviation Hall of Fame (NAHF) at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio, will present its second annual Reel Stuff Film Festival of Aviation March 12 to 15. The festival will feature screenings of more than a dozen aviation-themed movies-classics and contemporary features and documentaries- hosted by aviation and film-world notables involved with each title. Cliff Robertson and Clay Lacy will introduce The Pilot, while Catherine Wyler (daughter of director William Wyler) will host Memphis Belle. Twelve O'Clock High, Strategic Air Command and an episode of the Steve Canyon TV show are also on the bill, which will feature some movies in their original 35-mm format.
"This is the way they were meant to be shown," said Ron Kaplan, NAHF executive director and Reel Fest's founding director. "Film purists will love to see it, and aviation buffs will love it. There's something for everybody."
A reception, dinner and silent auction of movie memorabilia will round out the festival, which is being sponsored in part by fractional-aircraft provider NetJets. For more information, visit reelstufffilmfest.com.
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Henry du Pré Labouchère
10 of 18 portraits of Henry du Pré Labouchère
© National Portrait Gallery, London
Henry du Pré Labouchère
by Sir (John) Benjamin Stone
platinum print, 27 May 1897
8 1/8 in. x 6 1/4 in. (205 mm x 160 mm) image size
Given by House of Commons Library, 1974
Photographs Collection
NPG x31500
Click on the links below to find out more:
Sitterback to top
- Henry du Pré Labouchère (1831-1912), Writer, publisher, theatre owner and Liberal politician; MP for Windsor, Middlesex and Northampton. Sitter in 18 portraits.
Artistback to top
- Sir (John) Benjamin Stone (1838-1914), Politician and photographer. Artist associated with 1436 portraits, Sitter in 28 portraits.
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Best Free Backup Program for Linux
Back In Time , a convenient tool to backup your specified files and folders, with profiles to set up where to save snapshots at a time interval you choose, sources to include files and folders, recommended patterns to exclude, auto-remove and other options.
This application minimizes usage of your disk space by taking a snapshot only if the files have been changed, and hard links for unmodified files. Both GNOME and KDE front-ends are available. (Review)
luckyBackup , a useful tool to safely back up your data that you've changed in a source directory to a destination directory, or create multiple backup snapshots to a specific date and time. You can also use it to sync any directories to keep files identical on various devices.
Other features include options to exclude certain files, setting up profiles, scheduling and simulation controls. (Review)
Areca Backup supports the typical full, mirror, incremental, and differential backup methods with several additional "storage modes" including a delta block mode. For compressed archives, it uses both Zip and Zip 64 with the choice of just about any encoding algorithm your heart desires. It allows you to place each backup in a single Zip archive, or a separate Zip for each file. Zip archives can be automatically split at any size you choose. (Review)
Best Free CD Recovery Utility for Linux
Dvdisaster , a preventive program to create an error correction file from a good CD or DVD for data recovery. (Review)
Best Free Disk Image Editor for Linux
ISO Master is a handy tool for editing ISO image files. It has a two-pane view to facilitate moving files and directories between the hard disk and the ISO image, and supports for handing a boot record and creating a bootable disk image.
Best Free Drive Imaging Program for Linux
Clonezilla saves and restores only used blocks in the harddisk and increases the close efficiency. The version of Clonezilla Live is suitable for single machine backup and restore. (Review)
G4U ("Ghosting for Unix") , "Not only can it clone disk to disk (any size) and copy disk partitions, it can also create and restore image files both locally and from an FTP site, if the workstation is connected to a wired network with a DCHP service." (Review)
Best Free Duplicate File Detector for Linux
FSlint , a convenient tool with both GUI and command lines modes to detect duplicate files and reclaim disk space. It also helps to identify unwanted or problematic file names, temporary files, bad symlinks, empty directories, nonstripped binaries and redundant whitespaces.
Best Free File Archiver / Zip Utilities for Linux
PeaZip , "Easy to use and very versatile, capable of creating 7Z, ARC, BZ2, GZ, PAQ/ZPAQ, PEA, QUAD/BALZ, TAR, UPX, ZIP files and extracting from 98 archive types." (Review)
File Roller is an archive manager designed for the GNOME desktop environment to create archives, view or extract files from archives, work as a front-end to the command-line archiver supporting various popular file formats.
Ark , a free and open source program designed for the KDE desktop environment to view, extract, create and modify archives in various formats such as tar, gzip, bzip2, zip, rar and lha.
Best Free File Comparison Utility for Linux
KDiff3 , a convenient tool for you to compare two or three input files and show the differences line by line and character by character. It also provides an automatic merge facility and an integrated editor for comfortable solving of merge conflicts. (Review)
Best Free File Copy Utility for Linux
UltraCopier has some pretty exciting features including an excellent file resume option, which allows for resuming of a file transfer from a disconnected USB key. If you're in the middle of a file transfer from a USB key and it somehow becomes disconnected, when you plug it in again all you have to do is to hit resume and it will pick up where you left off!
It has also other useful options such as speed limitation and searching through the copy list. And as far as looks go, UltraCopier is a much more visually attractive copier replacement. (Review)
Unstoppable Copier , excellent for copying information from scratched CD's, DVD's and corrupted files from the hard drives. (Review)
Best Free File Encryption Utility for Linux
AES Crypt is a simple program that adds a context menu item in the file system context menu. There is no program window as you have for most programs.
You simply right-click the file you want to encrypt or decrypt in the file listing, select the AES Crypt item, and enter your password in a little dialog box. A new encrypted or decrypted version of the file is created. Since the original file is not purged, you would need to shred it with a secure erase utility." (Review)
GNU Privacy Assistant (GPA) , a useful tool with the graphical user interface for the GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG or GPG) to encrypt, decrypt, sign files, verify signatures and manage the private and public keys.
Best Free File Manager for Linux
Dolphin , a file manager for KDE (by default) and good for other desktop environments such as GNOME as well, focusing on usability with navigation bar, view properties, split of views, dockable panels and many other useful features.
Best Free Folder Synchronization Utility for Linux
FreeFileSync , a solid application with very clear and informative interface. The preview is very easy to understand, file collisions and deletions are readily recognizable.
If you require a sync program that can copy files that are in use or locked, it has you covered there too! (Review)
Grsync , a graphical user interface for rsync and an effective tool to synchronize folders, files and make backups with support for sessions, simulation, execution, checksum, logging as well as other basic and advanced options for you to choose.
Best Free Online Backup Sites for Linux
Dropbox provides 2 GB free space for backing up and sharing your files, works similar to any other folder of your computer—after installation, simply drag and drop files/folders to Dropbox you want to backup, share or sync with other computer. (Review)
Best Free Partition Manager for Linux
GParted , a GNOME partition editor for resizing (enlarging or shrinking), creating or deleting, moving or copying partitions on a hard disk, creating a partition table, enabling or disabling partition flags such as boot and hidden. (Review)
TestDisk , a console application designed for data recovery. It can be used to fix partition table, recover deleted partitions or copy files from deleted partitions. (Review)
Best Free Secure Erase Utility for Linux
Darik's Boot and Nuke constructs a floppy disk or CD that will automatically wipe the hard drives of any PC that's booted from the disk, great for bulk disk cleaning and emergency. (Review)
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text:
16759-Apartment Amalfi
from £103 /night help Price for guests, Nights approx:
from £103 /night help Price for guests, Nights approx:
Estimated nightly price based on a weekly stay. Contact the advertiser to confirm the total cost.
Apartment / 1 bedrooms / sleeps 2 Home 1183262
Availability Your dates are available
Apartment / 1 bedrooms / sleeps 2
|Key Info
The Amalfi Coast, listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site, is a stretch of coastline on th southern coast of the Sorrentine peninsula in Southern Italy and dazzles with its mysterious grottos, graggy cliffs and and shimmering bays. It is one of the most enchanting tourist destinations in the world. The coast takes the name from the Amalfi city, core of the Coast not only geographically but also historically.
The Amalfi Coast is a land of picturesque coves, deep fjords, cliffs, caves, coves and small pebble beaches; is a paradise, where the bottom of the sea and earth create a unique picturesque landscape. Along the coast line you will find places like Positano, Ravello, Praiano, Conca dei Marini, Atrani, Minori, Maiori, Amalfi, Vietri , each of them stunning beauties with their own flair.
The peninsula of Sorrento overlooks the islands of Capri, Ischia and Procida of the Neapolitan Archipelago.
Indoor 40 mq - terrace 4 mq
Washing machine - air conditioning - TV
Just in the heart of Amalfi, from his terrace you can admire the main beach of and the harbour.
It is reached by about 15 steps.
The apartment has been tastefully restored and furnished. With Amalfi at the doorstep and a beach only a walk away, this is a delightful base to discover the Amalfi Coast.
The apartment consist of:
•Well equipped kitchen with living and dining area; The living has a sofa bed for 1 person
•A bathroom with a shower and washing machine;
•A double bedroom with a balcony overlooking the sea side and part of the square
•A very nice terrace covered overlooking the sea and furnished
Transportation as bus stop and ferries are located in front of the apartment
Maid service is available if requested at the time of booking.
Location: Positano 17km, Sorrento 35km, Naples airport 60km, Salerno and train station 23km; Ravello 6Km
|Sleeps up to 2, 1 bedrooms
|Nearest beach
|50 m
|Car not necessary
|Nearest travel links
|60 km, 2.3 km
|Family friendly
|Great for children of all ages
|No pets allowed, No smoking at this property
Features and Facilities
|Boat available, Sea view
|Air conditioning, TV
|Dishwasher, Cooker, Fridge, Freezer, Washing machine
|1 bedroom, 1 bathrooms of which 1 Family bathrooms
|Linen provided, Towels provided
|Balcony or terrace
|Suitable for people with restricted mobility, Not suitable for wheelchair users
The Amalfi Coast region
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You're booking with
Mikkel Simonsen (Property Manager Vacasol)
- 1 Years listed
Calendar last updated:06 Oct 2015
Based in Denmark
- English


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The Politics of Sovereign Wealth Funds
The concern of policy makers about sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) concerns the funds' potential to wield political influence in international economic affairs. As one central banker put it, sovereign wealth funds "challenge these deeply held assumptions about the world economy" (Hildebrand 2007). The regulation of sovereign wealth funds will pose an excellent test case as to how developed countries manage global financial regulation, specifically in their dealings with less developed countries (Drezner 2009). The question of whether sovereign wealth funds will work to maximize shareholder value or act as political extensions of the state is a valid worry expressed by a wide range of policy makers. Irrespective of the research and data about sovereign wealth fund investment, opinion about SWFs is formed by politics (Deutsche Bank 2007). Before the global recession in 2008, target countries demonstrated skepticism to downright hostility toward SWFs, while during the recession they could not encourage enough investment or rescue packages of failed companies. Much of this stemmed from a clear lack of knowledge, admitted by IMF officials, about sovereign wealth funds (Johnson 2007). Initially, countries negotiating from a position of strength pushed to curtail the influence of sovereign wealth funds; however, with ballooning budget deficits, failing banks, and collapsing equity markets, policy makers' fears about mixing business and politics have evaporated. Though research indicated that SWFs acted similar to other asset managers, and were not politically motivated, the concern remained (Beck and Fidora 2008). One study by a current Obama administration economic official noted that SWF countries "have a history of mixing politics with business" (Farrell et al. 2008). Such rhetorical flourishes demonstrated little detailed knowledge of sovereign wealth funds, their divergent investment strategies, or their economic situations. There is little recognition of the divergent investment strategies based upon the source and hedging necessity of countries (Xiang et al. 2009). The possibility of SWFs proving that their investments are motivated by financial interest, rather than political opportunism, as a means to avoid regulatory scrutiny has been raised as a possibility, though there is little evidence of how SWFs might parade their good intentions (Badian and Harrington 2008). Concern demonstrated by the Obama administration's National Economic Council Director Larry Summers and Deputy Director Diana Farrell accurately


text:
EXTECH INSTRUMENTS HD600 SOUND LEVEL METER, 30 to 130DB, 1.4DB
Image is for illustrative purposes only. Please refer to product description.
- Manufacturer: EXTECH INSTRUMENTS
- Newark Part No.: 61M0715
- Manufacturer Part No HD600
Product Information
- Accuracy dB: 1.4dB
- External Depth: 50mm
- External Height: 278mm
- External Width: 76mm
- Features: Three ranges from 30 to 130dB, datalogging capability up to 20,000 records, capture/record readings, min/max and data Hold functions, auto power off with disable capability
- Kit Contents: Windows compatible software, USB cable, wind cover, tripod, AC adaptor, and 9V battery
- No. of Batteries: 1
- Operating Temperature Max: -
- Operating Temperature Min: -
- Resolution (db): -
- SVHC: To Be Advised
- Sound Level Max: 130dB
- Sound Level Min: 30dB
- Weight: 350g
Data Logging Sound Level Meter-High accuracy datalogging of up to 20,000 records, Meets ANSI and IEC61672-1 Type 2 standards
- Data Logging Sound Level Meter-High accuracy datalogging of up to 20,000 records
- Three ranges from 30 to 130dB
- Datalogging capability up to 20,000 records
- Capture up to 10 readings/sec when connected to a PC
- Records readings with real date and time stamp
- Min/Max and Data Hold functions
- Heavy Duty rugged double molded housing
- USB port includes software
- Auto power off with disable capability
- Test & Measurement
Includes Windows compatible software, USB cable, wind cover, tripod, hard carrying case, AC adaptor, and 9V battery
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Non-Cancelable / Non Returnable
Products not normally stocked that show available inventory, are in stock up to the quantity displayed. Additional quantities will ship with lead time displayed.
Price for: Each 1
Minimum order quantity: 1
Order multiple quantity: 1
Price: $559.00 $559
|List Price
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text:
EIP_IMAGES Photographer
fanarModel Female Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
Mayhem # 1389978
About MeI'm a college student. I love modeling on the side. I started about 2 years ago and i love it! I'm always looking to update my pictures. I'm basically looking to get together with many different photographers to get many different styles of pictures.Sorry I don't do NUDES!!!
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text:
updated 10/29/2013 AT 6:30 AM ET
•originally published 10/28/2013 AT 10:10 PM ET
It was a night of overall high scores on Monday's Dancing with the Stars, but in the end, one couple had to go home.
The two couples in jeopardy were Nicole "Snooki" Polizzi and Sasha Farber, along with lowest scoring couple, Bill Engvall and Emma Slater.
And the results? Polizzi and Sasha Farber were eliminated in yet another shocking dismissal, closely following Christina Milian's surprising farewell a couple of weeks ago, despite their earning high scores.
"I can't even talk right now," Polizzi said, barely fighting back tears right after her elimination was announced to a stunned ballroom. "I love everybody here, so it sucks."
Other notable moments of the night included:
Leah Remini and Tony Dovolani danced an intricate salsa that had a lot of lifts and turns, which judge Carrie Ann Inaba said was "like going to the hottest salsa club and you were the hottest salsa dancers."


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 20, 1976
|Filing date
|Feb 21, 1975
|Priority date
|Nov 24, 1972
|Publication number
|George Alperin, Raymond Feinland, Winfield H. Howard
|Original Assignee
|Clairol Incorporated
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (8), Classifications (18)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 309,498, filed Nov. 24, 1972, now abandoned.
This invention relates to aqueous hair dye compositions containing N1, N4, N4 -tris(2'-hydroxyethyl)-2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine i.e. ##SPC1##
Hereinafter referred to as Dye I. More particularly, it concerns hair dye compositions of the aforesaid character suitable for dyeing human hair containing an aminohydroxy compound (hereinafter more particularly defined) as an alkalizing agent.
Dye I has long been used as a blue component in human hair dye compositions of the semi-permanent type. These compositions are direct dye dyeing compositions and are characterized by the fact that they do not require an oxidizing agent to develop the desired color. Moreover, it has been found advantageous to dye these dyes from alkaline solutions.
The use of Dye I was first suggested for use as a direct dyeing hair dye for human hair in the U.S. Pat. No. 2,750,327 to Eckhardt et al. In their dyeing procedure Eckhardt et al recommend the use of a 25% aqueous solution of ammonia as the alkalizing agent. However, in practice the use of aqueous ammonia as the alkalizing agent in compositions containing Dye I had several drawbacks. It was found, for example, that these compositions only gave weak coverage on human hair. As a result, they could not be used to obtain dark shades. Furthermore, the ammonia fumes are irritating to the eyes and nose which is a serious drawback for a product which is intended for use near the face. Consequently, the practice developed of commercially employing monoethanolamine (hereinafter called MEA) as the source of alkali.
The use of MEA as the alkalizing agent in hair dye compositions containing Dye I had proved quite satisfactory from many points of view. However, it was found that the shelf stability of these products left something to be desired. On closer study of this problem, it was discovered that when MEA is used in conjunction with Dye I, a reaction takes place after storage of the composition for 3 months at 50�C or 6 months at 38�C. It has been further found that this dye, which is a blue dye and is ordinarily employed as the blue component in hair dye compositions of this character, was degraded by this reaction and that a yellow dye is produced. This has been confirmed both by thin layer chromatography and by dyeings on human hair. This deleteriously affected the ultimate color of the dyeings obtained on human hair. This yellow dye has been identified as 6-bis(2'-hydroxyethyl)amino-quinoxaline.
It has now been found that the shelf stability of hair dye products containing Dye I may be very materially improved if in place of the MEA, there is employed as alkalizing agent one or more aminohydroxy compounds of formula: ##EQU2## wherein:
a. R1 and R2 are hydrogen, hydroxyethyl or hydroxyisopropyl;
b. R3 and R4 are hydrogen, lower alkyl having 1 to 3 carbons and lower monohydroxyalkyl having 1 to 3 carbons; providing that both R3 and R4 are hydrogen only when either R1 or R2 is hydroxyethyl or hydroxyisopropyl;
c. R5 is hydrogen or methyl. This is an unobvious result in view of the fact that it was previously considered that these materials were essentially the same and no significant effect would be obtained in substituting for MEA these aminohydroxy compounds.
It is, accordingly, an object of this invention to provide a hair dye composition containing Dye I which has greater shelf stability than prior art products containing this dye.
It is also an object of this invention to provide a hair dye composition containing Dye I which employs as alkalizing agent one or more of the aforesaid aminohydroxy compounds.
Other and more detailed objects of this invention will be apparent from the following description and claims.
Brunner et al in their U.S. Pat. No. 3,168,442 suggest that in certain types of direct dyeing hair dye compositions any of a large variety of alkalizing agents may be used to give the hair dye composition an alkaline pH. Among the alkalizing agents enumerated are MEA, DEA and TEA i.e. monoethanol-, diethanol- and triethanolamine respectively. However, Brunner et al make no distinction between these alkalizing agents and in their specific operating examples suggest only the use of the combination of MEA and TEA as the alkalizing system.
The use of TEA or DEA as alkalizing agents in other direct dyeing contexts has also been suggested in the prior art. In this connection, by way of example, attention is directed to U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,119,867; 3,168,441 and 3,634,478. In these references, however, the patentees were not concerned with the use of Dye I nor the storage stability problem encountered with the use of this dye.
Although applicants do not wish to be bound by any theory, in their opinion, the aminohydroxy compounds employed in this invention do not react with Dye I because of the presence of blocking groups in the vicinity of the amino nitrogen of these aminohydroxy compounds. The aminohydroxy compounds employed herein will be one of four general types. They will be either secondary or tertiary amines in which case the 2 or 3 large groups bonded to nitrogen serve as blocking groups for the amine nitrogen. In the third and fourth types of compounds at least one carbon atom adjacent to the amine nitrogen is a secondary or tertiary carbon atom. These also serve as blocking groups to prevent reaction with the amine nitrogen.
Any one or more aminohydroxy compounds falling within formula (II) as described above are useful for the present purposes. To illustrate more particularly the nature of these aminohydroxy compounds, mention may be made of the fact that when R3 and/or R4 are lower alkyl in formula (II) they may be menthyl, ethyl, n-propyl or isopropyl. Moreover, when R3 and/or R4 are lower monohydroxyalkyl, they may be hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl ##EQU3## 2-hydroxyethyl (i.e. --CH2 -CH2 OH); 1-, 2- or 3-hydroxypropyl; etc. By way of further illustrating the aminohydroxy compounds that are useful herein, mention may be made of diethanolamine (DEA); triethanolamine (TEA); 2-amino-1-butanol (AB); 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP); 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (AMPD); 2-amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol (AEPD); tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (THAM); diisopropanolamine, triisopropanolamine; and mixtures thereof.
The present invention has application to a large variety of aqueous hair dyeing compositions containing Dye I. These may vary from simple aqueous solutions or suspensions of the dye to very sophisticated aqueous compositions such as creams, lotions, pastes, gels, etc. containing blends of other dyes, non-ionic and anionic detergents, solvents, thickeners, perfumes, etc. In these aqueous compositions the carrier of vehicles may be water or a combination of water with other solvents e.g. ethanol. It may also be employed in aerosol emulsion systems in which the dye is contained in an aqueous phase of the system.
The aminohydroxy compound or compounds are employed in this invention to render alkaline the composition from which the dye is to be dyed out. The absolute quantity of these materials incorporated in instant compositions will vary with the nature of the other components in the composition and the final results desired. All that is necessary is that sufficient aminohydroxy compound be added to merely render the composition alkaline. However, in general, it has been found satisfactory to add sufficient amounts of these materials to give the composition a pH in the range of from 7.0 to 11.5. For optimum results the pH should be at a level varying in the range of from 7.5 to 10.5. Where necessary, an acid such as citric acid may be added to bring the pH to the desired level.
As indicated above, the alkalizing agent of this invention may comprise a mixture of aminohydroxy compounds e.g. a combination of DEA and TEA. When a combination of DEA and TEA is employed, the relative quantities of these materials may also vary considerably. However, ordinarily the DEA will comprise between 0.01 to 5.0% by weight of the alkalizing agent, the balance being made of by the TEA.
Surface active agents can also be employed in the dyeing compositions of this invention. These can be anionic, non-ionic or cationic. By way of examples of the various types of surface active agents, there can be mentioned: higher alkylbenzene sulfonates; alkyl-naphthalene-sulfonates; sulfonated esters of alcohols and polybasic acids; taurates; fatty alcohol sulfates; sulfates of branched chain or secondary alcohols; alkyl dimethylbenzyl ammonium chlorides; salts of fatty acids or fatty acid mixtures; N-oxyalkylated fatty acid alkanolamides; and the like. Illustrative of specific surfactants there can be mentioned: sodium lauryl sulfate; polyoxyethylene lauryl ester; myristyl sulfate: glyceryl monostearate; triethanolamine oleate; sodium salt of palmitic methyl taurine; cetyl pyridinium chloride; lauryl sulfonate; myristyl sulfonate; lauric diethanolamide; polyoxyethylene stearate; ethoxylated oleyl diethanolamide; stearyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium cnloride; dodecyl benzene sodium sulfonate; triethanolamine salt of p-dodecylbenzene sulfonate; nonyl naphthalene sodium sulfonate; dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate; sodium N-methyl-N-oleoyl taurate; oleic acid ester of sodium isothionate; sodium dodecyl sulfate; the sodium salt of 3,0-diethyl tridecanol-6-sulfate and the like. The quantity of surface active agent can vary over a wide range, such as that of from about 0.05% to 15% and preferably from about 0.10% to 5% by weight of the composition.
A thickening agent may also be incorporated in the dyeing composition of this invention which may be one or several of those commonly used in hair dyeing. These are exemplified by such thing as sodium alginate or gum arabic, or cellulose derivatives, such as methylcellulose e.g. Methocel 60HG, or the sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose, or hydroxyethylcellulose e.g. CELLOSIZE QP-40 or acrylic polymers, such as polyacrylic acid sodium salt, or inorganic thickeners, such as bentonite. The quantity of this thickening agent can also vary over a wide range, such as that of from about 0.1% to 20%, ordinarily it will range from about 0.5% to 5% by weight of the composition.
It is also useful to incorporate an antioxidant in the present dye compositions. A variety of antioxidants are known in the prior art which would be useful for this purpose. Among these mention may be made of the inorganic sulfites, e.g. sodium sulfite, thioglycollic acid and other mercaptans, butylated hydroxy toluene, sodium dithionite, various forms of ascorbic acid and its derivatives e.g. sodium ascorbate, erythrobic acid, ascorbyl palmitate, ascorbyl laurate, etc. The quantity of antioxidant when in use can vary quite a bit. However, this will in general be of the order of about 0.025% to 1% by weight.
Dye I is Incorporated in compositions of this invention in tinctorially effective quantities i.e. in concentrations which are adequate to color the hair. These quantities can vary over a wide range, but ordinarily they will constitute from about 0.001% to greater than about 5% e.g. 10% by weight of the composition. However, preferably, it will comprise from about 0.001% to about 2% by weight of the composition. The major constituent of the composition employed is usually water, and this can vary in amount over a wide range dependent in large measure on the quantity of other additives. Thus, the water content can be as little as 10%, but preferably will amount to from about 70% to 99% by weight of the composition.
The dyeing compositions of this invention are preferably aqueous compositions. The term aqueous composition is used herein in its usual generic sense as embracing any water-containing composition useful for the present purposes. This includes true solutions of the dye in an aqueous medium, either alone or in conjunction with other materials, which are also dissolved or dispersed in the aqueous medium. The term aqueous composition also encompasses any mixture of dye with the aqueous medium either alone or together with other ingredients. The dye may be colloidally dispersed in the medium or may merely be intimately mixed therein. Moreover, the aqueous medium may comprise water or water and an additional or auxilliary solvent. The latter may be employed as a common solvent to enhance the solubility of the dye or some other organic material. Other auxilliary solvents which may be used for this purpose include ethanol, carbitol, isopropanol, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, glycerine, etc.
Typical dyeing compositions of the simple aqueous alkaline variety described above are set forth below:
1. AQUEOUS ALKALINE COMPOSITIONS______________________________________ General Range Preferred Range______________________________________Dye I .001 - 5 % .001 - 2%Surface active agents 0.05 - 15% 0.10 - 5%Alkali 0.05 - 10% 0.10 - 5%Thickening agent 0.1 - 20% 0.5 - 5%Water QS to 100% QS to 100%pH (acid added ifnecessary) 7.0 - 11.5 7.5 - 10.5______________________________________
Dye I and any of the surface active agents, thickening agents, and combinations thereof set forth above may be used in the proportions specified in the table immediately above. The alkali in these compositions will be any one or more aminohydroxy compounds defined in formula (II) above.
The simple aqueous alkaline dyeing compositions of this invention can be prepared by the conventional methods used in the hair dyeing art. Thus, they can be prepared by dissolving or suspending the dye in water in the desired concentrations. Water miscible organic solvents, e.g. ethanol can be employed to facilitate solution of the dye. In this event, the dye can be dissolved first in the solvent and this solution is then diluted with water. The dispersion of the various ingredients can also be facilitated by heating the composition at temperatures varying from 40�C to 110�C, either before dilution with water or afterwards.
These compositions can be applied to hair by the conventional techniques used in this art. Illustratively, when applied to living hair on the human head, the compositions can be applied to the hair with a brush, sponge, or other means of contact, such as pouring the composition directly onto the hair until saturated. The reaction time or time of contact of the dyeing composition with the hair is not critical and can vary over a wide range used in the hair dyeing art, such as periods of about 5 minutes to about 2 hours. Preferably, a period of from about 5 minutes to about 60 minutes is utilized and most often a period of 10 to 30 minutes. The dyeing temperature can vary over wide limits as is conventional in the art. Thus, the dyeing temperature can vary from about room temperature, e.g. about 20�C to about 60�C, and preferably from about 20�C to about 45�C.
As previously mentioned, the present invention is also applicable to aerosol systems containing an aqueous phase which has incorporated therein Dye I. In this aspect of the invention an aqueous alkaline composition, as described above, is prepared and serves as the aqueous concentrate which is incorporated in the aerosol system. In preparing the aerosol direct dyeing dye composition of this invention, the alkaline concentrate described above (97% to 90% by weight) is mixed with a propellant (3% to 10% by weight). In a preferred form of this aspect of the invention the propellant comprises about 5% by weight of the total aerosol composition, the balance being made up of concentrate.
Any of a variety of propellants well known to those skilled in the art may be used in this aspect of the invention. As used herein, the term propellant means propellant system which may comprise a single propellant component or a combination of propellant components. It is well known in the aerosol art that it is often advantageous to use a mixture of fluorocarbon propellants or the combination of a hydrocarbon propellant and a fluorocarbon propellant to obtain the special benefits which the single component propellants do not exhibit.
In preparing aerosol compositions encompassed in the present invention any of a variety of propellants may be used e.g. gases or low boiling liquids. It may be a fluorinated or a fluorochlorinated lower saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon, and preferably a halogenated alkane containing not more than 2 carbon atoms and at least 1 fluorine atom, or mixtures thereof. The preferred halogenated lower alkane compounds may be represented, generally, by the formula Cm Hn Cly Fz, wherein m is an integer less than 3, n is an integer or zero, y is an integer or zero, and z is an integer, such that n + y + z = 2m + 2.It may also be a liquefied hydrocarbon gas, e.g. butane, isobutane, propane, etc. These may be used alone or admixed with each other. In addition, they may also be employed in admixture with the halogenated propellants mentioned above.
The propellants should preferably possess a boiling point of less than 75�F at 760 mm. pressure. Typical examples of useful propellants are dichlorodifluoromethane ("Freon 12"), dichlorotetrafluoroethane ("Freon 114"), CClF2 -CClF2, trichloromonofluoromethane ("Freon 11"), dichloromonofluoromethane ("Freon 21"), monochlorotrifluoromethane ("Freon 13"), CCl2 -CClF2 ("Freon 113"), or 1,1-difluoroethane ("Freon 152A").
If it is desired to obtain an aerosol composition which will deliver a cohesive foam with good wetting properties, it is advantageous to use as the propellant blend a mixture of halogenated low molecular weight hydrocarbons at least one of which is a fluorinated hydrocarbon containing no other halogen thereon. Any of a variety of compounds falling within this definition are suitable for the present purposes. However, ordinarily the fluorinated hydrocarbon employed will contain from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and from 2 to 8 fluorine atoms. Moreover, it will usually have a vapor pressure in the range of from about 10 to 115 psia at 70�F. By way of specifically illustrating the fluorinated hydrocarbons that are useful for this purpose, mention may be made of (1,1-difluoroethane) (Freon 152A) and octafluorocyclobutane (Freon C-318). However, in the preferred embodiments of this aspect of the present invention, Freon 152A is employed.
As previously mentioned, propellants systems useful in the present invention to obtain cohesive foams with good wetting properties comprise blends of halogenated low molecular weight hydrocarbons at least one of which is the fluorinated hydrocarbon described above. In addition to the aforesaid fluorinated hydrocarbon, the other component or components of the propellant blend may be any one or more of the well-known halogenated low molecular weight hydrocarbons commonly used as aerosol propellants. These ordinarily will be halogenated hydrocarbons having 1 to 2 carbon atoms and from about 3 to 6 halogenated atoms in which the halogen atoms will ordinarily be chlorine atoms or a mixture of chlorine and fluorine atoms. Moreover, they will usually have a vapor pressure which will fall in the range of from 10 to 115 psia at 70�F.
By way of illustration of the chlorinated or fluorochlorinated propellants that may be employed in this aspect of the invention, mention may be made of Freon 114 (CC1F2 -CClF2); Freon 12 (CCl2 F2); Freon 11 (CCl3 F); Freon 21 (CHCl2 F), etc. The relative amounts of fluorinated hydrocarbons which will be contained in the propellant blend employed in this aspect of the present invention may also vary somewhat. Ordinarily, however the fluorinated hydrocarbons will constitute between 20% and 90% by weight of the propellant blend, the balance being made up of one or more chlorinated or fluorochlorinated hydrocarbons.
In preparing the aerosol composition of this invention, the direct dye alkaline concentrate containing Dye I is formulated in the usual manner well known to those skilled in the art and then the desired propellant is added to it. This may be accomplished by either of two methods. One such method involves the so-called "cold filling" wherein the concentrate and propellant are mixed in the cold and then added to the aerosol can which is then capped with an aerosol valve. In another procedure, the direct dye concentrate is charged into a can which is capped with an aerosol valve. The instant propellant blend is then pressure filled through the aerosol valve.
In employing the aerosol compositions of the present invention, in dyeing hair the procedure for use is as follows: shake can well to obtain maximum emulsification or solution of propellant. Hold can so that applicator nozzle is close to the hair. Apply foam and work thoroughly through hair. Allow color to develop on the hair (e.g. 10 to 30 minutes) and then wash excess color solution off the hair.
To test the relative effects on Dye I in storage under regular and under accelerated storage conditions attending the use of aminohydroxy compounds, aqueous solutions were prepared having the following compositions:
TABLE I______________________________________Solution No. Alkanolamine Wt. %______________________________________1 MEA 0.82 DEA 2.03 TEA 3.04 DEA 1.0 TEA 1.55 DEA 1.36 TEA 2.27 AMP 1.58 THAM 2.59 AMPD 1.510 MIPA 1.011 DIPA 2.012 TIPA 3.0______________________________________
All solutions:
Dye I concentration was 0.6 wt. % QS water to 100% pH was 9.70 to 9.75.
The pH's in the above solutions were adjusted with citric acid where necessary to bring the solution to the proper pH. The abbreviations in this table have the following meanings:
Dye I = N1,N4,N4 -tris(2'-hydroxyethyl)- 2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine
MEA = monoethanolamine
DEA = diethanolamine
TEA = triethanolamine
AMP = 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol
THAM = tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane
AMPD = 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol
MIPA = isopropanolamine
DIPA = diisopropanolamine
TIPA = triisopropanolamine
Each of the aforesaid solutions were stored for one week both at room termperature and at 95�C. At the end of this time, the solutions were analyzed spectroscopically and the % of the original dye remaining after storage and the % of yellow dye degradation product produced were determined. These were reported as percentages of the quantity of dye originally present, the original quantity of Dye I being taken as 100%. Thus, a reduction of the amount of Dye I by 1/2 of the original amount was reported as 50% Dye I. Similarily, an increase of yellow dye which amounts to 1/2 by weight of the amount of the original quantity of Dye I would be reported as 50% yellow. A summary of the results is given in the Table below:
TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________ % Dye I based on Orig. % Yellow based on Dye I as 100% Orig. Dye I as 100%__________________________________________________________________________Solution 1 Wk at R.T. 1 Wk at 95�C 1 Wk at R.T. 1 Wk at 95�C__________________________________________________________________________1 (MEA 0.8%) 99.8 38.3 Not present 58.72 (DEA 2.0%) 99.8 55.6 " Not present3 (TEA 3.0%) 100.0 68.6 " "4 (DEA 1.0% & TEA 1.5%) 100.0 59.0 " "5 (DEA 1.3%) 100.0 54.7 " "6 (TEA 2.2%) 100.0 64.7 " "7 (AMP 1.5%) 100.0 74.3 " "8 (THAM 2.5%) 100.0 79.1 " "9 (AMPD 1.5%) 100.0 70.3 " "10 (MIPA 1.0%) 100.0 21.0 " 69.011 (DIPA 2.0%) 100.0 66.3 " Not present12 (TIPA 3.0%) 100.0 79.6 " "__________________________________________________________________________
As shown in Table II, both MEA and MIPA react with Dye I after one week at 95�C to form a yellow dye, 6-bis(2'-hydroxyethyl)amino-quinoxaline. In the process, Dye I undergoes extensive decomposition. In the case of the aminohydroxy compounds employed in this invention, no yellow dye is formed after one week at 95�C, and also Dye I suffers less decomposition.
To further test the effect on the dyeing characteristics of dye compositions containing Dye I and having incorporated therein DEA as compared with MEA as the alkalizing agent after regular storage and under accelerated storage conditions, two dye formulas were prepared containing 0.6% by weight of Dye I. Each of these formulas was identical in all respects excepting that Dye Formula A contained 0.9% MEA whereas Dye Formula B contained 2.0% DEA. Since DEA is a weaker base than MEA, it was necessary to use a larger quantity of the former to bring Dye Formula B up to the same pH as Dye Formula A i.e. pH 9.6. These formulas contained the typical components ordinarily found in hair dye compositions e.g. surfactants, solvents, thickening agents, antioxidants, etc. Samples of each of the aforesaid Dye Formulas A and B were stored for 1 week both at room temperature and at 95�C. Fresh samples of these dye formulas, as well as the aforesaid stored samples of the dye formulas, were each used to dye human hair employing the following procedure:
Grey human hair was saturated with the above lotion dye formulas which is at room termperature and placed in a 38�C oven for 20 minutes. After the 20 minutes, the samples were removed from the oven and rinsed in lukewarm water until the water runs clean. Then the hair is dried and evaluated.
The results of these dyeing experiments are summarized in the Table below:
TABLE III______________________________________MEA Dye Formula A______________________________________Original Violet1 Week storage at room Violet equal to originaltemperature in depth and shade1 Week storage at 95�C Light Ash Brown due to large loss of violet and the formation of the yellowDEA Dye Formula B______________________________________Original Violet1 Week storage at room Violet equal to originaltemperature in depth and shade1 Week storage at 95�C Dull violet due to loss of violet about 35%______________________________________
The following Examples are given to further illustrate the present invention. It is to be understood, however, that the invention is not limited thereto. Unless otherwise specified, percentages are given in percent by weight.
EXAMPLE 1______________________________________Ingredients Per Cent______________________________________N1,N4,N4 -tris(2'-hydroxyethyl)-2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine 0.600Diethanolamine 2.000Carbitol 4.000Lauric Diethanolamide 1.500Triethanolamine Linear AlkylateSulfonate 0.500Polyoxyethylene HydrogenatedFatty Amide 1.900Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose 2.400Oleic Acid 1.000Perfume 0.125Water q.s. 100.000pH 9.600______________________________________
EXAMPLE 2______________________________________Ingredients % by Wt.______________________________________N1,N4,N4 -tris(2'-hydroxyethyl)- 2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine 0.60Diethanolamine 2.00Carbitol 4.00Lauric Diethanolamide 1.50Triethanolamine Salt of p-dodecylbenzenesulfonate 0.50CH3 (CH2)7 CH=CH(CH2)7 CON[CH2 CH2O)25 H]2 1.90*Methylcellulose 2.40Oleic Acid 1.00Perfume 0.125Water q.s. 100.00pH 9.6______________________________________ *Methylcellulose referred to herein and elsewhere is characterized as follows: methoxyl content 27.5 to 31.5%; viscosity of 2% aqueous solution at 20�C in Centipoise 1500; average M.W. 63,000.
Examples 3 and 4 following are given in tabular form. The formula of Example 3 is a gel and will give a light pearl shade on human grey hair. The formula of Example 4 is a cream and will give a medium pearl shade on human grey hair.
______________________________________ Ex. 3 Ex. 4Ingredients Gel Cream______________________________________N1,N4,N4 -tris(2'-hydroxyethyl)- 2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine 0.030% 0.060%TEA -- 0.800%DEA 2.750% --Carbitol 5.000% 3.500%Lauric Diethanolamide 3.000% 1.800%Polyoxyethylene Hydrogenated Fatty Amide 1.800% 1.500%Na-Carboxymethyl Cellulose 4.200% 2.800%Oleic Acid 1.500% 2.000%Perfume 0.100% 0.125%Water q.s. 100.000% 100.000%pH 9.8 8.0______________________________________
The ingredients listed in the following Examples are mixed to give an oil-in-water emulsion in which the dyes are contained in the oil phase. A slurry is formed by mixing the Carbitol with the dyes. To this is then added the lauric diethanolamide. These materials are stirred to form a homogeneous mixture. To this is then added the ethoxylated fatty amide, oleic acid and diethanolamine as the batter is stirred. The batter is then brought to 50% dilution with water, and the methyl cellulose is added and the mixture is stirred an additional 1 hour. After this, the water is added to bring the composition up to 100%. Final shade obtained with this composition wlll be medium brown.
__________________________________________________________________________Ingredients % by weight of concentrate Ex.5 Ex.6 Ex.7 Ex.8 Ex.9 Ex.10__________________________________________________________________________Carbitol -- 4 4 -- 4 --Oleic Acid 2 -- 2 -- -- 2Lauric diethanol- amide 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5CH3 (CH2)7 --CH= CH(CH2)7 CON [(CH2 CH2 O)25 H]2 1.5 1.5 -- 1.5 -- --DEA 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8Methyl cellulose 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2N1,N4,N4 -tris(2- hydroxyethyl)2- nitro-p-phenylene- diamine 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.51,4,5,8-tetraamino- anthraquinone 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.154-Nitro-o-phenylene- diamine 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.082-Nitro-p-phenylene- diamine 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05Water QS QS QS QS QS QS 100 100 100 100 100 100__________________________________________________________________________
Each of the aforesaid concentrates i.e. concentrates of Examples 5 to 10 are employed in preparing three types of aerosol compositions which contain 95% by weight of concentrate and 5% by weight of propellant blend. In one type of aerosol composition the propellant blend consists of 65% by weight of Freon 152A and 35% by weight of Freon 114 based on the total weight of propellant blend. In another type of aerosol composition the propellant blend consists of 35% by weight of Freon 12, 30% by weight of Freon 152A and 35% by weight of Freon 114 based on the total weight of the propellant blend. In a third type of aerosol composition the propellant blend consists of 15% by weight of Freon 12, 50% by weight of Freon 152A and 35% by weight of Freon 114. These compositions will give medium brown shades.
The two following Examples are also given in tabular form. Concentrates are prepared having the compositions set out in Examples 11 and 12 below and were used to prepare aerosol compositions. Ninety-five percent (95%) by weight of each of these concentrates were mixed with 5% by weight of a propellant blend having the following composition:
Freon 12 (CCl2 F2) 35% by wt.Freon 152A (1,1-difluoroethane) 30% by wt.Freon 114 (CClF2 -CClF2 35% by wt.Ingredients Ex.11 Ex.12__________________________________________________________________________N1,N4,N4 -tris(2'-hydroxyethyl)- 2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine 0.5 0.51,4,5,8-tetraaminoanthraquinone 0.15 0.154-nitro-o-phenylenediamine 0.12 0.082-nitro-p-phenylenediamine 0.05 0.032(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol 4.0 5.0Lauric diethanolamide 1.5 --Linoleic monoethanolamide 1.5 2.5CH3 (CH2)7 CH=CH(CH2)7 CON [(CH2 CH2 O)25 H]2 1.5 --Ethoxylated (75 E.O.) lanolin alcohols 1.5 --Ethoxylated (15 E.O.) rosin fatty acids -- 3.0Oleic Acid 2.0 --Tallow Fatty Acids -- 2.0DEA 0.8 0.8Methylcellulose 2.4 --Fumed Silica -- 2.4Water q.s. to 100% q.s. to 100%__________________________________________________________________________
Although the invention has been described with reference to specific forms thereof, it will be understood that many changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit of this invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 28, 1954
|Jun 12, 1956
|Lever Brothers Ltd
|Process of dyeing animal fibers and dyes and dyeing compositions therefor
|Jun 12, 1964
|Feb 2, 1965
|Clairol Inc
|Compositions and methods of dyeing human hair with nitro-p-phenylenediamines
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 30, 1982
|Jan 20, 1987
|Tinctorial composition for keratin fibres, based on nitrated benzene dyestuffs
|Jan 3, 1983
|Sep 5, 1989
|Dyeing compositions based on oxidation dyestuff precursors and on n-substituted ortho-nitroanilines and comprising an alkanolamine and bisulphite, and their use in the dyeing of keratin fibres
|Mar 14, 1990
|May 5, 1992
|Altobelli Rocco F
|Composition and method for coloring and conditioning hair
|Aug 18, 1994
|Jan 2, 1996
|Kao Corporation
|Method for improving the stability in air of a hair dye concentrate
|Nov 25, 1996
|Aug 11, 1998
|Hydroxypropylated 2-nitro-p-phenylenediamines, and compositions for dyeing keratinous fibers which contain hydroxypropylated 2-nitro-p-phenylenediamines
|May 20, 1998
|Feb 13, 2001
|Combe, Inc.,
|Low water no volatile organic compound hair lightener and dyeing composition
|Jan 12, 2012
|Carolin Welz
|Bleaching Agent Having Delayed Bleaching Action
|Aug 7, 1981
|Aug 5, 1982
|Haarfaerbemittel auf der basis von nitro-direktfarbstoffen und verfahren zur faerbung unter verwendung der genannten mittel
|U.S. Classification
|8/415, 8/586, 8/604, 8/562, 8/559, 8/907, 8/609, 8/912, 8/598, 8/615
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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