text:
|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Número de solicitud
|Fecha de publicación
|29 Abr 1997
|Fecha de presentación
|8 Mar 1995
|Fecha de prioridad
|8 Mar 1995
|Número de publicación
|William R. Kowalski, Clinton Taylor
|Cesionario original
|Kowalski; William R., Taylor; Clinton
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (4), Citada por (55), Clasificaciones (10), Eventos legales (7)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet
This invention relates to a device and process for aligning tiles of varying thickness.
Genuine stone materials, such as marble and granite, are often used in order to cover surfaces, such as walls and floors. These materials are often provided in tiles, so that the surfaces are covered by a matrix of tiles.
One of the major aesthetic attractions of stone tiles is the different layers of crystallized minerals, known as veins and grain patterns. Thus, dramatic veining and contrasting colors can add to the value of the stone. However, these layers of crystallized minerals also can make stone tiles more fragile. Further, after being cut and polished, they are subject to damage by chipping during transportation and storage, so that tiles of such materials are very fragile. Natural stone, marble and other materials are also dense.
Natural stone tiles are often provided with exterior faces that are polished at the quarries. However, because of natural variations in density and for other reasons, tiles made of natural stone vary considerably in thickness, with an average variation of approximately one millimeter. However, it is possible to use a precision saw to form grooves set back from the exterior face of the tiles to a tolerance of 1/1000 of an inch (0.025 millimeters).
When tiles of varying thickness are joined together, it is very difficult to obtain a flat surface. Accordingly, a great degree of skill and labor are required to produce a flat surface with uniform spacing between tiles when using these materials. Thus, the costs for installing tiles made of these materials are much higher than the costs for installing alternative tiles, such as ceramic tiles, that are of a uniform thickness, over a flat stable surface. However, the same types of problems occur when laying tiles of a uniform thickness over an irregular surface, because the surface then cannot maintain the exterior faces of the tiles flush with each other. For the same reason, if tiles of a uniform thickness are being laid over an unstable surface, such as a thick layer of glue or cement, it is difficult to maintain a flush surface.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a simple device and process for laying and spacing tiles of varying thickness to form a flat surface with uniform spacing between adjacent tiles.
It is a further object of this invention to provide such a device and process that allows laying tiles of uniform thickness over an irregular or unstable surface.
It is a further object of this invention to provide such a device and process that does not require highly skilled labor.
It is a still further object of this invention to provide such a device and process that will avoid the problems of chipping and cracking inherent in prior art methods of laying tile.
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide expansion joints to absorb and distribute stress evenly among tiles.
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide such a device and apparatus that will withstand large amounts of flexing of a building without causing any damage to the installed tiles.
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a device and apparatus that will allow installation of a tiled surface over curved or irregular subsurfaces.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,031,684 to Berger discloses a tile spacer comprising a preferably cross-shaped element, but requires that the spacers have an axial thickness substantially less than the thickness of the tiles (col. 2, lines 21-25).
U.S. Pat. No. 4,571,910 to Cosentino discloses an apparatus for laying tiles in which a plurality of grooves running perpendicularly from the edges of the tiles are formed in the rear surfaces of the tiles, and a plurality of elongated spacer elements is provided in the grooves.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,503,654 to Cosentino discloses a method and apparatus for constructing a surface from a plurality of similar polygonal tiles in which spacer members having a flat base and a rectangular flange bisecting the base are securely affixed to the rear face of the tile.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,953,341 to Joos discloses a spacer element for insertion between spaces between tiles for uniform spacing of the tiles, comprising a plurality of legs extending radially from a common juncture with the legs being formed with beveled edges to facilitate removal after an adhesive has cured.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,512,324 to Reed discloses a portable floor adapter for use over a permanent floor or over a floor covered with a rug or carpet made of several sections adapted to abut in a predetermined pattern, the sections being provided with magnets and magnetic apertures for holding the sections assembled.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,438,161 to Koch discloses a wall construction employing core positioners for spacing the core away from the walls of the forms.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,257,001 to Davis discloses a building unit and construction employing various types of joining units for slabs made of gypsum or the like.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,015,813 to Nielsen discloses the use of dowel pins and bores for joining wood block flooring.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,008,244 to Crooks discloses a self-leveling floor in which a V-shaped groove is formed along an edge of a block and a V-shaped tongue is formed on another edge with the apex of the tongue being rounded.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,680,914 to Migliore discloses a method of installing marble panels on a flat wall in which a slab or marble is cut into a plurality of thin marble sheets that are then attached to a backing panel.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,840,825 to Aristodimou discloses a tile for flooring or wall cladding with a thin stone layer bonded to a substrate made of three sublayers and with the sublayers displaced to define tongues and grooves.
The device of this invention comprises a spacer in the shape of an extruded cross. The body of the cross defines upper and lower tabs and the cross bar defines front and rear tongues. Preferably the extruded depth of the cross is greater than the height and greater than the width of the cross. More preferably, the extruded depth of the cross is greater than the thickness of the tile. Preferably also, a locking means, preferably a bump, is provided on a surface of the front tongue.
The process of this invention is to form alignment grooves in edges of first and second tiles at a constant groove setback distance from the exterior faces, with the grooves being configured to receive the front and rear tongues. The front tongue of one of the spacers then can be inserted in one of the grooves so that the rear tongue projects outwardly from the groove. The rear tongue then can be received in a corresponding alignment groove in the second tile. The front and rear tongues then maintain the exterior faces of the tiles flush with each other and the tabs of the spacer maintain the edges of the tiles spaced apart and parallel to each other. The locking means on the upper surface of the front tongue preferably retains the spacer in the alignment groove of the first tile before the rear tongue is received in an alignment groove in the second tile. Preferably the exterior edges of the tongues are tapered in thickness and have an elongated truncated oval shape when viewed from the top. Preferably, the grooves are substantially longer than the tongues are wide, to allow the tongues to be slidably adjusted along the length of the grooves.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a first preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an end view of the embodiment of FIG. 1 along the line 2--2 of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a top plan view of the embodiment of FIG. 1 along the line 3--3 of FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a front elevational view of the embodiment of FIG. 1 along the line 4--4 of FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is a front perspective view of a tile provided with elongated alignment grooves in accordance with the present invention showing the use of the embodiment of FIG. 1 and some alternative embodiments.
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the present invention with a T shaped cross section.
FIG. 7(a) is a front view of a plurality of tiles in which relatively flat cross shaped spacers inserted in short apertures are used to join three tiles, showing why such cross shaped members cannot be received in corresponding short apertures of a fourth tile.
FIG. 7(b) is a front view of the tiles of FIG. 7(a) but with elongated grooves according to FIG. 5 and the spacer of FIG. 1.
FIG. 8(a) is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment in which locking means is provided by shaping the forward tongue as a wedge.
FIG. 8(b) is a perspective view of another alternative embodiment in which locking means is provided by providing a single ridge or wedge on the top surface of the front tongue.
FIG. 8(c) is a perspective view of another alternative embodiment in which locking means is provided by splitting the front tongue, with the split sections slightly offset from each other.
FIG. 8(d) is a perspective view of another alternative embodiment in which locking means is provided by making the front tongue hollow and deformable.
FIG. 8(e) is a perspective view of another alternative embodiment in which locking means is provided by forming the front tongue with an undulating edge having an "S" shape with three inflection points.
FIG. 8(f) is a perspective view of another alternative embodiment in which locking means is provided by forming the front tongue with an undulating edge having multiple inflection points.
The best mode presently contemplated for carrying out the present invention is the preferred embodiment illustrated by way of example in FIGS. 1-4.
Referring to FIG. 1, shown is a perspective view of a first presently preferred embodiment which comprises a spacer 10 substantially in the shape of an extruded cross, preferably with the crossbar having the shape of an elongated oval truncated at both ends, and being preferably tapered downward at the outer edges. The spacer 10 comprises a main portion 12 having a maximum height H and crossbar portion 22 having a maximum width W (as better shown in FIG. 3).
FIG. 2 shows a view of the spacer 10 along the line 2--2 of FIG. 1. The main body 12 defines an upper tab 14 and a coplanar lower tab 16, each preferably of the same maximum tab height TH and the same maximum thickness S. The crossbar portion 22 defines a front tongue 24 and a coplanar rear tongue 26, each preferably of a maximum tongue length L and a maximum tongue thickness TT. Preferably, the tabs 14, 16 are approximately perpendicular to the tongues 24, 26. It is further preferred that the tab height TH be less than half the thickness of the tile T so that the upper tab will not project exteriorly beyond the exterior face F when the spacer 10 is inserted in a groove, as described below. Although not preferred, it is possible to have the tab height of the lower tab 16 greater than half the thickness of the tile T (and greater than the height of the upper tab 14) so that the lower tab 16 projects inwardly beyond the interior face of the tile T, because tiles are often cemented to surfaces using relatively thick layers of glue or other adhesive, and having the lower tab 16 project inwardly beyond the interior face of the tile T may enhance the adhesion between the tile matrix and the surface to which the matrix is being adhered. Preferably a locking means for locking the front tongue 24 in a groove configured to receive the front tongue 24 is provided, preferably a locking bump 32.
It is preferred that the spacer 10 comprise a high density plastic such as polypropylene, and that the locking bump 32 be integrally formed with the body of the spacer. However, alternative materials can be used if they have the required properties of flexibility, ease of manufacturing and strength.
FIG. 3 shows a view of the spacer 10 along the line 3--3 of FIG. 2. As can be seen, from the top, the spacer 10 has the shape of an elongated oval truncated at both ends. The spacer 10 preferably has an extruded depth D and a maximum width W. Preferably the outer edges 28 of the front and rear tongues 24, 26 are arcuate so that the tongues 24, 26 can be easily visually distinguished from the tabs 14, 16 and also to conform to the configuration of the alignment grooves as described below. Preferably also, the front and rear tongues 24, 26 are tapered towards their outer edges, preferably downwardly.
FIG. 4 shows a front elevational view of the spacer 10 along the line 4--4 of FIG. 3, which makes apparent the preferred rectangular shape of the tabs 14, 16, in contrast to the preferred oval or arcuate shape of the tongues 24, 26.
Referring to FIG. 5, shown is a perspective view of a tile T in which alignment grooves G have been formed in the edges E, which are substantially perpendicular to the exterior face F of the tile T. Preferably the grooves G are elongated and parallel to and spaced apart from the exterior face by a constant setback distance GS. The grooves G preferably have a width GW, a length GL and a depth GD. Preferably, each of the grooves G is configured to receive the tongues 24, 26 of the spacer 10. Accordingly, the maximum length L of each of the tongues 24, 26 must be less than the groove depth GD, the extruded depth D of each of the tongues 24, 26 must be less than the length of the groove GL, and the tongue thickness TT must be less than the groove width GW (except where the tongue is deformable to exert force against the walls of the groove for locking means, as shown, for example, in FIGS. 8(b) to (f)). Preferably the tongues 24, 26 fit tightly into the grooves G and preferably the locking bump 32 increases the thickness of the front tongue 24 sufficiently so that the front tongue 24 is locked inside the groove G when inserted into the groove G.
Preferably the grooves G are cut by a grooving wheel and are a constant depth GD in the central portion and curved to the radius of the grooving wheel at the ends. Preferably also, the groove setback GS is approximately half of the width of the tile. For example, two of the most common sizes for the tiles used in accordance with the present invention are 12"×12"×3/8" (300×300×20 millimeters) and 12"×12"×3/8"(300×300×10 millimeters). In such tiles, preferably two grooves having a groove length GL of 3" (76 millimeters) are formed in each edge E, separated from each other by approximately 3" (76 millimeters) and centered so that each groove is 11/2" (38 millimeters) from the nearest corner, as shown in FIG. 5. Preferably also, the groove depth GD is 5/16 of an inch (8 millimeters). Preferably the groove width GW is 3/32 of an inch, or approximately 2.5 millimeters, which would leave a distance between the exterior face F of the tile T and the edge E of the groove G of 3/8 of an inch, or approximately 10 millimeters, with the distance between the groove and the opposite face of the tile therefore being approximately 9/32 of an inch or approximately 7.5 millimeters.
Preferably the maximum tongue thickness TT of the spacer 10 is approximately 3/32 of an inch (2.5 millimeters) and the maximum height H of the spacer is approximately 7/16 of an inch (11 millimeters). Preferably the extrusion depth D is approximately 1" (25.4 millimeters) and the maximum width W of the spacer is approximately 5/8 of an inch (16 millimeters). Preferably also, the maximum tab thickness S of the upper and lower tabs 14, 16 is approximately 1/16 of an inch (1.5 millimeters), but this can be varied depending on the desired separation between adjacent tiles.
The exact shapes of the tongues and tabs can be varied by, for example, making the tabs arcuate and the tongues rectangular, by making the tabs into a wave shape, or by making other minor structural modifications that do not impair the functions of the tongues and tabs. All such minor structural modifications are considered to be equivalents of the present invention.
Preferably the rear tongue 26 has a tongue thickness approximately 1/1000 of an inch (0.025 millimeters) less than the groove width GW so that the rear tongue can be smoothly received in the grooves of the second tile and also slidably adjusted along those grooves.
It is preferred to provide two grooves in each edge E in order to allow for alignment either in "running bond" stacking, in which the edges of adjacent tiles are colinear, and also alternating stacking, in which the vertical edges of adjacent tiles bisect the tiles above or below them.
In the practice of this invention, at least one, but preferably two, alignment grooves G are formed in at least one, but preferably all, of the edges E of a first tile T. The front tongue 24 of a spacer 10 is then inserted into the groove G until the tabs 14, 16 abut against the alignment edge E and the front tongue 24 is locked into the groove G by the locking bump 32. After one or more spacers 10 are locked into alignment grooves G in a first tile, the rear tongues 26 project outwardly from the grooves G. The rear tongues 26 of the spacers 10 then can be received, and preferably slidably adjusted, in elongated alignment grooves G that have similarly been formed in edges of a second tile, parallel to and spaced apart from the exterior face F by the same setback distance GS. When the second tile is thus mounted on the rear tongue or tongues 26, the second tile can be slid along the rear tongue or tongues 26 because the elongated alignment grooves G are substantially longer than the extruded depth of the rear tongue or tongues 26. This sliding allows edges of the tiles to be easily aligned in the direction parallel to their edges, so that the tiles can be aligned side to side and up and down because the lengths of the edges of natural tiles vary. Further, when the second tile is thus mounted on the rear tongue or tongues 26 and the edge of the second tile abuts against the tabs 14, 16, the tab thickness S defines the separation between the first and second tiles and the tongues 24, 26 align the exterior faces of the first and second tiles flush with each other (in a substantially coplanar relationship).
This invention also can be practiced with alternative embodiments of a spacer. For example, referring to FIG. 5, shown is an alternative embodiment 40 in which one or, preferably, a plurality of ridges 42 are provided as a locking means on the front tongue 24. FIG. 5 also shows another alternative embodiment 50 in which a plurality of bumps 52 forms a pebbled surface on the front tongue 24.
Referring to FIG. 6, shown is still another alternative embodiment 80 of the present invention which is identical in all respects to the embodiment 10 of FIG. 1, except that the lower tab 16 has been omitted because the upper tab is sufficient for maintaining the appropriate separation between adjacent tiles, thus forming a T cross section.
Of course, in either the cross or T embodiments, it is not necessary that the upper (or lower) tabs extend along the entire depth dimension of the spacers, so that the portions of the tabs, for example, near the ends or in the middle, or in other portions, can be removed in order to reduce the amount of material used in forming each spacer.
An advantage of the present invention is that only a minimal amount of natural stone material is removed to produce the grooves, and the material is removed from an area that does not significantly impair the strength of the tiles (tiles are most susceptible to damage at the corners).
This invention completely eliminates stone-to-stone contact during installation. The edges E do not touch during installation and any impact between adjoining adjacent tiles is cushioned by the spacers. Further, the spacers allow up to 30 degrees of tilting between adjacent tiles without contact at the fragile cornerline between the exterior face F and the edge E. This ability to allow angular movement between the tiles is useful for plumb and level adjustment and also for covering curved surfaces. Thus, the spacers are effective in reducing the chipping and cracking which may otherwise occur when the cornerlines between the edge E and the exterior face F come in contact when spacers are not used. It is important to prevent chipping and cracking for appearance and strength of any tile matrix. Further, chipping, cracking and poor spacing will result in an inferior split surface that is weaker, more difficult to clean and maintain, and subject to more rapid deterioration.
The flexibility of the spacer and the ability to precisely control the spacing between adjacent tiles by varying the thickness S of the upper and lower tabs 14, 16 allows the spacers to serve as an expansion joint. If the tiles expand, the spacers can absorb and distribute stress evenly among the tiles in the matrix. This provides a particularly effective advantage when the spacers are used in connection with flexible or semi-flexible cements. Further, because the exterior wall of the groove G (the wall closest to the exterior face F) is thicker than the interior wall of the groove G (the wall farthest from the exterior face F), if the expansion of the tile T is too great, the interior wall of the groove G will tend to break away, thus preserving the exterior face F of the tile. This ability to serve as an expansion joint can be beneficial in many applications, especially where the tiles will be exposed to substantial fluctuations in temperature and moisture in either interior or exterior environments.
Preferably the spacers are flexible and soft in comparison to natural stone tile, yet have high tensile and compressive strength so that they add to the structural integrity of the matrix. This is important because many building structures are constructed to flex in the event of hurricanes, earthquakes or other natural disasters. Thus, a tile matrix constructed using the spacers of this invention can withstand substantial amounts of such flexing without any damage to the exterior face F provided that the proper types of cement are used. The strength added to the tile matrix by the present invention also improves the safety of the finished tile matrix by reducing the likelihood that any single tile could separate from the matrix. Many building codes require that heavy wall tiles be secured with a wire and loop to prevent dislodging from the matrix. This procedure requires drilling holes in the back of each tile, affixing wires into the hole and then fastening the wires to the walls. This is a tedious, labor intensive and costly additional procedure. Using the present invention can greatly simplify installation of a tile matrix either by totally eliminating the necessity of a wire and loop construction, or substantially reducing the number of tiles that need to be wired.
Preferably the spacers are flexible and automatically retain the grout space and flatness of the tile matrix even when installed over curved or erratically irregular subsurfaces. Such irregular subsurfaces are commonly encountered in exterior applications.
In the present invention, it is preferred that the spacers 10 have an extruded depth greater than their height, greater than their width (and greater than the tile thickness), and preferably approximately twice the greater of their width or height, in order to overcome various problems that would arise with relatively flat spacers. First, relatively flat spacers (both crosses and Ts) would be much easier to dislodge from the grooves during installation because a much smaller surface area on the front tongues would be received in the grooves of the first tiles. Second, deeper spacers have more stability and strength, especially when using flexible materials, when second tiles are mounted on the rear tongues and slid over those tongues. Third, because the length of the tongues is relatively short (preferably approximately 5/16 inches (8 millimeters), a deeper spacer is easier to grasp. Fourth, a deeper spacer is better able to align and space tiles if there are chips or irregularities in the grooves because deeper spacers have more surface area on the tongues to be received in the grooves. Fifth, a spacer with a greater extruded depth D allows the depth of the grooves GD to be shallower, thus requiring the removal of less material in forming the groove G, which preserves the strength of the tiles during packing, shipping and installation. Sixth, a spacer with greater extruded depth D also allows for a narrower groove width GW, which is especially important with thinner tiles. Seventh, a spacer with greater extruded depth D distributes the stress on the tile caused by the spacer over a greater area of the groove walls, and away from the center of the length of the groove (which is the weakest part). For all of the above reasons, a spacer with greater extruded depth allows for a spacer that is easy to use and that creates a stronger and more easily installed tile matrix.
It is preferred that the grooves G be longer than the extruded depth D of the spacers in order to avoid problems of installation that can be best understood by referring to FIG. 7(a). Shown in FIG. 7(a) are three tiles I, II, III joined together to form a matrix using spacers that fit into apertures that are approximately the same length as the arms of the spacers ("short" apertures). As can be seen, the rear tongues along the left vertical edge of tile I prevent the apertures on the lower horizontal edge of tile IV from receiving the rear tongues of the spacers on the top horizontal edge of tile III. Similarly, the rear tongues of the spacers on the top horizontal edge of tile III prevent the apertures on the left vertical edge of tile IV from receiving the rear tongues of the spacers on the right vertical edge of tile I. Thus, tile IV cannot be inserted into the matrix formed by tiles I, II and III.
This kind of problem will arise with almost any type of fastener between adjacent tiles that projects beyond the edges of the tiles; when a matrix of tiles is formed and a new tile is to be inserted into the existing matrix at the intersection of two tiles, the projections from the edges of the tiles forming the intersection will obstruct the new tile from being inserted. In such a situation, the matrix must be taken apart slightly in order to allow sufficient clearance to insert the new tile.
Referring to FIG. 7(b), shown are the same tiles as FIG. 7(a) with elongated grooves instead of the short apertures of FIG. 7(a), and with the spacers of FIG. 1 instead of the spacers of FIG. 7(a). Tile IV now can be mounted on the rear tongues projecting from tiles I and III and then slidably adjusted (within the length of the grooves) in the plane of the tiles. As long as the spacers are positioned within the grooves G (and the grooves G are sufficiently long) to allow a clearance of at least a tongue length in both the horizontal and vertical directions, then tile IV can be received in the intersection of edges in the tile matrix formed by tiles I, II and III without disassembling the matrix. For example, if tile IV is inserted into the matrix horizontally from the right, the spacers in the right edge of tile I must be positioned such that their rear tongues can be received in the grooves of tile IV when tile IV is slid leftward above the rear tongues projecting upwardly from tile III, and the rear tongues of tile I must also be positioned so that, once tile IV is mounted on them, tile IV can be moved vertically downward to be mounted on the rear tongues projecting upwardly from tile III. A detailed geometric explanation of the necessary relationships between placement of the spacers in the grooves and the lengths of the grooves can be provided by a person of ordinary skill in the art, but it is sufficient to state here that the tongues and the grooves must allow sufficient clearance for tile IV to be adjusted in two perpendicular directions in the plane of the tiles by approximately a tongue length.
It should be noted that the cross shaped spacers of FIG. 7(a) with the crossbars oriented parallel to the tile edges are not suitable to the practice of the present invention. First, the grooves are preferably longer than the crossbars, so that the crossbars would fall into the grooves and prevent them from serving to separate the tiles. Second, even if the crossbars are made wider than the groove width, the main body is too short to maintain the crossbar parallel to the tile edge, so that the crossbar could rotate and project outwards beyond the exterior face. The cross shaped spacers of FIG. 7(a) may be usable if the crossbar portions are oriented perpendicular to the tile edge, but the tab height of the upper tab would need to be less than the groove setback. In any event, it is clear that the short apertures of FIG. 7(a) will not work well because of the need for slidable adjustment, as shown in FIG. 7(b).
Referring to FIGS. 8(a) to 8(f), shown are alternative embodiments with various locking means that are deemed to be equivalents of the locking means disclosed above. Of course, these equivalent locking means also can be used with the T shaped spacer of FIG. 6. In use, the various equivalent locking means frictionally lock the front tongue in a groove, either by being wedged in the groove (FIGS. 8(a) and 8(b), or by deforming and thereby exerting force against the walls of the groove. In FIG. 8(c), the offset portions of the front tongue would be deformed to be more coplanar when inserted in a groove, and therefore would exert forces against the walls of the groove, which would increase the friction retaining the tongue in the groove. Similarly, in FIG. 8(d), the hollow portion of the front tongue would be compressed by the walls of the groove and exert force against those walls to increase the retaining frictional force. In FIG. 8(e), the "U" shaped edge would be compressed by the walls of the groove to be straighter and would therefore exert force against the walls of the groove, thus increasing the retaining frictional force. Similarly, in FIG. 8(f), the undulating edge with multiple inflection points would be compressed by the walls of the groove and exert force against those walls to increase the frictional retaining force.
Although deeper spacers are preferred, it is possible to practice this invention with relatively flat spacers, that is, spacers with an extruded depth less than the cross height and cross width (and, indeed, as shallow as 1/4 inch, or approximately 7 millimeters), if sufficiently strong locking means are provided to compensate for the smaller surface area of the tongues in contact with the grooves (which creates proportionately less friction to lock the tongues in the grooves).
Even with relatively flat spacers, it is preferred, but not required (as long as sufficiently strong locking means is provided) that the extruded depth be more than 1/4 inch (approximately 7 millimeters), and be more than the tile thickness. Of course, this would require that the grooves be sufficiently long to allow slidable adjustment of the tiles along the tongues to avoid the problem illustrated in FIG. 7(a).
While the present invention has been disclosed in connection with the presently preferred embodiments described herein, it should be understood that there may be other embodiments that fall within the spirit and scope of the invention, as defined by the claims.
This invention can be used in any application in which it is desired to align the exterior faces of tiles of varying thicknesses and to control spacing between adjacent tiles. This invention also can be used where tiles must be allowed to be positioned at angles to each other (for example, to cover irregular or unstable surfaces) or where tiles are subject to expansion or contraction due to, for example, differing temperatures.
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|30 Jun 2015
|Flooring Industries Limited, Sarl
|Floor covering
|2 Oct 2013
|21 Jul 2015
|Jonathan E Jones
|Concrete block spacer system
|21 Nov 2013
|25 Ago 2015
|Pergo (Europe) Ab
|Set of panels comprising retaining profiles with a separate clip and method for inserting the clip
|13 Sep 2002
|30 Sep 2004
|Russell Boxall
|Load transfer plate for in situ concrete slabs
|17 Oct 2002
|16 Dic 2004
|Fiore Tony Mark
|Tile spacer for positioning tiles during installation
|30 Abr 2004
|12 May 2005
|Goran Martensson
|Floor element with guiding means
|11 Mar 2005
|4 Ago 2005
|Mcdonald Stephen F.
|Method of forming concrete and an apparatus for transferring loads between concrete slabs
|29 Ago 2005
|6 Jul 2006
|Stephen Symington
|Tile spacer
|20 Abr 2005
|10 Ago 2006
|Carroll Michael E
|Method of forming concrete and an apparatus for transferring loads between concrete slabs
|12 Oct 2005
|17 Ago 2006
|Jordan Richard D
|Apparatus for and method of forming concrete and transferring loads between concrete slabs
|19 Sep 2005
|24 Ago 2006
|Jordan Richard D
|Apparatus for and method of forming concrete and transferring loads between concrete slabs
|19 May 2011
|Dvorak Steven G
|Method of setting tiles
|3 Feb 2012
|9 Ago 2012
|Photios Noutsis
|Tile spacer
|30 Oct 2011
|2 May 2013
|Frankie Laine Ross
|Bracer Spacer
|18 Jul 2012
|14 Ago 2014
|Ceramica Faetano S.P.A.
|Ceramic tiled floor and its laying method
|6 Mar 2004
|8 Sep 2004
|Sandra Steffens
|Seam insert for building plates
|1 Mar 2010
|15 Sep 2010
|Innovaris AG
|24 Sep 2007
|3 Abr 2008
|Colin Bryce
|A tiling tool
|9 Oct 2008
|28 May 2009
|Tavy Entpr Llc
|Low-obscuring tile installation spacer
|29 Feb 2008
|16 Jul 2009
|Alexandre Drannikov
|Universal spacer for tile installation
|1 Mar 2010
|16 Sep 2010
|Innovaris Ag
|13 Oct 2009
|21 Oct 2010
|Burns Jason W
|Rotatable wedge tile spacer having a curved body
|Clasificación de EE.UU.
|52/392, 52/442, 52/391
|Clasificación internacional
|Clasificación cooperativa
|Clasificación europea
|26 Jun 2000
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|17 Nov 2004
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|28 Abr 2005
|Surcharge for late payment
Year of fee payment: 7
|28 Abr 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|3 Nov 2008
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|29 Abr 2009
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|16 Jun 2009
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20090429


text:
The City of Irvine offers adult sports leagues (softball, soccer and basketball); tennis lessons, leagues and tournaments for all ages; provides athletic fields for more than 25 Irvine based, non-profit youth sports organizations and facilitates several world class events and elite sports tournaments. The section currently manages 40 soccer fields, 41 ball diamonds and 87 tennis courts.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Recent reviews in Dupont
Ft. Lewis Military Museum
"Take Your Time and See it All"
"This museum had been under renovation for the last few years and I've been patiently waiting for its reopening. It was certainly worth the wait. The museum is not as spacious as I thought it would be because it shares the historical building with other entities, but it was very well laid out. Sin
ce it is an Army installation it focuses on that service's (and its local units') contributions to preserving our freedom. The displays are arranged in historical order with uniforms, arms and accessories from those periods. It covers practically all of America's wars and major conflicts, with quite a few articles of our foes of the time. On the grounds outside the museum is a wide range of military vehicles and artillery pieces. A drawback is that not of all the exhibits are marked and you are exposed to the elements, so pick a nice day to visit to get the full effect of everything the museum has to offer. The museum is manned by active duty soldiers so please remember to thank them fo... "
More >
Ft. Lewis Military Museum
"Worth the stop "
"I tool my 10 year old boy here on spring break. He likes military history and big tanks. There are things to see outside and inside the museum. Outside is a wide range of military equipment - artillery, tanks, experimental vehicles, medical and more. Inside is newly redone. There are historical sect
ions that go back to the opening of the base to each war era after. Uniforms, weapons, tributes to medical service members plus. Some interesting WWII Nazi pieces. Our favorite was Saddam Hussein's statue head brought back from Iraq by local service members after they blew it off a palace. Also, check out the courtyard behind the museum as it has a huey helicopter in it. Getting on base is easy, just follow the website visitors guide for vehicle paperwork and ID. Go early to get your pass to avoid the crowd at the visitor's center area which seems to get busier after 11am. You can go other places on the base when done at the museum. One option, if you have kids, is to go through the main ga... "
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The Home Course
"Publicly Accessible; Reasonably Priced; USGA National Championship Venue"
"Come play here ONLY if you want to play a beautiful Course ... that won't beat you up ... with several great vistas of both Mt. Rainier & Puget Sound ... with a VERY friendly staff ... with Bent Grass Greens in perfect shape that roll true ... & is very reasonable in price to play ... AND played hos
t to the 2014 USGA Women's Amateur PUBLINX. The one current drawback is the Course only has a temporary Pro Shop so far, so only a very limited selection of items for purchase. The USGA likes the venue; I like the venue; & I think you will, too! "
More >
The Home Course
"Great course!"
"Worth the trip. Great round of golf. Very scenic from every hole. Wide open with lots of green fairways. Nicely groomed greens. looking forward to my next visit!"
The Home Course
"Great gold course!"
"Played the Home Course while I was in Tacoma for training. Enjoyed the course very much and the people at the club house were great. Will definitely play there again when I'm in Tacoma."
Ft. Lewis Military Museum
"Nice and free. Has some surprises. We really enjoyed our visit. The Army Sergeant assigned to help guest really knew a lot about the history of FT Lewis. Bring a camera and children. They have a nice gift shop."
The Home Course
"Check this place out!"
"Other than the pace of play, as a single digit handicapper, I totally enjoyed myself here. They are working on some new facilities, but at the end of the day, the golf course is the most important thing to me. The greens were a little slow to my liking, but hey, I was on vacation and not in a tourn
ament, so no big deal! Very nice place to test your golfing skills and a very casual atmosphere - yay to that!!! "
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The Home Course
"We love this place!"
"We play here regularly in the summer and practice weekly on the driving range, which has a view of the Olympic mountains on clear days. The views of Puget Sound and Mount Rainier are incredible, especially from the 17th hole. I'm not a good golfer, but it seems deceptively challenging to me. Yes,
most of the fairways are open, but there's not a flat one among them. They're full of all kinds of undulations that send your ball not where you were expecting. And some of the bunkers are very deep with steep sides. And you'd better have good accuracy to keep your ball out of the water on the 14th hole. The distances between some holes makes it a nice walking workout. If you join the coaching club with Brent, which is a great deal, you get half off super twilight rates and discounted buckets of balls. There's also a great juniors club, which my daughter loves. "
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The Home Course
"Worth the trip"
"Located about an hour south of Seattle, this course is worth the drive. As is the case with a lot of the courses in this part of the country, the views are great. The course is built on a sand dune, so even in early spring it was not muddy. It plays as an almost pseudo links course. The greens putte
d true and were fairly quick, especially for this time of year. I played the courses from the second tee; 7000 yds 137/74.1 is nothing to scoff at. That being said it is not an unfair course. It was a decent test that did not punish you for good shots. Great shot placement and picking your spots will be rewarded. I will definitely play this course again when I am next in the Seattle area. The green fees are a great value compared to courses much closer to Seattle. "
More >
Eagles Pride Golf Course
"Wide fairways, great greens, super staff"
"We played Eagles Pride Golf Course today and have only played the course for a second time. The fairways are wide, the greens in good shape and the personnel are super friendly. We were not rushed at all and had a great time. While my golf today was a minor issue (I blame the golf ball for not go
ing where I told it to go every time), a fun time was had by all. We played with a member and wife. What super people to play golf with as they knew all the fairways and the issues, the water holes and hole directions. Fun. "
More >
Eagles Pride Golf Course
"Eagles fly on this great course."
"This course is on a military base and has many wonderful people playing daily. This is a great course for normal people who do not have a fat bank account. The greens were super, the rough was rough and the fairways were outstanding."
Ft. Lewis Military Museum
"Remodel complete!"
"Good display of uniforms and local units. More historical pieces than prior to the remodel. The building was nice although old. Friendly staff. My husband was excited to view the vehicles outside although it would have been nice if all of the vehicles had been accessible. Free admission a plus."
Ft. Lewis Military Museum
"Very informative "
"One of the best military museums I've ever been to. Take The time to go there and see it you'll have a great time and you will learn something which is the most important thing"
The Home Course
"Pacific Northwest home of WSGA"
"True test of golf where just any one hole can affect your scorecard. Views of a distant mountain, waterway, no homes on course, sand and more sand, water, doglegs, wind, fast level greens and greens with slopes of 4 degrees. Open Links style setup. The greens fee is high unless you are a WSGA member
, PNGA, member, Home Course club member, or Golf Now member. It deserves to be played at least once even if it means splurging because you will remember the experience for a lifetime. "
More >
Ft. Lewis Military Museum
"Very,very, and very nice and educational, recommend to anyone, must see when visiting JBLM. Fun for all ages, and kids will also love the museum. "
Ft. Lewis Military Museum
"Washington 2015"
"A good display of the history of this base, many displays of weapons and vehicles from the base throughout the years. A must see if on post."
The Home Course
"The Home Course is beautiful with its views of Puget Sound & challenging for any level of golfer. Since it was the site for the 2010 U.S. Amateur Championship, you know it's top notch. With Chambers Bay close by, you can count on this course being a destination vacation spot, too!! Have fun!"
Ft. Lewis Military Museum
"So many neat historical artifacts"
"I took my son here to work on one of his Boy Scout merit badges. I was amazed at how much history and artifacts they had here. Great afternoon trip!"
Eagles Pride Golf Course
"Military golf course with a Civilian view"
"Three nines to choose; recommend the red/blue combo. Tree lined with plenty of sand and some water. Long from the blue tees with plenty of variety on each hole. The Fort Lewis management has plenty of "specials" for avid golfers such as meals, golf, lessons, merchandise, tournaments, and driving ran
ge. Bring the camera. No houses on course, Red course has 3 par 5's. Elevation changes on some holes. Nice greens. Nice tee boxes. Nice fairways. Nice sand. Stray shots will put your golf to the test. After 18 holes here you might try McChord's Whispering Firs Golf Course for a completely different layout. "
More >
Ft. Lewis Military Museum
"Well worth a visit for the history buff"
"A very well presented museum, the volunteer staff were incredibly knowledgeable and very helpful. Its small and only takes about an hour to see."
Eagles Pride Golf Course
"Nice Course"
"We played the red 9/ blue 9 combo and thoroughly enjoyed it! The course was in great shape and playing from the white tees made for some fairly long shots, with some fun elevation changes. Lots of trees and long rough in most of the OB, you need to keep your ball in play and pay close attention to b
alls hit astray if you want to find them. With all that military property available, this course is spread out and some there is considerable distance between greens and tees. Glad it's now open to the public. But as far as customer service goes, they kinda suck. The website gives no course description, I used google earth to get an idea about the place, the pro shop only opened a few minutes before our 6:40am tee time and no food or beverage before 8:00am?? No public course would turn away money from food and beverage sales and what public course isn't open at sunrise to fill all available tee times?? I guess nobody wants to play before 6:30 am in May? "
More >
Book tickets & tours in advance
Showing available tickets & tours first
Ft. Lewis Military Museum
#1 of 3 things to do in Dupont
16 reviews
Washington 2015
Well worth a visit for the history...
Military Museums
The Home Course
#2 of 3 things to do in Dupont
18 reviews
Not what I expected
Golf Courses
Eagles Pride Golf Course
#3 of 3 things to do in Dupont
5 reviews
Nice Course
Military golf course with a Civili...
Golf Courses
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My Favorite Brunch Spots
Collected by Amanda Hansen
Waited two hours but so worth it! The wait is an experience in itself. Be sure to read the rules!
One the best brunch scenes in the city.
Birthday brunch a couple weeks ago, it was amazing! The French Toast and bacon is a great combo.
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StartUpHire is the place to find Customer Service Intern jobs. Review the list of Customer Service Intern career opportunities to the left. These Customer Service Intern jobs represent some of the most rewarding careers available.
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Description Requirements Additional Info The PeopleMatter Customer Success team minimizes customer churn by ensuring that customers realize the full value of the PeopleMatter platform through adoption and utilization of the product. The Customer Success Intern is responsible9/10/2015 Charleston, SC Save This Job
Location:USA - CA Company Order Number:353 # of openings:1 Description About the Company Based in Foster City, in the heart of California's Silicon Valley, TeraRecon (www.terarecon.com) is the world's leading independent provider of client-server advanced visualization8/18/2015 Foster City, CA Save This Job
Arlington, VA Full Time Entry Level SHARE At Brazen, we believe everyone deserves a job they love and to love the place they work. Including us, and you! Brazen is a technology company with a groundbreaking online event platform used by thousands of students,9/14/2015 Arlington, VA Save This Job
Silver Peak seeks an intern for our Technical Support Engineer team who will be based at our corporate office in Santa Clara, CA. This will be a temporary contract position.The Technical Support Engineer intern will be responsible for helping custom8/20/2015 Santa Clara, CA Save This Job
The Sales Intern will be responsible for support of the sales team?s online advertising campaigns. The Intern will help identify contact information and new opportunities for client growth and interface with analytics, marketing, product and technical groups to develop, implement9/15/2015 Los Angeles, CA Save This Job
The Sales Intern will be responsible for support of the sales team?s online advertising campaigns. The Intern will help identify contact information and new opportunities for client growth and interface with analytics, marketing, product and technical groups to develop, implement9/15/2015 Chicago, IL Save This Job
IT/Engineering San Luis Obispo, CA Summary The Information Systems Intern assists in primary support duties associated with the maintenance and support of enterprise computers and peripherals connected to the corporate network for all offices and a remote workforce. The9/28/2015 San Luis Obispo, CA Save This Job
Location: St. Paul Department: Sales Type: Internship Min. Experience: Student (College) Job Description The Sales Intern will be working on various projects to help facilitate decisions regarding the best customer acquisition strategies. You will be working directly with the8/10/2015 St. Paul, MN Save This Job
Location: Lebanon, NHDepartment: Laboratory CoreType: InternshipMin. Experience: Student (College) At Adimab, we leverage our proprietary yeast-based antibody discovery and optimization platform to provide the biopharmaceutical industry with human therapeutic antibodies of the10/7/2015 Lebanon, NH Save This Job
Entry Level IS Service Desk Specialist-Contractor Position Description: Responsible for receiving, imaging, building and deploying computers in a corporate environment. We are looking for an entry-level IT Service Desk candidate who is8/18/2015 Portland, OR Save This Job
More information about this job Overview DDN Storage is the world leader in high performance and massively scalable data management and storage solutions that accelerate business results and scientific insights for data-centric organizations worldwide. Our unified, end-to-end8/10/2015 Chatsworth, CA Save This Job
Department:Product Operations- Customer Care Location:Dulles, VA Click Here to Complete Your Application Responsibilities: The Customer Care Representative role supports customers who use Compusearch?s web-based PRISM product (a Commercial-Off-The-Shelf business software9/17/2015 Dulles, VA Save This Job
Product Management Seattle, WA, USA Redfin is a well-funded technology startup that?s revolutionizing the $60 billion real estate industry. We use data, innovative design, and beautiful software to put the consumers first throughout the process of buying and selling homes. Get9/17/2015 Seattle, WA Save This Job
FABLETICS / FL2 SOCIAL MEDIA INTERN Why us? JustFab Inc. gives professionals across the globe access to a career they want at a company they?re passionate about. We love fashion! Through our curated approach, JustFab Brands (JustFab.com. ShoeDazzle.com, Fabletics.com &8/15/2015 El Segundo, CA Save This Job
Location: San Jose, CA If you are looking for an opportunity to get your foot in the door with the potential for a career in IT, this could be the opportunity for you. We are looking for a recent graduate or someone that will be graduating soon. We are a growing, fast-paced,9/8/2015 San Jose, CA Save This Job
Sprout Social provides social media engagement, publishing and analytic tools for leading brands including GrubHub, Spotify, Urban Outfitters and Zipcar.9/21/2015 Chicago, IL Save This Job
AppFolio is offering a paid Internship within our Value Added Services team, working to onboard customers with AppFolio's Value Added Services. The ideal candidate will be eager to learn and contribute to the success of our customers and team.The Va8/25/2015 Santa Barbara, CA Save This Job
Description Requirements Additional Info If you want to see what it?s like to work in a dynamic and challenging environment with smart people in a growing company, check out our internship opportunity on the Software Engineering team in Charleston, SC. As a User Interface (UI)8/11/2015 Charleston, SC Save This Job
Description Requirements Additional Info PeopleMatter is looking for a Fall Product Marketing Intern. We have a small, yet impactful product marketing team that is responsible for researching our competition and equipping the sales team with the tools they need to win. If you8/11/2015 Charleston, SC Save This Job
Opening Date: 03/09/2015 Education: Some College Coursework Completed Term: Full-time or Part-time (3 month minimum) DESCRIPTION Livegenic helps organizations reduce support costs and increase customer satisfaction through real-time, efficient, mobile communications. Our8/30/2015 Philadelphia, PA Save This Job


text:
My Acting Bucket List: Colleen Kollar Smith
The new Executive Director of San Diego Musical Theatre directs, choreographs, acts, sings, and creates
Jeff Smith 6 p.m., Oct. 8
Beautiful Black's Beach doing its thing. Notice the duck diving surfer's foot caught in this split second frame of a perfect left breaking at deep south peak.
Posted December 5, 2013


text:
Web services testing
Web services testing
Web services testing News
April 28, 2015
Metrics can help improve website user experience
An expert says enterprise architects need to develop relevant performance metrics to capture website user experience.
March 31, 2015
Lesbians Who Tech Summit: Not your usual IT conference
IT pros told their career stories at the Lesbians Who Tech conference in San Francisco, which featured career advice, software project stories and calls for community service and diversity in IT.
October 18, 2013
How using a test-execution model can improve software test results
Doug Hoffman discusses his test-execution model and design practices to help software professionals.
June 06, 2012
Microsoft, others put OData Web protocol up for OASIS standardization
The OData protocol, associated with JSON and REST efforts, started with Microsoft but may be expanded by the OASIS standards group.
Web services testing Get Started
Bring yourself up to speed with our introductory content
Advice: Slash undesirable outcomes through risk-based testing
At the Software Test Professionals Conference, software leader Rex Black will walk attendees through the process of risk-based testing. Continue Reading
object-oriented programming (OOP)
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming language model organized around "objects" rather than "actions" and data rather than logic. (Continued...) Continue Reading
service-level management
Service-level management is the monitoring and management of the quality of service(QoS) of an entity's key performance indicators(KPIs). Continue Reading
Evaluate Web services testing Vendors & Products
Weigh the pros and cons of technologies, products and projects you are considering.
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While containers are making the release of consistent software faster and easier, architects need to rethink how to secure applications. Continue Reading
Member Download: Testing Web Services
Do you know that Web Services testing is different from conventional testing? Find out just how different they really are in this complimentary e-guide for our members. Continue Reading
Testing SOA applications: Tips for smooth deployments
Testing is a key step in software development. Here, Tom Nolle shares best practices for testing SOA applications to ensure unimpeded deployments. Continue Reading
Manage Web services testing
Learn to apply best practices and optimize your operations.
A simple approach to system integration testing
In complex application architectures, where many applications interconnect and depend on each other, how do you tackle system integration testing? Continue Reading
Selecting a SOA testing tool
Choosing a SOA testing tool can be tricky and, if done incorrectly, can diminish ROI. Learn what to consider when selecting a SOA testing tool. Continue Reading
How to build a high performance application development organization
Forrester Analyst David West explained how to build a highly effective application development organization from the perspective of a highly productive and valuable testing program. Continue Reading
Problem Solve Web services testing Issues
We've gathered up expert advice and tips from professionals like you so that the answers you need are always available.
SOA architecture: How enterprise architects can find problems
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HH-43 Huskie 50 Points Pull down the HH-43 Huskie in under 4:35! Medal Stats.
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Kaman K-MAX 25 Points Pull down the Kaman K-MAX in under 4:50! Medal Stats.
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1UP Yours 5 Points Kill the plumber 10 times Medal Stats.
Total Medals Earned: 711 (From 123 different games.)
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Favorite Movies
Savlonic : Computer Guy Rated 4.4849 Stars Song by Savlonic Music Video How To Move On Rated 4.3708 Stars You broke up with your ex - it's just best to forget her. Comedy - Original The Ultimate Showdown Rated 4.3086 Stars Everyone is fighting for ultimate superiority. Yes, even batman. Comedy - Parody What are the odds? Rated 4.4764 Stars What are the odds of you being alive on Earth today? Informative
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THERE IS NO GAME Rated 4.5393 Stars There is no game. Trust me. DO NOT PLAY! Adventure - Point 'n Click Madness: Project Nexus Rated 4.4639 Stars Blaze through the Madness Universe in this sidescrolling Shoot 'Em Up! Action - Shooter - Run 'n Gun The Lost Souls Rated 3.0947 Stars Are you brave enough? Finish the unfinished ritual and free yourself. Good luck. Action - Fighting - Brawler Cellar Door Rated 3.4342 Stars Cellar Door by Progressive Games. ! Come out and play with us If you dare! Adventure - Point 'n Click


text:
4470 Princeton Road
Memphis, Tennessee, 38117
Commute to Downtown Memphis
Most errands require a car.
Flat as a pancake, good bike lanes.
Score Details
4470 Princeton Road has a Walk Score of 30 out of 100. This location is a Car-Dependent neighborhood so most errands require a car.
This location is in Memphis. Nearby parks include Avon Park and Gaisman Park.
Explore how far you can travel by car, bus, bike and foot from 4470 Princeton Road.
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Popular apartment searches include hardwood floor, fireplace and pool.
Find a Memphis real estate agent who knows walkable neighborhoods. Links will open on our partner site Redfin.com.
This location is in the city of Memphis, TN. Memphis has an average Walk Score of 33 and has 646,889 residents.


text:
Age-specific birth rates of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) in the Gulf of California, Mexico
Article first published online: 9 MAY 2008
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00199.x
© 2008 by the Society for Marine Mammalogy
Marine Mammal Science
Volume 24, Issue 3, pages 664–676, July 2008
Additional Information
How to Cite
Hernández-Camacho, . C. J., Aurioles-Gamboa, D. and Gerber, . L. R. (2008), Age-specific birth rates of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Marine Mammal Science, 24: 664–676. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00199.x
Publication History
- Issue published online: 21 JUL 2008
- Article first published online: 9 MAY 2008
- Received: 15 May 2007Accepted: 26 February 2008
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- fecundity;
- California sea lion;
- Zalophus californianus;
- logistic regression analysis
Estimates of demographic parameters are essential for assessing the status of populations and assigning conservation priority. In light of the difficulties associated with obtaining such estimates, vital rates are rarely available even for well-studied species. We present the first estimates of age-specific birth rates for female California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) >10 yr of age. These rates were estimated from the reproductive histories of five cohorts of animals branded as pups between 1980 and 1984 at Los Islotes colony in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Age-specific birth rates varied among age classes and ranged between 0.06 and 0.80. The highest birth rates were observed for females between 10 and 15 yr of age, with decreased birth rates among older females. The effect of age, year, and resighting effort were explored using logistic regression analysis. Based on Akaike Information Criteria, birth rates were best explained by female age, while year and resighting effort did not have a significant effect. The odds ratio of producing a pup decreased with age but did not change significantly for middle-aged females. Our estimates of age-specific birth rates are consistent with general patterns observed for other large vertebrates.


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Isabella Lucy Bird Bishop(1832-1904), Philanthropist, writer, traveller and photographer
Sitter in 2 portraits
Isabella Bird started travelling in her early twenties, in the hopes of relieving her spinal problems and other illnesses. Her first trip was to North America, her second to Canada. After her parents died, she made trips around the world, gathering material for a series of travel books. When her sister Henrietta died, Isabella, aged fifty, married her sister's doctor; he, too, was dead five years later. On his death, she set off again, to India, Tibet, Persia and elsewhere. She became a household name, and was the first woman to be elected a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.
by Sir (John) Benjamin Stone
platinum print, July 1899
NPG x36474
by Sir (John) Benjamin Stone
platinum print, July 1899
NPG x36475
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After driving all day from Phoenix it was so nice to get to the Courtyard and have a really comfortable bed with nice pillows to sleep on. My husband really enjoyed using the hot tub to unwind and relax after the long day. The property is very well maintained and it was good value for the money.
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IEEE membership options for an individual and IEEE Xplore subscriptions for an organization offer the most affordable access to essential journal articles, conference papers, standards,
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This paper proposes a Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) based excitation system for doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) used in wind power generation. The excitation system is composed of the rotor-side converter, the grid-side converter, the dc chopper and the superconducting magnet. The superconducting magnet is connected with the dc side of the two converters, which can handle the active power transfer with the rotor of DFIG and the power grid independently. Utilizing the characteristic of high efficient energy storage and quick response of superconducting magnet, the system can be utilized to level the wind power fluctuation, alleviate the influence on power quality, and improve fault ride-through capability for the grid-connected wind farms. According to the system control objective, the system can contribute to the stability and reliability of the wind power grid-connected system. Using MATLAB SIMULINK, the model of the SMES based excitation system for DFIG is established, and the simulation tests are performed to evaluate the system performance.
A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest professional association for the advancement of technology.© Copyright 2015 IEEE - All rights reserved. Use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions.


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It was only a matter of time before those crazy fools over at Colorware took their strange voodoo laptop customization rituals to the next level, which has resulted in what some might consider an unholy abomination against his Steveness: the non-Apple emblazoned MacBook Pro. Limited to a run of just a few units, Colorware's custom machined lid still lights up as your classic Mac might, but provides sweet freedom from the oppression of that white upside-down fruit. They've got ten or fewer laptops
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- Released 2014-07-29


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Fergie, Sarah Jessica Parker, and Heidi Klum all get an F on this week's Fashion Offenders.
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Wreck causes backup on I-5 north near 128th
A collision on northbound I-5 near 128th Street SW on Saturday caused a backup that the Washington State Patrol said was about three miles long as of 6:30 p.m.
Medical aid and fire crews also were at the scene.
Medical aid and fire crews also were at the scene.
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When he saw his neighbor's home on fire, Kaiden, 17, didn't hesitate Edmonds hires firm to tackle downtown traffic snarl Family holds vigil for man who died in Island County Jail Front Porch: Fire districts open houses 2 arrested in fatal shooting of teen near Lynnwood Judge says molestation trial of former police sergeant can proceed Copper-wire theft knocks out power near Cathcart Police in Mountlake Terrace seek stabbing suspect
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Unemployment rises for 1st time in 10 monthsthe associated press | July 19,2014MONTPELIER The Vermont Department of Labor says the states unemployment rate inched up two-tenths of a percent to 3.5 percent last month.
It was the first increase in the states jobless rate in 10 months.
The national rate came in at 6.1 percent, which is a decrease of two-tenths of a percent from May.
Labor Commissioner Annie Noonan said the new unemployment report reflected a temporary period of adjustment that should last for the next month or two before joblessness returns to a downward trend.
Around the state, the unemployment rate ranged from a low of 2.7 percent in Hartford to a high of 5.4 percent in Newport.MORE IN Vermont News
MONTPELIER — A CNN/ORC poll released Monday shows Democratic presidential candidate... Full Story
MONTPELIER — Secretary of State Jim Condos says a new online voter registration system... Full Story
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Dear Will,
Last week you started Kindergarten. To say that it was an emotional upheaval for your mother would be an underestimate.. This journey has taken us through hills and valleys, lots of questions, pondering, picking the brains of respected peers, family and friends. After much prayer and thought, we decided to enroll you in Husmann Elementary this past July. It took us that long to consider options, hear a confirmation from the Lord, and for your mom to pick up her feet and actually register you for school! All throughout your little years, -toddler, preschool moments- it was easy to have you underfoot; no big emotional decisions to make… just lots of emotional moments and physical tiredness throughout the days! But now, I'm feeling it turn. Turning to letting you become more independent, brave on your own, not needing me every step of the way. I see you turn to me with one little wave before you head into school every morning. Once you were shy, and uncertain, and now I'm seeing you becoming bolder and braver, more certain of yourself, your foundations, your capabilities. I'm so, so proud. We do not know any other family in the Kinder section. We didn't know anything about your teacher, the principal, or any of who your friends would be. This season has taught me alot more of trusting in God who has your best interests in mind, who fully has you in the palm of his hands. That's hard for me. I want to be the one keeping an eye on your friendships, interactions during home-play dates. I want to know what is being spoken to you, with what intention while you're away from me. And yet, God has called us to this season of the public school for a purpose. I'm not sure what it is yet, but I'm certain that God would never have called us to this, without having a plan for his greater good. He's also calling me to let go of control and let Him lead and guide you, and believe it or not, protect you better than I could! So, every morning, our family gathers together and we pray for you, over you. We are praying for your heart to be open to others, to be kind and compassionate. We are praying that your mind would be activated by the Holy Spirit and you would learn and take in wisdom. We pray that you would have a heart for obedience and respect for authorities. We are trusting God in this season, even though its not always easy. I cried all day long the first day of school. Not because I didn't want you to be there. I think I knew that was your place. I cried because its a transition, a change in our family and in your life, and because I just miss seeing your face so dang much! But God already has your weepy moms' emotions in his hands too. And for that I'm so grateful.
You are so inquisitive about school. You tell me snippets when it comes to mind ("my favorite part of the day is rest time because we get to lay on our towels" "I wrote the letter j today" " I met a friend, but I dont know his name") I know the first few days even felt awkward for you. You told me later you cried when you missed us, and I thought my heart would break open. But I see you every morning, excited to get out the door, knowing there's something special about school, and something new happening every day. I'm so grateful God gave you a heart of excitement and energy for it every day. You are paving the way for your brother and sister. And when I hear you singing "I'm no longer a slave to fear.. I am a child of God" I smile and praise God that all the while, during this new transition, you are a light to your peers and teachers. Never, ever loose that identity in Christ sweet boy! I'm excited to see God move and speak to you this year!


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We have a six sided die, with sides numbered 1 through 6. The probability of first seeing a 1 on the n-th roll decreases as n increases. I want to find the smallest number of rolls such that this probability is less than some given limit.
def probTest(limit):
prob = 1.0
n = 1
while prob > limit:
prob = (1/6)**n
n += 1
return n-1
What is wrong with my code?


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4991 Twain Ave
Grantville, San Diego, 92120
Commute to Downtown San Diego
Most errands require a car.
A few nearby public transportation options.
Very steep hills, minimal bike lanes.
Score Details
4991 Twain Ave has a Walk Score of 32 out of 100. This location is a Car-Dependent neighborhood so most errands require a car.
This location is in the Grantville neighborhood in San Diego. Nearby parks include Grantville Park, Allied Gardens Community Park and Smith Field.
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This is a split board - You can return to the Split List for other boards.
Mudkip43 posted...I honestly wouldn't be surprised if they wereMe neither. It's the first time a Professor can be battled (if you don't count AR codes for Gen 1 games, that is).
I honestly wouldn't be surprised if they were
Yeah. Alexa must have some important role in the game if she is the gym leader's sister AND has her own artwork.
yoshirulezz posted...Yeah. Alexa must have some important role in the game if she is the gym leader's sister AND has her own artwork.Looker had his own artwork and he wasn't the Champion.X_Ayumi_X posted...Explain.Prof. Oak was originally planned to be the Champion at the end of RGBY but it was scrapped in favor of his grandson. The battle with him is still in the game's code and it's possible to battle him by exploiting the Ditto glitch. His team consists of:Lv.66 Tauros: Take Down, Leer, Rage, Tail WhipLv.67 Exeggcutor: Stomp, Barrage, HypnosisLv.68 Arcanine: Take Down, Ember, Roar, LeerLv.69 Blastoise (if you picked Bulbasaur): Bite, Withdraw, Skull Bash, Hydro PumpLv.69 Venusaur (if you picked Charmander): Razor Leaf, Growth, Sleep Powder, Solar BeamLv.69 Charizard (if you picked Squirtle): Rage, Slash, Flamethrower, Fire SpinLv.70 Gyarados: Hydro Pump, Dragon Rage, Leer, Hyper Beam
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Whitney Printed Rain Boots
In black£176.00
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Empowerment for Sustainable Tourism Development (Tourism Social Science Series) (Tourism Social Science Series)
Aiming to explore theoretical advances in tourism studies, this book explores the triadic relationship between tourism, sustainable development and empowerment. While tourism has begun to focus on community consultations, the process has tended to follow the path of development for communities rather than development by communities. In many cases the result has been disempowerment rather than empowerment. This study goes beyond a focus on the impacts of tourism to explore the relevance of a body of political, economic, sociological, anthropological and development theory to formulate a synthesized construct of empowerment which provides a useful standpoint to consider the community/tourism development relationship. The approach that has been adopted also attempts to combine the emic paradigm with the etic, that is one which relies upon an actor-oriented "inside" view of the meaning of the behaviour under study as well as upon externally constructed models by "outsider" researchers to describe the social situation. The theoretical framework of empowerment which is proposed for community based tourism development is explored across three levels through five case studies drawn from the South Pacific. The first level is regional and looks at the community of South Pacific island states and their endeavors to formulate a regional response to tourism development, a case of pseudo empowerment. The second is national and looks at how one country responded to the challenges of tourism development through a comprehensive policy framework to advance indigenous community interests but despite which fails the test of empowerment. The third is at the local level and examines three communities: one which represents an example of complete failure because of disempowerment (Solomon Islands); one which provides an example of successful cultural tourism development controlled by the community itself through empowerment (Vanuatu); and one which represents successful adaptation to a partnership between a foreign investor and the local land-owning community, resulting in sustainable resort development through empowerment (Fiji).
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