text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 30, 1993
|Filing date
|Jan 21, 1992
|Priority date
|Jan 21, 1992
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Gregory R. Olbright, Jack L. Jewell
|Original Assignee
|Bandgap Technology Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Non-Patent Citations (22), Referenced by (67), Classifications (22), Legal Events (13)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is related to U.S. application Ser. No. 07/823,496, which was filed concurrently herewith, and U.S. application Ser. No. 07/790,964 which was filed on Nov. 7, 1991.
The present invention relates to the field of optical interconnection and, in particular, to a three dimensional array of monolithically integrated surface emitting lasers and receivers used to implement optical interconnects between vertically stacked optoelectronic integrated circuit modules.
The current overriding limitation in the operating speed of all-electronic processors is primarily due to the problems associated with physical wiring. For example, all-electronics processors use physical wiring, such as co-planar metallic strip lines that suffer from an impedance mismatch with electronic logic devices. Such an impedance mismatch leads to a large power consumption as well as a low operating speed. Furthermore, the communication speed between electronic elements is critically dependent on the characteristic R-C time constant of the interconnecting metallic wires.
While alternative interconnection architectures have improved the operating speeds of some processor systems, they have not been completely satisfactory in effectively reducing the R-C time constant when the dimensions of the devices are further reduced. This can be best understood by realizing that while the parasitic capacitance, C, decreases with size, the resistance, R, does not, but rather increases, maintaining the R-C time constant relatively fixed.
Also problematic is the noise associated with the utilization of physical wiring. Generally, whenever the signal through a loop of strip-line connections changes, a voltage spike is generated. For digital systems, costly and complex error reduction techniques must be employed to compensate for the noise in order to achieve the desired bit-error rate. Additionally, communication among the hundreds or even thousands of electronic logic devices found on VLSI integrated circuits is generally serial, resulting in the classic Von Neumann bottleneck problem.
One solution to the impedance mismatch and Von Neumann bottleneck problems is the implementation of optoelectronic interconnects. See, for example, Goodman, J. W., et al., Appl. Opt., Vol. 27, pp. 1742 (1988), and Kostuk, R. K., et al., App. Opt., Vol. 24 (1985), which are incorporated herein by reference. Optoelectronic interconnects act as quantum impedance matching elements that use optical beams for establishing interconnects or communication paths between electronic elements in order to avoid mismatching and bottlenecking. Unlike physical wiring, these impedance matching elements, such as lasers and photo-receivers, convert electrons to photons and then photons back to electrons in establishing the interconnects. Advantageously, optical beams do not strongly interact with each other, thereby also substantially improving the noise immunity. Moreover, for optical interconnects, the power and bandwidth requirements do not depend on distance as do physical wires.
Considerable efforts concerning the architecture of such optoelectronic interconnects have been expended. For instance, recently proposed architectures include the use of two-dimensional arrays of surface emitting laser diodes and detector arrays integrated on a single semiconductor substrate as set forth, for example, in J. L. Jewell et al., SPIE International Conference on Advances in Interconnection and Packaging, Vol. 1389, pp. 401-407 (1990); J. Jahns, SPIE International Conference on Advances in Interconnection and Packaging, Vol. 1389, pp. 523-526 (1990); A. G. Dickinson et al., SPIE International Conference on Advances in Interconnection and Packaging, Vol. 1389, pp. 503-514 (1990); H. D. Hendricks et al., IEEE Proceedings--1989 Southeastcon, Session 12B5, pp. 1132-1139; and P. K. L. Yu et al., SPIE Optoelectronic Signal Processing for Phased-Array Antennas, Vol. 886, pp. 1-11 (1988), all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
A problem that remains in the prior art is to provide an interconnection architecture which (1) utilizes high speed, efficient optoelectronic integrated circuit (OEIC) transmitters/receivers, (2) utilizes an OEIC interconnect technology compatible with three-dimensional hybrid opto electronics signal processing systems, and (3) is suitable for fabrication and capable of rigid intrastack optical interconnect alignment.
These and other objects are achieved in accordance with the invention, which is a three-dimensional optical interconnection suitable for realizing three-dimensional optoelectronic processors. The three-dimensional optical interconnection comprises a stack of vertically aligned optoelectronic integrated circuit (OEIC) modules, each including electronic logic connected to transmitters and receivers. In this optical interconnection architecture, the electronic logic used for electronic processing are monolithically integrated with the transmitters and receivers on a semiconductor substrate using standard semiconductor growth and processing techniques.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, each vertically aligned OEIC module comprises GaAs logic devices, transmitters and receivers all fabricated on a single GaAs substrate. More particularly, the transmitter comprises a heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) integrated vertically to a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL), whereas the receiver comprises a heterojunction photo transistor (HPT). With the HBTs and HPTs designed to have the same epitaxial layering or structure, this configuration not only minimizes the complexity of the fabrication processing, but also allows each structure to function as either a transmitter or receiver.
Output signals from the GaAs logic devices are connected to corresponding HBTs and then amplified to drive the VCSELs above threshold and into lasing, as well as to modulate the information from the output signals onto the emitted radiation. The optical radiation which emerges perpendicular to the plane of the substrate is transmitted vertically to the next adjacent OEIC module. With the wavelength of the optical radiation designed to be in the transmissive band of the GaAs substrate, the optical radiation is transmitted through the substrate to a corresponding receiver, the HPT, for detection and amplification. The amplified signal is routed by metallic interconnections to electronic circuitry for further electronic processing. Such transmission and reception between OEIC modules establish communication paths or interconnections between adjacent OEIC modules.
A more complete understanding of the invention may be obtained by reading the following description in conjunction with the appended drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is an exemplary three dimensional optical interconnection architecture in accordance with the principles of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross-section of a preferred embodiment of a transmitter having a monolithically integrated heterojunction photo transistor and vertical cavity surface emitting laser;
FIG. 3 is a plot of the collector current versus collector-emitter voltage characteristics for several base injection currents of an exemplary heterojunction bipolar transistor used in the three dimensional optical interconnection of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 are illustrative plots of the voltage versus current (I-V) and light versus current (L-I) characteristics for an exemplary vertical cavity surface emitting laser used in the three dimensional optical interconnection of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a circuit configuration for an exemplary heterojunction photo transistor used in the three dimensional optical interconnection of FIG. 1;
FIG. 6 is a plot of the collector current versus collector-emitter voltage for several incident power levels for an exemplary heterojunction photo transistor used in the three dimensional optical interconnection of FIG. 1;
FIG. 7 is a plot of the spectral response for an exemplary heterojunction photo transistor used in the three dimensional optical interconnection of FIG. 1;
FIG. 8 is a cross section of a monolithically integrated heterojunction bipolar transistor, vertical cavity surface emitting laser and heterojunction photo transistor; and
FIG. 9 is a plot of the current versus transmitter electrical power dissipation characteristic of various optoelectronic interconnection configurations.
The present invention is based on utilizing high-speed vertical-cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) that are integrated with transistors and high-density electronic logic to form three-dimensionally interconnectable optoelectronic integrated circuit (OEIC) modules. Particularly, the size, speed and structure of the VCSELs afford high-speed optical interconnections to be realized by vertically stacking OEIC modules that contain the array of VCSELs. Communication between the OEIC modules is effectuated, preferably, by the free space propagation of laser radiation between VCSELs and corresponding receivers on adjacent OEIC modules.
The basic concept of the three-dimensional optical interconnection is illustrated for a four stack system in FIG. 1. At each OEIC interconnect or node 10i,j, an array of elements is used to generate, transmit and receive optical signals or beams 20i,j, where i denotes the OEIC module and j denotes the element number. OEIC interconnects/or nodes on each module are substantially arranged in the same pattern. Moreover, the OEIC modules are vertically stacked and aligned such that nodes on one module are substantially underneath those on adjacent modules as illustrated in FIG. 1. That is, all jth element nodes are substantially aligned in a vertical path.
Each array of elements comprises a transmitter 30i,j used to generate modulated light beam 20i,j that provides a connection to another OEIC interconnect or node on an adjacent module and a receiver 40i,j used to receive modulated light beam or optical signal 20i,j carrying data or information. In this manner, optical interconnections between transmitters 30i,j and receivers 40i+1,j and/or 40i-1,j can be established. For example, transmitter 304,1 can be optically interconnected to receiver 403,1 and/or 405,1. Integrating transmitters 30i,j and receivers 40i,j with electronic logic 50i, such as combinational and sequential logic devices, further allows three-dimensional hybrid processors to be realized.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that some of these interconnections may be disabled by electronically disabling the associated transmitters to establish any predetermined interconnection scheme. Furthermore, it should be realized, of course, that optical interconnections between transmitters 30i,j and receivers 40i,j can be implemented with use of fibers or bulk optics such as optical imaging relay systems.
It is anticipated that GaAs based electronic logic will be utilized instead of the more mature silicon technology because of the difficulty in the growth and fabrication of the optical and opto electronics devices on silicon substrates. Moreover, the primary advantage of integration density for the dominant Si integrated circuit technology (CMOS) over the dominant GaAs integrated circuit technology (enhancement-mode drain-coupled FET logic) is not specifically relevant for the present three-dimension optical interconnection architecture. Without the current-drive penalty associated with driving high input/output capacitance, and the avoidance of the Von Neumann bottleneck, the impetus toward very large scale integration (VLSI) is substantially obviated.
Referring again to FIG. 1, the three-dimensional optical interconnection of the present invention comprises at least a stack of vertically aligned substrates 601 through 604, preferably of GaAs. As will become apparent in the following description below, each substrate level constitutes an OEIC module, which for the sake of simplicity will have the same numeral designation as the corresponding substrate. The OEIC module will be referred to as 60i, where i denotes the element numeral of the OEIC module in conformance with the notation designated above herein. Each OEIC module 60i includes electronic logic 50i, transmitters 30i,j and receivers 40i,j, which are monolithically integrated on a corresponding substrate 60i using standard semiconductor growth and processing techniques, which are well known in the art.
As shown, transmitters 30i,j and receivers 40i,j are located on the perimeter of substrates 60i and are arranged in a desired pattern. It should, however, be understood that transmitters 30i,j and receivers 40i,j may alternatively be fabricated in a different geometry or pattern, depending on the system application. For example, they may be distributed more uniformly over the OEIC chip area, and the transmitters might be placed a distance away from the receivers.
Each of transmitters 30i,j comprises a transistor, such as a heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) or field effect transistor (FET), integrated with a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL). Unlike edge-emitting lasers, VCSELs emit laser radiation in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the p-n junction formed therein. For a detailed discussion of VCSELs, see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,949,350; J. Jewell et al., Scientific American, Vol. 265, No. 5, pp. 86-94 (November 1991); and J. Jewell et al., IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 1332-1346, (June 1991), which are incorporated herein by reference.
Output signals of each of electronic logic 50i are connected, preferably, to a HBT which amplifies the output signals of electronics logic 50i in order to drive the VCSELs above threshold and into lasing. The laser outputs from the VCSELS or optical beams 20i,j are modulated according to the amplitude of the amplified output signals and thus contain information carried by the output signals from electronic logic 50i. Each of receivers 40i,j comprises a heterojunction photo transistor (HPT) that detects and amplifies an optical beam 20i,j from an adjacent OEIC module that impinges on the photo-absorptive region of receiver 40i,j at a wavelength λS. For the particular device structure described below, λS is chosen to be greater than approximately 0.88 μm because, among other reasons, the GaAs semiconductor substrate 60i is transparent for those wavelengths.
Optical beams 20i,j which emerge perpendicular to the substrate are transmitted vertically to the next OEIC module so that each may be detected by corresponding receiver. The high-power electrical output of the HPT is connected to the input of several GaAs logic devices of electronic logic 50i for further processing; then, routed to a transmitter for interconnecting, if desired, to an another adjacent OEIC module. Similarly, each subsequent OEIC module containing transmitters, receivers and electronic logic can communicate with an adjacent OEIC module such that three-dimensional, intrastack optical interconnects can be establish between adjacent OEIC modules and, if desired, among all OEIC modules. Those skilled in the art will known of the appropriate functional circuits for electronic logic 50i as well as the appropriate interconnection patterns between each adjacent module to construct, for example, powerful optoelectronic signal processors.
With the speeds of VCSELs approximately an order of magnitude higher than the mature strip-line interconnect speeds, it is envisaged that optically interconnected processors can be realized to operate at multi-Ghz clock speeds rather than the 100 Mhz clock speeds of most all-electronic processors.
In order to better understand the three-dimensional optical interconnection of the present invention, the device structures for transmitters 30i,j and receivers 40i,j will be discussed below as well as their integration on semiconductor substrates 60i.
As shown in FIG. 2, the preferred embodiment of the three dimensional optical interconnection of the present invention utilizes a monolithically integrated HBT 70 and VCSEL 80 for each of transmitters 30i,j. The operation of HBTs is well known in the art and accordingly is not discussed in detailed here.
Transmitters 30i,j are three-terminal devices, each having connections to a emitter layer 90, a base layer 100, and a distributed Bragg reflector 110 (or p-type conductive layer 115) from VCSEL 80. In operation, a low-power output signal from electronic logic 50i is connected, for example, via co-planar striplines, to base layer 100 of HBT 70 in the presence of a DC bias across the distributed Bragg reflector 110 and emitter layer 90. When the output signal of the electronic logic is in the on-state, the low-power output is amplified by HBT 70. For example, typical low-power output signals of a few hundred μW may be amplified to several hundred milli-watts.
More specifically, HBT 70 functions as a power amplifier. Low-power signals to HBT 70 are amplified with gains typically exceeding 1600. Due to the large gain of HBT 70, it is possible for HBT 70, if desired, to drive tens of VCSELs in order to achieve large fanouts. Preferably, emitter layer 90 is of an n-type conductivity, base layer 100 of a p-type conductivity with a narrow bandgap energy, and collector layer 160 of a n-type conductivity also with a narrow bandgap energy. In operation, a bias voltage is applied across collector layer 160 and emitter layer 90 and a small current from the electronic logic injected independently at base layer 100 so as to extract a large current from collector layer 160. FIG. 3 is a plot of the collector current versus collector-emitter voltage for several base injection currents of a typical HBT.
Alternatively, transmitters 30i,j can comprise a FET and VCSEL monolithically integrated on a substrate 60i. Similarly, the FET, with the exception that is a voltage controlled device, amplifies the low power output signal of the electronic logic sufficient to drive the VCSEL. This type of structure is described in co-pending U.S. patent Ser. No. 823,496, which is incorporated herein by reference.
VCSEL 80 emits laser radiation 120 perpendicular to the plane of substrate 130. Advantageously, VCSEL 80 can be fabricated using conventional integrated-circuit processing techniques and, moreover, can be individually addressed such that electrically addressable configurable optical interconnections can be realized.
VCSEL 80 comprises an active region 140, such as one or more quantum wells, sandwiched between mirrors 110 and 150 which may be grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Typically, such mirrors are distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) consisting of alternating quarter wavelength layers of, for example, AlAs and AlGaAs, dependent on the semiconductor material system used for the quantum well. In operation, injection current is typically confined within the active region, such as by use of an annular shaped proton implanted region or mesa structure, to achieve stimulated emission. Details of the use of ion implantation for such current funneling are set forth in Y. H. Lee, et al., Electronics Letters, Vol. 26, pp. 1308-1310 (1990), which is incorporated herein by reference.
It should, however, be understood that electrical pumping is achieved by doping bottom mirror 150 and substrate 130 to one conductivity type, e.g., n-type, and doping the regions of upper mirror 110 with the opposite conductivity, e.g., p-type, to form a diode structure and applying a suitable voltage to the diode structure.
Alternatively, it is contemplated that substrate 130 be undoped. In this case, either a ground plane at the base of the VCSEL or electrical connections from the bottom of the substrate to the device level is needed so that the suitable voltage can be applied to the diode structure.
In the prior art, VCSELs have been designed to emit in the wavelength range of 770-1100 nm with very low drive currents and voltages that are compatible with either analog or digital integrated CMOS or TTL electronic circuits. Unlike conventional edge-emitter lasers that are fabricated with a 45 degree-facet mirror, VCSELs can be fabricated in extremely small sizes, for example, on the order of one micrometer in diameter.
Shown in FIG. 4 are illustrative plots of the voltage versus current (I-V) and light versus current (L-I) characteristics for a VCSEL having a 10 μm diameter and operating at wavelength of 850 nm.
Further, an array of VCSELs 80 can easily be fabricated by depositing epitaxially the semiconductor layers of the VCSEL and then defining by optical photolithography and etching a plurality of columns, each a separate VCSEL, as described below.
It is contemplated that for the present integrated HBT and VCSEL, that the semiconductor layers for the VCSEL active region will be selected from the GaAs/InGaAs system, and that the semiconductor layers for the HBT will be selected from the GaAs/AlGaAs system. Preferably, a n-p-n structure is contemplated for the HBT and thus requires that the HBT be grown next to n-type conductivity mirror of the VCSEL. The HBT, moreover, can be fabricated in a "HBT-up", "HBT-down", vertically stacked or side-by-side geometrical configurations. Standard fabrication techniques including molecule beam epitaxy (MBE), selective wet chemical etching, reactive ion etching, ion implantation, ion diffusion and contact metalization may be used to fabricate the transmitter in accordance with the principles of the invention.
Each of receivers 40i,j comprises a HPT. The same epilayers used to construct high-gain HBT 70 will be utilized for the HPT epilayers, but operated in a two-terminal floating base configuration. The HPT will be capable of receiving optical radiation originating from upper or lower adjacent OEIC modules of the three dimensional optical interconnection. In operation, incident light propagates through transparent emitter 90 and is absorbed in base and collector layers 100 and 160, respectively, resulting in the photo-generation of current. This photo-generated current is amplified by the high-gain of the device because of the heterojunction interface present in the structure. It is anticipated that a responsivity greater than approximately 100 A/W will be achieved. Shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 are the circuit configuration and illustrative set of current-voltage curves for various incident power levels of a typical HPT, respectively. For example, from FIG. 6, it can be seen that for an incident power of 240 μW more than 20 mA of current will be generated.
A further advantage of utilizing a HPT as the receiver is its characteristic flat spectral response, which is illustrated in FIG. 7. If the output wavelength of the VCSEL varies due to temperature variations, the receiver's response to the incident signal will be substantially unaffected and thus will be temperature insensitive.
Alternatively, the receiver can comprise a metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodectector and a FET amplifier, monolithically integrated on substrate 60i.
FIG. 8 depicts an exemplary monolithically integrated HBT 170, VCSEL 180 and HPT 190 in accordance with the principles of the invention. The exemplary embodiment is epitaxially grown on a planar GaAs substrate 200 made, for example, by a vertical gradient freeze technique. The collector, base and emitter layers comprise a n-AlGaAs layer 210, p-GaAs layer 220, and n-GaAs layer 230, respectively. Those skilled in the art will note that semiconductor layers 210, 220, and 230 form HBT 170. Importantly, the epitaxial layers of HBT 170 are grown over only a portion of the entire structure of GaAs substrate 200 so that other portions may be used to fabricate GaAs electronic integrated circuits 240. After the epitaxial layers of HBT 170 are deposited, the epitaxial layers of VCSEL 180 are grown over HBT 170.
In this exemplary embodiment, VCSEL 180 comprises laser cavity 250 sandwiched between distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) 260 and 270. The laser cavity includes active, optically emitting quantum well region 280 disposed between p-type conductivity DBR 260 and n-type conductivity DBR 270. DBRs 260 and 270 may be fabricated from alternating layers of quarter wavelength thick AlAs and AlGaAs (not shown).
After the growth of the HBT and VCSEL epilayers, wet chemical etching may be performed to realize individual mesas structure for each transmitter comprising a HBT and VCSEL. Those skilled in the art will know of chemical solutions to produce the transmitter mesa structure. With HPT 190 having the same epilayers as HBT 170, the VCSEL epilayers are etched from a portion of the mesa structure to form a pattern of HPTs around the perimeter of substrate 200. Additionally, the use of optical lithography and epitaxy deposition techniques may be used to fabricate the GaAs electronic logic 240.
Conventional ohmic contacts may be deposited on the lateral edges of HBT 170, HPT 190 and DBR 260 in order to provide ohmic contacts 290, 300 and 310 to emitter layer 210, base layer 220 and DBR 260, respectively, of HBT 170; and ohmic contacts 320 and 330 to emitter layer 210a and collector layer 230a of HPT 190, respectively. It is anticipated that before metalization, substrate 200 may be thinned and polished to enhance backside illumination from an adjacent OEIC module. Additionally, for VCSEL 180, an annular ohmic contact 340 facilities contact between contact 310 and DBR 260 while allowing egress of the emitted radiation. Annular ohmic contact 340 may be formed by standard photolithography, including evaporation and lift-off techniques which are well known in the art.
As illustrated in FIG. 8, optical radiation from adjacent OEIC modules, which have been indicated by input 1, input 2 and input 3, establish connectivity from each OEIC module. Optical radiation designated as "output" provides connectivity to the adjacent OEIC module. It should also be noted that to facilitate optical radiation to be received from an upper OEIC module, i.e., input 3, the upper OEIC module should utilize a "HBT-up" configuration which easily allows the output radiation to be emitted upward or downward. For a "HBT-up" configuration, the HBT is fabricated above the VCSEL.
Lenslet arrays may be also integrated with the VCSELs, HBTs and HPTs, as illustrated in FIG. 8. These lenslets may be refractive, diffractive or gradient index lens, and are used to more precisely control and direct the propagation of the emitting radiation from the VCSELs to the next OEIC module.
Calculations indicate that VCSEL based surface emitting optoelectronic interconnects have a significant advantage over edge-emitting lasers and LED based interconnects.
Shown in FIG. 9 are plots of the current versus electrical power transmitter characteristics for LED/PIN, edge-emitting/PIN, VCSEL/HPT and VCSEL/FET interconnect configurations.
Typical optical efficiencies for LEDs, VCSELs, and edge-emitting lasers are 0.01, 0.04 and 0.5, respectively. As the efficiency of VCSELs increases because of improved design structures, the characteristic current versus transmitter electrical power dissipation should also improve as illustrated in the dashed line of FIG. 9.
Further calculations indicate that the interconnect efficiency or optical coupling efficiency for VCSEL based interconnects is significantly better than for either LEDs or edge-emitting lasers. For example, it is estimated that the interconnect efficiencies for LEDs, edge-emitting lasers and VCSELs are approximately 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5, respectively. The low interconnect efficiency of the LED based interconnects is due to the incoherent imaging employed, whereas the low efficiency for the edge-emitting lasers is due to the elliptical shape of the emitted laser radiation. Advantageously, VCSELs have optimum spatial beam profiles for interconnections to other optical devices for realizing the three dimensional optical interconnection of the present invention.
It should be understood that the present three dimensional interconnect architecture of the present invention may employ VCSELs fabricated from other semiconductors, such as GaInAsP/InP, InP/InGaAsP, AlGaAs/GaInP or InAlAs/InGaAsP, all of which may fabricated on a InP substrate. For these semiconductors, the VCSELS emit in the wavelength range of approximately 1.0-1.65 nm. Advantageously, InP is transparent for those wavelengths, allowing transmission and reception therethrough for establishing optical interconnectivity. Additionally, various other modifications may be made by those skilled in the art which embody the teachings of the invention and fall within the spirit and scope thereof.
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|Apr 20, 2004
|Xanoptix, Inc.
|Opto-electronic device integration
|Jun 26, 2002
|May 4, 2004
|Xanoptix Inc.
|Laser arrays for high power fiber amplifier pumps
|Jun 29, 2001
|Jun 22, 2004
|Xanoptix, Inc.
|Opto-electronic device integration
|Jun 26, 2002
|Jun 22, 2004
|Xanoptix, Inc.
|Topside active optical device apparatus and method
|Jun 26, 2002
|Aug 10, 2004
|Xanoptix, Inc.
|Multi-wavelength semiconductor laser arrays and applications thereof
|Jun 29, 2001
|Sep 14, 2004
|Xanoptix, Inc.
|Opto-electronic device integration
|Sep 11, 2002
|Nov 16, 2004
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Optical land grid array interposer
|Jan 18, 2000
|Dec 28, 2004
|Optical Communication Products, Inc.
|Closely-spaced VCSEL and photodetector for applications requiring their independent operation
|Mar 3, 2004
|Oct 18, 2005
|Xanoptix Inc.
|Opto-electronic device integration
|Nov 29, 1999
|Dec 20, 2005
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Power distribution network for optoelectronic circuits
|Jul 17, 2003
|Jan 17, 2006
|Epitaxial Technologies
|Monolithic photoreceiver technology for free space optical networks
|Sep 29, 2003
|Mar 21, 2006
|Wavefront Research, Inc.
|Relaxed tolerance optical interconnect system capable of providing an array of sub-images
|Mar 23, 2000
|Jul 18, 2006
|Seiko Epson Corporation
|Optical signal transmission board and apparatus
|Sep 30, 2003
|Aug 15, 2006
|Cubic Wafer, Inc.
|Integrated arrays of modulators and lasers on electronics
|Sep 21, 2005
|Jul 17, 2007
|Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute
|Surface emitting laser device including optical sensor and optical waveguide device employing the same
|May 12, 2005
|May 20, 2008
|Tessera North America, Inc.
|Integrated optical transceiver and related methods
|Aug 28, 2003
|Jun 10, 2008
|Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd.
|Electronic circuit device with optical sensors and optical shutters at specific locations
|Sep 8, 2005
|Aug 26, 2008
|Northrop Grumman Corporation
|Optical multi-channel free space interconnect
|Mar 20, 2006
|Nov 4, 2008
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|Feb 11, 2004
|Dec 2, 2008
|Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd.
|Semiconductor device comprising a light emitting element and a light receiving element
|Mar 28, 2005
|Dec 1, 2009
|Jds Uniphase Corporation
|Extended wavelength strained layer lasers having nitrogen disposed therein
|Jul 12, 2007
|Feb 9, 2010
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|Optical interconnect and connector devices
|Nov 1, 2006
|Apr 27, 2010
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|Monolithically integrated photodetectors
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|Integrated optical device including an optoelectronic element and a sealing substrate with an optical element having optical power thereon
|Aug 28, 2003
|Aug 3, 2010
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|Electronic circuit device
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|Nov 9, 2010
|John Trezza
|Redundant optical device array
|Oct 31, 2007
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|Optoelectronic package, camera including the same and related methods
|Oct 29, 2008
|May 10, 2011
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|Optical data pipe
|Apr 14, 2008
|Feb 21, 2012
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Multi-chips with an optical interconnection unit
|Nov 1, 2006
|Feb 21, 2012
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|Monolithically integrated silicon and III-V electronics
|Nov 22, 2010
|Nov 20, 2012
|Connector Optics Llc
|Method for attaching optical components onto silicon-based integrated circuits
|May 2, 2003
|Jan 15, 2004
|Shunpei Yamazaki
|Semiconductor device and microprocessor
|Aug 28, 2003
|Apr 1, 2004
|Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd.
|Electronic circuit device
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|Aug 19, 2004
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|Relaxed tolerance optical interconnect systems
|Feb 11, 2004
|Oct 7, 2004
|Kiyoshi Kato
|Semiconductor device
|Mar 3, 2004
|Oct 14, 2004
|Greg Dudoff
|Opto-electronic device integration
|Jul 17, 2003
|Jan 20, 2005
|Fathimulla Ayub M.
|Monolithic photoreceiver technology for free space optical networks
|May 12, 2005
|Sep 22, 2005
|Digital Optics Corporation
|Integrated optical transceiver and related methods
|Mar 28, 2005
|Oct 20, 2005
|Picolight Incorporated
|Extended wavelength strained layer lasers having nitrogen disposed therein
|Sep 21, 2005
|Jun 15, 2006
|Song Hyun W
|Surface emitting laser device including optical sensor and optical waveguide device employing the same
|Sep 8, 2005
|Mar 8, 2007
|Northrop Grumman Corporation
|Optical multi-channel free space interconnect
|Nov 22, 2010
|Jul 7, 2011
|Connector Optics Llc
|Method for attaching optical components onto silicon-based integrated circuits
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|Aug 21, 2014
|Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.
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|Oct 2, 1996
|Aug 19, 1998
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|Integrated optical transceiver and related methods
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 17, 1992
Owner name: BANDGAP TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DELAWAR
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3205 Underwood Rd.Conyers, GA 30013
F: 770.922.6192Michell Glover
Title I and Parent Involvement Funds ~ Memorial needs your help in planning programs and services that will serve you and your children. All parents of children receiving Title I services have the opportunity to provide input into how the required 1% set aside parent involvement funds will be budgeted. Please contact Montini Gates - email@example.com with your ideas or suggestons.
2015 Summer Reading Parent Letter
2015 6th Grade Summer Reading
2015 7th Grade Summer Reading
2015 8th Grade Summer Reading
2015 9th Grade Summer Reading
Milestone Assessment Presentation
RCPS One to One Student Handbook
MMS One to One Student Handbook Signature Page
2015-16 AVID Application
7th Grade Vaccination Requirements
Schoolwide Title I Plan

subset: commoncrawl


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1 / 5000
Online Shopping in india- Women, Men, Baby, kids, Fashion, Clothes, Home & Decor, Home furnishing and much more on Patbros.com
patbros.com - India's best website to buy wide range of products including women, men, Electronics, Clothes, Accessories, Home furnishing, Online offers & more at patbros-India largest shopping portal. Free Shipping, Cash on Delivery, Pune, Mumbai, India.
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About this item
About this item
Features- Synthetic 12 in- Washable- This durable, long-life filter is made of 100 polyester washable media that does not support microbial growth-- The material does not contain an antimicrobial agent-- The frame is made from sturdy, rust resistant aluminum channel-- It has a low pressure-drop providing optimum air flow-- 80-85 Efficiency for particles of 3 to 10 microns in size-- MERV 5 rated filter-- Replace every 2-3 years-- Vacuum or wash every 30 days-- Great for use in boats and other marine applications-- A perfect filter for swamp coolers and areas with high moisture-- Filters-now does not recommend washable filters for use in home HVAC units-- Washable Air Filters- Dimension 10 x 20 x 12 SKU: FLTN5039
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Professor Beattie appeared on BBC Radio Lancashire discussing the importance of the 'inner game' to tennis success during the first week of Wimbledon. He discussed the insights from Tim Gallwey's classic book on this subject, focussing on the relationship between the conscious self and the more automatic self as being at the centre of so many problems in tennis performance. The conscious self can be a little too critical, it seems, and it's important to silence this internal critic to get the best out of your game. He also discussed why players, particularly female players, grunt when they are playing hard.
Psychology academics present research on the psychology of sustainability at International conference
Professor Geoff Beattie and PhD student Laura McGuire both presented papers at the 21st Annual Conference of the International Interdisciplinary Environmental Association held in San Juan, Puerto Rico in June. Professor Beattie's paper with Dr Melissa Marselle and Dr Damien Litchfield focussed on cognitive biases in how we process climate change messages. Using eye tracking, it was found that optimists seem to focus longer (fixation duration) on 'positive' messages about climate changes (that is that the science isn't necessarily that clear and the effects may not be that bad in the end) compared with those lower in dispositional optimism. Given that over the past few decades we have been training 'positive thinking' and optimism, we may, in effect, be contributing to our failure to get the harsh reality of climate change across to the general public. Laura's paper centred on her new research exploring the relationship between implicit attitudes to carbon footprint and consumer choice under differing 'shopping' conditions where environmental information (organic/Eco/carbon footprint etc) has to compete with a range of other information including brand and value. The response to both papers from the international audience was excellent.
Prof Beattie's book receives glowing review
Professor Beattie's book 'Our Racist Heart? An Exploration of Unconscious Prejudice in Everyday Life' was reviewed by Lynne M. Jackson from the University of Western Ontario in the journal 'Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy' (volume 14, pages 434–436).
She wrote: 'In this unique book, author Geoffrey Beattie juxtaposes stories of his youth in Northern Ireland, during which he experienced and observed prejudice on the basis of social class and religion, with descriptions of a sampling of theory and research relevant to implicit prejudice. In the author's words, the book explores "what kinds of prejudices and biases might be operating in everyday life in contemporary British society, revolving around race and ethnicity, especially in the broad area of employment" (p. 1), though consistent with the subtitle of the book, the primary focus of the academic analysis is on implicit prejudice. Written in a manner suitable for a broad non-specialist audience, it appears to be directed, at least in part, toward those concerned with the lack of diversity in the university system in the United Kingdom in particular……..Beattie's style of writing about prejudice is "populated" (Billing, 2011); he writes about real people in real situations in his personal reflections on prejudice. His story of the dynamics of the university boardroom is eloquently written and likely to resonate with readers who have sat in such rooms and experienced the chill in the air, and his accounts of class and religious conflict and violence in Northern Ireland powerfully illustrate the intersection between the personal and the political. He moves with ease between perspectives, personal and academic, psychodynamic and social-cognitive…….Our Racist Heart has one unique and valuable strength to recommend it: The author is a strong story-teller. Therefore, it can be enjoyed as an academic narrative, a description of a journey, taken by the author, exploring his own experiences of prejudice juxtaposed with reflections on a sampling of relevant academic work. In this respect, it offers some novel musings and poignant stories about problems of enduring importance.'


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All loan program terms and conditions are subject to change without notice. All applications are subject to credit approval and full documentation.


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NPR Newscast
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In every home, the haftseen table is decorated with seven items – since seven is considered a lucky number. Each item begins with the letter sin (s) in Persian, and each item is a symbol of spring and renewal.
Azita Mehran/Turmeric & Saffron
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March 20, 2014 Around the world, millions of families of Iranian descent will gather around a ceremonial table to mark the start of spring. This ancient Persian festival has a lot to do with fresh, green foods.
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March 20, 2012 "I want the Iranian people to know that America seeks a dialogue to hear your views and understand your aspirations," he says in video marking Nowruz.
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Buzzball: A Rollercoaster In A Ball
1 Comment to Buzzball: A Rollercoaster In A Ball
Great now everyone can travel through a stargate (movie "contact" reference)
The Buzzball looks more like Hampster payback than human joy ride machine. Embedded inside the plastic ball of death is a racing seat, two motors, two wheels and triggers for controlling direction. Power one wheel – much like a tank – and the ball will spin on its axis. Engage both wheels (and motors) and the ball will travel in that direction. Apparently the fun starts when you try to change direction, as the driver will spin inside the ball until they overcome the inertia.
The Buzzball has no barf air bags or a launch date.
Update: I emailed the listed address on the site and got a 'failed delivery'. Vaporware anyone?
Grew up back East, got sick of the cold and headed West. Since I was small I have been pushing buttons - both electronic and human. With an insatiable need for tech I thought "why not start a blog focusing on technology, and use my dislikes and likes to post on gadgets."
Great now everyone can travel through a stargate (movie "contact" reference)


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QuadLED Remot
By QuadLED GmbH
Open iTunes to buy and download apps.
Control your QuadLED-Lights with this free application.
You can change the mood and ambience at the tap of a button. This remote control connects to your QuadLED-Tiles automatically and lets you control the colour through a colour wheel. All functions of the classical infrared remote are also available.
Use your iPhone or iPod touch to choose light colour, light quantity and colour balance to create emotional lighting solutions. For more information about the required QuadLED-Tiles visit www.QuadLED.com.
iPhone Screenshot
- Free
- Category: Utilities
- Released: Aug 12, 2009
- Version: 1.0
- Size: 1.0 MB
- Language: English
- Seller: Felix Heidrich
- © QuadLED GmbH
Compatibility: Requires iOS 3.0 or later. Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.


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I have the following problem with a jquery mobile webapp.
I have a fixed footer for my jquery app, but when the android keyboard opens (i.e. when clicking in the browser bar and manually reloading the page), it seems that the viewport is only from top (below the browser bar) down to the upper edge of the keyboard. Then the page reloads and the height of the viewport keeps this size, so it is way too small when the keyboard hides again. How can I force a resize when the keyboard is hidden again?
Thanks a lot for your help.


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5th Ashes Test, Sydney - Day 1 Afternoon
Australia build themselves into a good position thanks to another half century from Brad Haddin.
1:45 mins |
You are :
A big day ahead - Gale Yorkshire Captain, Andrew Gale sums up day three of their LV= County Championship match with Durham
Glamorgan v Kent - Royal London One Day Cup - Glamorgan Innings Amazing Cooke innings guides Glamorgan to victory.
An amazing day for Yorkshire Yorkshire's opening bowlers Ryan Sidebottom and Jack Brooks talk about their amazing day in the field
Women's Ashes highlights - 2nd ODI Lanning century helps Australia win the 2nd ODI in the Ashes series.
Birmingham Bears V Northamptonshire Steelbacks, Natwest T20 Blast - Northamptonshire Steelbacks Innings Bears win Edgbaston thriller
Birmingham Bears V Northamptonshire Steelbacks, Natwest T20 Blast - Birmingham Bears Innings Steelbacks restrict Bears to 154
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So sorry, but only 4 items are allowed for comparison. I blame the gnomes and so should you.
Would you like to compare the products you have selected now?
So sorry, but only 4 items are allowed for comparison. I blame the gnomes and so should you.
Would you like to compare the products you have selected now?
About Travel Gear:
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The right pack can make or break your trip. You need to be sure it's not only roomy but ultra-durable, unwilling to break in event of…well, if you knew what might trip you up you'd be able to avoid it, right? That's the thing – anything can happen out there, so buying gear that is long-lasting and resilient matters most. Water-resistant and sturdy as hell? Those a prerequisites, not optional features.
But there's plenty more to travel gear than daypacks. Headlamps, climbing cams, compression sacks and yoga slings…they all have a home here, and can all play a part in giving you a well thought out traveling experience. Take a look above and get psyched to do some great work out there, no matter where your travels take you.
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Best Western Wilderness Trail Inn
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Cumberland Falls State Park, Kentucky
We don't give up vacationing easily. We departed Kiawah Island, SC early this morning to head back to Michigan. We stopped about mid-way home, at Daniel Boone National Forest area in Kentucky, around 3:30 pm. We spent a couple of hours experiencing the views and the hiking trails of the Cumberland Falls State Park. All the ups & downs, and many, MANY ...
Cumberland Gap NHP - The Old Way West
... particularly high even by eastern standards at 2,440 feet. Lee County, the
westernmost in Virginia, is apparently outside the coal mining belt and is
actually a very beautiful landscape of wide farmed valleys. With passing
through the four far western counties in Virginia I can now add the state to my
list of states in which I have been in every county in the state (and in
Virginia's case independent cities too).
Melbourne to London ... Again!
... eighty days. If you would like a refresher on these states, click on last week's blog and select the video, then just omit Hawaii and Alaska. We began in Florida on Monday afternoon, leaving from Miami and arriving in (believe it or not) Melbourne, Florida. It is free and completely legal to park in the massive car parks of Walmart and Cracker Barrel (a restaurant chain) here, so we had our first go in the car park of a Cracker Barrel. This is ...
Day 1
... Kaleb that he had to get a least $10 of food on his plate. Well, he did what he was told but chose to do it by getting only dessert! I on the other hand went all out and even got steak! It was delicious. We headed back to the hotel and got into our swimming suits. All of us had a great time. Kylee took a few minutes to get use to the water but had a blast. Finally, we went back to our room for some much needed sleep ...
3:30 pm - Finally reached Tennessee! We had another hour long, slow-moving delay near Corbin, Kentucky. I'd driven 80 miles and the breeze is really stiff. We decided to take a stretch break at the Tennessee Welcome Station.
Now, back in the car, Grant is driving the rest of the way to ...


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Signing up could earn you gear and it helps to keep offensive content off of our site.
KILLINGTON, Vt. (August 25, 2008) – http://www.killington.com/ target=_blank>Killington Resort, the epicenter of fall foliage viewing in New England, is once again offering aerial foliage viewing via the K-1 Gondola, plus mountain biking, hiking and special events to showcase the spectacular autumn colors throughout the Green Mountains of Vermont.
Winter continues at Killington with 100 inches since March 1, and more is on the way.
Dave Babic (Washington, VT) grabbed his second World Cup fourth-place finish of the week Sunday as the freestyle moguls tour completed its swing through the Far East.
Take Your Daughter to Snow Week runs Jan. 29 to Feb. 4, 2001. Check out this excellent opportunity to get out and enjoy winter with female friends and relatives.
For the second year in a row, Loveland Ski Area, CO, is the first resort in the country to open for the 1999-2000 ski season.
Although ski areas are closing left and right despite monstrous amounts of snow still on the slopes, a handful of resorts from the northern Appalachians to the Sierra Nevada still offer lift-serviced skiing through July.
Season passes on sale now as crews begin course preparation.
Shannon Bahrke led four U.S. women into the top 10, finishing fifth in Japanese World Cup moguls action.
Killington Resort is now offering many new channels of creative and entertaining interactive information for skiers and riders to get the latest news and conditions at the resort, including a freestyle microsite, podcasts and RSS feeds
Colder temperatures needed to resume snowmaking operations.
Go to skiingmag.com
Go to nastar.com
Go to warrenmiller.com
Copyright © 2015 Cruz Bay Publishing, Inc. an Active Interest Media Company.


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Gynecologic Health Videos
2nd US Doctor Accused of Illegal Lion Hunt
Dr. Jan Seski of Pittsburgh accused by Zimbabwe authorities of killing lion in April hunt.
Woman Give Birth From Ovarian Tissue Frozen 14 Years Ago
could give her two young Kansas office. A state you don't Isabel did that strayed from Erasmus hospital in Brussels the gynecologist who that the recession treatment. She told us more about the procedure. We. Actually you are both formal bond T sure credit
'Jane the Virgin' Star Gina Rodriguez Sings an Amazing Song She Wrote
women which there are lots. And there's a psychologist or a routine pap smear in gets accidentally artificially inseminated because of the wacky. Awesome hysterical gynecologist they body armor eighteen as. Then children as old poster of her life
What Angelina Jolie's Surgery Means for Women Everywhere
mastectomy all that went into it was much more time consuming and other factors and, Jen, you were talking yesterday as a gynecologist , you have -- you had done the procedure that Angelina Jolie just recently underwent. Right, robin. It's called a bso
Angelina Jolie Takes Fight to Cancer
screening test for breast cancer there is no screening test for ovarian cancer so that is. What we call in my specialty of gynecology the silent killer. Typically when ovarian cancer is detected whether it's by ultrasound or blood tests or by surgery
Pregnant Model With Abs Responds to Social Media Backlash
maybe they would see the photos and think, she's so tiny. The baby's been moving? Reporter: Sarah has been seeing gynecologist Dr. George matsura in Pasadena. This is one of her final appointments. She's counting down the days. There's the
Mansplainer Series: History of the Tampon
its best president but she couldn't turn a profit until the company in 1936. Based opposition junk food and even some gynecologist . But great marketing campaigns and study showing how safe and effective they work. Helped turn public opinion around
FDA Issues Warning to Expecting Mothers About Ultrasound Pictures and Video
much, too often for unindicated reasons, we don't know the long-term effects. When is it okay? We use in every day in obgyn . It's important for pregnant women to understand that it's used to date the pregnancy, to confirm the due date, to look
Embracing Menopause With Style.
know him well it was easier actually to act going amenable has been going through an apartment beginning. I called up my gynecologist as it was I have this scene and I don't really know how to play I was doing my research. Right and she gave me some some
Barbara Walters Remembers Joan Rivers
blonde who lived larger and louder than life. Can we talk here? Do you want to know what bravery is? Bravery is to make a gynecologist appointment and show up. That is what bravery is all about. Nothing embarrasses you? Onstage, nothing, yes. In private
Couple With Fake Babies Tried to Enter OBGYN Unit, Officials Say
California's Mercy Medical Center sent out a warning after a couple tried to access their mother and baby unit while carrying life-like dolls.
I could have you wanting to get close and personal with a special somewhat. According to news study. In the archives of gynecology . Checks to an apple. a day we'll have more satisfying. Let's look Apparently he is not the only Okay. George good
New Treatment in Fight Against Cervical Cancer
Dr. Jennifer Ashton. We really wanted to talk about this. What is this treatment about? How does it work? Big news for gynecology , robin. It's important to remember that most cases of cervical cancer are caused by HPV. Normally, our body's immune
'Little Pink Pill' for Women Sparks Big Sexism Controversy
And how many women I know that's exactly what we did that yeah. Nighttime we have a very famous. Doctor accompanied by gynecologist and sexual health crusader doctors only striker we hit the streets of New York City to talk about a taboo. Yeah plant
'Little Pink Pill' for Women Sparks Big Sexism Controversy
I want to know that's exactly what we did that yeah. My client we have a very famous. Doctor you're accompanied by gynecologist and sexual health crusader doctors only striker we hit the streets of New York City to talk about a taboo. Whenever I plant
Robin Quivers' Cancer Recovery
We're going to bring in dr. Jennifer ashton, who is an obgyn . Tell us what we need to know about this cancer. It's ..... as a dnc. Very straightforward. You have to speak to your gynecologist . Is there anything women can do to prevent this? The most
Kate Middleton in Hospital to Have Royal Baby
his wife signed when she does go into labor that we understand that Kate we'll have an expert medical care of the queen gynecologist . Not to Marcus we also know. That William Kate to not know the gender at the baby they want To be a surprise but we do
Texas Legislature Votes on Abortion Bill
in terms of what creates. They say standard of care for women in Texas and that's the American college of obstetrics and gynecology . And was a letter that they write to it's. On June the twelfth. By saying we fear that excessive regulation. Leading
20/20: Bringing Up Baby: Royal Edition
really knows it. I'm Allen five and don't don't gynecologists. Yeah well the gynecologist slight What do you do for a living well not on the role gynecologist . and let live good news that. When what audience with the royal. Woman are you
Bringing Up Baby: Royal Edition
person who really Allen five and don't Mario gynecologists yeah. Well gynecologist and a message to benefit slice open. Yeah what do you do for a living well the gynecology . Live music that when audience with the with men are you referring to
Pap Smears and Cervical Cancer Survival
The pap smear is that gold standard for cancer screening in women. The pap smear is critical to It's very well study and it's ..... HP HIV. Or whether you've had abnormal The pap smear clearly states slides. And it picks up cancer
Hormone Replacement Therapy
treatment are not as high as many once thought. Joining us to discuss doctor Michelle Warren professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Columbia university school Madison high doctor great to see you. Thank you companion so much controversy in the past about
New Option for Menopausal Women
hormone called DH EA can help in May become an alternative to hormone replacement therapy. Doctor Jacques Moritz director of gynecology at saint Luke's Roosevelt hospital is joining us now with deet tails as always it's great to have your idea that he's
Preventing Cervical Cancer
contributor and director of the division of gynecology at saint Luke's Roosevelt hospital ..... that if our data is correct. maybe one pap smear . In a woman's life will be necessary ..... The rate has gone down and down down. Pap smear is called pods could he's going to
New Guidelines for Pap Smears
released some new guidelines for cervical cancer screening . And as a result annual cancer ..... breast exam a pelvic exam and a pap smear . OK right. What they're ..... now is you don't need that pap smear every year you needed every
Cervical Cancer News: Fewer Pap Smears
cancer for me it really meant. You know ally. But the government panel is recommending women between ages 21 65. Only get a pap smear every three years. Startling to women like how. Three years wrong. Being tanker crash and grab elements spiny. Why did
New Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines
No need for a pap test every single year that's according to the US preventive services task force which now recommends a pap smear every three years. And the screening is only recommended for women aged 21 to 65. Who are or have been sexually active
Sex After Menopause
course any woman who's watching this who has vaginal atrophy are vaginal discomfort of any kind. Needs to talk to her gynecologist . I think we all need to think about how sage group now is all that fifty to 79. And older and older. Need to think are
Battling Breast Cancer at 31
thought I pulled a muscle at the gym. And I didn't really call my doctor about it because I had my annual home exam with my gynecologist and September Sosa listen. If it's still there I'll ask her about it. You know she felt and and she said you know what
Women's Health Questions
health. And here provides an inside information on what you need to know is OB GYN and clinical professor of obstetrics and gynecology . At Columbia University doctor Hilda hikers and doctor Hutchison thanks so much for joining us let's jump right it got
Breast Cancer: Unknown Risk Factor
picture on your right. Nancy and how did you both find out about your breast cancer. Well I was diagnosed 2004 after my gynecologist felt He sticking in my right breast I just had a mammogram Stephanie. In fact I ended up with thirteen cancerous lymph nodes
Michael Symon's $5 Dinner Challenge
restoration. Has the other reported on the way. Okay so we could do it I would love serving food like this family style because. Gynecology broke beatings and I love kind of sit around the table my family together I think that's really what she was all about is
Talking to Your Children About Sex
committed to using protection not being embarrassed to buy protection and your email you know being committed to seeing a gynecologist and got tested. These things are important and if you can't do these things it's a sign that perhaps there not right
Vaccinations for Adults
vaccine list isn't talking to your doctor I think a lot of women are guilty. They don't have an internist right. And your gynecologist is not necessary to me thinking about this except for maybe BH PV vaccine. So this is important for you to take responsibility
Parenting Dilemma: Teens on the Pill?
starting on the panel is getting younger we have put people on the pills that are as young as twelve. Doctor Mary roster as a gynecologist who treats adolescents she says it. Following number of parents are seeking birth control pill prescriptions for their teen


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Deviant Art
Beautiful AndrogynySometimes, I can convince myself it is just a phase,More Like This
And there will come a time I won't feel this way.
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Certainty and confusion split by a line that is not clean.
Masculine and feminine aspects of me intermingling.
Maybe that is why I find such beauty in androgyny.
I love the idea of being able to be anything.
It is with elegance that I could be everything.
Member Feature #3!!!Hello everyone! As of today, we have 4,787 members! I'd like to keep going where I left off, so let's begin shall we?More Like This
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How to Get Your Kitten to Eat
A kitten may not eat, and that may be a problem. Take these tips to help you.
This article has been tagged as a stub.
That means it's off to a good start, but still has room to grow into a more helpful resource. Until the article reaches its full potential, it will be hidden from search results. Can you help it flourish? If you think the article offers complete and accurate instructions, feel free to remove this tag.
1Fill your kitten's bowl.
2Take a piece of food and put it in the palm of your hand.
3Take your hand and gently take it to the kitten. Now take it in you thumb and index finger.
4Gently put it under the kitten's mouth. Do not shove it in.
5If the kitten does not eat, the put it back in the palm of your hand and put your hand next to her.
6If she eats, lead her to the bowl with your hand. Drop the piece in the bowl.
Give us 3 minutes of knowledge!
- If your kitten isn't eating, and she is looking sick, take her to the vet for a quick examination.
- Your kitten may not like her/his food. Try some different food.
Article Info
Categories: Stub | Feeding Cats
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 5,705 times.


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WEDNESDAY 30TH SEPTEMBER This was a fairly free day so Miss Hill decided to take the children on a 7 mile … [Read More...]
We aim to raise standards through a balanced, exciting and challenging curriculum which values creativity and asks pupils to take risks and make choices. Also to develop a sense of self-worth for each child as an individual, as part of a group and the wider community.
We recognise individuality and that all pupils learn in different ways and that people have personal values and beliefs which are accepted and respected.
Ms. Hilary Lambert
Head Teacher
Redland School is committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children and young people and expects all staff and volunteers to share this commitment. Therefore all staff and volunteers will be subject to a full Disclosure and Barring Service check before being permitted to work in our school.
WEDNESDAY 30TH SEPTEMBER This was a fairly free day so Miss Hill decided to take the children on a 7 mile … [Read More...]
TUESDAY 29TH SEPTEMBER Breakfast of bacon, tomatoes, toast and fruit - the children were ravenous! … [Read More...]
MONDAY 29TH SEPTEMBER 2015 The children had a good journey to Lynmouth. They dropped their bags at Lee … [Read More...]
After school on Wednesday 7th October we will be holding a sale of the produce that will have been collected … [Read More...]


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Recipes, Tips, and Inspirations for the Sweet Life!
As an appetizer at the beginning of a party or as dessert to wind things down, a cheese plate is a beautiful and creative way to feed your guests. Putting together a great cheese plate is both an art and a science,…
The original Mrs. Fields Cookie! Our fresh baked personalized gifts & gift baskets are guaranteed to impress.
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Kickoff your autumn with gourmet fall gifts that add extra sweetness to your season. From harvest to holidays, our fall cookies are sure to please. Browse our fall collection filled with everything they'll need, from fall baskets to personalized tins.
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Rate Dr. Myles R. Samotin
Dr. Myles R. Samotin's Ratings
Dr. Myles Samotin repaired my badly torn ankle ligaments and did a fantastic job. I followed his recovery and rehab instructions to the letter and now (almost 7 months later...this type of surgical repair and healing takes time!) my ankle is stronger than ever. His entire office team...from his P.A., to the x-ray tech, to his front desk manger...are courteous, friendly, and know what needs to happen to get the job done. I highly recommend Dr. Samotin and his team!!
Was this rating useful? 0 [[ userState['ratings'][2868953].votes_count ]]
Had rotator cuff surgery. Dr. Samotin was excellent. Virtual painless experience. I wouldn't trust anyone else for any orthopedic problems. HIghly recommend.
Was this rating useful? 0 [[ userState['ratings'][2868342].votes_count ]]
Best orthopaedic experience I have ever had.excellent surgeon
Was this rating useful? 0 [[ userState['ratings'][2618627].votes_count ]]
Worst medical experience I have ever had. Do yourself a favor, do not go here.
Was this rating useful? 0 [[ userState['ratings'][2511268].votes_count ]]
Excellent doc,excellent staff.just a great experience
Was this rating useful? 0 [[ userState['ratings'][2467712].votes_count ]]
Had recent shoulder surgery with wonderful result. This doctor was highly recommended to me and oh boy did he deliver. They explained everything to me. My phone calls after surgery were answered almost immediately .after hours the doctor called me right away and was ready to open the office for me if I wanted. Dedication like this just doesn't exist anymore. Dr Samotin is a wonderful, kind caring man the likes of which I have found very rarely. BRAVO to Dr Samotin
Was this rating useful? 0 [[ userState['ratings'][2462155].votes_count ]]
I was a patient and the comments made by these people are true.My experience started by waiting over 2 hours to be seen. The staff is unorganized and rude, they don't know which end is up. Dr.Samotin said hi to me as I was put into my room. He seemed to very nice, Until you here him in the hallway yelling calling a patient ungodly names that I will not repeat. He thought he was high and mighty.I continued my visit saying I had to have a 2 hour surgery to correct my foot.Saying I needed surgery and wanted me booked my the following week.So I checked out letting him know I would think about it.Telling me I really need to book this I'm a very busy Dr. and get booked fast.I then decided to do research on him and asking questions about around town seeing that I know alot of people.Not only has a reputation for being money hungry, but there are no Dr.'s in town that will refer to him,that he has to drive all the way to Punta Gorda and Orlando to get patients. That says alot right there.Beware
Was this rating useful? 1 [[ userState['ratings'][2033341].votes_count ]]
Worst medical experience of my life. Office manager was rude and staff made billing mistakes. Procedure was ankle operation.Ankle remains in pain. Other orthopedic surgeons laughed at his result and prices, but were reluctant to face him in court. From initial exam to post op his attitude was that of a small arrogant man. There must be some reason that he seems to advertise more than other orthopods. In no way would I recommend him.
Was this rating useful? 0 [[ userState['ratings'][2033340].votes_count ]]
Was recommended by my tennis pro. The Dr and staff were prompt, knowledgeable and caring. Orthoscopic surgery on knee with follow up p/t at his office is going well...would highly recommend Dr. Samotin
Was this rating useful? 0 [[ userState['ratings'][2033336].votes_count ]]
I have worked for Dr. Samotin and also have been a surgical patient of his.He has a heart of gold and a knowledge base that is unparalleled.He has a state of the art facility and he really cares and succeeds in helping his patients.I am appalled by this and other computer rating sites.I have interviewed people for jobs who have worked for other doctors in town .They are ordered by their docs to write in nasty comments and poor ratings about competing doctors to try and promote thier own interests.People think about it.You are on this site and anyone can make comments and rank a doctor poorly.This site doesnt make you give any identifying info or even prove you were ever a patient at the doctor yet you can rank him. This is pure nonsense.
Was this rating useful? 0 [[ userState['ratings'][2033335].votes_count ]]
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Union Hill HS (UHHS) Class of 1990 Alumni List
Help us Update the Union Hill HS 1990 Class List by adding any names missing from the list below:
Registered Alumni
1990 Class List
- Kerry Abreu
- Letty Abreu
- Norma Acosta
- Franklin Banos
- Victor Carbonell
- Daphne Castro
- Daima Chiu
- Iris Cruz
- Gilda Fernandez
- Luis Flecha
- Kiesha Frame
- Iliana Garcia
- Zuleika Garcia
- Macrena Gonzales
- Annette Hernandez
- Michelle Hernedez
- Brenda Vazquez Herrera
- Cher Iannaccone
- Walter Juarez
- Lissette Martinez
- Gladys Lori Mejia
- Michelle Mejia
- Cindy Mercado
- Tere Morales
- Maggie Murillo
- Susan Nieves
- Nicomedes Ortega
- Hector Proenza
- Thaila Thaila Hernandez Puig
- Danny Ramirsz
- Madelin Rodriguez
- Mario Rodroguez
- Marcelino Sanchez
- Naomi Tanaka
Know Union Hill HS Class of 1990 graduates that are NOT on this List? Help us Update the 1990 Class List by adding missing names.
The top movie in theaters during 1990 was Home Alone, grossing over $285,761,243 in its lifetime. The most popular television series for 1990 was The Cosby Show/Roseanne (tie)
Hit Songs From 1990
Black VelvetAlannah Myles
Blaze Of GloryJon Bon Jovi
Opposites AttractPaula Abdul
EpicFaith No More
Without YouMotley Crue
The Humpty DanceDigital Underground
King Of Wishful ThinkingGo West
What It TakesAerosmith
Downtown TrainRod Stewart
Hold OnEn Vogue
Hit Movies From 1990
- Home Alone
- Total Recall
- Die Hard 2
Hit TV Shows From 1990
- Doogie Howser, M.D. on ABC
- 60 Minutes on CBS
- Family Matters on ABC
- Davis Rules on ABC
- The Cosby Show on NBC
Union Hill High School News
More 1990 alumni from Union Hill HS have posted profiles on Classmates.com®. Click here to register for free at Classmates.com® and view other 1990 alumni.
Alumni from the Union Hill High School class of 1990 that have been added to this alumni directory are shown on this page. All of the people on this page graduated in '90 from Union Hill HS. You can register for free to add your name to the UHHS alumni directory.
While you are reminiscing about the times you spent in high school at Union Hill High School, you should also check out alumni photos, yearbook listings and share any reunion info if possible.


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The Scholars Pro Musica presents Coronation Mass No. 15, C Major, KV 317 at St Peter's Anglican Church, Mount Maunganui, Tauranga, New Zealand. Musical and Artistic Director, Chalium Poppy.
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Video Description:
Swedish chick gets buttfucked
All Comments (21)
where is that cock sucking?????
i agree with mr big....its too short, it teases us....who is this stunning girl!
love this video, shame its so short, who is she?
help us someone lol
love this tape
Mamma Mia, here we go again
I found her, her name is Dina Jewel :D have fun guys!!
Too short a clip, otherwise good vantage point. We just need a better shot of her well fucked ass.
who is this stunner
Her name is Sasha knox i love her feet
yes I also REALLY WANT to know her name or where to see more videos with her in. and the full video of this clip....please someone tell us
Does anybody know the name of the full movie? I like that girl...
Well i dont think she´s Swedish.. Just because she´s blonde she is from Sweden?
sadly I dont think it is sasha knox, sasha knox has different accent, I just looked up a load of her vids, she looks quite different too if you look closely, the search is still on....keep thinking people! we must find who this hot chick is!
who is sheeeeeeeeeee????????? shes awesome...godess!
name and full vid please!
i wanna know too!
who is she?! someone must know or have the full vid
I sooooo need to see the full video of this...anyone know where it is? whats her name? or is she amateur....I need to see the full video this is SO damn good


text: Excellent room for less than $60 a night with a basic bathroom. Staff is very friendly and the hotel is only 2 or 3 minute walk from the Convention Center. House keeping does a great job. Food I would go to Rosen Center or Point Orlando. Free Wifi in room


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Bellefontaine Super 8 Motel
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Day 40-Very English cycle to Marysville
... was lovely and much appreciated.
A conveniently placed ice cream place at 105miles was too tempting plus the skies cleared so was definitely a sign.
Lots of tar from the roads so spent quite a while cleaning the bike.Its not all milkshakes.... Pizza for din dins (Dick ate 2 pizzas) then off to bed zzz
Miller Boyz Road Trip
So we departed from Holt at 4ish in the a.m. (Pearson got the prize for waking up last - 3:50, rolled out of bed and landed in the front seat without ever really waking up.) All was quiet till we reached our first destination - breakfast at the Waffle House. Nothing like some "smothered and covered" to get us ready for the ...
Bike Museum and Canal
New Bremen, Ohio is a beautiful town. The buildings on the main street have all been refurbished to period time and are mostly brick. It is so beautiful. In one of these buildings is the Bicycle Museum of America. The collection was purchased piece by piece when the museum in Chicago went up for sale. A company called Crown, which actually manufactured many different items is who felt the collection should not be broken up. Crown used ...
Our trip begins!
Met Jim and Sue at meeting place shortly after 9:00am this morning. We're doing the first leg of our journey with them! Nice to have some travel buddies :) We left London at 9:30 am. Good weather - Clear and sunny all the way. Stopped in Toledo Ohio to purchase a hot spot. After much running around, bought one, got it set up and now we have wifi while on the road Stayed in Wapakaneta KOA. Arrived around ...
Girl: "You're not a real clown!"
... Haha. We handed out fliers anyway and then made our way over to the elementary school.
We ended up on the playground for three sessions of recess with the younger kids. So. Much. Fun. John was the Pied Piper to these kids....everyone smiled and laughed and immediately gathered around him. He played hopscotch, basketball, freeze tag, and hide and go seek with them. I passed out fliers until we ran out and the teachers ...


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Food Security & Trade Liberalization
Maqbool, Asif, Nawaz, Zeeshan, Economic Review
The rapid increase in prices of rice, wheat and other food commodities has sent a shockwave through poor households around the world. While food prices are always volatile, recent rises are of a magnitude last seen in the 1970s.
For this huge price hike, there are several causes: rising demand in large developing countries that have experienced growth in household incomes; neglect of agriculture in many developing economies over recent decades, leading to reduced supply; increased costs to farmers due to high fuel and fertilizer prices; competition from biofuels for land use; supply disruptions caused by drought in major agricultural exporting countries; speculation and an asset bubble in commodity markets; and the decline of the dollar, the currency in which many commodities are priced on global markets.
People are in the streets rioting over food and energy prices. The business world is in a state of shock over the financial crisis. These are the problems that governments have to focus on, and the Doha Round cannot help them.
People want global agreements to solve food insecurity, to get them out of poverty and to avoid the devastating effects of climate change. If trade can help these goals, it should be used. But the deal on the Doha roundtable was likely to make things worse.
The existing WTO and bilateral and regional trade agreements push across the board liberalization, which worsens volatility of food prices. This leads to increased dependence on international markets and decreased investment in local food production.
Trade liberalization has eroded the ability of a number of developing countries to feed their population, for example, Mexico, Bangladesh, Indonesia and Mali. The removal of tariff barriers has resulted in dumping of heavily subsidised commodities in developing countries, such as Ghana, Kenya, the Philippines, Jamaica and Honduras, while undermining local food production.
Developing countries have turned from net exporters of food to net importers of food. Two-thirds of developing countries are net food importers and are extremely vulnerable to volatile international food prices. The proposals under the current Doha Round were not very impressive and if those were approved, they will increase countries' dependence on food imports while further eroding their ability to feed their own populations.
High food prices provide enormous benefits to transnational agribusinesses and commodity cartels that control the trade in food and farm production. One of the largest global grain traders, Cargill. announced in April 2008 that its third quarter profits rose 86 per cent to $1. …