text:
|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Número de solicitud
|Fecha de publicación
|17 Sep 1991
|Fecha de presentación
|13 Nov 1990
|Fecha de prioridad
|13 Nov 1990
|Número de publicación
|Hernan A. Castro
|Cesionario original
|Intel Corporation
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (9), Citada por (41), Clasificaciones (10), Eventos legales (5)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet
This invention relates to the field of electrically programmable read-only memories (EPROMs); particularly, to EPROMs which can be erased upon exposure to radiation.
Electrically programmable read-only memories (EPROMs) are well understood in the prior at. These memories typically comprise an array of individual EPROM cells which store information in the form of an electrical charge. An example of a cell for such memories is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,996,657. In many cases, these EPROM memories can be erased by exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Memory arrays which employ cells that are erasable upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,728,695 and 3,744,036.
It is widely recognized that employing redundant rows and columns is beneficial for replacing defective rows and columns of cells in prior art EPROM arrays. Most often, fusible silicon links are used to enable these redundant elements. When used in memory arrays which can be erased by ultraviolet radiation, the integrated circuit must include some means for protecting these redundant areas from radiation. In the past, this has been accomplished by shielding the redundant EPROM cells with a metal covering layer. An example of a radiation shield for an integrated circuit memory with redundant elements is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,519,050 (hereinafter the '050 patent), which is also assigned to the assignee of the present invention.
The radiation shield described in the '050 patent suffers from several drawbacks. To begin with, the '050 patent teaches the use of buried contacts in a single metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) fabrication process. These contacts are utilized for providing electrical contact between the n+drain diffusion regions and a polysilicon conductor. The polysilicon conductor spiral out of the EPROM cell underneath the overlying metal protective shield, and provide connection to extend circuits in the memory.
The fabrication sequence required to produce these buried contacts is complex and requires numerous processing steps. A further drawback of buried contacts is that they exhibit a high resistivity and are generally unreliable over the lifetime of the part. However, eliminating buried contacts still leaves the problem of making electrical connection between the drain region and the other devices within the EPROM memory. In a single metal layer process, it has proven difficult to provide a metallic radiation shield while at the same time providing metalized contacts to the underlying diffusion regions in the substrate.
One alternative to the use of buried contacts is to form an n-well region under the radiation shield to provide direct connection to the n+drain diffusion region via the substrate. However, this approach suffers from the fact that the n-well conductor is highly resistive, rendering this approach impractical. Therefore, what is needed is an improved radiation shield for electrically programmable read-only storage devices which obviates the need for buried contacs and which provides additional flexibility in the patterning of the interconnect lines.
The present invention covers an improved radiation shield structure for electrically programmable read-only memory cells. These cells are typically organized into an array wherein each of the cells is erasable upon exposure to radiation. It is often desirable to shield at least one of the EPROM cells from radiation for memory applications which employ redundant rows and columns of cells to replace defective devices.
The invention relies on a first shielding member which has first and second cover sections separated by a narrow slot. This shielding member preferably comprises a first layer of metal. Upstanding members are formed which extend from the first cover section to the substrate disposed around the EPROM cell. These upstanding members define a circuitous route through which radiation must traverse before reaching the active regions of the EPROM cell. It is important to note that except for the presence of the slot, the first and second cover sections substantially cover the entire EPROM cell.
A second shielding member is also included to cover the slot such that radiation incident upon the memory array only reaches an EPROM cell after travelling the circuitous route defined by the upstanding members. This route is usually designed to include numerous bends or angles to reflect and attenuate the radiation to the point where it is completely incapable of erasing the cell.
In the preferred embodiment, the upstanding members comprise metal which makes electrical contact with the underlying source region in the substrate. The drain region and control gate of the EPROM cell are coupled to polysilicon conductors which travel through the circuitous route before passing through an opening in the upstanding members. This opening allows them to make contact with other devices in the memory. Note that this opening is the only means by which light or other radiation may impinge upon the active regions of the EPROM cell.
The second shielding member preferably comprises a second metalization layer such as aluminum and also includes a continuous via section which extends from the covering second metal layer down to the first cover section of the first metalization layer. This occurs along the perimeter of the second metal covering layer, thereby sealing the slot from direct exposure to radiation.
The novel features belived characteristic of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself however, as well as other features and advantages thereof, will be best understood by reference to the description which follows, read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a topological layout of a prior art EPROM cell which utilized buried contacts and a single metal layer fabrication process.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional elevation view of the EPROM cell of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a topological layout of the presently preferred embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional elevation view of the EPROM cell of FIG. 3 taken through lines A--A.
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional elevation view of the EPROM cell of FIG. 3 taken through lines B--B.
FIG. 6 is another cross-sectional elevation view of the EPROM cell of FIG. 3 taken through lines C--C.
A radiation shield structure is described for an ultraviolet (UV) sensitive EPROM cell. The invention protects the electrically programmable read-only memory cell so as to prevent erasure of the cell upon exposure to radiation. The shield of the present invention may be fabricated on the same substrate as the electrically read-only memory cells which can be erased when exposed to radiation. Thus, the invention permits selective EPROM cells within the memory array to be effectively converted to programmable read-only memory (PROM) cells by shielding these selected cells from radiation. When shielding, these selected cells may be used to store the addresses of redundant elements for replacing defective rows and columns within the EPROM memory array.
FIG. 1 is representative of a prior art EPROM cell which includes a radiation shield to prevent erasure upon exposure to radiation. The EPROM cell comprises spaced-apart source and drain diffusion regions 14 and 17, respectively. A polysilicon floating gate member 19 is disposed above the substrate over the channel region. Floating gate 19 stores the electrical charge indicative of the informational contact of EPROM cell 10. Insulated and disposed above floating gate 19 is polysilicon control gate 12. N+drain region 17 is coupled to polysilicon conductor 13 through buried contact 16.
Notice that polysilicon conductors 12 and 13 follow a bending path as they exit from EPROM cell 10. This path is designed to effectively minimize the intensity of incident radiation reaching the drain and gate regions of EPROM cell 10. The radiation shield for cell 10 is made up of a single metal layer 11 which completely covers cell 10. Shielding metal layer extends down to the substrate at contact region 15 as shown in FIG. 1. Contact regions 15 define the bending path that conductors 12 and 13 must follow in order to reach the control gate and drain regions of EPROM cell 10. Incident radiation enters through opening 18 in the radiation shield and is attenuated as it travels through the winding pathway defined by contact regions 15.
As previously mentioned, the cell of FIG. 1 has certain drawbacks which stem from the use of buried contact 16 and a single metal conductor layer 11. Forming buried contacts involves very difficult and complex processing, and they do not always provide reliable electrical connection. Moreover, as was previously discussed, a single metal interconnect system limits the flexibility of the layout of the EPROM memory.
FIG. 2 illustrates a cross-sectional elevation view of the prior art cell of FIG. 1 taken along lines A--A. As can be seen, polysilicon conductors 12 and 13 are shown disposed above and insulated from substrate 20. These conductors are also insulated from metal layer 11. Normally, polysilicon conductos 12 and 13 are completely surrounded by an insulating layer of silicon dioxide. Opening 18 is formed by the space between conductors 12 and 13 and by the surrounding cavity defined by metal layer 11 and contact regions 15.
The problems associated with the prior art are overcome by the shielded EPROM cell of FIG. 3. FIG. 3 is a topological view of the presently preferred embodiment of the invention. In constrast to the cell of FIGS. 1 and 2, the EPROM cell of FIG. 3 includes a radiation shield comprising first and second metalization layers. The first metalization layer is divided into two sections: section 25 which covers most of the conductors leading into the EPROM cell, and section 39 which covers the active area of the cell and provides electrical connection to the drain diffusion region within the substrate. Metal regions 39 and 25 are separated by a slot 41. Preferably, slot 41 is made equal to the minimum metal-to-metal spacing for the first metalization layer (e.g., metal 1). It is appreciated that although section 39 is shown to be rectangular in shape, practically it may assume a great variety of shapes (e.g., circular, square, etc).
First metal layer section 39 contacts the underlying drain diffusion region 36 through metal-to-substrate contact 38. Contact 38 extends downward from section 39 to the substrate. First metal layer section 39 is connected at the other end to polysilicon conductor 28 through metal-to-polysilicon contact 32.
Control gate 43 overlies the channel separating drain region 36 from source region 27. Sandwiched between control gate 43 and the channel is floating gate 44. Floating gate 44 is completely surrounded by an insulative layer which separates it from the underlying substrate and overlying control gate 43. Both the floating gate 44 and control gate 43 normally comprise polysilicon. Control gate 43 is connected to polysilicon conductor 29 which--along with polysilicon conductor 28--enter the EPROM cell through opening 30. From there, both conductor 28 and 29 travel a circuitous route before reaching the drain and control regions of the EPROM cell. This circuitous route is defined by source region 27 and upstanding members 31.
As can be seen, the first metalization layer section 25 covers virtually all of the EPROM cell except for those areas occupied by slot 41 and first metal layer section 39. First metal layer section 25 also extends downward to contact source region 27 via upstanding members 31. Members 31 simply comprise metal-to-substrate contacts extending from the first metalization layer down to the substrate. In this way, metal layer section 25, together with upstanding members 31 define a sort of tunnel or circuitous path leading to the active of the EPROM cell. The entrance to this tunnel is shown by opening 30. Opening 30 allows access to the cell through conductors 28 and 29.
At the other end of the defined tunnel light is prevented from entering through slot 41 by means of second metalization layer 26. Layer 26 effectively seals off slot 41 and first metalization layer section 39 from any radiation that may impinge upon the EPROM memory. Note that second metalization layer 26 is shown in FIG. 3 by dashes lines. Along the perimeter of layer 26 lies a metal-to-metal via contact 42. Via contact 42 extends downward from second metal layer 26 to first metal layer section 25. Thus, second metal layer 26 and via 42 seals off the active regions of the EPROM cell from any radiation which might penetrate through slot 41.
It is appreciated that the EPROM cell and radiation shield of FIG. 3 are integrally formed as part of a single device which is normally fabricated as part of a two cell device structure. The second cell is represented (not shown in FIG. 3) by a mirrored image of the cell shown in FIG. 3 taken along lines D--D. In other words, two cells typically share a common source region 27 while shielding members 26 and 25 normally extend to protect both cells from incident radiation.
The protective properties of the shield of the present invention can be best understood by viewing FIG. 3 in conjunction with FIGS. 4-6. Radiation travels in a straight line and, except as it is reflected, it will not traverse sharp bends, corners or angles. Therefore, the presence of the radiation shield means that ultraviolet light can only enter in through opening 30. To reach the active portions of the EPROM cell, this radiation must be reflected around seven 90° corners. The number of reflections and the distance transversed by the radiation are selected so as to insure that the energy of the radiation is adequately attenuated such that charge residing on floating gate 44 is not removed.
Obviously, other circuitous paths are also possible--some having fewere right angle bends, some having more. In some circumstances, the circuitous path may assume a non-orthogonal route, or even a circular or curvilinear route. In basic terms, all that is required is that the path provide enough reflections over a sufficiently long distance so as to attenuate the energy of the incident radiation to a level where it is no longer capable of erasing the EPROM cell. In this respect, an ordinary practitioner in the art will discover numerous possible alternative embodiments.
With reference to FIG. 4, a cross-sectional view of the shielded EPROM cell of FIG. 3 is shown along cut lines A--A. As can be clearly seen, within substrate 50 are formed source regions 27 and drain region 36. First metalization layer section 39 is shown including metal-to-substrate contact 38, which provides electrical connection down to drain region 36. Metal section 39 is separated from first metalization layer section 25 on either side by slot 41. Similarly, metal sections 25 are shown coupled to source regions 27 through contacts 31.
Normally the surface of substrate 50 is covered with an insulated layer (e.g., silicon dioxide) prior to deposition of the first metalization layer. This means that contact opening must be etched through this insulative layer to expose electrical connection areas in the underlying substrate. For instance, in certain processes a barrier metal layer such as titanium or tungsten is first deposited in these contact openings to provide a reliable electrical contact to the underlying silicon layer.
Next, a metal is deposited uniformly over the surface of the substrate. This metal layer is then patterned to form the first metalization interconnects. Typically, aluminum or aluminum alloy is employed. By way of example, slot 41 is formed utilizing standard photolithographic techniques during the patterning of the first metalization layer which comprises sections 25 and 39. Contact openings in the dielectric layer separating the first metalization layer from the substrate produce contacts 31 and 38. Note that contacts 31 comprise the uprising members which help to confine and reflect the incident radiation as it travels from opening 30 to the active region of the EPROM cell.
After the first metalization layer has been formed, a dielectric layer is deposited, via openings are defined and a second metalization layer is deposited. The second metalization layer is then patterned to produce metal layer 26 and via 42 as shown in FIG. 4. Via 42 extends downward from second metalization layer 26 to first metalization layer section 25. Notice that metal layer 26 completely covers first metalization layer section 39 and slot 41. Via 42 also extends completely around the periphery of metal layer 26. In this manner, the combination of via 42 and metal layer 26 acts to completely seal off the active region of the EPROM cell so that radiation cannot penetrate through slot 41.
FIG. 5 illustrates a cross-sectional elevation view of the shielded EPROM cell of FIG. 3 taken from cut view B--B. Basically, the view of FIG. 5 illustrates how radiation may enter the EPROM cell through opening 30 between polysilicon conductors 29 and 28. Opening 30 is filled with an insulative material, preferably silicon dioxide. However, other insulators may also be used. For instance, it may be desirable in certain embodiments to choose an insulator which absorbs radiation of a particular wavelength used during erasing (e.g., ultraviolet light).
Futhermore, the amount of radiation which penetrates through opening 30 can be minimized by minimizing the total width of the opening, within design rule constraints, of course. Note also that by connecting source regions 27 to the first metalization layer section 25, the source regions can easily be connected to other circuitry or grounded without the need for bringing another conductor out through opening 30.
FIG. 6 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the shielded EPROM cell of FIG. 3 taken along lines C--C. In this view it is evident that first metalization layer section layer 39 is connected to polysilicon conductor 28 through contact region 32. Practitioners in the art will appreciate that it is much easier to make a metal-to-polysilicon contact instead of a polysilicon-to-substrate buried contact, as was common in the prior art. Utilizing a metal-to-poly and metal-to-substrate combination in the present invention also results in a more reliable contact structure. Moreover, having two metalization layers available also provides an added degree of flexibility in the layout of the memory circuit.
Many variations on the preferred embodiment can be realized depending on the intensity of radiation which the EPROM cell can withstand before being erased. For example, additional right angle bends could be added to the circuitous route of the shielding structure so that radiation would have to undergo additional attenuating reflections before reaching the EPROM cell. It may also be possible in certain cases to utilize conductors other than metal which are sufficiently opaque to radiation to act as a shielding member. Thus, it would be obvious to one having ordinary skill in the art the numerous other modifications and departures may be made in the layout of the shielding structure depending on the degree of protection required, the number of cells to be shielded, and other similar factors.
Thus, an improved radiation shield for EPROM cells has been described.
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|17 Abr 1973
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|17 May 2005
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|14 May 2003
|24 May 2005
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|23 Mar 2005
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|24 Abr 2002
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|Hrl Laboratories, Llc
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|19 Abr 2004
|15 May 2007
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|10 Jul 2007
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|24 Ene 2001
|13 Nov 2007
|Hrl Laboratories, Llc
|Integrated circuits protected against reverse engineering and method for fabricating the same using an apparent metal contact line terminating on field oxide
|18 Ago 2005
|18 Mar 2008
|Hrl Laboratories, Llc
|Use of silicon block process step to camouflage a false transistor
|12 Dic 2003
|7 Abr 2009
|Hrl Laboratories Llc
|Integrated circuit modification using well implants
|22 Feb 2007
|2 Jun 2009
|Hrl Laboratories, Llc
|Covert transformation of transistor properties as a circuit protection method
|14 Mar 2006
|15 Feb 2011
|Hrl Laboratories, Llc
|Conductive channel pseudo block process and circuit to inhibit reverse engineering
|29 May 2007
|3 May 2011
|Hrl Laboratories, Llc
|Symmetric non-intrusive and covert technique to render a transistor permanently non-operable
|3 Dic 2010
|1 Nov 2011
|Hrl Laboratories, Llc
|Symmetric non-intrusive and covert technique to render a transistor permanently non-operable
|13 Sep 2007
|1 May 2012
|Hrl Laboratories, Llc
|Programmable connection and isolation of active regions in an integrated circuit using ambiguous features to confuse a reverse engineer
|4 Sep 2012
|Hrl Laboratories, Llc
|Conductive channel pseudo block process and circuit to inhibit reverse engineering
|6 Mar 2009
|3 Sep 2013
|Hrl Laboratories, Llc
|Integrated circuit modification using well implants
|16 Mar 2012
|22 Oct 2013
|Hrl Laboratories, Llc
|Programmable connection and isolation of active regions in an integrated circuit using ambiguous features to confuse a reverse engineer
|31 Oct 2007
|25 Mar 2014
|Hrl Laboratories, Llc
|Use of silicide block process to camouflage a false transistor
|7 Ago 2003
|27 May 2004
|Hrl Laboratories, Llc.
|Use of silicon block process step to camouflage a false transistor
|26 Feb 2004
|26 Ago 2004
|Hrl Laboratories, Llc
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|23 Mar 2005
|28 Jul 2005
|Hrl Laboratories, Llc
|Integrated circuit with reverse engineering protection
|14 Mar 2006
|20 Jul 2006
|Hrl Laboratories, Llc
|Conductive channel pseudo block process and circuit to inhibit reverse engineering
|Clasificación de EE.UU.
|365/185.04, 257/659, 365/114, 365/104, 365/218
|Clasificación internacional
|Clasificación cooperativa
|Clasificación europea
|13 Nov 1990
Owner name: INTEL CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:CASTRO, HERNAN A.;REEL/FRAME:005510/0401
Effective date: 19901112
|18 Ene 1994
|Certificate of correction
|3 Mar 1995
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|16 Mar 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|14 Mar 2003
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


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Has anyone had a problem when trying to open the charge port? When I depress the button on the charging cable near the charge port, I can hear a clicking sound but the charge port won't open. I have to lightly push my finger against the back edge of the charge port door while pushing the charging cable button. We've had this issue ever since we bought the car, but it didn't seem a big enough problem to bother with it. If you had this problem, was Tesla able to fix it or were you able to fix it yourself?
Service can adjust the port cover - it is held closed by a magnet and on some cars there is there is too little clearance and it sticks. Mine had exactly the same problem. Now is OK 95% of the time.
I had a slightly different issue with the same symptoms. Mine was diagnosed as a bad mobile charging cord.
One of the techs showed me a trick. The port can be opened with a "karate chop" to the rear of the port. Done correctly, it opens the port easily. Of course open is not the same as unlocked, and you may still need to do that from inside the car. But it's a cool trick.
Mine has the same issue. Open door from inside, take it to service. It some times sticks. Not a biggie.
I had this problem; happened only occasionally, but started happening a bit more frequently. They found nothing wrong, but greased it up in case it was just sticking. It happens a lot less, but still once in a long while. (Occasionally it just takes a second to open.) If it started happening more often again, I'll bring it in, but their "fix" (which I was skeptical of) did help.
Anyway, as others say, yeah, call service and ask them to check it out.
I've had the problem twice in nine months. Both times I used the control panel to open the charge port. Returned to normal after that.
I had this problem when the weather was very hot. An hour of sitting in the garage cured the problem. Service adjusted the magnet on the port door. I have not had the problem since the repair. In my case I think it was a thermal problem, the magnet expanded when the weather was very hot.
I had this problem, the chargeport won't open from the touchscreen. Never had a problem with the UMC. Took it for a service, they did a minor adjustment and never had any issues after that.
I agree that you should notify Owners Experience and Service so that they can invesitgate the cause. That way they can nip the issue in the bud.
A ranger came to our house to fix this problem. To my surprise, they are changing out the whole charge port, even though the karate chop would open it.
Mine is sticking about once a week, although I've only had the car for two weeks. I been able to get it open eventually but it was a little concerning. Is there a manual release in the trunk? I couldn't find one
Owned S for 19 months-love it. The "click no open" problem was occasional at first, but has become a major nuisance this month. This week it wouldn't open despite 2 days of attempts by spousie and me. The old trick of opening from screen inside the car didn't work either. Resumed working a couple days later before the charge ran out completely. Related problem: after charging, port cover springs back open half the time. After taking my wonderful S for granted it suddenly dawned on me that I cant use the car without charging :-). A huge anxiety now. Costa Mesa service "cant recreate the problem" and wont say if this has been reported by others or if they know how to fix/replace. Yikes--mourning my Perfect Car. ANd disappointed in the service response so far...still hopeful they will find root cause and fix.
Next time this happens to you, record it on your phone camera and show to the service center, maybe they'll take it more serious and do what hey have to do to fix this issue.
I think I heard of a manual way to pop it open by tapping the port door with the heel of your hand behind the hinge, and of another method of popping it open manually. I haven't needed to do it because mine has worked perfectly since day one.
Maybe someone who has done it can chime in and describe the method more clearly.
Put some silicone or Vaseline on it.
I hear that silicone was a solution too.
Maybe there was excess adhesive as well.
Light-medium karate chop just left of the hinge!
Happens to me about one third to one half the time. The karate chop method then always works. I will bring it up during annual service. I live rather far from a service center. Nearest one is in Toronto (I'm in Buffalo). My US one is in MT. Kisco.
I had the same problem and took it to the SC. They took care of it. Heat expands the plastic and the door catches on the side. Minor adjustment.
update: Thanks for the ideas, but service center replaced the charge port. Problem appears to be solved.
Tonight mine wouldn't open. it was frozen shut. A short time in a warm garage and it opened slightly, where I could pull it open and was able to clear out the ice.
Mine did that too during the first significant winter freeze last week. I tried opening it a few times, closed the garage (not heated, but attached and a little warmer) and went inside to put my stuff away, went back out after a few minutes and it opened fine. No ice was visible in or around the charge port.
When mine freezes I just do the modified karate chop timed with the solenoid.
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27 Medicinal Plants Worth Your Garden Space
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Bam, dinner's ready....
Looking for ways to ramp up your gym routine? Use a stability ball to improve strength and balance for the lower body, upper body, and core.
Legs and abs mini-circuit
Oh how I love sesame chicken, let me count the ways. It makes me feel like a little kid again everytime I eat it. It's not very spicy, it's a little sweet, and there's those little sauce drenched chicken nuggets. What could be better? Oh yeah, don't ...
We're more concerned than ever with maximizing our workout efforts and getting the fastest results. Effective workouts demand complete nutrition, and these simple guidelines will help make the right choices to refuel the body.
Are you like most computer who prefer staying indoors and eating chocolate to getting out and exercising? Do you feel the need to exercise but cannot find the
https://twitter.com/XplodingUnicorn/status/413775948916342785 https://twitter.com/XplodingUnicorn/status/413798595926581248 https://twitter.com/XplodingUnicorn/status/413700449917599744 https://twi...
I don't know about you, but when I'm craving something healthy, that's lower in fat and calories than my typical fare, I tend to think of a veggie stir fry
Amazing Recipes. Delicious Food. Beautiful Photography. Created and rated by you and fellow food-lovers from all over the world. Nibbledish is your gastronomic hub where every visit will bring inspiration and a rumbling belly...
Healthy soups, a mainstay of the health-conscious diet, need never be boring. You'll find flavors from around the world in our selection of top 10 diet soups as well as interesting ingredient combinations.
Life is busy around my house. Even though I have young kids, we are working on potty training, sharing, walking and just staying safe :) Toddlers are such a crazy and fun age!
…one plate at a time.
Total bodyweight workout plan. 16 Minutes, 3 times a week for 12 weeks.
recipes online for anyone who loves cooking, including our index for cooking for 2 recipes.
Lose 10 pounds in a month
chicken, chicken recipe, easy chicken recipes, easy recipes, recipes for college students, chicken pot pie, chicken and rice, chicken and rice dishes
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Stay on the healthy track with these 31 enjoyable low-calorie snacks.
Okay, I am going to have to try these! I never even knew skinny and mashed potatoes could be in the same sentence but I think I like it.
Too crunched for time to cook? No such thing when there's a slow cooker in the house! Try one of these 77 recipes that minimize time spent in the kitchen and maximize flavor and healthy ingredients.
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15 Basic Stir Fry Sauce Recipes | Food and Whine is my online recipe box; a collection of my favourite, tried and true recipes, along with new recipe finds .
2-minute mug chocolate chip cookie for one
I found these helpful charts last week and just had to share! Both of these beauties are from Chasing Delicious (aka one of the most fab foodie blogs out there)! Aren't they faaaaabulous?! Buy them here. (Note: There are lots
feed your eyes
View Marthastewart's Grilled Cheese for Grown-Ups collection Also get more food and cooking how-to's, step-by-step instructions, tutorials, and videos from MarthaStewart.com.
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here, with a weekend project that's perfect for all of you who are gearing up for lots of holiday cooking. Remember two weeks ago when I on which hanging herb garden you liked best? Well, your votes weighed heavily in favor of option #1… so, using...
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The chief task of the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy is to develop a coordinated and coherent energy policy. It is an overriding goal to ensure high value creation through the efficient and environmentally-friendly management of the country's energy resources.
Click "More on Energy" to find news articles, press releases and other articles related to this topic.
The Government's carbon capture and storage strategy
The Government's carbon capture and storage (CCS) ambitions are formulated against the backdrop of the dual challenge of the need for mitigating climate change and increasing global demand for energy.
The service and supply industry
Norway has a highly skilled and internationally competitive petroleum related service and supply industry, developed over more than 40 years of petroleum activities in Norway. This is a result of a deliberate policy.
Gas exports from the Norwegian shelf
Norway is the third largest gas exporter in the world. Nearly all Norwegian gas is sold on the European market. A well-developed and efficient gas infrastructure and short transport distances make Norwegian gas competitive in the European market.
Related topics
An industry for the future – report to the Storting on Norway's petroleum policy
The white paper - Report to the Storting 28 (2010-2011) is translated into english
Launch of a new oil app
The app provides key figures, maps, facts and news updates. It also features an analysis function and an energy calculator.
NorskPetroleum.no replaces Fact sheet
Up until 2014, the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy and the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate published a booklet containing factual information about the Norwegian petroleum activities. While the paper edition is now history, up-to-date content will now be available in a new and improved format at NorskPetroleum.no.
Facts 2013 - Energy and water resources in Norway
The objective of this Fact Sheet is to provide a comprehensive presentation of generation, transmission and consumption of energy in Norway.
Click "Find document" to search for all documents on government.no related to this topic.
Ministry of Petroleum and Energy
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Phone: + 47 22 24 90 90
Address: Akersgata 59, 0033 Oslo, Postboks 8148 Dep, 0033 Oslo


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New Walks Guide to Welsh Reservoirsby Dan Bailey - UKHillwalking.com Nov/2012
This news story has been read 2,128 times
A new free guide to walks around several Welsh reservoirs has been launched this week, supported by UKHillwalking.
In case you didn't know, UKH is the sister site to UKClimbing and has an extensive Route Cards section where users can access a growing list of walks, runs and cycling routes from across the UK as well as logging, mapping and viewing graphs of their own days out. Nb. The Welsh reservoirs walks aren't included.
A Walkers' Guide to the Reservoirs of Wales, which has been written and designed by a team of graduates from Dwr Cymru Welsh Water taking part in The Prince's Trust Million Maker's Challenge, covers five major reservoirs in diverse locations across the country: In the north Llyn Brenig and Anglesey's Llyn Alaw; the wild Elan Valley of Mid Wales; Llys-y-Fran in the southwest and Pontsticill in the Brecon Beacons.
For every reservoir there is a description of one or more walking routes, with easy-to-follow text route descriptions, nice clear mapping and attractive photos. Also included is info on getting there, facilities at the site, wildlife and any activities on offer (fishing, sailing, kayaking etc).
'The five reservoirs covered in the guide offer endless possibilities for pleasurable indulgence' says Richard Jones, a Graduate Trainee with Dwr Cymru Welsh Water.
'They are set in wild, dramatic and beautiful landscapes and whether looked down on from mountain tops, admired from lapping lakesides, or viewed from the cockpit of a kayak they offer the perfect setting for a great day out. There are some excellent walking and cycling trails around the reservoirs and the surrounding areas with fantastic wildlife and good facilities. Each reservoir has its own character; some impressive in their size, some beautiful in their serenity, some remote with thriving wildlife. No matter what you enjoy, you can find plenty to do!'
For now the guide is only available in English, and can be viewed online or downloaded as a PDF file. A Welsh language translation is in the pipeline. The guide is free, though the website allows you to make a donation to the Prince's Trust if you wish.
The annual British Lead and Speed Championships and the final round of the BMC/MCofS Junior Lead Cup and the IFSC... Read more
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The Telegraph Outdoor Show will be taking place later this week. As well as the SuperBloc (reported here... Read more


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". . . we believe it soon will be too late to save [wild-fowl] in numbers sufficient to be of any real importance for recreation in the future."
John Phillips and Frederick Lincoln, 1930,
From "American Waterfowl: Their Present Situation and Outlook for the Future"
"Omigosh! Duck populations are how much lower than last year? How could this have happened!? Who's to blame for this? We've got to fix this, and right now, before it's too late!"
"Everyman," 1930s, 1960s and 1980s, from all over America
If the 2002 prairie drought continues, and if the passions displayed over the past 100 years are any indication, we may be facing "déjà vu all over again." As we attempt to manage ducks in reaction to the undeniable natural forces of drought, we should adopt an attitude of determination to channel our passions for waterfowl into the most beneficial actions.
To get ready for what the next dry cycle could have in store for ducks, we can benefit from a little historical review. A duck population cycle can take many years to play out. Thus, some historical perspective can provide more understanding than any of us can achieve with only our personal experiences as hunters or waterfowl managers. That perspective includes data concerning numbers of ducks, ponds, and hunters. But, it also includes the passions of those who have preceded us in sharing a love of waterfowling.
". . . [The mallard] is still found in great abundance, but according to experienced gunners is decreasing yearly in numbers."
Arthur Howell, 1911, from "Birds of Arkansas"
". . . the ducks are still fairly abundant."
W.J. Baerg, 1931, from "Birds of Arkansas"
"At present the duck population is far below that of 20 years ago."
W.J. Baerg, 1951, from "Birds of Arkansas"
"Arkansas sets record duck and mallard harvests during the 1999 season."
Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, July 2000
The first three quotes illustrate the feeling that "things just keep getting worse," a sense that reappears with every duck population downturn. That may have been a reasonable generalization for the first half of the 20th century. However, the latter quote counters that the last half of the century saw some good times for ducks. In the face of ongoing habitat loss, how can this be?
Taking a look at history
In the mid-1800s, settlement first scratched the surface of the expansive landscape of prairie grasslands and potholes that fledge so many of North America's ducks. Populations of most species were as high as anyone would ever see. But things changed quickly.
With duck numbers apparently declining rapidly during the late 19th century, concern for the resource motivated actions that ushered in the modern era of conservation in the early decades of the 20th century. Although populations rose during the early years of the 1900s, 1915 brought dry conditions to the prairies. By the 1920s, populations were declining again, and with the early 1930s came the depths of the Dust Bowl. Those years may have seen the lowest duck populations in history.
The drought finally broke in 1935, and duck populations rebounded. But, dry periods continued to come and go, as they always have and always will. Generally correlating with water conditions on the prairies, duck populations were down in the late 1940s, hit record highs in the late 1950s, sank to lows in the early to mid-1960s, and experienced largely good years in the 1970s. More recently, many of us remember the very long, steady decline of the 1980s, and enjoyed the 1990s rebound to levels comparable to those of the 1950s.
Precipitation, however, is only part of the habitat equation driving duck populations. During the 20th century, man made dramatic, long-term changes to the canvas of the prairie parkland landscape on which the natural wet-dry cycles paint the habitat picture.
Between 1901 and the mid-1950s, prairie Canada farmland grew from 5 million to 101 million acres. The same thing happened on the U.S. prairies just sooner, more quickly, and more completely.
Although at a slower rate, habitat loss continued through the 20th century. Pothole basins were also affected. In the late 1800s, there were 9-10 million potholes in Canada's prairie parklands. Forty- eight percent were lost or impacted by 1930, and nearly 70 percent by 1964.
In the face of these tremendous habitat changes, some wonder "how is it that ducks are not worse off than they are?" After all, the late 1990s brought us total duck populations similar to the 1950s and some record harvests.
We need to look at individual species to get a more complete picture. Mallards, gadwalls, and most other prairie species did indeed reach or exceed their population peaks of the 1950s. However, changes in their habitats prevented pintails and scaup from recovering to former levels. These species are going to need more focused attention in coming years.
Prairie ducks have had 10,000 years and hundreds of droughts since the last ice age to adapt to their highly dynamic habitats.
To illustrate that variability, a study area in Saskatchewan that supported only one breeding pair for every three square miles in the dry spring of 1959 held breeding duck numbers 220 times higher in the wet spring of 1965. Between 1959 and 1961, 5.5 to 7 million mallards were without a suitable place to nest on the drought-stricken prairies.
What happens to those millions of birds?
Well, to put it simply, a primary adaptation to prairie drought is to just "keep on flyin" north to the western boreal forest and beyond to the arctic river deltas.
So, if the birds are still alive but just farther north, why do populations go down so much?
The answer is that many of the drought-displaced birds fail to breed in those northern areas. Those that do attempt to nest produce far less, on the average, than when they nest on the fertile prairies.
During wet years, the ducks land on the prairies, go forth and produce. Most species have demonstrated they can still be explosively productive when the water and grasslands are present on the prairies together.
For example, the mid-continent mallard population went from 6.6 to 9.3 million between 1993 and 1995 (+42 percent), and increased further to 11.8 million (+79 percent) by 1999. However, when the prairies cannot sustain the large populations built during the boom years, populations decrease to a level sustainable by the remaining habitats. When the rains return to the prairies, the cycle begins anew.
The necessity of drought
Drought is a necessary evil.
Without periodic drying, pothole productivity declines dramatically, and the ability of the landscape to produce ducks declines with it, even when it is wet.
Drought is one aspect of nature we can't control. So, let's accept that it may be happening again and ask ourselves: What we can do to help get waterfowl through leaner times?
"Many hunters came home with empty bags. Others were more fortunate. The season was disastrous enough, however, to convince the true sportsmen among the duck hunters that something was seriously amiss."
Nature magazine, April 1935, from "A Closed Season: Now or Forever"
It can be difficult to accept that there is nothing we can do to prevent populations from declining during drought.
Literature of the past century is filled with impassioned pleas for something to be done now to "save" waterfowl whenever duck numbers declined. These passions led to the formation of Ducks Unlimited in 1937.
Unfortunately, too much of the passion generated by each 20th century drought has lacked focus. Blaming fingers were first pointed in every direction, and much energy was wasted assigning fault. Then the search would begin for the silver bullet with which to reverse the continental duck population decline.
Material from Ducks Unlimited.
Visit the web site at www.ducksunlimited.org


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Prepare yourselves for a Star-Spangled Extravaganza as the Cookeville Community Band presents their concert on Friday, July 3, at 8 p.m. in the Dogwood Park Performance Pavilion.
The band will present music of America – Broadway showstoppers from George Cohan and Irving Berlin to the moving tribute "Hymn to the Fallen" from John Williams' "Saving Private Ryan." You will hear stirring marches, patriotic medleys, and even cannons, if you use your imagination, on the Finale section of Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture.
Tap your toes and clap your hands to the music of the Community Band as they play our national march, "The Stars and Stripes Forever," by John Philip Sousa!
All performances in the Cookeville Community Band Summer Concert Series are held in the Dogwood Park Performance Pavilion. The concerts are free of charge and open to the public. Audience members are encouraged to bring a chair and picnic basket and enjoy an evening in the park.
The Cookeville Community Band is comprised of musicians from the entire Upper Cumberland area. The members come from every walk of life and every age, from high school students to senior adults—people who love playing their instruments and taking part in the great American concert band tradition.
For information about the band and its upcoming or past concerts, visit CookevilleCommunityBand.org. Follow the band on Facebook at facebook.com/CookevilleCommunityBand and on Twitter @Cookeville_Band.
Anyone interested in joining the band should complete and submit the Cookeville Community Band Commitment Form.
The Cookeville Community Band would like to thank its faithful followers and concert attendees as well as those who support the band!
If the decision is made to cancel an outdoor concert in the Summer Concert Series for weather-related concerns or another reason as deemed necessary by the Cookeville Community Band leadership, the concert will be rescheduled for the following Monday evening, unless another event is already scheduled at the Dogwood Park Performance Pavilion for that date.
Announcements will be made prior to a canceled concert on this web site and the Band's social media outlets (currently, Facebook and Twitter).


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Top 8 CMS for Photographers
A photography website is all about the pictures. If you are creating a website for your photography business, you need a CMS that lets you make huge galleries and amp up your graphics potential. Your CMS should make it incredibly easy to upload photos and prominently display them. We've done a roundup of the best photography websites in 2013, and listed them for you. If you're a hobby photographer or know a photographer who is wanting to break into the business, a killer website is the way to start. Here are the top 8 CMS for Photographers that will help you do just that.
Your complete portfolio and online client proofing website is ready as soon as you open an account. There is no coding necessary to create a beautiful website with plenty of design options and customizations in just a few clicks. Impress your friends and clients with your gorgeous, professional website. The homepage is the first page your viewers see, so make it unforgettable with professionally designed layouts. Include a navigation menu, welcome message, your logo, photo thumbnails or music to make your website personal. Everything is customizable, so you can create a website just as unique as your photography.
SmugMug is one of our favorites here at CMS Critic given that it's entirely developed by photographers for photographers. It's an amazingly good platform that I highly recommend taking a look at and trying.
Here's a quick video showcasing the platform:
Interested? Check out a free trial.
Weebly is a great option if you are looking for a way to showcase your work. Check out our if you want to learn more about it. Not only does it let you design beautiful sites with no code required, it's easy to use and elegant. We think it's a great option and highly recommend you check it out. Here is an example of a beautiful photography website built on Weebly:
WordPress, the world's most widely-used CMS, is also a top choice for photographers. It's easy to build an impressive photography site that requires just a bit of web savvy. Right out of the box, it's easy to add galleries into a WordPress site, but it works best when paired with plugins and the right template. As far as photo plugins go, you might have a hard time paring down the list of thousands to one that works for you.
If you choose to go with WordPress or something similar and need a great web host, I recommend Bluehost whom I've personally used for projects such as this. They offer great support at an affordable price. Click here to sign up for a discounted rate of only $4.95 per month.
We suggest that you check out the following plugins and/or themes:
Themeforest sells over 180 beautiful photography themes for WordPress: Check them out.
NextGEN Gallery (plugin)
Photocrati (theme)
Enigma (theme)
Wix is a popular CMS that provides a wide selection of slick themes, many of them customized for photography. It has proven to be a popular choice for many photographers, both professional and beginners. With integrated hosting, mobile-ready sites, low cost, and an easy drag-and-drop editor, Wix is a great entry point for photographers to instantly make a splash.
Another photo-specific CMS is PhotoShelter, a wildly popular website creator. It has a cult following of photographers, with good reason. There are ten templates with layout options for each template. Each template delivers a stunning photo-centric appearance. Some of the icing on the PhotoShelter cake is unique features like automatic fulfillment from printers (only two printers available) and their powerful ecommerce tools. If you're looking for a site with strong conversion funnel for photo sales, PhotoShelter is the way to go. (Ducati not included.)
Every photographer needs a portfolio. Format is focused on delivering high-quality photography portfolios. These are portfolios that go way beyond the average, allowing for endless customization and more options than you could possibly exhaust in a lifetime of photography. Many of the themes are dynamic, and all of them feature vivid photo prominence. The editor side of Format is a blissfully easy drag-and-drop experience. For its pro-level service, the prices aren't too bad, either ($6.99 - 24.99/mo).
Koken is cool. We thought so when we scoped it out last year. Part of what makes a photo-CMS helpful is online image management. There's no shortage of online storage platforms, but a storage site + CMS designed for photographers is especially handy. Koken's desktop-like interface makes it easy to upload and manage both images and videos. The CMS also allows you to add content from Flickr, Instagram, Vimeo, SoundCloud, and Twitter. Koken also has a publish services plugin for Lightroom. Koken works best for the serious photographer who isn't afraid of technology. You can even customize your own CSS. As it is by itself, Koken is a strong contender for gaining the loyal clientele of the most demanding photographers, designers, and other creatives. *Update, Koken is now for sale so you may wish to avoid this one until a buyer is found.
The ultimate qualification for a top-notch photographer is the photography itself, not the website. Still, in today's world, you've got to have a quality website. These photography CMSs are the way to get you the website you need.
Don't forget that when you go to set up your website, you'll need a reliable web hosting company. We recommend Bluehost. They are currently offering great discounts to our readers, so be sure to take advantage of the offer before it expires. Click here to get cheap, reliable hosting from Bluehost.
Updated July, 2015
Tags: photography 1 photographers 1 photo cms 1
Daniel Threlfall Author
By Daniel Threlfall - Since it's hard to make a living drinking coffee, I instead write about tech. And I drink coffee. I'm concentrated in web design, good CMSs, SEO, bad CMSs, social media. And I drink a lot of coffee. No cream, no sugar. You can find Daniel on Google+, and Twitter.


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Stay focused on your path
The paddler sets out on his quest, unencumbered by baggage or even excess clothing. He is focused on his goal, in- tent, looking neither to the left nor right. The phrase "paddle your own canoe" indicates self-determination and self-reliance. He brings his strength, will and courage to the task at hand. A boat often symbolizes transition from the material world to the spirit world. Here the paddler makes his way in the world while exploring spiritual depths. His task is to live his life with meaning — to infuse everyday life with his soul purpose.
His paddle is his magic wand, his tattoos his armor. His companions on the journey are Eagle and Salmon, each bringing their own gifts — swiftness, power and keen sight from Eagle, wisdom of the deep from Salmon. The black- and-white Orcas bring their own powerful magic, the balance of playfulness and fierceness. No doubt they will both challenge and guide him.


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Insulting Michelle Obama Totally Fine, Insulting Ann Romney Totally Out of Bounds
Breaking! Mitt Romney changed his mind about something! Remember earlier this year, when a liberal commentator made that remark about Ann Romney being a stay at millionaire's wife who hadn't worked a day in her life? And remember how everyone leapt to defend Mrs. Romney because, to be fair, having five kids is kind… »