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Hematopoietic cell transplantation provides an immune-tolerant
platform for myoblast transplantation in dystrophic dogs
Maura H. Parker1, Christian Kuhr1, Stephen J. Tapscott2,4,5, and Rainer Storb1,3,5
1Program in Transplantation Biology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center,
Seattle, WA
2Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
3Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
4Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is the most common and severe form of muscular dystrophy
in humans. The goal of myogenic stem cell transplant therapy for DMD is to increase dystrophin
expression in existing muscle fibers and provide a source of stem cells for future muscle generation.
Although syngeneic myogenic stem cell transplants have been successful in mice, allogeneic
transplants of myogenic stem cells were ineffective in several human trials. To determine whether
allogeneic muscle progenitor cells can be successfully transplanted in an immune tolerant recipient,
we induced immune tolerance in two DMD affected (xmd) dogs through hematopoietic cell
transplantation (HCT). Injection of freshly isolated muscle-derived cells from the HCT donor into
either fully or partially chimeric xmd recipients restored dystrophin expression up to 6.72% of wild-
type levels, reduced the number of centrally located nuclei, and improved muscle structure.
Dystrophin expression was maintained for at least 24 weeks. Taken together, these data indicate that
immune tolerance to donor myoblasts provides an important platform from which to further improve
myoblast transplantation, with the goal of restoring dystrophin expression to patients with DMD.
muscular dystrophy; transplantation; immune tolerance
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is the most common and severe form of muscular
dystrophy in humans, affecting 1 in 3500 live births [1,2]. It is an X-linked recessive disorder,
caused by mutations in the gene for dystrophin, the largest gene identified in the human
genome. Mutations are present at birth, yet symptoms do not manifest themselves until 3-5
years of age. Progressive muscle weakness and wasting forces affected individuals to become
wheelchair-bound by 12 years of age, and to succumb to the disease in the third decade of life
as a result of respiratory and/or cardiac failure.
5Corresponding authors' addresses: Rainer Storb, MD, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., D1-100 Seattle,
WA, 98109-1024. Ph: 206-667-4407; fax: 206-667-6124; e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com. Stephen Tapscott, MD, PhD, Fred Hutchinson Cancer
Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C3-168, Seattle, WA, 98109-1024. Ph: 206-667-4499; fax: 206-667-6524; e-mail:
NIH Public Access
Author Manuscript
Mol Ther. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2009 January 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Mol Ther. 2008 July ; 16(7): 1340–1346. doi:10.1038/mt.2008.102.
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Transplantation of myogenic stem cells possesses great potential for long-term repair of
dystrophic muscle. Indeed, intramuscular injection of adult satellite cell-derived myoblasts
from a normal syngeneic donor into mdx mice results in the formation of dystrophin-positive
muscle fibers [3-6]. However, small-scale human clinical trials reveal that intramuscular
injection of donor myoblasts results in transient expression of dystrophin in a small number of
recipient muscle fibers [7-12]. In the absence of immunosuppression, injection of donor
myoblasts triggers cellular immune responses that destroy newly formed donor myotubes
Immunosuppressive drugs, such as cyclosporine and FK506, inhibit calcineurin activity and
prevent graft rejection. Yet, patients treated with cyclosporine do not display an increased
number of dystrophin-positive myofibers relative to patients receiving placebo [10]. It has been
established that cyclosporine alone is not potent enough to prevent graft rejection; additionally,
cyclosporine may negatively affect myoblast engraftment, as calcineurin activity is essential
for myogenic differentiation in vitro and in vivo [14,15]. More importantly, chronic systemic
immunosuppression is associated with serious side effects and considerable risk. Regarded
together, these observations indicate that myogenic stem cell transplant therapy requires an
alternative to traditional immunosuppression.
Nonmyeloablative hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) results in mixed chimerism,
defined as the coexistence of donor and recipient hematopoietic cells [16]. In the clinic,
nonmyeloablative transplantation is an outpatient procedure that has been well-tolerated in
more than 1200 patients with malignant and non-malignant blood disorders [17]. Mixed
chimerism in both rodents and large animals has successfully induced tolerance to donor-
derived kidney, liver, small bowel, heart, lung, and pancreatic islet cells, without the need for
immunosuppression [18-23]. Specifically, donor kidneys transplanted into mixed chimeric
canine recipients were fully functional and remained intact for at least 5 years, even when only
10% of lymphocytes within the recipient were of donor origin.
Therefore, we sought to determine if HCT could be used to establish an immune tolerant,
random-bred, large animal model of DMD for pre-clinical myogenic stem cell transplantation
studies. The canine model of DMD (cxmd) is characterized by a point mutation in the consensus
splice acceptor site in intron 6 of the dystrophin gene, introducing a stop codon within the
modified reading frame, resulting in a near complete absence of dystrophin protein [24-26].
The dystrophic phenotype of the xmd canine faithfully recapitulates the human disease, making
this an ideal model to investigate potential therapies. HCT alone is unable to restore dystrophin
expression to xmd canines [27]. Therefore, we specifically asked if myeloablative and non-
myeloablative HCT in xmd canines would permit donor-derived myogenic stem cells to stably
engraft and restore dystrophin expression.
HCT and myoblast transplantation protocol
Bone marrow and G-CSF mobilized peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were
harvested from two normal donors and transplanted into two irradiated DLA-identical cxmd
recipients (Figure 1a, Materials and Methods). The hematopoietic cells of one cxmd recipient
were all donor derived (Table 1; G289; full chimera), whereas the second recipient had a mix
of donor and recipient hematopoietic cells (Table 1; G604; mixed chimera). Skeletal muscle-
derived mononuclear cells isolated from the same donors were processed for injection
immediately after isolation or cultured for 14 days to specifically expand myogenic cells prior
to injection (Figure 1b, Materials and Methods). G289 underwent the myeloablative HCT at
5.5 months of age, followed by myoblast transplantation at 32 months of age. G604 underwent
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the nonmyeloablative HCT at 7 months of age, and myoblast transplantation at 18 months of
Injection of donor muscle-derived cells restored dystrophin expression in chimeric xmd
Enzymatic digestion of a skeletal muscle biopsy from the HCT donor released a mixed
population of mononuclear cells that included, but was not limited to, satellite cells and
fibroblasts. Freshly isolated muscle-derived cells were injected intramuscularly at several sites
in the biceps femoris muscle of chimeric recipients. Cryosections from biopsies taken between
four and twenty-four weeks post-injection were analyzed for dystrophin expression. It was
expected that if cells injected into the skeletal muscle of the xmd chimeric dog were
differentiation and fusion competent, then dystrophin expression would be restored.
Indeed, intramuscular injection of 1×106 fresh donor muscle derived cells into the fully
chimeric cxmd recipient, G289, restored dystrophin expression to muscle fibers in muscle
biopsies taken at five and ten weeks after injection (Figure 2a). Dystrophin expression was
observed throughout the biopsy, extending approximately 0.5 cm from the site of injection
(data not shown). Similarly, injection of 4.5×106 freshly isolated donor muscle-derived cells
directly into the muscle of the mixed chimeric xmd canine, G604, resulted in clusters of
dystrophin expressing fibers, grouped near the sites of injection in biopsies at 4, 8, and 24
weeks after injection (Figure 2b). Expression of dystrophin appeared to be maintained over at
least 1000 μm of fiber length, as assessed by examination of serial sections (data not shown).
Quantitation of donor contribution in injected cxmd recipient muscle
The amount of donor derived wild-type dystrophin mRNA was assessed by real-time RT-PCR
using a probe that specifically recognizes the wild-type dystrophin splice junction and not the
abnormal spliced form in cxmd muscle. The level of dystrophin mRNA observed in wild-type
donor muscle was arbitrarily set to 100, and resulted in a relative level of dystrophin mRNA
of 0.00035% in the fully chimeric cxmd recipient (G289) before muscle-derived cell
transplantation. The level of dystrophin in G289 increased significantly to 6.48% (p =0.0007)
ten weeks after injection of freshly isolated cells.
The relative level of skeletal muscle dystrophin mRNA in G604 was 0.0019% before muscle-
derived cell transplantation (Table 2). This increased to 1.29% (p =0.003) 4 weeks after
injection of fresh cells, and remained constant at 24 weeks after injection at 1.32% (p=0.01).
Therefore, in both G289 and G604, the values for dystrophin expression were significantly
higher after muscle-derived cell transplantation. Because mononuclear satellite cells and
muscle stem cells do not express dystrophin, this indicates that the donor muscle-derived cells
differentiated into dystrophin expressing myotubes.
Genomic DNA (gDNA) isolated from groups of cryosections serially cut from biopsies of
injected muscle and analyzed by VNTR-PCR confirmed the persistence of significant amounts
of donor-derived cell DNA at the latest time points of analysis. The fully chimeric xmd dog,
G289, displayed an average of 13.9% donor gDNA pre-injection, representing donor blood
cell nuclei present as the result of hematopoietic cell transplantation (Table 3). Ten weeks after
injection of freshly isolated cells, an average of 20.2% of gDNA was donor-derived (p=0.0017),
and the highest value of donor contribution to gDNA was 23.1%. The mixed chimeric xmd
dog, G604, displayed an average of 5.0% donor gDNA before injection of muscle-derived
cells. Twenty-four weeks after injection of freshly isolated cells, an average of 9.3% was donor-
derived (p =0.007), with the highest value of donor contribution to gDNA was 12.3%.
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Injection of donor muscle-derived cells did not elicit an immune response in HCT
Transplanted Recipients
To determine if injection of donor muscle-derived cells induced an immune response and
infiltration of host immune cells in the recipient, cryosections were immunostained using
antibodies directed against CD45, a hematopoietic cell marker; CD3, a T-cell specific marker;
and CD14, a monocyte/macrophage-specific marker. Minimal hematopoietic cell infiltration
was observed in donor and dystrophic recipient skeletal muscle pre-transplantation, as
evidenced by occasional CD45 expressing cells (Figure 2c – donor, recipient pre-injection).
There was an absence of CD3-positive T cells (data not shown), yet CD14-positive
macrophages were clearly observed in small patches within the recipient DMD-affected muscle
pre-injection (Figure 2d – recipient pre-injection), confirming the mild inflammatory process
associated with DMD.
At 10 weeks after cell transplantation, a persistent minimal lymphocytic infiltration was
observed (Figure 2c – CD45). Careful examination of immunostained cryosections uncovered
no CD3-positive cells (data not shown); however, a small region of CD14-positive cells was
detected, indicative of monocytes/macrophages, which normally infiltrate degenerating
skeletal muscle (Figure 2d – recipient after injection). Therefore, injection of donor muscle-
derived cells into cxmd muscle did not induce immune cell infiltration.
Intramuscular injection of donor muscle-derived cells restored muscle structure and
reduced regeneration in chimeric xmd canine
For stem cell therapy to be effective and clinically relevant, function must be restored to skeletal
muscle. However, the localized injections used in this study precluded testing for functional
improvement. Therefore, we evaluated improvement in muscle structure and stability through
histological examination. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of cryosections from the G289
recipient muscle pre-transplantation revealed a striking loss of muscle structure, considerable
variation in muscle fiber size, and increased fatty and connective tissue as compared to normal
donor muscle (Figure 3a – donor, recipient pre-injection). Injection of freshly isolated muscle-
derived cells markedly improved muscle structure at 10 weeks after transplantation and resulted
in less connective and fatty tissue infiltration and reduced size variation in fiber diameter when
compared to the pre-cell injection biopsy (Figure 3a).
Newly formed skeletal muscle fibers or fibers that have acquired differentiating myocytes as
a result of regeneration are characterized by nuclei located in the center of the muscle fiber. In
donor wild-type muscle, less than 1% of muscle nuclei were centrally located. However,
approximately 10% of muscle nuclei in the G289 DMD-affected recipient were centrally
located, indicating that a portion of dystrophic muscle was regenerating (Figure 3b). Injection
of fresh muscle-derived cells reduced the number of centrally located myonuclei in the G289
DMD-affected recipient muscle to less than 5%, which was statistically significant as compared
to the recipient before injection (p<0.01). Together, these findings suggested that engraftment
of donor muscle-derived cells and restoration of dystrophin expression stabilized cxmd muscle,
preventing repeated attempts to regenerate.
Cultured donor muscle-derived cells restore dystrophin expression
Our data demonstrate that direct injection of freshly isolated donor-derived muscle cells engraft
without immune rejection in chimeric recipients. However, many muscle stem cell transplant
procedures require expansion of cells in culture, which might alter the immunogenic status of
the donor cells. Therefore, to determine whether similar engraftment could be obtained by cells
expanded in culture, donor muscle-derived cells were cultured before injection into biceps
femoris muscle of the chimeric cxmd recipients. We used a standard serial pre-plating technique
to enrich for myoblasts and analyzed cells from pre-plates 2 (PP2) and 6 (PP6) (Figure 1b). In
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order to ensure that donor muscle-derived mononuclear cells were myogenic, adherent PP2
and PP6 cells were fixed in proliferation (Supplemental Figure 1a) and differentiation
(Supplemental Figure 1b) conditions. Immunostaining with antibodies specific to desmin and
Pax7, two markers of myoblasts in culture, established that more than 90% of proliferating
cultured cells were myogenic.
To assess differentiation potential in vitro, PP2 and PP6 cells were cultured until confluent,
and fixed after an additional 72 hours. The PP2 population differentiated to form multinucleated
myotubes that expressed myogenin and myosin heavy chain (MyHC), two markers of
myogenic differentiation (Supplemental Figure 1b – PP2). The PP6 population also expressed
myogenin and MyHC, yet remained primarily mononuclear (Supplemental Figure 1b – PP6).
Mouse muscle-derived cells cultured in a comparable manner exhibited similar results [28,
Similar to direct injection of freshly isolated muscle-derived cells, injection of cultured PP6
cells did not induce immune cell infiltration in the injected muscle (data not shown). In addition,
the injection of cultured PP6 cells restored dystrophin expression to skeletal muscle of chimeric
cxmd recipients (Figure 4a and b). The level of dystrophin reached a maximum of 1.45% of
wild-type levels in the fully chimeric dog, G289, and 0.05% in the mixed chimeric dog, G604
(Table 4). Although these were significantly higher relative to the recipient levels before muscle
cell transplantation (p =0.0026 and p =0.009, respectively), the maximum levels of wild-type
dystrophin was less than that reached after injection of freshly isolated cells (Table 2).
Finding a clinically relevant means of restoring long-term expression of dystrophin to skeletal
muscle has been a continuing challenge in the field of Duchenne muscular dystrophy research.
Transplantation of normal myoblasts into human patients was unsuccessful, due to immune
rejection of donor cells. While long-term immunosuppression might lengthen muscle cell
survival, it is toxic to many organs, including kidneys, liver, muscle, bone, and the central
nervous system, and leaves patients vulnerable to opportunistic infections. In this study, we
demonstrated that HCT established immune tolerance in cxmd canines, permitting stable
engraftment of donor muscle-derived cells in the absence of pharmacological
immunosuppression. Importantly, donor muscle-derived cells restored dystrophin expression
for at least 24 weeks following transplantation.
Although dystrophin protein was detected extensively throughout cryosections from muscle
biopsies obtained after cell injection, the level of dystrophin transcript was relatively low.
Notably, it has been suggested in exon-skipping studies that in-frame dystrophin mRNA needs
to achieve only 10% of total dystrophin levels to revert affected muscle to a mild Becker
phenotype [30]. However, it is possible that the level of mRNA observed may not accurately
reflect the level of protein present [31]. Although dystrophin protein is easily detected by
antibody staining of muscle cryosections, dystrophin is estimated to represent less than 0.01%
of cytoplasmic RNA present in adult skeletal muscle [32], suggesting that the muscle fiber may
produce only limiting amounts of dystrophin transcript, yet translate the message efficiently
into protein. As such, measuring the level of dystrophin transcript may not accurately represent
the level of functional dystrophin protein.
Recent studies of allogeneic transplantation of 107 cultured donor myoblasts into DMD patients
using a "high density injection" protocol resulted in 3.5% to 26% of dystrophin-positive fibers
within the injection site area at 4 weeks after transplantation [33], and in one patient some
muscle regions had 34.5% positive fibers 18 months after transplantation [34]. This protocol
relied on the use of FK506 to prevent immune rejection. In our study we demonstrate that
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Berwick shows positives in scrimmage against CHNI
Berwick High School scrimmaged Catholic HIgh-New Iberia, the defending Division IV state runner-up, at St. Thomas More Friday. Berwick scored once with its second-team offense, while it surrendered three first-team scores. Above, Berwick's Audwin Williams positions himself for an attempt at a catch. (Submitted Photo/Courtesy of Greg Roussel)
Berwick High School had a tough time in its scrimmage against Catholic High-New Iberia Friday as the Panthers were limited to a second-team touchdown and surrendered three first-team scores to Cath
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All hotels in Harker Heights, Texas, United States of America
1 room, 2 adults
511 Pan American Drive, Harker Heights, TX, 76548, United States of America, 800-491-6126
Americas Best Value Inn-Harker Heights/Killeen
Lowest price$69
Best Price Guarantee
No-frills Harker Heights hotel with outdoor pool
- Free full breakfast, free WiFi, and free parking
Enjoy your visit to Harker Heights with a stay at Americas Best Value Inn-Harker Heights/Killeen. You can go for a morning swim at the outdoor pool and visit the fitness center for a workout. Bonuses like refrigerators and microwaves are offered in all rooms, along with balconies and flat-screen TVs.
Main amenities
- 48 smoke-free guestrooms
- Outdoor pool
- Fitness center
- Business center
- 24-hour front desk
- Self-serve laundry
- Meeting room
- Tour/ticket assistance
- Lobby TV
What's around
- Killeen Mall (4.6 mi / 7.4 km)
- Vive Les Arts Theatre (5.1 mi / 8.3 km)
- Killeen Civic and Conference Center (5.2 mi / 8.4 km)
- Stillhouse Hollow Lake (9.1 mi / 14.6 km)
- Bell County Expo Center (13.4 mi / 21.5 km)
The staff where very friendly. The hotel was clean and breakfast was good. The location…
After driving 9 hours, one wants no problems what so ever. Thank God that is what we got.…
TripAdvisor Traveller Rating: 4
From 54 reviews
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Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $69
- Single King Non Smoking
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- Pets not allowed
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- Free full breakfast daily
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Hilton London Stansted Airport
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TravelPod Member ReviewsHilton London Stansted Airport
Pink elephant parking
This review is the subjective opinion of a TravelPod member and not of TravelPod.com.
Historical Traveler Reviews Hilton London Stansted Airport
Slightly above average airport stopover
So what do you get for your money? The hotel is at the far end of the main runway on the perimeter of the airport and around 2 miles from the airport terminal building. Aircraft niose can be a problem. It is easliy reached from the M11 but is in an isolated location. Externally a long, fairly unremarkable 3 storey modern building with a 'floor to roof' foyer at one end. The rooms are compact but functional and very well equipped (TV, Internet, Video Games, Iron, Trouser press, etc - in fact all the usual Hilton stuff). There is a bijoux healthclub with 2 small covered pools, jaccuzzi, steam room, gym etc. The restaurant serves surprisingly imaginative a la carte dishes plus a rather nice carvery. The restaurant prices are not cheap - but the guests are a 'captive audience' - so who can blame Hilton for hiking the prices a little? Taking your car to the hotel is another pricey necessity. They charge �12 per day to park it there. If you check in, then take it to the cheaper 'non-hotel' longstay carpark, elsewhere in the airport, you'll have to get the carpark's own free-bus to the terminal and change there for the Hilton's transfer bus back to the hotel, which leaves the terminal at 15 and 45 minutes past the hour. Hilton charge �2 per person for the return trip on their bus (but free for young kids). So a family of 4 parking at the hotel for a 14 day holiday need to add �176 to the bill just to leave their car outside the hotel and use the Hilton bus, plus factoring-in the cost of their rooms and refreshments (remember - it's miles from anywhere else to eat). That being said - we're all used to these 'hidden extras' when budgeting for our travelling needs aren't we? Having read some of the other reviews, I think that we need a 'reality check' - this is not some sumptuous palace of a hotel - it's an unremarkable airport stop-over with above average facilities at the appropriate price which the law of supply and demand dictates.
Acceptable, not great
After reading all the reviews, I was somewhat afraid to book here, but I did it anyway because it was �11 cheaper than the Radisson SAS and because I wanted the HHonors points.
Well, it was about what I expected: some good things, some bad things.
I caught the bus from the airport at 21:15. I had to wait 15 minutes because the hotel web site doesn't mention the departure time from the airport, but only from the hotel. The bus was completely full, and I'm glad I got off quickly, because there were only 3 people at the Front Desk to handle approx. 25 people checking in.
I had made a mistake on the Hilton Web site when booking the room, and booked a smoking room. However, I called Hilton reservations to make a note of this, and my HHonors preference is non-smoking, so they had the right room ready for me. Hooray! On the other hand, I would have expected a free breakfast, since I am HHonors Gold, but none was provided. However, there were some Gold "amenities" in the room: a fruit plate and a half-bottle of wine...but no corkscrew!
The room itself was quite small, but perfectly clean and serviceable. It was fairly quiet, but I noticed that you could hear the doors slamming from the adjacent rooms. However, I did not hear conversation or TV noise from the adjacent rooms. And I heard no aircraft noise.
The charge to ride the bus from the hotel to the airport is indeed �2. There are many signs informing you to buy your ticket in advance, which I did. However, no one ever checked the ticket!
All in all, not very exciting, but OK.
Crash, Boom, Bang!
I was really excited to be spending my last night in London at a Hilton hotel, because usually you are offered exceptional service and a great stay.
As far as location goes, it cannot be beat. It's right by the airport, so you are close enough that you are not severely stressed out when you have to dash to the airport. The shuttle they offer is free, so I am confused about one of the reviewers having to pay 2 pounds. It runs about every half hour.
My experience was a big disappointment.
I stayed in a twin bed room, and it wasn't so bad. However, the shower head was broken and when I tried to turn it on, I got shot in the eyes with water at 4:00 a.m. Not the most pleasant thing.
Also, when I tried to order room service, I waited for over 20 minutes to contact them, and finally had to call the operator to place my order! All I ordered were chips and ice cream, nothing complicated, yet it took over 40 minutes to bring it!
I found that SOME of the staff have a non-chalant attitude about the guests in the hotel. It doesn't seem very tightly run by proper management.
The worst however was when I was awoken at 2:00 a.m. by hotel STAFF. They were walking around and talking/laughing at the tops of their voices. I was really angry about that, especially since I had to be up at 4 a.m. to catch a flight.
Overall, I was not satisfied with my stay at the Hilton, but, if I ever have an early flight from Stansted again, I will stay there for the mere convenience of it's location.
Beware the Hilton
Beware the Hilton Hotel if you are planning to say overnight at Stansted Airport. Firstly their website shamelessly promotes FREE parking but fails to tell you that it does not apply to the cheaper rates. If you book the cheaper rate, you'll be charged �12 per night - more than the long stay car park! Once inside the Hotel is shabby with dirty rooms, surly staff and a bistro style restaurant that makes Macdonalds look like The Ivy. And the "Courtesy" bus to the Airport is not courtesy at all - they charge you �2 per person. For a chain as large as the Hilton, this seemed petty in the extreme - but I guess Paris has to pay for that dog somehow!
Typical airport hotel
if you are expecting a typical airport hotel this is it. very regimental, no grey areas with staff. eg very little flexibility these people are used to one day stays and very little interaction with customers other than at the bar. Good recreation facilities that don't open until 700am which is useless if flying out in the morning. Being an airport hotel maybe they could look at opening earlier.
Problem they could overcome
Me and My family stayed the one night at the hilton as it was the closes hotel to my cousins wedding venue.
I have worked for hotels for quite awhile and are aware that every hotels (yes EVERY hotel) as its problems and issues, but i was not prepared for what this 4* hotel had in store for us.
Location was great staff even helped us over the phone will we where looking for the hotel. Outside looked clean and new. Reception was nice and helpful, except never told us where the rooms where or evenif we needed help with our bags. The room itself is ok clean but the excuse for air conditioning is worthless, just open the windows!
Even though we were only there for a few hours on the day of arrival staff seemed unfriendly and to busy to help. This was confirmed the day after when breakfast staff were rude and busy doing nothing (one of the girls was sitting behind the bar playing on her phone).
Overal if the managment overcome the faults with the rooms and wake up the satff it would be a good stop off for many travelers.
Hilton read these reviews could save you so much money and bad publicitiy
What a rip off - cheap shack masquerading as 4 star.
This hotel sells itself on the basis that it is within the airport perimeter and that you can get a rate that includes parking. I took a night at �120 for both reasons. There is only one other hotel close to Stansted and it does not provide parking. Although it is within the perimeter it is at least 3 miles from the terminal and there is a shuttle every half hour - for which they make you pay! That's not so bad going to the terminal because you can plan but coming back it is a nightmare - if like us you miss by 2 minutes you wait 28 minutes or get taxi at �6.50. Parking is worth having since like most English airports the parking charges are horrendous. But don't expect anything more than parking. For �120 you would expect a pretty good hotel especially when it carries the Hilton brand. Instead you get something that looks like a pile of freight containers. It's clean inside at least but the rooms are cramped and it is all looking pretty tired. If you want the "free" parking you may not have another choice but they are certainly milking their parking for all it is worth so don't have any illusions!
Nowhere to run nowhere to hide
Hiltons are normally wonderful and you can count on them. The staff were great, but the hotel was not worth the $170 per night. Since there is no other hotel at the airport, we were stuck using this one. The toilet was filthy, the lid was yellow as if it had been used for target practice, and the inside had not been scrubbed around the rim and was black. This was enough to send me packing but there was no other lodgings and we had a flight out the next morning. There were also foul odors from the pipes in the bathroom. We were nauseated. We had to rough it for one night. The hallway was so noisy at night we hardly slept. There were rowdy guests opening and slamming doors all night. The hotel doors are very loud and heavy. There were service carts rumbling in the night and many disturbances. The sound of planes abated late at night and was no problem at all. The internet in the room did not work and I was grateful to have a friendly staff person refund me my money. But there is no refund for frustration. The only 2 good things were the staff who were so kind, polite and professional and the breakfast. The British know how to feed you for breakfast at least!
Convenient but not great.
I have stayed at this hotel three times, simply for the convenience of being at Stansted Airport, and being able to leave the car at the hotel whilst away on holiday. The first time was a disaster - we arrived late at 11.30pm to be told that the hotel was over-booked (we'd booked in advance through the Internet) and that we'd be provided with alternative accommodation. We ended up in a hot and noisy B&B above a nearby pub. When we enquired about a refund we were told that we'd paid for accommodation and that was what we were given! We wrote and complained to Hilton that we hadn't received the 4 Star service we'd paid for and we ended up being sent Hilton vouchers to compensate us.
The other two times have not been nearly as fraught (although we arrived earlier both times). The hotel is average, but the room service is good - there is a big choice. The staff at reception can be a bit slow at dealing with people leading to big queues. The hotel is so convenient though that I would stay there again.
Overnight stay
prepaid for accommodation for two adults for one nights stay, with a travel company in advance. Despite presenting voucher form confirming this at reception, had invoice for payment delivered to my room overnight, which I had to explain on departure. Received another invoice in the post two weeks later. While the hotel was otherwise excellent and hotel staff courteous and helpful, and hotel has since rectified their error, never-the-less I found this annoying at the time, and time consuming, let alone the expense afterwards with phone calls etc. to put the matter straight.
Otherwise the travel club and hotel were excellent.
TripAdvisor Reviews Hilton London Stansted Airport
Travel Blogs from Stansted
The only way is Essex...
... Final day and Aston Villa are playing Arsenal so from Birmingham down the M6 and M40 are busier than usual. However after our break most of that traffic has gone so overall not too bad a journey. The Hotel is good and we have a much better than expected evening meal there, Bistro style Italian and very modern. An early night and we are ready for our flight ...
Back where it all began
... It was with mixed emotions I boarded the flight. I didn't feel quite ready to leave Europe just yet, but I am excited to be moving onto Asia and more adventures (not to mention warmer weather, and a wedding!). All I can say at this point is that I am SO SO SO SO SOOOOOOOO glad that we decided to extend our trip! Even with the extra time in Europe, we still haven't managed to see everything that we want to! And if we hadn't ...
Almost off
... said " ok go on ahead wolverine"... this guy may be my future husband lol otherwise non eventful.. met a nice couple heading to calgary for their honeymooon.....flying ..... honeymoon and calgary dont seem to be the most appropriate sentence words honestly... NOW SEPT 24 NOON flight to London was uneventful except this large man who was jumping up and down yelling (he had his head phones on) about how "ITS REALLY IMPORTANT TO MOVE SO YOU DONT GET A CLOT!" all in ...
We're leavin' on a jet plane....
... apprehension, little bit of fear, bit stressed (Jack having to stop driving 2 minutes after leaving the house so that I could check I'd got my stash of HRT in my rucksack - of course I had - made me think of the Samantha Jones from Sex in the City film moment in Abu Dhabi) and of course sadness at saying au revoir to Emily and our three cats. But absence makes the heart grow fonder and with technology at our finger tips, we are sure we will never feel far away. Most ...
Italy ends ....... all too soon!
... Jan had a dry martini.(shaken not stirred Mr Bond!).....and we read through the International New York Times - when you read this publication and note that Australia gets no mention whatsoever....you realise how insignificant Australia is.....and We like it that way!
All too soon, a stunning (Mercedes) arrives to drive to Napoli Airport with Alessandro at the wheel.......we endure a huge traffic jam, pass the imposing sight of ...


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Date: 12/01/2011 (43 Images)
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Evidence for two conductive pathways in P2X7 receptor: Differences in modulation and selectivity
ABSTRACT The P2X(7) receptor (P2X(7)R) is an ATP-gated cation channel whose biophysical properties remain to be unravelled unequivocally. Its activity is modulated by divalent cations and organic messengers such as arachidonic acid (AA). In this study, we analysed the differential modulation of magnesium (Mg(2+)) and AA on P2X(7)R by measuring whole-cell currents and intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)) and Na(+) ([Na(+)](i)) dynamics in HEK293 cells stably expressing full-length P2X(7)R and in cells endowed with the P2X(7)R variant lacking the entire C-terminus tail (trP2X(7)R), which is thought to control the pore activation. AA induced a robust potentiation of the P2X(7)R- and trP2X(7)R-mediated [Ca(2+)](i) rise but did not affect the ionic currents in both conditions. Extracellular Mg(2+) reduced the P2X7R- and trP2X(7)R-mediated [Ca(2+)](i) rise in a dose-dependent manner through a competitive mechanism. The modulation of the magnitude of the P2X(7)R-mediated ionic current and [Na(+)](i) rise were strongly dependent on Mg(2+) concentration but occurred in a non-competitive manner. In contrast, in cells expressing the trP2X(7)R, the small ionic currents and [Na(+)](i) signals were totally insensitive to Mg(2+). Collectively, these results support the tenet of a functional structure of P2X(7)R possessing at least two distinct conductive pathways one for Ca(2+) and another for monovalent ions, with the latter which depends on the presence of the receptor C-terminus.
Full-textDOI: · Available from: Stefano Ferroni, Sep 29, 2015
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- "In our context it is important that P2X7 receptor inhibition activates neuritogenesis in a CaMKII-dependent pathway (Leon et al., 2006; Gomez-Villafuertes et al., 2009) in neuronal cells. As Mg 2þ demonstrates an antagonistic effect on P2X7 receptor activation, as demonstrated in a variety of cells (Jiang, 2009; Alloisio et al., 2010; Lee et al., 2011) (Fig. 2), this points to a "
ABSTRACT: Unlabelled: The glutamatergic mechanism of antidepressant treatments is now in the center of research to overcome the limitations of monoamine-based approaches. There are several unresolved issues. For the action of the model compound, ketamine, NMDA-receptor block, AMPA-receptor activation and BDNF release appear to be involved in a mechanism, which leads to synaptic sprouting and strengthened synaptic connections. The link to the pathophysiology of depression is not clear. An overlooked connection is the role of magnesium, which acts as physiological NMDA-receptor antagonist: 1. There is overlap between the actions of ketamine with that of high doses of magnesium in animal models, finally leading to synaptic sprouting. 2. Magnesium and ketamine lead to synaptic strengthening, as measured by an increase in slow wave sleep in humans. 3. Pathophysiological mechanisms, which have been identified as risk factors for depression, lead to a reduction of (intracellular) magnesium. These are neuroendocrine changes (increased cortisol and aldosterone) and diabetes mellitus as well as Mg(2+) deficiency. 4. Patients with therapy refractory depression appear to have lower CNS Mg(2+) levels in comparison to health controls. 5. Experimental Mg(2+) depletion leads to depression- and anxiety like behavior in animal models. 6. Ketamine, directly or indirectly via non-NMDA glutamate receptor activation, acts to increase brain Mg(2+) levels. Similar effects have been observed with other classes of antidepressants. 7. Depressed patients with low Mg(2+) levels tend to be therapy refractory. Accordingly, administration of Mg(2+) either alone or in combination with standard antidepressants acts synergistically on depression like behavior in animal models. Conclusion: On the basis of the potential pathophysiological role of Mg(2+)-regulation, it may be possible to predict the action of ketamine and of related compounds based on Mg(2+) levels. Furthermore, screening for compounds to increase neuronal Mg(2+) concentration could be a promising instrument to identify new classes of antidepressants. Overall, any discussion of the glutamatergic system in affective disorders should consider the role of Mg(2+).Journal of Psychiatric Research 03/2013; 47(7). DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.02.015 · 3.96 Impact Factor
- "ase We recently addressed P2X7 receptor gating behavior by comparing full - length and truncated rP2X7 receptors expressed in HEK293 cells . The model predicted two distinct conductive pathways : one for Ca 2+ , which still functioned in the truncated receptor lacking the C - tail ; the other for NMDG + , which was lost in the truncated receptor ( Alloisio et al . 2010 ) . Taken together , our previous ( Marcoli et al . 2008 ) and present data indicate that these two rP2X7 pathways may be linked to glutamate release : the pathway conductive for Ca 2+ being associated with the receptor function as a Ca 2+ channel coupled to glutamate exocytosis ; the pathway permeable to NMDG + being associated with th"
Article: The P2X7 receptor as a route for non-exocytotic glutamate release: Dependence on the carboxyl tail[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: P2X7 receptors trigger Ca(2+) -dependent exocytotic glutamate release, but also function as a route for non-exocytotic glutamate release from neurons or astrocytes. To gain an insight into the mechanisms involving the P2X7 receptor as a direct pathway for glutamate release, we compared the behavior of a full-length rat P2X7 receptor, a truncated rat P2X7 receptor in which the carboxyl tail had been deleted, a rat P2X7 receptor with the 18-amino acid cysteine-rich motif of the carboxyl tail deleted, and a rat P2X2 receptor, all of which are expressed in HEK293 cells. We found that the P2X7 receptor function as a route for glutamate release was antagonized in a non-competitive way by extracellular Mg(2+) , did not require the recruitment of pore-forming molecules, and was dependent on the carboxyl tail. Indeed, the truncated P2X7 receptor and the P2X7 receptor with the deleted cysteine-rich motif both lost their function as a pathway for glutamate release, while still evoking intracellular Ca(2+) elevation. No glutamate efflux was observed through the P2X2 receptor. Notably, HEK293 cells (lacking the machinery for Ca(2+) -dependent exocytosis), when transfected with P2X7 receptors, appear to be a suitable model for investigating the P2X7 receptor as a route for non-exocytotic glutamate efflux. © 2013 International Society for Neurochemistry, J. Neurochem. (2013) 10.1111/jnc.12143.Journal of Neurochemistry 01/2013; 124(6). DOI:10.1111/jnc.12143 · 4.28 Impact Factor
- "Moreover, even if chemical crosslinking and blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) analysis of recombinant receptors have revealed a trimeric structure of P2X ion channels, which has been confirmed by atomic force microscopy and by crystallography, the P2X7 functional structure is still far to be determined [18] [19]. Recently, we proposed a possible functional and structural model of the P2X7R, in which the receptor could be composed of two conductive pathways: the first with the ATPbinding sites and is characterized by sensitivity to extracellular Mg 2+ and selective permeability to Ca 2+ (P2X7R-A); the second one permeable to cations and with activation and divalent cation sensitivity controlled by the first pathway (P2X7R-B) [20]. Other recent works have investigated the functional properties of P2X7R by studying the dynamics of the currents evoked by BzATP [21] [22] [23]. "
Article: P2X7 receptor-mediated calcium dynamics in HEK293 cells: Experimental characterization and modelling approach[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) induces ionotropic Ca²⁺ signalling in different cell types. It plays an important role in the immune response and in the nervous system. Here, the mechanisms underlying intracellular Ca²⁺ variations evoked by 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyl-ATP (BzATP), a potent agonist of the P2X7R, in transfected HEK293 cells, are investigated both experimentally and theoretically. We propose a minimal model of P2X7R that is capable of reproducing, qualitatively and quantitatively, the experimental data. This approach was also adopted for the P2X7R variant, which lacks the entire C-terminus tail (trP2X7R). Then we introduce a biophysical model describing the Ca²⁺ dynamics in HEK293. Our model gives an account of the ionotropic Ca²⁺ influx evoked by BzATP on the basis of the kinetics model of P2X7R. To explain the complex Ca²⁺ responses evoked by BzATP, the model predicted that an impairment in Ca²⁺ extrusion flux through the plasma membrane is a key factor for Ca²⁺ homeostasis in HEK293 cells.Physical Biology 04/2012; 9(2):026001. DOI:10.1088/1478-3975/9/2/026001 · 2.54 Impact Factor


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No. 8 OREGON STATE 21, UTAH 7
CORVALLIS, Ore. (AP) _ Oregon State's defense helped out when quarterback Cody Vaz struggled in the rain, and the undefeated Beavers beat Utah for their best start in more than a century.
Vaz made his debut last weekend as the starter in place of injured Sean Mannion and threw for three touchdowns against BYU to earn Pac-12 player of the week honors. This time, he passed for 174 yards against the Utes. But the Beavers' defense had an interception and a fumble recovery that led to two first-half touchdown runs by Storm Woods.
Woods had all three TDs for Oregon State (6-0, 4-0 Pac-12), which hadn't opened 6-0 since 1907, when the school was the Oregon Agricultural College. The victory also meant bowl eligibility for the Beavers, who went 3-9 last season and were picked to finish last in the Pac-12 North this year.
Freshman Travis Wilson threw for 172 yards and a touchdown for Utah (2-5, 0-4), which began conference play with four consecutive losses for the second straight season.
No. 10 OKLAHOMA 52, KANSAS 7
NORMAN, Okla. (AP) _ Landry Jones threw for 291 yards and three touchdowns, and Oklahoma scored on a kickoff return and a punt return in the same game for the first time in school history.
Justin Brown made up for a lost fumble on his previous punt return by running his next chance back 90 yards and diving at the pylon for the score. Roy Finch then opened the second half with a 100-yard runback to stretch the lead to 45-0.
The Brown-Finch combo marked the first time the Sooners (5-1, 3-1 Big 12) have had two plays at least 90 yards long in the same game.
James Sims scored on a shutout-preventing touchdown run in the fourth quarter for Kansas (1-6, 0-4), which never presented much of a challenge while losing its 16th straight conference game and 27th out of the last 28.
The Sooners' first-team defense hasn't given up a point in two straight weeks heading into next Saturday night's showdown against No. 5 Notre Dame on Owen Field.
Jones and the first-team offense scored on their first six possessions.
No. 11 USC 50, COLORADO 6


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Publications (66)112.31 Total impact
Article: Dental Anatomy Grading: Comparison Between Conventional Visual and a Novel Digital Assessment Technique[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Conventional grading of dental students' projects in preclinical courses has mainly relied on visual evaluation by experienced instructors. The purpose of this study was to compare conventional visual grading in a dental anatomy course at one U.S. dental school to a novel digital assessment technique. A total of sixty samples comprised of two sets of faculty wax-ups (n=30), student wax-ups (n=15), and dentoform teeth of tooth #14 (n=15) were used for this study. Two additional faculty members visually graded the samples according to a checklist and then repeated the grading after one week. The sample wax-up with the highest score based on the visual grading was selected as the master model for the digital grading, which was also performed twice with an interim period of one week. Descriptive statistics and signed rank tests for systematic bias were used for intra- and interrater comparisons. The intraclass correlation (ICC) was used as a measure of intra- and interrater reliability. None of the faculty members achieved the minimum acceptable intrarater agreement of 0.8. Interrater agreement was substantially less than intrarater agreement for the visual grading, whereas all measures of intrarater agreement were greater than 0.9 and considered excellent for the digital assessment technique. These results suggest that visual grading is limited by modest intrarater reliability and low interrater agreement. Digital grading is a promising evaluation method showing excellent intrarater reliability and correlation. Correlation for visual and digital grading was consistently modest, partly supporting the potential use of digital technology in dental anatomy grading.Journal of dental education 12/2014; 78(12):1655-62. · 0.97 Impact Factor
Article: Ethanol-wet Bonding and Chlorhexidine Improve Resin-Dentin Bond Durability: Quantitative Analysis Using Raman Spectroscopy.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Purpose: To directly test the effectiveness of ethanol-wet bonding (EW) in improving monomer infiltration into demineralized dentin through quantitative measurement of bis-GMA and TEG-DMA molar concentrations within hybrid layers, and to comprehensively evaluate the effect of EW and chlorhexidine on durability of resin-dentin bonds compared to conventional water-wet bonding (WW). Materials and methods: A three-step etch-and-rinse adhesive (70% bis-GMA/28.75%TEG-DMA) was applied to coronal dentin using a clinically relevant ethanol-wet bonding protocol (EW) or the conventional water-wet bonding (WW) technique. Bis-GMA and TEG-DMA molar concentrations at various positions across the resin/dentin interfaces formed by EW and WW were measured using micro-Raman spectroscopy. The experiment was repeated at the same positions after 7-month storage in phosphate buffer solution containing 0.1% sodium azide. The μTBS and hybrid layer morphology (TEM) of bonding groups with and without chlorhexidine application were compared immediately and after 1-year storage in terms of nanoleakage, collagen fibril diameter, collagen interfibrillar width, and hybrid layer thickness. Results: Specimens bonded with EW showed significantly higher monomer molar concentrations and μTBS throughout the hybrid layer immediately and after storage, providing direct evidence of superior infiltration of hydrophobic monomers in EW compared to WW. Microscopically, EW maintained interfibrillar width and hybrid layer thickness for resin infiltration and retention. The application of chlorhexidine further preserved collagen integrity and limited the degree of nanoleakage in EW after 1-year storage. Conclusion: EW enhances infiltration of hydrophobic monomers into demineralized dentin. The results suggest that a more durable resin-dentin bond may be achieved with combined usage of a clinically relevant EW and chlorhexidine.The journal of adhesive dentistry 09/2014; 16(5). DOI:10.3290/j.jad.a32695 · 1.31 Impact Factor
Conference Paper: 36 Month Clinical Evaluation of One-step Self-etching Adhesive in NCCLs[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Objective: IRB-approved thirty-six month matched-pair RCT to evaluate the effectiveness of a single component one-step self-etching adhesive in non-carious class V lesions (NCCLs) as compared to gold standard etch-and-rinse 3-step system. Method: Two premolars with NCCLs mostly in dentin were randomly assigned, pumice cleaned only and restored by two clinicians in 30 adult subjects using either a self-etch 1-step or etch-and-rinse 3-step adhesive and nanofilled composite (Bond Force/Estilite Sigma Quick-BF/ESQ, Tokuyama; Optibond FL/Premise™-OPFL/P). Cotton and cord was used for isolation in all but four restorations. Esthetic (surface luster and stain, marginal stain, color match, anatomic form), functional (retention, marginal adaptation, patient's view) and biologic properties (sensitivity, caries, tooth integrity, periodontal response, adjacent mucosa) were collected by two blinded and calibrated clinical evaluators at baseline, 6-, 12-, 24- and 36-months using Hickel et al., 2007 and 2010 criteria. McNemar's test and Bowker's test of symmetry were used to compare restorations and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was conducted to evaluate the survival distributions of length of overall clinical success between the two restorations (statistically significant if p<0.05, marginally significant if 0.05<p<0.10). Result: Retention over 36-months: OPFL/P one partially lost and BF/ESQ four lost restorations with all failed restorations from one clinician. 23 patients were available for recall at 36-months. Within groups as compared to baseline: BF/ESQ had significantly worse marginal stain (p=0.0186), retention (p=0.0455), marginal adaptation (p=0.0018); OPFL/P had improved periodontal response (p=0.0455). Between groups BF/ESQ had significantly better color match at baseline (p=0.0107) and significantly worse marginal adaptation (p=0.0252) at 36-months. A marginally significant difference between restoration survival (p=0.0568 log-rank test and p=0.0751 Wilcoxon test) was found with estimated 36-month probabilities of survival for BF/ESQ and OPFL/P of 0.75 and 0.92, respectively. Conclusion: OPFL/P had significantly better clinical performance in NCCLs through 36-months as compared to BF/ESQ.IADR General Session and Exhibition 2014; 06/2014
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ABSTRACT: Objective: To assess the effects of ceramic opacity and thickness on delivered irradiance and energy density and degree of conversion and microhardness of the light-cured resin cement. Method: IPS e-Max ceramic discs (Ivoclar Vivadent) were fabricated in 3 thicknesses (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5mm) and 4 opacities (HT, LT, MO, HO) (n=3/per group). Light-cured resin cement (Variolink Veneer Luting Cement – shade MVO, Ivoclar Vivadent) 50µm thick was cured through these ceramics disks using a halogen curing light unit (Optilux 501, Kerr) with its energy density and irradiance measured by MARC from a fixed distance (1.5mm). Knoop hardness and Raman microscopy were used to evaluate the bottom degree of cure. Descriptive statistics were conducted. One- and two-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey's HSD test and Pearson correlation test were used for the statistical analyses (alpha=0.05). Result: Significant interaction was found between ceramic thickness and opacity on resin cement degree of conversion (p<0.0001), irradiance (p=0.0062), and energy density (p=0.0078). Subsequent analyses demonstrated that there was a significant simple effect for opacity and for thickness on conversion, irradiance and energy density under different conditions of thickness and opacity. Although the curing unit used has relatively good beam homogeneity, no significant correlation was found between hardness and degree of conversion (r=0.03; p=0.8859) unless data collection locations of Raman and Knoop Hardness were taken in close proximity (R2= 0.9, p=0.0006). The calibration curve representing this correlation will be used in the final data collection. Conclusion: Ceramic opacity and thickness affect the polymerization of light-cured resin cements and need to be considered and compensated for when bonding indirect restorations. Based upon the findings of this preliminary study, the final study is ongoing.AADR Annual Meeting & Exhibition 2014; 03/2014
Conference Paper: Ethanol-wet Bonding Enhances Infiltration of Hydrophobic Monomers into Demineralized Dentin[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Ethanol-wet bonding (EW) was proposed to increase the strength and durability of the resin-dentin bond by producing a more hydrolytic resistant hybrid layer (HL) via increased infiltration of hydrophobic monomers into the acid-etched dentin. Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate effect of EW on same-day and 7-month molar concentration (MC) of BisGMA and TEGDMA in HL. Methods: Experimental co-monomers were prepared to construct calibration curves for MC calculation in resin-dentin bond specimens. Eight sound human molars were randomly and systematically rotated for EW and water-wet bonding (WW) treated surfaces. All teeth were flattened with a carbide bur in the CNC Specimen Former (University of Iowa) to expose coronal dentin. Sticky wax was used to build 2-mm wall on top of the midline cut to separate each tooth into 2-halves treated with EW and WW. For EW, the etched and water rinsed dentin was subsequently rinsed with absolute ethanol for 15s X 3 before primer (50%resin/50%ethanol) application. After solvent removal, pure adhesive (71%Bis-GMA/28%TEGDMA) was applied and 2-mm resin-based composite (Z100, 3M ESPE) built-up. Two 1-mm-thick resin-dentin slabs were formed per tooth and polished using a series of diamond suspensions. On each side of slabs, two locations with 3μm-thick HL were randomly selected on EW and WW treated surfaces. At each location, Raman spectra were obtained at 5 positions across the resin-dentin interface (n=64) through 100x objective lens using 8-11mW from 785 nm laser (1.5μm spot size) for 60s (micro-Raman Spectroscopy, Kaiser Optical System, Inc.). Peak area at 605 and 1610 cm-1 were used for MC calculation. Resin-dentin slabs were stored for 7-month at 37C in PBS before re-collecting the data at the same positions. Results: Positions Short-term BisGMA MC(mol/L) Short-term TEGDMA MC(mol/L) EW Mean(±SD) WW Mean(±SD) EW Mean(±SD) WW Mean(±SD) Adhesive layer 1.69A* 1.69A* 1.19(±0.62)A 1.43(±0.90)A* Adhesive-HL interface (AHI) 1.17(±0.34)A* 1.00(±0.40)B* 0.97(±0.62)A* 0.81(±0.57)A HL (1μm below AHI) 0.82(±0.30)A 0.59(±0.35)B* 0.67(±0.49)A* 0.57(±0.47)A HL (2μm below AHI) 0.56(±0.32)A* 0.33(±0.24)B* 0.42(±0.26)A* 0.39(±0.45)A* HL-tooth interface 0.35(±0.25)A* 0.20(±0.23)B* 0.30(±0.42)A* 0.17(±0.22)B* Means with the same letters showed no significant difference of BisGMA or TEGDMA MC between EW and WW (p>0.05). (*) indicates significant reduction of the mean BisGMA or TEGDMA MC after 7-month at each position within each bonding group (p<0.05). Conclusion: EW enhances infiltration (increased MC) of hydrophobic monomers into demineralized dentin.IADR/AADR/CADR General Session and Exhibition 2013; 03/2013
Conference Paper: Dentin Bonding of SR Adhesive after Two Years Water Storage[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Objective: Self-reinforcing (SR) adhesive has been introduced as a technology to contribute high bond efficiency with the multi-functional interaction to enamel and dentin. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the micro-tensile bond strength (mTBS) to dentin after two-years water storage and to characterize its interfacial interaction with dentin using TEM. Method: Five adhesive groups: Bond Force (BF, self-etch 1step (SE1) with SR, Tokuyama), Bond Force no-SR (NSR, experimental SE1, Tokuyama), Optibond FL (OBFL, total-etch 3step Kerr), Clearfil SE (CSE, self-etch 2step, Kuraray) and Optibond All-in-One (OBA, SE1, Kerr) were tested. 150 Extracted human molars were randomly distributed into five adhesive groups. Dentine surfaces were prepared using CNC Specimen Former (University of Iowa). The adhesives were applied according to manufacturer's instructions. Resin-based composite (Z100, 3M-ESPE) 'crowns', approximately 5mm in height, were incrementally formed and light-cured. Each restored tooth was sectioned into 2x2mm square sticks with diamond blades then into dumbbell-shaped specimens with the CNC (0.5mm2 round cross-sectional area, 1mm gage-length, 0.6mm radius of curvature). The specimens were stored for two-years in artificial saliva containing sodium azide (changed monthly) at 37ºC. Specimens were tensile-tested at a crosshead speed of 1mm/min in a calibrated testing machine (Z2.5, Zwick). The data was analyzed by two-way ANOVA with post-hoc Turkey's test (alpha=0.05). Additional specimens per each group were subjected to a silver impregnation protocol and nanoleakage patterns were observed under TEM. Result: The mTBS means and standard deviations are presented in the table below. Pre-test failures were included as 1MPa. Means followed by same letters (number for rows, character for columns) are not significantly different. Material (n=30) 24hr 24mo Bond Force 58.2(10.5) A,1 31.8(7.6) B,2 Bond Force no SR 38.3(17.5) B,1 18.8(11.6) C,2 Optibond FL 56.4(8.8) A,1 43.2(11.3) A,2 Clearfil SE 55.9(12.7) A,1 44.7(13.8) A,2 Optibond All-in-one 55.0(11.8) A,1 33.7(12.8) B,2 Conclusion: The bonding effectiveness of SR technology applied to a one bottled adhesive system for dentin bonding was confirmed. Mr. Yamagawa was employed by Tokuyama Dental Corp. while a visiting scientist at the University of Iowa.06/2012
Conference Paper: Enamel/dentin Bonding Effectiveness Of Self-etching Borate-initiated Self-cure Adhesive Resin Cement[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Objective: Determine enamel and dentin micro-tensile bond strength (mTBS) of an experimental self-etching, borate-initiated self-curing adhesive resin cement containing self-reinforcing (SR) multi-functional monomer (ECD-89). Method: Four adhesive resin cement groups in two curing modes: ECD-89 (ECD, experimental, self-cure/self-cure (pretreatments/resin cement) mode and self-cure/light-cure, Tokuyama Dental), Multilink Automix (MLA, self-cure/self-cure and self-cure/light-cure, Ivoclar Vivadent), CLEARFIL Esthetic Cement (CEC, light-cure/self-cure and light-cure/light-cure, Kuraray) and Calibra (CAL, self-cure/self-cure and light-cure/light-cure, Dentsply Caulk) were used to adhesively bond indirect resin-based composite 'crowns' (Paradigm MZ100, 3M ESPE, φ10mmX2mm, #600 SiC paper and sand blasting (50μm alumina, for 10seconds)) to occlusal dentin and buccal/lingual enamel of 160 carbide bur-cut human molars. Twenty-four hours later restored teeth were sectioned with diamond blades into 2x2mm square sticks then dumbbell shaped specimens (0.5mm2 round cross-sectional area, 1mm gage length, 0.6mm radius of curvature) were formed using a CNC Specimen Former (University of Iowa). One-half of the specimens were then tensile-tested at a crosshead speed of 1mm/min in a calibrated materials testing machine (Z2.5, Zwick), while the remaining half were placed in artificial saliva at 37 degrees C, with monthly media exchanges for mTBS testing after 1 year storage. Result: Microtensile bond strength (MPa (SD)) n=20/group Dentin‡ Enamel† ECD SC/LC 44.7 (14.1) A 35.1 (13.5) A,B,C ECD SC/SC 44.7 (12.5) A 28.8 (10.9) C MLA SC/LC 23.8 (22.2) B 36.1 (18.8) A,B,C MLA SC/SC 11.7 (11.7) C,D 29.7 (12.1) C CEC LC/LC 16.4 (14.1) C 33.9 (14.1) A,B,C CEC LC/SC 7.9 (8.5) D 31.1 (16.4) B,C CAL LC/LC 6.0 (8.6) D 46.7 (13.6) A CAL SC/SC 14.0 (10.8) C,D 43.9 (16.1) A,B ‡ means with the same uppercase letter are not significantly different using a simple random effect in Mixed Model ANOVA or † One-Way ANOVA, followed by post-hoc Tukey's test. . Conclusion: mTBS of EDC to dentin was significantly stronger than remaining groups. mTBS to enamel was higher when phosphoric acid etching was performed (CAL) but not significantly different from ECD SC/LC, MLA SC/LC or CEC LC/LC. Acknowledgements: Sponsored by Tokuyama Dental Corp. K. Hirata is an employee of Tokuyama.IADR General Session 2012; 06/2012
Conference Paper: Clinical Evaluation of One-step Self-etching Adhesive in Non-carious Cervical Lesions[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Objective: Randomized controlled, matched-pair clinical study evaluated the effectiveness of two commercially available adhesive/composites restoratives in non-carious class V lesions (NCCLs). Methods: Non-carious cervical lesions (N=60) primarily in dentin on two premolars were restored in 30 adult subjects. Rubber dam was used only if retraction cord and cotton rolls were inadequate for proper isolation. Teeth were randomly assigned and only cleaned with pumice. Paired teeth were restored with one of two adhesive/resin-based composite (RBC) systems: Tokuyama Bond Force single component self-etching 1-step adhesive system with Estilite Sigma Quick supra-nanofilled RBC (BF/ESQ, Tokuyama) and Optibond FL etch-and-rinse 3-step adhesive system with Premise™, nanofilled RBC (OFL/P, Kerr). The adhesive was applied according to manufacturer's instructions and the RBC was incrementally placed and light-cured with a QTH light (Demetron 501, Kerr). Restorations were finished with carbide finishing burs, Soflex discs and rubber polishing points. Evaluation was done at baseline, 6- and 12-mo (24- and 36-mo planned) using clinical evaluation criteria based upon Hickel et al., 2007 and 2010. This 12 month evaluation reports on: Color Match, Marginal Discoloration, Marginal Adaptation, Retention, Post-op Sensitivity. Univariate statistics were conducted. McNema's test and Bowker's test of symmetry were used to compare the difference in selected parameters between two restoration systems and between two time points (alpha=0.05). Results: Baseline: no significant difference between adhesive/(RBC) for any criteria except color match: Category-1 BF/ESQ (56.7%), OFL/P (30%). 12 months: 29 patients were available for recall with no difference for any criteria except marginal adaptation, Category-1 for OFL/P (85.2%) compared to BF/ESQ (66.7%) (p=0.0253, McNemar's test). 97% of BF/ESQ and 93% of OFL/P were totally acceptable with 1 OFL/P and 2 BF/ESQ unacceptable due to retention loss. Conclusion: Preliminary 12-mo evidence supports efficacy of both the self-etching 1-step and etch-and-rinse 3-step restorative systems.IADR General Session 2012; 06/2012
Conference Paper: Material Compatibility of Self-etching Self-cure 1-step Adhesive when Dentin Bonding[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Objectives: Determine dentin micro-tensile bond strength (mTBS) of an experimental self-etching, borate-initiated self-curing one-step adhesive system containing self-reinforcing (SR) multi-functional monomer (DBC510) when using direct resin-based composites, resin-based cement and core buildup restorative materials. Methods: DBC510 (DBC, experimental, self-etch self-cure one-step, Tokuyama Dental Corp.) was applied to carbide bur-cut occlusal dentin of 80 human molars using the following restorative materials: Direct Resin-based Composites (6): Estelite Sigma Quick (ESQ, Tokuyama Dental), Estelite Omega (EO, Tokuyama Dental), Esthet X HD (EXH, DENTSPLY CAULK), Herculite Ultra (HU, Kerr), Filtek Supreme Ultra (FSU, 3M) and Venus Diamond (VD, Heraeus Kulzer); Resin Cements (5): ECD-89 (ECD, experimental, Tokuyama Dental), Multilink Automix (MA, IVOCLAR VIVADENT), NX3 (NX, Kerr), CLEARFIL Esthetic Cement (CEC, KURARAY) and Calibra (CA, DENTSPLY); Core Materials (5): ECG (experimental, Tokuyama Dental), Luxa Core Z Dual (LCD, DMG AMERICA), Core-Paste XP (CPX, DenMat), Absolute Dentin (AD, Parkell) and Build IT FR (BIF, Pentron Clinical). The following day the restored teeth were diamond saw sectioned into 2x2mm square sticks then dumbbell shaped specimens (0.5mm2 round cross-sectional area, 1mm gage length, 0.6mm radius of curvature) were formed using an ultrafine diamond bur in the CNC Specimen Former (University of Iowa) then tensile-tested at a crosshead speed of 1mm/min in a calibrated materials testing machine (Z2.5, Zwick) using a glue less passive gripping device (Dircks Device). Both ANOVA and Weibull regression models were performed, both ignoring and considering the random effect of the tooth (multiple specimens per tooth) to detect a difference in bond strengths between each restorative material group. Results: Microtensile bond strength to dentin (MPa (SD))** Direct RBCs Resin cements Core buildups ESQ 51.0 (9.5) A ECD 50.0 (16.4) a ECG 50.3 (8.5) α EO 53.5 (11.3) A MA 51.6 (15.5) a LCD 48.9 (9.4) α EXH 56.1 (14.5) A NX 50.8 (12.4) a CPX 45.2 (12.7) α HU 55.7 (16.5) A CEC 51.1 (17.1) a AD 50.1 (14.6) α FSU 62.3 (17.4) A CA 58.3 (16.8) a BIF 46.0 (11.9) α VD 55.3 (17.1) A - - - - **means with the same symbol letter are not significantly different using a simple random effect in Mixed Model ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey's test (P > 0.05). n = 20 per group. Conclusions: No difference in mTBS to dentin was detected when using DBC with any of the restorative material classes. Acknowledgements: Sponsored by Tokuyama Dental Corp. K. Hirata is employee of Tokuyama.AADR Annual Meeting 2012; 03/2012
Article: Effect of specimen gripping device, geometry and fixation method on microtensile bond strength, failure mode and stress distribution: Laboratory and finite element analyses[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Innumerous modifications have been proposed for the microtensile test since its introduction; however, testing parameters are not often well described and wide variations in bond strength are commonly reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the test specimen's gripping device, specimen geometry and fixation method on microtensile bond strength, failure mode, and stress distribution when using an etch-and-rinse 2-step adhesive system bonded to human dentin. Resin-based composite bonded to occlusal dentin from 21 human molars was used to fabricate dumbbell- and stick-shaped test specimens which were divided into three groups: Di - dumbbell-specimens placed in a Dircks device; GeS - stick-specimens gripped in a Geraldeli's device with Superglue; GeZ - stick-specimens gripped in a Geraldeli's device with Zapit. Specimens were tested to failure in tensile mode and the failure mode was examined under stereomicroscopy and fracture initiation sites were verified by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Three-dimensional models of each device/specimen were created and finite element calculations were performed. The effect of the gripping devices on the bond strength was not significant, unless the bond test areas were normalized. The failure mode was influenced by the type of device. Dircks device was less sensitive to human error than Geraldeli's, and produced a more uniform stress distribution at the dumbbell specimen adhesive layer than did the Geraldeli's device at the stick layer. Microtensile testing parameters can directly influence the results and consequently inter-study comparisons.Dental materials: official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials 03/2012; 28(5):e50-62. DOI:10.1016/j.dental.2012.02.010 · 3.77 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effect of gamma radiation on the microtensile bond strength of resin-based composite restoration to human enamel and dentin performed either before or after radiotherapy. Thirty sound human third molars were sectioned mesio-distally into buccal and lingual halves and then randomly divided into enamel or dentin groups. Enamel and dentin substrates were randomly divided into three sub-groups (n = 10): Control, which received no irradiation; specimens were irradiated before restoration protocol; and specimens were irradiated after restoration protocol. Radiation therapy was defined by application of 60-Gy dose fractionally with daily exposures of 2 Gy, 5 days a week, over 6 weeks. Restorations were carried out using Adper Single Bond adhesive system and Filtek Z250 resin composite. The specimens were sectioned producing 4 sticks per specimen and submitted to microtensile on a testing machine. Data were submitted to two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test (p < 0.05). Failure modes were examined under optical microscopy and SEM. Bond strength to enamel was significantly higher than to dentin irrespective radiation therapy. Radiotherapy applied before restoration significantly reduced the bond strength to both substrates. A predominance of adhesive failures was detected for control groups and groups restored before radiotherapy. Cohesive failures in dentin and enamel increased when the specimens were restored after irradiation. The gamma radiation had a significant detrimental effect on bond strength to human enamel and dentin when the adhesive restorative procedure was carried out after radiotherapy.Supportive Care in Cancer 03/2012; 20(11):2873-8. DOI:10.1007/s00520-012-1414-y · 2.36 Impact Factor
Article: Effect of specimen gripping device, geometry and fixation method on microtensile bond strength, failure mode and stress distribution: Laboratory and finite element analyses[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Objectives. Innumerous modifications have been proposed for the microtensile test since its introduction; however, testing parameters are not often well described and wide variations in bond strength are commonly reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the test specimen's gripping device, specimen geometry and fixation method on micro tensile bond strength, failure mode, and stress distribution when using an etch-and-rinse 2-step adhesive system bonded to human dentin. Methods. Resin-based composite bonded to occlusal dentin from 21 human molars was used to fabricate dumbbell- and stick-shaped test specimens which were divided into three groups: Di – dumbbell-specimens placed in a Dircks device; GeS – stick-specimens gripped in a Geraldeli's device with Superglue; GeZ – stick-specimens gripped in a Geraldeli's device with Zapit. Specimens were tested to failure in tensile mode and the failure mode was examined under stereomicroscopy and fracture initiation sites were verified by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Three-dimensional models of each device/specimen were created and finite element calculations were performed. Results. The effect of the gripping devices on the bond strength was not significant, unless the bond test areas were normalized. The failure mode was influenced by the type of device. Dircks device was less sensitive to human error than Geraldeli's, and produced a more uniform stress distribution at the dumbbell specimen adhesive layer than did the Geraldeli's device at the stick layer. Significance. Microtensile testing parameters can directly influence the results and consequently inter-study comparisons.Dental Materials 01/2012; 28:e50-e62. · 3.77 Impact Factor
- Dental Materials 12/2011; 27. DOI:10.1016/j.dental.2011.08.441 · 3.77 Impact Factor
Conference Paper: Effect of Photoinitiator on Adhesive Resin Conversion and Dentin Bonding[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Adequate degree of conversion (DC) of resin adhesives is critical to resin-dentin bond strength and clinical durability. Phenylbis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide (BAPO) is a promising alternative photoinitiator compared to redox initiators based on camphorquinone for resin adhesives. Photoinitiator combinations may provide broader light absorptivity and more reactive radicals with the potential to enhance polymerization. Objectives: Evaluate effect of five photoinitiator systems on DC and resin/composite-dentin shear bond strength (SBS). Methods: DCs of hydrophilic (PMGDM/HEMA) and hydrophobic (BisGMA/TEGDMA) resins containing 5 photoinitiator systems; BAPO, BAPO/benzoyl peroxide (BAPO/BPO), camphorquinone/ethyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate (CQ/4E), CQ/BAPO, and CQ/BPO were measured at 24-hour by FTIR using Near-infrared (NIR; 1.8mm-thick resins) for both resins and Mid-infrared (Mid-IR;25 micron-thick resins) for BisGMA/TEGDMA (n=5). 50 sound molars were randomly divided into 5 groups by photoinitiator system. All teeth were flattened and ground with #320-grit SiC papers to completely remove coronal enamel before application of a 3-step etch-and-water rinse, primer and bonding resin adhesive (35% phosphoric acid etchant, PMGDM/HEMA/50%acetone primers, and BisGMA/TEGDMA bonding resins) and a commercial resin-based composite (TPH3, Dentsply). SBS (knife-edge chisel-on-iris) was evaluated at 24-hour followed by fracture mode evaluation under a light microscope. Results: Photoinitiators DC at 24h (%) by NIR Mean SBS at 24h (MPa) Bis-GMA/TEGDMA7:3 by mass PMGDM/HEMA 3.3:1 by mass. BAPO (1%) 81.37(±0.52)A,a 76.58(±0.46)B,b 35.31(±6.87)A BAPO (1%) BPO (1%) 81.97(±0.78)A,a 79.20(±0.53)A,b 35.58(±7.56)A CQ (0.25%) 4E (1%) 76.61(±1.08)B,a 67.53(±0.55)C,b 27.22(±9.04)B CQ (0.25%) BAPO (1%) 80.06(±1.84)A,a 76.70(±1.61)B,b 21.17(±5.92)B CQ (0.25%) BPO (1%) 74.35(±0.72)C,a 58.68(±0.78)D,b 14.28(±2.35)C Groups with same upper case letters within columns and same lower case letters within rows are not significantly different (p > 0.05). NIR measured significantly higher DC of BisGMA/TEGDMA resin at 24-hour compared to Mid-IR; BAPO=59(1.6)%, BAPO/BPO=61(1.6)%, CQ/4E=54(1.5)%, CQ/BAPO=62(1.6)%, CQ/BPO=59(0.5)%. No cohesive failures were observed. Groups with lower SBS had a higher percentage of joint failures; while groups with higher SBS had a higher percentage of mixed failure. Conclusion: The use of BAPO alone and in combination with BPO and CQ increased DC of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic resins over resins containing CQ/4E. Only BAPO and BAPO/BPO demonstrated significantly higher SBS over resins containing CQ/4E. Supported by NIST, NIDCR Interagency agreement (Y1-DE-7005), ADAF PRC, and University of Iowa.IADR General Session 2011; 03/2011
Conference Paper: Estimating adequate exposure duration to resin-based composites by non-liner regression[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Objectives: Estimate adequate light exposure duration for six commercial resin-based composites by non-liner regression analysis with the top and bottom micro-hardness. Methods: Estelite Sigma Quick (EQ, A2, Tokuyama Dental Corp.), Estelite Sigma (ES, A2, Tokuyama), Supreme Plus (SP, A2E, 3M-ESPE), Durafill VS (DV, A2, Heraeus Kulzer), Esthet-X HD (EH, A2, Dentsply) and Herculite Ultra (HU, A2E, Kerr) were evaluated. Each composite (d=3.0 x h=2.0mm) was cured for 10, 20, 30, 60, 120 or 180s (n=5) with QTH light-curing unit (Optilux500, Kerr, 591mW/cm2). Distal end of light-guide was placed 2.0mm from the composite surface with a black background. After 24h storage in 37˚C distilled water, three KHN measurements (Micromet-II Microhardness Tester, Buehler) were made for top and bottom of each specimen under 25g load for 12s. The average of three measurements was then used for the data analysis. Non-liner regression was calculated with: Y = (Ymax-c)(1-e-kt)+c; Ymax = the asymptotic maximum hardness, c = constant, k = rate parameter and t = exposure duration. The exposure duration needed for the bottom surface to achieve 80% of top-surface Ymax was estimated by inverse regression. SAS (PROC NLIN, Newton-Raphson) for Windows (SAS Institute Inc) was used for the data analysis (alpha=0.05). Results: Table shows Ymax, k and r2 for top- and bottom-surface and exposure duration needed to achieve a bottom-surface hardness that is 80% of top Ymax. Exposure duration for EQ is unable to be generated by the model because the asymptote bottom Ymax is approached more quickly than top Ymax. Conclusions: Non-liner regression methods employed were unable to predict exposure duration needed for the bottom surface of EQ to achieve 80% of top-surface Ymax due to the high rate of conversion. Manufacturer's recommended curing protocols may not achieve a bottom-surface hardness that is 80% of top Ymax. Sponsored by Tokuyama Dental Corp.03/2011
Conference Paper: Color stability of the experimental resin based composite UBC[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Objectives: To evaluate the color stability of experimental resin based composite (RBC) UBC. Methods: UBC-001 (UBC, A2-Enamel, Tokuyama Dental Corporation, Experimental), Filtek Supreme Plus (SP, A2E, 3M-ESPE), Esthet-X HD (EX, A2, DENTSPLY), Durafill VS (DV, A2, Heraeus Kulzer), PREMISE (PM, A2, Kerr) and Venus Diamond (VD, A2E, Heraeus Kulzer) were evaluated for color stability. 96 disk-shaped specimens (N =16 per RBC, D =10mm, 2mm thick) were made by light polymerizing for 10 or 20 seconds, based on the manufacturer's recommendation, using Optilux 500 (Kerr Inc, Orange, CA, USA) at more than 800 mW/cm2. After 24 hour dark storage in distilled water at 37C the directly irradiated surfaces were ground with P800 grit SiC paper on a grinding/polishing machine (Rotopol V, Stuers, Cleveland, Ohio, USA) under continuously water cooling at 150 rpm, followed by dry polishing with a Sof-Lex disc fine and super-fine grit for 20 seconds (30,000 rpm, Upower UP500, Brasseler, USA). Each specimen was then thermocycled between 5C and 55C with the dwell time of 1 min each in distilled water. Color of each RBC was measured using VITA Easyshade compact (Model # DEASYCHP, VITA) before and after thermocycling (TC) and delta-E = (delta-a2+delta-b2+delta-L2)1/2 was used to analyze the color stability. One-way ANOVA and repeated measures ANOVA with appropriate post-hoc tests were conducted to assess the effects of composites and polishing times on the color stability, within each polishing and thermocycling step and within each composite, respectively. Results: RBC Delta-Eb (color change using black background) TC 3K TC 10K TC 20K TC 30K TC 50K UBC 0.91 (0.10)B,1 0.86 (0.15)A,B,1 1.20 (0.17)A,2 2.08 (0.17)B,3 3.20 (0.17)B,4 SP 3.45 (0.35)D,1 4.22 (0.34)E,2 4.44 (0.27)D,2 4.37 (0.29)D,2 4.43 (0.28)C,2 EX 0.55 (0.27)A,1 0.76 (0.19)A,1,2 1.74 (0.45)B,3 1.03 (0.23)A,2 1.01 (0.27)A,2 DV 0.63 (0.22)A,1 0.99 (0.23)B,2 1.34 (0.08)A,3 1.76 (0.29)B,4 2.93 (0.68)B,5 PM 1.62 (0.41)C,2 1.90 (0.33)C,2 1.90 (0.28)B,2 1.76 (0.33)B,2 1.08 (0.34)A,1 VD 1.79 (0.25)C,1 2.65 (0.33)D,2 3.33 (0.32)C,3 3.43 (0.32)C,3 3.95 (0.43)C,4 Groups within columns with same letter and within row with same number are not significantly different (p >.05). Conclusion: Color stability for all RBCs, including UBC, was within the stated clinically perceptual limit (delta-E; less than 3.3, Craig and Powers, 2002) with the exception of SP after 3,000 TC and VD after 30,000 TC challenge. Acknowledgements: Supported by Tokuyama Dental Corporation and Mr. Hirata was an employee of Tokuyama while a visiting scientist at University of Iowa.IADR General Session 2011; 03/2011
Article: A model for overview of student learning: a matrix of educational outcomes versus methodologies.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: A concise overview of an institution's aspirations for its students becomes increasingly elusive because dental education has evolving emphases on priorities like critical thinking and adapting to new technology. The purpose of this article is to offer a learner-oriented matrix that gives a focus for discussion and an overview of an institution's educational outcomes. On one axis of the matrix, common educational outcomes are listed: knowledge, technical skills, critical thinking, ethical and professional values, patient and practice management, and social responsibility awareness. On the other axis, methodologies are listed: definition, cultivation strategies, measures (summative/formative, objective/subjective), institutional coordination, and competency determination. By completing the matrix, an overview of the process by which students reach these outcomes emerges. Each institution would likely complete the matrix differently and, ideally, with active discussion. While the matrix can first be used to establish "Where are we now?" for an institution, it can also be a starting point for more extensive matrices and further discussion. Vertical and horizontal analyses of the matrix provide a unique lens for viewing the institution's learning environment.Journal of dental education 02/2011; 75(2):160-8. · 0.97 Impact Factor
- Dental Materials 12/2010; 26:e27–e28. DOI:10.1016/j.dental.2010.08.068 · 3.77 Impact Factor
- Dental Materials 12/2010; 26:e29. DOI:10.1016/j.dental.2010.08.070 · 3.77 Impact Factor
Article: Correlation between microtensile bond strength data and clinical outcome of Class V restorations[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: To determine if the results of resin-dentin microtensile bond strength (μTBS) is correlated with the outcome parameters of clinical studies on non-retentive Class V restorations. Resin-dentin μTBS data were obtained from one test center; the in vitro tests were all performed by the same operator. The μTBS testing was performed 8 h after bonding and after 6 months of storing the specimens in water. Pre-test failures (PTFs) of specimens were included in the analysis, attributing them a value of 1MPa. Prospective clinical studies on cervical restorations (Class V) with an observation period of at least 18 months were searched in the literature. The clinical outcome variables were retention loss, marginal discoloration and marginal integrity. Furthermore, an index was formulated to be better able to compare the laboratory and clinical results. Estimates of adhesive effects in a linear mixed model were used to summarize the clinical performance of each adhesive between 12 and 36 months. Spearman correlations between these clinical performances and the μTBS values were calculated subsequently. Thirty-six clinical studies with 15 adhesive/restorative systems for which μTBS data were also available were included in the statistical analysis. In general 3-step and 2-step etch-and-rinse systems showed higher bond strength values than the 2-step/3-step self-etching systems, which, however, produced higher values than the 1-step self-etching and the resin modified glass ionomer systems. Prolonged water storage of specimens resulted in a significant decrease of the mean bond strength values in 5 adhesive systems (Wilcoxon, p<0.05). There was a significant correlation between μTBS values both after 8 h and 6 months of storage and marginal discoloration (r=0.54 and r=0.67, respectively). However, the same correlation was not found between μTBS values and the retention rate, clinical index or marginal integrity. As μTBS data of adhesive systems, especially after water storage for 6 months, showed a good correlation with marginal discoloration in short-term clinical Class V restorations, longitudinal clinical trials should explore whether early marginal staining is predictive for future retention loss in non-carious cervical restorations.Dental materials: official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials 10/2010; 27(2):114-25. DOI:10.1016/j.dental.2010.09.005 · 3.77 Impact Factor
Top Journals
University of Iowa
Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- • College of Dentistry
- • Department of Operative Dentistry
- • Dows Institute for Dental Research
Georgia Health Sciences University
Augusta, Georgia, United States
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
North Carolina, United States
- Department of Dental Ecology


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Provigil cause loss of sex drive, too? I was rece...
" ...got off of it because we couldn't control the akathisia. jamesgirl reminded me of something. Can Provigil cause loss of sex drive, too? I was recently bumped up on that... "
nsitive to akathisia and it doesn't bother me at all.Best...
" I have had akathisia ranging from mild to debilitating for many years due ...and believe it or not, Provigil (at 200mg) has not been ...I'm very sensitive to akathisia and it doesn't bother me at all. Best... "
and also when you are having akathisia - are you having...
" ...meds, and also when you are having akathisia - are you having symptoms of akathisia? Here is more about it: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akathisia Akathisia is very common with ...that... "
at 15mg, but I got akathisia and had to stop. It did...
" ...dopamine problem I think. The only thing with Geodon is that about two months into taking it I became pretty sedated, and I am now about to try Provigil to help this. In ...at 15mg, but I got akathisia... "
I experienced on provigil were specific to nortriptyline,...
" ...the weird s/e I experienced on provigil were specific to nortriptyline, and ...them. It's just a thought. Provigil was actually anxiolytic or at ...huge concern of mine. And provigil, unlike d-amphetamine,... "
try.My wife was on provigil, lamictal, zyprexa, prozac, an...
" ...else to try. My wife was on provigil, lamictal, zyprexa, prozac, and klonopin. They nearly did away with ...her, and she ended up with akathisia, dyskinesia, and EPS symptoms. There's ...question very... "
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In the worlds of Rachel Zoe, this wedding is everything. Literally, everything. So much so that I'm having a hard time finding the right words to tell you just how much I love. The table setting, with the glittery chandeliers,Read More On SMP
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How to Exegete the Bible - Education Videos
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BibleStudyTools.com: What is the message of the Book of Colossians?-Robert Greene - @biblestudytools
00:00:56 9116 views
Embed calvinistcommentary 531 views 2013-05-19T16:09:04 For everyone who wants to know how to read and understand the Bible you must first learn the proper method of exegesis. In this video I give general principles that are easy to apply to reading and understanding the Bible.
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"We are so pleased with how this product turned out. We used them for our wedding website information and they look great with our invitations. With the great quality and vibrant colors, we el definitely be using Wedding Paper Divas for all other cards and invitations."
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Chuck E. Cheese's has opened new locations in Mexico City, Mexico, and Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, as part of its plan to open more than 80 international franchise locations within the next six years.
According to a news release, these openings bring the brand's store count outside of the U.S. and Canada to 21, with 10 more expected to open this year, including a debut in Trinidad.
"In the last few years, we've become very passionate about and focused on the expansion of our international franchise program," said Roger Cardinale, president of CEC Entertainment's International Division. "The Chuck E. Cheese character and brand are recognized throughout popular culture worldwide as being synonymous with family fun, food, games and celebrations, and we're excited to be working closely with dedicated partners that can help us meet the demand for Chuck E. Cheese's entertainment in places that are eager to welcome us."
The new Mexico City Chuck E. Cheese's, first in the city and second in the country, includes new features such as a coffee bar and an upstairs area with private party rooms available as part of a new premium party package. The menu includes a Mexican-style pizza topped with chorizo sausage and jalapeños.
Guests in Riyadh, the fifth restaurant under the Chuck E. Cheese's umbrella in Saudi Arabia, will also find a local favorite seafood-style pizza on the menu and coffee and pastries at an in-store coffee bar.
Topics: Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza , Food & Beverage , Franchising & Growth
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