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It's safe to say this one's over - 0 Comments
The Red Sox just exploded for an eight-run fifth that makes the rest of this afternoon's series finale an academic exercise. It's 14-1 and the Sox have already lifted Carl Crawford, who went 3 for 4 with three doubles and three RBIs.
The Sox sent 13 batters to the plate in the fifth, with the final five runs coming after two were out. Jacoby Ellsbury, Crawford, and Adrian Gonzalez each stroked RBI doubles during the uprising.

subset: commoncrawl


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Written by YURI KAGEYAMA, AP Business Writer
TOKYO (AP) — Global stock markets bounced higher Monday after Greece and its European creditors agreed on a bailout deal, substantially reducing the uncertainty about Greece's future in the euro common currency.
Last Updated on Monday, 13 July 2015
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Written by PETER PRENGAMAN, Associated Press NICOLE WINFIELD, Associated Press
ASUNCION, Paraguay (AP) — On his weeklong swing through South America, Pope Francis burnished his credentials as a new kind of pontiff, issuing a searing apology to indigenous people for church crimes more than a half millennium old and even making a pit stop at a Burger King to change clothes and freshen up before celebrating Mass.
Last Updated on Monday, 13 July 2015
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Written by THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
FORT WORTH, Texas (AP) — A blind alligator stretching more than 10 feet has been removed from the Trinity River in a park near downtown Fort Worth and taken to a refuge.
Last Updated on Monday, 13 July 2015
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Written by SINAN SALAHEDDIN, Associated Press
BAGHDAD (AP) — The Iraqi government began on Monday a long-awaited large-scale military operation to dislodge Islamic State militants from Iraq's western Anbar province, a military spokesman announced.
Last Updated on Monday, 13 July 2015
Hits: 113
Written by THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
CHICAGO (AP) — Officials say all 54 stingrays in a popular exhibit at a suburban Chicago zoo died because the oxygen levels in their tank dropped too low.
Last Updated on Monday, 13 July 2015
Hits: 146
Written by ERIKA KINETZ, Associated Press ELLIOT SPAGAT, Associated Press
SHANGHAI (AP) — The Chinese woman has a history of selling counterfeit luxury goods. She has been sued in the U.S. by eight luxury brands. She owes Chanel Inc. $6.9 million for selling products online under its name.
Last Updated on Sunday, 12 July 2015
Hits: 183
Written by ERIC TUCKER, Associated Press
WASHINGTON (AP) — The gunman charged in the Charleston, South Carolina, church massacre should not have been allowed to purchase the weapon used in the attack, FBI Director James Comey said Friday as he outlined a series of "heartbreaking" missed opportunities and background check flaws that allowed the transaction to take place.
Last Updated on Saturday, 11 July 2015
Hits: 198
Written by RICARDO ALONSO-ZALDIVAR, Associated Press
WASHINGTON (AP) — The $1,000 pill for a liver-wasting viral infection that made headlines last year is no longer the favorite of patients and doctors.
Last Updated on Saturday, 11 July 2015
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We are looking for 2 business cards designs along with envelope and stationary.
The business cards we would like one embossed design concept and the other modern and medical standard card designs.
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Sandpiper Cove
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
How has this condo rated in the past?
- Beach
- Free High-Speed Internet
- Restaurant
- Swimming pool
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TripAdvisor Reviews Sandpiper Cove Destin
Travel Blogs from Destin
Day 6
Chic Fil a, walk the beach, Lunch at the condo, Nap with lady, candy apple, started new book, watched the Maseters, dinner at Island Wing Company
Disappointing Destin
... days! How weird that I have more driving experience in America than the UK. I will definitely be driving on the wrong side when I'm at home, and what the hell is manual these days??? Destin was a good stopover and the beach was lovely, the weather is very temperamental and that ruined it a little. It's also quite commercial and 'chavvy' so I probably wouldn't go back but it was good to see. Next stop New ...
... and traditional than Seaside. The Red Bar is busy, noisy, and looks a bit of a dive, but the queue outside despite a 90minute wait to be seated hinted at the quality inside. We were not to be disappointed. My dish of blackened grouper fish (chunky fillet grilled with Cajun spices) was by far the best seafood dish I've ever eaten, and up there with some of the best food I've eaten, period. If you ever find yourself in that neck of the woods, ...
Days 22 & 23 - Happy Birthday America!
... They have a blast and there is one hurricane that leads to a spectacular airborne wipeout. The kids love it all.
That night, this time with Anna and Tommy, we continue the reunion and celebrate the Fourth of July by watching the Fort Walton Beach fireworks. It is a pretty impressive show, even after having seen the last two fireworks shows on the National Mall in Washington DC. In Fort Walton Beach, the ...
Last day at topsail
... got to go do a little shopping. After that we did some laundry, man that piles up fast at beach stops! Dollar store proved useful for balloons, never a dull day with balloons! And ended the day with salmon on cedar plank. Oh wow. That's been mamas favorite so far, WAY ...


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We operate a testing agency and have 7 web testing applications for which we need ongoing support. These sites are Classic ASP with SQL databases hosted both internally and externally.
These sites are created for specific projects and fully functional for each unique application. We are looking for an established company to outsource ongoing support and improvement projects. In the past we have always used dedicated internal programmers but we now need a more robust support environment.
I do not expect an exact quote until I can provide more details. Will only consider Companies with more than 10 programmers and have more than 10 reviews on eLance.
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The Style Gallery is a great new way for you to view, love, and share outfit photos. It's meant to showcase
all the expressive, creative, and inspirational personalities of our community!
Get the Party Starlet Dress
Ready, set, fete - in this famously fabulous black dress! Gloriously glammed up with silver sequins and beads that form a deco-inspired dazzle upon its butterfly-esque bodice and vertically striped skirt, this retro look is right-on ravishing.
A Brush with Beauty Dress
Tonights ensemble is your blank canvas, and youre crafting a look to remember with this floral sheath dress! Starring a pleated neckline and a watercolor-inspired print of ruby, aqua, and indigo petals, this sleeveless frock is totally gallery-ready.
My Byline of Work Dress in Red
Show off your professional prowess in this red sheath dress. Part of our ModCloth namesake label, this perfect-fit frock features details you love, such as pockets and a work-ready appeal. With cap sleeves, a patent tan belt, and a playfully ruffled hem, this knit number highlights your fortitude in the ...
With Each Dazzling Day Dress
From dates to deluxe soirees, this teal-green sheath dress makes sure you sparkle more than ever. Emerald, jade, and silver embellishments glow atop sheer shoulder panels, while a pleated surplice neckline and tulip skirt add sophisticated touches to a frock you love more after each wear.
Brush Into Print Dress
Flaunting a dress like this colorful Dear Creatures number is guaranteed to set the presses abuzz! With a nostalgic nod to vintage styles, royal purple, burgundy, and olive green brushstrokes adorn this pocketed ivory dress for a look worthy of a fab front page feature.
CEO My Darling Dress
After cultivating your accredited career, flaunt your fabulous fashion in this elegant sheath dress by Stop Staring! Featuring charming capped sleeves, a pleat accented bust, and a ruched waistline to flatter your exquisite silhouette, this tantalizing teal dress is a company classic.
Lapel in Love Dress
Dressed in the dapper white details of this knit sheath dress, you find others falling in love with your style! Touting a defined waistline, hidden back zipper, and a notched neckline amidst lapels, this navy frock looks fancy with your pairing of back-seamed tights and red wedges. You carry a ...
My Byline of Work Dress in Black
Show off your professional prowess in this black sheath dress. Part of our ModCloth namesake label, this perfect-fit frock features details you love, such as pockets and a work-ready appeal. With cap sleeves, a glossy belt, and a playfully ruffled hem, this knit number highlights your fortitude in the field ...
Play After Day Dress
For a graceful transition from office attire to a night-out look, count on this burgundy sheath dress! Whether you layer your fave blazer over the ruched, 3/4-sleeved silhouette, or accessorize this jersey-knit frock with shimmering jewelry, you'll be set to meet your girls for happy hour.
Prepare and Contrast Dress
This colorblocked sheath dress will leave you feeling completely put together from the second you zip into its fitted silhouette. Its black and white stripes, solid cap sleeves, and bright red side panels culminate to make this look bold enough to stand on its own - talk about an easy ...
Timeless is of the Essence Dress
When you want to look chic tout suite, slip into this LBD and immediately embody a fusion of retro and modern style. Boasting a slight stretch to its structured knit, a beautiful neckline bow, and the perfect amount of tailoring to its sheath fit, this go-to midi is utterly glam! ...
Sheath a Lady Dress in Navy
Youre proof that corporate style can still look ladylike, especially when you wear this cap-sleeved, navy-blue sheath dress byStop Staring! Today, youre excited to interview possible new hires and are feeling great in this stretch-fabric frock, which features a lovely, beige bow, beige trim, a smooth center panel, and delicate ...
How Does Sheath Do It? Dress in Cobalt
Showcase your stylish sophistication in this snug, cobalt blue sheath dress! With sheer cap sleeves, an alluring open back, and a fabulous eyelash lace overlay, this frock boasts unquestionable charm.
Rooftop Soiree Dress
You've been looking forward to tonight's party for weeks, so of course you already have the perfect dress picked out - this snowy white sheath! Featuring chic crocheted white lace, cute cap sleeves, and figure-skimming fit, this lovely looker is sure to steal the style spotlight.
Much Ado About Blushing Dress
Your besties will cause a commotion when they catch a glimpse of you in this sultry LBD! Exuding allure from its pleat-detailed neckline, sheer cap sleeves, and beige lining, this lace look is one thatll make a fashionable fuss.
Harbor Act to Follow Dress
This knit sheath dress puts a unique spin on nautical style thats simply impossible to top! Premiering pointed panels that intersect at the waistline, this navy-and-white striped frock is edgy, fun, and sophisticated all at once.
Lakeside Libations Dress in Navy
Youre ringing in the New Year at your upstate lodge, and you look as gorgeous as an ice-coated lake in this navy-blue dress! Crocheted ivory lace adorns the form-fitting silhouette of this cap-sleeved sheath, swirling with the elegance of a gentle snowfall. Layer a chandelier necklace above the notched neckline ...
Cross The Byline Dress in Editorial
Its time to see your name beneath the headlines as you tackle your inaugural day reporting in this sheath dress! From near or far, the lace print, denim-inspired stretch knit, and bold red belt of this dress garner praise as you flaunt a look thats worthy of the front page ...
Cascading Cava Dress in Silver
You feel bubbly and beautiful as you mingle in this art-deco-inspired dress! Twinkling sequins cascade down the length of this gunmetal-grey shift in an elaborate, 20s-reminiscent array. Elegantly clad in its crossover bodice and scalloped hem, you charm everyone you meet in this effervescent frock!
Grand Gallery Dress in Black
When you need a classic look with a twist that you can wear to an art gallery opening, reach for this little black dress! The ornate cutouts at this sheath's front and hem add a complexity to your sleek and simple ensemble of silver bangles, a patent clutch, and black ...
Cool Vibes Dress in Paisley
Bring a pop of playfulness to any bash with this printed sheath dress! Crafted from a flexible cotton blend, this black bodycon hugs your silhouette with white sugar skulls and paisley flourishes, while its petal bust and waist-cinching belt add to your already-delightful aura.
Slice of Layer Cake Dress in Black
As sweet as a tiered dessert spread, this black sheath dress adds delight to the day. As you bite into layers of buttercream, you admire this frock's colorful flowers, surplice neckline, pleated skirt, and waistline tie, making this number a winning choice for the celebration!
Scholars' Soiree Dress in Midnight
Give a toast to your fellow professors in this sophisticated navy dress. This feminine number flaunts a magenta, maroon, and white floral print layered atop its blossom-textured woven silhouette. Side-swept with pleats that match its notched neckline, this sheath is a wonderful wear.
Sassy Much? Dress
Talk about a bombshell! In this LBD, youll be flaunting chevron-inspired pleats, sheer crocheted paneling at the neckline, and peeks of softly shimmering beige lining. Ready, set, impress everyone in sight!
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I am developing an OAUTH 2 REST API for a website I am working on. We have an official native mobile app which uses this API and is planning to make the API open to third party developers.
Our native mobile app will be having more permissions than the 3rd party apps. I am doing that by setting permissions based on client id or app id.
I am using
grant type for the official app and
grant type for the 3rd party apps.
But the problem is that as we are not using a
client_secret in either cases a 3rd party may be able to get elevated permissions by somehow stealing our official
client_id and using it to get access to the elevated permissions in the API which is exclusive to the official app.
Is there anyway to prevent them from doing that ? How does the Official Facebook or Twitter app do it ?


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I would love to watch my wife fuck that nice big cock then fuck her second.
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Emma Hot Wife Fucked by Huge Cock Creampied
All Comments (26)
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text: I didn't prebook my room. I was going to go to the city center but already had reservations at another place in the city center the next evening. So I just walked out of the train station and found one of the closest places. This is what I stumbled upon. I pulled up reviews of it and found several complementary... More


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Emma Murphy
ITV News Correspondent
Emma Murphy is a Correspondent for ITV News. She is based in the UK, but covers major stories across the world.
Greeks turn to farming for prosperity and security
With life in the city offering little security, for some Greeks life in the country has suddenly become a good place to be.Read the full story ›
The migrant baby saved from death in the Mediterranean
ITV News Correspondent Emma Murphy spends three days saving migrants from the sea with a privately funded rescue operation.Read the full story ›
Eurostar services suspended after 'protesters on line'
It seems like today's disturbances in Calais have now spilled over to affect the Eurostar services.
I'm on the 12.58 from St Pancras to Brussels and we have been stopped in the tunnel as there are "people on the line".
Seems @eurostar services - certainly the 1258 to Brux - unable to leave tunnel due to striking French workers blocking exit.
Reports suggest protesters, most likely striking French workers, have been blocking the tracks and burning tyres on or near the tracks. Colleagues on the other side report smoke close to the tunnel entrance.
Announcements on the train suggest we'll be heading back to Ashford as police try to clear the tracks.
EU debt proposal crosses 'every single' Greek red line
Greek finance minister tells ITV News that he hopes the plan can be negotiated.Read the full story ›
Boy behind bars after perilous journey from Syria
12-year-old Abdulsamad ended his perilous journey from Syria behind bars in Greece - where he hopes he can build a new life away from war.Read the full story ›
The moment Syrian migrants arrive on a Greek beach
'What country am I in?" - if ever a question summed up the desperate nature of the flight to Europe's shores it was surely that.Read the full story ›
£10,000 reward to find Ben Needham 24 years on
Ben Needham was just 21 months when he went missing on holiday in Kos in 1991, but his family have never given up hope of finding him.Read the full story ›
Holocaust survivor felt 'dehumanised' by Nazi regime
Holocaust survivor Susan Pollock spoke of feeling 'dehumanised' by the Nazi regime whilst giving evidence in the trial of Oskar Groning.Read the full story ›
The Gurkhas helping Nepal's recovery effort
The Gurkha regiment of the British army have been part of the rescue and recovery effort following the Nepal earthquake.Read the full story ›


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How to work with a fundraising professional
How to work with a fundraising professional ...Read more ›
How to work with a fundraising professional ...Read more ›
College students launch campaign to raise visibility ...Read more ›
Mortgage complaints grow ...Read more ›
Black Capitalism – fulfillment or failure? ...Read more ›
Today, as more Blacks are reaching success in their respective fields, their income consequently increases. But, why do studies show that Blacks, even with higher annual income levels than some whites, tend to have lower net worth? ...Read more ›
Business cards as a prospecting tool ...Read more ›
Mixed record on progress of Black women ...Read more ›
The cost of getting old ...Read more ›
Are you begging or fundraising? ...Read more ›
NNPA luncheon focuses on Black economics, growing income gap ...Read more ›
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updated 08/12/2014 AT 6:50 AM ET
•originally published 08/12/2014 AT 7:10 AM ET
Nominated for the Best Supporting Actor Award at the 70th Academy Awards in 1998, Robin Williams was in good company. He was up for the Oscar alongside Robert Forster (Jackie Brown), Anthony Hopkins (Amistad), Greg Kinnear (As Good as It Gets) and Burt Reynolds (Boogie Nights).
But it was Williams's year. Nominated previously for Good Morning, Vietnam (in 1987, a role for which he did win a Golden Globe), Dead Poets Society (in 1989, arguably his other greatest role) and The Fisher King (1991), the actor gave a nuanced portrayal of psychotherapist Sean Maguire in Good Will Hunting that now seems like the obvious choice for the award.


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I have a tricky hip from playing around with an ultra-fast motorized skateboard so the subway stairs don't help me.
For many married Italians, playing around has simply been par for the course.
Hood discovered how dangerous a cell phone can be in the hands of a prisoner while playing around with his own iPhone.
Earlier this year, in May, Atta and his friends were doing what most kids at their age should be doing; playing around.
And "Monument" is a perfect example of that, because we were just playing around with our time-stretch program.
The other feller don't cut any ice with you while you're playing around with figgers.
Little David might be playing around there again, or some other child.
He had escaped—and by the intensity of his gratitude he realised how ill-judged had been his action in playing around it.
You ain't got any right to be playing around with business men anyhow.
Some more children were playing around, and they were sick too.
Old English plegan, plegian "move rapidly, occupy or busy oneself, exercise; frolic; make sport of, mock; perform music," from West Germanic *plegan "occupy oneself about" (cf. Old Saxon plegan "vouch for, take charge of," Old Frisian plega "tend to," Middle Dutch pleyen "to rejoice, be glad," German pflegen "take care of, cultivate"), from PIE root *dlegh- "to engage oneself," forming words in Celtic, Germanic, Slavic, and possibly Latin.
Meaning "to take part in a game" is from c.1200. Opposed to work (v.) since late 14c. Related: Played; playing. To play up "emphasize" is from 1909; to play down "minimize" is from 1930; to play along "cooperate" is from 1929. To play with oneself "masturbate" is from 1896; play for keeps is from 1861, originally of marbles or other children's games with tokens. To play second fiddle in the figurative sense is from 1809 ("Gil Blas"). To play into the hands (of someone) is from 1705. To play the _______ card is attested from 1886; to play fair is from mid-15c. To play (something) safe is from 1911; to play favorites is attested from 1902. For play the field see field (n.).
Old English plega (West Saxon), plæga (Anglian) "quick motion; recreation, exercise, any brisk activity" (the latter sense preserved in swordplay, etc.), from or related to Old English plegan (see play (v.)). Meaning "dramatic performance" is attested by early 14c., perhaps late Old English. Meaning "free or unimpeded movement" of mechanisms, etc., is from c.1200. By early Middle English it could mean variously, "a game, a martial sport, activity of children, joke or jesting, revelry, sexual indulgence." Sporting sense "the playing of a game" first attested mid-15c.; sense of "specific maneuver or attempt" is from 1868. To be in play (of a hit ball, etc.) is from 1788. Play-by-play is attested from 1927. Play on words is from 1798. Play-money is attested from 1705 as "money won in gambling," by 1920 as "pretend money."
Publicity; media coverage: The dangers of the Free Trade Agreement are getting more play (1929+)
Related Terms


text:
Originally posted on Pro Sports Daily | Last updated 11/7/11
LOS ANGELES, CA - JANUARY 21: Tim Connolly #19 of the Buffalo Sabres holds his broken stick during the game against the Los Angeles Kings at the Staples Center on January 21, 2010 in Los Angeles, California. (Photo by Harry How/Getty Images)
The Toronto Maple Leafs will be without Tim Connolly for up to two weeks after the veteran center suffered an upper-body injury in Saturday's one-sided loss to the Boston Bruins.Connolly missed practice on Monday, and afterward head coach Ron Wilson confirmed the injury and recovery timetable.He wouldn't say if it was the same ailment that caused Connolly to sit out the first eight games of the regular season.Connolly, signed to a two-year deal by Toronto in the offseason, has a goal and three assists in six games so far this season.Tyler Bozak is expected to take his spot on the first line along with Phil Kessel and Joffrey Lupul.
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text:
CPR for the Arts
New York, NY —
Sustainability is a big question for a lot of New Yorkers, and for New York's artists. The Center for Performance Research is a new arts space that tries to provide some answers. It's a performance and research laboratory located in an environmentally-friendly apartment building in South Williamsburg. Cultural critic Claudia La Rocco has been following the story of CPR. She stopped by the studio.


text:
Schocken Books, 1974 - History - 216 pages
'A brief but brilliant analysis of the historical origin and the present situation of a crucially important institution of the American Negro people.'--Gunnar Myrdal This book also includes 'The Black Church Since Frazier' by C. Eric Lincoln. According to C. Eric Lincoln, the turbulent decade of the Sixties witnessed the death of the Negro Church. In its place, the offspring of the conflict between 'conscienceless power' and 'powerless conscience, ' is the Black Church.
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84 pages matching FRANKLIN FRAZIER in this book
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Review: The Negro Church in America/The Black Church Since FrazierUser Review - Tyson Jackson - Goodreads
I took a class at Tougaloo titled Black Religion taught by Chaplain Johnson (Chap) this is one of the books we had to read for the class. This book is a foundational read for anyone who wants to know ... Read full review
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text:
Sons of Resonance
State College, PA
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Transgender woman murdered on Milwaukee street
While mainstream media's news reports of Dana A. "Chanel" Larkin's murder on Friday, May 7, in Milwaukee have focused on the alleged perpetrator's version of what he said happened, the crime's scant media coverage has offered little to no information on who she was.
According to those who did know her, Larkin, 26, was a young transgender woman of color who loved her family and friends. She had turned to sex work to make ends meet.
Milwaukee prosecutors contend Andrew Olacirequi had met Larkin on the street late Thursday, May 6, while he was driving around the city looking for a prostitute. He reportedly encountered Larkin near North 27th Street and North Avenue around 1 a.m. on May 7, and offered her $20 to perform a sex act. Larkin reportedly asked the suspect if "it was OK with him actually being a man." Olacirequi allegedly pulled out a .357-caliber revolver when Larkin reportedly made an advance on him and shot her in three times in the head.
Larkin was found dead on the sidewalk of North 23rd Street, and police arrested Olacirequi after he returned to the crime scene to look for a lost cell phone. Prosecutors have charged him with first-degree reckless homicide and use of a dangerous weapon; he faces up to 65 years in prison.
In response to the murder, trans Milwaukeeans have expressed alarm at media reports that have called Larkin a "cross-dressing prostitute" or "man posed as a female." Those who knew her say she had identified as a woman since she was 16 and had wanted to change her birth gender identity as early as age three.
Michael Munson, executive director of the Milwaukee-based trans advocacy organization FORGE, expressed sadness over Larkin's murder and disappointment over how the city's media has covered it. National LGBT media has yet to report the homicide.
"The media has not respected that identity and have reported the crime crudely and it sends the message that we don't care about dead prostitutes," said Munson. "But that's not what her [Larkin's] life was and this is a really big deal."


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Archive for the 'Network TV Press Releases' Category
February 29th, 2012 at 8:20 am
Comedy Central And Running Press Form Joint Publishing Program
First Title To Be A Holiday-Themed Novelty Book By Denis Leary[Read-More]
February 29th, 2012 at 8:16 am
'La-La's Full Court Life' Returns and 'Styled by June' Premieres on VH1 Monday, March 15
VH1 is Serving Up a Night of Hoops and High Heels[Read-More]
February 29th, 2012 at 8:08 am
USA Original Series 'Fairly Legal' And 'In Plain Sight' Return On March 16
USA returns to Fridays with all new seasons of the hit original series.[Read-More]
February 28th, 2012 at 7:28 pm
'The Finder' And 'Alcatraz' Deliver Highest Live + 3 Day Ratings Gains To Date, FOX Live+3 Day Mon-Thu 2/20-2/23/12
Alcatraz posted its largest three-day increase (+56%) so far this season, up three points from a week ago and +24 points ahead[Read-More]
February 28th, 2012 at 7:26 pm
USA Is Most Watched Cable Network For February
USA was the most watched cable network in February 2012's prime, averaging 1.18 million in P25-54 (+8% over #2 History Channel), 2.97[Read-More]
February 28th, 2012 at 7:24 pm
TV Land's "Hot In Cleveland" Wins Gracie Award For Outstanding Comedy
TV Land's hit original sitcom "Hot in Cleveland" has won a Gracie Award in the category of Outstanding Comedy.[Read-More]
February 28th, 2012 at 1:35 pm
NFL Kickoff Game to be Played on Wednesday, Sept. 5
Will be played on Wednesday to avoid a conflict with President Barack Obama's Thursday night speech.[Read-More]
February 28th, 2012 at 12:54 pm
Competition Series 'Unchained Reaction' Premieres On March 18 At 10pm
Featuring Diverse Teams, Adam Savage And Jamie Hyneman Of Mythbusters[Read-More]


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Arjun Kapoor and Kareena Kapoor Khan dance away!
The actor posted a selfie with Kareena, director R Balki and choreographer Bosco Martis from the set of Ki and Ka
When Rasika reunited with Pawan
Kareena Kapoor Khan and Salman Khan spent time together at a studio
Now that's history!
Editor, Jitesh Pillaai talks about the current trend of biopics and historicals in Bollywood
Pretty in prints
Prints are the flavour of the fortnight. See how Amy Jackson plays them up…
Hot Stuff
Foram Dalal profiles the most fashionable, the most glamorous movies of the decade. Enjoy the gloss ...
Raitaa phail gaya from Shaandaar
Check out the super-fun and quirky new song from Shaandaar featuring Shahid Kapoor and Alia Bhatt.
Shahid Kapoor's and Alia Bhatt's quirky fun
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Sonam Kapoor makes her mark in boho chic
Sonam Kapoor has her fashion game spot on yet again in a white button-down shirt and maxi skirt paired with booties. The...
Sooraj Pancholi bags one script after another
The young actor talks about the roles he's been offered and opens up about his relationship with Athiya Shetty.
No biopic on Amitabh Bachchan?
The megastar says that a biopic on him would fail. Read on to know why...


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Leaving for Egypt
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The Rameses II courtyard, the colonnade and the Amenophis III courtyard alone majestically illustrate the history of this temple dedicated to the god Amun and to the celebrations in honour of Otep. Luxor Temple, linked to Karnak Temple by Sphinx Alley, was the starting point for processions of sacred barks loaded with offerings. Note Amenophis III's birth chamber in the naos where the King's mother ritually married Amun-Re.
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Product Beat Friday
Spring 2015 Legal Technology Scouting Report
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With ABA TECHSHOW 2015 taking place April 16-18 in Chicago, we're scoping out some of the most intriguing product updates and launches so far this year — including highlights from the announcements crossing our screens as the legal technology companies …Continue reading »
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Valentine's Day. You can try to ignore it, hoping to slide right through it (after all, life isn't all candy hearts and silly love songs), or you can dive in, wholeheartedly. At Attorney at Work, we stand …Continue reading »
Friday Five
Must-Go Events for Big Ideas in 2015
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One of the first things we do at the start of a new year is open up our calendar and plug in the dates for conferences most likely to deliver the big ideas. We've poured over the sessions and speaker bios …Continue reading »
Practice Management Technology
Clio Debuts Extreme Makeover, Fastcase Partnership — and Android App
By Joan Feldman | Sep.22.14 | No Comments
At the Clio Cloud Conference, starting today in Chicago, Clio announced the latest iteration of its cloud-based law practice management platform — Clio Next. And there's more: Clio announced an exclusive integration between Clio and Fastcase, the popular legal research app, along …Continue reading »
Product Beat Fall 2014: Law Practice Management Alley
By Joan Feldman | Sep.17.14 | No Comments
For legal technology, it's been a year focused on start-ups, disrupt-style events, legal hackathons and competitions aimed at improving delivery of legal services. Meantime, developers of law practice management software want to help improve the business side of your practice, too — steadily adding features …Continue reading »
Pricing Lessons from Summer Camp
By Joan Feldman | Jul.03.14 | No Comments
Nobody likes talking about money with clients. Nobody. But the conversation gets a whole lot easier when you are confident in what you do, and what you're worth. Right? Maintaining the needed level of self-assurance, though, …Continue reading »
Disconnect? File-Sharing Security Survey Highlights
By Joan Feldman | May.29.14 | 1 Comment
It's no surprise that small firms are the most vulnerable when it comes to online risk. Less time, less money and less staff to keep abreast of threats. What's surprising, though, is how little law …Continue reading »


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Page 1
Mother–Infant Cosleeping, Breastfeeding and Sudden
Infant Death Syndrome: What Biological Anthropology
Has Discovered About Normal Infant Sleep and
Pediatric Sleep Medicine
James J. McKenna,1* Helen L. Ball,2and Lee T. Gettler1,3
1Department of Anthropology and Mother-Baby Behavioral Sleep Laboratory, University of Notre Dame,
Notre Dame, IN 46556
2Department of Anthropology, Medical Anthropology Research Group and Parent-Infant Sleep Laboratory,
Durham University, Durham, DH1 3HN, UK
3Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-1330
evolutionary medicine
mother–infant cosleeping; bed-sharing; SIDS; breastfeeding; infant sleep;
was launched when anthropologists proposed that an ev-
olutionary perspective on infancy could contribute to our
understanding of unexplained infant deaths. Here we
review two decades of research examining parent–infant
sleep practices and the variability of maternal and infant
sleep physiology and behavior in social and solitary
sleeping environments. The results challenge clinical
wisdom regarding ''normal'' infant sleep, and over the
past two decades the perspective of evolutionary pedia-
trics has challenged the supremacy of pediatric sleep
medicine in defining what are appropriate sleep environ-
ments and behaviors for healthy human infants. In this
review, we employ a biocultural approach that integrates
diverse lines of evidence in order to illustrate the limita-
tions of pediatric sleep medicine in adopting a view of
infants that prioritizes recent western social values over
the human infant's biological heritage. We review what
is known regarding infant sleeping arrangements among
nonhuman primates and briefly explore the possible
paleoecological context within which early human sleep
patterns and parent–infant sleeping arrangements might
have evolved. The first challenges made by anthropolo-
Twenty years ago a new area of inquiry
gists to the pediatric and SIDS research communities
are traced, and two decades of studies into the behavior
and physiology of mothers and infants sleeping together
are presented up to the present. Laboratory, hospital
and home studies are used to assess the biological func-
tions of shared mother–infant sleep, especially with
regard to breastfeeding promotion and SIDS reduction.
Finally, we encourage other anthropologists to partici-
pate in pediatric sleep research using the unique skills
and insights anthropological data provide. By employing
comparative, evolutionary and cross-cultural perspec-
research insights that influence the traditional medical
paradigm and help to make it more inclusive. That this
review will potentially stimulate similar research by
other anthropologists is one obvious goal. That this arti-
cle might do so makes it ever more possible that anthro-
pologically inspired work on infant sleep will ultimately
lead to infant sleep scientists, pediatricians, and parents
becoming more informed about the consequences of car-
ing for human infants in ways that are not congruent
with their evolutionary biology. Yrbk Phys Anthropol
50:133–161, 2007.
approach stimulatesnew
C2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
''Telling mothers and fathers how to bring up their children
in books is arguably as silly as sending false teeth through the
post and hoping they fit'' (Hardyment, 1983, p. 15).
One aspect of evolutionary medicine with which most
biological anthropologists are familiar (and in which
some of us are actively engaged) examines the potential
incompatibilities between the lifestyles and environ-
ments in which humans currently live and the condi-
tions under which human biology evolved (Nesse and
Williams, 1994;Trevathan
Researchers that explore the health implications of
''western lifestyle'' on conditions such as diabetes, obe-
sity, ovarian function, reproductive cancers and degener-
ative chronic disease (to name a few) have tested
hypotheses derived from an evolutionary paradigm and
advanced our understanding of the mechanisms by
which a mismatch between current behavior (e.g., diet,
activity, and timing of reproduction) and physiological
mechanisms that evolved under very different living
et al., 1999,in press).
conditions (e.g., patterns of fat storage and attrition
of ova) have come into conflict (Pollard, in press; Treva-
than et al., in press). Encompassed by this umbrella,
evolutionary pediatrics considers the consequences to
Grant sponsors: NICHD RO1, Shannon Award Grant, Foundation
for Study of Infant Deaths, Scottish Cot Death Trust, Babes in
Arms, Leverhulme Trust, Nuffield Foundation, Newcastle Hospitals
Charities Trust (Tiny Lives Fund), UK National Institute for Health
Research (NIHR), Durham University.
*Correspondence to: James J. McKenna, Department of Anthro-
pology and Mother–Baby Behavioral Sleep Laboratory, University of
Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA.
E-mail: email@example.com
DOI 10.1002/ajpa.20736
Published online in Wiley InterScience
Page 2
infant and child health of the adoption by western soci-
eties of untested and historically novel care-giving prac-
tices for which infants are not necessarily biologically
designed (Ball, in press). We recall Barash's (1986, p. 60)
observation regarding the overall stability and constancy
of human infant biological needs relative to the fast-
changing culture around them. He states as follows: ''...
there would be little if any difficulty exchanging a Cro-
Magnon and a modern infant, but great incongruity in
making the same switch with adults of both cultures.''
Similarly, Bruner (1972, p. 687) reflected on the likely
limitations, in this case, of western child learning models
that forego any evolutionary considerations. He sug-
gested that ''... it would be a mistake to leap to the con-
clusion that because human immaturity makes possible
high flexibility in later adjustment, anything is possible
for the species ... we would err if we assumed a priori
that man's inheritance places no constraint on his power
to adapt.'' We view this as a central concept in examin-
ing the potential mismatch between certain contempo-
rary Euro-American infant care practices, and our
infants' ability to accommodate these practices—and sug-
gest that we are pushing infant adaptability (and indeed
maternal adaptability) too far, with deleterious conse-
quences for short-term survival and long-term health.
Drawing upon cross-species, cross-cultural, historical,
and physiologicalevidence,
makes it clear that notions about what human infants
need and why, especially as regards nighttime sleep and
feeding patterns, seems to reflect far more about what
societies want parents to be and infants to become (self-
sufficient and independent) rather than what infants
actually are—exceedingly dependent, and unfinished
''extero-gestates'' to use Montagu's (1986) description.
Indeed, especially in early human infancy—and from an
evolutionary point of view—reference to the mother's
body is critical to understanding not only what infants
need but what they can and cannot do and why. After
all, as Hrdy (1999, p. 69) aptly puts it: ''For species such
as primates the mother IS the environment ...'' meaning
that practically nothing about a human infant makes
sense except in light of the mother's body. Consider, as
an illustration, that the delivery of breast milk and the
context of its delivery create continuous sensory mater-
nal–infant exchanges involving touch, smell, movement,
sound, and taste. Altogether these sets of interactions
function as the only physiological and behavioral regula-
tory microenvironment to which an infant is adapted
(also see McKenna and McDade, 2005). This perspective
does not mean to imply the existence, now or in the
past, of some near-perfect original set of conditions from
which all evolutionary reconstructions and functional
interpretations of current infant care must flow; but it
does force a reconsideration of the limitations of an
infant-maternal separation which, it can be argued,
places both breastfeeding mothers and infants at odds
with their respective biological needs for contact and the
mother's most optimal way to deliver her infant food.
We explore here whether or to what degree western
infant care practices have pushed too far the notion of
the human infant's physiological independence from the
mother. Except by way of mother's body which acts as a
buffer human infants are not at all biologically prepared
to respond as autonomous individuals to the selective
pressures of the larger environment. Evolutionary per-
spectives on infancy often begin with work on the evolu-
rationalefor nighttime
tion of human birth (Trevathan, 1987; Rosenberg and
Trevathan, 1995) that explores the unique development
of human infants in the context of evolutionary con-
straints imposed by the voyage of a large-brained homi-
nin through the relatively small birth canal of a biped-
ally adapted pelvis. This evolutionary compromise has
resulted in truncated gestation relative to brain growth
and delivery of a part-altricial part-precocial infant with
only 25% of its adult brain volume to a mother who
requires social assistance during birth (Trevathan, 1987;
Martin, 1990). Contemplation of the birth process from
an evolutionary viewpoint provides important insights
into the way in which intrapartum care is delivered,
ranging from the positions in which women labor and
deliver, to the relative benefits of birth management by
midwives and doulas vs. obstetricians (Jordan, 1980;
Trevathan, 1987; Rosenberg and Trevathan, 1995).
It is no less than an anthropological axiom that the
conflict between the architectural changes in the human
pelvis subsequent to bipedalism followed by accommo-
dation of increasing brain size made childbirth amongst
humans anything but a casual event. It placed huge bur-
dens on parents to invest substantially in the survival of
their under developed and vulnerable infants. But inso-
far as the specific form of infant care-giving that follows
birth is concerned it would seem that evolution played
an odd trick: the same selective forces that so undeni-
ably constrained prenatal processes including fetal sensi-
tivity to the quality of the environments into which it
will be born (Kuzawa and Adair, 2003; Pollard, in press)
and the biology of birth itself (Trevathan, 1987) appa-
rently put far fewer constraints on what parents actually
do with, or for, their infants postnatally. Care-giving
activities such as feeding, sleeping arrangements, pat-
terns of social affiliation, communication, and the gen-
eral patterns of parent–infant attachment, appear at
times due to cultural reasons to wander far away from
any original range of economic, social and physical con-
ditions that might have produced them. The question
the research described here sheds light on is whether,
or to what degree, contemporary (and in some cases
''recommended'') care-giving
human infants to environments that are so far removed
from those within which infant development evolved
that maternal and infant health are compromised as a
One might think that with so much at stake (i.e., with
energetically costly mating effort, gestation, lactation
and parental investment effort to ''raise'' an infant to
reproductive maturity) selection might have tightened
its grip on what kinds of care could occur. That primate
maternal care obviously finds expression even without
specific genetic ''programming'' as to what precise form it
should take permits flexibility such as that afforded by
various patterns of allocare observed among nonhuman
primates and human groups (e.g., Ross and MacLarnon,
2000; Sear et al., in press). In a contemporary technolog-
ical context this flexibility in maternal care options
appears to have become disadvantageous, as evidenced
over the past half a century when urban western women
became persuaded that an artificially synthesized cow's-
milk based formula fed to infants via bottles was as good
as or better than the species-specific milk their own
bodies produced and could feed to their infants directly.
That human infants accepted this alternative food source
and survived was taken as evidence of its appropriate-
ness and desirability, but uncritical acceptance of an al-
Yearbook of Physical Anthropology—DOI 10.1002/ajpa
Page 3
ternative feeding strategy for human infants was prema-
ture. Although it is well-known to anthropologists that
feeding artificial infant formula is hazardous in parts of
the world that lack access to clean water and refrigera-
tion, leading to high infant mortality rates from gastro-
intestinal infection, it has long been assumed that artifi-
cial formula feeding in affluent societies is a benign
infant-care choice (Greer and Apple, 1991; Walker,
1993). However, a recent epidemiological study con-
ducted by Chen and Rogen (2004) in the United States,
where infant deaths from infectious diseases remain low
even without breastfeeding, yielded an important find-
ing. They conclude that in the United States 720 infant
deaths between 28 days and a year might be prevented
annually by breastfeeding. Human species-specific milk,
therefore, continues to matter a great deal even where
infants are born into affluent and highly sanitized envi-
ronments. Moreover, it is also likely that many western
women over the last 50 years succumbed to a range of
reproductive cancers (cervical, breast or ovarian) and
suffered other reproductive impairments potentially due
to the loss of protection afforded by breastfeeding (see
Pollard, in press; Collaborative Group on Hormonal Fac-
tors in Breast Cancer, 2002).
Of course, breastfeeding is not the only infant-care
practice in western industrialized cultures that has been
replaced by other more technologically based or socially
acceptableinfant care innovations
results. For solitary sleeping infants, for example, being
placed prone (on their stomachs) in cribs was recom-
mended universally throughout the 1970s and 80s, as
this was observed to reduce sleep-related infant move-
ments and promote more uninterrupted deeper sleep (a
cultural goal of infant care) (Douthitt and Brackbill,
1972), but in the 1990s it became apparent that this rec-
ommended infant sleep position was associated with
thousands of unexpected deaths of western infants
(SIDS) for reasons still unknown (Kahn et al., 2002).
Presently mother–infant sleep contact in the form of
bed-sharing is recommended against by pediatric author-
ities (e.g., American Academy of Pediatrics Statement,
2005). This latter recommendation is, in our opinion,
also highly problematic given (as will be demonstrated
in what follows) the intertwined physiology of the sleep-
ing human mother–infant dyad.
This review aims to enhance appreciation of the im-
portance of examining parent–infant relationships from
an evolutionary and cross-cultural viewpoint, which
emphasizes the effects of assumptions and practices in
critical areas of infant care, such as physical contact,
sleep location, feeding, and weaning on infant health
and development. We discuss these issues in the light of
infants' evolved needs, physiological expectations and be-
havioral capabilities. Evolutionary pediatrics therefore
aims to apply evolutionary understanding of infant de-
velopment and care-giving practices to investigating the
iatrogenic (unintentionally induced) effects of biomedi-
cally driven changes in infant care and the discordance
between parental care-giving instincts, infant develop-
mental needs, and culturally sanctioned practice in post-
industrial societies.
Twenty years of research and publication by a growing
cadre of biological and cultural anthropologists, pediatri-
cians, midwives, physiologists
exploring infancy and infant care from an evolutionary
perspective has challenged the accepted views of sleep
medicine and helped clarify the meaning and deficiencies
with deleterious
and psychologistsin
of epidemiological findings in understanding infant sleep
and nighttime patterns of human infant care. In so
doing these researchers have defined a new agenda for
critically evaluating public health messages regarding
more optimal or appropriate infant sleep behavior and
nighttime infant care. We begin by tracing the develop-
ment of this area of inquiry from the initial hypotheses
posed by McKenna regarding the relationship between
infant sleep location and sudden and unexpected infant
deaths. We review the process of establishing the techni-
cal and analytical methods for the first sleep studies to
simultaneously monitor two sleeping partners (mother
and baby) and discuss the outcomes of these studies; we
explore briefly infant sleeping arrangements among non-
human primates as far as has been reported, which is
minimal, and explore the possible paleoecological context
within which early human sleep and parent–infant
sleeping patterns and arrangements might have evolved.
Finally, a thorough discussion of our changing histori-
cal–cultural perceptions of infants in western societies is
used as a background to fully understand the controver-
sies surrounding the issue of cosleeping in the form of
bed sharing in western cultures, a child care practice
that has never been considered nor explored on anything
even closely resembling a level scientific playing field by
pediatric sleep medicine.
We begin in a particular time (the late twentieth cen-
tury) and space (Anglo-American family homes). Our
imagined families are new couples with their first baby,
and it is nighttime. The dominant expectation for these
initial monthsis parental
infant's sleep patterns do not match their own, and
parents, desperate for a ''good night's sleep,'' seek the
magic solution for achieving a somnolent baby. Baby's
grandmother advises a large bottle of formula at bed
time so that baby will not wake to be fed in the night.
Others suggest adulterating the formula with baby ce-
real for greater infant satiation or medicating baby with
proprietary infant pain killers or colic remedies contain-
ing alcohol (or occasionally even alcohol itself) to ''knock
the baby out.'' Friends sing the praises of ''Ferberizing
the baby'' or similar infant sleep training programs
employing an oxymoron known as ''controlled crying.''
Parents, who feel all else has failed, resort to the painful
approach of ''crying it out''—and while their infant
screams alone in an adjacent room, they lie awake
racked with guilt, forcing themselves to resist respond-
ing, reassuring each other ''it is for his own good''—until
the infant eventually collapses from exhaustion into
Anthropologistsare uniquely
trained to view the behavior of contemporary humans
through a lens that permits a particularly broad and
comparative perspective. In employing this lens we can
scrutinize the ''management of infant sleep'' as a cultural
feature of the parenting behavior of our own societies
and ask: What's wrong with this picture? How have sev-
eral generations of new parents in western postindus-
trial countries been influenced to treat their babies in
this way? And why did it come to be considered
In this section of our review we provide some compara-
tive background, drawing upon cross-species, cross-cul-
sleep deprivation—their
privilegedin being
Yearbook of Physical Anthropology—DOI 10.1002/ajpa
Page 4
tural, and historical evidence regarding the ways in
which parents and infants sleep, and we speculate on
the factors that influenced the development of the view
of infancy characteristic of our own societies as por-
trayed above. This background, we hope, will set the
scene for presenting the research of biological anthropol-
ogists into the effects of different infant sleep environ-
ments and permit contemplation of their consequences.
Human infant sleep in contemporary
world cultures
... we must accept that the modern Western custom of an in-
dependent childhood sleeping pattern is unique and exceedingly
rare among contemporary and past world cultures. (Crawford,
1994, p. 46).
One of us (Ball, 2007) recently conducted a cross-cul-
tural review of contemporary infant sleeping environ-
ments for a volume on cross-cultural child rearing. In
summarizing previous overviews she drew on two large-
scale cross-cultural surveys: Barry and Paxson's (1971)
report has often been cited as defining the normative
pattern of infant sleeping arrangements worldwide. This
review of 127 cultural groups for whom ethnographic
reports were available attempted to code and quantify
sleeping arrangements for infants based on ethnogra-
phers' descriptions and found that in 79% of the societies
examined infants normally slept in the same room as
their parents, with 44% sharing the same bed or sleep-
ing surface. A more recent study conducted using the
HRAF probability sample (Nelson et al., 2000) uncovered
references to sleep contact in 25 of 53 societies for which
infant care information was available and reported that
placing infants in separate rooms at night was unusual
(although no data were provided). Surveys of ethno-
graphic descriptions have their obvious limitations,
(such as their unsystematic nature, the biasing element
of the ethnographers' interests, and the fact that private
sleeping arrangements do not necessarily fall within the
realm of the ''anthropological gaze;'' however, they do
provide a crude means of gaining a quantifiable cross-
cultural overview.
Jenni and O'Connor (2005) recently summarized the
literature on culture and children's sleep in industrial-
ized and complex modern societies, concluding that pri-
vate bedrooms for children were actually the exception,
not the norm, in contemporary world cultures. Although
it might be assumed that parental attitudes to infant
sleep may be similar in those societies with a strong
Euro-American influence, researchers have noted inter-
esting intercultural differences between parenting atti-
tudes. Italian parents, for instance, who prefer to have
infants sleep in their rooms, were reported by Wolf et al.
(1996) to consider the American norm of putting children
to bed in separate rooms to be ''unkind''—echoing Morel-
li's finding that Mayan mothers were shocked to learn of
the sleeping practices of American infants, arguing that
to separate an infant from its mother for sleep was abu-
sive or neglectful treatment (Morelli et al., 1992).
The practice of prolonged physical contact with the
caregiver is a common theme in reports of infant care
cross-culturally, particularly during the transition from
wake to sleep and during sleep. In Mayan families,
infants commonly fell asleep in someone's arms and
were taken to bed with their parents, sleeping with their
mothers from birth to 2 or 3 years of age or until the
birth of their next sibling (Morelli et al., 1992). In Bali-
O'Connor, 2005) reported that infants were held continu-
ously day and night and that being alone for even brief
periods of sleep was undesirable at any age but that
infants and children were particularly vulnerable to spi-
rit risks during sleep. More recent ethnographic reports
reinforce similar themes. Liamputtong and Naksook's
(1998) examination of child rearing practices among
Thai mothers in Australia revealed that infants were
routinely in the presence of adult company, particularly
at nighttime, with 80% sharing their mother's bed. Like-
wise for Brazilian Terena children sleeping in the same
bed with family members was customary practice and
reflected the high values attributed to family links in the
Terena culture (Reimao et al., 1998). Even within soci-
eties where Euro-American parental aspirations for
infant independence may dominate, cultural subgroups
still persist with traditional infant sleep practices that
run counter to the dominant child-rearing ideology.
Abbott's (1992) study of rural Appalachian families in
Eastern Kentucky in the US, for instance, emphasizes
how family solidarity is reinforced by physical sleep con-
tact during infancy and childhood.
In contrast to the tendency in the postindustrial West
to cast the role of the care giver as promoting and
fostering infant independence, in Japan the converse
perspective prevails. Here, the infant ''is seen as a sepa-
rate biological organism who from the beginning, in
order to develop, needs to be drawn into increasingly
interdependent relations with others. In America, the
infant is seen more as a dependent biological organism
who, in order to develop, needs to be made increasingly
independent of others'' (Caudill and Weinstein, 1969:
72). In re-examining the sleep practices in US and Japa-
nese families, Latz et al. (1999) discovered that many
more Japanese than US children (aged 6–48 months)
regularly slept with their parents (59% vs. 15%, P \
0.001). Likewise, in Korean (Lee, 1992) and Chinese
(Nelson and Chan, 1996) families parent–infant sleep
contact is normal and common.
Within societies where western postindustrial infant
care ideologies dominate, stark contrasts can arise
between the infant sleep practices of indigenous cultural
groups and those of the majority culture. Within the
New Zealand cultural landscape, the issue of infant
sleep was explored for Maori, Tongan, Samoan, Cook
Island, Niuean and Pakeha (European) cultural groups
in Aukland by Abel et al. (2001). They found that Pacific
cultural groups favored sleep contact with infants while
European-derived New Zealanders favored infants sleep-
ing alone; however, there were differences and tensions
between island-raised and NZ-raised Pacific care givers
in their practices. The underlying cultural ideals regard-
ing healthy personal development in early life were par-
ticularly crucial to understanding the desirability of
shared or separate sleep environments for infants: Pak-
eha parents favored Western notions of increasing the
independence and autonomy of their infants, while Pa-
cific parents generally favored interconnectedness as the
best means for fostering an infant's physical, moral and
spiritual development (Abel et al., 2001). Similar con-
trasts can be observed by comparing infant care prac-
tices of immigrant groups in Northern Europe with those
of resident Europeans. Even within a relatively small
nation such as the UK, much cultural variation in infant
sleep exists due to both the diversity in cultural prac-
tices of immigrants to the UK and variations in parent-
society, MargaretMead (cited byJenniand
Yearbook of Physical Anthropology—DOI 10.1002/ajpa
Page 5
ing style within the majority UK population. Gantley
et al. (1993) documented the diversity of infant care
practices in Cardiff between Bangladeshi and Welsh
mothers. Bangladeshi infants were consistently cared for
in a sensory rich environment, including sleeping close
to other people both day and night. In contrast, Welsh
infants experienced alternating periods of intense sen-
sory input and deprivation with long periods of lone
quiet sleep emerging as a culturally desirable goal for
infants—as was encouragement of sleep independence at
an early age.
A cross-cultural comparison of Sami and Norwegian
children (Javo et al., 2004) challenges the belief that sol-
itary sleep is positively correlated with independence.
Significantly, more Sami than Norwegian children slept
with their parents, yet Sami children were observed to
be significantly less demanding of their parents' atten-
tion during play than their Norwegian counterparts.
Interestingly, a report of the Norwegian SIDS study
(Arnestad et al., 2001) documented that since 1993 sleep
contact has emerged as a more common mode of sleep
for Norwegian infants and attribute this to a campaign
at the beginning of the 1990s to increase breastfeeding
in Norway. In Sweden, 23% of 3-month-old Swedish
infants were found to regularly sleep with their parents
(Lindgren et al., 1998); 25.9% of exclusively breastfed
infants were regularly sleeping in the same bed as the
parents compared with 11.3% of formula-fed infants (P
5 0.001) while 20.3% of partially breastfed infants regu-
larly slept in the same bed as the parents. This relation-
ship between breastfeeding and close sleep contact has
repeatedly emerged in many studies as mothers in West-
ern postindustrial societies that had lost a tradition of
breastfeeding and sleep contact with their infants redis-
cover their importance and their interconnectedness (see
sections ''Significance of UC Irvine Studies;'' ''Interview
studies in North-east UK;'' ''How breastfeeding changes
the bed-sharing environment;'' ''The importance of early
sleep contact on breastfeeding initiation.'')
Human infant sleep in a historical and
postindustrial western context
Historical contributors to the notion that infants
should sleep alone. As we have seen, in the majority of
contemporary world cultures mothers and fathers do not
appear to expend time nor energy reading about differ-
ent philosophies underlying their choice for social rather
than solitary sleeping arrangements for their infants or
debating how to get the baby to fall or stay asleep. In
fact, the idea of placing the infant to sleep alone, and
expecting it to fall asleep away from the comfort and
safety of its mother's body, is alien for the majority of
parents. Yet, in the postindustrial west, ''modern, healthy,
normal'' infant sleep means solitary sleep. So, how did our
Why is solitary infant sleep so heavily endowed with a
sense of medical and moral value and protection for west-
ern infants?
The answers are not simple. The definitive beginnings
of the story of solitary infant sleep are hard to pin down,
as so many cultural, religious, economic, and political
factors are involved. It may, at least in part, stem from a
time in western history when impoverished urban moth-
ers with no access to other forms of family limitation,
were compelled to sacrifice some of their children in
order that the rest might live. For example, historians
have documented during the last 500 years that poor
women living in cities such as Paris, Brussels, Munich
and London, confessed to Catholic priests of having
deliberately overlain their infants in order to control
family size (Flandrin, 1979; Kellum, 1974; Stone, 1977).
Led by horrified priests who threatened excommunica-
tion, fines or imprisonment, infants were ''banned'' from
parental beds (Stone, 1977). The legacy of this period in
western history appears to have converged with other
changing social mores and customs, such as values
favoring privacy, self-reliance, and individualism, to
sculpt the philosophical foundation upon which contem-
porary cultural beliefs about sleeping arrangements are
built. This particular foundation makes it far easier to
assume there are dangers inherent in mother–infant
sleep contact than to assume there are benefits.
In turn, the proliferation of the idea of ''romantic love''
throughout Europe also contributed to the separation of
the infant from its mother during sleep hours, as it was
thought the infant might intrude on the conjugal bond
(Stone, 1977; see Fildes, 1986). Likewise, Freud (1908)
promoted the idea that infants should not be exposed to
the sexual acts of their parents for fear of far reaching
psychological impairment—although recent research has
found no evidence that primal scene exposure in early
childhood has harmful consequences for later life (Okami
et al., 1998). Furthermore, with the rise of the father as
the authoritarian, fathers were encouraged to limit affec-
tionate physical contact with their children in favor of
providing discipline (Stone, 1977). These events were all
contributory factors in the development of a cultural cli-
mate which promoted separate sleeping quarters for
western children and subsequently the formulation of
''knowledge'' about healthy infant sleep (see Table 1).
Throughout the last century the notion of infants
sleeping apart from their parents has become embedded
in ''expert'' parenting advice and assumed to be the pre-
ferred scientific context for studying infant sleep and
generally thought to be simpler and more compatible
with western social values, which favor individualism
and autonomy (e.g,. see Thoman, 2006). In the United
States we can point to L. Emmett Holt (1894) a pediatri-
cian whose ''catechism'' promoted strict feeding and sleep
schedules for children, while King (1921) performed the
same role in Great Britain (Hulbert, 2003; Hardyment,
1983). John B. Watson, who introduced behaviorism to
psychology, lent his considerable professional standing to
support infant separation and independence on both
sides of the Atlantic (Watson, 1928). It is widely reported
that Watson believed no child could have too little affec-
tion; ''Never hug and kiss them. Never let them sit in
your lap. If you must, kiss them once on the forehead
when they say goodnight. Shake hands with them in the
morning. Give them a pat on the head if they have made
and extremely good job of a difficult task'' (Watson, 1928,
quoted by Hardyment, 1983, p. 175). As silly as this may
sound, Watson's views contributed significant support to
what was already a powerful cultural belief that for
infant physical, psychological, and intellectual health pa-
rental cuddling, affection, and even touch should be
Benjamin Spock's (1946) 50-year influence on US baby
boomers must not be overlooked either, although his
approach to childcare challenged the orthodoxy of the
day as he encouraged parents to treat infants and chil-
dren as individuals. Nevertheless, he recommended that
for parents to avoid being bothered by the wails of their
Yearbook of Physical Anthropology—DOI 10.1002/ajpa


text:
Ai"Love and betrayal, hatred and fidelity all combine in these poems which take us into the dark woods of our own psyche."
The Artist's Daughter: Poemsby Kimiko Hahn
View All Available Formats & Editions
"Kimiko Hahn stands as a welcome voice of experimentation and passion."—Bloomsbury ReviewSee more details below
"Kimiko Hahn stands as a welcome voice of experimentation and passion."—Bloomsbury Review
Editorial Reviews
Bloomsbury ReviewA welcome voice of experimentation and passion.
Publishers WeeklyThe titular poet-daughter of this sixth volume dwells in a dark, sexually fervent, phantasmagoric world inspired by Germanic fairy tales. Oozing rivers, bloody cages and the artist's studio decorated "in half a dozen versions of black" are ruled over by the precepts of Freud and Jung via modern sadomasochistic imagery: "if he turns his gaze, she will beat him bloody until there is nothing left but a pile of teeth. She will hold a mirror in front of herself so all he can see are her fingertips and crown." Notes on dismemberment and bits from Gray's Anatomy are the basis for mordant rewritings of classic tales from the Brothers Grimm; in a daughter's hands, Freud's unheimlich is the slip between an ideal of motherhood, and the reality: "I understand... the stepmother in the cross-hatched woods/ abandoning the children." An odd poem-by-poem reclamation of power takes place via the recitation of sexual taboos from incest to necrophilia, and (as in Hahn's previous collection, Mosquito and Ant) poems that linger over the death of the poet's mother. Much of the book's descriptive vocabulary deploys post-structuralist theoretical constructs: the other, mirroring, "Unbecoming, a desperate homesickness/ even at home. " Self-conscious, grave and saturated with anger, this book tracks a distinctly gendered attempt to break through the emotional tether of bereavement and the irritant of social mores. If it doesn't quite succeed, it is nevertheless a primal scene of familial power. (Oct.) Copyright 2002 Cahners Business Information.
Library JournalNecrophilia, cannibalism, vivisection, and dismemberment dominate Hahn's sixth collection (after Mosquito & Ant), whose references include an abnormal psychology text and Gray's Anatomy. Almost as an aside, the title poem takes place not in the graveyard or the pervert's study but in the artist's studio, another place where the libido and the mind intersect. Here, a woman who associates the smell of paint solvents with her childhood is turned on during sex by the smell of turpentine: "She knows the truth about history/ is not some fact but an image/ teased from nerve endings." Hahn's attempts to evoke the primal period of childhood are apt to end in choppy, fragmented lines. But she is also capable of music and the shapely statement: "Once in its life the yucca moth alights/ on the yucca flower which blooms a single evening." The poems move from Asia to the U.S. Midwest (where Hahn grew up) to grungy, pregentrified New York, expressing the unease of a woman frustrated and confined by categories. And if there is something forced in the poet's attempt to connect her love relationships with the obsessions of Jeffery Dahmer & Co., there are also some telling parallels. Recommended.-Ellen Kaufman, Dewey Ballantine LLP Law Lib., New York Copyright 2002 Cahners Business Information.
Product Details
- 9780393325584
- Publisher:
- Norton, W. W. & Company, Inc.
- Publication date:
- 04/19/2004
- Pages:
- 96
- Product dimensions:
- 5.50(w) x 8.20(h) x 0.40(d)
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text:
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I don't mean to get all prosey but...Would a rose by any other word smell as sweet? I don't know...I barely care what the analysis will say when it gets back...here's my game. yay.
well played, afaf, nice tactical finish congratulations !
You beat carlito78? that's some going... I've got 0.5/2 against that guy!
Nice methodical win.
what were the time controls?
That Rf2 was a blunder isn't it?
You beat carlito78? that's some going... I've got 0.5/2 against that guy!
I'm 2/2, Prawn!!! That's my second win against him.
thanks smile and padman...appreciate the support. I really enjoyed the last few moves a lot!
BigAlex...either 2 days or 3 days. CC game.
Suggest a better move for White.
Qa1 was the blunder. White was ahead until this. Although maybe black had adequate positional compensation for the pawn, I dunno.
Maybe the position's drawn? I'd be interested to hear what the analysis says.
Black has a nice advantage even if white doesnt blunder. White's position is swiss cheese, there is no chance of pushing the pawn even if black plays passively. Black wont play passively -- the upcoming D3! is fairly strong.
Of course, it is an opposite bishop position, so there is hope for white of defending. Iphone Shredder gives: 29. rf2 (otherwise d3 is a bigger problem) d3 (anyway); 30. rg2 d2 (and the pawn isnt getting taken unless white gives up the exchange for it)
Of course, 30. rg2 seems a little suspect. But its hard to come up with an alternative. If 30. a5 be3 31. rg2 (what else) d2, and once again that pawn is not going anywhere and will tie up white's pieces until white sacs for it. If 32. a6 qd4 and the pawn is dead it if it moves again.
The thing I really liked about Carlito's games is that he took us out of book pretty fast...I mean...right away.
Lisa, have I ever told you how gorgeous your avatar is? lol.
Inaccuracies: 5 = 19.2% of moves Mistakes: 1 = 3.8% of moves Blunders: 1 = 3.8% of moves
White's 7. Qe2 is listed as a mistake. And so was the Black response of 7...d4 (computer preferred 7...dxe4)
White's 19. Nxb7?? is listed as blunder. And Black's 20...Rxb2 is also a blunder, though not enough to lose the advantage. Computer prefers Qb6 and it's easy to see why. I was trying for a lame cautious version of this.
he must have a crush on you... you know with all the crushes going around 'round here... wow.
btw, nice game. i mean it.
or maybe an internet crutch.. speaking of a rose by any other name...
a crutch a crutch! why call you for a sword?
If you kids don't keep the noise down, I may have to bang some heads together.
I love moves like 31... Rb1
Because the opponent should have already resigned, right?
That's just a beautiful game. Nicely done.
Yes! But I never blame an opponent for trying to see what can be pulled off. In haste many of us make really pathetic mistakes that could give new life to the game. :)
ilikeflags. My opponent hasn't uttered one word to me. Now be a good boy and take my picture down...it always confuses me for a second when I see it.
...it always confuses me for a second when I see it.
Me too. Freaks me out a little too.
Flags is a funny fella'.
i think he's so captivated by your internet brilliance and attraction that he's spe[e]chless...
"The 2nd Millionaire Chess Tournament - Round 1"
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Music Video: Lorn "Acid Rain"
Directed by Julian Flores, Pavel Brenner, and Sherif Alabede, the eeriness of "Acid Rain" is absolutely mesmerizing. Check it out below!
Directed by Julian Flores, Pavel Brenner, and Sherif Alabede, the eeriness of "Acid Rain" is absolutely mesmerizing. Check it out below!
Check out the latest video essay from filmmaker Tony Zhou's on-going series "Every Frame A Painting." This time around Zhou focuses on visual comedy master, Chuck Jones, best known for his work on the Looney Tunes cartoons so many of us grew up on.
Essential viewing for anyone interested in animation, specifically characterization, movement, and classic story-telling. "The simpler the desire, the more vivid the character," Zhou argues using the iconic, Pepé Le Pew as an example. But how does one accomplish this without being too formulaic? Watch the video below!
Arcade Fire is releasing a full-length feature film on the making of their album, Reflektor, on September 24th. The Reflektor Tapes is directed by Kahlil Joseph, whose previous work with artists like Kendrick Lamar and Flying Lotus garnered critical acclaim. The film will feature footage from Arcade Fire's tour, impromptu gigs, trips, and recording sessions. Watch the trailer and a portion of the film below!
Australian animator and digital artist, Elliot Schultz, embroidered discs with animated sequences that can be played on standard turntables. "Embroidered Zoetrope" was Schultz's final art school project when he graduated from ANU back in 2013. Check out the delightful and mesmerizing results in the video below!
Director/cinematographer Mishka Kornai's beautiful short film "Growth" was shot entirely from a bird's-eye view and explores the universal theme of growing up by those going through it. Watch the full video below!
Studio Ghibli founder and iconic animator Hayao Miyazaki is working on a 3D animation about a caterpillar named Boro! The only hitch: the ten minute short will take about three years to make. And once it's finished it'll be screening exclusively at the Studio Ghibli museum in Japan.
"I intend to work until the day I die. I retired from feature-length films but not from animation. Self-indulgent animation," he said at the time in reference to his short films for the Ghibli Museum. He added then that while neither CG animation or hand-drawn animation is better than the other, he fears the latter is dying.
"I think talent decides everything. More than the method, what's important is the talent using it. There's nothing inherently wrong or right about a method, whether it be pencil drawings or 3-D CG. Pencil drawings don't have to go away, but those who continue to use the medium lack talent. So sadly, it will fade away" – Hayao Miyazaki (source)
Sam Raimi's 10-episode television followup to the cult horror classic The Evil Dead has a trailer and it is 3 minutes of over the top gore and one-liners; everything you were hoping for. I was trying to figure out a way to work in a 'Booooooom stick' joke here somewhere.
Bruce Campbell won't be alone either, Lucy Lawless will also star in the show reuniting the two actors from their Xena days. Can't wait! Watch the trailer for Ash vs Evil Dead below, and this sorta goes without saying but a warning for those unfamiliar – it is violent.
Another chill video from Johnny Wilson, who has developed quite a following from his last couple offerings. Watch "Sure" below.


text:
As the last of the leaves fall from the trees, the city of Brookfield Department of Public Works is reminding residents about the rules for disposing of yard waste.
Thomas Grisa, director of public works, said burning is allowed on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays between 8 a.m. and 7 p.m. when the wind speed does not exceed 15 mph. Burning piles must be no larger than 5 feet in diameter, 2 feet high, 25 feet from the front lot line, 15 feet from the side and 10 feet from the rear. Burning is not permitted on ditches or roadways.
The city does not pick up yard brush and waste, he said.. City of Brookfield residents can haul bagged leaves to the recycling center, 19700 Riverview Drive, or call a licensed hauler to remove the leaves. The recycling center is open Tuesdays and Thursdays from 1 to 7 p.m. through Nov. 30, and year-round on Saturdays from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Access to the recycling center for yard waste disposal requires proof of residency.
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Her style is as awesome as she is.
11 Gorgeous Disney Princess Gowns for a Real-Life Fairy Tale Wedding
Feeling lazy? Skip makeup like all these people.More
Chrissy Teigen cuddles with her dog on the couch on Oct. 8, 2015.
Bella Thorne, wearing an AllSaints sweater, and Gregg Sulkin hold hands as they make their way through LAX Airport in Los Angeles on Sept. 23, 2015.
Celebrities Doing Things!


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This world title came in a tactical race for David Rudisha, so very unlike the wire-to-wire run at the London Olympics that ...
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Lingering health problems afflicting many of the roughly 13,000 Ebola survivors have galvanized global and local health ...
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Ridiculous Fishing is a fun and funny diversion, with upgrades that suck you in, and the kind of arcade action that makes it easy to recommend to any iOS gamer.
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You don't have to clean your fish tank or really water your plants with this nifty aquaponics system, though you'd probably still have to feed the fish once in a while.
Researchers have figured out a way to harness the power of the oceans to create a sunscreen that could be more friendly to the reefs that grow there. And humans too.
The acquisition will give BlackBerry access to more corporations and government agencies that use AtHoc's crisis communications software.
You can buy your own iMac aquarium (or lamp or eMac clock) online from Jake Harms, who turned a DIY hobby into a business.
The opah fish is able to keep its body warmer than its surroundings, which grants it some special powers over its cold-blooded compadres.
An intriguing photo taken from the International Space Station finds fishing boats far below looking a lot like a cluster of stars.
Removing old satellites from orbit may one day happen in much the same way a fisherman scoops up schools of fish.
Send your raw fish flying through space with a classy sushi set containing a model of the Enterprise and warp-trail chopsticks.
Watch what happens when Nils Bremer shoots off fireworks under the icy surface of a frozen lake in Sweden. Then, obviously, don't try this at home.


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pretty girl bored consulting jobs advertisement decide to masturbate herself
All Comments (12)
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I agree with muffin, I seen all her videos and they're are the same....BORING!
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She's been boring us for years now
She looks bored. Like she might be listening to a lecture.
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text:
GS-Screamer || Trance-Form!
Credits & Info
- Date
- 08/24/2006
- File Info
- Song
- 2 min 15 sec
- Score
- 3.84 / 5.00
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Rated 5 / 5 stars
Keeping it Real!
Love the tune, but it's dated 2006.
It's 2012 now. Will you be back in time for the zombie apocalypse, or is the last song awesome song I will hear in my life?
Rated 5 / 5 stars
love this
man i love this song one of your best i think glad your still around keep it up man
Rated 5 / 5 stars
its alriiiggghhhht
did u choke on sum bread and die where are u
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Wait a sec..
Isn't this a boss theme from Zelda?
Which one was it?!
Just around 00:42 it starts up.
I can remember this from Link to the past. If not please correct me.
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Awesome song...but
Thhis was made in 2006...it's 2009 right now... Are you still alive/going to make anything new?