text:
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Seasonal dispersal of pests: one surge or two?
*Department of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
?School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Evolutionary theory has an important role in predicting
how species will respond to climatic change. Dispersal
theory, in particular, will be pertinent to understanding
how the ecological dynamics of agricultural pests might
looked ata wide range of explanationsfor theevolution of
dispersal (Johnson & Gaines, 1990; Bowler & Benton,
2005; Ronce, 2007), such as avoidance of competition for
resources (Travis et al., 1999; Poethke & Hovestadt, 2002),
reduction in inbreeding (Bengtsson, 1978; Motro, 1991),
avoidance of kin competition (Hamilton & May, 1977;
Comins, 1982; Plantegenest & Kindlmann, 1999; Kisdi,
2004) and as a bet-hedging strategy (Philippi & Seger,
1989; Krug, 2001). In this paper, we focus on the role of
has been somewhat neglected in previous theory and it is
likely to be highly relevant to understanding the dispersal
behaviour of a wide range of major agricultural pests.
Time of season as a cue for dispersal has been studied
in relatively few models. Cohen (1967) modelled the
optimal fraction of a population that should migrate to
avoid an unfavourable period of the season. There is a
trade-off between the risk of migrating to the wintering
territory and the chances of nonmigratory individuals
surviving in the breeding territory. The model predicted
that the proportion of individuals that migrate would be
strongly influenced by factors affecting the nonmigratory
individuals, such as crowding and food availability.
Macevicz & Oster (1976) studied the effect of season on
the optimal reproductive strategy for eusocial insects.
Their model predicted that a colony should split repro-
ductive effort into two distinct phases during the season.
Although neither of these papers considered a context
directly comparable with the one we are interested in,
they both contain key insights. Cohen's model under-
scores the importance of local conditions on dispersal
behaviour; the model of Macevicz and Oster highlights
the importance of timing in a seasonal context.
We are interested in the dispersal behaviour of species
with several generations during each season, as is the
case for many pest species. One might describe such a life
history as involving a 'seasonal metapopulation': after
overwintering there is a period of reproduction in
separate colonies with occasional dispersal to found
new colonies, typically followed by a separate sexual
phase of dispersal, mating and egg laying. In some
Correspondence: Robert J. H. Payne, School of Biological Sciences,
University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK.
Tel: +44 117 928 8254; fax: +44 117 331 7985;
e-mail: email@example.com
ª 2009 THE AUTHORS. J. EVOL. BIOL. 22 (2009) 1193–1202
JOURNAL COMPILATION ª 2009 EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
agricultural pest;
climate change;
dynamic programming;
evolutionarily stable strategy;
Many agricultural pest species occur in seasonal metapopulations with a
period of asexual reproduction. We use evolutionary theory to predict timing
of dispersal for such species, and identify four sequential phases: no dispersal,
dispersal from initially occupied patches, dispersal from later colonized
patches, and no dispersal. The third type of phase occurs only when
reproductive rates are relatively high; we speculate that this could explain
why among aphids there can be either one or two waves of dispersal during a
season, depending on the species. Our model also explains other features of
aphid biology, including a summer crash in colony size, and a decline in the
number of colonies towards the end of each reproductive season. The presence
of an additional surge of dispersal becomes more likely as season length
increases, and does not require further evolution. This could have profound
implications for pest management during future climatic warming.
Page 2
species, there is a distinct asexual dispersal morph; this
would seem to underline the evolutionary importance of
the asexual dispersal behaviour. In the following, we
only consider the asexual dispersal phase.
Aphids are a classic example of species which have a
seasonal metapopulation, and which are important agri-
cultural pests: seasonality is known to be a key compo-
nent of aphid population dynamics (Sequeira & Dixon,
1997), and we shall use various examples from aphid
population biology to illustrate some of our arguments.
Nonetheless, we keep our model generic and do not
explicitly model a separate dispersal morph, as we wish
to focus on the underlying mechanisms that ultimately
drive the timing and contingency of dispersal of such
species, rather than dwelling on proximate details.
Many features of plant and animal life histories
correlate with seasonal changes in temperature, light
levels and/or day length. In the case of aphids, asexual
females hatch from diapausing eggs in early spring and
then reproduce and disperse at varying rates until
autumn. The shortening days and lower temperatures
induce the production of sexual males and females who
mate to produce eggs, ready to hatch in the following
spring when temperatures increase. Various studies
have shown aphid dispersal to be mediated by time of
season (Dixon, 1998). For example, dispersal rarely
occurs at the end of the season (Massonnet et al., 2002;
Weisser & Ha ¨rri, 2005), and the hop aphid, Phorodon
humuli, has a peak of dispersal during spring, followed
by a lull in summer then another peak in autumn
(Dixon, 1998).
We use dynamic programming (Bellman, 1957) to find
the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) (Maynard Smith,
1982), for dispersal behaviour in a seasonal metapopu-
lation. It is known that aphids can detect the local density
of individuals on a patch (Sutherland, 1969), food quality
(Dixon & Glen, 1971) and time of season (Matsuka &
Mittler, 1978), either directly or via a proxy. It would
seem likely that these three types of information can be
detected by most agricultural pests. We therefore assume
that this information is known to individuals at the time
of making a dispersal decision, and so we seek the ESS
dispersal behaviour as a function of density, patch quality
and time of season.
Our basic model represents a single-species metapopula-
tion in an environment consisting of many habitat
patches linked by dispersal. Each patch can either hold
a colony or be empty. All dispersers are assumed to be
equally likely to arrive at any patch, and so spatial
structure is treated only implicitly. All individuals are
parthenogenetic, can disperse and possess the same
intrinsic properties. Each patch supports n individuals
up to the patch capacity (or patch 'quality'), k, which
may change over time.
The length of a season is T weeks. The per capita
dispersal rate is A(n,k,t), so during each time step, Dt,
each individual on a patch disperses with probability
A(n,k,t)Dt. For simplicity, we assume growth follows a
logistic equation, with per capita intrinsic reproductive
rate k, and patch capacity k. Given the number of
individuals n on a patch at time t, the number of
individuals n0on a patch at time t + Dt is therefore:
n0¼ n þ n k 1 ?n
This equation yields a real number n0that is then mapped
onto a grid of integers as described in Houston &
McNamara (1999). At the start of the season a small
proportion of patches p0 (founder colonies) are each
occupied by n0individuals, with all other patches initially
In our model, a dispersing individual has probability q
of successfully arriving at a patch. Dispersers settle on
patches at random. It is assumed that settling on an
already occupied patch is a wasted journey (such as
observed in aphids; see Gange, 1985) and as a first
approximation these individuals die. Similarly, we
assume that if during one time step more than one
individual arrives at an empty patch, one individual
chosen at random colonizes the patch and the rest die.
Consumption of patches can occur at a rate d(n,k) and
seasonal growth and decay of patches at a rate g(t). Given
patch capacity k at time t, the patch capacity k0at time
t + Dt is:
k0¼ k þ ðgðtÞ ? dðn;kÞÞDt
In a later section, we consider the effect of patch
dynamics by allowing d(n,k) and g(t) to be nonzero, but
for now we use the simplest scenario, in which patch
capacity is constant, i.e. k0¼ k. Under this scenario, all
do not vary throughout the season. This is a state-based
model (Houston & McNamara, 1999; Clark & Mangel,
a colony, in terms of its density and patch capacity.
To find the ESS, competition is implemented in the
form of a wild-type and mutant genotype. We assume
that each patch can only be occupied by one genotype at
a time. Genotypes are identical apart from their dispersal
strategy A(n,k,t). We simulate a wild-type strategy over a
season to find the distribution of wild-type across all
patches at each time step. The simulation outputs ak(t),
the probability that a wild-type migrant successfully
colonizes a patch with capacity k at time t. It is assumed
that a mutant migrant will experience the same condi-
tions as a wild-type migrant because mutants are rare
and so will only have negligible impact on the environ-
ment. We can therefore pass ak(t) to the dynamic
programming stage (see below) to be used as the
probability of a mutant migrant colonizing a patch with
capacity k at time t. For more details on the wild-type
simulation see Appendix.
? Aðn;k;tÞ
ª 2009 THE AUTHORS. J. EVOL. BIOL. 22 (2009) 1193–1202
JOURNAL COMPILATION ª 2009 EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
Page 3
The reproductive success of a mutant strategy is taken
to be the expected number of descendants left at the end
of the season by n0mutants present on a patch at the
beginning of the season, and this is used as the measure
of fitness for calculating the ESS. We let F(n,k,t) denote
the expected number of mutants, produced from time t
onwards, alive at the end of the season that are directly
descended from n mutants currently on a patch with
capacity k, where k belongs to a set of possible states ks.
Then, for a given set of state variables n and k at time t,
the dynamic programming equation for finding the form
of A(n,k,t) that maximizes F(n,k,t) is:
þ nAðn;k;tÞDt
Fðn;k;tÞ ¼ max
Fðn0;k0;t þ DtÞ
aiðtÞFð1;i;t þ DtÞ
Dynamic programming is used to work backwards from
the end of the season, finding the optimal value of
A(n,k,t) for all values of n, k and t. The measure of success
for a mutant dispersal strategy on a patch with state
variables n and k at the end of the season (t ¼ T) is taken
to be the total number of individuals alive at the end of
the season, i.e. F(n,k,T) ¼ n. Once the optimal mutant
strategy has been computed, this is then set as the new
wild-type strategy in the next computation. When the
model is run and the mutant and wild-type strategies
converge we obtain a Nash equilibrium (Nash, 1951).
Details on the computational procedure and calculation
of the wild-type are in the Appendix.
Evolutionarily stable dispersal strategies were readily
computed for most choices of parameters. Figure 1a and
b shows contour plots of the evolutionarily stable
dispersal strategy as a function of all possible values of
time of season and local density (patch capacity is
0510 15 20
Time of season (weeks)
10 1520
Colony size
Total number of dispersers
Time of season (weeks)
Phase A
Phase B
Phase DPhase D
05 10 1520
Colony size
Time of season (weeks)
Time of season (weeks)
1015 20
Total number of dispersers
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
Fig. 1 Evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) dispersal solution for the basic model. (a) Contour plot of per capita dispersal rate, A(n,k,t),
dependent on time and density, for the ESS solution with per capita intrinsic reproductive rate k ¼ 0.7 week)1. The plot includes two example
trajectories, illustrating the number of individuals on a founder colony (solid line) and a secondary colony (dashed line) during the season.
(b) Same, but with k ¼ 1.2 week)1. (c) Total number of dispersers from founder (solid line) and other (dashed line) colonies during a season
when the ESS with k ¼ 0.7 week)1is followed (assuming 1000 patches). (d) Same, but with k ¼ 1.2 week)1. Other parameters: k ¼ 100,
T ¼ 20 weeks, p0¼ 0.05, n0¼ 1 and q ¼ 0.05.
Seasonal dispersal of pests
ª 2009 THE AUTHORS. J. EVOL. BIOL. 22 (2009) 1193–1202
JOURNAL COMPILATION ª 2009 EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
Page 4
constant throughout the season), for two different values
of the per capita intrinsic reproductive rate k. Whilst this
is the strategy that is followed by each individual, it is
useful to examine the expected behaviour of the system
as a whole when this strategy is followed. How the state
of a particular patch changes over time can be repre-
sented as a trajectory that traverses the state space. The
thick solid lines in Fig. 1a and b show such a trajectory
for one of the original founder colonies. The thick dashed
lines show a trajectory for one of the colonies founded
during the season (secondary colonies).
Four seasonal phases
Figure 1c and d shows the number of dispersers in the
population, decomposed into those from founder and
later colonized patches, for a typical realisation of the
computations following the ESS in Fig. 1a and b respec-
tively. We identify the four phases of behaviour as
Phase A: No dispersal at start of season. The number of
individuals on patches is low; so, there is little local
competition for resources, and no need to disperse.
Phase B: Primary dispersal driven by local competition on
founder patches. As the population increases the local
growth rate diminishes. A newly founded colony thus
has a growth rate that is greater than that of the
original colonies, and over time the relative benefit of
founding a new colony increases. Phase B starts when
the long-term benefits of founding a new colony start
to outweigh the short-term risks of dispersal; so, a
moderate rate of dispersal becomes favourable.
Phase C: Additional dispersal driven by local competition
on patches colonized during phase B. That is to say,
phase C type dispersal is attributed to the descendants
of participants of phase B type dispersal. This period of
increased dispersal will occur only if the season is
sufficiently long. It is possible that subsequent phases
of dispersal could occur again for the same reason,
although this was not observed for the parameter
values used in our simulations.
Phase D: No dispersal towards end of season. To benefit
from dispersing to found a new colony there needs to
be sufficient time for that colony to grow. As the end of
the season approaches the time available diminishes.
Phase D starts when the diminishing benefits of a new
colony become less than the costs of dispersal. Note
that the timing of this phase is dependent on the time
before the end of season, rather than the time from the
start of season.
Global competition for patches does not play a role in
determining the presence of phases B or C. We confirmed
this by varying the initial proportion of patches occupied,
p0, and noting that the phases did not alter. We also
varied the initial number of individuals on each founder
patch, n0. We found that as n0is increased: (i) phase B
starts earlier, (ii) three-phase behaviour (phase types A,
B and D) changes to four-phase behaviour (phase types
A, B, C and D) and (iii) phase C, if present, becomes
longer. This evidence, along with the results in Fig. 1c
and d, supports the premise that phase C is driven by
local competition on patches that were colonized in
phase B. In the next section, we examine under what
conditions phase C may or may not appear.
Two peaks of dispersal
During phase B, dispersal is driven by competition for
local resources on founder patches. Local competition
also drives phase C type behaviour, but this depends on
the rate at which the patches colonized during phase B
become crowded. This can be tested by examining how
the ESS solution changes depending on the per capita
reproductive rate, k. Here, we assume that k is constant
across the season; we do not consider the case where k
changes over a season, but see below for a discussion of
what happens when patch capacity varies over a
When k is small each colony grows more slowly; so,
phase B is expected to start later and patches colonized
during phase B will fill up less quickly, meaning local
competition on these patches does not become significant
before phase D starts, and thus there should be less
chance of phase C occurring. Our computations support
this explanation: we find that phase C only appears when
k is sufficiently large. This is illustrated in Fig. 2a, which
shows the total number of dispersers for two different
values of k. When k is small, numbers on colonized
patches never reach a high enough level to induce phase
C type dispersal (also phase B type dispersal occurs later
and more briefly).
Figure 2b plots the same results as Fig. 2a, but instead
of showing the total number of dispersers in the popu-
lation it shows the average dispersers per occupied patch.
This allows us to examine the behaviour at a colony
level. Our results indicate that, at the colony level, two
peaks (or 'waves') of dispersal are observed for higher
values of k.
Peaks of aphid dispersal during a season have been
observed by Dixon (1998), although the number of peaks
depended on the species. In some species there were two
peaks, with the first peak in spring and the second in
autumn. In other species, Dixon found only a single peak
of dispersal during a season. According to Dixon, the
species of aphid with more than one dispersal peak
during the season are host alternating, with one of the
dispersal peaks due to dispersal from primary to second-
ary host plants in the spring, and another due to dispersal
from secondary to primary host plants in the autumn.
Dixon suggested that dispersing between host plants that
differ in their seasonal growth phases could allow aphids
to better exploit a continuous supply of high-quality
food. Our model does not allow for more than one type
of 'host' patch, but one might speculate that if a species
ª 2009 THE AUTHORS. J. EVOL. BIOL. 22 (2009) 1193–1202
JOURNAL COMPILATION ª 2009 EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
Page 5
starts to experience phase C type dispersal there would be
strong selective pressure to switch to colonization of a
secondary host type. Our model predicts that species with
the higher reproductive rate are most likely to develop
two peaks of dispersal during a season, and one might
argue that these are the most likely to evolve host
switching behaviour.
The rate at which patches become crowded is not only
affected by the basic reproductive rate, but also by the
overall season duration, T. We predicted that phase C
type dispersal is more likely when the season is long. This
is supported by our computations. Figure 3 shows the
effect of varying the length of season T on dispersal
during a season. It can be seen that large T has a similar
effect to large k: a single dispersal peak during a season
changes to two peaks of dispersal as T increases. This
result suggests that a change in the season length
experienced by a species could lead to a qualitative
change in dispersal behaviour.
Environmental change
We have just described how having a longer season or a
higher growth rate can lead to two peaks of dispersal in a
season, provided the species is fully adapted to its
environment. However, in the context of climatic
change, we must ask what would happen if the season
length, or growth rate, has increased yet there has not
been sufficient time for the species to adapt to the new
Suppose, for example, that climatic change leads to
higher ambient temperatures which increase the repro-
ductive rate k. We examined this scenario by finding the
ESS under k ¼ 0.75 (for which only one peak of dispersal
is manifest), and then observing what would happen if
that strategy were used, without further adaptation,
under k ¼ 1.2 (cf. discussion in Fero ´ et al., 2008). We
found that the ESS adapted to k ¼ 0.75 showed two
peaks of dispersal under the k ¼ 1.2 environment. In
5 10
Total number of dispersers
Time of season (weeks)
15 20
Mean dispersers per colony
Time of season (weeks)
0 0.5
1 1.5
Time of season (weeks)
16 20
High λ
High λ
Low λ
Low λ
Fig. 2 Effect of varying the per capita reproductive rate, k. (a) The
total number of dispersers. (b) The number of dispersers per colony.
(c) Contour plot showing how the number of dispersers per colony
can have one or two peaks during a season depending on the
reproductive rate. The values of k used for the two cross-sections
shown in (a) and (b) are marked by two vertical lines. For all panels,
dashed line: k ¼ 0.6 week)1; solid line: k ¼ 1.0 week)1. Other
parameters as in Fig. 1.
05 1015 20
Mean dispersers per colony
Time of season (weeks)
Low T
High T
Fig. 3 Effect of varying the length of the season, T. Dashed line: T ¼
12 weeks (season starts at t ¼ 4 and finishes at t ¼ 16); solid line:
T ¼ 20 weeks (season starts at t ¼ 0 and finishes at t ¼ 20). Other
parameters as in Fig. 1, but with k ¼ 1 week)1.
Seasonal dispersal of pests
ª 2009 THE AUTHORS. J. EVOL. BIOL. 22 (2009) 1193–1202
JOURNAL COMPILATION ª 2009 EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY


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He's one of the most famous investors of all time and has certainly earned his nickname of "The Oracle of Omaha". Warren Buffett has long been hailed as a value investor. But is that statement still accurate?
TUTORIAL: P/E Ratio
What Is Value Investing?
Value investing can mean a number of different things, but is generally meant to refer to a class of investors who look for investments trading at a price below where certain valuation fundamentals suggest they should be trading at. For example, a stock can trade at a price-to-earnings (P/E) or price-to-book (P/B) value below its peers or the market average in general. Overall, value investing is an investment philosophy of finding undervalued securities that should eventually increase in value to be closer in line with (or above) the metrics of rivals or stock market averages.
On the flip side, growth investors are said to be more interested in the growth potential of a security whose underlying company has above-average sales or profit expansion prospects. Given this higher growth potential, a growth investor may be willing to pay above-average P/E, P/B or other valuation metrics compared to rivals or the market in general.
The value investing crowd has its origins in the 1934 text "Security Analysis" by Benjamin Graham and David Dodd and has been further developed by Warren Buffett, a past student of Graham who has also preached that a security eventually trades up to its intrinsic value. Buffett championed Graham's approach to buy a security with a satisfactory margin of safety, or, in Graham's words, "a favorable difference between price on the one hand and indicated or appraised value on the other." (This simple measure can help investors determine whether a stock is a good deal. For more, see Value Investing Using The Enterprise Multiple.)
Where Does Buffett Fit?
In this context, Buffett is considered a value investor. More specifically, he relies on estimating a firm's future cash flows and discounting them back to the present to get an estimated intrinsic value for a company when it comes to investing in its stock. Intrinsic value is a theoretical value assuming one could know a firm's future cash flows with certainty, so the reality is that it is a very subjective measure and investors may come to widely varying estimations of intrinsic value, even when looking at the same set of data, valuation metrics, etc.
But in the context of value versus growth investing, Buffett is actually a bit of both. In his words, "growth and value investing are joined at the hip" and that understanding is required to find a company and underlying stock with solid growth prospects and a market value well below intrinsic value. The best illustration of this is the growth of Berkshire Hathaway's non-insurance businesses over the past four decades. Below is a chart that Buffett provided in Berkshire's 2010 shareholder letter:
|Annual Earnings Growth
Over this time period, earnings growth averaged 21% annually while Berkshire's stock price grew at an annual compounded rate of 22.1%, almost completely mirroring the growth in earnings. In this respect, Buffett is the ultimate growth investor because earnings grew about twice the level of the stock market during this period. In Buffett's words from this year's shareholder letter, "market prices and intrinsic value often follow very different paths - sometimes for extended periods - but eventually they meet." (Find out how Mr. Market's mood swings can mean great opportunities for you. See Take On Risk With A Margin of Safety.)
TUTORIAL: DCF Analysis
The Bottom Line
Again, perhaps the most appropriate conclusion to make is that Buffett is both a value and growth investor. At the outset of making an investment, it is reasonable to conclude that he uses a margin of safety by purchasing a stock with valuation metrics that are well below average. But overall, growth has to be there so that the firm can eventually trade up closer to its intrinsic value and growth potential must be well above average to double the market's return over the long haul.
To be a truly successful investor, individuals must take both a value and growth perspective when it comes to spotting undervalued investments and outperforming the market over time. Valuation multiples including P/E and P/B ratios are a good starting point, but at the end of the day it is also necessary to estimate a firm's growth prospects and cash flows going forward, and come to an independent determination of intrinsic value. (For more, see The 3 Most Timeless Investment Principles.)
Disclosure: At the time of writing Ryan C. Fuhrmann did not own shares in any company mentioned in this article.
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Oaxaca / places to visit
Places to visit in Oaxaca
Places of interest, photos, information, tips
Back to Oaxaca
Rufino Tamayo Museum of Mexican Pre-Columbian Art
Av. Morelos No. 503, Centro Histórico. Oaxaca, Oax.
Oaxaca, Oaxaca
The Rufino Tamayo Museum of Mexican Pre-Columbian Art was opened on January 29, 1974. It is a testimony to the importance and value of pre-Columbian mexican art. As a young man, Tamayo became interes...
Our Lady of the Snows Church
Av. Morelos esq. Pino Juárez, Zona Centro
Oaxaca, Oaxaca
The church of Nuestra Señora de Las Nieves was built at the end of the 17th century. Before being dedicated to Santa Maria de las Nieves, it was adjunct to the Santa Maria la Mayor in Rome by d...
Macedonio Alcala Theater
Independencia esq. Armenta y López, Zona Centro.
Oaxaca, Oaxaca
Construction of the magnificent Teatro Macedonio Alcala began in 1903, was completed in August of 1909, and was inaugurated on September 5 of that same year. The theater formerly worked under the name...
Central Public Library
Andador Turístico Macedonio Alcalá No.200, Zona Centro
Oaxaca, Oaxaca
The Biblioteca Publica Central building dates back from the early 19th century, when it was acquired privately, for the purpose of forming an elementary school for girls. For this purpose, Bishop Eulo...
The San Agustin Church and Convent
Armenta y López esq. Guerrero, Zona Centro
Oaxaca, Oaxaca
Shortly after settling in Oaxaca, the Augustinians began building the Templo de San Agustin around 1580, which was consecrated in 1586. The monastery apparently was completed in 1699, according to an...
Places To visit
- Black Pottery
Just 8 km (5 mi) from Oaxaca City, is situated the town of San Bartolo Coyotepec (Coyotepec comes fr
- Zaachila Archeological Zone
The archaeological site of Zaachila is located at the center of Villa de Zaachila, 15 kms (9 mi) sou
- Artisan Looms
Handmade looms are mechanisms of great antiquity that have survived in their form and use with the p
The must see
- Oaxaca Lives in Me
With the aim of preserving the traditions of the state of Oaxaca, the cultural movement called "Ante
- The San Pablo Apostol Church at Mitla
The Templo de San Pablo Apostol is located within the archaeological site of Mitla, about 46 km (29
- Casa Juarez Site Museum
This house was owned by Don Antonio Salanueva, book binder by trade and a lay brother of the Third O
More Attractions
- The Museum of Oaxaca Cultures
The Museo de las Culturas de Oaxaca is part of the Santo Domingo Cultural Center, that is comprised
- The Monte Alban Museum
The Museo de Monte Alban is found at the entrance of the archaeological site. Open to the public sin
- The Craft of Mezcal
Mezcal is a 100% Mexican alcoholic beverage that is appreciated in the entire world for its extraord


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Told from both the English and Indian perspectives, the drama of Indian Summers unfolds as illicit agreements, romance, and revolution abound. Though the English socialites are having the time of their lives in Simla, the local Indians have started to call for national independence, a path which is quickly rendering the world's greatest empire helpless.
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Ditt-hotell Falun
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Sweden Trip
Hello! This might have been one of my favorite weeks in Europe so far.
This week I had the pleasure of participating in a weeklong residency in Falun, Sweden. It was ran by the amazing Modhir Ahmed. (http://modhir.com/web/) Falun, Sweden is home to one of the largest copper mines in Europe. Therefore, the print shop became well known for printing from copper etching plates.
I completely fell in love with this charming ...
Lake Siljan
... to need to have any more work done on it. Looked towards Sweden hoping for some slightly better luck.
Lake Siljan was a bit out of the way but was well worth the trip and made for a relaxing weekend, camping, swimming and kayaking. Avoided the temptation to spend a day at the water park, but drove around the gorgeous villages around the lake, populated with typical bright red ...
Swedish Midsummer
... Niklas swoops in with a dance to separate me. He was keeping an eye on me as 'I'm one of the group now'.. So sweet!
The 'shortcut' through the woods definitely had us more soaked than planned. They were so organised with drunk food ready to heat up before we drove home at 3am (sun still up).
The mission for everyone turned into one to find me a date so that I can stay in Sweden, if not, everyone told me that I must return to the ...
Midsummer nights
Midsummer is the biggest event on the Swedish calendar, Andrea's local village spent all morning making preparations across the street for the villages celebrations. Marquees and outdoor BBQs could be seen in yards everywhere.
We drove to another village to visit Per, a friend of Andreas who was on exchange in Sydney, visiting us in Geelong one time.
Andrea's family, drove from Stockholm to bring ...
Sweden; 5 years in the making!
... pol was
raised between songs.
Getting quite cold, we returned for strawberries, cream, meringue with lemon
curd and coffee - delicious! Swedish strawberries are so so tasty!!!
When we left it was nearing 11pm
and the sun would not be setting any further, kind of a sunset/twilight
feel. It it very trippy going to bed at midnight with the sun up, I
felt so tired but the sun tells your body that it's still only early in
the ...


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link: "http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/acd1996000747/PP/",
url :"http://cdn.loc.gov/service/pnp/acd/2a06000/2a06100/2a06131_150px.jpg",
alt:'Image from Prints and Photographs Online Catalog -- The Library of Congress'
Larger images display only at the Library of Congress
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Larger images display only at the Library of Congress
JPEG(64kb) | JPEG(162kb) | TIFF(31.5mb)
- - Browse neighboring items by call number.
- Collection: Cartoon Drawings
League of Nations now in session
- Title: League of Nations now in session
- Creator(s): Berryman, Clifford Kennedy, 1869-1949, artist
- Date Created/Published: [1931?]
- Medium: 1 drawing.
- Summary: Cartoon shows Ambassador to Great Britain Charles G. Dawes standing outside an open window, puffing clouds of smoke from his pipe. A sign reads "League of Nations Now in Session." In the fall of 1931, the Council of the League of Nations met in emergency session in Paris to try to resolve the Manchurian Crisis. Dawes was sent to represent the United States government, but because the U.S. did not belong to the League, he conducted his negotiations behind the scenes.
- Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-137009 (b&w film copy neg.)
- Rights Advisory:
May be restricted: Information on reproduction rights available in LC P&P Restrictions Statement.
- Call Number: CD 1 - Berryman (C.K.), no. 430 (A size) <P&P> [P&P]
- Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
- Notes:
- Probably published in: The Evening star (Washington, D.C.)
- mm / 860122; ljr / 030605.
- Timmons, Portrait of an American, p. 310 ljr
- Subjects:
- Format:
- Collections:
- Part of: Cartoon Drawings (Library of Congress)
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- Rights Advisory: May be restricted: Information on reproduction rights available in LC P&P Restrictions Statement.
- Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-137009 (b&w film copy neg.)
- Call Number: CD 1 - Berryman (C.K.), no. 430 (A size) <P&P> [P&P]
- Medium: 1 drawing.
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- Call Number: CD 1 - Berryman (C.K.), no. 430 (A size) <P&P> [P&P]
- Medium: 1 drawing.
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Buy and hold equity. Options are poison for retail traders who haven't traded them on paper long enough to realize that in the case of most short term options the person who makes the MOST money is the option writer.
This is McKee folks here is his past antisemitic post:
dryslp62 • Jun 18, 2013 11:29 PM
1 users liked this posts users disliked this posts 2
A lonely piece of sheet GEWspammer trying to get a free ticket because he can't afford one on his own.
I have been day trading aapl for the last 6 months and made a substantial profit. I am not an aapl basher, I play the stock which every way it may be going. Very risky time to go long on aapl. If you are determined to go long on aapl wait till substantial good news comes out then place your bets.
If you listen to those shills you will go broke, think it through yourself, then you might stand a chance.
If appl is down monday...look for aapl to go lower. The news is wearing off and earnings are around the corner, which may shake out investors and the momentum players before earnings If this occur wait for next bit of good news to go long. Don't advise anyone to hold a stock during earnings, that is a huge gamble...hoped this helped.
position yourself for 350
a 500 long one up u by 9-30
Sentiment: Strong Buy


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Music Ministry: Art of Perseverance
Art of Perseverance on Stage
"I love to sing, and have since I was a child. I used to dream of traveling all over the world, ministering on a huge stage to thousands in song. It has been a long road and not every day has been easy. I fought fear, doubt and worry. My faith has been tested and tried. Yet, I am living my dreams today, because I chose to persevere."
Shonna Stallworth
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text: More from SI Report: Dodgers release pitcher Freddy Garcia Report: Dodgers release pitcher Freddy Garcia Marshawn Lynch sports gold cleats for Super Bowl Marshawn Lynch sports gold cleats for Super Bowl Louisville vs. FIU: Game time, live stream, TV coverage Louisville vs. FIU: Game time, live stream, TV coverage Pittsburgh-area high school football player dies after... Pittsburgh-area high school football player dies after... Close Tweet0 Share0 Comment0 Share0 Share0 Stumble It0 Print0 More SI Wire MLB umpire Wally Bell dies of heart attack at age 48 by Brett LoGiurato Email Posted: Tue Oct. 15, 2013 MLB umpire Wally Bell died Monday of an apparent heart attack. (G Fiume/Getty Images)Veteran major-league umpire Wally Bell died Monday afternoon of an apparent heart attack, according to multiple reports. He was 48.The Youngstown Vindicator first reported the news. MLB Commissioner Bud Selig released a statement, according to MLB.com:"All of us at Major League Baseball are in mourning tonight regarding the sudden passing of Wally Bell. I always enjoyed seeing Wally, who was a terrific umpire and such an impressive young man. On behalf of our 30 Clubs, I extend my deepest condolences to Wally's family, fellow Umpires and his many friends throughout the game."Bell had spent 21 years as an umpire in the majors. He worked in two All-Star Games, seven Division Series, four League Championship Series, and the 2006 World Series. He umpired the 2013 NLDS between the Pittsburgh Pirates and St. Louis Cardinals.Bell had open-heart surgery in 1999. According to his official major-league biography, his proudest moment was returning to work after that surgery. Major League umpire Joe West, president of the World Umpires Association, said in a statement: "Wally was a great umpire, a great partner and a great friend. The umpiring community is deeply saddened by this tragic loss. He will be sorely missed by many." Promoted Stories Comments


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The Vivo Baked Shimmer Palette is a versatile eye shadow kit, with an array of shades that will really add some shine and shimmer to your eyes. The baked nature of these eye shadows allow for smooth application, so you can effortlessly spread the sparkle over those lids. The Paparazzi shades will grab all the attention! This kit also comes with a mini baked blusher and a handy mirror, so you can apply and reapply on the go!
Catalogue Number: 292-3930
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text:
SYNOPSIS: Norma and Arthur Lewis, a suburban couple with a young child, receive a simple wooden box as a gift, which bears fatal and irrevocable consequences. A mysterious stranger, delivers the message that the box promises to bestow upon its owner $1 million with the press of a button. But, pressing this button will simultaneously cause the death of another ...Read More »
Film Review: The Crazies (1973)
SYNOPSIS: When a government plane laden with biological weapons crashes in a small Pennsylvania town in this George Romero film, its deadly cargo seeps into the water supply — and anyone who drinks the water becomes stark, raving mad. David (Will McMillan), a firefighter, and his wife, Judy (Lane Carroll), are two of a very few left unscathed. To save ...Read More »
Film Review: No Time for Fear (2009)
SYNOPSIS: Celine is a young woman who has a whole lot of problems. One of Celine's problems is with her younger brother Nate who is emotionally unstable, really extremely unstable. Jake is Celine's boyfriend who creates yet more problems between his disrespect for Nate and his jealousy over the couples shared friends Derrick and Rachel. It is only after the ...Read More »
Film Review: The Tunnel (2011)
SYNOPSIS: Natasha is a journalist who is searching for a big story and she finds just that when she starts investigating an abandoned project by the city of Sydney. It appears that the city was attempting to use the abandoned train tunnels under the city to build water recycling plants in order to solve the cities water crisis. After viewing ...Read More »
Film Review: The Crypt (2009)
SYNOPSIS: In this chilling thriller, six friends descend into underground crypts to steal jewelry and other valuables from the Depression-era remains. But they soon discover that the dead won't give up their treasures without a gruesome fight. Trapped in the deep dark catacombs, the six struggle to stay alive among the dead and find a way out of their living ...Read More »
Film Review: Salon Kitty (1976)
SYNOPSIS: Kitty runs a brothel in Nazi Germany where the soldiers come to "relax". Recording devices have been installed in each room by a power hungry army official who plans to use the information to blackmail Hitler and gain power himself. A girl named Margherita discovers the little ploy and with Kitty's help plans to take on the dangerous task ...Read More »
Film Review: Ding Dong Dead (2011)
SYNOPSIS: A gang of lovely young ladies known as the Ding Dong Ditchers terrorize a sleepy suburban town by ringing peoples' doorbells and then running away. Crazed and pathetic loser Doug has just been fired from his job, so he decides to make a stand against the Ding Dong Ditchers in order to impress Claudia, who's the attractive woman who ...Read More »
Film Review: The Burrowers (2008)
SYNOPSIS: A band of courageous men sets out to find and recover a family of settlers that has mysteriously vanished from their home. Expecting the offenders to be a band of fierce natives, the group prepares for a routine battle. But they soon discover that the real enemy stalks them from below. Written by Anonymous It is 1879 in the ...Read More »
Film Review: Sensored (2009)
SYNOPSIS: A children's book illustrator inhabits a twilight world of shifting reality and illusion, where cruelty and rampant evil do battle with his better instincts, and sanity is a question of perception. REVIEW: Director – Ryan Todd Starring – Robert Picardo, Sarah Knowlton, Brian Rife Boy, they say that all of the great artists are tortured souls but holy cow, ...Read More »
Film Review: Witchville (2011)
SYNOPSIS: Malachy has just learned that his father the king has passed away and is asked to take country of the small kingdom. Malachy's kingdom however is dying since all of the crops have dried up and thieves and bandits now run the streets. A man by the name of Kramer introduces himself to Malachy and informs him that the ...Read More »
Film Review: The Dead Don't Scream (2007)
SYNOPSIS: A group of college kids go on a road trip to hell when they stumble across a small Texas Town with an entire economy based upon stealing cars and selling the parts. But what's the town to do with the group of people that came with the set of wheels worth a mint? Easy, just chop them too! Callie ...Read More »
Film Review: The Butcher (2007)
SYNOPSIS: Merle Henche (Eric Roberts) — a boxer turned mob enforcer with more than 20 years of dedicated service under his belt — learns what loyalty is worth when his employers set him up to take the fall for the multimillion-dollar heist of a rival gang. Unfortunately for them, Henche discovers the trap and ends up with a piece of ...Read More »
Film Review: Captain America: The First Avenger (2011)
SYNOPSIS: After being deemed unfit for military service, Steve Rogers volunteers for a top secret research project that turns him into Captain America, a superhero dedicated to defending America's ideals. REVIEW: Man oh man, is it hot in NYC today. The temp got up to 106 degrees in the city today (114 degrees if you factor in the humidity). The ...Read More »
Film Review: The Children (2008)
SYNOPSIS: A relaxing Christmas vacation turns into a terrifying fight for survival as the children begin to turn on their parents REVIEW: And just when you thought cute little kids couldn't be scary! Director Tom Shankland has managed to drum up a pretty effective fright fest that proves that not all little things are adorable all of the time. The ...Read More »
Film Review: Spike: A Gothic Fairytale (2010)
SYNOPSIS: After skidding off the road in the dead of night, four friends find themselves lost in the forest and tangled in a twisted love story. As they are each picked off one by one by a bizarre beast it becomes clear that none of them will make it out of this forest alive; unless the one the monster so ...Read More »
Film Review: The Canyon (2009)
SYNOPSIS: A back country excursion deep into the Grand Canyon wilderness is a honeymoon come true for city slickers Nick (Eion Bailey) and Lori (Yvonne Strahovski) until a viper bite debilitates their grizzled old guide (Will Patton), leaving the couple leaderless and utterly lost. Now the pair are in a fight for their lives against starvation, treacherous weather, ravenous wolves ...Read More »
Film Review: The Mothman Prophecies (2002)
SYNOPSIS: "John Klein is involved in a car accident with his wife, but while he is unharmed, his wife mentions a moth shaped creature appearing. After her death, John begins to investigate the secrets behind this mentioned Mothman. It takes him to a small town of Point Pleasant, West Virginia, where he discovers a connection with the same problem. Here ...Read More »
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SYNOPSIS: At the end of every summer, the children of a Christian community from a suburb of New Jersey attend Camp Hope. They travel deep into the woods far from any distractions the world provides. Here, the children are taught the ways of the Lord, the perils of the flesh, and the horror of the Devil. A charismatic priest ...Read More »
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SYNOPSIS: Chosen for their ability to kill without conscience, a group of killers, some trained and some who are not, must endeavor the alien race of predators that have set out to target them as prey. Dropped into the vast jungle of a distant world, these human predators must learn just who, or what, they are up against, and that ...Read More »
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SYNOPSIS: Miles Kody is a struggling film maker who only wants the best for him and his wife Brenda. Miles has recently regained his passion for film making by meeting a very strange man named Vic. Vic makes snuff films, an excellent subject to make a documentary on. Miles begins to notice however that there is something else going on when he watches ...Read More »
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SYNOPSIS: Ben is a young artist who not only struggles with his art but also with his personal life. Fortune seems to smile on the young man when a group that he is part of is offered an advertising job for an environmentally friendly cleaning agent. The group decides to go into the woods for a few days so that ...Read More »


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Taylor Swift Gossip
Taylor Swift gossip, latest news, photos, and video.
Taylor Swift: a banner weekend and a bad decision
Steve Granitz/ Christopher Polk/ Getty Images
Two shows down, three to go… By the time it's all over on Wednesday night, it'll be 16 sold out shows in a row for Taylor Swift at Staples Centre – the first artist to do so. Which is why Kobe Bryant showed up and presented her with a banner next to all the Lakers' championship banners that apparently will remain there…. Full Story
Dear Gossips,Taylor Swift will perform the first of five shows at Staples Centre tonight. So the 1989 Tour is finally, officially, going Hollywood. Who then will we be seeing up on stage with her? Who's been calling her, begging for the opportunity? Does she go through the possibilities the way a casting director flips through headshots? What does Taylor Swift look for in a celebrity Style cameo? Well, mostly, bragging rights. Read Full Intro
Taylor Swift answers
John Medina/ LP5/ Getty Images
Today's open was about how Beyonce has gone all Greta Garbo on us, becoming more and more inaccessible, because Beyonce would rather be an enigma than (pretend to) be your friend. That's not the Taylor Swift approach. One of Taylor's fans posted this GIF on her Tumblr Full Story
Joan & Julia: collected! (and Julia's Amal shoes)
John Medina/ LP5/ Getty Images
Taylor Swift played two shows in Santa Clara this weekend, getting ever closer to the five performances she'll put on at Staples Centre in LA starting on Friday where the Friend Collecting is expected to be major…if Santa Clara was any indication. Because Joan Baez and Julia Roberts are pretty f-cking major. Full Story
Taylor Swift has a boyfriend but not a castle
AKM-GSI/ SPW/ Splash News
Taylor Swift and Calvin Harris went out for dinner last night at Giorgio Baldi in Santa Monica. That's Rihanna's favourite restaurant. And Jake Gyllenhaal likes it there too. That's neither here nor there but, you know, it kind of is. Look at Calvin's intense try-not-to-smile-but-really-I'm-loving-all-this-attention face. Full Story
Dear Gossips,The Taylor Swift Friend Collection seemed to be on pause for a couple of weeks. Or at least it was a lot less spectacular. She came back hard this weekend in Seattle though. Fetty Wap joined her on stage because you know, YOU KNOW, she thinks she's the ultimate Trap Queen. Read Full Intro
Dear Gossips,Taylor Swift was performing the other night in Edmonton when a fan reached up and tried to grab her leg. I love the way she glares at him afterwards. Click here to see. What is the goal here? Like is the hope that she jumps off stage, kisses him on the mouth, and tells him he's the Romeo she's been waiting for? The only possible result is getting hauled off by security, non? Seems a waste when you've paid all that money for the tickets. Read Full Intro
Smutty Social Media, Tuesday August 4, 2015
Sandy Pitt/ Splash News
So your best friend is a supermodel and you are both social media stars. You want to wish her a Happy Birthday and from the (literally) thousands of shots you can choose, you pull one out of your phone that has your boyfriend front and centre and your friend stirring something on the stove in the background. Full Story
Vanity Fair and the Swift Sisterhood
The interview with Vanity Fair happened in London a few weeks ago, well before Nicki Minaj gave her some real talk on Twitter. At the time, if you recall, she was girl squading all over her stage. Serena Williams was there. Cara Delevingne and the model crew were there. At the time, Taylor was untouchable. Full Story
Amy Schumer & Jennifer Lawrence: the new #Squad
I just realised it's Friday and I haven't written once about Taylor Swift's friend collecting. She's gone an entire week without collecting a friend! Does that mean the backlash really is in full effect? In the absence of any updates to Taylor Swift Collection, we have Amy Schumer and Jennifer Lawrence. Full Story
Smutty Social Media, Wednesday July 29, 2015
I tried to resist but how could I not post this photo? It has a baby and Taylor Swift. Meeting my boy. @jaime_king @kyle_newman Full Story
Smutty Social Media, Tuesday July 28, 2015
Remember when Victoria Beckham said she doesn't read books, only magazines? That philosophy went out the window with her French tips, hair extensions and melon boobs. My favourite book shop! X happy Tuesday, love from LA! X 🌞🇺🇸🙏 x vb Full Story
Taylor, Katy, and the "left shark"
Adam Bettcher/ Getty Images
Taylor Swift played Boston this weekend. And during Bad Blood, a shark showed up over her left shoulder. As you know, Bad Blood is widely believed to be about Katy Perry. Full Story
Nicki Taylor talked on the phone
Mike Coppola/ Theo Wargo/ Getty Images
Nicki Minaj was on Good Morning America today. And she talked about what went down with Taylor Swift this week. As you know, Taylor publicly apologised yesterday on Twitter, one of the rare times she's found herself in the wrong and having to eat sh-t. Which she did. She ate it from the internet and she ate it from the media. Full Story


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The initially four preseason polls, College camisetas de futbol baratas (CSN,) has pegged the Bluejays as the second-ranked team in the world behind top-ranked 2008 College Cup semi-finalist St. John's.
"We are really excited that Greg is returning for the Wave this season," Head Coach Keith Tozer expressed. "Greg brings a tremendous amount of expertise and leadership, not to name one of your top scorers in indoor soccer history.
There some professional leagues around the world. Soccer may be the world's most well liked sport. There are leagues in South America, Japan, Europe, United States and many other places. Every single piece of these have amazing players but the three most watch are the English Premiere League, Italian Series An and the la liga spain.
Hurd, that committed to Penn State, will train full and also receive specialized instruction at the Crossfire Premier Academy as opposed to playing her senior season for the Wolves.
Both teams hit the pitch using urgency of fabricating a triumph. The visiting squad attempted an ordered game, while the home team demonstrated a cautious and nervous one. At a start the red devils made far more dangerous runs using goal. With only several minutes of game within the board Toluca made the first attack.
Keller has had an outstanding career, he won the U.S. Soccer Athlete with the Year in 1997, 1999, and june 2006. He has also been a participant on many winning teams; including the CONCACAF Gold cup 3 times, the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup twice, and the Football League Cup.
This could be the final "tune-up" match for team USA as they head to Portland in order to consider on Belize in Group C action on Tuesday, July 9, 2013 the actual planet CONCACAF Gold Cup.


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Seattle's Roadstars Jazz band For Your Event
Featuring a variety of music... jazz, swing and much more... A Mix of Music from the turn of the century until Now, all with the Band that has become a Tradition at such events as the Seattle Mariners Home Games, The Puyallup Washington State Fair and The Evergreen State Fair.
A popular choice at events where quality music is a must and the audience will not settle for second best. The ...
Oct 8 -
Live Band.HONEY , Cover band, Dance Band
Honey is available for gigs in Western Washington. We are a lively positive feel good, family friendly band that keeps you dancing all night! Weddings, receptions ,clubs, company and.private.parties. call Diana.360. 440. 9715 I can email mp3 demos
Oct 3 -
Custom Picture Framing In Gig Harbor (Coupon)
Pro ART Source in Gig Harbor offering a 20% Custom Picture Framing coupon. Just print out this ad and bring it in for your discount.
Sep 16 -
Gig Harbor
Piano tuning, repair, refinishing - Prossers (Seattle-Tacoma)
>>>>> Prosser Piano Services ...........
Is a complete piano service department, staffed with skilled craftsmen and technicians for every phase of maintenance and reconditioning. Whether you need a piano tuned or an heirloom repaired, >>>>> Prosser Piano Services is equipped to handle any job to your satisfaction. Contact us for any of the following services:
Piano Tuning & Maintenance
Sep 13 -
Large Paintings for Mexican Restaurant Sinaloa Culiacan
Custom Paintings, newly finished two large approx 48" x 48" paintings on stretched canvas. Perfect for Mexican Restaurant or if you are from Culiacan or Sinaloa. Will look great on your wall. Lighting was shadowed, but they are beautiful smooth blue backgrounds and sharp beautiful detail (over a month of painting these!) . $500 for both together. Free delivery in Western Washington or pick up ...
Sep 9 -
Port Ludlow
Trumpet player and singer looking for a band/jam (UW neighborhood)
I am looking for people to play music with casually or regularly. 1, 2 or 3 times a week (or even more, depending of the location). I am a UW engineering grad student and I am really looking to have some fun as I am new to the city and I don't (yet) know any other musicians.
I have been playing trumpet for 7 years. I once was part of a ska band with some friends. I also can sing. I am open ...
Aug 26 -
String Trio and DJ for your Wedding All-Inclusive for $1199.00
It's The String Break Special!
Save when you book the Seattle Style Strings and The Seattle Premium DJ Service
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Includes 1 Hour Of String Trio for ceremony or Cocktail Hour and 4 Hours of Premium DJ services... This means you can get everything you need for only $1199.00!
String Trio or DJ may also add additional hours if you'd like. ...
Aug 20 -
Live Entertainment for Seattle and The Puget Sound
No matter what kind of event you are planning, whether you'd like to hire entertainment for a special event in Bellevue or booking a live band for your wedding reception in Seattle, Professional entertainment can help you book the best entertainment in the Puget Sound area. We can give you complete listings of all the musicians bands and entertainers around the state of Washington. Local ...
Aug 19 -


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Posts Tagged 'Last Man Standing Cancelled Or Renewed?'
November 4th, 2012 at 9:45 am
Renew/Cancel Recap: Bubble Watch is Back and Can't Possibly Be Wrong About 'Fringe' This Season! (Or Can It?)
those who demanded a table with pastel coloring will be happier this week.[Read-More]
May 15th, 2012 at 9:59 am
ABC Renew/Cancel Wrap: 'GCB,' 'Missing,' 'The River' Canceled; 'Body Of Proof,' 'Scandal,' 'Private Practice,' 'Castle,' 'Revenge' Renewed
Those that made it, and those that didn't.[Read-More]
May 12th, 2012 at 11:22 am
List of Canceled and Renewed Scripted Shows for the 2011-12 Season
The road so far...[Read-More]
May 11th, 2012 at 6:20 pm
Updated: Private Practice, 'Body of Proof' Renewed; 'Last Man Standing,' 'Scandal' & 'Apt 23' Renewed Too; 'GCB' Canceled
More ABC renewal news.[Read-More]
May 11th, 2012 at 12:26 pm
'Happy Endings' Renewed by ABC
full 22 episode 3rd nd season for Happy Endings.[Read-More]
May 8th, 2012 at 10:00 am
ABC: Final Guesses For 'Body Of Proof,' 'Cougar Town,' 'GCB,' 'Scandal' & More
What are your guesses?[Read-More]
May 1st, 2012 at 10:24 am
ABC: 'Scandal' Likely To Be Renewed
Finally, no more face saving needed for ABC.[Read-More]
April 24th, 2012 at 9:39 am
ABC: Even If 'Private Practice' Tuesday Ratings Stink, Expect A Final Season Renewal Attempted
But it's not certain.[Read-More]


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Is religious affiliation the driving factor in charitable giving?
Sandra Tester, Getty Images/iStockphoto
For decades the philanthropic world was divided into two communities: the religious and the secular.
The religious consisted exclusively of congregations that dealt with spiritual development of their followers, while the secular took in everything else, from disaster relief and health care to environmental causes.
"But everyone knew the (secular) group was actually a mix of religiously identified organizations," said Mark Ottoni-Wilhelm, a professor of economics and philanthropic studies at Indiana University's Lilly Family School of Philanthrophy. "We just never measured that second dimension, even though everyone knew religious groups were involved in providing basic needs."
Ottoni-Wilhelm is co-author of a new study that takes a new look at religious and secular giving and it found that 73 percent of charitable giving goes to faith-based organizations, whether they be religious institutions or a non-profits that have a religious identity such as World Vision.
The research also revealed that 34 percent of donors to faith-based charities say they don't belong to an organized religion. And more than half (53 percent) of donors who affiliate with a religion also give to secular charities.
While the findings confirmed that identities and values play an important role in in shaping charitable choices, the data also showed both religious and secular non-profits have a good chunk of donors who care more about a charity's work than whether it aligns with their religious views.
"There is no reason you can't reach out to (secular and religious donors) to seek their support for the work you do," he said.
Philanthropic landscape
The research was conducted by Connected to Give, a consortium of foundations and Jewish federations brought together to "map the landscape of charitable giving by American Jews," said Shawn Landres, CEO and research director of Jumpstart, the philanthropic research and design lab spearheading the project.
He explained that Jumpstart's main focus is to examine the challenges facing the Jewish philanthropic system, which was hard hit by the recession and the Bernie Madoff financial scandal. But researchers expanded their view to the see what drives the entire philanthropic engine.
"We needed to know the American landscape in order to understand a religious community within it," Landres said.
The project has issued two reports that found Jews are generous but not necessarily to Jewish causes or to their local synagogue. The survey of more than 3,000 American Jews also revealed that the more connected they were to their community at large they more generous they were to both Jewish and non-Jewish causes.
The survey also included 1,900 Americans of other faith backgrounds, including those who didn't identify with any religious tradition.
The broader examination of all faith communities discovered three dimensions influence whether a person makes a gift to a specific organization: First, the purpose of the organization. Second, whether the organization did or didn't have a religious identity, and third, whether or not individuals consider themselves to be religious or spiritual.
Religious connections
The survey found that most (41 percent) household charitable contributions went to congregations and ministries pursuing religious purposes and the spiritual development of their followers.
Capturing the next largest share of donations (32 percent) were religiously identified organizations that pursue so-called secular social needs such as helping the poor in their community, local and international disaster relief, health care, adoptions and other services.
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Virginian Lodge
Virginian Lodge
Hotel Guest Rating: 7.9/10
750 West Broadway
Jackson, WY 83001
Virginian Lodge
Located in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, 5 miles from Grand Teton National Park, this lodge offers on-site dining. A seasonal heated outdoor pool and hot tub are located on site. All rooms include free Wi-Fi.Featuring cable TV, all air-conditioned rooms at Virginian Lodge are warmly decorated. Comfortably furnished, each en suite room includes toiletries.Guests can relax with a game of billiards at the Western-themed saloon complete with live music and a dance floor. A beauty salon, liquor store and meeting facilities are located on site for added convenience. A guest laundrette is available.Jackson Hole Mountain Ski Resort is 5 miles from Virginian Lodge Wyoming. Offering shops, Jackson Hole city centre is 5 minutes' drive away. ...read more
Virginian Lodge Amenities
- 24-hour front desk
- Air conditioning
- ATM/cash machine on site
- Bar
- Barber/beauty shop
- Facilities for disabled guests
- Family rooms
- Fax/photocopying
- Golf course (within 3 km)
- Heating
- Hot tub
- Karaoke
- Laundry
- Luggage storage
- Meeting/banquet facilities
- Newspapers
- Nightclub/DJ
- Non-smoking rooms
- Outdoor pool (seasonal)
- Restaurant (à la carte)
- Safety deposit box
- Ski pass vendor
- Ski storage
- Vending machine (drinks)
- Vending machine (snacks)
Hotel Information
Upon check-in photo identification and credit card are required. All special requests are subject to availability upon check-in. Special requests cannot be guaranteed and may incur additional charges. Guests are required to show a photo identification and credit card upon check-in. Please note that all Special Requests are subject to availability and additional charges may apply.
Hotel Guest Reviews of the Virginian LodgeOur hotel ratings and reviews are from real hotel guests. Priceline.com ensures that its reviews are guests-only by proactively sending hotel surveys to customers after they've completed their hotel stays. In the post-stay surveys, priceline.com hotel customers are asked a number of questions about their stay and the hotel. On a scale of 1-10 with 10 being the best, the survey asks guests to rate their overall experience and specifically rate the hotel's cleanliness, staff and location. Priceline.com does not allow site visitors to post unsolicited hotel reviews.
June 23, 2015
Senior Travelers
May 11, 2015
Family Traveling with Young Children
October 12, 2014
Group Traveler
This guest did not leave comments about this hotel.
July 14, 2014
Senior Travelers
June 13, 2014
This guest did not leave comments about this hotel.
June 11, 2014
Family Traveling with Teens
Staff was friendly and accommodating, all the rooms were clean and large. Free coffee in the Lobby 24/7, plenty of brochures and pamphlets for local attractions and entertainment. Nice location to the National parks and the actual town of Jackson Hole.
May 26, 2014
Family Traveling with Teens
A great value in Jackson.
May 26, 2014
Solo Traveler
If wifi is important to you, don't choose this hotel. That is why I rated it 6 out of 10. Everything else about this hotel is good.
May 15, 2014
On the edge of town. We liked this because we had no problems with parking or crowds and were still close enough to the town center to go shopping and dining. It's also older but that adds to the charm. :)
February 27, 2014
The Virginian is an older motel that has not been updated or even reasonably maintained. It is basically a rundown, shabby operation that is only attractive in price. My wife chose this place because we like to stay in or near to town center and it has a hot tub which most other town hotels do not have, that she could find.
(1 - 10 of 13 reviews)
- The Lodge At Jackson Hole from $173 (0.2mi)
- The Wyoming Inn from $129 (0.3mi)
- Pony Express Motel from $67 (0.4mi)
- Cowboy Village Resort from $94 (0.5mi)
- Elk Country Inn from $75 (0.5mi)
- Anthony's Restaurant Inc (0.8mi)
- Snake River Grill Corp (1.0mi)
- Jackson Hole Golf & Tennis (6.6mi)


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Game Launcher
Game Launcher is a cross platform, universal front end for emulators. The main goal is to provide a user interface that is easy to use and attractive, yet does not look like a traditional user interface. It should work with any emulator.65 weekly downloads
Extended Oprating System Loader
XOSL is a graphical boot manager that supports multi-booting of various operating systems. Development is currently done under the XOSL2 title. Historical version download below:18 weekly downloads
OpenSource GPS is software for x86 PCs that allows you to acquire, track and demodulate signals from GPS satellites. OSGPS requires a Zarlink GP2021 12 channel GPS correlator chip or software receiver hardware such as the GPS1A, see www.gpscreations.5 weekly downloads
This is a group of makefile scripts and templates that helps the developer and end-user to configure, update, and build Allegro/AllegroGL/etc projects, on many platforms, and with different compilers, in a easy way (just type "make" and it will work).15 weekly downloads
No Name Development
Releases by No Name Development. All original code is released under the zlib/libpng License, the source to No Name MAME is released under MAME's own license.7 weekly downloads
A relatively easy to win but feature rich fantasy roguelike game with a highly interactive world. Avanor was once a great land, but now it is an isolated valley kingdom under serious threat. You, as the hero must save Avanor, or dominate it.6 weekly downloads
MegaZeux (MZX) is a simple but powerful game creation system. It currently officially builds on Windows (9x, 2k, XP), Linux (multiplatform), and MacOS X. Versions prior to 2.80 are available only for MS-DOS.3 weekly downloads
Ronda is a card game very popular in Morocco. The game in real world is played between two persons or four. For the moment Ronda software is a single player card game that allow you to play against your computer.3 weekly downloads
486 emulator
Simulator for 486 processor. Can be customized for embedded system emulation.4 weekly downloads
Latronix Regnum Arts - Open Source Faction is an open source and freeware developer for all sorts of goodies. Be it games or applications. This is the home for the Drug Turfs Game (A Drug Wars like game) and the Drug Turfs Library.2 weekly downloads
Wing Is Not Galaga
WING (Wing Is Not Galaga) is a take off on the arcade classic Galaga. It has 6 levels of play single player action, pre-rendered 2.5d graphics, a dynamically generate background, and .wav quality audio.3 weekly downloads
subs : a search & replace utility
subs is a command line utility for search and replace a text into many files in one directory that match the selected match.3 weekly downloads
CL Matrix
CL - Matrix - GUI: The main purpose of the project addressing to the command line prompt riders.. This will be wokring mainly as a library for C++, allowing programmers to use pseudo grafics in their applications. CL - Matrix - Enviroment: A real envi2 weekly downloads
CS Command Line Tools
These command line tools are intended to improve the MS-DOS environment, as well as to give support for old and unused MS-DOS commands.2 weekly downloads
Le Name Analyst
Le Name Analyst is a simple game that generates meanings to a name.2 weekly downloads
Vortex OS
The Vortex project consists of 2 things. The Vortex OS and VParse. The OS is multitasking and handles a lot of features. VParse is a stand alone Vertex2 parser. Vertex is vortex's scripting language. Pre 0.7 is QBasic and 0.7 is C++.2 weekly downloads
Zeta - zeta potential calculation tools
Zeta can be used to calculate zeta potentials for ka>6 from electrophoretic mobilities measured at the stationary level, from apparent zeta potentials displayed by zetameter or from apparent mobilities measured at 3 different levels in a rectangular2 weekly downloads
mk, with a C/C++ compiler & using user supplied C/C++ code, is a tool which controls generation of executables & non-source files of a program. mk is similar to tools such as GNU make, but exists as a header file & rules/targets are specified using C/C++2 weekly downloads
xduffy 's projects collection
This is a reprository of software I have written. It is written in C, C++ and hopefully in some obscure Basic :-) I gladly share my stuff with you under the MIT license, so you can do what you want with it (almost)... :-)2 weekly downloads
TKlone, short for Tetris Klone, is a simple DOS-based game, with more features coming in the future. TKlone version 2.0 uses DirectX and Windows programming for a better experience.1 weekly downloads
A collection of little C/C++ programs that use the Allegro library for some nice graphic effects (oscilator, fontconverter, textprinting effects, logger, etc). These can also be included in your own Allegro projects.1 weekly downloads
Coot Wars
This is Coot Wars, a clone of the popular game Drug Wars by John E. Dell, but with senior citizens! Heavily in debt thanks to hospital fees, you must turn to black-market prescription drug trading to survive. A console game.1 weekly downloads
A collection of source code for manipulating the various file formats (images, maps, sounds, models, etc...) used by The Elder Scrolls: Daggerfall, an old, but still popular CRPG.1 weekly downloads
Nice and handy tool for phisicists and any other scientists who need some math. This project contains DOS application with GUI made with BGI and can draw functions in 2D and 3D, approximate with least square method and build histogram (more in future ;)).1 weekly downloads
H4x0rs - a game for sysadmin types
H4x0rs is a game where you play the role of a sysadmin. It is turn-based and multi-player. Protect your system from crackers, while keeping it running, and launching attacks of your own.1 weekly downloads


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For Customer Service, please call 800.967.6696
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- Sedona Honey Square Tissue Box Cover $16.95
- Sedona Honey Tapered Waste Basket/Trash Can $19.95
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Pop Culture
Natalie Portman's Directorial Debut & Paper Towns' Nat WolffBy Gerri Miller
See how Portman is making her big splash in Israel and don't miss Paper Towns with Nat WolffGo To Pop Culture
Tag Archives: clergy
Start with Words of Yes
When I became a rabbi, my own rabbi at home told me that the most important thing I had as a rabbi was my integrity and I'd have little left to offer if I ever let that go. I think about that almost daily and certainly when tough decisions come up. Yet what I find the most difficult about maintaining integrity is not knowing what my boundaries are, what I believe in, stand for and represent but rather how to express and enact all those things. Sometimes it's easy and the choices are obvious but more often than not, the nuance and shades of gray make integrity anything but easy to maintain. Moreover, while integrity can and should be a constant, it does not preclude evolution of practice, thought and boundaries nor does it give us the right to be judgmental or unkind.
I meet with a wide variety of interfaith couples on a regular basis, whether through a simple email exchange or a series of in-person counseling sessions. By far, the most common story I am told breaks my heart every time. It usually starts with the joy of an engagement and ends with the sting of rejection and judgement, whether from family members, community members or more often than not, clergy.
I have the utmost respect for those rabbis and cantors whose integrity, ideology and sense of purpose precludes them from officiating at interfaith ceremonies. I have seen the struggle amongst my colleagues and the true thoughtfulness with which so many make their decision. But I also see the struggle of so many interfaith couples who are less likely to engage in Judaism not simply because a rabbi said no to marrying them but because of the way in which a rabbi said no.
In an effort to practice what I preach and acknowledge the gray, I of course recognize that there will always be a certain number of couples who will only hear the no, no matter how kindly it is given, and will feel rejected. This is our reality. But I think we can do better for those who come to us, wanting a connection, no matter how tenuous. We owe it to ourselves, to our integrity and to the greater Jewish community, to express first the joy, purpose and possibility of Judaism rather than just the boundaries. We know Judaism has so much to offer: Why else would we want to protect it and cultivate it? Why else would we have spent years learning in order to make it our lives work?
Why not start with words of yes even when we have to say no?
In the face of what we don't understand, practice kindness.
Toward that which makes us uncomfortable or worried, practice kindness.
To those who make different choices than we do, practice kindness.
To those who yearn to belong, practice kindness.
"Can we talk?" Can we listen?
The late great comedian Joan Rivers had many famous lines, but she was probably better known for these three words than for any others. For many of us, we just have to hear this phrase and Joan comes to mind.
Yet perhaps ironically, when Joan Rivers uttered the phrase "Can we talk?" it wasn't that she really wanted to engage with her audience in discussion. She didn't want to talk WITH us. She wanted to talk TO us. What she wanted wasn't for us to RESPOND, but for us to LISTEN. She had something to say…and she wanted our undivided attention.
Many of us like to talk. We have something to say – perhaps a point to make or a feeling or opinion to express. We think of talking as active…it involves doing something.
We tend to think of listening, in contrast, as passive…as if we don't have to do anything to listen. But in fact, truly listening isn't always easy and it's certainly not passive. As any therapist, chaplain, social worker or member of the clergy will tell you, active listening is a crucial skill—every bit as important to a conversation as speaking, and often more so. It's incredibly powerful for a person to know that they're being listened to—that they're being "heard" (and this often involves much more than just words)—by someone else who's taking in what they say without any agenda other than to be present for them.
In Judaism, our central prayer is the Shema. And what does the Hebrew word Shema mean? It means "Hear." Hearing/listening is at the very heart of Judaism.
When I was growing up, there was a wonderful poem in the Friday night prayer book my synagogue used—it was read before reciting the Shema. The prayer, written by Rabbis Jack Riemer and Harold Kushner, was called "Listen." It began as follows:
Judaism begins with the commandment: Hear, O Israel!
But what does it really mean to hear?
The person who attends a concert with a mind on business,
Hears—but does not really hear.
The person who walks amid the songs of the birds
And thinks only of what will be served for dinner, hears—but does not really hear.
The one who listens to the words of a friend, or spouse, or child, and does not catch the note of urgency: "Notice me, help me, care about me," hears—but does not really hear….
I loved this poem (and still do) because it emphasizes the importance of being truly present in the moment … of hearing/listening to what is happening around you, or what another person is saying to you.
I'm not a poet, but I often wish that I could add some verses to Rabbi Reimer and Rabbi Kushner's poem "Listen" and share them with the people I work with (interfaith couples as well as Jewish professionals) in my role as Director of InterfaithFamily/Philadelphia. The verses I'd add would be:
The person in an interfaith relationship who talks with her partner about religion but cares only about her own religious heritage, and not her partner's, hears—but does not really hear.
The parent of a child in an interfaith relationship who worries about what other people in his community will say about his child "intermarrying" as his daughter tells him how much she loves her fiancé, hears—but does not really hear.
The parent whose child tells her about his partner of another faith and she thinks only that she would prefer that the partner be of the same faith, hears—but does not really hear.
The rabbi who sits with a couple in an interfaith relationship and thinks about how it would be better if Jews only dated other Jews, hears—but does not really hear.
The rabbi who talks to a Christian parent of a
The synagogue staff person or lay leader who insists that their synagogue is "welcoming" of interfaith families but isn't comfortable with those who aren't Jewish participating in the life of the synagogue, hears—but does not really hear.
When it comes to interfaith relationships, many people—those in the relationship, their parents and other family members, clergy and others—may have concerns that are legitimate, and that should perhaps be expressed. But just as each person involved might feel like they need time to TALK, each person should also be sure to take time to LISTEN. Listening can be a tremendous gift to others and to yourself as well. If you are able to actively listen to and hear someone else, it just may make it easier for them to hear you.
Why Rabbis Ask Couples Getting Married About Future Children
In the recent article in The Forward, a Rabbi in Los Angeles explains that he will officiate for an interfaith couple at their wedding if they commit to a Jewish future, Jewish education for their children and a Jewish home. A Conservative Rabbi who left his rabbinical union over being able to officiate at interfaith weddings quotes Israeli President Shimon Peres saying: "It's not important if your grandparents are Jewish. What is important is if your grandchildren are." The only condition he has is that an interfaith couple getting married "should commit to running a Jewish household, raising Jewish children and to learn with me what that means."
Some rabbis may make all couples (whether they are both Jewish or only one is Jewish) promise to raise Jewish children in order to marry them, but many only speak about this test for interfaith couples. It makes sense for rabbis to speak about how the couple will raise their children. Couples often sit with the rabbi who will perform their wedding for several meetings which gives them ample time to plan the ceremony and usually also time to discuss where they are with religion, extended family issues and what they are thinking their home will look like in the years to come. If a couple wants a rabbi at their wedding, they care about Judaism in some ways. Certainly a conversation can be had about how they plan to live Jewishly and raise their children.
However, I think that too much focus, as is clear from this Forward article, is placed on having a premarital couple talk about Judaism only in terms of how it will affect their children. I for one care more about what the adults who will stand under the chuppah with me think about their own Judaism.
Do they know anything about the religion that they think they don't want in their lives? Do they know what Judaism says about the major questions of life such as the meaning of sin or suffering or ideas about afterlife and heaven? Do they understand who is Israeli (and for that matter when, why and how Israel exists)? Do they search for calm, anecdotes to stress, balance, order, meaning, peace, love and purpose? Judaism addresses these areas of our lives.
Did they once attend religious school at a congregation and even celebrate becoming a bar or
Are there congregations where one can experience Judaism like this? There are. Are there study groups, trips, volunteer opportunities and cultural events that have this kind of Jewish vibe? There are.
If we ignore the Jewish life of adults and simultaneously try to get them to follow the patterns of their parents in joining congregations so that children can have a bar or bat mitzvah, that experiment is over. We can't infuse guilt or a sense of responsibility or obligation as the vehicle to promulgate Judaism to the next generation. People getting married aren't swayed by that. Instead, we need to ask these adults getting married to give Judaism a second chance for the sake of their own souls.


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Voyager Fanfics, Creations, and Favorite Videos
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July 19 2014, 06:31 AM
Fleet Admiral
Location: inside teacake
Re: Voyager Fanfics, Creations, and Favorite Videos
You copy the url of the youtube (and only youtube) video. Not the embed link, the actual url. Paste it and put these codes around it:
[ yt ] URL OF YOUTUBE [ / yt ]
I have put spaces in the yt codes, erase those so there are none. The spaces are there so it doesn't disappear when I post it.
You cannot edit your post after posting it with a video in it. If you try and edit it it will make the video disappear. You also cannot click "go advanced" and click "preview" before posting, this has the same effect as editing. If you want to add something or correct something just double post after your youtube post, everyone will understand as we are all under the whims of youtube.
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