text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|26 Jan 2006
|Filing date
|15 Oct 2003
|Priority date
|22 Oct 2002
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Franciscus Lucas Kamperman, Geert Schrijen
|Original Assignee
|Kamperman Franciscus Lucas A J, Schrijen Geert J
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (48), Classifications (17), Legal Events (1)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention relates to methods of authorizing an operation requested by a first user on a content item. The invention further relates to devices arranged to perform an operation requested by a first user on a content item.
In recent years, the amount of content protection systems is growing in a rapid pace. Some of these systems only protect the content against illegal copying, while others are also prohibiting the user to get access to the content. The first category is called Copy Protection (CP) systems. CP systems have traditionally been the main focus for consumer electronics (CE) devices, as this type of content protection is thought to be cheaply implemented and does not need bi-directional interaction with the content provider. Some examples are the Content Scrambling System (CSS), the protection system of DVD ROM discs and DTCP, the protection system for IEEE 1394 connections.
The second category is known under several names. In the broadcast world, systems of this category are generally known as conditional access (CA) systems, while in the Internet world they are generally known as Digital Rights Management (DRM) systems.
Recently new content protection systems have been introduced in which a set of devices can authenticate each other through a bi-directional connection. Based on this authentication, the devices will trust each other and this will enable them to exchange protected content. In the licenses accompanying the content, it is described which rights the user has and what operations he/she is allowed to perform on the content. The license is protected by means of some general network secret, which is only exchanged between the devices within a certain household, or, more generally, within a certain domain. This network of devices is thus called an Authorized Domain (AD).
The concept of authorized domains tries to find a solution to both serve the interests of the content owners (that want protection of their copyrights) and the content consumers (that want unrestricted use of the content). The basic principle is to have a controlled network environment in which content can be used relatively freely as long as it does not cross the border of the authorized domain. Typically, authorized domains are centered around the home environment, also referred to as home networks. Of course, other scenarios are also possible. A user could for example take a portable television with him on a trip, and use it in his hotel room to access content stored on his Personal Video Recorder at home. Even though the portable television is outside the home network, it is a part of the user's authorized domain.
The trust necessary for secure intercommunication between devices, is based on some secret, only known to devices that were tested and certified to have secure implementations. Knowledge of the secret is tested using an authentication protocol. The best currently known solutions for these protocols are those which employ 'public key' cryptography, which use a pair of two different keys. The secret to be tested is then the secret key of the pair, while the public key can be used to verify the results of the test. To ensure the correctness of the public key and to check whether the key-pair is a legitimate pair of a certified device, the public key is accompanied by a certificate, that is digitally signed by a Certification Authority, the organization which manages the distribution of public/private key-pairs for all devices. In a simple implementation the public key of the Certification Authority is hard-coded into the implementation of the device.
A number of implementations of AD-like DRM systems are known. However, they typically suffer from a number of limitations and problems which make their deployment and acceptance in the market difficult. In particular, an important problem which has not been addressed sufficiently is how to manage and maintain an authorized domain structure which allows a consumer to exercise the rights he has obtained anytime and anywhere he chooses. Current AD solutions typically restrict consumers to a particular and limited set of systems, and do not provide the desired flexibility.
A common approach is to provide the person who buys a content right (a right needed to access a content item, typically containing a necessary decryption key) with a secure personal device like a smart card. During playback, the smart card shares this decryption key with a compliant playback device. The person can now access content as long as he has his smart card with him. This solution suffer from the drawback that a smart card has a limited amount of memory, which means that not all rights can be stored on the card.
An improvement to this system could be to encrypt the content right with the public key of the smart card and to store the rights somewhere, e.g. on multiple locations and e.g. together with the content item. However, it is now not all clear how the content right can be shared with the person's family. At present it is possible for one member of a family to purchase (a right to) a content item, for example a song stored on a compact disc, which he can share with the other members of that family. Consumers are used to such sharing and they expect it from AD-based systems as well. Copyright law typically permits such activities as long as they stay within a particular family. DRM systems try to prevent copying to any third party, and so inadvertently also block this pemmitted type of activity.
The content right could be re-encrypted with the respective public keys of the respective smart cards of the family members. This takes a lot of time and processing power, as all rights have to be processed individually. To check whether it actually is a family member who owns a particular smart card to which the re-encrypted content right is to be supplied a family identifier could be added to the smart card. However, this is not a flexible solution, as it is now very difficult to delete or revoke the content right on one family member's smart card.
It is an object of the present invention to provide authorization methods which allows rights management based on persons instead of devices.
This object is achieved according to the present invention in a method of authorizing an operation requested by a first user on a content item in accordance with a content right containing necessary information for performing the requested operation on the content item and a user right identifying the first user and authorizing the first user to employ the content right. The user right is a single connection between one user and a content right. The content right is required to access a piece of content, for example because it contains a necessary decryption key. Rights management based on persons is achieved by issuing more user rights authorizing persons to employ the content right.
This object is achieved according to the present invention in a method of authorizing an operation requested by a first user on a content item in accordance with a user right identifying a second user and authorizing the second user to perform the requested operation on the content item, in which the operation is authorized upon receipt of information linking a user right of the first user and the user right of the second user. Through user rights, persons can be authorized to perform operations regardless of which devices they wish to use. The linking information allows users to share rights with each other, regardless of devices the content resides on or of any information such as content rights that may be necessary to perform operations on the content. Thus rights management is based on persons instead of devices.
Preferably the linking information comprises one or more domain certificates identifying the first and second users as members of the same authorized domain. It is desirable to be able to share access to the content item with members of a particular family, or more generally a particular domain. To this end, domain certificates (certificates to indicate a group or domain) are issued by a trusted third party to define which persons are member of a particular domain. If the first user now is not authorized to perform the operation, but there is a second user in the same domain who does have such a right, then the first user is still allowed to perform the operation. Preferably user rights can be anywhere in the system.
It is now possible
In an embodiment the method comprises receiving a content right containing necessary information for performing the requested operation on the content item, the user right of the second user authorizing the second user to employ the content right. Any person can now obtain a user right and thereby exercise the content right, independently of any other user rights that other persons may possess. The content right makes it possible that a device can perform the operation, for example because it contains a necessary decryption key to access the content. A user right authorizes a particular user to employ the content right on the device. This device must check if the right is available and the user is available. A second user is authorized if also a correct domain certificate is available, which connects the two users.
In a further embodiment the operation is not authorized if the content right does not identify the authorized domain. This way content rights can be restricted to the particular authorized domain. Not only does this make rights management more fine-grained, it also limits the damage that can be done by a hacker who manages to obtain decryption keys (provided by content rights) by compromising a device in a particular authorized domain. To further extend this embodiment, optionally the content right could be at least partially encrypted using an encryption key for which the corresponding decryption key is available to devices in the domain. This way the content right is not usable outside the domain.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide devices which allow rights management based on persons.
This object is achieved according to the present invention in a device arranged to perform an operation requested by a first user on a content item in accordance with a content right containing necessary information for performing the requested operation on the content item and a user right identifying the first user and authorizing the first user to employ the content right.
This object is achieved according to the present invention in a device arranged to perform an operation requested by a first user on a content item in accordance with a user right identifying a second user and authorizing the second user to perform the requested operation on the content item, being arranged to authorize the operation upon receipt of of information linking a user right of the first user and the user right of the second user.
Preferably the linking information comprises one or more domain certificates identifying the first and second users as members of the same authorized domain. It is desirable to be able to share access to the content item with members of a particular family, or more generally a particular domain.
In an embodiment the device is arranged to receive a content right containing necessary information for performing the requested operation on the content item, the user right of the second user authorizing the second user to employ the content right. Preferably then at least a portion of the content right is encrypted using an encryption key for which a corresponding decryption key is available to the device. This way, only devices in a particular authorized domain can employ the content right, thereby effectively restricting the content right to the particular domain.
In a further embodiment the content right is provided with a digital signature allowing verification of the authenticity of the content right. Preferably the device then is arranged to perform the operation if the digital signature can be verified successfully using a digital certificate associated with an authorized content provider. This way only the content provider himself can create 'official' content rights.
In a further embodiment the device is arranged to perform the operation if the digital signature can be verified successfully using a digital certificate associated with a particular device. This way, personal content (created on that particular device) can also be played back or otherwise used, without the need to involve a third party.
In a refinement of this embodiment the device is arranged to refuse to perform the operation if the digital signature cannot be verified successfully using a digital certificate associated with an authorized content provider and a digital watermark associated with the authorized content provider is present in the content item. This way malicious users cannot create content rights for 'official' content, even when they try to pass the 'official' content of as personal content, e.g. by creating an analog recording from a television screen.
In a further embodiment the device is arranged to determine a robust fingerprint for the content item and to refuse to perform the operation if the determined robust fingerprint does not match a robust fingerprint comprised in the content right. This way malicious users cannot create content rights for personal content and subsequently try to use those for 'official' content.
These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent from and elucidated with reference to the illustrative embodiments shown in the drawings, in which:
Throughout the figures, same reference numerals indicate similar or corresponding features. Some of the features indicated in the drawings are typically implemented in software, and as such represent software entities, such as software modules or objects.
Some example functions that can be used in the domain given the model of
AD persons membership management:
We have to note that in practice content can only be accessed/used by means of a user operating a device. In the following text we assume that devices used in the system are compliant and "public" devices. This means that a device will adhere to certain operation rules (e.g. will not illegally output content on a digital interface) and that ownership of a device is not important (public). Device compliancy management, i.e. compliant device identification, renewability of devices, and revocation of devices, will be assumed to be in place (using known techniques), and will not be considered further here. The content right can be used to do device compliancy management.
The user right is a single connection between one user and a content right (which is required to decrypt a piece of content). By introducing this user right we now have five main entities in our system that could work as follows:
The content rights, also preferably embodied as digital certificates, that are required to perform the operation on the content item C1 are obtained from a second device D2 and stored in local storage medium CR. Before starting the transfer of content rights, device D2 checks the user rights of the user (this depends on the rules for transferring content rights as is said before) and whether the device D1 is compliant. To this end devices D1 and D2 are provided with respective authentication modules AUTH. These modules could for example comprise respective private keys from a public/private key pair and certificates for the associated public keys, allowing public-key based authentication.
The operation on the content item C1 is authorized if there is a content right containing necessary information for performing the requested operation on the content item C1 and a user right identifying the first user and authorizing the first user to employ the content right. In other systems, the use of a separate content right may not be necessary, for example if all operations on content in the system are always authorized.
If there is no user right authorizing the user to perform the operation, or there is no user right authorizing the first user to employ the content right, then normally the operation is not performed. However, the operation may still be authorized if information linking a user right of the first user and the user right of the second user is received. Such information can be of any type, for example a certificate identifying both users or a listing on a Web server indicating the user rights are linked. The information could also be contained in one (or both) of the user rights themselves. Preferably it is provided in the form of one or more domain certificates, as discussed below.
The presented solution assumes the availability of a public key infrastructure in which users, content owners and other trusted third parties maintain their own unique private/public key pair and can issue certificates by signing with their private key. One of the possibilities is to use certificates as defined in the SPKI/SDSI framework.
In order to introduce the notion of Authorized Domain, we propose to introduce another type of certificate into the system. A certificate, which we call a domain certificate, is issued by a (trusted) third party that defines what persons/entities belong to a certain domain. Such a certificate contains the identifier (e.g. biometric, public key) of the subject (a person) and the identifier (e.g. name, public key) of the authorized domain the subject is declared to be part of. The certificate is signed with the private key of the issuing trusted party. Furthermore the certificate must contain the usual fields like 'date of issue' and 'validation date' in correspondence with an appropriate revocation system. The SPKI 'name certificate' could be used to implement this domain certificate.
For example, one can now define one household-domain to every user, which defines the household a person is living in. This could be done by letting the municipality (or a representative thereof) issue a certificate declaring the registered street and address of a user. Such a certificate creates a single connection between a person (user) and his family.
The domain certificates can be implemented in a variety of ways. In one embodiment, every user is issued a separate domain certificate identifying him as a member of a particular authorized domain. A comparison of the respective AD identifiers in two respective domain certificates establishes whether two users are members of the same domain. This way every domain certificate can be managed separately and a person's domain certificate is not affected when another person joins or leaves the authorized domain.
In another embodiment, identifiers for members of a single authorized domain are enumerated in a single domain certificate. This way it is much easier to check whether two persons belong to a single authorized domain. Furthermore, every person now automatically has the AD membership information of all other members of his domain available, without requiring a separate certificate to be retrieved. However, when a new person joins the AD, all persons must be issued new domain certificates.
Granting access to content to people living in the same authorized domain can now be done as follows. If a person P1 living in authorized domain (household) AD has the user right to exercise the content right CR1 to e.g. play back content item C1, a second person P2 could also exercise the right CR1 if he belongs to the same household AD by presenting the following certificates to a compliant device D1:
This situation is depicted in
Optionally the content provider may only allow other persons within the domain to play the content under certain circumstances. In this case this should be stated in the user right by means of some extra bits. Besides stating the permissions concerning usage within the domain, other flags or bits could be added to user right certificates. For example bits dealing with permission for a first generation copy or for one-time playback could be added in the certificates. Such bits could also be added to the content right CR1, and then they would apply regardless of which user right was used to exercise the content right.
The system also allows for so-called cross authorized-domain rights. These are rights that allow content to cross the borders of the authorized domain. This can be achieved by adding extra fields in the user right that indicate the allowed cross-domain behavior that compliant devices have to obey. A field in the user right could for example contain a statement like 'XAD=no' meaning that no user rights certificates should be issued to users outside the household authorized domain. The delegation tag in SPKI authorization certificates could be used for this purpose. This way, serial copy management can be implemented that can limit copies up to one generation. It may also be desirable to implement 'copy-once' restrictions.
To make the system well manageable and consistent, several root public keys need to be known by the device. This is necessary in order to check certificates (and certificate chains) that exist in the system. Some of the root/master keys of trusted third parties within the system that the device must know are listed below:
Ownership of rights and the composition of a family (or other domain) may vary over time. Besides, devices may be hacked or secret keys might become known. We therefore have to consider dynamic behavior for the following cases:
The composition of a family is represented in a certificate, i.e. the certificate lists the members of the family. The system deals with changes in the family composition by using domain certificates, listing the family members, with limited validity date. After the validation date has expired the family must apply for a new certificate at some trusted third party. The community administration could for example act as such a trusted third party and take into account changes in the family composition.
Note that dates/time can be easily, reliably, and securely transferred to devices by including this date/time in content or user rights. This enables the mechanism that a device may only accept a domain certificate if its date is later than the date in the user rights or content right. The device may also store the date/time for future use as a lower boundary to the "current" time. Also some kind of sequence numbering mechanism could be used in usage and content rights to achieve similar effect for accepting the domain certificate.
A user right may also be used to distribute new domain certificates to a family. This even seems preferable. If a family member wants to use and retrieve the user right he then automatically receives the new domain certificate. This method implies that the usage certificate distributor also distributes the domain certificates (, which might be made by another party of course).
A revocation mechanism for household certificates seems not very useful as such revocation certificates could be blocked and their distribution cannot be guaranteed. Revocation messages could be distributed with user rights (or with local content rights).
User rights will also be dealt with using validity dates. Such a validity date may also be set to infinite. We now, however, still need to deal with transfer of user rights (i.e. a move operation). The most difficult case is for a user right with an infinite validity date. Some possible solutions are:
As stated before a person may be identified on the basis of his biometric data or on the basis of an ID device (e.g. a wireless smart card, the mobile telephone, etc.) belonging to that person. Biometric data will go along with the person and managing these data is "automatic". An ID device, however, could be hacked and duplicated, lost, etc. To handle such "events" requires care management of ID devices.
Suppose an ID device operates with some public key algorithm using a public/private key pair. The best seems here to also have validity dates for ID devices (or that at a certain moment in time, for new content a new ID device is required). In case a private key becomes known, first of all the device ID should be revoked. Such a revocation message might be included in new content rights or in new user rights. Furthermore the person should be removed from the family certificate. This gives an extra hurdle to hackers being now unable to access content owned by family members.
Note that updating of the ID device could be done automatically when a person buys content, i.e. obtains a usage certificate.
Device compliancy management can be done on the basis of distribution of content rights. Only compliant devices are allowed to obtain content rights. Different technologies might be used to perform device management and secure content right distribution, e.g. using Secure Authenticated Channels (SACs) and certificates and e.g. using MKB structures as used in CPPM and CPRM (see http://www.4centity.com/).
One particular solution uses two types of content rights: global rights (can be used all over the world) and personal/family rights (should remain locally at the user who bought it and may not be distributed). The reason is that this enables the use of counting mechanisms in rights, which is not possible with user rights, which have been signed by a service provider.
In the case of specific/counting rights the content right should be made a personal/family right. The user right should indicate if a global or the personal/family content right must be used. To make it more generic: Different content rights for a specific piece of content are allowed. The user right indicates what specific content right should be used.
Content rights could contain revocation data for user rights and person ID devices or an instruction to contact to a certain revocation database before content is played back. Time based rights could be implemented by requiring a hart beat mechanism to get time (see for example international patent application WO 03/058948, attorney docket PHNLO20010).
A critical assumption is that content rights are only transferred to devices that are compliant and are operated by users that have the appropriate user rights. This assumption may not always be true, since in the real world it can not be held impossible for a secret key (required to decrypt some piece of content) to leak. If this happens, a hacker could create a new content right for the same piece of content but with fewer limitations than the original content right. In general, the content provider might not like the idea that anyone can create content rights, which makes it possible for any content to enter the system.
The best way to solve the problem sketched above, is for the content provider to digitally sign content rights. Furthermore it must be enforced that (compliant) devices check the signatures on content rights and only accept content rights that are properly signed by the content provider. Therefore devices must know the (root) public key of the content provider. Of course it is not mandatory for content rights to be signed.
An additional advantage of this method is the fact that less (root) public keys have to be known to the compliant device. A compliant device has to know (roots of) public keys of amongst others the issuer of user rights, device compliancy manager and naming authority. These values would have to be stored in the device in some way. However if content rights are signed by the content provider, these public keys can be simply added to the content right. Only the (root) public key of the content provider has to be known by the device. This way the content provider can determine who is authorized to issue user rights, compliancy certificates and naming certificates.
Furthermore, information concerning where to check certificate revocation information can be added to content rights. A hacker can not change all this additional information in the content right since a valid content right must be digitally signed by the content provider.
Only allowing content rights that are signed with the private key of the official content provider, denoted as CP works fine for securely introducing content into the system that is coming from CP. However, if users want to introduce personal content (like personal photos or home video recordings of their last holiday) into the system, they should first involve CP in order to create the required content rights. This is an undesired situation since CP should not have the power to control personal content. So a first step in order to allow personal content in the system is to allow content rights to be signed by someone else than the CP.
The first rule we introduce is that content rights that are not issued by CP must be signed by a compliant device. If this is not the case, the content rights should be rejected by any (compliant) device that wants to use these rights. This means that personal content can only enter the system via a compliant device. Such a compliant device should furthermore check that there is no watermark present in the content. Watermarked content is originally coming from CP and therefore users are not allowed to create their own content rights for such content.
The solution presented so far is not completely safe yet, since it allows for a typical attack. Assume that a user has created a content right for a certain piece of self-made content. Now a malicious user could substitute the content by another piece of content after the content right was made (and thus after the compliant device signed it)! Therefore he has to (re)encrypt the (illegal) content with the content key that is in the approved content right and give this content the same identifier as the self-made content for which the content right was made. So lots of illegal content can enter the system if it is encrypted with the same (leaked) content key.
In order to solve this issue, there must be a secure link between a content right and the actual piece of content. The usage of fingerprints of content can provide this link. A fingerprint of a content item is a representation of the information signal in question which does not change when the content item is modified slightly. Such fingerprints are sometimes also known as "(robust) hashes". The term robust hashes refers to a hash function which, to a certain extent, is robust with respect to data processing and signal degradation, e.g. due to compression/decompression, coding, AD/DA conversion, etc. Robust hashes are sometimes also referred to as robust summaries, robust signatures, or perceptual hashes. An example of a method of generating a fingerprint is disclosed in international patent application WO 02/065782 (attorney docket PHNL010110).
A content right now should contain some extra information stating what fingerprint can be found in exactly what part of the content. So instead of adding fingerprint information of the total piece of content (which would be a large amount of data) the fingerprint information at certain specific points in time (together with these time values) can be added. The compliant device adds this fingerprint information to the content right before signing it. When a content right is used (e.g. to play content) the compliant device must check whether the fingerprint data that is included in the content right can also be found in the actual content (at the indicated points in time). If this is not the case, the content right must be rejected.
Summarizing, this embodiment comprises the following:
Like in the original system, the creator of a content right determines what (root) public keys of user right issuer, naming authority and device compliancy manager must be checked in order to access the content. So a user can authorize any party (including himself or his own device) to issue the accompanying user rights for his personal content.
The idea of having input devices sign fingerprint information of content closely matches the ideas in international patent application serial number PCT/IB03/00803 (attorney docket PHNL020246). However, our solution is more specific and makes a clear distinction between official content from the content provider (waternarked) and personal content.
In the case that content is watermarked, a compliant device will only play the content if it has the appropriate content rights signed by the official content provider (of which the public key is known). If no watermark is detected, the content is classified as 'personal content' and the accompanying content rights may be signed by any compliant device.
As a further optional extension, it is possible to "personalize or domainize" content rights on the domain level. This can be done generally by having compliant devices arranged to refuse to perform the operation if the authorized domain is not identified in the content right. This way, if the content right identifies the "wrong" domain (or no domain at all) the person from the authorized domain cannot exercise it. This approach, however, has some risks, given the possibly enormous amount (tens of millions is possible) of future compliant devices: As one device gets hacked (and is not sufficiently fast revoked) this may be a leak to all content rights in the complete system.
Preferably this personalization/domainization is done by encrypting the content right using an encryption key for which a corresponding decryption key is available to the devices in the authorized domain. The decryption key typically would be available in the identification device. The content provider encrypts a content right with an extra key CREK (Content Right Encryption Key) as follows:
Subsequently this key is encrypted with the public domain key (PDK) available to all domain members in their ID card (the content provider has obtained this key during a buy transaction from the ID-card and therefore can use it). The encrypted CREK will be concatenated with the content right:
If we assume that all identification devices (e.g. smartcards) have the SDK (Private (secret) Domain Key) on board, then after user identification, the protocol for playback may operate as follows:
Playback device sends to user id-device:
The user id-device retrieves CREK by decryption with the SDK and then encrypts CREK with the public key of playback device PK_Playback_device.
Then the user_id device sends to the playback device:
The playback device can now retrieve the CREK and subsequently decrypt the content rights and decrypt the content.
To summarize, in the following two tables the different data elements and their functions are listed. These tables are meant for illustrative purposes only and are not exhaustive. Table 1 lists system functions and corresponding data elements.
Data elements Management function Mechanism Content right Device compliancy Only distribute enforcement content right to compliant devices User right Rights management Only distribute "user rights" to paying users Domain (Authorized) Domain Determine who certificate management belongs to a domain User ID User identification Secure way to identify users
Table 2 lists data elements, their function and contents. Many of these functions are of course optional.
Location Function Management Management Content Global for Indicates Contains May contain right global access the rules signed date revocation Personal in to access field. Used messages for case of the content to distrib- user IDs updatable and contains ute "latest" content content key date to rights to access devices and Domainize for content ID card extra May contain security white list for user rights Usage Global Identifies May contain May contain certif- the user signed new revocation for icate which may date user certificate "use" a/ May contain May contain which con- updated revocation for tent right domain domain (Global or certificates certificate personal), > (will auto- which date matically in content distribute) right etc. Domain Global Identifies Has validity May contain certif- the members date: After revocation for icate of the expiration user certif- family date must be icates updated User cer- In ID Identifies Has validity May contain tificate card user a user; date: After revocation for (Bio- May addi- expiration usage metric tionally ID card certificate data) store other must be data updated.
An example of the best way to implement the invention, as presently contemplated by the inventors, will now be discussed. This implementation of the system uses the SPKI/SDSI framework. See SPKI Certificate Theory (Internet RFC 2693) and Carl Ellison, Improvements on Conventional PKI wisdom, 1st annual PKI Research Workshop, April 2002. Inplementation within the X.509 framework is also considered possible. It is assumed that every entity maintains its own public/private key pair. Public and private keys will be indicated with the symbols PK and SK respectively.
An SPKI name certificate is represented as a 4-tuple (K, A, S, V):
An SPKI authorization certificate is represented as a 5-tuple (K, S, D, T, V):
If the delegation bit is set to true, the subject may further delegate the permission (which is specified in the tag) to other keys and names.
An authorized domain can be formed by letting some central authority issue SPKI name-certificates that bind a person's public key to an official unique identifier (for example, name and address information). An example of such a certificate (in SPKI form) in which 'address authority' AA is providing access to person 'P1': Cert1=SK_AA{(K, A, S, V)} meaning a 4-tuple signed by SK_AA (i.e. the private key of the address authority), where:
Note that for simplicity validation specifications are left out here. They should be chosen in conformance with the revocation and renewability system.
An alternative solution is to just group the PKs of all persons in the authorized domain in a single domain certificate. This has the additional advantage that only one domain certificate is needed. An example of how such a certificate might look like is Cert1b=SK_AA{(K, A, S, V)} meaning a 4-tuple signed by SK_AA (i.e. the private key of the domain authority), where:
Now assume there is a Content Right CR1 that holds the rules and keys that are required to play a certain piece of content. A content owner C01 can authorize person P1 by issuing the following certificate: Cert2=SK_CO1 {(K, S, D, T, V)} with:
In certificate Cert2 the delegation bit D is set to false, which indicates that the user is not allowed to delegate the user right (of content right CR1) to another user. If the delegation bit is set to 'true', then person P1 is allowed to delegate the permission. The total system can be designed so that compliant devices still allow other users within the same (authorized) to use CR1 and play the content item. The delegation bit in this case prevents spreading of rights outside of the authorized domain.
A user obtains access to content via a device. A compliant device will only provide access (decrypt content with the key that is in the Content Right) if the user owns the proper set of certificates. Note that probably the device won't even get a content right if there is no authorized user!
The certificates belonging to a user can be retrieved from any location on the network or stored on the user's smartcard. Content rights may also be stored on the smartcard. This is required for playing content on offline devices. It might be useful to allow content rights to be stored on some trusted proxy of the user that is accessible through the network. This way the user can still retrieve content rights that are not stored on his smart card and are not available elsewhere on the network.
The following list presents some fields in a certificate that might be required (or useful) when implementing the solution. The list only shows fields, other than the standard SPKI certificate fields that were mentioned before:
It should be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments illustrate rather than limit the invention, and that those skilled in the art will be able to design many alternative embodiments without departing from the scope of the appended claims.
In the claims, any reference signs placed between parentheses shall not be construed as limiting the claim. The word "comprising" does not exclude the presence of elements or steps other than those listed in a claim. The word "a" or "an" preceding an element does not exclude the presence of a plurality of such elements. The invention can be implemented by means of hardware comprising several distinct elements, and by means of a suitably programmed computer.
In the device claim enumerating several means, several of these means can be embodied by one and the same item of hardware. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage.
In summary, the invention provides for methods of and devices (D 1) for authorizing an operation requested by a first user (P2) on a content item (C1) in accordance with a user right (UR1). The user right may identify the first user or a second user (P1) and authorizes the user in question to perform the requested operation on the content item. If the user right identifies the second user, the operation is authorized upon receipt of information linking a user right of the first user and the user right of the second user. Preferably the information comprises one or more domain certificates (DC1, DC2) identifying the first and second users as members of the same authorized domain (AD). Preferably a content right (CR1) enabling the operation is used, whereby the user right authorizes the second user to employ the content right.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|14 Jul 1992
|20 Apr 1993
|Digital Equipment Corporation
|Management interface for license management system
|28 Feb 1997
|24 Oct 2000
|Corporation For National Research Initiatives
|System for uniquely and persistently identifying, managing, and tracking digital objects
|13 Feb 1997
|22 May 2001
|Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.
|Electronic document management system
|3 May 2000
|28 Mar 2006
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
|Digital content distribution systems
|27 Jun 2001
|4 Jul 2006
|Microsoft Corporation
|Binding a digital license to a portable device or the like in a digital rights management (DRM) system and checking out/checking in the digital license to/from the portable device or the like
|29 Aug 2001
|24 Oct 2002
|Messerges Thomas S.
|System and method for secure and convenient management of digital electronic content
|31 May 2001
|5 Dec 2002
|Bijan Tadayon
|Method and apparatus for hierarchical assignment of rights to documents and documents having such rights
|30 Apr 2002
|30 Oct 2003
|Microsoft Corporation
|Digital license with referral information
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|23 Feb 2005
|21 Apr 2009
|Sony Corporation
|Information processing apparatus, information processing method, and computer-readable storage medium
|15 Jul 2004
|28 Jul 2009
|Sony Corporation
|System and method for authorizing the use of stored information in an operating system
|22 Sep 2006
|8 Dec 2009
|Microsoft Corporation
|System and method for media-enabled messaging having publish-and-send feature
|2 Mar 2005
|27 Apr 2010
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Apparatus and method for reporting operation state of digital rights management
|22 Aug 2006
|1 Jun 2010
|Novell, Inc.
|System and method for creating a pattern installation by cloning software installed another computer
|19 Jan 2006
|12 Jul 2011
|Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.
|Private and controlled ownership sharing
|19 May 2005
|6 Dec 2011
|Oracle International Corporation
|System for creating a customized software installation on demand
|7 Mar 2008
|24 Jan 2012
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|System and method for wireless communication network having proximity control based on authorization token
|29 Apr 2008
|24 Apr 2012
|Yahoo! Inc.
|Set of metadata for association with a composite media item and tool for creating such set of metadata
|15 Feb 2006
|3 Jul 2012
|Emc Corporation
|Role based access controls
|26 Apr 2005
|10 Jul 2012
|Novell, Inc.
|Fine grained access control for linux services
|7 Jun 2004
|31 Jul 2012
|Intertrust Technologies Corp.
|Interoperable systems and methods for peer-to-peer service orchestration
|26 Apr 2005
|18 Sep 2012
|Novell, Inc.
|Synthesized root privileges
|19 May 2005
|8 Jan 2013
|Novell, Inc.
|System for creating a customized software distribution based on user requirements
|18 Jul 2006
|18 Jun 2013
|Oracle International Corporation
|System and method for creating a customized installation on demand
|7 Apr 2006
|10 Sep 2013
|Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute
|Domain management method and domain context of users and devices based domain system
|25 Dec 2008
|24 Sep 2013
|Nec Corporation
|Access right management system, access right management method, and access right management program
|30 Nov 2007
|3 Dec 2013
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|System and method of providing domain management for content protection and security
|21 May 2008
|31 Dec 2013
|Google Inc.
|Non-blocking of head end initiated revocation and delivery of entitlements non-addressable digital media network
|15 Sep 2006
|4 Feb 2014
|Oracle America, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for issuing rights in a digital rights management system
|7 Mar 2006
|18 Mar 2014
|Novell Intellectual Property Holdings, Inc.
|Light-weight multi-user browser
|18 Oct 2006
|1 Apr 2014
|Intertrust Technologies Corporation
|Digital rights management engine systems and methods
|17 Oct 2006
|13 May 2014
|Thomson Licensing
|Method for etching and secure distribution of digital data, access device and writer
|18 Oct 2006
|8 Jul 2014
|Intertrust Technologies Corporation
|Digital rights management engine systems and methods
|10 Oct 2007
|11 Nov 2014
|Koninklijke Philips N.V.
|License specific authorized domains
|6 Jul 2011
|6 Jan 2015
|Google & Technology Holdings LLC
|Method and apparatus for cross DRM domain registration
|4 Sep 2013
|13 Jan 2015
|Nec Corporation
|Access right management system, access right management method, and access right management program
|7 Jun 2004
|3 Feb 2005
|William Bradley
|Interoperable systems and methods for peer-to-peer service orchestration
|27 Aug 2004
|21 Apr 2005
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Method of authenticating device using certificate, and digital content processing device for performing device authentication using the same
|18 Dec 2003
|23 Jun 2005
|Red Hat, Inc.
|Rights management system
|23 Feb 2005
|8 Sep 2005
|Kazuhiko Takabayashi
|Information-processing apparatus, information-processing method, and computer program
|2 Mar 2005
|8 Sep 2005
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Apparatus and method for reporting operation state of digital rights management
|7 Apr 2004
|13 Oct 2005
|Activcard Inc.
|Security badge arrangement
|15 Jul 2004
|19 Jan 2006
|Sony Corporation
|System and method for authorizing the use of stored information in an operating system
|8 Jun 2005
|28 Dec 2006
|Ogram Mark E
|Internet signature verification system
|15 Sep 2006
|22 Mar 2007
|Fernando Gerard M
|Method and apparatus for issuing rights in a digital rights management system
|3 Oct 2007
|28 Aug 2008
|Salesforce.Com, Inc.
|Method and system for managing license objects to applications in an application platform
|29 Apr 2008
|30 Oct 2008
|Ronald Martinez
|Set of metadata for association with a composite media item and tool for creating such set of metadata
|21 May 2008
|27 Nov 2008
|Widevine Technologies, Inc.
|Non-blocking of head end initiated revocation and delivery of entitlements in a non-addressable digital media network
|17 Oct 2006
|12 Mar 2009
|Jean-Louis Diascorn
|Method for Etching and Secure Distribution of Digital Data, Access Device and Writer
|7 Apr 2006
|17 Sep 2009
|Young Bae Byun
|Domain management method and domain context of users and devices based domain system
|20 Mar 2009
|1 Oct 2009
|Fujitsu Limited
|Information processing apparatus and start-up method
|18 Mar 2010
|Amandeep Jawa
|Managing Sharing of Media Content From a Server Computer to One or More of a Plurality of Client Computers Across the Computer Network
|25 Dec 2008
|4 Nov 2010
|Nec Corporation
|Access right managing system, access right managing method, and access right managing program
|12 Jan 2012
|General Instrument Corporation
|Method And Apparatus For Cross DRM Domain Registration
|4 Sep 2013
|9 Jan 2014
|Nec Corporation
|Access right management system, access right management method, and access right management program
|8 Oct 2013
|9 Apr 2015
|The Platform For Media, Inc.
|Systems And Methods For Entitlement Management
|26 Jun 2013
|6 Feb 2014
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Method of content transaction and apparatus for content transaction
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|19 Apr 2005
Owner name: KONNINKLIJKE PHILIPS ELECTRONICS, N.V., NETHERLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:KAMPERMAN, FRANCISCUS LUCAS ANTONIUS JOHANNES;SCHRIJEN, GEERT JAN;REEL/FRAME:017106/0529
Effective date: 20040524


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Related Category (3)
Manufacturing Area
Category: Jade gemstones
... ts. 2. The natural jade will bring you happiness, luckiness, good health and dignity in the life and career. 3. It is gem stone and can be gorgeous gift for you and your friends. 4. Every piece is ...
Category: Arts and Crafts of Marble/Stone/Onyx/Jade
The Onyx and jade always used for luxury hotel or villa etc. If a room decored with beautiful jade or onyx stone, the beautiful blinked light will pass through the transparent stone and make the room ...Keyword : green jade
Category: Jade Jewelry
... ransparency: Hydra, jade is exquisite [ Magnificat ]: woven fiber amplification inspection [ O.C ] structure light: heterogeneous aggregates [ index ]: refractive index Refractive ( 1.66 point ) ... Keyword : color ]: Colour old pit [ TP.I ] a transparency | Hydra, jade is exquisite
Fine Quality green oil jade Pendant. The stone was hand cut and polished to a fine finish, it also has a very good translucent quality. http://www.forjader.comKeyword : jade pendant | jade buddha | natural jade | fashion jade | jade
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... mestone,basalt,onyx jade,natural stone etc. 2)Color:White,Red,Yellow,Grey,Black,Pink,Blue,Beige,White-grey,green etc. 3)Surface finish:honed,polished,bush-hammered,picked,flamed,grinded,chiselled,tu ...
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Green tea jade bud prevents obesity by stopping the movement of glucose in fat cells.If you are on a healthy diet, exercise regularly and drink green tea, it is unlikely youll be obese. it improves li ...Keyword : jade bud
We have large selection of vases, cremation urns for funeral made of granite, marbles, jade Please visit our stone website for more. Or talk to us online
We can supply you the coated blank stone,they are sublimation which can heat transfer your any photo on the stone,The price is very competitive.We have many desigh you can choose.Beside,we also can p ...
1. Different designs, colors, sizes, and materials are available 2. Not only for decorative use but also for practical use. 3. Other decorations such as animal, fountain, lantern and stone table are ...
Wide range of porhyry colors
acrylic solid surface stone
Product details: 1、Place of Origin : Hebei China 2、 Brand Name: JSBS 3、 Materials: Granite & Marble 4、 Color: Grey, Yellow, Green, coffee ...
Russian tombstone,headstone,gravestone,monument-Russian classical Style Russian tombstone(headstone,gravestone,monument)-Russian classical Style ------9 years quality assurance------ ------Lots o ...
Material: China Black Granite Size: acc. to your request Finished: Polished Welcome you contact with us. firstname.lastname@example.com
Category: Semiprecious Stones (Crystals, Quartz, Amethyst, etc.)
jade-The Philistines sapphire,high quality & reasonable price precious stone,best service natural stone,delivery on timeKeyword : Jade | jade slab
We can offer many kinds of products :Chimineas, firepit, fireplaces, BBQs, stoves, gas burners, gas burner valves, flower urns, fountains, lamps, statues, hand pumps, garden furniture, fence and gates ...
Category: Massage Chairs/Cushions/Beds
jade massage bed with MP3 Model No:005-FM Product size: 195*52*62(CM) SPECIFICATIONS 1.With five jade rollers and termal material on the back. 2.With four jade rollers on the leg. ...Keyword : Jade massage bed
-Handmade completely -Natural semi precious stone -Easy Install

subset: commoncrawl


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Easy to learn and irresistibly fun, Gobblet Gobblers is the perfect first strategy game for kids. Like Tic-Tac-Toe, you have to line up three of your Gobblers in a row to win. The adorable little Gobblers are hungry for fun…and other Gobblers! Put on your thinking cap to outmaneuver your opponent and win the game. Includes 12 Gobblers and a wooden grid.
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my grandkids, age 3 & 5, loved this game, played wtih it more than I expected.Published 16 days ago by DJW
Great, fun, family game! My 5-year old played it last year when we were visiting someone and hadn't stopped asking for it. Easy to pack for travel too.Published 23 days ago by ksquared
Amazingly tricky for such a simple premise. Love playing with all ages. Great "quick" game for anytime.Published 2 months ago by R. Suarez


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The leading outdoor design magazine!
- Established in 1985
- Quarterly, ad-free, and "book-like"
- Rich garden photography, collector worthy
- Plant-rich, idea-filled gardens
- Local ideas: plants, furnishings, decor
- Plant, design, product, and travel advice
Landscape designer Stephen Suzman likes the groundcover species Senecio mandraliscae for its fast growth and distinctive chalky-blue fleshy foliage. A native of South Africa, it grows 12 to 18 inches tall with masses of 3- to 4-inch pencil-like leaves. For more, visit Great Garden Plants.
Often called pork and beans or jellybean plant, Sedum x rubrotinctum is a 6- to 8-inch low-mounding groundcover with fat little leaves that go from bright green to red. Suzman calls it "very easy and reliable." The glowing hues of Sedum rupestre 'Angelina' have made it a must-have for containers and perennial borders, with needlelike chartreuse to bright-gold leaves usually tipped with orange. greatgardenplants.com
For unusual muted shades, landscape designer Stephen Suzman likes to use Echeveria 'Afterglow' (powdery pinkish lavender) and E. 'Perle von Nürnberg', pictured (grayish brown with a pinkish mauve tinge). Both form rosettes of overlapping leaves, 1 foot across for 'Afterglow', 5 to 6 inches for 'Perle von Nürnberg'. provenwinners.com
A long bloomer, from midsummer through September, 2- to 3-foot Agastache 'Black Adder' "has the always-pleasant lavender-purple color that goes so well 'out East.'" A magnet for butterflies and other nectar-seeking insects, the foliage and flowers also release a minty fragrance when brushed against.
Named for its graceful clumps of narrow foliage and nodding bottlebrush-like flowers, Pennisetum alopecuroides is "a true four-season grass that brings the feeling of the waterfront right into the garden. It catches the wind and nods its foxtail flowerheads into pools seemingly for a drink."
A cultivar of a native switchgrass that is perfect for wet conditions and full sun, Panicum virgatum 'Warrior' has airy heads of reddish flowers in late summer and is relatively short for switchgrass — less than 4 feet tall. It makes an ideal see-through plant for screening without blocking the view.
With its ample sprays of small, fragrant white blossoms and lustrous dark-green foliage, Clematis terniflora (also called virgin's bower) is "a beautiful cascading vine that grows fast and blooms in August when all the Hamptonites are in their gardens." If it gets out of bounds, it can take a hard pruning and will easily rebound.


text:
Jist Zombie Skinny Jeans
(approx. $51.23 or €46.40)
- In Stock
- Usually Ships in 1-2 Days
- UK & Worldwide Delivery
- Product Type: Jeans
- Product Code: 51231
- Size: Waist 26"
Embrace the zombie apocalypse with these gorgeous Jist jeans which are covered with zombie hand prints and eyeballs. With two cheeky hands on the back, these zombie jeans will get you noticed even in the midst of disaster. Officially licensed.


text:
Reach a Wide Audience, Speak on a Personal Level.
Animation brings images and concepts to life like nothing else can. An animation can help your business explain difficult or sensitive concepts in an engaging and digestible way.
If you've got something to explain, but feel your message is getting lost Explainer Videos could be the answer. Fun and engaging, Explainer Videos give you the ability to craft a message into an eye catching and exciting video.
If you find yourself spending a lot of time explaining processes then our Screen Capture Videos are for you.
Screen capture videos are a great way to consolidate user guides and manuals into easy to follow video content.
"We go to Michael Stiff for creative marketing content. He works with us to develop our ideas and aims."
"Michael Stiff Animation and Design are my go to for digital animation. The quality of work is excellent, his attention to detail fantastic."
"Michael Stiff animation and Design always delivers pinpointing exactly what we need and create expert design and animation to take our business to the next level."
Solar Farm Cleaning Website
Solar Farm Cleaning was in need of a website. They needed very important and specific information about solar farm cleaning.
The website had to be accessible, user friendly and easy to run & maintain.
I worked […]
Parking For Free App Animation
Animation, Motion Graphics
An excerpt animation explaining the key functions of an App. A video is a great way to explain your product and it's functionality. Get Key information across as well as highlight the benefits of […]
ScreenSolve Video Explainer
Animation, Motion Graphics
I am launching a product line called ScreenSolve Videos. It's an exciting new venture and a great tool for business to educate their users in a quick and cost effective way. I created this explainer video to give people an overview of the product and the process. If you would like a video like this to explain a new product you want to promote. Please get in touch.


text:
Origin : Nicaragua
Format : Robusto
Size : 5.70″ x 50
Wrapper : Nicaraguan Habano
Filler : Esteli Ligero, Condega Ligero, Jalapa Ligero, and a small amount of "other tobaccos"
Binder : Nicaraguan
Price : $7 each
More info about purchasing Cain Habano cigars...
Cain – Straight Ligero. For those who know what Ligero is, you are probably thinking "damn". Ligero is the highest priming of tobacco on the plant. These are the leaves at the top of the plant that get the most exposure to direct sunlight and the elements. Ligero tobacco is the thickest leaves and the strongest in terms of nicotine. It is also generally considered the most robust in terms of flavor. Most cigars only use a small percentage of ligero tobacco blended leaves from other primings on the plant. The blending of the different leaves is done to produce specific flavors that the blender wants as well as to give the cigar balance in flavor, strength and construction. Now the Cain is not really 100% ligero. It is actually around 82% or 84% (I have heard both numbers bandied around) ligero. This is still way more ligero than is typically found in a cigar, but the addition of the non-ligero tobacco is done for construction and combustion reasons. Ligero is the thickest leaf and as such is the slowest burning and hardest to keep lit. The other tobacco used helps to balance things out a bit to allow the cigar to burn properly. All that ligero still affects the burn though. This cigar burns awfully slow but more on that later.


text:
About This Book
- Dive into 2D game development with no previous experience
- Learn how to use the new Unity 2D toolset
- Create and deploy your very own 2D game with confidence.
Register for an account and access leading-edge content on emerging technologies.
Gain expertise in processing and storing data by using advanced techniques with Apache Spark
Pebble Watch Development with Pebble.js
Pebble is a smartwatch that pairs with both Android and iPhone devices via Bluetooth. From the beginning Pebble team embraced the Developer community which resulted in powerful SDK. Although a primary language for apps development is C, there is a room for JavaScript developers as well, and this post will show you how to use JavaScript.
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If you are interested in creating your very own 2D games from scratch, then this book will give you all the tools you need to succeed. Whether you are completely new to Unity or have used Unity before and would like to learn about the new 2D features of Unity, this book is for you.
If you are looking for a guide to create 2D games using Unity, look no further. With this book, you will learn all the essentials of 2D game development by creating five real-world games in a step-by-step manner throughout the course of this book.
Starting with a blank scene, you will learn all about the new Unity 2D toolset, which will enable you to bring your scene to life. You will create characters, make them move, create some enemies, and then write code to destroy them. After figuring out all the necessities of creating a game, this book will then assist you in making several different games: games with collision, parallax scrolling, Box2D, and more.
By the end of this book, you will not only have created several small games, but you will also have the opportunity to put all your new-found knowledge into creating and deploying a larger, full game.
Venita Pereira is hugely passionate about games having grown up on games since she was 7 years old. She is a games connoisseur who enjoys all types of games—no game is too big or too small—and a technology geek who enjoys all things technical. She studied at the University of Pretoria and holds a Bachelor's degree in Information Science, specializing in Multimedia, and over 7 years' experience working in the gaming industry. She has worked on all platforms, including console, PC, and mobile, on a wide range of genres.
Venita Pereira has worked for some of the biggest AAA companies, namely, Climax, Team17 Digital Ltd., Ideaworks3D, Jagex, SEGA, and Full Fat and for some of the biggest publishers: Activision, Square Enix, EA, and Hasbro.
Her softography includes Sonic Dash, Sonic Jump, Stellar Dawn MMO, Transformers: Dark of the Moon, King of the Course Golf, Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light, Alien Breed Trilogy, Leisure Suit Larry: Box Office Bust, and Elveon.


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90s Throwback: That's the Way Love Goes – Janet Jackson
I personally am in LOVE with Ms. Janet Jackson. I am just as loyal to her as I am to Michael. This is my FAVORITE record by her. I play this a minimum of 10x a wk. Much respect goes to her. Here's JJ w/ That's the Way Love Goes.
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You'll also get a sneak peek of everything coming for the next month!


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It took hundreds of millions of years for petroleum to form on Earth. It took just 150 years for human beings to bleed the planet of roughly half of this oil.
Arresting in its honesty and erudition, CRUDE IMPACT examines the catastrophic prospect of ''world peak oil'' - or the point in time when the quantity of petroleum extracted from the earth begins to irreversibly decline. The film illuminates a vicious cycle of escalating dependency and need, as well as the behaviors and patterns fueling this cycle, such as consumer fetishism and the myth of endless supply, the tremendous rise in population, and the demands of many more quickly-industrializing nations. It also surveys the devastating and far-reaching effects of the rampant pursuit of oil, including increasingly aggressive political turmoil, irreparable ecological damage, economic turbulence, and gross human rights violations.
Elegantly weaving together an alarmingly accelerating pattern of consumption and depletion, the award-winning CRUDE IMPACT reveals a frighteningly dark future that can only be averted by becoming informed, spreading awareness, and revolutionizing the way we think and live.
DVD Features: Over an hour of additional interviews on globalization, 9/11, alternative fuels and more.
Packed with abundant evidence and persuasive speakers, Crude Impact sounds the alarm over world peak oil. Once extraction of this non-renewable resource passes the tipping point, the biosphere and global economy could collapse (author Thom Hartmann claims it's already happened). James Jandak Wood offers a thorough take on the crisis, incorporating factors such as the transition from agrarian to industrial societies, the switch from coal to oil, rapid population growth, and human rights abuses. Though his interview subjects, mostly authors and attorneys, concentrate on the U.S., several cite China's rising consumption rates as a serious concern. States author Michael Economides, "China has gone berserk in its energy demand." Wood also shines a light on Ecuador and Nigeria, oil-producing nations where poverty, pollution, and disease run rampant, leading to the execution of protesters like Ken Saro-Wiwa, who spoke out against the actions of Shell Oil in Africa. As in the documentary King Corn, the director concludes that our oil addiction is hastening our demise (just as our over-reliance on corn-filled products has reached critical mass). Though Crude Impact covers some of the same ground as Who Killed the Electric Car? and A Crude Awakening, all released within the same year, his point bears repeating since the problem persists. The repetitive score serves as a mild soporific, but time-lapse photography, eye-catching graphics, and clips from vintage ads, cartoons, and comedies liven up the grim scenario. Well organized bonus interviews, along with a few funny outtakes, add further value. --Kathleen C. Fennessy
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I don't think that this topic has been properly understood by some reviewers. Let me make this very clear: it is impossible to speak meaningfully of Peak Oil or the End of Cheap... Read morePublished on September 12, 2011 by Mr. Peter M. Bradley
Overall I think this dvd just portrays one side of the story, Im not an oil industry fan but objectively I consider this dvd to be somewhat partial on the matter.Published on August 30, 2010 by Carlos Alcantara
It is impossible to see this film and not begin to rethink the way we live. Crude Impact deal with one of the most critically important issues of our time. Read morePublished on June 11, 2009 by Kay Sandberg
I am glad to see this documentary available and hope many people will watch this film and feel its effects. Read morePublished on April 14, 2009 by K. Nelson
An interesting, informative and entertaining film that commanded my attention throughout its viewing. Read morePublished on April 10, 2009 by MEF
This is a very important film. The media has yet to fully embrace the reality of what this story reveals, mostly because the media is energy illiterate. Read morePublished on April 9, 2009 by NewWestRadical


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David Wright still leads ASG voting, Murphy way behind
David Wright has just two hits in his last 49 plate appearances, but continues to lead the NL All-Star voting at the third base, according to results provided by MLB.
Giants 3B Pablo Sandoval is closing the gap, with Wright now leading by less than 100,000 votes.
Daniel Murphy continues to lag in the vote for second base, trailing first-place by more than 1,000,000 votes.


text:
Liverpool v Chelsea - Premier League
Chelsea's Nigerian midfielder John Mikel Obi vies with Liverpool's... Photo d'actualitéAnfield Stadium,Angleterre,Championnat d'Angleterre,Chelsea FC,Club de football,Compétition,FC Liverpool,Football,Jordan Henderson,Joueur de football,Match - Sport,Merseyside,Mikel John Obi,Milieu de terrain,Nigeria,Nord-Ouest de l'Angleterre,Royaume-Uni,Sport,Stade,VerticalPhotographer ANDREW YATESCollection: AFP 2013 AFPChelsea's Nigerian midfielder John Mikel Obi (R) vies with Liverpool's English midfielder Jordan Henderson (L) during the English Premier League football match between Liverpool and Chelsea at the Anfield stadium in Liverpool, northwest England, on April 21, 2013. AFP PHOTO / ANDREW YATES RESTRICTED TO EDITORIAL USE. No use with unauthorized audio, video, data, fixture lists, club/league logos or "live" services. Online in-match use limited to 45 images, no video emulation. No use in betting, games or single club/league/player publications. (Photo credit should read ANDREW YATES/AFP/Getty Images)


text:
trimas corp (TRS:NASDAQ GS)
Last $18.56 USD
Change Today -0.94 / -4.82%
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Published on Feb 14, 2012
Roy Cohen, Wall Street's Career Counselor, joins me at my 4 Days to a Better Job: The 2012 Financial C
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Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later.
Clipping is a handy way to collect and organize the most important slides from a presentation. You can keep your great finds in clipboards organized around topics.


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Congo Natty at The Forum in October
Here's a taste of what's in store when the jungle godfather touches down in London next month. Rebel MC is joined by Mala, Dillinja and Mungos Hi Fi - tickets available from Soundcrash.
Read More
We told you that Congo Natty aka Rebel MC was more than a legend, and now it's time to prove it. For your listening pleasure the one and only Uncle Dugs (Rinse FM) has compiled a mix that takes the listener all the way through Mikail Tafari's career, from the early Rebel MC & Double Trouble days right up to the last few years. Seventy eight minutes charting the birth and development of Jungle, the mix works as a perfect taster for the forthcoming Congo Natty opus, Jungle Revolution.
With the buzz around first single"UK Allstars" still very much in the air and a record to follow which delivers on Tafari's reputation as a pioneer, a fearless social commentator and a righteous Rastaman, this potted history of his career should be the perfect taster. Get it now before we take it down again - the wickedest sound!
Here's a taste of what's in store when the jungle godfather touches down in London next month. Rebel MC is joined by Mala, Dillinja and Mungos Hi Fi - tickets available from Soundcrash.
Read More
Bonobo, Kelis, Mr. Scruff, Machinedrum, Toddla T, Congo Natty, Kate Tempest and Young Fathers will all perform at this year's festival, plus we have news of a specially curated programme in collaboration with Greenpeace. Full info below the drop.Read More
We have set times for Congo Natty, Kate Tempest and Young Fathers making their way across Glastonbury this year from Thursday 26 - Sunday 29 June.Read More
This October Congo Natty lands in London for a Soundcrash takeover alongside Digital Mystikz's co-founder Mala, Dillinja & Mungsos Hi Fi. Tickets & info here.Read More
We're pleased to announce label stalwart Bonobo will headline a warehouse party in Los Angeles on November 21 as part of the Ninja Tune 25 event series this autumn - Tickets / Facebook Event
Read More
Iranian producer Ash Koosha is our guest in Hour 1, whilst we welcome Reckonwrong in hour 2, who's EP on Young Turks' Whities imprint is out later this month.
Read More
Barely taking a breath from their We are all Migrants European tour, Young Fathers will provide support for UK giants Massive Attack on their Spring 2016 run of dates.
Read More
British producer Iglooghost steps up to Flying Lotus' Brainfeeder imprint with Gold Coat feat. Cuushe lifted off the Chinese Nü Yr EP out 30 October.
Read More
Get Ready VIP
Congo Natty feat. Nanci Correia, Daddy Freddy & Phoebe "Irondread" Hibbert
© 2015 Ninja Tune


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Avery The 703 Releases EVERYTHING LOUD Mixtape
Hip-hop artist Avery The 703 has released the "Everything Loud" mixtape. The 17 track project, presented by Coast 2 Coast Mixtape Promotion, is now available for download. The mixtape features Avery with appearances by Debo, Jayy Tu-Wise, Frank Kush, Frank Boy, Southside, Kevin Dwayne, and Killa B.
Avery was born in California, but now resides in the D.C./Virginia area. Inspired by Drake, Lil Wayne, Mac Miller and Wiz Khalifa he strives to make music that reflects their modern sound. To date, he has released several mixtapes and performed in front of both local and international audiences.
By working with the promotional team at Coast 2 Coast Mixtapes, Avery has gained international attention. Within the next five years, he plans to finish his Business Degree. He also plans to develop his brand of clothing and apparel line that will be promoted through his music projects.
"Everything Loud" was created to give old and new fans a taste of Avery's lyrical ability. Keep up with all updates by visiting his website.
Coast 2 Coast Mixtapes are the most widely distributed mixtapes in the world, with over 100 million downloads/plays generated by over 200 Volumes officially hosted by major artists. Coast 2 Coast has a solid reach in the new music industry with a digital magazine, DJ coalition, industry tips blog, yearly convention, and more. Coast 2 Coast Mixtapes represents a unique opportunity for artists of all urban genres, from major to indie. For more information, visit http://www.coast2coastmixtapes.com.
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Lew to meet with Europe finance leaders next week
The Treasury Department said Friday that Lew will meet with European Council President Herman Van Rompuy and other European Union officials in Brussels on April 8. He will then fly to Frankfurt for a meeting that day with Mario Draghi, the president of the European Central Bank.
On April 9, Lew will travel to Berlin for talks with German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schaeuble and then to Paris to meet with French Finance Minister Pierre Moscovici.
Treasury said in a statement Lew would be discussing economic developments in Europe and ways to promote financial stability.
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It all depends on which variety you are growing.......I prune atro purpurea types in autumn simply to keep in bounds. Nana, for example, gets a haircut to maintain a compact mound. Others are pruned back by half, or to the base...according to variety and desired size. Helmond pillar is not pruned at all. However, all respond well to pruning. All are deciduous
The purple varieties for me are grown simply for their foliage colour....berries,,flowers not required
Some rain today. Not much but it was a signal that this wonderful summer is over.
Just watched a buffoon on newsnight. Watching Boris Johnson yet again waffle, blulster and generally being a very silly fellow is quite alarming. He could very well be our prime minister ....how on earth are people so easily taken in by this man?
For me alstromeria needs to ne placed carefully. I had some very good new varieties that flowered beautifully for 6 months then went dormant in midsummer creating a big space. Of course, they did spread.
I dug up every Alstromeria and kept one variety. I replanted in a more easily,isolated spot and I comtrol any spreading
Anyway, I found digging to be effective. No problems with regrowth in unwanted spaces. So, Naomi, I would continue with glyphosate but use a stronger mix.....these are available. Persistence during the entire growing season........spray all new growth seen.
Can you move valued perennials in that area? To lift and remove all traces of alstromeria roots amongst them. To continue digging thoroughly throughout the site over autumn and winter then glyphosate in the spring. I think you will win.
Elderly parents seems a common worry for many of us
Saw mum,last night. It was very sad. The home has lost her hearing aid...my mum was scared. I demanded the home find it, rang at 1.30 in the morniNg to rally the night staff and again a few minutes ago but still the Aid is missing. The home is awful. Will complain vigorously this morning to powers that be. Very frustrating all round...and I am angry.
All this talk of colds, even flu, is disconcerting. Don't want any of that ...it's still summer
Hope everyone has good day
Novice, you don't say if they are tender or hardy shrubs. Any labels? Newly planted this year?
Living in a mild area, I cut hardy fuschias down in autumn. tender varieties will be dug up, straggly roots trimmed,,tops cut back, potted up and placed in greenhouse. Cuttings taken now.
Never lost a hardy fuschia because of being cut back in autumn. However, you could reduce their size by half now and prune hard in spring
A programme about bamboos was featured on GW where an expert grew several varieties . He admitted to being unable to control some of them. One especially had travelled from his,property under a road and into adjacent land. he spoke with some surprise?
I have no doubt that bamboos will become the jap knotweed of many gardens .....sooner or later. They may cause immediate problems or cause issues when deciding to move. They have a reputation for,good reason . I think some have become complacent about their bamboos preferring not to face the reality of the triffid in their gardens...........
Matty Tasman Tiger is best not flowering in my opinion. I remove would be flowering stems .......makes for better foliage colour and more compact plant.
Much the same as Mattbeer. If I dig them up I tend to leave,them unpotted until spring in the GH then pot up in large pots or plant out.
I have tried several bamboos over,the years including a large clump that was here before I came . All of them invaded.
Being aware of their invasiveness, I kept an eye on a couple of varieties planted prob 8 years ago. At the end of their second summer I found roots emerging a metre or more from their original site. It was worse in an area of very good, moist soil. I had to remove several perennials to thoroughly trace and remove bamboo roots.
For me, bamboos will never be planted. However, I'm aware of a host of opposite opinions saying how well behaved their bamboos are,,how some varieties are absolutely "safe" and how lovely they are.


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Posts Tagged 'Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Ratings'
April 7th, 2014 at 9:19 am
ABC to Air Back-to-Back Episodes of 'Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.' Tuesday April 15
All New Episode to Air at 9:00 p.m., ET Following a Special Encore[Read-More]
April 6th, 2014 at 9:05 am
TV Ratings Saturday: 'Dateline', 'Nightline Prime' & '20/20' Up, '48 Hours' Steady, 'Rake' Finale Hit Low
NBC was number one with adults 18-49 and with total viewers.[Read-More]
April 2nd, 2014 at 2:35 pm
Tuesday Final Ratings: 'Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D', 'The Voice' & 'NCIS' Adjusted Up; 'About A Boy' & 'Growing Up Fisher' Adjusted Down
Tuesday's final broadcast primetime TV ratings.[Read-More]
April 2nd, 2014 at 8:55 am
'Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.' Returns at Number 1 With Men 18-34
On its first original telecast in 3 weeks (since 3/11/14), ABC's Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. returned to more than doubled the delivery[Read-More]
April 2nd, 2014 at 8:33 am
TV Ratings Tuesday: 'The Mindy Project' Returns Down, 'Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D', 'Glee' & 'The Voice' Hit Lows, 'About A Boy' Up
CBS was the number one network in adults 18-49 and with total viewers.[Read-More]
March 31st, 2014 at 10:55 am
Live +7 Ratings: ABC Delivers the Week's Top 5 Biggest Broadcast Drama Gainers in TV Playback in Adults 18-49
ABC claimed 6 of the week's 10 biggest broadcast gainers in TV playback among Adults 18-49[Read-More]
March 31st, 2014 at 10:36 am
Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' Has Biggest 18-49 Ratings & Viewership Gains, 'Beauty and the Beast' Tops Percentage Gains in Week 25
The Big Bang Theory topped the rankings for the week's DVR viewing adults 18-49 ratings added[Read-More]
March 26th, 2014 at 1:46 pm
Tuesday Final Ratings: 'The Voice', 'Mind Games' & 'Supernatural' Adjusted Up
Tuesday's final broadcast primetime TV ratings.[Read-More]


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Longer laptop battery life? This is Microsoft's answer to the age-old problem
Microsoft researchers have built prototype mobile devices with several batteries and a new software layer to extend battery life.
Microsoft researchers have built prototype mobile devices with several batteries and a new software layer to extend battery life.
This week in Windows Mobile we saw two new flagship phones we weren't supposed to see, saw a deal between Microsoft and Asus for patents and app bundling, and the Insider Program turned one.
Microsoft is making available in limited preview its promised next-generation sync client for OneDrive, along with OneDrive for Business updates for iOS and Android.
This week in Windows Mobile came word of a bad Insider build that bricks some phones, Cortana is coming to Cyanogen, and that Microsoft is focused on flagship phones.
Microsoft hopes both businesses and loyal fans will adopt Windows 10 on phones; businesses might be the better bet.
Microsoft and Salesforce are continuing to integrate more Office products with Salesforce's CRM apps. Salesforce's Windows 10 mobile app is due next year.
Microsoft has released Windows 10 Mobile Build 10536, its first new Windows 10 Mobile test build in over a month, to Fast Ring testers.
Inadvertently or not, Microsoft has made available to Windows 10 Mobile testers preview versions of its coming Skype messaging and video apps.
Microsoft recently announced major personnel reductions in the mobile division, while stating it was focused on bringing new flagships. Leaked images show a couple possible new devices.
As Microsoft cuts jobs in its mobile divisions, the company has released two new internet-connected Series 30 phones aimed at first-time buyers.
Own a Lumia smartphone and eager to be the first to get the Windows 10 Mobile upgrade when it lands later this year? Microsoft has announced which Lumia devices will be the first to get offered the upgrade.
China based Huawei took the third spot for global handset shipments in the second quarter as Microsoft continues to fall down the list.
Microsoft's rethink on its mobile strategy will have major consequences.
Microsoft CEO talks about his thinking around product differentiation and being ahead of the curve in this Q&A with Microsoft watcher Mary Jo Foley.
Microsoft is rolling out a new Windows 10 Mobile test build, version 10166, a day after rolling out a new Windows 10 test release for PCs.
This week in Windows Phone we saw screenshots leak for a new build of Windows 10 Mobile, Microsoft to make a push in India, and an app to move data from Android to Windows Phone.
The first Windows 10 Mobile preview to include the Microsoft 'Edge' browser branding, Build 10149, is available to testers.
Microsoft is adding to its Enterprise Mobility Suite subscription bundle technology it acquired last year when it bought cybersecurity startup Aorato.
This week in the Windows Phone world saw a major shuffling of Microsoft execs and divisions, a report claims Windows Phone security is very clean, and a new version of Windows 10 Mobile rolled out.
Microsoft is turning on new management capabilities for Outlook for iOS and Android with its Intune mobile-device-management service.
Classic Steve Jobs disses you can put on your next resignation letter
For privacy and security, change these iOS 9 settings immediately
Windows 10
Surface Book: Microsoft's first laptop, coming October 26 starting at $1,499
Windows 10
What to expect on Windows 10 front at Microsoft's new devices launch


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Company Overview of Echo360, Incorporated
BOARD MEMBERS AFFILIATED WITH Frederick G. I. Singer BA, B.Comm., LL.B., MA, MBA*
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1996 Volkswagen Jetta • 20,000 miles
I have 96 jetta w/200k miles needs $2000 worth of various repairs. Air conditioning, lots of misc. Stuff, not engine ot trans. Do you think this makes sense?
September 7, 2012.
September 7, 2012.
A car of this age and mileage would not come trouble free, or least it won't be long before it requires repairs etc so you have to be prepared for those if you want to buy it.
Then again, how much can you expect from a 2k car?
Then again, how much can you expect from a 2k car?
Sep 7, 2012.
Sep 7, 2012.
When i start my truck i hear and ticking noise and it does NOT go away after it warms up or it does not go away at all. When i accelerate the ticking noise gets faster and when im ...
5 answers • 2010 Chevrolet Suburban • 143,000 miles
I am replacing my engine in my 2003 Hyundai Tiburon. It is a 4 cylinder vehicle, but all the engines I am able to find are 6 cylinder engines. Is it possible to replace a the 4 cylinder...
1 answer • 2003 Hyundai Tiburon • 132,000 miles
If i took out my 91 toyota carolla engine what other cars would it be compatible with?
4 answers • 1991 Toyota Corolla
1990 Toyota Camry mileage: 150,000. 1. The oil warning light is on. 2. There are four quarts of oil in the car. 3. The oil filter is dry. 4. The engine sounds rough. 5. There is noise ...
3 answers • 1990 Toyota Camry • 150,000 miles


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Tommy Armour Hybrid Headcover
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Product Details
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- Made in China
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Video Game: Insurgency
Insurgency is a 2007 freeware total conversion Source mod featuring realistic gun mechanics and teamwork-based gameplay set between a conventional army against partisans. The Steam release of the mod is titled Insurgency: Modern Infantry Combat. Developed by InterWave Studios, a commercial version released as Insurgency was later made by New World Interactive (with many of the mod's original developers) using the Portal 2 Source engine, on January 22nd, 2014.You can download the mod from Steam here. (Source Engine game required, see the list here) The commercial version's website is here.
This series provides examples of:
- Truth in Television: Nearly everything.
- Armor-Piercing Attack: Your gun can use armor-piercing ammunition in commercial Insurgency if you pay supply for it. Inversely, you can use your supply on hollowpoint anti-personnel ammunition to be more lethal when striking unarmored areas on your target's body or an unarmored target.
- Armor Is Useless: Averted as you can use light and heavy armor which may slow your movement but will greatly aid your survivability as long as they actually hit you in your armored chest and torso, though armor-piercing ammunition can make it less effective and will completely go through light armor.
- Blinded by the Light: Flashbangs and flashlight attachments are available in commercial Insurgency
- Infinite Flashlight: The flashlight weapon attachment.
- Night-Vision Goggles: Using it for the first minute or so makes everything extremely bright until it darkens (which simulates your eyes adjusting).
- Boring Yet Practical: A generalist rifle is available for all classes and both sides in commercial Insurgency, with the noticeable bonus of minimalist cost (1 for Security, 0 for Insurgents).
- Break Out the Museum Piece: At least one weapon per game is much older than the rest, namely the L42A1 sniper rifle in the mod, or a few WW2 guns for the Insurgents team in the retail game.
- Concealment Equals Cover: Averted Trope, the distinction between the words is even pointed out in the game's tutorial while explaining not everything will stop bullets. Armor-piercing ammo goes through cover better than normal ammunition, hollow-point ammo is worse at it than the basic.
- Every Bullet Is a Tracer: Averted Trope since tracer ammo does not fire tracers with every shot and players can easily elect to use non-tracer ammo that doesn't fire them.
- Gun Accessories: In both games, though expanded greatly in the commercial game. In the first, the only accessories were foregrips, sights, and grenade launchers on a few rifles (also,only one attachment can be used, more than one cannot be used at the same time). In the second, every weapon can be modified with different ammunition types, sights (including laser sights ),scopes,suppressors, or heavier barrels.
- Hollywood Silencer: Averted, bots in co-op and players can hear the suppressor from a distance.
- Emergency Weapon: The Beretta M9 and Makarov PM sidearms in the commercial game are mentioned to be along these lines by the training instructor, though carrying one is up to the player. All players also automatically have a knife for this purpose... outside of Cherry Tapping someone they completely blindsided.
- Friend or Foe: Friendly fire can be on or off depending on the server for retail Insurgency. Oh, and try to not point your flashlight at your own allies. Markers appear for you to see your allies' positions, but are not on at all times and do not appear immediately from when they are not currently marking an ally you're seeing...
- Private Military Contractors: The Security team of the commercial Insurgency is stated to have contracts in the mission, leaving the implications of what sort of combatants they are fairly clear.
- Trick Bullet: Commercial Insurgency allows players load their gun with team-colored tracer rounds that become more common as they run low (red for Security, green for Insurgents) at no supply cost, allowing them to easily point out what they're shooting at to allies and let them get an approximation of their magazine's current ammo count at the cost of making it easier for enemies to pick out where they're shooting from and also giving them an approximation of their magazine's current ammo count.
- Molotov Cocktail: An explosive weapon available to the Insurgent team, added in the aptly-named "Molotov Spring" update. It has a counterpart in the incendiary grenade used by the Security team.
- Smoke Out: Commercial Insurgency has smoke grenades available for a supply point to be thrown for concealing your team's movement and blinding enemy positions.
- One Bullet Clips: Averted, the amount of ammo in a mag is remembered when you reload and reloading mid-mag and from empty mag differ (which is realistic).
- Enemy Chatter: The Insurgent Forces bots in the co-op modes do this.
- Translation Convention: The Insurgent Forces always speak accented English, regardless of which team you're on.
- Man of a Thousand Voices: Michael Tsarouhas is the voice actor for every character in the game.