text:
|Numķro de publication
|Type de publication
|Numķro de demande
|Date de publication
|20 mai 2004
|Date de dķp¶t
|19 nov. 2002
|Date de prioritķ
|19 nov. 2002
|Autre rķfķrence de publication
|Numķro de publication
|Igor Ivanov
|Cessionnaire d'origine
|Igor Ivanov
|Exporter la citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citations de brevets (8), Rķfķrencķ par (33), Classifications (10), ╔vķnements juridiques (10)
|Liens externes: USPTO, Cession USPTO, Espacenet
[0001] The invention relates to the formation of thin films on surfaces of objects, more particularly to electroless deposition of very thin metal or dielectric films on substrates. The method and apparatus of the invention may find application in the manufacture of semiconductor devices, in particular integrated circuits.
[0002] Manufacturing of semiconductor devices, in particular integrated circuits having multiple-layered structures with various metal and non-metal layers laminated on a semiconductor substrate, typically involves application of several metal layers onto a substrate or onto other previously deposited layers. These layers may have a complicated planar topology since these layers may constitute thousands of individual devices, which in combination form an integrated circuit or so-called "chip". Modern chips may have metal or dielectric layers with thickness from tens of Angstroms to fractions of a micron.
[0003] It is understood that thin metallic films used in integrated circuits of semiconductor devices function as conductors of electric current. Furthermore, it is known that densities of signal currents in metallic interconnections used in integrated circuit may reach extremely high values that generate such phenomena as electromigration associated with spatial transfer of mass of conductor films. Therefore the characteristics and properties of the deposited metal films (uniformity of film thickness, low electrical resistivity, etc.) determine performance characteristics and quality of the integrated circuit and of the semiconductor device as a whole.
[0004] In view of the above, thin metal films used in the integrated circuits should satisfy very strict technical requirements relating to metal deposition processes, as well as to repeatability and controllability of the aforementioned processes.
[0005] A wide range of metals is utilized in the microelectronic manufacturing industry for the formation of integrated circuits. These metals include, for example, nickel, tungsten, platinum, copper, cobalt, as well as alloys of electrically conductive compounds such as silicides, solders, etc. It is also known that coating films are applied onto substrates with the use of a variety of technological processes such chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), electroplating, and electroless plating. Of these techniques, electroplating and electroless plating or deposition tend to be the most economical and most promising for improvement in characteristics of the deposited films. Therefore, electroplating and electroless plating techniques successfully replaces other technologies.
[0006] Electroplating and electroless plating can be used for the deposition of continuous metal layers as well as patterned metal layers. One of the process sequences used by the microelectronic manufacturing industry to deposit metals onto semiconductor wafers is known to as "damascene" processing. In such processing, holes, commonly called "vias", trenches and/or other recesses are formed on a workpiece and filled with a metal, such as copper. In the damascene process, the wafer, with vias and trenches etched in the dielectric material, is first provided with a metallic seed layer, which is used to conduct electrical current during a subsequent metal electroplating step. If a metal such as copper is used, the seed layer is disposed over a barrier layer material, such as Ti, TiN, etc. The seed layer is a very thin layer of metal, which can be applied using one or more processes. For example, the seed layer of metal can be laid down using physical vapor deposition or chemical vapor deposition processes to produce a layer with the thickness on the order of 1,000 Angstroms. The seed layer can advantageously be formed of copper, gold, nickel, palladium, or other metals. The seed layer is formed over a surface, which may contain vias, trenches, or other recessed device features.
[0007] A metal layer is then electroplated onto the seed layer in the form of a continuous layer. The continuous layer is plated to form an overlying layer, with the goal of providing a metal layer that fills the trenches and vias and extends a certain amount above these features. Such a continuous layer will typically have a thickness on the order of 5,000 to 15,000 Angstroms (0.5-1.5 microns).
[0008] After the continuous layer has been electroplated onto the semiconductor wafer, excess metal material present outside of the vias, trenches, or other recesses is removed. The metal is removed to provide a resulting pattern of metal layer in the semiconductor integrated circuit being formed. The excess plated material can be removed, for example, using chemical mechanical planarization. Chemical mechanical planarization is a processing step, which uses the combined action of chemical removal agents, or a chemical removal agents with an abrasive, which grinds and polishes the exposed metal surface to remove undesired parts of the metal layer applied in the electroplating step.
[0009] Disadvantages associated with electroplating are technical problems in connection with designing of reactors used in the electroplating of semiconductor wafers. Utilization of a limited number of discrete electrical contacts (e.g., 8 contacts) with the seed layer about the perimeter of the wafer ordinarily produces higher current densities near the contact points than at other portions of the wafer. This non-uniform distribution of current across the wafer, in turn, causes non-uniform deposition of the plated metallic material. Current thieving, affected by the provision of electrically conductive elements other than those, which contact the seed layer, can be employed near the wafer contacts to minimize such non-uniformity. But such thieving techniques add to the complexity of electroplating equipment, and increase maintenance requirements.
[0010] The specific metal to be electroplated can also complicate the electroplating process. For example, electroplating of certain metals typically requires use of a seed layer having a relatively high electrical resistance. As a consequence, use of the typical plurality of electrical wafer contacts (for example, eight discrete contacts) may not provide adequate uniformity of the plated metal layer on the wafer. Reduction in sizes of such features as vias and trenches also requires thinner layers having higher resistivity, which in turn may generate a high potential drop from the wafer edges to the central part, whereby the rate of deposition in the central area is significantly reduced.
[0011] Beyond the problems discussed above, there are also other problems associated with electroplating reactors. As device sizes decrease, the need for tighter control over the processing environment increases. This includes control over the contaminants that affect the electroplating process. The moving components of the reactor, which tend to generate such contaminants, should therefore be subject to strict isolation requirements.
[0012] Still further, existing electroplating reactors are often difficult to maintain and/or reconfigure for different electroplating processes. Such difficulties must be overcome if an electroplating reactor design is to be accepted for large-scale manufacturing.
[0013] One drawback associated with copper deposition by electroplating is the fact that for very small features on microelectronic workpieces (sub 0.1 micron features), copper deposition by electroplating can lack conformity with the side walls of high aspect ratio vias and trenches, and can produce voids in the formed interconnects and plugs (vias). This is often due to the non-conformity of the copper seed layer deposited by PVD or CVD. As a result, the seed layer may not be thick enough to carry the current to the bottom of high aspect ratio features.
[0014] An alternate process for depositing copper onto a microelectronic workpiece is known as "electroless" plating which is the deposition of metals on a catalytic surface from a solution without an external source of current. For example, this process can be used as a preliminary step in preparing plastic articles for conventional electroplating. After cleaning and etching, the plastic surface is immersed in solutions that react to precipitate a catalytic metal in situ, palladium, for example. First the plastic is placed in an acidic stannous chloride solution, then into a solution of palladium chloride; palladium is reduced to its catalytic metallic state by the tin. Another way of producing a catalytic surface is to immerse the plastic article in a colloidal solution of palladium followed by immersion in an accelerator solution. The plastic article thus treated can now be plated with nickel or copper by the electroless method, which forms a conductive surface, which then can be plated with other metals by a conventional electroplating method.
[0015] Along with the electroplating method, the electroless method also has found wide application in the manufacture of semiconductor devices.
[0016] As compared to electroplating, the electroless plating or deposition is a selective process, which can be realized with very thin seeds or without the use of seeds at all. Since electroless process is not associated with the use of electric current, the electroless deposition results in more uniform coatings in view of the absence of discrete contacts. Electroless deposition can be realized with the use of simple and inexpensive equipment and with a high aspect ratio gap fill.
[0017] Given below are several examples of methods and apparatuses for electroless deposition, specifically for use in the manufacture of semiconductor devices.
[0018] U.S. Pat. No. 5,500,315 issued in 1996 to J. Calvert, et al. discloses an electroless metal plating-catalyst system that overcomes many of the limitations of prior systems. In one aspect of the invention, the process comprises the steps of: providing a substrate with one or more chemical groups capable of ligating to an electroless deposition catalyst, at least a portion of the chemical groups being chemically bonded to the substrate; contacting the substrate with the electroless metal plating catalyst; and contacting the substrate with an electroless metal plating solution to form a metal deposit on the substrate. The chemical groups can be, for example, covalently bonded to the substrate. In another preferred aspect, the invention provides a process for selective electroless metallization, comprising steps of selectively modifying the reactivity of a substrate to an electroless metallization catalyst; contacting the substrate with the electroless metallization catalyst; and contacting the substrate with an electroless metallization solution to form a selective electroless deposit on the substrate. The substrate reactivity can be modified by selective treatment of catalyst ligating groups or precursors thereof on the substrate, for example by isomerization, photocleavage or other transformation of the ligating or precursor groups. Such-direct modification enables selective plating in a much more direct and convenient manner than prior selective plating techniques. Specifically, the aforementioned patent provides selective electroless deposition without the use of a photoresist or an adsorption type tin-containing plating catalyst.
[0019] The method described in the above patent includes an electroless catalyst system that requires fewer and simpler processing steps in comparison to current Pd/Sn colloid catalyst adsorption based systems; use of more stable and convenient catalysts, including tin-free catalysts; and improved catalyst adhesion to a substrate allowing plating of more dense initiation and of greater uniformity and selectivity. The invention also provides selective patterning of substrate ligating groups, thereby enabling a selective metal deposit without the use of a conventional photoresist patterning sequence.
[0020] U.S. Pat. No. 6,309,524 granted to D. Woodruff, et al. in 2001 discloses a universal electroplating/electroless reactor for plating a metal onto surfaces of workpieces. An integrated tool for plating a workpiece comprises a first processing chamber for plating the workpiece using an electroless deposition process and a second processing chamber for plating the workpiece using an electroplating process. A robotic transfer mechanism is used that is programmed to transfer a workpiece to the first processing chamber for electroless deposition thereof and, in a subsequent operation, to transfer the workpiece to the second processing chamber for electroplating thereof.
[0021] It should be noted that a common problem in using bathes, which is especially true for the electroless deposition process, is that foreign particles or contaminants will be deposited on the substrate surface of the wafer when transferring the wafers from one bath to another bath. Another common problem is the exposure of the substrate surface of the wafer to air during the transfer (from bath to bath) can cause the non-wetting of deep and narrow trenches in the surface or small (contact) holes in the surface because of electrolyte evaporation. And yet another common problem is that exposure to air may cause oxidation of the catalytic surface that will result in poor catalytic activity and poor quality metal deposits. This problem becomes especially troublesome when using materials such as copper that easily oxidize in air. To produce high quality metal deposits in the submicron range, therefore, it is more desirable not to transfer the wafer between the processing chambers and to avoid exposing the wafer to air by using a single bath or processing chamber and moving the different fluids for each step in the process through the processing chamber.
[0022] The above problems are solved by the system described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,805 issued in 1998 to Y. Shacham-Diamand, et al. This patent discloses an electroless deposition apparatus and method of performing electroless deposition for processing a semiconductor wafer that use a closed processing chamber to subject the wafer to more than one processing fluid while retaining the wafer within the chamber. The invention is useful for manufacturing processes that include depositing, etching, cleaning, rinsing, and/or drying. The processing chamber used in the preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the above patent is an enclosed container capable of holding one or more semiconductor wafers. A distribution system introduces a first fluid into the chamber for processing the wafer and then removes the first fluid from the chamber after processing the wafer. The distribution system then introduces the next fluid into the chamber for processing the wafer and then removes the next fluid from the chamber after processing the wafer. This procedure continues until the manufacturing process finishes. The fluids used in the present invention depends on the process performed and may include fluids such as Dl water, N2 for flushing, and electrolytic solutions comprising reducing agents, complexing agents, or pH adjusters.
[0023] The fluid enters the sealed processing chamber through an inlet, and exits the chamber through an outlet. As the fluid enters the processing chamber, the fluid is dispersed across the wafer in a uniform flow. A recirculation system moves the fluid through the processing chamber using a temperature control system, chemical concentration monitoring system, pump system, and a filtration system before re-circulating the fluid back through the processing chamber.
[0024] Additional embodiments include: a rotatingly mounted tubular wafer housing with a wafer mounted on either or both sides of the housing surface; an inner core mounted inside of the tubular housing when mounting a wafer on the inside surface of the housing; and a dispersal apparatus for dispersing the fluid in a uniform flow over the wafer. The processing chamber can be provided with a heater and a temperature control system.
[0025] In spite of their advantages, the known electroless processes have temperature of the working chemical solution as one of the main parameters. It is known that speed of deposition in an electroless process depends on the temperature in a degree close to exponential. For example, in the article published in "Electroless Nickel Plating, Finishing Publications Ltd., 1991, W. Riedel states (page 39 of the article) that temperature is the most important of parameters affecting the deposition rate and that for Ni-P electroless process the deposition rate increases twofold for every 10 degrees of bath temperature.
[0026] Furthermore, for the metal interconnects on the surface of the wafer one of the major requirements is low resistivity. Copper was chosen as the close second best for fulfilling this requirement. However, due to the presence of various additives in the interface between the PVD Cu seeds and ECD [electroplating copper deposition] Cu, resistivity is disproportionally increased as compared to the one in much thinner electroless-deposited Cu layer. This phenomenon was reported by S. Lopatin at AMC, 2001.
[0027] It has been also shown by Y. Lantasov, et al. in "Microelectronics Engineering", No. 50 (2000), pp. 441-447, FIG. 2, that resistivity of ELD Cu strongly depends on deposition conditions, and that at higher temperatures it is possible to obtain a material with low resistivity.
[0028] However, it is understood that electroless deposition at high temperatures leads to significant non-uniformities in the deposited layers. This occurs due to local temperature fluctuations. The higher is the temperature, the greater are such fluctuations. Stabilization of elevated temperatures in large volumes of the solution tanks is associated with the use of complicated temperature control systems and temperature maintaining systems (seals, thermal insulations, etc.). This, in turn, increases the cost of the equipment and maintenance.
[0029] For the reasons described above, manufacturers of semiconductor equipment prefer to use electroless processes carried out at room temperature. Low speeds of deposition are compensated by utilizing a multiple-station deposition equipment with simultaneous operation of a number of substrates in a number of chambers arranged in series. Such equipment requires a large production space and dictates the use of large volumes of the solutions. Furthermore, an additional space is needed for the preparation, storage, and post-use treatment of the solutions. This, in turn, creates environmental problems.
[0030] Another common drawback of existing electroless deposition apparatuses is low speed of deposition, which in general depends on the type of the deposited material and even in the best case does not exceed 100 nm/min, but normally is much lower. For example, for CoWP the speed of deposition can be within the range from 5 nm/min to 10 nm/min.
[0031] In earlier U.S. patent application Ser. No. 103,015 filed on Mar. 22, 2002, the applicants have substantially solved the problems of electroplating and electroless deposition associated with processes and apparatuses described above. More specifically, the apparatus described in the aforementioned patent application has a closable chamber that can be sealed and is capable of withstanding an increased pressure and high temperature. The chamber contains a substrate holder, that can be rotated around a vertical axis, and an edge-grip mechanism inside the substrate holder. The deposition chamber has several inlet ports for the supply of various process liquids, such as deposition solutions, Dl water for rinsing, etc., and a port for the supply of a gas under pressure. The apparatus is also provided with reservoirs and tanks for processing liquids and gases, as well as with a solution heater and a control system for controlling temperature and pressure in the chamber. The heater can be located outside the working chamber or built into the substrate holder, or both heaters can be used simultaneously. Uniform deposition is achieved by carrying out the deposition process under pressure and under temperature slightly below the boiling point of the solution. The solution can be supplied from above via a showerhead formed in the cover, or through the bottom of the chamber. Rinsing or other auxiliary solutions are supplied via a radially moveable chemical dispensing arm that can be arranged above the substrate parallel thereto.
[0032] Furthermore, the apparatus of aforementioned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 103,015 provides uniform heating of the entire working solution by means of a heater located either outside of the deposition chamber with heating of the solution on the way to the chamber, or inside the cover of the deposition chamber. The main idea is to maintain the entire volume of the working solution at a uniform temperature. In general, the temperature can be adjusted, but should remain constant and at a relatively high level (e.g., 80 to 90░ C.) all the time. However, although an elevated temperature of the working solution leads to essential increase in the productivity of the deposition process, the process requires constant replacement of the working solution since high temperature causes rapid thermal decomposition of the solution. Constant replacement of the solution should be carried out with high flow rates, and this, in turn, increases the cost of the production.
[0033] The undesired effect of permanent high temperature on the working solution can be explained as follows:
[0034] The electroless deposition is a process of reduction of metal ions, e.g., cobalt, tungsten, or the like, on the catalytically-active surface by electrons released during oxidation of a reducing agent (e.g., hypophosphite anions). Oxidation of the reducing agent is catalyzed by a substrate, and, in the case of the most widely accepted model, it can be assumed that the charge from the reducing agent is transferred to metal ions through the substrate and thus produces metal atoms on the substrate surface.
[0035] A simplified combined chemical reaction for the above process can be expressed as follows:
H2PO2 −+H2O +Co++=COo +H++H2PO3
[0036] The reducing agent is consumed by deposition of metal on the processed part, by hydrolysis at high temperature (especially on hot spots of heating elements), by catalytic oxidation on particles generated by the deposition tool hardware, and by a reaction of reducing agent with reactive components (such as ethylene bonds, carboxyl groups, etc.) of the polymers used in tool construction.
[0037] At sufficiently high concentration of contamination particles and/or at the boiling point of the solution, the composition can be spontaneously and completely decomposed by metal reduction at the surfaces of the aforementioned particles (and defects). As soon as few metal atoms are formed, they become a new nucleation sites for further continuous decomposition of the solution.
[0038] International Patent Application Publication No. WO 02/34962 (hereinafter referred to as International Application) disclosed on May 2, 2002 describes an electroless apparatus, in which the problem of thermal decomposition of the working solution is partially solved by utilizing a substrate holder with a heating device. The substrate holder of this apparatus has a substrate chuck for clamping the substrate during deposition in the working chamber in a position of the treated surface facing down.
[0039] The main disadvantage of the apparatus of the aforementioned International Application is that the substrate is oriented with the treated surface facing down. It is known that in a static condition of the solution or in processes with low-velocity flows of the solution, the aforementioned orientation of the substrate leads to accumulation of gas bubbles on the treated surface. The gas bubbles, in turn, violate conditions required for uniformity of deposition. In order to solve this problem, in the apparatus of the International Application the deposition chamber has a curvilinear bottom surface for guiding the flows of the working solution in specific paths over the facing-down surface of the substrate. However, even though the flows of the working solution generate some dynamic conditions on the edge surfaces of the substrate, a certain stagnation point will always remain in the central part of the substrate. This local area may accumulate gas bubbles. Furthermore, differential of velocities of the flow on the substrate surface may lead to non-uniform temperature distribution. In other words, the apparatus of the International Application does not provide uniformity of electroless deposition.
[0040] In order to eliminate problems associated with accumulation of gas bubbles and stagnation of the solution in the central area of the chuck, one of the embodiments of the aforementioned apparatus includes a complicated kinematic system with wobbling motions of the rotating chuck. Such a complicated system makes the apparatus and products more expensive, while the process becomes difficult to control.
[0041] The above problem was solved with the use of an electroless method and apparatus disclosed in another earlier U.S. patent application Ser. No. 247,895 filed by the same applicants on Oct. 20, 2002. More specifically, the above application relates to a method and apparatus for electroless deposition of a coating material, which may be a metal, semiconductor, or dielectric, that is carried out at a relatively low temperature of the working solution compensated by an increased temperature on the substrate which is controlled by a heater built into the substrate chuck. A decrease in the temperature of the working solution prevents thermal decomposition of the solution and reduces formation of gas bubbles, normally generated at increased temperatures. Accumulation of bubbles on the surface of the substrate is further prevented due to upwardly-facing orientation of the treated surface of the substrate. The substrate holder is equipped with a substrate heater and a substrate cooler, that can be used alternatingly for quick heating or cooling of the substrate surface. In addition to the thermally-controlled substrate holder, the apparatus of the invention is provided with oscillating nozzles located in the deposition chamber above the treated surface and used for rapid and uniform wetting of the entire treated surface of the substrate at the initial stage of filling of the working chamber with the solution.
[0042] In spite of the advantages provided by the last-mentioned invention, the method of thermally-controlled electroless deposition disclosed in the above application does not takes into account the specificity of the formation of a coating film on various stages of the film-growth process and therefore does not use to full extent all the technological possibilities of the apparatus disclosed in the above application.
[0043] It is an object of the present invention to provide a method of electroless deposition of very thin films of high uniformity without thermal decomposition of the working solution with accurate control of the process depending on the condition of the film structure on various stages of the deposition processing. It is another object is to provide a method for electroless deposition with impulse heating and cooling for optimization of the structure of the film obtained in various stages of the deposition. Still another object is to provide a method for electroless deposition with the most efficient use of an electroless-deposition apparatus that allows instantaneous heating and cooling of the substrate. A further object is to provide a method that results in the formation of thin deposition films of high uniformity and of the highest quality.
[0044] The method of the invention comprises accumulating experimental data or obtaining existing data with regard to the optimal time-temperature relationship of the deposition process on various film-formation stages for various materials, forming nuclei of a selected material on the surface of the treated object in the first stage under first temperature-controlled conditions for the formation of nuclei of said selected material, converting the nuclei of the aforementioned selected material into island-structured deposited layer of said material by causing lateral growth of the nuclei under second temperature-controlled conditions; converting the island-structure layer into a continuously interconnected cluster structure by causing further lateral growth of said island-structured deposited layer under third temperature-controlled conditions; forming a first continuous film of said material under fourth temperature controlled conditions which provides said first continuous film with predetermined properties; and then completing the formation of a final coating film by growing at least one subsequent continuous film of said material under fifth temperature-controlled conditions until a film of a predetermined thickness is obtained. The fifth temperature-controlled conditions may be characterized by a pulse-mode or step-like variations of temperature in time with rapid cooling or heating for obtaining high degree of crystallinity or for increase in the rate of deposition. The method of the invention could be realized with the use of the electroless deposition apparatus with instantaneous cooling or heating of the object, e.g., a semiconductor substrate, in a deposition chamber.
[0045]FIG. 1 is a schematic vertical cross-sectional view of an electroless deposition apparatus suitable for carrying out a method of the invention.
[0046]FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a substrate holder used in the apparatus of FIG. 1. FIG. 3A is a graph illustrating an example of deposition of copper onto a cobalt layer on a dielectric substrate by the method of the invention with variations of the substrate temperature in time.
[0047]FIG. 3B is a graph similar to FIG. 3A illustrating application of the method of the invention for deposition of a CoWP barrier layer onto a dielectric substrate.
[0048]FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating measured variations of electrical potential on the surface of a layer growing during electroless deposition of CoWP onto a copper plate.
[0049]FIG. 5 is a time-temperature relationship illustrating the deposition process of the invention with control of structures in individual layers of a multiple-layered coating film.
[0050]FIG. 6 illustrates a process of the invention for the formation of a multiple-layered structure, wherein individual layers of the coating film are formed from different deposition materials of a metal or non-metal nature.
[0051] For better understanding the principle of the invention, let us first consider in some detail a mechanism of film formation in electroless deposition process.
[0052] Formation of thin films in electroless deposition, which in fact can be classified as a heterophasal (solid and liquid phases) epithaxy (LPD) and in a gaseous phase epithaxy (CVD, MOCVD, etc.), have similarity from the point of view of the film formation mechanisms (see Physical Chemistry of Surfaces, Fifth edition, by Arthur W. Adamson, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Publishers, 1990, pp. 421-459).
[0053] Although a majority of publications available in the literature relates mostly to analysis of deposition from a gas phase, and much fewer works are dedicated to processes of deposition from a liquid phase, the available information is sufficient for understanding main mechanisms acting during the formation of thin films by deposition from a liquid phase. More specifically, the film-growth process can be characterized by three main mechanisms of growth, which can be characterized by an energetic parameter γ(γ=σfl+σfs−σsl, where σfl is a specific surface energy on the film-liquid interface, σfs is a specific surface energy on the film-substrate interface, and σsl is a specific surface energy on the substrate-liquid interface).
[0054] If γ is less than 0, i.e., in the case of strong interaction between the film and the substrate, the film is growing in a layer-by-layer manner. Each layer is formed with lateral growth of two-dimensional nuclei spreading over the surface of the preceding layer. Such mechanism is typical in the deposition of a metal film onto a metal surface. The first-layer film may be preliminarily formed on a non-metal substrate, e.g., on a silicon oxide layer. The subsequent layers will then grow as described above. In addition to γ<0, the heteroepithaxial growth requires at least approximate match between crystalline lattices of the substrate and the material of the deposited film.
[0055] If the interaction between the film and the substrate is weak (γ>0), the first stage of the film growth constitutes formation of isolated "islands" of the deposited material. Further growth of these islands leads to the formation of a continuous coating layer. The aforementioned island-formation mechanism, which is also known as the Volmer-Weber mechanism, occurs in the formation of coating films from metals with high energy of cohesion, such Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, on substrates with low energy of cohesion, such as glass, silicon oxide, etc.
[0056] There can be an intermediate case when the energetic conditions of the process causes growth of the film in a layer-by-layer manner, and after the formation of one or more highly-stressed layers the continuity of the film is violated and further growth of the film continues in an island pattern. Such mechanism often occurs in some practically important systems with deposition of metal onto metal or metal onto semiconductor.
[0057] Thus, depositions of films from a liquid phase onto a solid substrate pass through a number of sequential stages which are characterized by specific features, i.e., after a short-term period of formation of nuclei, the growth is converted into an island-formation stage. In the island-formation stage, the islands grow as a certain statistical ensemble of interacting objects subordinate to a specific statistical law. This stage determines the structure of the future film and hence the film properties.
[0058] The next step in the film-growth mechanism is formation of a continuous cluster structure composed of interconnected islands. This stage designates transition from the isolated-island structure to a continuous structure electrically conductive for metal films. The above transition occurs very rapidly and in fact is a percolation transition in a two-dimensional system of randomly-arranged elements.
[0059] In the cluster-formation stage, film-growth tendencies, morphology, and physical properties of the growing film could be understood by considering the film as a random two-dimensional lattice. It is understood that the cluster-formation stage continues until a continuous film is formed. At the end of the cluster-formation stage, the film acquires a structure interweaved with a labyrinth of micropores which may determine the microrelief of the continuous films formed on the subsequent stages.
[0060] It is understood that different stages have different kinetics of the process. As has been mentioned above (see, e.g., Y. Lantasov, et al. in "Microelectronics Engineering", No. 50 (2000), pp. 441-447), by varying parameters of a liquid heterophaseous, it becomes possible to control a degree of crystallization in the deposited films. Probably, with this approach it would be possible to obtain films with structures in a wide range from fully amorphous to strictly crystalline. Such films with high degree of crystallization are most valuable from the practical point of view due to high stability of their properties. Therefore, in the formation of coating films, it would be advantageous to maintain film-growth conditions that would provide high-degree of crystallization in the deposited films.
[0061] The above considerations can be summarized as follows:
[0062] 1) A process of liquid heterophaseous epithaxial growth of films can be roughly divided into several stages with specific mechanisms of growth.
[0063] 2) Durations and film-growth rates may be significantly different in different stages, sometimes with a factor of 100.
[0064] 3) Each stage has its own optimal conditions which may be not optimal in other stages.
[0065] 4) In order to obtain coating films with controlled and highest characteristics and properties (such as dispersivity, crystallinity, spatial stoicheometric uniformity, thickness uniformity, etc.), the film-formation process should be optimized individually in each specific stage of this process with reference to the specific conditions of this process.
[0066] The method of the invention comprises accumulating experimental data or obtaining existing data with regard to the optimal time-temperature relationship of the deposition process on various film-formation stages for various materials, forming nuclei of a selected material on the surface of the treated object in the first stage under first temperature-controlled conditions for the formation of nuclei of said selected material, converting the nuclei of the aforementioned selected material into island-structured deposited layer of said material by causing lateral growth of the nuclei under second temperature-controlled conditions; converting the island-structure layer into a continuously interconnected cluster structure by causing further lateral growth of said island-structured deposited layer under third temperature-controlled conditions; forming a first continuous film of said material under fourth temperature controlled conditions which provides said first continuous film with predetermined properties; and then completing the formation of a final coating film by growing at least one subsequent continuous film of said material under fifth temperature-controlled conditions until a film of a predetermined thickness is obtained. The fifth temperature-controlled conditions may be characterized by a pulse-mode or step-like variations of temperature in time with rapid cooling or heating for obtaining high degree of crystallinity or for increase in the rate of deposition. The method of the invention could be realized with the use of the electroless deposition apparatus with instantaneous cooling or heating of the object, e.g., a semiconductor substrate, in a deposition chamber.
[0067] In the context of the present invention, the term "instantaneous" means time required for changing the temperature of a treated object, e.g., a semiconductor substrate. In an electroless deposition process, such instantaneous change may occur during a time interval from fractions of a second to several seconds. As compared to the total time of the process (up to several minutes), the heating or cooling for fractions of seconds may be considered very rapid or instantaneous.
[0068] The apparatus for realization of the method is beyond the scope of the present invention and is described in aforementioned earlier U.S. patent application Ser. No. 247,895.
[0069] For description of the method, it would be advantageous first to consider the structure of the aforementioned apparatus, which is incorporated herein as a reference.
[0070]FIG. 1 is a schematic vertical cross-sectional view of an electroless deposition apparatus 20. Only those parts and units of this apparatus will be described in this application. The apparatus 20 has a sealable working chamber 22 which has a lower cup-shaped part 22 a with an open part facing upward and a moveable upper cup-shaped part 22 b with its open facing down towards the opening of the lower part 22 a. In a closed state shown in FIG. 1, both parts 22 a and 22 b of the working chamber 22 form a sealed space 22 c.
[0071] Reference numeral 25 a designates a first gas supply pipe, and reference numeral 25 b designates a pressure control valve for controlling gas pressure inside the sealed space 22 c.
[0072] Reference numeral 27 a designates a fluid supply pipe equipped with a three-way valve 27 b for selective supply of a working solution, water, or gas into the sealed space 22 c. For this purpose, the valve 27 b is connected to a working-solution supply pipe 27 c, a water supply pipe 27 d, and a gas supply pipe 27 e. The pipe 27 e may be used for the supply of air or a neutral gas such as dried nitrogen.
[0073] Located in the sealed space 22 c is a disk-like substrate holder 24 with a central recess 26 having diameter D1 smaller than the diameter D2 of a substrate W. The holder 20 is rotated by means of a shaft 28, which may have the same construction and can be driven from the same drive mechanisms as described in aforementioned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 103,015.
[0074] The holder 24 can be provided with an edge-grip mechanism 30, which may be of the same type as disclosed in aforementioned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 103,015.
[0075] The recess 26 has a recess inlet channel 32, which is formed inside the rotating shaft 28, e.g., along the central line of the shaft 28. The recess also has an outlet channel 34. Since the substrate holder 24 rotates, while the outlet channel is stationary, in FIG. 1 the passage 34 is shown conventionally, and connections between the moveable and stationary parts of the outlet unit are not shown. A tank 38 that contains a heating/cooling medium is connected to a small pump 38 b which may be required for decrease of gas pressure in the tank 38. Reference numeral 38 a designates a tank temperature control unit, e.g., a thermocouple.
[0076] The outlet channel 34 is connected to the cooling/heating liquid tank 38 by a pipe 36. Reference numeral 40 designates a cut-off valve. The inlet channel 32 is connected to a pipe 51, which links the channel 32 to the heater 46 or the cooler 48 via the two-way valve 44. The tank 38 is equipped with a stirrer 42.
[0077] The recess inlet channel 32 is connected to a two-way valve 44 and can be selectively connected to the heating/cooling liquid tank 38 via a heater 46 or a cooler 48. A pipe 50 branched from the recess inlet channel 32 is connected to a pressure differential control unit 52 intended for controlling a pressure ratio between the pressure of the working solution in the working chamber 22 and the pressure of the heating/cooling medium in the recess 26. The control unit 52 is a membrane-type device that has a membrane 54 with strain gages 54 a and 54 b which convert deformations of the membrane 54 into electrical signals sent to a controller 56. The control 56, in turn, is connected to actuating mechanisms (not shown) of the two-way valve 44, the heater 46, the cooler 48, the strain gages 54 a, 54 b, the thermocouple 38 a, the pump 38 b, and the control valve 25 b.
[0078] Reference numeral 58 designates a solution return line with a valve for returning the working solution to the main reservoir of the electroless deposition apparatus (not shown in the present application but illustrated in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 103015 filed by the same applicant in 2002).
[0079]FIG. 2 illustrates a substrate holder 124 made in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. The substrate holder 124 of this embodiment differs from the substrate holder 24 of the embodiment of FIG. 1 by the absence of the edge grippers 30. The upper end face 121 of the substrate holder 124 has a shallow tapered boring 125, which forms a seat for the substrate W1. The diameter D3 on the bottom of the boring 125 is equal to or slightly greater than the diameter D4 of the wafer W1, so that the wafer W1 can be placed into and centered in the boring 125. The rest of the construction of the substrate holder 120 is the same as that of the substrate holder of FIG. 1.
[0080] When the substrate W1 is placed into the boring 125, the pressures above the substrate, i.e., in the working chamber, is increased to a level slightly higher than the pressure inside the recess 126 and is sufficient for securing the substrate W1 on its seat and for sealing the heating/cooling recess 126.
[0081] It is understood that in this and in all other embodiments of the invention, the substrate holder is equipped with the substrate lifting/descending mechanism (not show in this application) of the type shown in aforementioned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 103,015 and intended for loading of the substrate W into the substrate holder and for lifting it prior to unloading.
[0082] It is understood that since the wafer W1 itself forms a wall of the recess 126 for the cooling/heating liquid, the substrate holder 24 (124) shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 provides instant cooling or heating of the substrate, i.e., possesses the feature required for accomplishing the method of the present invention.
[0083] More specifically, the method of the invention comprises forming a multiple-layered coating on a substrate, where the aforementioned layers have different structures. These structures are controlled by controlling temperatures of the processes in the stages of the formation of different layers by supplying to the recess 26 (126) a cooling or heating liquid and by controlling the speed of cooling or heating of the liquid, and hence of the wafer or substrate, which is always maintained in direct contact with the cooling/heating liquid. As heating and cooling can be performed without inertia, i.e., almost instantaneously, the apparatus allows heating or cooling in a pulse mode unattainable with apparatus of other known types. For example, instantaneous cooling makes it possible to form in the film layer of a high-quality crystalline structure. In principle, the method of the invention makes it possible to form crystalline, as well as purely amorphous or partially crystalline structures.
[0084] The method of the invention can be performed more efficiently with a provision of a preliminarily-accumulated experimental data with regard to the optimal time-temperature relationship of the deposition process in various film-formation stages for various materials. For example, such stages may comprise forming nuclei of a selected material on the surface of the treated object in the first period of deposition under first temperature-controlled conditions for the formation of nuclei of the selected material, converting the nuclei into an island-structured deposited layer of the material by causing lateral growth of the nuclei under second temperature-controlled conditions, converting the island-structure layer into a continuously interconnected cluster structure by causing further lateral growth of the island-structured deposited layer under third temperature-controlled conditions, forming a first continuous film of the material under fourth temperature controlled conditions which provide the first continuous film with predetermined properties, and then completing the formation of a final coating film by growing at least one subsequent continuous film of the material under fifth temperature-controlled conditions until a film of a predetermined thickness is obtained. The fifth temperature-controlled condition may be characterized by a pulse-mode or step-like variations of temperature in time with rapid cooling or heating for obtaining high degree of crystallinity or for increase in the rate of deposition.
[0085] In order to prevent formation of gas bubbles in the recess 26 under a substrate W, prior to placement of the substrate into the substrate holder 20, the latter is first filled with a liquid, e.g., with the cooling or heating liquid (depending on the selected mode of metal deposition an the structure of the deposited layer) to the level exceeding the upper edge of the recess 26, and only after that the substrate is placed into the holder 20 and, if necessary, is clamped in the holder 20 (FIG. 1). The working chamber 22 is then filled with the working solution. The deposition process is carried out by precipitation of the coating material from the working solution, while the temperature on the surface of the substrate W is controlled by continuing the supply of the heating/cooling medium to the recess 26 (126). (FIGS. 1 and 2). The liquid is uniformly removed from the recess 26 (126) through the medium return line 58.
[0086] In order to ensure balance of the pressure inside the recess 26 (126), pressure developed in the working chamber above the substrate W (FIG. 1) can be adjusted by means of gas supplied, e.g., through the gas supply line 25 a (FIG. 1), to a value equal to or slightly exceeding the pressure of liquid in the recess 26 (326) on the back side of the substrate W. The pressure in the recess is controlled by the pressure differential control unit 52 (FIG. 1) equipped with the strain gages 54 a and 54 b which convert deformations of the membrane 54 into electrical signals sent to a controller 56. The controller 56, in turn, is connected to actuating mechanisms (not shown) of the two-way valve 44, the heater 46, the cooler 48, the strain gages 54 a, 54 b, the thermocouple 38 a, the pump 38 b, and the control valve 25 b. During the operation, the pressure of the working solution in the working chamber 22 above the substrate W is always maintained at a level slightly higher than the pressure inside the recess. This allows performing fixation of the substrate W in the substrate holder 20 without the use of a clamping mechanism, if the holder corresponds to the embodiment shown in FIG. 2.
[0087] Given below are several examples of different multiple-layers structures described with reference to graphs illustrating control of the substrate temperature on different stages of the film growth.
[0088]FIG. 3A is a graph illustrating an example of a deposition of copper onto a dielectric substrate with variations of the substrate temperature in time. The time t (sec.) is plotted on the abscissa axis, and the temperature T (░C.) is plotted on the ordinate axis. The graph of FIG. 3A describes a complete cycle from initiation of the electroless deposition process till the formation of a continuous coating film of a predetermined thickness. The applicant studied and measured variations of electrical potential on the surface of a layer growing during electroless deposition of CoWP onto a copper layer formed on a dielectric plate. An example of such measurements is shown in FIG. 4. In this graph, the electrical potential is plotted on the ordinate axis, and the time is plotted on the abscissa axis. Three curves shown in this graph relate to three slightly different temperatures of deposition. The curves make it possible to identify different stages of the deposition process. More specifically, the 72░ C. curve consists of three distinctly different sections, wherein sections I-II relate to the nucleus and island formation stage. On the section II the potential instantaneously drops to the lowest level. This stage corresponds to the completion of the percolation stage when all the islands become electrically connected into a conductive structure and the intermediate spaces between the islands are filled. In other words, the formation of a continuous film is completed approximately 80 sec. from the beginning of the process. Section III corresponds to the stage with the constant potential, when the growth of the film is continued to a predetermined thickness. Normally, sections I and II are known as the initial period of the film formation (stages of formation of nuclei, islands, and the first continuous layer), and the time corresponding to the above period is called Initiation time. It is clearly seen that transfer from 78░ C. to 75░ C. and then to 72░ C. changes the initiation time from 80 sec. to 35 sec. and then to 8 sec., respectively.
[0089] Looking at the graphs of FIG. 4, one can think that the structure can be easily adjusted merely by increasing the process temperature: the higher is the temperature, the shorter is the initiation time, and the higher is efficiency of the process. However, in reality the film growth process is more complicated since during the aforementioned initial time the deposition grows not only in the lateral direction but also in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the substrate. As a result, the nuclei may grow significantly in a vertical direction so that the initial continuous layer may have significant surface roughness. This initial roughness will be reproduced in the subsequent layer, and even the final layer will reflect this roughness and will have a noticeable HRMS (the height of microroughnesses on the surface of the film). The method of the invention is aimed particularly at the selection of such temperatures and time intervals in different deposition stages for specific materials of the substrate and deposition materials, which provide the minimal rate of growth in the vertical direction and the maximal rate of growth in the lateral direction.
[0090] Kinetics similar to the one observed in FIG. 4 can also be notices in the growth of copper on a cobalt layer. Although it is understood that in each specific case, the initial time of film formation and the time required for the formation of the basic film will depend on such factors as composition, concentration, pH and other characteristics of the working solution, in both cases, variations of electrical potential on the surface of a layer growing during electroless deposition will be approximately the same.
[0091] Referring back to FIG. 3A, for the case of deposition of Cu onto an activated cobalt layer, the time interval from 0 to t1 is the one during which the initial process temperature, e.g., 20░ C., is established. The time interval from t1 to t2 may constitute a nucleus formation period, which normally lasts a few seconds. The time interval from t2 to t3 is a period during which islands are formed and connected into clusters. This period may last about 25 sec. In the illustrated case, the temperature instantaneously grows to a value of 70░ C., which was selected from the graphs of FIG. 4 as the most optimal temperature. In the subsequent period from moment t3 to moment t4, which may require from 30 to 60 sec., the temperature may be raised to 95░ C. for growth of the film to a required thickness. The process described above makes it possible to grow films having thickness from 250 to 400 Å, and greater.
[0092]FIG. 3B is a graph similar to FIG. 3A illustrating application of the method of the invention for deposition of a CoWP barrier layer onto a dielectric substrate. It is known that an amorphous structure is the one preferably for a barrier layer. It is also known that amorphous structures are formed at relatively low temperatures. This condition is reflected in FIG. 3B where the initial period of deposition (t2 to t3) occurs at relatively high temperatures (about 90░ C. in the example of FIG. 3B), while the amorphous layer is formed at about 70░ C. Such sequential formation of a basic copper layer over a preliminarily formed barrier layer can be realized with especially high efficiency if both layers are grown in the same single-wafer processing chamber.
[0093]FIG. 5 is a time-temperature relationship illustrating the deposition process with control of structures in individual layers of a multiple-layered coating film. More specifically, the aforementioned individual layers have different structures. The initial continuous coating layer is shown with the same periods and stages of the film formation (period from 0 to t3) as in FIG. 3A. The subsequent stages from t3 to t4 correspond to a pulse mode of film growth with temperature pulses having different amplitudes A1, A2, A3 and different durations of time intervals between the temperature pulses. In other words, the process of the type shown in FIG. 5 makes it possible to obtain a coating film of a laminated structure with different thicknesses and structures of individual layers. For example, the layers may be separated by sublayers (formed during intervals t4 to t5 and t6 to t7) having the same stoichometry but different degrees and nature of crystallinity.
[0094]FIG. 6 illustrates a process of formation of a multiple-layered structure, wherein individual layers of the coating film are formed from different deposition materials of a metal or non-metal nature. In general, the graph is similar to the one shown in FIG. 5, but differs from it by inclusion of a cleaning period between the deposition of different materials. These cleaning period from tcl1 to tcl2 is needed for replacement of the deposition solution in the sealable working chamber 22 (FIG. 1). It is understood that during cleaning the substrate is maintained at Tcl temperature required for optimization of cleaning. After complete removal of the residue of the first deposition solution, a new deposition solution is supplied to the sealable working chamber during period from t7 and tcl2. It is understood that during deposition of a new material from the new solution during period from t7 to t12 (FIG. 6), the initial deposited film functions as a substrate. It is also understood that all optimal temperatures and time intervals will be different from those for deposition of the first layer. It can be seen that the second layer is deposited with a pulse mode of temperature variation.
[0095] Thus it has been shown that the present invention provides a method of electroless deposition of very thin films of high uniformity without thermal decomposition of the working solution and with accurate control of the process depending on the condition of the film structure on various stages of the deposition processing. The method is suitable for electroless deposition with impulse heating and cooling for optimization of the structure of the film obtained in various stages of the deposition. The method can be carried out with the use of an electroless-deposition apparatus that allows instantaneous heating and cooling of the substrate and produces thin deposition films of high uniformity and of the highest quality.
[0096] The invention has been shown and described with reference to specific embodiments, which should be construed only as examples and do not limit the scope of practical applications of the invention. Therefore any changes and modifications in technological processes, constructions, materials, shapes, and their components are possible, provided these changes and modifications do not depart from the scope of the patent claims. For example, the process can be carried out in any other processing apparatus that provides instantaneous heating/cooling. The temperature-versus-time graphs should be considered as illustrative and the temperature pulses, their amplitudes, and durations my be different. The layers may be formed from metals or non-metals, from crystalline an amorphous materials. The coating films may have a multiple-layered structure composed of various materials and their combinations. The films may have different thicknesses. Although the term "structure" was used as a distinguishing feature of each individual layer, it is understood that this term should be construed as "characteristic" of the layer, since the method of the invention makes it possible to change not only the physical structure but also electrical characteristics or the like.
|Brevet citķ
|Date de dķp¶t
|Date de publication
|4 oct. 1994
|19 mars 1996
|Rohm & Haas Company
|Processes and compositions for electroless metallization
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|25 dķc. 2003
|Nanhai Li
|Temperature control sequence of electroless plating baths
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|18 mars 2004
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|Method and apparatus for electroless deposition with temperature-controlled chuck
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|22 dķc. 2009
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|Apparatus configurations for affecting movement of fluids within a microelectric topography processing chamber
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|2 fķvr. 2010
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|Classification aux ╔tats-Unis
|Classification internationale
|Classification coopķrative
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Type: Posts; User: derrickxp8103
Cool, gonna try one
Pictures of the engine????
I am going. First jet fly that I am attending this year..... Can't wait
Chicken !! LOL
I think there is a brand new 160SX in the engine section for sale.
I ran my 180 again today..no issues again.
I disabled the auto tune and it didnt really seem to change anything.
Outside temp 91
Humidity. 78%
Elevaltion. @ 48ft above sea level
Jet cat...
I statrted my new in the box 180 yestersday....no issues at all. I ran it for about 1.3 hours on the bench. 25 perfect starts.
It does have the Upgrade.
It starts with ZERO Flames....
Here's some more photos.
8 hours to do the fuse in flight metal.
gonna finish the hot section tomorrow
Look at the folding pitot tube.
Finished my wings in flitemetal. I did the center section in 3 pieces. I don't think the full size has 3 sections. Should I redo it or leave it the way it is.
I thought about metalmorphing.
I have actually done small parts myself...works good.
However just decided on flite metal this time.
What's the price for an BVM f100?
I was going to paint my f100 but the flite metal is much more realistic looking...just my opinion.
I would use metal for that part ....it is easy to work with and if it's thin enough cuts easy with...
Happy Days !!! I talked to him today...it's on its way
Does anyone have any Flitemetal that they can part with?
I need some to finish a job.
I cannot get in touch with Ed at flitemetal !! Been trying like crazy for the last week to get in touch with...
Yea was going to put a P160sx but couldn't find one so
I bought a 180rxi...same size As THE 160sx.
Actually BVM says 180rxi , P200sx or mamouth for the F model.
Smaller engine for the D model....
Here's a photo of mine from the rear. Stabs look pretty good....it might be off a hair.
I was lucky. Checked it after I mated the two fuse half's together.i am happy with it.
I think there should...
See operating doors to reattach chute cord.
Operating canopy from...
Awesome. ...Thanks for those codes for the colors.
Super nice details on yours !!!! ....I won't be doing that much detail to mine.
Yea I was going to put a P300 in it but decided on a P180RX......hahaha...LOL
Hey Greg. ....you party pooper....hahaha. ..lol. I might be asking you for some pointers here and there.
The reason I chose the 180 is because I mainly fly off grass and want the extra push out...
I am going to use a P180rx. It's going to be loaded with all the goodies...parachute , lights, pilots.
WOW...thats the sceme I am doing. Is that flight metal?
What are the color codes for the stripes along the turtle deck and verticle fin?
Gonna post some photos the next day or 2. Been a little under the weather. Worked on it some today.
David...you might get Ur plane done before mine....but once I get into high gear look out....I...
Sorry. But there's a glitch in this site software....it will not let me make changes to the title.
Did that....still no change.
How do I change the title in the forums. I have a spelling error. I went to the edit page and changed the title and saved the changes....nothing happened.


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Morning report: A look at Wednesday's traffic conditions and happenings
Here's a quick look at this morning's traffic conditions in Southwest Florida and the day ahead:
■ As of 8:15 a.m., troopers reported roadway debris on I-75 on the northbound lanes near mile marker 123 in Estero. FHP reported debris in center lane.
■ Click here to read Wednesday's traffic enforcement locations in Collier, Lee
■ Southwest Florida weather: This afternoon, we'll more than likely see a bit more sunshine and that will give daytime highs a boost into the middle and upper 80s. As we round out the work week, winds will die down and mainly dry weather will persist with a slight uptick in rain prospects by the weekend. CLICK HERE for the forecast.
■ Naples City Council will hold its regular meeting at 8:30 a.m. in council chambers at 735 Eighth St. S., downtown. Council members will discuss how to improve deteriorating, privately owned seawalls along Gulf Short Boulevard North's public sidewalks.
■ Estero community leaders and the owners of vacant properties in Estero's commercial corridors are scheduled to meet with national consultants from 8 a.m. to 10 a.m. at the Shadow Wood Community Association Building to discuss a recently completed market assessment and how it can be used to plan for future development. The study identified three areas of opportunity: a town center area at the intersection of U.S. 41 and Corkscrew Road, a medical village surrounding a proposed Lee Memorial Hospital site and a university village close to Florida Gulf Coast University.
■ The City of Bonita Springs will hold its council meeting at 5:30 p.m. at City Hall, 9101 Bonita Beach Road. The mayor and council are expected to discuss their position on Estero's possible incorporation and a proposal to name the Bonita River Trail as "Cullum's Trail" in honor of Bonita Springs resident Cullum Hasty.
■ The House State Affairs Committee and the House Agriculture & Natural Resources Subcommittee will hold a joint meeting to discuss issues related to water releases from Lake Okeechobee into the St. Lucie and Caloosahatchee rivers. 8:30 a.m., Morris Hall, House Office Building, the Capitol.
■ The House Select Committee on Gaming will receive an update about a study, produced by the Spectrum Gaming Group, that examines the possibility of expanded gambling in Florida. Noon, Morris Hall, House Office Building, the Capitol.
Subscribe to the Naples Daily News
Need Help? Call us at 1-888-878-6842.
Monday-Friday: 6am-6pm / Saturday: 7am-3pm / Sunday: 7am-2pm


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Lifespan HCV
Sep 26, 2005
Hello Dr. Dietrich, First i have to excuse me for my bad english. but im a german girl visiting your page because the pages in german doesnt give me an answer to my question. so i hope that you can help me. i searched the internet for lifespan of HCV and there were so many different answers on this questions. it reached from hours to five months in dried blood. how comes the answers are so different. is it realistic to say HCV can live for five months and still transmit infection? Or is this simply wrong. On what answer can i really trust? I still found on your site answers to that questions, but it would be very friendly if you could tell me if it is for sure that HCV can not transmit infection for longer than a few days. I hope its not to difficult for you to understand my question. thank you so much for your answer. Yor are really doing a great job and yor site is fantastic. The best wishes from germany to you
Response from Dr. Dieterich
Your English is quite good! Better than some native speakers! The virus can only live outside the body for a few days at best. Then it can live only if the conditions are right. Transmission of HCV that way is exceedingly rare. Months is not correct. DTD
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Hi guys. I'd like to ask for a huge favour. But before I do, I'd like you all to not feel obliged to help me as most of you (well, let's face it, all of you) hardly know me and to do what I'm about to ask would take a lot of trust in me. That aside, I would really like it if someone would share their Premium account with me, no tricks *swear on my grandfather's grave* (that was an Alex swear, not a Michael BB06 swear). It's just that I come from a single parent family, and we are very low on cash. I am a huge fan of Big Brother and would really like access to the premium section of the site. I would be willing to pay someone for the use of their account, we just can't afford $40. If anyone wishes to do that, PM me the details which I will never tell another soul and will not misuse. If you choose not to, that's perfectly fine, I still think highly of all of you and hope to get to know you all better here on the forum.
Thanks for giving that the time of day, I really don't like doing that, but it's really the only way I could possibly haver access to those things.


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Alabama will play the first of two games against Missouri this season when it travels to Columbia, Mo., to square off against the Tigers on Saturday at 1 p.m. CT. Saturday's contest will be televised on ESPN2 and can also be heard on the Crimson Tide Sports Network.
Click here for the original story.
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Bohemia, NY (PRWEB) December 28, 2012
On December 28, 2012, Quorn Foods Inc. releases a statement following a North County Times article by Linda Copp regarding how to get the most out of your vegetarian healthy food diet.
According to the North County Star article, "It has been proven that diet influences athletic performance and a vegetarian diet is able to supply all of the energy and nutrients that athletes need to successfully complete their next workout or competition."
The article states that a vegetarian diet will benefit a person nutritionally in all stages of life, yet it may require extra planning to get all the nutrients needed. The article mentions important nutrients such as proteins, iron, calcium, as well as D & B vitamins.
The article states, "Vegetarian diets are linked to various health benefits including decreased incidence of heart disease, lower LDL (bad) cholesterol levels, lower blood pressure, lower rates of type 2 diabetes and lower body mass index." The article states that for athletes to get the nutrition they need, they will have to turn to a variety of foods.
North County Start reports that beans and grains provide protein, plant foods provide iron, greens and nuts provide calcium and cheese and yogurt provide you with B12. The article informs athletes that, "To maximize performance and recovery, it's recommended that you enhance your intake of beans, leafy greens, seeds, nuts, whole grains and other colorful plant sources."
Quorn Foods Inc. knows how important it is for vegetarians to get the proper nutrients in their healthy food diets. "It requires more planning and attention to get all the needed nutrients i
|Source: PRWeb
Copyright©2012 Vocus, Inc.
All rights reserved


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About Niusule Biotech Corp.
Niusule Biotech Corp, through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Niusule Bioengineering (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd., plans to sell in China, various health food and related products some of which it intends to import from the U.S.
Safe Harbor Statement
The statements contained herein that are not historical facts are 'forward-looking statements' within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such forward-looking statements may be identified by, among other things, the use of forward-looking terminology such as 'believes,' 'expects,' 'may,' 'will,' 'should,' or 'anticipates,' 'expect' or the negative thereof or other variations thereon or comparable terminology, or by discussions of strategy that involve risks and uncertainties. In particular, our statements regarding the potential growth of the markets or forecasting financial results are examples of such forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements include risks and uncertainties, including but not limited to, general economic conditions and regulatory developments, not within our control. The factors discussed herein and expressed from time to time in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission could cause actual results and developments to be materially different from those expressed or implied by such statements. The forward-looking statements are made only as of the date of this filing, and we undertake no obligation to publicly update such forward-looking statements to reflect subsequent events or
|SOURCE Niusule Biotech Corp.
Copyright©2009 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved


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Women & Infants Hospital laid off 41 employees, and also reduced hours for six additional employees, as part of an effort to "address inefficiencies" and "bring its cost structure in line with other organizations," it said in a press release Monday. more
By PBN Staff
(Updated, Feb. 23, 6:10 p.m.) All has not been well between labor and management at Rhode Island's two largest hospitals in recent weeks, with unions publicly criticizing administration for decisions they say will jeopardize not … more
By Mary MacDonald
Superior Court Judge Michael Silverstein Monday afternoon approved a plan for Bronx-based Centers Health Care to manage Bannister House and be considered as a buyer for the facility, the court-appointed receiver said late Monday. more
By Patricia Daddona
The union representing most of the University of Rhode Island's part-time faculty plans to picket the governor's office by early July if stalled contract talks have not resumed in earnest by then, union leaders said this week. more
By Patricia Daddona
A Superior Court judge on Tuesday approved the state's controversial pension reform settlement, passing it on to the General Assembly, which has final say. more
By Eli Sherman
A vote on proposed legislation that would change the firefighter overtime law is expected to come before the House and Senate labor committees on Thursday. more
By Lori Stabile
The state has reached a final agreement with SEIU District 1199 New England regarding family child care providers who are a part of Rhode Island's Child Care Assistance Program, Gov. Gina M. Raimondo announced Friday. more
By PBN Staff
Rhode Island public-sector retirees approved a proposed settlement that would end their lawsuit against the state's 2011 pension overall, according to WPRI.com. more
By PBN Staff
The percentage of Rhode Islanders represented by unions declined in 2014 compared with the year prior, according to union membership data released Friday by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. more
By Patricia Daddona
Layoffs announced last year at the Providence Journal were completed Wednesday with the departure of 12 copy desk employees. more
By Lori Stabile


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FARMINGTON, Conn., Jan. 24, 2013 /PRNewswire-iReach/ -- The companion diagnostics market has experienced significant growth in recent years and has become one of the most promising areas within the IVD market. A myriad of pharmaceutical and diagnostic companies are now entering the highly attractive market of companion diagnostics, many of them entering into collaborations for developing a combination product. The explosive M&A trend in the companion diagnostics market is expected to continue as most pharmaceutical companies do not have an in-house diagnostic capability for either the development of a companion diagnostic or the commercialization of the test once the drug is approved. However, it takes smart timing, the right technology and strategic relationships for companies to become a major companion diagnostic player.
(Photo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20130124/CG47987)
In the last few years, most pharmaceutical companies have adopted new projects and strategies to develop companion diagnostic products. It seems most of these companies have begun to shift away from the blockbuster business model and realized that in order to be more effective, and save money, new drugs will have to be more personalized. Oncology remains the dominant field in the market; however, many of the leading companies are now reported to be working to develop companion diagnostics in other therapeutic areas including neurological, autoimmune, inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases
Technological advancements in the field, including the discovery of new biomarkers and the development of new molecular tests, has helped propel the companion diagnostics market which is clearly evidenced by the vast number of drugs in development that have an associated biomarker program. The market will be driven by the increasing development and use of biomarkers as well as the pro
|SOURCE Global Information, Inc.
Copyright©2012 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved


text:
Norwalk Tire & Auto Center, Inc. has been servicing Norwalk, Indianola, West Des Moines and the surrounding areas since 2008. We provide auto repairs and tires for trucks, cars, and SUVs at our Norwalk auto repair shop. Our offerings range from maintenance, such as tune-ups and lube and oil changes, to repairs of brakes, shocks, mufflers, steering and suspension systems, batteries, air conditioning, wheel alignments, and tires. We offer competitively priced passenger tires, lawn & garden tires, farm tires, and commercial tires. Our technicians take professionalism to the next level by offering courteous and knowledgeable service to all of our customers. Be sure to like us on Facebook and leave us a review!
The mission at Norwalk Tire & Auto Center, Inc. is to provide the highest quality vehicle maintenance and repair service at a competitive price. Through many vendor relationships, we offer a nationwide warranty on all our service repairs. In addition, we offer several competitive brands of new tires in stock. If you're looking for car tires, commercial tires, farm tires, or even lawn and garden tires, you can trust our team to deliver the best selection at the best price. Norwalk Tire & Auto Center, Inc. has 4 service bays to accommodate your vehicle for service or auto repairs. Performance tuning, minor or major repairs, and routine maintenance are only a few of the services we offer. Visit us for small engine and lawn mower repair, U-Haul rentals in Norwalk, or fleet services.


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1911 Census Donald Stewart Robinson b 1895.jpg
2 Heath Villa Road, Gloucester
In 1911 we have Samuel and Parnel Robertson living at the St Catherines Vicarage, Gloucester with a few of their kids...
People: Donald Stewart Roberston, Canon Samuel Richmond Roberston, Parnel Agnes Roberston and 2 others.
1901 Census Donald Stewart Robertson b 1895.jpg
Gloucester, Gloucestershire, England, United Kingdom
In 1901 The Robertson family were living at College Precinels, Gloucester. Samuel R Robertson, Head, Mar, 44, Clerg...
People: John Samuel Richmond Roberston, Wilfrid C Roberston, Kenneth Anstruther Roberston and 6 others.
Robert Leander Robertson (1920 - 2013) - Find A Grave Memorial
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Philip Guagliardo Obituary - Chicago, IL | SunTimes.com
June 25, 2013
Chicago, Cook County, Illinois, United States
Guagliardo, Philip E. Loving father of Michael (Sarah) Powell, Stefanie (Ron) Robertson and Rose; fond brother of Jo...
People: Sandra Guagliardo, Salvatore "Sonny" Guagliardo, Charles Nyren and 6 others.
Lieut William George Robertson (1839 - 1932) - Find A Grave Photos
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Miriam Robertson Obituary | Snyder Funeral Homes
Miriam Robertson, age 87, of Mount Gilead, formerly of Mount Vernon, died Friday April 18, 2008 at the Woodside Villa...
People: Miriam Robertson
Ruth Robertson — Mount Vernon News
By Mount Vernon NewsMay 23, 2015 7:01 am
People: Ruth Robertson
MY HOMETOWN, BUNCOMBE, ILLINOIS by Maxine McKenzie.1917-2002
Buncombe, Johnson County, Illinois, United States
MY HOMETOWN, BUNCOMBE, ILLINOIS by Maxine McKenzie "We have heard it said many times as we grow older, we are always ...
People: Wayne Phillip Robertson, Lula Belle Robertson, Christopher "Lum" Columbus Walker and 1 other.


text:
EPA Fraud: Chevy Volt, Nissan Leaf Actually Get Only 23, 25 MPG
The MPG figure must be calculated where the energy is produced. Doesn't matter if that happens in the car's engine ... or in the coal plant, as with the Leaf and Volt.
November 30, 2010 - 12:00 am
Let's say you took your gas-guzzling engine out of your car and hooked it up to a generator in your garage. The engine has a fuel efficiency of 15 MPG. That's roughly 25% efficient (a 300 HP engine burns about 1000 HP of gas). You run the engine to generate electricity (let's assume, just for kicks, that the generator hooked up to your car engine is 100% efficient) to charge your Nissan Leaf or Chevy Volt. Guess what the mileage of that Leaf is? The EPA says you will still get 99 MPG overall. But you actually used four gallons, not one, to get that far, thanks to the charging engine's 25% efficiency.
The real efficiency of the Leaf is dependent on the efficiency of the coal power plant: the Leaf gets 25 MPG, not 99. The Chevy Volt gets 23 MPG, not 93.
The EPA is purposely comparing apples to oranges, conveniently hiding the fact that you are simply displacing gasoline usage with coal. The fact that you don't have to directly throw coal into your car doesn't mean you aren't using any. Indeed, the overall efficiency of electric vehicles charged on coal is no better than a car with a spark ignition engine.
And far short of the efficiencies achieved with diesel.
Just in case anyone out there is opining that we should therefore go with "renewable sources" (wind, solar etc.), that will make the available energy problem even worse.
Nature will always get its pound of flesh, and the EPA's intentional misleading of consumers doesn't change the fact that we will be no less dependent on fossil fuel at all — and may be more so in this case. As it is, without far more nuclear power plants, the combination of using coal with lithium — the mining of which is one of the dirtiest operations known to man — may well be environmentally worse than just burning gasoline, and is definitely worse than burning diesel.
The Obama administration should hand out a blue pill with each purchase of the Chevy Volt, so you can smugly drive around in ignorant bliss.


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Kid-friendly food used to mean homemade vegetable soup and cake—these days parents have fast food and vending machines to compete with. It can be tough to get kids to eat a balanced diet; our kid-friendly recipes make it easy.
Coriander-Spiced Chicken or Lamb Kebabs
Serve these superbly seasoned kebabs with Simple Lemon Yogurt Sauce.
Katharine Hepburn's Brownies
Mixed in one pan, these brownies are favorites of actress Katharine Hepburn.
Strawberry Cupcakes
These fresh strawberry cupcakes are topped with a heavenly cream cheese frosting.
Smoky Soy Lime Peanuts
Use unroasted, unsalted peanuts, which are found in the bulk sections of supermarkets or natural food markets.
1. Preheat oven to 325F. Butter and flour an 8-inch square pan. 2. Place butter and chocolate in a saucepan. Heat over medium-low heat until…
Gouda Corn Pudding
A healthy kid-friendly egg dish for weekend breakfast dish or for dinner with a green salad.
Cricket's Breakfast Cake
This kid-friendly breakfast cake is really more of a frittata. It's loaded with healthy vegetables.
Baked Apple
Preheat oven to 350F. Core apple. Mix raisins, cinnamon and vanilla. Fill apple with raisin mixture. Place apple in a baking dish. Add orange juice with water….
Smoky Mac and Cheese
Smoked Gouda and fire-roasted tomatoes add a double hit of smoky flavor to this luscious mac and cheese.
Chicken and Broccoli Casserole
A wide, shallow baking dish, such as a gratin or casserole, provides plenty of space for the crumbs on top of this homey chicken dish.


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HiI'm importing a dump from my old mysql db and I've ran into some problems with semicolon and Squirrel. The problem is that in the dump (which is just a bunch of insert statements) I have a column that has urls. Some urls have semicolons in them. Each insert statement ends with a semicolon as well.
When I execute the statements one by one, I have no errors. When I select all of the lines and run, it fails on the first line that has an url with a semicolon in it (and yes, I can execute that line by itself without problems).
Helb ? Thanks.


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Fixed-Price - Est. Budget: $80 - Posted
I am looking for a talented, enthusiastic and reliable ebook cover designer to create 10 to 20 covers per week. Successful applicant will be experienced with designing attractive romance ebook covers that make readers want to click "Buy Now". Compensation will be $4.00 per cover. Stock images will be supplied to you. I am looking to develop a long-lasting working relationship with the right applicant. Samples of romance ebook covers in your portfolio required with your application.