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MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY, Sept. 2004, p. 7931–7940
Vol. 24, No. 18
Nuclear Receptors CAR and PXR Cross Talk with FOXO1 To
Regulate Genes That Encode Drug-Metabolizing
and Gluconeogenic Enzymes
Susumu Kodama, Chika Koike, Masahiko Negishi,* and Yukio Yamamoto
Pharmacogenetics Section, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of
Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Received 23 February 2004/Returned for modification 18 March 2004/Accepted 16 June 2004
The nuclear receptors CAR and PXR activate hepatic genes in response to therapeutic drugs and xenobi-
otics, leading to the induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as cytochrome P450. Insulin inhibits the
ability of FOXO1 to express genes encoding gluconeogenic enzymes. Induction by drugs is known to be
decreased by insulin, whereas gluconeogenic activity is often repressed by treatment with certain drugs, such
as phenobarbital (PB). Performing cell-based transfection assays with drug-responsive and insulin-responsive
enhancers, glutathione S-transferase pull down, RNA interference (RNAi), and mouse primary hepatocytes, we
examined the molecular mechanism by which nuclear receptors and FOXO1 could coordinately regulate both
enzyme pathways. FOXO1 was found to be a coactivator to CAR- and PXR-mediated transcription. In contrast,
CAR and PXR, acting as corepressors, downregulated FOXO1-mediated transcription in the presence of their
activators, such as 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene (TCPOBOP) and pregnenolone 16?-carboni-
trile, respectively. A constitutively active mutant of the insulin-responsive protein kinase Akt, but not the
kinase-negative mutant, effectively blocked FOXO1 activity in cell-based assays. Thus, insulin could repress the
receptors by activating the Akt-FOXO1 signal, whereas drugs could interfere with FOXO1-mediated tran-
scription by activating CAR and/or PXR. Treatment with TCPOBOP or PB decreased the levels of phos-
phoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 mRNA in mice but not in Car?/?mice. We conclude that FOXO1 and the
nuclear receptors reciprocally coregulate their target genes, modulating both drug metabolism and
Liver plays a major role in the metabolism of therapeutic
drugs and environmental contaminants. It is endowed with a
mechanism to induce hepatic enzymes, leading to increased
detoxification and elimination of those xenobiotics. Drug in-
duction is generally regulated by transcriptional activation of
hepatic genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as
cytochrome P450s (CYPs) and specific transferases. Acting as
the principal transcription factors which also form complexes
with RXR, the nuclear receptors CAR and PXR play a central
role in induction by binding to the phenobarbital (PB)- and
xenobiotic-responsive enhancer modules PBREM and XREM
(5, 6, 11, 12, 18, 46, 53), respectively, and activating transcrip-
tion of their target genes, such as CYP genes, in response to a
distinct but overlapping group of xenobiotics (23, 36, 50). How-
ever, induction is heavily influenced by endocrine conditions;
glucocorticoid hormone, for example, augments CYP induc-
tion by PB (31). In contrast, insulin is known to repress the
induction of drug-metabolizing activity by certain drugs and in
diabetic livers (44, 49, 56). Insulin treatment either eliminated
or significantly reduced PB induction of CYP2B in rat primary
hepatocytes (17, 42, 58). Hepatic CYP2B, CYP3A, and
CYP4A were increased in experimentally generated diabetic
rats and mice and were reduced to normal levels by insulin
treatment (37, 56). While insulin is involved in regulating drug
metabolism, drug treatment influences insulin-responsive glu-
cose metabolism. For instance, both PB and 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-
dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene (TCPOBOP) decreased hepatic
enzymes, such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1
(PEPCK1) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P) (1, 24, 50).
Chronic PB treatment decreased plasma glucose and improved
insulin sensitivity in diabetic patients (20). Here we investi-
gated the molecular mechanism of insulin repression by focus-
ing on whether CAR and/or PXR could be coregulated by
insulin response transcription factor FOXO1 and vice versa.
A forkhead transcription factor, FOXO1, is an activator of
gluconeogenic genes, such as PEPCK1, G6P, and insulin-like
growth factor-binding protein 1 (29, 32, 38, 57). Insulin inhibits
FOXO1 activity, leading to repression of these genes. In fact,
the insulin receptor knockout mouse partially restored serum
glucose to normal levels when it was crossed with a Foxo1?/?
mouse (28). These gluconeogenic genes contain an insulin
response sequence (IRS) to which FOXO1 can bind directly
and activate in the absence of insulin (7, 32, 38, 51, 57). Insulin
treatment triggers the phosphorylation of FOXO1 via a phos-
phatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway (7, 30, 35). Phos-
phorylation inactivates FOXO1 by decreasing the binding af-
finity of FOXO1 to IRS and/or exporting FOXO1 from the
nucleus (2, 25, 34, 59). FOXO1 has been implicated as a
coregulator for various nuclear receptors, coactivating or core-
pressing the estrogen, thyroid, and retinoid A receptors (39,
60), whereas glucocorticoid and progesterone receptors (60),
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Pharmacogenetics Sec-
tion, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, Na-
tional Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes
of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Phone: (919) 541-2404.
Fax: (919) 541-0696. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com.
Page 2
hepatic nuclear factor 4 (HNF4) (9), and peroxisome prolif-
erator-activated receptor ? (PPAR?) (4) are corepressed. In
addition, the androgen receptor prevents the binding of
FOXO1 to IRS, leading to a repression of FOXO1-IRS activity
(21). Our yeast two-hybrid screening identified FOXO1 as a
CAR-binding protein. These observations prompted us to in-
vestigate whether FOXO1 mediates the insulin-dependent re-
pression of CAR and/or PXR-mediated trans-activation of
drug-induced genes, such as CYP genes. Moreover, we also
investigated whether CAR and/or PXR receptors reciprocally
coregulate FOXO1-IRS activity.
By employing glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down,
mammalian two-hybrid, and transient luciferase reporter assays
and in vivo animal experiments, we demonstrate here that the
nuclear receptors and FOXO1 cross-talk to coregulate their re-
sponse elements. Drug and glucose metabolisms, which are two
major liver functions that can be regulated independently, ap-
peared to be coordinately regulated by this cross-talk.
Materials. 5?-Androst-16-en-3?-ol (androstenol) was purchased from Ster-
aloids, Inc. Insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), TCPOBOP, and preg-
nenolone 16?-carbonitrile (PCN) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Restric-
tion endonucleases and DNA-modifying enzymes were purchased from New
England Biolabs, Inc. [35S]methionine was purchased from Amersham.
LY294002 was purchased from Calbiochem.
Plasmid constructions. The following plasmids were kindly provided: XREM-
3A4-Luc plasmid by Brian Goodwin at GlaxoSmithKline (5); rPKB?/pECE and
rPKB?K179 M/pECE by Ushio Kikkawa at Kobe University; myr-rPKB?/pcDL-
SRM by Kiyoshi Hidaka at the National Institute of Environmental Health
Sciences. In all plasmids, m, r, and h in front of the insert denote mouse, rat, and
human, respectively. The pGL3/1.8 kbp-2B6-Luc, pGL3/1.6 kbp-2B6-Luc (52),
pGEX/mCAR, pCMX/hRXR (11), pCR3/mCAR (47), and pBIND/mCAR (55)
plasmids were described previously. The CAR mutant T176V in pCR3 plasmid
and more details of its characterization will be published elsewhere (A. Ueda, K.
Matsui, Y. Yamamoto, L. Pedersen, T. Sueyoshi, and M. Negishi, unpublished
data). Full-length PXR (18) was amplified from a mouse liver cDNA library and
was cloned into pcDNA3-V5-His (Invitrogen) and pGEX-4T-1 (Stratagene)
vectors designated pcDNA3/mPXR and pGEX/mPXR, respectively. cDNA en-
coding residues 425 to 652 was amplified from a FOXO1 clone selected from the
yeast two-hybrid screening and was inserted into pACT (Promega) to generate
pACT/mFOXO1Ct. Using proper sets of primers, the first and second exons were
amplified from mouse genomic DNA using LA taq DNA polymerase with GC
buffer (TaKaRa Shuzo, Otsu, Japan) and were cloned into pCR2.1-TOPO (In-
vitrogen). Inserts were cut out by double digestion with BamHI and EcoRI from
the TOPO plasmids, ligated, and recloned into pcDNA3-V5-His to obtain the
full-length cDNA of FOXO1, designated pcDNA3/mFOXO1. Using pcDNA3/
mFOXO1 as a template, proper mutated primers, and the QuikChange mu-
tagenesis kit (Stratagene), Thr24, Ser253, and Ser316 were mutated to alanine to
generate pcDNA3/mFOXO13A. To clone the full-length FOXO1 cDNA into
pGEX-4T-1, the cDNA was amplified to include an additional XhoI site at the
5? end, digested with XhoI, and inserted at the SalI site of pGEX-4T-1 to create
pGEX/mFOXO1. For the various Akt expression vectors, the full-length cDNAs
of wild-type Akt (AktWt), kinase-negative Akt (AktKN), and constitutively acti-
vated Akt (AktCA) were amplified from rPKB?/pECE, rPKB?K179 M/pECE,
and myr-rPKB?/pcDL-SRM, respectively. These cDNAs were cloned into
pcDNA3-V5-His plasmids designated pcDNA3/AktWt, pcDNA3/AktKN, and
pcDNA3/AktCA, respectively. To construct the pGL3/IRS-tk-Luc plasmid, a
complementary pair of oligonucleotides containing three tandem copies of IRS
GTA-3? from the human IGFBP1 gene) (48) was synthesized. The underlined
sequence indicates an additional overhanging XhoI restriction site. Oligonucle-
otides were annealed and cloned into the XhoI-digested site of the pGL3-Basic
vector containing a 160-bp thymidine kinase (tk) promoter (47), and a plasmid
was selected containing six repeats of IRS. For amplification of FOXO1 from its
genomic clone, Pfu Turbo DNA polymerase (Stratagene) was used. Insert se-
quences of newly constructed vectors were verified by DNA sequencing.
Yeast two-hybrid screen. The ligand-binding domain (residues 87 to 358) of
the mouse CAR T176V mutant was cloned into the pGBKT7 plasmid (Clon-
tech). This plasmid was cotransfected with the mouse liver MATCHMAKER
cDNA library (Clontech) into the Y190 yeast strain. Positive yeast colonies were
selected in the presence of TCPOBOP (1 ?M), and the binding activity was
measured by ?-galactosidase assay according to the manufacturer's instructions.
One-hundred five yeast colonies were isolated from 2.2 ? 106primary transfor-
mants. The plasmids encoding the activation domain fusion proteins were re-
covered from these yeast transformants, and the inserts were sequenced. Three
of these inserts were found to encode FOXO1 and were cloned as a fusion
protein in frame with the GAL4 activation domain.
GST pull-down assay. The GST fusion proteins GST-mCAR, GST-mPXR,
and GST-mFOXO1 were expressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21 cells and were
purified with glutathione-Sepharose. The cDNAs of FOXO1, CAR, and PXR in
pcDNA3-V5-His were in vitro translated in the presence of [35S]methionine
using the TNT-coupled reticulocyte lysate system (Promega) according to the
manufacturer's instructions. GST pull-down assays were carried out as described
previously (19).
Cell culture and transfection. HepG2 cells were cultured in minimum essential
medium (MEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM L-glutamine,
100 U of penicillin per ml, and 100 ?g of streptomycin per ml in an atmosphere
of 5% CO2at 37°C. Primary hepatocytes were prepared from male Cr1:CD-
1(ICR)BR mice (Charles River Laboratories) as described previously (13).
HepG2 cells plated in 24 wells at 50 to 60% confluence were transfected with
lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instruction.
pRL-CMV (10 ng) (Promega) was used as an internal control for all transfection
assays. Mouse primary hepatocytes were cotransfected with pGL3/1.8 kbp-2B6-
Luc (10 ?g) and pRL-CMV (5 ?g) by the electroporation method (16). For
experiments with RNAi, SMARTpool (M-003006-01-05; Dharmacon) for human
FOXO1 or an unrelated RNA (5?-NNUGGUAGGCAGGAUGAGUAC-3?) as
nonspecific control was transfected into HepG2 cells using lipofectamine 2000.
After 24 h of transfection the cells were treated with drug for an additional 48 h
before harvest.
Animal treatment. Cr1:CD-1(ICR)BR male mice (7 to 8 weeks old) main-
tained on a 12-h light and 12-h dark cycle were randomly divided into two groups
that were intraperitoneally injected with TCPOBOP (0.3 mg/kg of body weight)
or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Twenty-four hours after injection, mice were fed
until sacrificed to prepare liver RNAs. The original background strain of Car?/?
mice used in a previous work (50) was changed to C3H/HeNCrlBR mice
(Charles River) by repeated backcrossing until microsatellite analysis showed
that mice contained 98% of the C3H markers. Car?/?and Car?/?male mice
were treated with a single injection of 90 mg of diethylnitrosamine/kg, followed
by chronic treatment with PB in drinking water (500 ppm) for 32 weeks. These
treatments were originally for investigating liver tumor promotion. Livers and
blood samples were collected and used for analyses.
Real-time PCR. TRIZOL reagent (Invitrogen) was used to extract total RNAs
from HepG2 cells, mouse livers, and primary mouse hepatocytes, and cDNAs
were prepared from total RNAs using Super-Script II reverse transcriptase
(Invitrogen). Real-time PCR was performed with an ABI prism 7700 sequence
detection system (Applied Biosystems) with the following primers and probes:
Hs00231106_m1 (Applied Biosystems) for the human FOXO1 gene; 5?-6FAM-
CTCTTCCA-3?, and 5?-CAGCAGGCGCAAGAACTGA-3? for CYP2B10 (14);
CATCCGCAAGCTGAAG-3?, and 5?-TTCGATCCTGGCCACATCTC-3? for
the mouse Pepck1 gene. The TaqMAN rodent GAPDH control reagent (Applied
Biosystems) was used as internal control.
Gel shift assay. CAR, RXR, PXR, and FOXO1 proteins were produced by in
vitro translation as described above. For probes, three sets of double-stranded
oligonucleotides containing NR1 sequence (47), wild-type IRS (5?-GATCGCT
AGATGCAAAACAACTTGTGACGATC-3?), and mutant IRS (5?-GATCGC
TAGATGCAACAGAACTTGTGACGATC-3?) were synthesized and end-la-
beled by using [32P]dATP and DNA polymerase Klenow fragment (New England
Biolab). Gel shift assays were performed as described previously (11). For com-
petition or antibody supershift assays, unlabeled oligonucleotide, rabbit immu-
noglobulin G (Santa Cruz), or FOXO1 antibody (Santa Cruz) was added 15 min
before adding radioactive oligonucleotide to start the binding reaction.
FOXO1 as a CAR-binding protein. Yeast two-hybrid screen-
ing of a mouse liver cDNA library was performed using the
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CAR ligand-binding domain as bait. Of the total 105 positive
clones isolated, 18 were RXR? and five were RXR?. Both
receptors are known to form heterodimers with CAR, indicat-
ing that the screening was effective. The forkhead transcription
factor FOXO1 was also one of the positive clones, and the
deduced amino acid sequences from three independent clones
contained 228 residues of the C-terminal region of FOXO1.
Subsequently, a mammalian two-hybrid assay was employed to
examine the functional interaction between CAR and FOXO1
in which pBind/mCAR (CAR fused to the GAL4 DNA-bind-
ing domain) and VP16AD/mFOXOCt(cloned VP16 activation
domain in front of FOXO1Ct) were cotransfected into HepG2
cells. Although CAR is constitutively active in HepG2 cells, its
fusion with GAL4DBD decreased constitutive activity and
conferred the capability of being activated by TCPOBOP (Fig.
1a). Cotransfection of VP16AD/mFOXOCtresulted in a 3.0-
fold coactivation in the presence of TCPOBOP, while no such
coactivation was observed in the presence of the CAR repres-
sor androstenol (Fig. 1a). VP16AD/mFOXOCtalone did not
enhance the reporter activity. We performed a GST pull-down
assay to investigate the direct binding of CAR with FOXO1 by
using an in vitro-translated full-length FOXO1 and a bacteri-
ally expressed recombinant GST-mCAR fusion protein or vice
versa. Binding of GST-CAR (or GST-FOXO1) to the
labeled FOXO1 (or CAR) was decreased in the presence of
androstenol and was recovered by the addition of TCPOBOP
(Fig. 1b). These results unequivocally showed that CAR binds
to FOXO1 in a ligand-dependent manner.
FOXO1 as a CAR coactivator. Given the fact that FOXO1 is
a CAR-binding protein, a series of transient transfection assays
were performed to investigate whether FOXO1 coregulated
the trans-activation of the CAR target gene CYP2B6. For this
purpose, the 1.8-kbp 5?-flanking DNA of the CYP2B6 gene
that contains a 51-bp CAR-binding site, called PBREM, was
placed in front of a Luc reporter gene. FOXO1 coactivated the
1.8 kbp-2B6-Luc reporter 2.5-fold when CAR was coexpressed
in the presence and absence of TCPOBOP, whereas FOXO1
alone could not activate the reporter (Fig. 2a). FOXO1 con-
tains three Akt phosphorylation sites (Thr-24, Ser-253, and
Ser-316). The FOXO13Amutant, in which all three sites were
replaced by alanine, should result in an increased retention
and activity of FOXO1 in the nucleus (7, 38). The nuclear-
retaining FOXO13Amutant was more effective in coactivating
the reporter as indicated by an approximately 4-fold increase
instead of the 2.5-fold increase for FOXO1 (Fig. 2a). To ex-
amine whether coactivation by FOXO1 required the CAR-
binding site, the 1.6-kbp 5?-flanking DNA of the CYP2B6 gene
that lacked the PBREM was used in the reporter assay.
FOXO1 did not coactivate the 1.6 kbp-2B6-Luc reporter (Fig.
2a). Moreover, similar to the 1.8 kbp-2B6-Luc reporter, the
PBREM-tk-Luc reporter gene was also coactivated by FOXO1
(data not shown). Thus, FOXO1 coactivated CAR-mediated
PBREM activity. Although the fact that coactivation by
FOXO1 and FOXO13Awas repressed by androstenol sug-
gested coactivation occurred when CAR was active, determin-
ing whether the coactivation required direct activation of CAR
by TCPOBOP was problematic because CAR was constitu-
tively active in transfected HepG2 cells. Therefore, the CAR
mutant T176V that possessed low constitutive activity and the
capability of being activated by TCPOBOP was also used for
these assays. In these experiments, coactivation by FOXO1
occurred only in the presence of TCPOBOP (Fig. 2a). Because
CAR activates XREM of the CYP3A gene that contains mul-
tiple receptor-binding sites (43), we also tested whether
FOXO1 could coactivate the XREM (Fig. 2b). CAR-mediated
XREM activity was upregulated by FOXO1 and FOXO13A
2.5- and 3.5-fold, respectively. Furthermore, this upregulation
occurred only in the presence of TCPOBOP when T176V was
used for assays. These results clearly indicated that FOXO1
acts as a coactivator to regulate CAR-mediated trans-activa-
tion of multiple targets.
Akt as a signal of FOXO1-CAR coactivation. FOXO1 is an
insulin response transcription factor that is regulated by the
PI3K-Akt pathway. In response to insulin, PI3K inactivates
FOXO1 by phosphorylation. If this inactivation was conserved
FIG. 1. Direct binding of CAR to FOXO1. (a) Mammalian two-
hybrid assay. The pG5-Luc reporter plasmid was cotransfected with
various combinations of pBIND, pACT, pBIND/mCAR, and pACT/
mFOXO1Ctinto HepG2 cells. The amount of each plasmid was 0.2 ?g,
and the total amount of plasmids was adjusted by pcDNA3-V5-His. At
24 h after transfection, cells were treated with 0.1% DMSO,
TCPOBOP (250 nM), or androstenol (10 ?M) for an additional 24 h.
Subsequently, cells were harvested and cell extracts were prepared for
dual-luciferase assays. Relative activities were calculated by taking the
activity obtained from the GAL4DBD- and VP16AD-transfected cells
in the presence of DMSO as one. Bars indicate means ? standard
deviation. (b) GST pull-down assay. In vitro-translated
FOXO1 and CAR were incubated with bacterially expressed GST-
mFOXO1 and GST-mCAR fusion proteins, respectively, in the pres-
ence of 0.1% DMSO, 1 ?M TCPOBOP (T), 10 ?M androstenol (A),
or both (T/A). GST was used as a negative control for binding. Sodium
dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiogra-
phy were done as described in Materials and Methods.
Page 4
in HepG2 cells, insulin treatment should decrease FOXO1-
CAR activity to a lesser extent than the FOXO13A-CAR ac-
tivity. Consistent with this hypothesis, insulin treatment de-
creased FOXO1 coactivation of CAR by about 40%, but
coactivation with FOXO13Awas decreased by only 14% (Fig.
3a). This differential effect of FOXO1 and FOXO13Awas
significantly pronounced in the presence of PI3K inhibitor
LY294002. In fact, insulin did not reduce FOXO1 activity in
LY294002-treated HepG2 cells (Fig. 3a). To provide further
evidence that supports the direct involvement of FOXO1 in
coactivating CAR, coexpression of Akt or its functional mu-
tants should affect the coactivation accordingly. To examine
this hypothesis, AktWtand its kinase-negative and constitu-
tively activated mutants (AktKNand AktCA, respectively) were
coexpressed with FOXO1, CAR, and the 1.8-kbp Luc reporter
in HepG2 cells. Following insulin treatment, FOXO1 activity
was decreased by 40% (Fig. 3b). Similar to this insulin re-
sponse, coexpression of Akt decreased FOXO1-dependent co-
activation in the presence or absence of TCPOBOP, whereas,
as expected from the lack of kinase activity, AktKNdid not
affect the coactivation of CAR. Coexpression of AktCAap-
peared to effectively inactivate FOXO1, reducing the coacti-
vation by over 80%. Neither FOXO1 coactivation of CAR nor
its repression by AktWtwas observed in the presence of an-
FIG. 2. Coactivation of CAR by FOXO1 in HepG2 cells. (a) Tran-
sient transfection assays were performed by cotransfecting pCR3/
mCAR, pcDNA/T176V, pcDNA3/mFOXO1, or pcDNA3/mFOXO13A
with 1.8 kbp-2B6-Luc or 1.6 kbp-2B6-Luc reporter plasmid into
HepG2 cells. (b) XREM-3A4-Luc plasmid was used as the reporter.
The amount of each plasmid was 0.2 ?g, and the total amount of
plasmid in an assay was adjusted by using an empty plasmid. Cells were
treated as described in the legend to Fig. 1. Relative activities were
calculated by taking the activity of the cells that were transfected by
only the reporter plasmid in the presence of DMSO as one. Bars
indicate means ? standard deviations.
FIG. 3. Regulation by rAkt of coactivation of CAR by FOXO1.
Either pCR3/mCAR or pCR3/T176V was cotransfected with pcDNA3/
mFOXO1, pcDNA3/rAktWt, pcDNA3/rAktKN, and/or pcDNA3/rAk-
tCAinto HepG2 cells. In addition, the 1.8 kbp-2B6-Luc reporter was
also cotransfected. Except for the cases of insulin (500 nM) and
LY294002 (20 ?M), the drug concentrations of all treatments and
cultures were the same as those described in the legend to Fig. 1. (a)
Differential effects of insulin on the wild-type and mutant FOXO1-
mediated CAR activities. The percentage of activity relative to the
CAR- and FOXO1/FOXO13A-transfected cells in the presence of
TCPOBOP is given as 100. Bars indicate means ? standard deviations.
(b) Differential effects of the wild-type and mutated Akts on the
FOXO1-mediated CAR activity. Relative activities were calculated by
taking the activity of the cells that were transfected by only the reporter
plasmid in the presence of DMSO as one.
Page 5
drostenol. When the corresponding experiments were per-
formed with the T176A mutant, AktWtand its mutants had an
effect only in the presence of TCPOBOP (Fig. 3b). These
results indicate that an insulin-PI3K-Akt pathway regulates
FOXO1-dependent coactivation of CAR.
Given the fact that AktCAdecreased the activity level of the
1.8 kbp-2B6-Luc reporter below the activity level observed
without exogenous FOXO1 (Fig. 3b), we examined whether
AktCAinactivated endogenous FOXO1 to decrease the re-
porter activity. For this experiment, HepG2 cells were treated
with insulin and IGF1, and subsequently CAR-mediated re-
porter activity was measured. Although IGF1 was slightly more
effective, both insulin and IGF1 reduced the activity by 15 to
25%, suggesting that AktCAinactivated endogenous FOXO1
in HepG2 cells (Fig. 4a). If, in fact, the endogenous FOXO1
was directly involved in the regulation of CAR activity via Akt,
the removal of Akt should eliminate the activity. To test this
hypothesis, RNAi of FOXO1 was cotransfected into HepG2
cells. Real-time PCR analysis indicated an approximately 50%
reduction of endogenous FOXO1 mRNA (Fig. 4b). This re-
duction of endogenous FOXO1 mRNA was correlated with
the repression of CAR activity (Fig. 4c). In fact, the reporter
activity derived from CAR with RNAi of FOXO1 was de-
creased at a level equivalent to that observed by cotransfection
of AktCA. These results suggested that endogenous FOXO1
could also be functional in regulating the CAR-mediated
transactivation in HepG2 cells.
Although insulin repression of PB induction was reported
for rat primary hepatocytes (17, 42), it has not been demon-
strated in mouse primary hepatocytes. Upon finding that
FOXO1 is a key coactivator of CAR in HepG2 cells, we ex-
amined whether insulin repressed the induction of the Cyp2b10
gene by TCPOBOP in mouse primary hepatocytes (Fig. 5a).
TCPOBOP induced CYP2B10 mRNA levels fivefold without
insulin in the culture medium. The induction was slightly aug-
mented by 10?12M insulin, followed by a gradual decrease in
mRNA levels as insulin concentration increased. The rate of
induction by TCPOBOP at 10?6M insulin was only threefold
compared to the maximum eightfold induction at 10?12M
insulin. Under the culture conditions used, insulin clearly re-
pressed the induction of the endogenous Cyp2b10 gene, sug-
gesting that, acting as a CAR coactivator in response to insulin,
FOXO1 can regulate Cyp2b10 induction in vivo in hepatocytes.
In attempting to correlate the induction of the Cyp2b10 gene
with CAR-mediated 1.8 kbp-2B6-Luc reporter activity, the re-
porter plasmid was transfected into mouse primary hepato-
cytes, followed by insulin treatment. While insulin at 10?6M
was somewhat less effective in repressing CAR activity, the
luciferase reporter activity was decreased as insulin concentra-
tion increased up to 10?8M (Fig. 5b). These results support
the hypothesis that insulin regulates CAR activity to repress
the Cyp2b10 gene in primary hepatocytes.
PXR as another FOXO1 target. PXR activates the same
enhancer sequences as CAR. Therefore, we examined whether
FOXO1 could regulate PXR activity in the same way it can
with coactivated CAR. A GST pull-down assay showed that in
vitro-translated FOXO1 bound to GST-mPXR, which was in-
creased by the specific PXR activator pregnenolone PCN (Fig.
6a). PCN activated the PXR-dependent XREM-3A4-Luc pro-
moter in transfection assays in the absence of FOXO1 10-fold
(Fig. 6b). In the presence of exogenous FOXO1 and
FOXO13A, the promoter activity was further enhanced 2.5-
and more than 5-fold, respectively (Fig. 6b). Similar to results
obtained with CAR, the coactivation by FOXO1 was repressed
by insulin treatment and coexpression of AktWt, whereas inac-
FIG. 4. Regulation of CAR activity by endogenous FOXO1. (a)
Transient transfection assays. The 1.8 kbp-2B6-Luc reporter and
pCR3/mCAR were cotransfected with or without pcDNA3/rAktCA
into HepG2 cells. Cells were cultured and treated with insulin, IGF1,
and/or TCPOBOP as described in the legend to Fig. 1. Relative fold
activities were calculated by taking the activity of the cells that were
transfected with the pCR3/mCAR and 1.8 kbp-2B6-Luc plasmids in
the presence of TCPOBOP as 100. Bars indicate means ? standard
deviations. (b) Real-time PCR. HepG2 cells were transfected with
FOXO1 RNAi (50 pmol) or control oligonucleotides (50 pmol) in
MEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum for 48 h and MEM
containing 5% charcoal dextran-treated fetal calf serum for another
24 h. Total RNA was extracted for real-time PCR analysis with specific
probes for FOXO1 mRNA. (c) Transient transfection assay. pCR3/
mCAR and 1.8 kbp-2B6-Luc plasmids were cotransfected in the pres-
ence of FOXO1 RNAi or control RNAi. Cells were cultured and
treated as described above. Relative activities were calculated by tak-
ing the activity of the cells that were transfected with the pCR3/mCAR
and 1.8 kbp-2B6-Luc plasmids in the presence of TCPOBOP and
control RNAi as 100.


text:
- 55Promote
Framed Art Print
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Choose from a variety of frame styles, colors and sizes to compliment your favorite Society6 gallery, or fine art print - made ready to hang. Fine-crafted from solid woods, premium shatterproof acrylic protects the face of the art print, while an acid free dust cover on the back provides a custom finish. All framed art prints include wall hanging hardware.
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Local class field theory
In mathematics, local class field theory, introduced by Helmut Hasse,[1] is the study of abelian extensions of local fields; here, "local field" means a field which is complete with respect to an absolute value or a discrete valuation with a finite residue field: hence every local field is isomorphic (as a topological field) to the real numbers R, the complex numbers C, a finite extension of the p-adic numbers Qp (where p is any prime number), or a finite extension of the field of formal Laurent series Fq((T)) over a finite field Fq.[2]
It is the analogue for local fields of global class field theory.
Connection to Galois groups[edit]
Local class field theory gives a description of the Galois group G of the maximal abelian extension of a local field K via the reciprocity map which acts from the multiplicative group K×=K\{0}. For a finite abelian extension L of K the reciprocity map induces an isomorphism of the quotient group K×/N(L×) of K× by the norm group N(L×) of the extension L× to the Galois group Gal(L/K) of the extension.[3]
The absolute Galois group G of K is compact and the group K× is not compact. Taking the case where K is a finite extension of the p-adic numbers Qp or formal power series over a finite field, the group K× is the product of a compact group with an infinite cyclic group Z. The main topological operation is to replace K× by its profinite completion, which is roughly the same as replacing the factor Z by its profinite completion Z^. The profinite completion of K× is the group isomorphic with G via the local reciprocity map.
The actual isomorphism used and the existence theorem is described in the theory of the norm residue symbol. There are several different approaches to the theory, using central division algebras or Tate cohomology or an explicit description of the reciprocity map. There are also two different normalizations of the reciprocity map: in the case of an unramified extension, one of them asks that the (arithmetic) Frobenius element corresponds to the elements of "K" of valuation 1; the other one is the opposite.
Lubin–Tate theory[edit]
Lubin–Tate theory is important in explicit local class field theory. The unramified part of any abelian extension is easily constructed, Lubin–Tate finds its value in producing the ramified part. This works by defining a family of modules (indexed by the natural numbers) over the ring of integers consisting of what can be considered as roots of the power series repeatedly composed with itself. The compositum of all fields formed by adjoining such modules to the original field gives the ramified part.
A Lubin–Tate extension of a local field K is an abelian extension of K obtained by considering the p-division points of a Lubin–Tate group. If g is an Eisenstein polynomial, f(t) = t g(t) and F the Lubin–Tate formal group, let θn denote a root of gfn-1(t)=g(f(f(⋯(f(t))⋯))). Then K(θn) is an abelian extension of K with Galois group isomorphic to U/1+pn where U is the unit group of the ring of integers of K and p is the maximal ideal.[4]
Higher local class field theory[edit]
For a higher-dimensional local field there is a higher local reciprocity map which describes abelian extensions of the field in terms of open subgroups of finite index in the Milnor K-group of the field. Namely, if is an -dimensional local field then one uses or its separated quotient endowed with a suitable topology. When the theory becomes the usual local class field theory. Unlike the classical case, Milnor K-groups do not satisfy Galois module descent if . Higher-dimensional class field theory was pioneered by A.N. Parshin in positive characteristic and K. Kato, I. Fesenko, Sh. Saito in the general case.
See also[edit]
- ^ Hasse, H. (1930), "Die Normenresttheorie relativ-Abelscher Zahlkörper als Klassenkörpertheorie im Kleinen.", Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik (in German) 162: 145–154, doi:10.1515/crll.1930.162.145, ISSN 0075-4102, JFM 56.0165.03
- ^ Kostrikin, A.I.; Shafarevich, I.R. (1996), Algebra IX: Finite Groups of Lie Type Finite-Dimensional Division Algebras, Encyclopedia of Mathematics 77, Springer Science & Business Media
- ^ Fesenko, Ivan and Vostokov, Sergei, Local Fields and their Extensions, 2nd ed., American Mathematical Society, 2002, ISBN 0-8218-3259-X
- ^ Koch, Helmut (1997). Algebraic Number Theory. Encycl. Math. Sci. 62 (2nd printing of 1st ed.). Springer-Verlag. pp. 62–63. ISBN 3-540-63003-1. Zbl 0819.11044.
Further reading[edit]
- Fesenko, Ivan B.; Kurihara, Masato, eds. (2000), Invitation to Higher Local Fields, Geometry and Topology Monographs 3 (First ed.), University of Warwick: Mathematical Sciences Publishers, doi:10.2140/gtm.2000.3, ISSN 1464-8989, Zbl 0954.00026
- Iwasawa, Kenkichi (1986), Local class field theory, Oxford Science Publications, The Clarendon Press Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-504030-2, MR 863740
- Milne, James, Class Field Theory.
- Neukirch, Jürgen (1986), Class field theory, Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften [Fundamental Principles of Mathematical Sciences] 280, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-15251-4, MR 819231
- Serre, Jean-Pierre (1967), "Local class field theory", in Cassels, John William Scott; Fröhlich, Albrecht, Algebraic Number Theory (Proc. Instructional Conf., Brighton, 1965), Thompson, Washington, D.C., pp. 128–161, ISBN 978-0-9502734-2-6, MR 0220701
- Serre, Jean-Pierre (1979) [1962], Corps Locaux (English translation: Local Fields), Graduate Texts in Mathematics 67, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-90424-5, MR 0150130


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There's magic in the memories as great Disney moments are captured right here for you and your family to enjoy! Space-age technology is pitted against medieval superstition and treachery in this wild and wacky comedy/fantasy. Astronaut Tom Trimble (Dennis Dugan) and his robot companion are unexpectedly hurled backward in time during a routine space flight ... and end up prisoners at the Court of King Arthur in sixth-century England! Adding to Tom's plight is his discovery of a sinister plot to overthrow the King, with the outcome resting on the flash-and-dazzle of the equipment at hand -- from the 20th century!
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Move played great, DVD arrived when stated. DVD case had no issues nor did the DVD disc.Published 5 months ago by DP
Corny, even for Disney.
I grew up with a lot of Disney offerings, so this movie, or its production style, is really nothing new. Read more
I don't remember why i bought this movie. I think I might have seen part of it on TV or was told about it. Read morePublished 17 months ago by KingNothing


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Super 8 Lynchburg
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Stop EIGHT - Buchanan VA
Long travel day today, got in at 3:45pm. Was actually on Blue Ridge Parkway for little bit, then it got REALLY interesting. LOVE this campsite. We are actually sitting outside voluntarily at 4pm and enjoying it. Still humid but wonderfully cooler. Fireflies! Babbling brook sounds soooo ...
You Can Always Go Home
... Everything looked the same as it did in 2009 to 2013. It is a beautiful campus. I had never really explored VMI before. I took the time while my parents were in the gift shop to take some photos of memorials and statues.
Virginia's Southern Piedmont Sights
... on a Saturday night and couldn't help considering a cross-cultural Sunday morning experience – going to Jerry Falwell's Thomas Road Baptist Church on Sunday morning. Ha! Falwell kicked the bucket in 2007, but I believe his church and school have remained true to his theology and ideology.
Lynchburg on a Saturday night actually turned out to be a travel planning disaster. It had been a few nights since I moteled it, so I was ...
Spectacular Natural Bridge
... that. In fact when he first turned off the lights several cell phones or cameras still showed some light however when they were turned off it really was dark, so dark that you could not see your hand in front of your face. We hiked back up to the top, a lot of steps and I was no longer cold when we got there.
We headed back to the campsite but made a couple of stops along the way. We had planned to wash clothes and the ...
A Day Trip to Lexington, Va.
... was the Stonewall Jackson House. We got there a few minutes late for the 1:00 tour so had to wait until the 1:30 tour. We wandered around the town for a few minutes and then headed on back. At exactly 1:30 we started the tour which began with a video. After the video had been going for just a couple of minutes Gary called with information about the river house so we kind lost the gist of the video. ...


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Protected Species:
International Convention and U.S. Laws Protect Wildlife Differently
GAO-04-964: Published: Sep 15, 2004. Publicly Released: Sep 23, 2004.
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International trade in wildlife is a multibillion-dollar industry that, in some cases, has taken species to the brink of extinction. To address the problem, several countries, including the United States, created an international treaty--the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora--that took effect in 1975. The United States also has domestic laws, such as the Endangered Species Act, that protect species. The protections provided by the Convention and domestic laws can differ. For example, in some cases, U.S. laws afford more stringent protections to species than the Convention does; such stricter protections can prevent U.S. interests from participating in trade that is permitted by the Convention. The Convention's member countries meet periodically to discuss implementation of the Convention and are scheduled next to meet in Thailand in October 2004. In anticipation of this meeting, GAO was asked to report on (1) how implementation of the Convention has changed over the years, (2) U.S. funding and other resources spent on Convention-related activities, and (3) the relationship between the Convention and some domestic laws. The Department of the Interior and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration generally agreed with the information in the GAO report.
Implementation of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora has become increasingly complex and controversial since its inception. Complexity has increased in part because of the sheer number of member countries (166) and species protected (more than 33,000) and because the criteria for identifying protected species have become more scientific and specific, resulting in heavier data-gathering, permitting, enforcement, and reporting requirements for member countries. Controversy, in turn, has increased because the Convention membership has recently contemplated, and in some cases approved, protection of commercial species such as sharks and Patagonian toothfish (commonly marketed as Chilean seabass)--species that in some cases are already managed under regional fisheries agreements. Over the 9-year fiscal period 1995 through 2003, the United States spent more than $50 million on Convention-related activities. As the agency primarily responsible for U.S. implementation of the Convention, the Fish and Wildlife Service spent the largest portion of these funds--about $37 million over the period. Other agencies have roles as well, including the Department of State, which makes U.S. contributions to help administer the Convention internationally. The Convention and the Endangered Species Act protect species differently. In some cases, the act prohibits imports that are allowed by the Convention. For example, the act generally prohibits the import of a popular exotic fish, the Asian arowana, although the Convention allows some commercial trade in the species. The Convention establishes mandatory requirements and recognizes countries' rights to establish stricter protections. However, such protections have generated heated debates among affected parties. Those in favor say that the United States should impose stricter protections than the Convention, when needed to protect endangered species or their habitats. Opponents say that U.S. actions should be consistent with the agreements reached by a majority of the Convention's members.
Sep 30, 2015
Great Lakes Restoration Initiative:Some Information on Projects and Progress Made Available to Congress and the PublicGAO-15-841T: Published: Sep 30, 2015. Publicly Released: Sep 30, 2015.
Sep 17, 2015
Grants Management:EPA Has Opportunities to Improve Planning and Compliance MonitoringGAO-15-618: Published: Aug 17, 2015. Publicly Released: Sep 17, 2015.
Sep 16, 2015
Wildland Fire Management:Agencies Have Made Several Key Changes but Could Benefit from More Information about EffectivenessGAO-15-772: Published: Sep 16, 2015. Publicly Released: Sep 16, 2015.
Sep 11, 2015
Hazardous Waste Cleanup:Numbers of Contaminated Federal Sites, Estimated Costs, and EPA's Oversight RoleGAO-15-830T: Published: Sep 11, 2015. Publicly Released: Sep 11, 2015.
Sep 8, 2015
Technology Assessment:Water in the Energy Sector: Reducing Freshwater Use in Hydraulic Fracturing and Thermoelectric Power Plant CoolingGAO-15-545: Published: Aug 7, 2015. Publicly Released: Sep 8, 2015.
Aug 5, 2015
State Revolving Funds:Improved Financial Indicators Could Strengthen EPA OversightGAO-15-567: Published: Aug 5, 2015. Publicly Released: Aug 5, 2015.
Aug 4, 2015
Environmental Litigation:Information on Cases against EPA and FWS and on Deadline Suits on EPA RulemakingGAO-15-803T: Published: Aug 4, 2015. Publicly Released: Aug 4, 2015.
Jul 30, 2015
Great Lakes Restoration Initiative:Improved Data Collection and Reporting Would Enhance OversightGAO-15-526: Published: Jul 21, 2015. Publicly Released: Jul 30, 2015.
Jul 29, 2015
Bureau of Land Management:Improvements Needed in Internal Controls over Mining Law Administration Program FundsGAO-15-562: Published: Jul 23, 2015. Publicly Released: Jul 29, 2015.
Jul 23, 2015
Federal Green Building:Federal Efforts and Third-Party Certification Help Agencies Implement Key Requirements, but Challenges RemainGAO-15-667: Published: Jul 23, 2015. Publicly Released: Jul 23, 2015.
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Treating and Coping With ADHD and ADD
Updated: 11/13/2009 - Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder also referred to ADHD or ADD is a biological, brain based condition that's one of the most common mental disorders that develops in children.
Updated: 11/13/2009 - Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder also referred to ADHD or ADD is a biological, brain based condition that's one of the most common mental disorders that develops in children.
Updated: 11/13/2009 - Bryan police need your help tracking down a female driver who they say caused a five car pile-up on highway 6 and fled. It happened just before 5 p.m. Friday.
Updated: 11/13/2009 - The only civilian killed in last week's deadly attack at Fort Hood will be laid to rest this weekend.
Updated: 11/17/2009 - Leon County needs your old cell phone. A serial rapist has been cutting his victim's phone lines before he attacks.
Updated: 11/13/2009 - FORT HOOD (November 12, 2009)--Two days before the deadly Nov. 5 shooting spree at Fort Hood's Soldier Readiness Center, the post distributed a routine threat assessment in which a post analyst warned "the greatest threat to the Fort Hood Community is most likely the Lone Wolf offender,"
Posted: 11/13/2009 - FORT HOOD, TX - The attorney for Maj. Nidal Malik Hasan told the Associated Press on Friday that doctors have told the soldier he may be paralyzed from the waist down.
Updated: 11/12/2009 - You'll soon have a little longer to enjoy the nightlife in Huntsville. After months of debate, the city council voted 6-3 Thursday night to extend alcohol sales until 2 a.m.
Updated: 11/15/2009 - At the site of the Bonfire tragedy stands a memorial to the victims who died nearly ten years ago, and to the legacy of the tradition.
Updated: 11/20/2009 - A parade of parents took the witness stand Thursday to testify on behalf of a daycare owner accused of injuring a one-year-old child.
Updated: 11/12/2009 - The Bryan Police Officers' Association is collecting new and gently used toys for this year's Blue Christmas. The Blue Christmas Project will take place on December 19th.
Updated: 11/12/2009 - Opening arguments began this morning in the case of a Huntsville prison inmate accused of killing a prison guard.
Posted: 11/12/2009 - College Station red light cameras may be coming down after all as a majority of council members agree with a recommendation to end the program.
Updated: 11/12/2009 - Remembrance of the tragedy, which claimed the lives of 12 Aggies and in which 27 others were injured, will culminate with a candlelight vigil at 2:42 a.m. Wednesday (Nov. 18) - marking the 10th anniversary of the precise time that the stack fell.
Updated: 11/12/2009 - The Oklahoma Sooners host Texas A&M Saturday with both teams looking to become bowl-eligible.
Updated: 11/12/2009 - DALLAS (AP) - More than a month after the swine flu vaccine began arriving in Texas, the doses are still arriving in fairly piecemeal fashion.
Updated: 11/12/2009 - Military officials announced Thursday that accused Fort Hood gunman Nidal Malik Hasan has been charged with murder.
Updated: 11/12/2009 - How late should bars and restaurants be selling alcohol? That's the question Huntsville city leaders could decided Thursday evening.
Updated: 11/12/2009 - More than 14,000 College Station households could be affected by revisions proposed to the city's animal control ordinance.
Updated: 11/20/2009 - A local daycare where a one-year-old girl was seriously injured was not licensed according to a childcare licensing investigator who testified Wednesday at the trial of daycare owner Dana Rene Munyon.
Updated: 11/11/2009 - Texas Department of Public Safety Investigators are looking into the possibility that a serial rapist may have targeted the same woman twice.
Updated: 11/12/2009 - After a month-long jury selection, the capital murder trial of a Huntsville inmate accused of killing a prison guard, ihas begun, in Leon County.
Updated: 11/11/2009 - Some sharp-eyed citizens help point police to a pair of burglary suspects.
Posted: 11/11/2009 - An officer who has been hailed as a hero in the Fort Hood massacre says the scene was "confusing and chaotic" but she remembers getting shot.
Posted: 11/11/2009 - A Bryan man is arrested after police say he walked out of Wal-Mart without paying for male enhancement pills.
Posted: 11/11/2009 - Navasota baseball player Derrick Hadley signed a national letter of intent Wednesday to play baseball at Texas A&M.


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The livestock sector globally is highly dynamic. In developing countries, it is evolving in response to rapidly increasing demand for livestock products. In developed countries, demand for livestock products is stagnating, while many production systems are increasing their efficiency and environmental sustainability. Historical changes in the demand for livestock products have been largely driven by human population growth, income growth and urbanization and the production response in different livestock systems has been associated with science and technology as well as increases in animal numbers. In the future, production will increasingly be affected by competition for natural resources, particularly land and water, competition between food and feed and by the need to operate in a carbon-constrained economy. Developments in breeding, nutrition and animal health will continue to contribute to increasing potential production and further efficiency and genetic gains. Livestock production is likely to be increasingly affected by carbon constraints and environmental and animal welfare legislation. Demand for livestock products in the future could be heavily moderated by socio-economic factors such as human health concerns and changing socio-cultural values. There is considerable uncertainty as to how these factors will play out in different regions of the world in the coming decades.
CGIAR/ESSP Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya. email@example.com
This article was published in the following journal.
Name: Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences
Pages: 2853-67
Prospects for dedicated energy crop production and attitudes towards agricultural straw use: The case of livestock farmers.
Second generation biofuels utilising agricultural by-products (e.g. straw), or dedicated energy crops (DECs) produced on 'marginal' land, have been called for. A structured telephone survey of 263 liv...
Livestock GRACEnet: A Workgroup Dedicated to Evaluating and Mitigating Emissions from Livestock Production.
Ammonia, greenhouse gases, and particulate emissions from livestock operations can potentially affect air quality at local, regional, and even global scales. These pollutants, many of which are genera...
Effect of different livestock dungs as inoculum on food waste anaerobic digestion and its kinetics.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different livestock inoculums on the anaerobic digestion of food waste (FW). Five different livestock dungs i.e., poultry dung (PD), goat dung (GD),...
Localising livestock protein feed production and the impact on land use and greenhouse gas emissions.
Livestock farmers in Sweden usually grow feed grains for livestock but import protein feed from outside Sweden. Aside from the economic implications, some environmental issues are associated with this...
Recent Advances and Prospects of Cathode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries.
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) receive significant attention for electrochemical energy storage and conversion owing to their wide availability and the low cost of Na resources. However, SIBs face challe...
Livestock Contact and MRSA in Rural Areas
Background: - MRSA is a type of bacteria that causes serious health problems. It can cause severe infections and is difficult to treat. MRSA has been found in a high number of people who ...
Assessing the Effect of Sustainable Small-scale Egg Production on Maternal and Child Nutrition in Rural Zambia
Animal source foods (ASF), such as meat and eggs, are rich in nutrients critical for growth and development. Yet, for poor children in developing countries, ASF consumption is limited by c...
Monitoring Trends in Venous Thromboembolism
To describe time trends in the epidemiology of venous thromboembolism.
Monitoring Community Trends in Heart Failure
To examine temporal trends from 1995 and 2000 in the incidence rates of heart failure, its therapeutic management, and changes over time in the hospital and long-term survival of patients ...
Community Structure and Cardiovascular Mortality Trends
To assess the relationship of community socioeconomic (SE) structure to cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality trends in the United States.
The science of soil cultivation, crop production, and livestock raising.
Chemistry, Agricultural
The science of the chemical composition and reactions of chemicals involved in the production, protection and use of crops and livestock. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Domesticated farm animals raised for home use or profit but excluding POULTRY. Typically livestock includes CATTLE; SHEEP; HORSES; SWINE; GOATS; and others.
Sentinel Surveillance
Monitoring of rate of occurrence of specific conditions to assess the stability or change in health levels of a population. It is also the study of disease rates in a specific cohort, geographic area, population subgroup, etc. to estimate trends in larger population. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Orphan Drug Production
Production of drugs or biologicals which are unlikely to be manufactured by private industry unless special incentives are provided by others.
Latest News Clinical Trials Research Drugs Reports Corporate
Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for the body. It is usually of plant or animal origin, and contains essential nutrients, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, or minerals. The substance is ingested by an organism ...
Women's Health
Latest News Clinical Trials Research Drugs Reports Corporate
Women's Health - key topics include breast cancer, pregnancy, menopause, stroke Follow and track Women's Health News on BioPortfolio: Women's Health News RSS Women'...
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Business Development
The city has over 1,000 parking spaces near the beach! You can purchase the Annual Beach Parking pass that allows discounted parking prices near the City beach. Learn more about this beach parking pass.
City of Huntington Beach
Office of Business Development
2000 Main Street
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Phone: (714) 536-5582
Fax: (714) 375-5087
Looking for a site in HB for your business or have an avaialble commercial site to advertise? Visit our free commercial property locator to connect with commercial brokers and retail, industrial or office space in Huntington Beach.
Employment Assistance - Employment resources for finding and training employees and finding jobs including:
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- The Private Industry Council (PIC)
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- The Regional Occupational Program
- College Training Programs
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Financial Assistance - Learn about the SBA and other opportunities.
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Resources for Business - Resources are categorized under three subheadings:
Business Counseling & Training
- Small Business Development Center, Santa Ana
- Service Core of Retired Executives (SCORE)
- Small Business Administration
- Orange County Business Council
- California Technology Manufacturing Center
- Regional Occupational Program, Coastline Community College
Technical Assistance, Permits, Trademarks, Environmental, & Taxes
- Office of Patents and Trademarks/ U.S. Trade & Commerce Agency
- South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD)
- Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
- California Franchise Tax Board
- California Board of Equalization
Export & Trade Assistance
- Orange County International Trade Association
- Bureau of Export Administration
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- Export Finance Office
- Import Export Bank of the United States
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- California State Trade and Commerce Agency
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Pinnacle Petroleum Sales Tax Sharing Agreement - Effective 4 21 14


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Do Lines: FREE
by: Anima Locus Limited | 265
by: Anima Locus Limited | 265
Expert's review
by Emmanuel Lund, Appszoom
Racking your brains keeps your mind on fit. And that's usually as easy as doing lines. You start with an empty grid as a game board. Well, almost empty, there are three colored balls. You must move one ball per turn from the current cell to the one you think it should to make a colored line of, at least, 5 following balls. The problem? When you make that move more balls fill randomly the grid.
The goal is, obviously, lasting as long as you can. You'll end up with a complete board but, the point in Do Lines, is how many lines you are able to do before all the cells are filled with balls. Do you dare beat the worldwide record?
by Emmanuel , Appszoom
Oct 31, 2013
from 265 reviews
Free - V1.0.1 - 19M
Download the APK file to your computer. Once transfered to your mobile device, tap on it to install the app
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APK file Do Lines: FREE


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editor's review
1 comment
RecKey is a lightweight and portable application that enables users to create, record and play keyboard macros. Although it may seem easy to work with, the tool comes packed with advanced settings that are suitable for more experienced users.
Since installation is not a requirement, you can drop the program files in any location on the hard disk and click it to run. An important aspect to take into account is that the Windows registry does not get new entries.
It is also possible to move RecKey to a USB flash disk or similar storage unit, so that you can run it on any machine effortlessly. Note that the source drive must not be write-protected, since the tool creates additional files during runtime, aside from saved macros.
The interface is represented by a small window where you can click the record button and start typing. Once you have stopped the session, you can save the macro to file.
Program settings can be accessed from the main application frame; a separate executable file is called. For example, you can input a key directly and repeat the stroke, input keyboard combinations (with Shift, Ctrl and/or Alt), special keys (e.g. Backspace, Break) and lock keys (Num, Scroll, Caps).
It is also possible to switch to other windows, set the delay time, trigger an external application for execution, specify the repeating number, display a message, adjust the macro typing speed, as well as point out text to copy to the Clipboard.
The application is not a concern to the computer performance, as it uses a very light amount of CPU and RAM. It has a good response time and works well on newer on operating systems, although it has not been updated for a long time.
No error dialogs were shown in our tests, and the tool did not hang or crash. Unfortunately, RecKey is not particularly intuitive. Plus, you cannot view applied settings before saving the macro to file.
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Book your room at My Home Hotel Kelana Jaya
Standard RoomMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)
Superior RoomMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)
Get an overview of this hotelHotel in Petaling Jaya with 24-hour front desk
Situated in Petaling Jaya, this hotel is 0.9 mi (1.4 km) from Paradigm Mall and within 6 mi (10 km) of Kelana Jaya Lake Park and LDP Cable-Stayed Bridge. Saujana Golf and Country Club and Sunway Pyramid Mall are also within 6 mi (10 km).
Hotel Features
A 24-hour front desk and tour/ticket assistance are available at this hotel.
Room Amenities
All 47 rooms offer free WiFi, LCD TVs, and hair dryers.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
My Home Hotel Kelana Jaya features tour/ticket assistance. The property has a 24-hour front desk.
- 24-hour front desk
- Number of floors - 2
- Total number of rooms - 47
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Year Built 2011
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Room Amenities
- Air conditioning
- Free WiFi
- Hair dryer
- Private bathroom
- Shower only
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at noon
Check-in time ends at 6 PM
Check-out time is 2 PM
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
Optional extras
- An early check-in fee will be charged
- A late check-out fee will be charged


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Rome 'hood gets a brilliant technicolour makeover by street artist Blu
By Rachel Oakley in New Art on Friday 31 July 2015
If only every neighbourhood had the Blu treatment! Blu, an Italian street artist, has really made his mark on his new home in Rebibbia, Rome.
- 16
MUTO: street art animation by Italian artist Blu
By Terrible Spaceship in Video on Wednesday 6 February 2013
Blu is an Italian street artist of incredible skill and patience. This stop-action video of his 'graffiti' isn't new, but it is impossibly cool and deserves to be viewed by all. This guy expresses more raw creativity in this piece than most studio artists get across in a lifetime. Watch with the volume up: the […]
COMBO, a street art animation by Blu and David Ellis
By Gerry Mak in Video on Friday 25 September 2009
Way back when we were wowed by MUTO, an animation done by artist Blu by painting on graffiti-covered walls in Buenos Aires and Baden, Switzerland. His latest, COMBO, a collaboration with David Ellis, is even more impressive, taking advantage of the features of an old courtyard space — pipes, gutters, windows — and even featuring […]
Numskull's incredibly bold and bewildering Aussie street art: We asked him all about it
By Rachel Oakley in New Art on Wednesday 29 April 2015
Elliott Routledge (aka Numskull) is brightening up the streets of Sydney with his bold imagery and will be opening his solo show High Contrast, with M.M.P.G. this coming May.
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The Simpsons get schooled in street gear thanks to illustrator Tommy Bates
By Rachel Oakley in New Fashion on Monday 9 March 2015
Fashion in The Simpsons has been the same since the 1990s – Bart wears his signature blue shorts and orange t-shirt, Homer wears his white shirt and blue pants. So one illustrator took their sense of style into his own hands to give them some street cred.
Australian street artist, Rone, paints on a 5-story building in Berlin
By Inigo del Castillo in New Art on Wednesday 11 December 2013
Rone is a notable street artist who has created many works of art on the streets of Melbourne. Recently, he spent five days in Berlin to create a mural, which he says is one of the largest he has ever attempted. The mural is on a five-story building and is a portrait of fashion model […]
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Melbourne's Rowena Martinich: Colouring outside the lines
By Michelle Wilding in New Art on Wednesday 17 April 2013
Mummy and daddy told us to try and draw inside colouring book lines while growing up. Rowena Martinich's parents must have been an exception. The Melbourne-based artist is an abstract expressionist with a difference, blurring Greenbergian formalism with edgy street art practices. She has a love affair with making her mark known in everyday public […]
Blu's incredible new mural on an abandoned building in Rome
By Kelly Keenan in New Art on Thursday 4 October 2012
Italian artist Blu just threw down an amazingly huge mural on an abandoned building in Rome. Keeping it simple with just black on white, Blu depicts the obvious and not so obvious evils that plague today's global society.
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Papergirl: a community street art project
By Emily Hiller in New Events on Friday 8 June 2012
Papergirl is a street art event which started in Berlin in 2006 and is happening this summer in many cities around the world. Papergirl invites anyone and everyone to show their art in a week long exhibition, after which volunteers will roll up the art and distribute them via bicycle to random people all over the city.
275 streetlamps in Amsterdam park to emit blue light
By Bryan Stewart in New Art on Saturday 3 March 2012
I'm really looking forward to seeing this. Steve McQueen, artist and filmmaker, will transform Vondelpark in Amsterdam by swapping out the white street light bulbs and replacing them with blue ones, transforming the ordinary into a work of art with the simplest of touches.
Mentalgassi: a blog documenting street art in Spain
By Jesca Teale in Cool Websites on Tuesday 31 January 2012
Mentalgassi is an amazing blog documenting street art in Spain. The art is blunt and showcases people in an unusual light. The Public Intimacy Series, for instance, shows a man doing mundane activities in public. There's a bathroom set up in a photo booth, a living room set up on a subway platform, as well […]
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San Francisco is teaming with inspiring artists
By Hugh Leeman in Video on Wednesday 16 November 2011
My most recent video featuring footage on the streets and in the studio creating portraits with rust and chemicals. The video includes interviews with White Walls Gallery owner, Justin Giarla, as well as my friend and subject, the homeless street musician Blue.
New street art photography book by Plastic Robot
By Lost At E Minor in New Photography on Wednesday 2 November 2011
Artist and photographer Plastic Robot has just released his first book of street art photography, Painted Streets. The 170 page book is bursting with the colours of New York's streets.
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Awesome graffiti by London street artist Roid
By Chris Koehler in New Art on Wednesday 2 November 2011
I spent a good portion of high school sitting in Tower Records looking through graffiti magazines, and since then I've become an internet graffiti addict. I've seen a ton of letters and sometimes they all seem to blur together. When I first started seeing work by London's Roid, I felt like I was seeing graffiti for the first time.
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Big Bang, Big Boom: wall-painted animation by BLU
By Zolton in Video on Saturday 30 April 2011
Many moons ago, when my hair was longer and my eyes were clearer, I was the editor of Australian pop culture magazine, Riot. For one issue, I commissioned an eight page illustration spread from a then little-known Italian artist named Blu. He, instead, created a series of distinctive drawings burnt into panels of wood. It […]
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|Reviews for What happens now
| Weird Random Teenager chapter 34 . 3/10/2014
Pls pls pls update
| Weird Random Teenager chapter 9 . 3/8/2014
Me and my besty do the same thing
| Weird Random Teenager chapter 7 . 3/8/2014
Made me cry,laugh, and speechless om great writer u to Koop and awesome. (Hugs u 4 being such a great writer) :) 3
| stargaze33 chapter 7 . 1/22/2013
First, I do have an account, I am just to lazy to log in. Secondly, when Simon says "if I didn't know you guy I would swear you just escaped the loney bin" but they totally did!
| ladyluck25 chapter 1 . 1/15/2013
You jumped from first to third person with Chloe and that's confusing.
| CHLEREK LOVER - werewolf chapter 34 . 1/5/2013
great job never thought that chloe can end up with simon i thought that derek and chloe are ment for each other. plz continue :D
| superjats chapter 34 . 11/15/2012
| DoodleLetters chapter 1 . 10/30/2012
Love this! Continue please :D
| DUDE chapter 34 . 10/30/2012
Ok, since you clearly have no ideas, would you mind trying to male one of these?
*Kendall confronts Derek and tells him she likes him (leaves derek confuse as to what side he should choose- chloe or kendall)
*Simon finds out and gets angry at Chloe, gets wasted and does something wrong (gets captured, sleeps with another girl, fights with derek and gets hurt, etc.)
*Chloe bitch-slaps Derek but as she does, sees the look in his eyes and falls for him all over again (without him knowing, or Chloe just kisses him and admits so)
*Dani and Alex dating (make it Alex tell her, it would be so dam n cute :D)
| Marie Miller chapter 29 . 10/10/2012
hey this story is amazing. You should become a book writer someday and i will difently be your #1 fan
| Booklover7 chapter 34 . 9/25/2012
Don't break Simon and Chloe up plz I love this couple but I love it keep writing!
| CHLEREK btches chapter 34 . 9/24/2012
Soooo... I guess the beautiful ex's arent to be together again. What can I say? I'm depressed. But don't you worry, I like your story all the same, not like this wh*res (yeah you as*holes) that make you do things you do not like to your story. I hope Chlerek will once again rule the Otherworld, but if you do not write it as if they do, it is perfectly alright by me. Please do continue this ASAP ;) oh and, good luck with those b*tches we all love *please note the sarcasm.*
| Jayfire chapter 34 . 9/23/2012
OMG! So much new drama and tension! I can honestly tell you one thing: I'm hooked! Okay so what's going to happen? I mean, Gwen's an evil witch(replace w with b) and seek is screwing Chloe's life over... And poor Dani... That's what happens when you do something you know is wrong... :P
| Guest chapter 1 . 9/18/2012
Guys, sincerely... She writes what she wants to write. I mean, you should be grateful that you at least have her uploading chapters of this awesome fic. All of you that got kinda mad at her are soo attention whores! How dare you even question her story, its hers not yours! Besides. Chloe actually belongs with Derek in the books, or are you not fan enough and stupid to tell? So stalk off and stop botherig her for writing that in the story.
| alicelover520 chapter 33 . 9/17/2012


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Yay to loose trousers! All my clothes are getting pretty loose at the moment. Can't really afford to invest in new clothes though, it's such a pain!
Yay to loose trousers! All my clothes are getting pretty loose at the moment. Can't really afford to invest in new clothes though, it's such a pain!
God, I know! I've been wearing size 18/20 in tops for ages so they'll last me a while. I also have about 40 pairs of jeans in every size from a 24 down to a 16! God knows how, but they are going to come in handy! Might try a size 22 on today - doubt they'll fit but no harm in seeing how close I am
Last edited by Nefertari : 11th February, 2013 at 07:37 AM
Okay, the 22s don't fit but it's my hips that are too big, not my thighs which is the usual issue. I can get them on, just not done up. So close!
In other news, a pair of 24s that were always too small now fit! Yay!
Yeah...those 24s are falling down. Clearly I'm a 23!
I need a belt...
Yay, needing a belt! Trust you to be between sizes. Not long now!
I bet it will be ages before I drop a size yet! Damn my big hips!
I'm the same at the moment, 18s fit but won't quite do up. Damn hips!!
It's so irritating! But I'll be thankful for those hips when I'm a curvy size 14, I'm sure!
Not sure I'll ever be thankful for my hips lol
I solve the problem by just wearing elasticated leggings at the moment, size large. No idea what size I am right now. All I know is all my trousers are too small as I got rid of my bigger sizes coz I was never going to go up again! Doh!
GOOD NEWS!!!!!! We are getting a puppy!!!!!! Tomorrow! Yay!!!!!! Cocker spaniel! Calling him Campbell!
I'd love to have the legs for leggings!
Yay! A puppy! I'm quite jealous! X
Long day today - 6hrs of lectures in a row! But I have the day off tomorrow so I can have a little lie-in (8am!) and then crack on with Uni work. I'm so excited by that thought - what a geek!
Hi guys back in the zone, we can do it cha cha cha! ( slipped into cheer leader mode)
A lie in? What's that?!
A lie-in (8am) is what I'm having tomorrow! Day off! Whoooooooooop! I'm going to get lots of work done for Uni though.
My planned evening off the diet is fast approaching. It was meant to be Valentine's night but moving it to Saturday night so that I have a whole week to undo any 'damage'. I'd made a pact with myself that I would cancel the night off if I thought I'd struggle to get back onto the diet but I really feel that I will get right back on plan. The thought that I could have been at goal by now if I had just got right back on the diet after 'treats' and slip-ups is imprinted on my brain and that is driving me forward. I have Egypt to focus on and after that a summer holiday to Majorca - I WILL be wearing my beautiful size 14 maxi dress!
My plan for the night off is to have my packs as normal in the morning and at lunchtime (easy because I'm at work all day), and then our romantic Valentine's meal in the evening. No alcohol (not a drinker), just water and perhaps a Coke Zero in the evening. The next day, it's right back on plan (easy again because I'm at work all day). I think if there is any gain, it will be gone and some more by WI the following Saturday.
This is a real test for me. I want to show that I can do it, and that I am in control this time. I know there are people who will say that I shouldn't have a night off but the key to success in any diet is allowing yourself a treat OCCASIONALLY. This is the rule I'm going to follow when I'm maintaining so why not get a little practice in now?
I won't ask you to wish me luck because I know I will do it. I feel so in control this time, it's amazing


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remix of Freesound remix of http://www.freesound.org/people/JimiMod/sounds/223365/ now with gradual onset, (and other modifications).
Very good conception , this sound..!
Thanks !
Sweet. The sympathetic voices here are obviously working together. The voices in the original appear to be liquored up ad lookin' for trouble.
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Download OR Nurse iPad iOS
OR Nurse meets the information needs of perioperative nurses, managers, and directors working in hospitals and ambulatory surgery settings. It presents clinical and practical information in a reader-friendly format to help busy perioperative nurses keep pace with the changes in their field. The journal also includes current technological and product advances in areas such as endovascular stenting, laparoscopy, sterilization, and more. Each issue offers Continuing Education articles.
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-Share easy-to-read, full-text articles via email or social media
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-Link to ornursejournal.com to view online-only content and browse the archives.
Click4more: Related apps or nurse
If you are iPad owner,you now can download OR Nurse for free from Apple Store. The application is supporting English language. It weighs in at only 4.6 MB to download. It is highly advisable to have the latest app version installed so that you don`t miss out on the fresh new features and improvements. The current app version 1.0 has been released on 2014-11-09. The Apple Store includes a very useful feature that will check if your device and iOS version are both compatible with the app. Most iPhone and iPad are compatible. Here is the app`s compatibility information: Compatible with iPad. Requires iOS 4.0 or later.
Bottom Line: For more information about OR Nurse check developer Wolters Kluwer Health Lippincott Williams & Wilkins`s website : http://www.lww.com/contactus/
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iOS OR Nurse 1.0 Mobile
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Exclusive finds with a new theme each month.
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Our director of creative projects shares what she's into.
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Live Chat or call 1.888.282.6060.
Stretchy jersey is cut for a long, straight silhouette on a V-neck maxi eased by deep side slits. For a touch of sheer allure, geo-patterned lace sculpts each long sleeve.
Watch the video: Dress Fit Fundamentals
Learn More: The Best Dress for Your Body Type


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E Dade 152 Everton, MO 65646
- Lot/Land
- Lot size: 43.10 acres
- 180+ Days on Trulia
Property Details for E Dade 152
180+ Days on Trulia
103 views
Description provided by Trulia
E Dade 152 This Lot/Land is located at East Dade 152, Everton MO. E Dade 152 is in the 65646 ZIP code in Everton, MO. This property is listed by Murney Associates Realtors for $60,000. The average listing price for ZIP code 65646 is $194,337, which is higher than the list price for E Dade 152.
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- 10-11 Years,
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Mother With Daughter Brushing Teeth In Bathroom Stock Photo10-11 Years,30-34 Years,African Ethnicity,African-American Ethnicity,Asian and Indian Ethnicities,Bathrobe,Brushing Teeth,Color Image,Daughter,Dental Health,Domestic Bathroom,Domestic Life,Family with One Child,Girls,Indoors,Mid Adult Women,Mirror,Mixed Race Person,Mother,Multi-Ethnic Group,One Parent,Pajamas,Part of a Series,Photography,Reflection,Routine,Single Mother,Togetherness,Two People,VerticalPhotographer Gen NishinoCollection: Taxi


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Newark, DEUSA
July 26, 2013
No answer yet
Yes. Nissan Leaf
Solar Power Installer living in New Castle, DE. Recently purchased (leasing) a Nissan Leaf.
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Barbie Doll Angelica Kenova (40 pics)
- Category: Girls |
- 18 Jul, 2013 |
- Views: 28614 |
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Modela Angelica Kenova is often called a Russian Barbie girl. And we can see why.
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£625 pcm
2 bedroom flat to rent Garden Close, Poulton Le Fylde, FY6 7WGChoice Rentals are pleased to present this luxury 2 bed 2 bath first flat apartment. Situated in little Poulton Gardens this flat needs to be viewed to be appreciated. 2 Good sized bedrooms (1 with en suite), Electric Heating and water. Double (...)... More details ›
£2,000 pcm
6 bedroom detached house to rent Mains Lane, Poulton-le-Fylde****LARGE PLOT WITH STABLES AND PADDOCK - SPACIOUS DETACHED TRUE BUNGALOW WITH LARGE DETACHED ANNEXE IN THE GARDEN - 6 BEDROOMS AND 4 BATHROOMS IN TOTAL - PLENTIFUL OFF ROAD PARKING AND GARAGING - WELL SET BACK FROM THE ROAD**** More details ›
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All About Glass
All About Glass
This is your resource for exploring various topics in glass: delve deeper with this collection of articles, multimedia, and virtual books all about glass. Content is frequently added to the area, so check back for new items. If you have a topic you'd like to see covered, send us your suggestion. If you have a specific question, Ask a Librarian at our Rakow Research Library.
A dish, usually with a stem and a base, and sometimes with a cover, for serving compote (fruits cooked in syrup), or a smaller dish of similar form used for individual servings. compotes Compote
(from Italian) Figures representing the 16 characters in Italian commedia dell'arte, a theatrical genre that was especially popular in the 17th and 18th centuries. Flameworkers made models of these figures, often copying illustrations in Lelio Riccoboni's Histoire du théâtre italien (1728-1731).
A wavy, festooned, feathery, or zigzag pattern of decoration in two or more colors, produced by applying threads of opaque glass of a color different from that of the molten glass body. The threads are rolled into the glass body by marvering, after which they are combed or dragged to achieve the
(1) A band of applied glass around the rim of a vessel. On bottles, the collar is used to secure the cork. (2) A threaded metal ring around the font of a lamp, used to attach a screw-in burner. collars Flask
The collective term for the many techniques (such as copper-wheel engraving and cutting) used to alter or decorate glass when it is cold. coldworking cold worked cold-worked cold works coldworks
The technique of decorating an object by applying paint such as artists use on other materials. This is in contrast to enameling, in which powdered glasses of various colors are fused to the surface by heating. coldpainting cold paint coldpaint coldpainted cold painted cold-painted Enamel Portrait
The term popularly applied to Islamic coin-shaped weights or tokens, most of which were made in Egypt between the eighth and 12th centuries. Coinweights Coinweight Coin weights
A tool consisting of two rectangular pieces of wood joined at one end by a leather hinge. There is an aperture in one of the pieces of wood, and this holds the stem of a goblet or wineglass while it is being made. The clapper is used to squeeze a blob of glass in order to form the foot. clappers
A tool sometimes used instead of a pontil to hold the closed end (usually the bottom) of a partly formed glass vessel while the open end (usually the mouth) is being shaped. clamps Gadget
A vessel for cremated human remains. In the Roman period, cremation was a widely used method of disposing of the dead, whose ashes were sometimes placed in glass cinerary urns. Cinerary urns Cinerary Urn
A glass tube, open at both ends, used to shield the flame of an oil lamp, to trap soot, and to increase the draft. chimneys Kerosene Lamp
(from French, "candlestick") A lighting fixture suspended from the ceiling, with two or more arms bearing lights (originally, candles) or two or more pendent lights. Many chandeliers have faceted lead glass arms, candle cups, shafts, and prisms, which reflect the light and sparkle like tiny mirrors
A tall, narrow vase used at the table for holding celery. celery vases Celery Vase
A handle with vertical ribbing like a celery stalk. celery handles Footed Pitcher with Celery Stalk Handle
A small vessel with a perforated top from which one casts or sprinkles sugar or condiments such as pepper. A castor set is a matching group of castors, which, together with cruets, form a condiment set. castors 6 Piece Caster Set
The generic name for a wide variety of techniques used to form glass in a mold. casts cast
The application of a layer of glass over a layer of contrasting color. The gaffer either gathers one layer over another gather, or inflates a gob of hot glass inside a preformed blank of another color. The two components adhere and are inflated together (perhaps with frequent reheating) until they
The removal of glass from the surface of an object by means of hand-held tools or sandblasting. carved carves carve
A stand with a socket or spike for one candle. candlesticks Pressed Candlestick
A candle holder or lamp with several arms or branches. Candelabra Candelabrum and Base
Glass of one color covered, usually by casing, with one or more layers of contrasting color(s). The outer layers are acid-etched, carved, cut, or engraved to produce a design that stands out from the background. The first cameo glasses were made by the ancient Romans. The genre was revived in
A pattern resembling the twisted strands of a rope. cabled
A sugar bowl and matching creamer. breakfast sets
A pocket of gas trapped in glass during manufacture. The term is used both for bubbles introduced intentionally (known as air traps or beads) and for unwanted bubbles created during the melting process. Very small bubbles are known as seeds. bubbles Pulegoso
A glass pane with a pontil mark surrounded by concentric ridges. This was the central part of a large pane of crown glass. Bull's-eye panes Bullseye pane Bull's eye pane Reproduction Bull's Eye Window Pane
An iron or steel tube, usually four to five feet long, for blowing glass. Blowpipes have a mouthpiece at one end and are usually fitted at the other end with a metal ring that helps to retain the gather. blowpipes
A primitive lathe powered by the use of a bow. The bowstring is looped around the spindle of the lathe and causes it to rotate as the bow is drawn backward and forward. bow lathes
(1) A rounded, hollow vessel; (2) the uppermost part of a goblet, tazza, or wineglass. bowls 2 Enameled Goblets
Any cooled glass object that requires further forming or decoration to be finished. blanks Blank for Replica of the Portland Vase
A popular term for bottles of iron-rich dark green or dark brown glass, the color of which protected the contents. "Black" glass was first made in England in the mid-17th century. black bottles Bottle


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The SEC amended its complaint today to additionally charge Mark Kuhrt and Gilberto Lopez, accountants for Stanford-affiliated companies who allegedly fabricated financial statements to give investors the false illusion that their investments were solid, safe and secure. The SEC also charged Leroy King, the administrator and chief executive officer of Antigua's Financial Services Regulatory Commission (FSRC), for accepting thousands of dollars per month in bribes to ignore the Stanford Ponzi scheme and supply Stanford himself with confidential information about the SEC's investigation. King obstructed the SEC's case since 2005, when its investigation into Stanford began.
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Oliver Peoples
NDG Sunglasses
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Oliver Peoples brown gradient acetate NDG sunglasses.
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- Square shape. Signature pin detail at front and temples.
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From £89 per person*
Get set for a day of epic stag action as you go head to head with your fellow stags at our fantastic multi activity site in the heart of the Surrey countryside (near Guildford).
This are the angriest and most full on of racing machines that will push your driving skills to the limits, with a 670cc 24hp v-twin engine reaching speeds of 50mph. Handling is fast furious and at times spectacular. You and the guys will compete in a great time trial event, so your challenge is to beat the time set by Formula 1 legend Damon Hill and get your name onto our own version of Top Gear's fastest lap! Who will be your stag Stig and who is just old Captain Slow.
Read more about Rage Buggies.
This is clay pigeon shooting at it's very best. Set in stunning Surrey countryside, and with the shoot built into a valley, you the lads will really feel like true country gents! Whether you are a novice or professional gun for hire (we won't ask questions), you'll be staring down a 12-bore shotgun, in a 20 clay challenge. Our friendly and experienced instructor will guide you through a variety of different targets teaching you to improve your aim and sharpen your reactions. You'll need a sharp, steady nerves and a strong shoulder to take the top gun title.
Read more about Clay Shooting.
The principles of piloting a hovercraft are fairly straightforward to explain, but perfecting your driving skills when you're riding on a cushion of air with a 50 bhp engine behind you is something else! A hovercraft is surprisingly easy to control, with just acceleration and steering to think about, but the real skill is being able to make what is effectively a big motorised bag of hot air go exactly where you want it to, in this case that's around a specifically designed course involving slaloms and gates to park in. After practice laps it's time for your timed lap. Gentlemen start your engines!
Read more about Hovercrafting.
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Thank you for your excellent service!
Very useful feature to have
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This is what I have wanted.
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Field report: Museum work on Bronze Age materials
Currently there are two Archaeological Field Schools, one in Nemea and the other in Mycenae. The purpose of the field schools is to provide an opportunity for undergraduate students to participate in archaeological research in Greece and receive academic credit from the UCB Classics Department.
The Nemea Center is committed to teaching, research, and public service in an on-going research project at Nemea in Greece. The center is directed by Kim Shelton, Classics professor at UC Berkeley.


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Everything tagged
Latest from The Spokesman-Review
Eagles seek ways to approach three-week break
Dec. 19, 2010 in Sports on Page C1 Under the old format of the Football Championship Subdivision playoffs, had Eastern Washington University survived until this weekend, it would have already played in the NCAA Division I Championship game, … 2
Szczur will come at EWU from many angles
Dec. 17, 2010 in Sports on Page B7 Eastern Washington defensive coordinator John Graham has never met Matt Szczur. But just from watching video of Villanova's all-American wide receiver, kick-return specialist and "Wildcat" quarterback, Graham figures Szczur must …
Eastern hosts Villanova's road warriors for title berth
Dec. 17, 2010 in Sports on Page B1 Villanova coach Andy Talley won't hazard a guess as to how the national title his team won last fall might impact its chances against No. 1-ranked and fifth-seeded Eastern Washington …
Eastern gears up for offensive fireworks
Dec. 16, 2010 in Sports Villanova has got to be travel weary, but Eastern Washington coach Beau Baldwin is expecting to get the Wildcats' best shot when the two teams lineup Friday in the FCS …
Matt Szczur a big challenge for EWU defense
Dec. 15, 2010 in Sports Villanova's Matt Szczur caught a 31-yard touchdown pass, threw a 54-yard scoring pass and ran for three more TDs as part of a perfect offensive storm last week in the … 1


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The Best Things About Countryfest
It's easy to have a good time at Countryfest, but what's the best part?
It's easy to have a good time at Countryfest, but what's the best part?
Steven Tyler's transition into country music has been controversial to say the least! He sparked some serious debate among country music traditionalist when he announced he was converting to the genre...
#WGNACountryfest is almost a week away and we want to make sure you grab your tickets for $45 while you still can!
He'll be here for #WGNACountryfest in less than 2 weeks, but he was on Good Morning America on Friday!
It was then when our headliner decided to preform his new single "Riser" and dedicate it to the people in Charleston, South Carolina...
The talented Chelsea Cavanaugh will be returning to the stage this year.
For the second year in a row, the Rustic Barn Pub will host the official Countryfest After Party immediately following the year's biggest Capital Region country concert on July 11!
Poor Dierks Bentley! He and I have more in common than I realized...
I picked these folks out of my old Countryfest photos as "spoilers". These were folks that were part of the bill but were not considered headliners. I think they easily could have been, and wish they were back on the radio!
With less than a month before Countryfest, you're probably getting ready for headliner Dierks Bentley's performance by stocking your playlists with all his music. Well how'd you like to see Dierks live for free before the show?
Countryfest is just around the corner! Come see great acts like Dierks Bentley, Easton Corbin, Eric Paslay and Craig Campbell at the Schaghticoke fair grounds on July 12th! Just make sure to bring these five items with you.
#WGNACountryfest is a month away and I'm so excited to see my favorite country singer of life, (and also my biggest celebrity crush) Mr. Dierks Bentley perform live...


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A trio of Georgia football players have been named to the Bednarik Award Watch List while another Bulldog has been included on the Maxwell Award Watch List.
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Three Bulldogs Named To Bednarik List, One To Maxwell List
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Setting was superb as we stayed in a large room with 3 tatami sections and a private bath. The public and family onsens were open for extended periods and vacant which was great. Food quite healthy type so expect veggies and Japanese fish. Staff deserve special mention as they were overly polite which is typical Japanese and courteous from our... More
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