text: Positive Reviews! Matt Richenthal at October 27, 2013 8:58 am. Comments Wow, positive reviews! In this clip from the November 5 episode, a handful of Stylista contestants actually get compliments. For the most part. Amazing! Share Tweet Email Edit Delete Follow Stylista Show: Stylista Episode: Stylista Season 1 Episode 3: "No More Mr. Nice Guy" Related Videos: Stylista Videos, Stylista Season 1 Episode 3 Videos Uploaded by: Matt Richenthal Uploaded: October 27, 2013


text:
Face Decoration Camera - FaceDeco Camera
By Takahiro Hirata
Open iTunes to buy and download apps.
This is a camera application that automatically combines interesting images to a number of face on the picture!
【When to Use】
- When you want to take a picture without showing your face
- For your profile image of SNS (Twitter, Facebook...)
- When you want to take a slightly offbeat group picture
- For drinking party and communication with someone you meet for the first time
1. Select the picture you want to combine at the bottom
2. Look at the camera so your face shows up on the screen
3. Press the button at the bottom to take the picture when the position is ideal
【Types of Pictures】
- heart eyes, No-good face, anime style eyes, manga style face, cat ear, panda face, open mouth, black belt, etc.
【Main Feature】
- Switching between various kinds of pictures
- Submit your photo via Twitter
- Submit your photo via Facebook
- Attach your photo to an email
- Change focus/exposure settings at where the screen is touched
- Switch between the front and back camera
What's New in Version 1.3
bug fixed for iPhone5S
iPhone Screenshot
Customers Also Bought
- Free
- Category: Photo & Video
- Updated: 18 February 2014
- Version: 1.3
- Size: 1.3 MB
- Languages: English, Japanese
- Developer: Takahiro Hirata
- © Takahiro Hirata
Compatibility: Requires iOS 7.0 or later. Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.
Top In-App Purchases
- Cat Ears (8 images)Rp 23ribu

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Website Updated August 22, 2015
Website Updated August 22, 2015
In Memoriam - Bob Ledwith
Long time Silver League player Bob Ledwith passed away August 17th after a long battle with cancer. He played right up to last fall and was drafted for league play but had to quit because of chemotherapy. Many of us will remember him fondly for his many years of participation.
Sign Up for Winter 2015-2016 Leagues
Sign up on line at www.sarasotaseniorsoftball.org -- "senior softball signup page".
Deadline for Sign Up is October 1st
No exceptions! Sign Up Now!
Summer League Hiatus
During July and August, when no games are scheduled, batting practice will be held at 17th street on Monday, Wednesday and Friday at 8:15 A.M.
We have attempted to organize pick up games on Mondays but there has not been sufficient interest to assemble two teams.
Awards Luncheon At Der Dutchman
The annual SSSA luncheon was held on March 25th. Former Oriole and Yankee infielder Brian Roberts (see pictures below) was the featured speaker in a packed banquet room filled with players, spouses, sponsors and good friends.
Former SSSA President George Hawley (below right) was the winner of the annual Fred Frank award. Everyone was delighted Fred could attend the event and help celebrate the happy occasion.
Attention: All SSSA Players -- 17th Street Field Ground Rules
Players are required to remain outside the gates until 8
AM and stay off the playing fields until 8:15 AM so that the grounds crew can complete mowing and striping the fields.
Please comply with this request in order to avoid problems with the Park District
New SSSA T-Shirts are available for purchase from SSSA Board Members.
$8 Each
Association members are welcome to attend monthly Board meetings but must notify Gary Moore at least one day in advance. The minutes of previous meetings may be accessed by clicking on the "SSSA BD MTGS" button on the top of this page.


text:
Hotel des Etuves
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
TripAdvisor Reviews Hotel des Etuves Montpellier
Travel Blogs from Montpellier
Montpellier Shopping
... favourite shop called Metropolitan.
On the way back to the car we stood in the fountain in the middle of the square it was so good.
Then I was really sad because I wanted to swim at the beach but there were no car parks anywhere so we had to go home as it was tea time and we needed an early night to go for our last dark bike ride in the morning. I was so tired I went straight to sleep
Bon Nuit
Roman Aqueduct & Mediterranean Beach
Our day started with a 45 min ride by bus to Pont du Gard, another UNESCO World Heritage site. Just a one kilometre walk and we arrived at the entrance to the large park reserve surrounding the roman aqueduct and housing a large museum. We decided to take in the aqueduct first while the weather was still not too hot. Our walk took us right to the aqueduct and we were able to cross the river below it on a ...
Time for Lavende, Planning & Packing
... up out of your bed at 7am in the
morning (some of you that is) in NZ it is likely that the kids are heading to
bed and Toni and Tony have a bit more planning to be done for a few more hours
yet for a another week but the prize at the end will be AMAZING.
Thursday 25th – It was time for a bit of time out
from planning so once the kids were at school, Maddi doing a full day at school
including canteen which consisted of some form ...
... night to our Hotel. Checking into Hotel du
Palais Bourbon in the Saint Germain, 7th arrondissements area (Paris is broken in to 20
arrondissements all having their own Mairie - mayor) was a fairly simple
process in amongst the night porter having his smoke we got to our room, I did
have to fill out an entry card which asked where I was born, when I arrived in
France and when I intended to leave – all very relevant information… Not. ...
Grotte, Pont Du Gard & Nimes with Chris and Tom
... As 6 does not fit in to a car
that only holds 5 Corban, Maddi, Chris and Grandad (Tom) were sent packing on
the Montpellier tram out to the Odysseum shopping centre where Toni and Tony
would meet them. Toni and Tony left for the airport to pick up a rental car
which happened to be a brand new little white fiat Bambina 500 so that we could
start our adventure around the wider area. With Toni, Chris and Maddi in the
racing fiat, wind-up toy but they looked good ...
Other places to stay in Montpellier
Appart'City MontpellierSabathé, Montpellier | 2 star hotelfrom $56
Novotel MontpellierLa Rauze, Montpellier | 4 star hotelfrom $124
Citadines Montpellier AntigoneNombre d'Or, Montpellier | 3 star hotelfrom $107
Citadines Montpellier Sainte-OdileSainte-Odile, Montpellier | 3 star hotelfrom $58
Park & Suites Elegance Montpellier OvalieParc Montcalm, Montpellier | 3 star hotelfrom $68
Madame Vacances Residence Les Consuls De La MerLa Rauze, Montpellier | 3 star hotelfrom $76
Mercure Montpellier AntigoneAntigone, Montpellier | 2 star hotelfrom $111
Hotel Oceania Le MetropoleGares, Montpellier | 4 star hotelfrom $122
Mercure Montpellier CentreNombre d'Or, Montpellier | 3 star hotelfrom $107
Kyriad Prestige Montpellier Ouest Croix d'ArgentTournezy, Montpellier | 4 star hotelfrom $99
Pullman Montpellier CentreNombre d'Or, Montpellier | 5 star hotelfrom $182
Suite Novotel MontpellierAntigone, Montpellier | Hotelfrom $131
Villa BellagioHôpitaux-Facultés, Montpellier | 3 star hotelfrom $81
Ibis Montpellier Centre95 place Vauban, Montpellier | 2 star hotelfrom $107
Kyriad Montpellier Centre AntigoneAntigone, Montpellier | 3 star hotelfrom $107
Campanile Montpellier le Millenaire1083 Rue Henri Becquerel, Montpellier | 3 star hotelfrom $66
Balladins Superior Montpellier - PerolsRoute de Carnon, Montpellier | 2 star hotelfrom $79
Ibis Budget Montpellier Sud Pr�s D'ArenesLa Rauze, Montpellier | Hotelfrom $61
Ibis Montpellier Centre ComedieNombre d'Or, Montpellier | Hotelfrom $110
Grand Hotel Du MidiComédie, Montpellier | 3 star hotelfrom $129
Royal HotelComédie, Montpellier | 2 star hotelfrom $108
Heliotel MontpellierRond-point Agropolis , Montpellier | 2 star hotelfrom $84
Hotel du Parc Euromedecine2 rue du Caducee, Montpellier | 2 star hotelfrom $73
Hotel KallisteComédie, Montpellier | Hotelfrom $87


text:
On Friday Sept. 18th, the band played to a jumping crowd at the Big Band Dance, a celebration which raised funds for Sackville's Hospital Auxiliary and was part of the town's Fall Fair activities. Citizens band played 'Rock Around the Clock', 'Boot Scootin' Boogie' and closed with a swing version of 'Red River Valley'. It alternated sets with Parrsboro's Elastic Big Band to fill out the three hour event. Perhaps the SCB highlight was 'Blue Moon', sung by Sackville's Janet Crawford with the 20-piece SCB backing.
The Hospital Auxiliary, which was celebrating a 70th anniversary, expressed the hope that this might be an annual event.


text:
|Search | About | Preferences | Interact | Help
|Find any book at the best price.
by Meriwether Lewis
Publisher:National Geographic
At the dawn of the 19th century, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark embarked on an unprecedented journey from St. Louis, Missouri to the Pacific Ocean and back again. Their assignment was to explore the newly acquired Louisiana Territory and record the geography, flora, fauna, and people they encountered along the way. The tale of their incredible journey, meticulously recorded in their journals, has become an American classic.
This single-volume, landmark edition of the famous journals is the first abridgement to be published in at least a decade.
Search under way...
Search complete.
New books: 1 - 25 of 29
Used books: 1 - 25 of 147


text:
Attack of the Giant African Snails
kihcarasMar 12 2013,
They're every gardener's nightmare: giant snails the size of a man's hand that eat up everything in sight, leaving only a slimy trail. South Florida is battling an invasion of the African species, one gross gastropod at a time.
Press the button
if you liked the video! Thank you!
What Planned Parenthood Deborah Nucatola Actually Said [FULL VIDEO] About Selling Baby Partsby ChristFollower
Jul 21 2015, 129 views
What Should Conservatives Do After Supreme Court's Gay Marriage Ruling?by ChristFollower
Jul 4 2015, 82 views
Sesame Street Did a House of Cards Parody and They're Killing It.by heavensky
Feb 24 2015, 209 views
The Golden Globes Awards 2015: The Best Moments You May Have Missedby heavensky
Jan 12 2015, 392 views
Eagles Vs.Giants 2010 (One Of The Greatest Comebacks In NFL History)by heavensky
Dec 28 2014, 688 views
Baltimore Ravens vs Cleveland Browns - September 21, 2014 Week 3 - Recapby heavensky
Dec 28 2014, 695 views
Editor's Pick
She records an album each year as a gift for her family each year. This time she really nailed it!by heavensky
Jul 25 2014, 3,419 views
Oh My Heart! These New Born Twins' First Conversation Put the Biggest Smile On My Face!by ProphesyGW
Jul 25 2014, 15,511 views
When This Homeless Lent His Bucket Out, What He Got Was Not Just A Nice Concert!by cancercross
Jul 25 2014, 5,917 views
This Little Puppy Has Finished An Impossible Race. I'm Nuts About Him!by ProphesyGW
Jul 25 2014, 1,458 views
I was scared when she put the baby into bath, But what happened next just stole my heart!by heavensky
Jul 24 2014, 21,704 views
These Two SHY Brothers Did Something that Amazed The Guests, I Was Floored!by thanksforlovingme
Jul 24 2014, 8,624 views


text:
|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Número de solicitud
|Fecha de publicación
|15 Abr 2003
|Fecha de presentación
|10 Dic 1999
|Fecha de prioridad
|20 Sep 1994
|También publicado como
|Número de publicación
|Larry W. Fullerton
|Cesionario original
|Time Domain Corporation
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (63), Otras citas (15), Citada por (151), Clasificaciones (24), Eventos legales (12)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/158,570, filed Sep. 22, 1998, now abandoned which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/761,602, filed Dec. 6, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,832,035, entitled "Fast Locking Mechanism for Channelized Ultrawide-Band Communication," which is an FWC of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/487,990, filed Jun. 7, 1995, now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of commonly owned, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/309,973, filed Sep. 20, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,677,927, entitled "Ultrawide-Band Communications System and Method," and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/428,489, filed Apr. 27, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,687,169, entitled "Full Duplex Ultrawide-Band Communications System and Method," which are incorporated herein by reference and to which 35 U.S.C. §120 priority is hereby claimed.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of communications, and more particularly, the present invention relates to an ultrawide-band impulse communication transceiver system and method employing a full duplex mode wherein information is sent and received essentially simultaneously.
2. Related Art
Conventional transceivers operating with narrow band signals typically use the same antenna to transmit and receive signals. The transmit and receive signals are usually the same or very close in frequency. Switching between the transmit and receive mode can be done at very high rates, depending on the density of each packet of data.
Full duplex operation has traditionally been accomplished by either frequency domain or a time domain multiple access (FDMA or TDMA). In order to isolate the transmitter and receiver, FDMA uses frequency filters and hybrids, while TDMA uses a duty cycle scheme in which the transmitter and receiver alternate operation.
An example of an FDMA full duplex voice communication system is an amateur radio transceiver that operates with different transmit and receive frequencies. For example, the separated frequencies could be 144 Mhz and 436 Mhz. In such a system, the antennas are usually different, and filters must be used in the receiver to eliminate transmitter noise from the adjacent transmit antenna. Otherwise, the receiver could easily be overloaded by its own transmitter.
Impulse radio technology, on the other hand, is ultrawide-band by definition. The original descriptions of impulse radio may be found in a number of United States Patents by the present inventor. Three of these are U.S. Pat. No. 4,641,317 (issued Feb. 3, 1987), U.S. Pat. No. 4,813,057 (issued Mar. 14, 1989) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,979,186 (issued Dec. 18, 1990). Because of the ultrawide-band characteristics of impulse radio, it is difficult to modify impulse radio systems to use conventional duplex schemes.
In order to achieve full duplex in impulse radio technology, separate transmit and receive antennas are required for hand-held transceiver applications. This is because the receiver can not be disconnected from the antenna fast enough to permit transmission using the same antenna. Therefore, the size of the impulse radio antennas must be relatively small.
An impulse radio system with many users communicating with one another requires that they all have the same size antennas. In addition, for impulse radio communications in the same bandwidth, it is assumed that the transmit and receive antennas are the same size as well. These constraints complicate the implementation of full duplex in impulse radio technology, because both the transmitter and receiver must be operated in the same ultrawide frequency bandwidth.
Impulse radio technology permits operation at rates so high that there is no time for the signal to reach the intended receiver before the next pulse is transmitted. This situation causes several pulses to be present in the space between the two transceiver units. When there is motion between them such as in mobile communications, there occurs the unavoidable condition wherein the transmitter and receiver must operate simultaneously.
In order to operate in full duplex mode in a mobile environment, the transmitter and receiver would be required to operate simultaneously whenever the distance separating them increases or decreases by a multiple of C/R, where C is the speed of light and R is the repetition rate. For example, if R=1 million pulses per second, these zones would be about 300 meters, and so on. Although full duplex mode of operation is very desirable, this effect makes it unpractical to do so.
The problem is quite clear: How can an impulse radio receiver distinguish the signals transmitted by other impulse radio transmitters in the presence of more powerful impulse radio signals transmitted by its own adjacent transmit antenna? What is needed as a solution is a technique, applicable to impulse radio technology, that avoids interference between transmit and receive signals.
The present invention is directed to an impulse radio transceiver for full duplex ultrawide-band communications. The transceiver comprises an impulse radio transmitter to transmit impulse radio signal pulses, an impulse radio receiver to receive impulse radio signal pulses. Either or both of the impulse radio transmitter and the impulse radio receiver is configured for synchronizing the transmission and the reception of the impulse radio signal pulses for pulse interleaved communications. Pulse interleaving avoids self-interference between the transmitted impulse radio signal pulses and the received impulse radio signal pulses. In addition to pulse interleaved communications, bursts of pulses can be transmitted between two transceivers in an interleaved fashion.
Alternatively, The present invention avoids simultaneous operation by transmitting and receiving at different repetition rates, which forces the overlap condition to occur at a constant rate independent of spatial distribution. In order to overcome the overlap condition, the impulse radio receiver employs logic which prevents it from operating during the few overlapping pulses which occur per second.
Thus, the present invention is directed to a system and method whereby it is possible to send and receive information at the same time using the same antenna in an impulse radio.
One embodiment of the present invention allows the distance between two transceiver units in communication to be continuously varied, without it becoming necessary for either unit to transmit a monocycle and then operate its correlation receiver within a time period which would cause undesirable cross-talk. This is accomplished by the use of a slightly different repetition rate for each of the transmit and receive directions, and by turning off the transmitter for the period of time during which the beat period between the two repetition rates would otherwise require the transmission soon before or simultaneously with the reception of an impulse signal containing information.
FIGS. 1A and 1B show a 2 GHz center frequency monocycle pulse in the time and frequency domains, respectively, in accordance with the present invention.
FIGS. 2A and 2B are illustrations of a 1 mpps system with 1 ns pulses in the time and frequency domains, respectively, in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 3 illustrates a modulating signal that changes the pulse repetition interval (PRI) in proportion to the modulation in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a plot illustrating the impact of pseudo-random dither on energy distribution in the frequency domain in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 5 illustrates the result of a narrowband sinusoidal (interference) signal overlaying an impulse radio signal in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 6 shows the "cross correlator" transfer function of an impulse radio receiver in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 7 illustrates impulse radio multipath effects in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 8 illustrates the phase of the multipath pulse in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 9 shows a representative block diagram of a full duplex impulse radio system, in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 10 shows timing of transmitted and received pulses at a transceiver.
FIG. 11 shows contention zones between an impulse radio transmitter and receiver.
FIG. 12 shows a delay transmit technique to minimize the affect of contention zones between an impulse radio transmitter and receiver, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 13 shows a flow diagram for a pulse interleaving technique for full duplex impulse radio communications, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 14 shows a flow diagram for a burst interleaving technique for full duplex impulse radio communications, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 15 shows exemplary pulses for a further embodiment of the present invention using different pulse repetition frequencies for two communicating transceivers.
FIG. 16 illustrates the cross correlation process in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 17 shows a representative illustration of an impulse radio transceiver for full duplex communications, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 18 shows a representative illustration of an impulse radio transceiver for full duplex communications, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 19 shows an exemplary block diagram of a transceiver implemented for synchronizing pulse interleaving, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 20 shows a flow diagram to implement a delay for pulse interleaved communications.
In the drawings, like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements. Additionally, the left-most digit of the reference number identifies the drawing in which the reference number first appears.
I. Overview
II. Technology Basics
A. Gaussian Monocycle
B. A Pulse Train
C. Modulation
D. Coding for Energy Smoothing and Channelization
E. Reception and Demodulation
F. Jam Resistance
G. Processing Gain
H. Capacity
I. Multipath and Propagation
III. Full Duplex for Impulse Radio Communication Systems
A. The Impact of the Width of the Dither Window on System Performance
IV. Exemplary Transceiver Hardware
A. Transmitter
B. Receiver
C. Time Hand-off
D. Differential Rate Duplex
V. Other Considerations
VI. Conclusion
I. Overview
Impulse radio technology according to the present invention is widely applicable for wireless communications applications. Because impulse radio is not a continuous wave (CW) carrier-based system, the use of a subcarrier is an elegant, counter intuitive addition to the time domain impulse radio design. Signal-to-noise ratio is thereby improved considerably compared to non-subcarrier impulse radio transmissions.
Impulse radios generally have: short duration pulses; center frequencies typically between 50 MHz and 10 gigahertz (GHz); ultrawide bandwidths of 100+% of the center frequency; multi-mile ranges with sub-milliwatt average power levels, even with low gain antennas; extremely low power spectral densities; lower cost than other sophisticated radio designs, especially spread spectrum systems; and excellent immunity to jamming from other systems and to multipath fading.
Impulse radios have exceptional multipath immunity and are relatively simple and less costly to build, especially in comparison to spread spectrum radios. Impulse radio systems consume substantially less power than existing conventional radios. Additionally, impulse radio systems occupy less space than existing portable telecommunications transceivers. Because of these characteristics, impulse radio is an optimal technology for a wide variety of applications, including personal communications systems and in-building communications systems.
Copending, commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/309,973 (filed Sep. 20, 1994, and titled An Ultrawide-Band Communication System and Method; which is incorporated herein by reference and referred to as the '973 application) describes the following impulse radio features: the use of impulse radio subcarriers; the time modulator that is used for code time delaying and subcarrier time delaying; linearization of the time modulator; pseudo Manchester coding for modulation of digital data using impulse radio communications; and a lock acquisition scheme for the impulse radio receiver to acquire and maintain lock of impulse radio signals.
The following sections II and III are a detailed description of the present invention.
Section II is directed to technology basics and provides the reader with an introduction to impulse radio concepts, as well as other relevant aspects of communications theory. Section III is directed full duplex for impulse radio communication systems. This section includes subsections relating to the theory of operation of full duplex for an impulse radio transceiver.
II. Technology Basics
As stated above, this section is directed to technology basics and provides the reader with an introduction to impulse radio concepts, as well as other relevant aspects of communications theory. This section includes subsections relating to Gaussian monocycle pulses, pulse trains of gaussian monocycle pulses, modulation, coding, and qualitative and quantitative characteristics of these concepts.
Impulse radio transmitters emit short Gaussian monocycle pulses with a tightly controlled average pulse-to-pulse interval. Impulse radio transmitters use pulse widths of between 20 and 0.1 nanoseconds (ns) and pulse-to-pulse intervals of between 2 and 5000 ns. These narrow monocycle pulses have inherently wide-band frequency characteristics.
Impulse radio systems uses pulse position modulation, with the actual pulse-to-pulse interval being varied on a pulse-by-pulse basis by two components: an information component and a pseudo-random code component. Unlike spread spectrum systems, the pseudo-random code is not necessary for energy spreading (because the impulses themselves are inherently wide-band), but rather for channelization, energy smoothing in the frequency domain, and jamming resistance.
The impulse radio receiver is a direct conversion receiver with a cross correlator front end. The front end coherently converts the electromagnetic pulse train to a baseband signal in one stage. The impulse radio receiver integrates multiple pulses to recover each bit of the transmitted information.
A. Gaussian Monocycle
The most basic element of impulse radio technology is the practical implementation of Gaussian monocycles, which are also referred to herein as Gaussian monocycle pulses. A Gaussian monocycle is the first derivative of the Gaussian function. FIGS. 1A and 1B show a 2 GHz center frequency (i.e., a 0.5 ns pulse width) monocycle pulse in the time and frequency domains (see 102 and 104, respectively). (Actual practice prevents the transmission of a perfect Gaussian monocycle. In the frequency domain, this results in a slight reduction in the signal's bandwidth.) These monocycles, which are sometimes called impulses, are not gated sine waves.
The Gaussian monocycle waveform is naturally a wide bandwidth signal, with the center frequency and the bandwidth completely dependent upon the pulse's width. In the time domain, the Gaussian monocycle is described mathematically by:
A is the peak amplitude of the pulse,
t is time, and
τ (tau) is a time decay constant.
In the frequency domain, the Gaussian monocycle envelope is:
The center frequency is then:
Relative to c, the 3 dB down points (power) are:
Thus, the bandwidth is approximately 160% of the center frequency. Because τ (tau) also defines the pulse width, then the pulse width specifies both the center frequency and bandwidth. In practice, the center frequency of a monocycle pulse is approximately the reciprocal of its length, and its bandwidth is approximately equal to 1.6 times the center frequency. Thus, for the "0.5 ns" pulse shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B:
B. A Pulse Train
Impulse radio systems use pulse trains, not single pulses, for communications. As described in detail in Section III below, the impulse radio transmitter produces and outputs a train of pulses for each bit of information.
Prototypes built by the inventors have pulse repetition frequencies of between 0.7 and 10 megapulses per second (mpps, where each megapulse is 106 pulses). FIGS. 2A and 2B are illustrations of a 1 mpps system with (uncoded, unmodulated) 1 ns pulses in the time and frequency domains (see 102 and 104, respectively). In the frequency domain, this highly regular pulse train produces energy spikes (comb lines 204) at one megahertz intervals; thus, the already low power is spread among the comb lines 204. This pulse train carries no information and, because of the regularity of the energy spikes, might interfere with conventional radio systems at short ranges.
Impulse radio systems have very low duty cycles so the average power in the time domain is significantly lower than the peak power in the time domain. In the example in FIGS. 2A and 2B, for example, the impulse transmitter operates 0.1% of the time (i.e., 1 ns per microsecond (μs)).
Additional processing is needed to modulate the pulse train so that the impulse radio system can actually communicate information. The additional processing also smooths the energy distribution in the frequency domain so that impulse radio transmissions (e.g., signals) interfere minimally with conventional radio systems.
C. Modulation
Amplitude and frequency/phase modulation are unsuitable for this particular form of impulse communications; the only suitable choice is pulse position modulation, which allows the use of a matched filter (i.e., cross correlator) in the receiver. As illustrated in FIG. 3, a modulating signal changes the pulse repetition interval (PRI) in proportion to the modulation.
If the modulating signal were to have three levels, the first level might shift the generation of the pulse forward in time from the nominal by ∂ picoseconds (ps); the second level might not shift the pulse position in time from the nominal at all; and the third level might delay the pulse by ∂ ps. This would be a digital modulation scheme. Analog modulation would allow continuous deviations between PRI-∂ and PRI+∂. In the impulse radio system the maximum value of ∂ is t/4, where t=time of the pulse. The time measurement is assumed to be taken from the same part of the monocycle waveform on successive monocycles.
In the frequency domain, pulse position modulation distributes the energy over more frequencies. For example, in the case of a 1 mpps system where the modulation dither (d) is 100 ps, the PRI is 1,000,000 Hertz (Hz) and the additional frequency components are: 999,800.04 Hz, 999,900.01 Hz, 1,000,100.01 Hz, and 1,000,200.04 Hz. (Dither is an impulse radio communications term for moving the position of a pulse in time.) Transmitted energy is now distributed among more spikes (comb lines) in the frequency domain. If the total transmitted energy remains constant, the energy in each frequency spike decreases as the number of possible pulse positions increases. Thus, in the frequency domain, the energy is more smoothly distributed.
D. Coding for Energy Smoothing and Channelization
Because the receiver is a cross correlator, the amount of time position modulation required for one-hundred percent modulation is calculated by the inverse of fc/4 (where fc is the center frequency). For a monocycle with a center frequency of 1.3 GHz, for example, this corresponds to ±157 (ps) of time position modulation. The spectrum-smoothing effects at this level of time dither is negligible.
Impulse radio achieves optimal smoothing by applying to each pulse a PN code dither with a much larger magnitude than the modulation dither. FIG. 4 is a plot illustrating the impact of pseudo-random dither on energy distribution in the frequency domain. FIG. 4, when compared to FIG. 2B, shows the impact of using a 256 position PN code relative to an uncoded signal.
PN dithering also provides for channelization (channelization is a procedure employed to divide a communications path into a number of channels). In an uncoded system, differentiating between separate transmitters would be very hard. PN codes create channels, if the codes themselves are relatively orthogonal (i.e., there is low correlation and/or interference between the codes being used).
E. Reception and Demodulation
Clearly, if there were a large number of impulse radio users within a confined area, there might be mutual interference. Further, while the use of the PN coding minimizes that interference, as the number of users rises the probability of an individual pulse from one user's sequence being received simultaneously with a pulse from another user's sequence increases. Fortunately, implementations of an impulse radio according to the present invention do not depend on receiving every pulse. The impulse radio receiver performs a correlating, synchronous receiving function (at the RF level) that uses a statistical sampling of many pulses to recover the transmitted information.
Impulse radio receivers typically integrate 200 or more pulses to yield the demodulated output. The optimal number of pulses over which the receiver integrates is dependent on a number of variables, including pulse rate, bit rate, jamming levels, and range.
F. Jam Resistance
Besides channelization and energy smoothing, the PN coding also makes impulse radio highly resistant to jamming from all radio communications systems, including other impulse radio transmitters. This is critical as any other signals within the band occupied by an impulse signal act as a jammer to the impulse radio. Since there are no unallocated 1+ GHz bands available for impulse systems, they must share spectrum with other conventional and impulse radios without being adversely affected. The PN code helps impulse systems discriminate between the intended impulse transmission and transmissions from others.
FIG. 5 illustrates the result of a narrowband sinusoidal jamming (interference) signal 502 overlaying an impulse radio signal 504. At the impulse radio receiver, the input to the cross correlator would include that narrowband signal 502, as well as the received ultrawide-band impulse radio signal 504. Without PN coding, the cross correlator would sample the jamming signal 502 with such regularity that the jamming signals could cause significant interference to the impulse radio receiver. However, when the transmitted impulse signal is encoded with the PN code dither (and the impulse radio receiver is synchronized with that identical PN code dither) it samples the jamming signals randomly. According to the present invention, integrating over many pulses negates the impact of jamming.
In statistical terms, the pseudo-randomization in time of the receive process creates a stream of randomly distributed values with a mean of zero (for jamming signals). Therefore, to eliminate the impact of jammers all that is necessary is to sample over enough pulses (i.e., integrate over a sufficiently large number of pulses) to drive the impact of the jamming signals to zero.
G. Processing Gain
Impulse radio is jam resistant because of its large processing gain. For spread spectrum systems, the definition of processing gain, which quantifies the decrease in channel interference when wide-band communications are used, is the ratio of the bandwidth of the channel to the bandwidth of the information signal. For example, a direct sequence spread spectrum system with a 10 kHz information bandwidth and a 16 MHz channel bandwidth yields a processing gain of 1600 or 32 dB. However, far greater processing gains are achieved with impulse radio systems where, for the same 10 kHz information bandwidth and a 2 GHz channel bandwidth, the processing gain is 200,000 or 53 dB.
The duty cycle (e.g., of 0.5%) yields a process gain of 28.3 dB. (The process gain is generally the ratio of the bandwidth of a received signal to the bandwidth of the received information signal.) The effective oversampling from integrating over multiple pulses to recover the information (e.g., integrating over 200 pulses) yields a process gain of 28.3 dB. Thus, a 2 GHz divided by a 10 mpps link transmitting 50 kilobits per second (kbps) would have a process gain of 49 dB, (i.e., 0.5 ns pulse width divided by a 100 ns pulse repetition interval would have a 0.5% duty cycle, and 10 mpps divided by a 50,000 bps would have 200 pulses per bit.)
H. Capacity
Theoretical analyses suggests that impulse radio systems can have thousands of voice channels per cell. To understand the capacity of an impulse radio system one must carefully examine the performance of the cross correlator. FIG. 6 shows the "cross correlator transfer function" 602. This represents the output value of an impulse radio receiver cross correlator for any given received pulse. As illustrated at 604, the cross correlator's output is 0 volts when pulses arrive outside of a cross correlation window 606. As a received pulse 608 slides through the window, the cross correlator output varies. It is at its maximum (e.g., 1 volt) when the pulse is τ/4 ahead of the center of the window (as shown at 610), 0 volts when centered in the window (as shown at 612); and at its minimum (e.g., −1 volt) when it is τ/4 after the center (not shown).
When the receiving system is synchronized with the intended transmitter, the cross correlator's output has a swing of between ±1 volt (as a function of the transmitter's modulation). Other in-band transmission would cause a variance to the cross correlator's output value. This variance is a random variable and can be modelled as a Gaussian white noise signal with a mean value of 0. As the number of interferers increases, the variance increases linearly. By integrating over a large number of pulses, the receiver develops an estimate of the transmitted signal's modulation value. Mathematically:
N=number of interferers,
σ is the variance of all the interferers to a single cross correlation, and
Z is the number of pulses over which the receiver integrates to recover the modulation.
This is a good relationship for a communications system, for as the number of simultaneous users increases, the link quality degrades gradually (rather than suddenly).
I. Multipath and Propagation
Multipath fading, the bane of sinusoidal systems, is much less of a problem (i.e., orders of magnitude less) for impulse systems than for conventional radio systems. In fact, Rayleigh fading, so noticeable in cellular communications, is a continuous wave phenomenon, not an impulse communications phenomenon.
In an impulse radio system, in order for there to be multipath effects special conditions must persist. First, the path length traveled by the scattered pulse must be less than the pulse's width times the speed of light. Second, successively emitted pulses at the transmitter may arrive at the receiver at the same time neglecting the decorrelation benefits of time coding.
For the former (with a one nanosecond pulse), that equals 0.3 meters or about 1 foot (i.e., 1 ns×300,000,000 meters/second). (See FIG. 7, in the case where the pulse traveling "Path 1" arrives one half a pulse width after the direct path pulse.)
For the latter (with a 1 megapulse per second system), that would be equal to traveling an extra 300, 600, 900, etc. meters. However, because each individual pulse is subject to the pseudo-random dither, these pulses are decorrelated.
Pulses traveling between these intervals do not cause self-interference (in FIG. 7, this is illustrated by the pulse traveling Path 2). However, pulses traveling grazing paths, as illustrated in FIG. 7 by the narrowest ellipsoid, create impulse radio multipath effects.
As illustrated in FIG. 8 at 802, if the multipath pulse travels one half width of a pulse width further, it increases the power level of the received signal (the phase of the multipath pulse will be inverted by the reflecting surface). If the pulse travels less than one half a pulse width further, it will create destructive interference as shown at 804. For a 1 ns pulse, for example, destructive interference will occur if the multipath pulse travels between 0 and 15 cm (0 and 6 inches).
Tests of impulse radio systems (including impulse radar tests) suggest that multipath will not present any major problems in actual operation. Additionally, shorter pulse widths are also envisioned, which will further reduce the probability of destructive interference (because the reflected path length required for destructive interference will be shortened).
III. Full Duplex for Impulse Radio Communication Systems
A representative block diagram of a full duplex impulse radio communication system is shown in FIG. 9. A first transceiver (A) 902 comprises a transmitter (T1) 904 and a receiver (R1) 906. A second transceiver (B) 908 comprises a transmitter (T2) 910 and a receiver (R2) 912. The transceivers 902 and 908 are separated by a propagation medium 914, such as air, space, or other medium cable of propagating ultrawide-band signals. Transmitted impulse radio signals 916 propagate through the propagation medium 914 between T1 904 and R2 912, and between T2 910 and R1 906.
The purpose for full duplex transmission in an ultrawide band impulse radio system is to provide two-way transmittal of information similar to telephony, as opposed to a walkie-talkie (i.e., a push-to-talk simplex operation). Since ultrawide band signals utilize the full electromagnetic spectrum, or at least a very large part of it, it is necessary to use some technique other than frequency domain duplexing, which is the conventional method. The inventors have therefore developed a pulse interleaving technique for full dupiex impulse radio communications.
For example, with reference to FIG. 10, if transmitter T1 904 sends out a train of modulated pulses 1002, receiver R1 906 would need to receive pulses 1004 transmitted from transmitter T2 910 during the time periods between the pulses 1002 transmitted by T1.
One complication with this implementation is that at certain integral ranges between transmitter/receiver pair number 1 (i.e., transceiver 1 and transceiver 2), it will be necessary for one or the other to transmit and receive exactly simultaneously. However, simultaneous transmission and reception requires too large of a dynamic range in the receiver to allow functionality. This means that at certain discrete locations, determined by the pulse repetition rate, it will be necessary for each transceiver to transmit and receive simultaneously. As shown in FIG. 11, pulses 1102 transmitted by T1 904 and pulses 1104 transmitted by T2 910 pass exactly on top of each other at positions called contention zones. There will be a series of these contention zones, which cannot be practically removed. Even if one or both transceivers are mobile, as they move with respect to each other, they will still create contention zones.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, T1 904 is set to emit each pulse 1202 10 nanoseconds (ns) after R1 906 receives a pulse 1204 from T2 910. This transmit delay is depicted in FIG. 12. This reduces interference between the transmitter and the receiver at transceiver 1, for example. If T1 904 transmits after it receives a pulse, those pulses cannot interfere. Since T1 904 has waited for over a whole period (one period is about 5 ns) before transmitting, most of the noise from the previous pulse has died down before the current pulse is transmitted. However, some contention zones 1206 will still exist between the two transmitters.
The easiest way to resolve these contention zones 1206 is to permit the first transceiver to have a choice of say, 10 ns or 100 ns of delay before transmitting after receiving a pulse. This removes the interference at point 1208 for example, by pushing (position in time) pulse 1210 up to point 1212 so that the self-interference is avoided.
In addition, it is important to remember that in all cases, each pulse is also time dither coded as described above. They are shown here as un-time dither coded for simplicity. Thus, time dither coding further serves to remove the interface 1208.
The steps required in signal acquisition for pulse interleaving are shown in a flow diagram in FIG. 13. In operation, T1 904 would begin transmitting to R2 912, as shown at a step 1302. R2 912 scans for detection and acquires lock through its scanning mechanism (see step 1304). Once it acquires lock (see step 1306), its accompanying transmitter (T2 910) can begin transmitting, as shown at a step 1308. R1 906 then scans for detection, at step 1310. If R1 906 happens to be in a contention zone, then it will never acquire lock to T2 910. Therefore, at the message level, R1 906 must wait for an acknowledge message (ACK) 1306 to be conveyed to it by T1 904 before it knows whether to use the 10 ns or the 100 ns transmitter receive timing delay. If it never receives, or after a certain time does not receive the ACK that R1 906 has acquired T2 910, then T2 910 times-out and shifts its transmitted pulse timing by 100 ns, for example, and tries again. These steps are shown generally by a conditional loop at steps 1312, 1314, 1316 and 1318.
Whereupon if R2 912 does acquire lock (i.e., receives an ACK from T1 904 sent at step 1320) as shown at step 1322, T2 910 will transmit a return ACK at step 1324, a link is established, and the transceivers are in lock.
The timeout is preferably the maximum time period required for R2 912 to scan for a pulse from T1 904 over the entire modulo of the dither code. For a 256 bit code, and a fairly small code dither of 10 ns a timeout can take up to 20 seconds. Timeout is only done for an initial lock. A timeout is not needed if the transceivers switch codes or delay values. Because of the simplicity in implementation of the pulse interleave technique, pulse interleave full duplex is very economical for many communication applications, such as telemetry and transponder-type systems. In the preferred embodiment, the receiver can stay on so that a cold start is not necessary.
As discussed above, the mobile environment presents unique contention zone problems. Therefore, the following embodiments deal with the mobile environment explicitly, and are specifically directed at providing immunity to dead or contention zone problems.
One embodiment of the present invention directed to these problems is a burst interleave method. According to the burst interleave method, there is no contention at all. The burst interleave method is shown in a flow diagram in FIG. 14. T1 904 starts the process by transmitting a burst (see step 1402), which, for example, could be 10 microseconds in length. In an exemplary embodiment, each burst contains 20 pulses at a 2 megapulse per second rate, or 50 pulses at a 5 megapulse rate. This first transmitted burst is received by R2 912 after a certain amount of time passes due to propagation delay (i.e., range delay) and scanning delay by R2 912 (see step 1404). Range delay corresponds to about 5.2 microseconds per mile (approximately 5,200 feet) or about one foot per nanosecond.
At the end of this received burst, R2 acquires lock (see step 1406) and then T2 910 transmits its burst containing information modulation (at step 1408), and after the same range delay, R1 scans for detection (step 1410) and acquires lock (step 1412). If the timing between the bursts is sufficient, then under no circumstance(s) of position or range between the transceivers do the bursts collide. The criterion is that the delay between bursts be sufficient to accommodate the round trip delay and burst width. In practice, the burst should be as far away as possible before using up all the margin of receive time in this receiver before it will be required to transmit again. The transceivers then swap acquisition messages, as shown at steps 1414, 1416, 1418 and 1420, to complete the locking process.
A further embodiment of the present invention uses code division multiple access (CDMA) for achieving full duplex communication in an ultrawide band impulse radio system. In this variation T1 904 and T2 910 are operated with different time dither codes, with dither windows nearly equalling the full frame so that each successive pulse can appear anywhere within the period separating the pulses. (The dither window is the period within which a monocycle can occur when position modulated by a dither code.) T1 904 and T2 910 can even use the same dither code because a time delay between them permits decorrelation. Typically, however, they would be operated on different time dither codes.
In this embodiment, T1 904 generates a blanking pulse that prevents receiving any energy within a certain amount of time after transmission, for example, 10 ns. This allows the antennas in the local environment to ring down or dampen energy for opening the receiver for possible received pulse. For example, a pulse width of 0.5 ns (or center frequency of 2 gigahertz), with a period of 200 ns (which is the repetition rate of 5 megapulses per second), produces a cycle of 1 in 400 (i.e., 0.25%).
A blanking pulse equalling the transmitted pulse emitted is, however, not entirely effective. There is still sufficient energy ringing down in the environment and in the antenna that may cause significant self-interference. Statistically, pulses can align themselves perfectly in only about 1 in 400 pulses. The blanking window of 10 ns increases the probability of a received pulse being within that blanking window, up to 1%. A 1% probability means that 1% of the energy is thrown away by the receiver. A loss of only 1% of transmitted energy is a very small penalty to exact to allow for a full duplex operation. This 1% reduction likely unmeasurable.
A still further embodiment is frequency division multiple access (FDMA), where the word "frequency" stands for pulse repetition frequency, which distinguishes this term from that used in continuous wave FM systems. FIG. 15 shows exemplary pulses for this embodiment, in which T1 904 is operated for example, at 1 megapulse per second (represented by microsecond pulses 1502 (numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and so on). Assuming T2 910 is operating on, about 0.85 microseconds per period (see pulses 1504), after six pulses the two will come into alignment and be approximately settled. But after that time, however, all of the pulses miss. Therefore, if the timed coding is confined to a relatively narrow window (say 4 ns, which is used for a 2 gigahertz center frequency system) then no matter what the placement of the two transceivers relative to each other, only one in six pulses will collide with each other. In practice, the repetition rate difference between the two would be such that only one in a hundred would cause a collision 1506. That one in a hundred can be blanked out (similar to the preceding example), which would again cause a 1% in reduction in power available to the receiver.
Blanking can be implemented in many ways. Descrete logic can be used to determine when received pulses and transmitted pulses of two different pulse repitition rates will interfere or occur too close in time. Interference is avoided by gating off one of the trigger signals (for example).
This FDMA embodiment has some of the advantages of the pulse interleaving embodiment, such as 100% availability of the transmitter. The pulse interleaving embodiment requires the transmitter to be turned off for a significant fraction at the transmitting cycle. The disadvantage being, for the same average of transmitted power, the pulse power has to be that much higher to make up for it. The duty cycle in the first example was on the order of 33%. Therefore the pulse power (i.e., the instantaneous pulse power), would have to be 66% larger. This last embodiment shares the advantages of pulse interleave—100% availability of the carrier—but it is never turned off on transmit. On receiving however, the periodic self-interference is taken care of by blanking, as in the previous example, reducing the received power availability by only 1%, a perfectly acceptable number.
The method used to provide for isolation between a transmitter and a receiver for a full duplex impulse radio link is different than for conventional radios because conventional radios operate using continuous wave carrier frequencies. These carrier frequencies can be very narrow-band and as such, frequency domain techniques can be used to isolate the transmitter from the receiver in the same view. Low pass filters can be used on the transmitter to prevent spurious energy from getting into a receiver, which is operated at a slightly higher frequency. Conversely, a high pass filter is used to eliminate power from the transmitter from getting into the receiver. This conventional filtering, however, cannot effectively be applied to impulse radio systems because the transmitter and receiver use the same pulse with monocycle.
The operating characteristics of an impulse radio system therefore require a different isolation/filtering approach. This can best be illustrated by way of example. Two monocycles pulses with different center frequencies are shown in FIG. 16. A long monocycle 1602 has a low frequency content, and a shorter monocycle 1604 has a higher center frequency. Although these two pulses differ in center frequency by nearly 3 to 1, they still significantly overlap. Therefore, even in this case a filter can be used to provide some isolation between a transmitter and a receiver, operating at one center frequency (fC1) on the uplink and different center frequency (fC2) on the downlink. In this embodiment contention is completely eliminated by the fact that different center frequencies are used in operation.
A. The Impact of the Width of the Dither Window on System Performance
As note above, the dither window is the period within which a monocycle can occur as positioned by a dither code. In the above examples, the dither window is 5 ns wide. Each dither window is separated by 200 ns. Thus, a subsequent monocycle can occur anywhere within the next dither window, and at a minimum, 200 ns later. The concentration of pulses in a relatively narrow time zone in each frame, where a frame is the nominal interpulse interval, contributes to increased interference with conventional services, as well as increased interference with like transceivers. The increased interference is an undesirable consequence of the difficulty of making wider dither windows. The difficulty lies in the fact that long time delays are difficult to make with low jitter. Because this is a coherent communication scheme, low jitter is important for efficient conversion of a pulse and for good signal-to-noise ratio at low RF power levels.
The pulse interleave method, burst interleave method, and the pulse repetition rate multiple access techniques are all three consequences of this concentration of energy in a small time zone. As this window is widened, the constraints are less on the system until at a limit, a whole frame can be a target for a gain given monocycle (i.e., in a 200 ns average pulse rate, a pulse can appear anywhere within that 200 ns). For generality sake, a brief off-time between dither windows is desirable.
In the pulse interleave, burst interleave, CDMA and the repetition rate multiple access techniques, the distinction between all these types of interleaves disappears at the full frame. They are indistinguishable from one another. This is because once the structure as removed by full frame dither, further shuffling cannot make it any more random. In addition, interleaving will not work when there are no quiet gaps.
IV. Exemplary Transceiver Hardware
A. Transmitter
A preferred embodiment of an impulse radio transmitter 904 or 910 of an impulse radio communication system will now be described with reference to FIG. 17.
The transmitter 1700 comprises a time base 1702 that generates a periodic timing signal 1704, which is provided to a time delay modulator 1706. The time delay modulator 1706 modulates the periodic timing signal 1704 with an information signal 1708 from an information source, to generate a modulated timing signal 1710. The modulated timing signal 1710 is provided to a code time modulator 1712 that dithers the modulated timing signal 1710 using a pseudo noise code. The code time modulator 1712 outputs a modulated, coded timing signal 1714 to an output stage 1716. The output stage 1716 uses the modulated, coded timing signal 1714 as a trigger to generate electrical monocycle pulses (not shown). The electrical monocycle pulses are sent to a transmit antenna 1718 via a transmission line 1720 coupled thereto. The electrical monocycle pulses are converted into propagating electromagnetic pulses 1722 by the transmit antenna 1718. A detailed description of various impulse radio transmitters is included in the '973 application.
B. Receiver
An impulse radio receiver 1701 will now described with reference to FIG. 17. An impulse radio receiver (hereafter called the receiver) 1701 comprises a receive antenna 1726 for receiving a propagated impulse radio signal 1724. A received signal is input to a cross correlator 1728 via a receiver transmission line 1730, coupled to the receive antenna 1726.
The receiver 1701 also comprises a decode timing modulator/decode source 1732 and an adjustable time base 1734. (The adjustable time base 1734 can comprise a voltage controlled oscillator or a variable delay generator, as would be apparent to a person skilled in the art.) The decode timing modulator/decode source 1732 (hereafter called the decode timing modulator) generates a decode signal 1736 corresponding to the PN code used by the associated impulse radio transmitter (not shown) that transmitted the propagated signal 1724. The adjustable time base 1734 generates a periodic timing signal 1738 that comprises a train of template signal pulses having waveforms substantially equivalent to each pulse of the received signal 1724.
The detection process performed by the cross correlator 1728 comprises a cross correlation operation of the received signal 1724 with the decode signal 1736. Integration over time of the cross correlation generates a baseband signal 1740. The baseband signal 1740 is demodulated by a demodulator 1742 to yield a demodulated information (signal) 1744. The demodulated information signal 1744 is substantially identical to the information signal of the transmitter that sent the received signal 1724.
The baseband signal 1740 is also input to a lowpass filter 1746. The lowpass filter 1746 generates an error signal 1748 for an acquisition and lock controller 1750 to provide minor phase adjustments to the adjustable time base 1734. A detailed description of an impulse radio receiver is included in the '973 application.
FIG. 18 is a transceiver block diagram for the burst interleave embodiment of the present invention. A transmitter burst controller 1802 and a receiver burst controller 1804 are added to the basic architecture of the transceiver of FIG. 17. These two controllers are state machines that can be hardwired or programmably controlled (using EEPROMS, or the like) to time position the modulated, coded timing signal 1714 and to time modulate the periodic timing signal 1738, respectively, in accordance with the burst interleave operation described above.
The delay required for the pulse interleave embodiment of the present invention is determined and provided by the acquisition and lock controller 1750. Similarly, for the other embodiments, the pulse repetition rate, dither window and are hardwired or programmably controlled into the burst controllers 1802,1804 and the acquisition and lock controller 1750, for example. Other control features and modifications to the disclosed transceiver components/controllers would be apparent to a person skilled in the relevant art without departing from the scope of the present invention.
C. Time Hand-off
For the pulse interleave embodiment, each receiver must measure the time between the reception of a pulse from another transceiver and the trigger to its own transmitter (this which can be accomplished with conventional circuitry). When one transceiver detects that this time is below a minimum limit (e.g., 20 ns), it notifies the other transceiver to synchronously change its receive timing (and the first transceiver will change its transmit timing) at, for example, the first pulse of the second code modulo from now. Where "now" is a point in time determined by the first transceiver as a reference point in time that is communicated to the second transceiver (or otherwise inferred by the second transceiver) for synchronization.
This is possible because, although it is not possible to "tag" individual pulses using modulation (since many pulses make up a bit), modulos are long enough to encode at least one whole bit, and that therefore can serve as a trigger for the counting of whole modulos. Since the coder keeps track of the pulse "count" in order to apply the correct time dither to the decoder, this method can indirectly identify individual pulses for the purpose of synchronization.
This process will be repeated any time the minimum time separation is detected, which happens every 54.86 meters (180 feet) of travel at a 5 MPPS rate for example.
A mechanism to accomplish the synchronization and locking for operation of pulse interleave can be discrete logic, but can be readily implemented by a digital signal processor (DSP) with minimal programming that would be apparent to a person skilled in the relevant art based on this disclosure of the pulse interleave functionality.
FIG. 19 shows an exemplary block diagram of a transceiver implemented using a DSP for synchronizing pulse interleaving, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. This figure shows on enough detail of a transceiver to describe the synchronization. A DSP 1902 is used to determine whether the transmitter trigger signal 1904 is too close to the receiver trigger signal 1906, using a block 1908, labeled "measure time difference." The DSP 1902 delays the transmitter trigger signal 1904 by 100 ns (for example) by sending a delay control signal 1910 to a delay block 1912 to outputs a delayed trigger signal 1914, which is provided to the transmitter. The DSP 1902 also outputs massaging information 1916 to be modulated with the data to accomplish the synchronization with the other transceiver. A analog-to-digital (A/D) converter is shown at 1918, because the DSP need to process the cross correlator output in the digital domain.
FIG. 20 shows a flow diagram of the DSP operation to implement a delay for pulse interleaved communications. From a cold start 2002, the transceivers acquire lock 2004, as described above. If a time (t) between a transmitted pulse and a received pulse is less than 20 ns, as shown at a decisional block 2006, a 100 ns delay is negotiated between the two transceivers at 2008. This is termed a negotiation, since either transceiver can perform the necessary delay. The negotiation is carried out via massaging 1916. If lock is lost, as determined by decisional block 2010, acquisition must be repeated, as shown at 2012.
D. Differential Rate Duplex
In the pulse repetition rate embodiment, if the transmitter and receiver comprising a transceiver are operated at two different rates, then it is not possible to "interleave" the pulses, since they "beat" with each other (i.e., the timing of the pulse trains will periodically cause the transmitted and received pulses to periodically coincide).
A mechanism similar to the detector described above can be used to detect the minimum pulse separation condition. However, this signal will be employed in a different way: either to blank the trigger to the correlator or to the transmitter. Either response will have the desired result of preventing self interference, but they have different tradeoffs in a communications system.
If the transmitter is blanked, it will reduce the transmitted power and interfere with the carrier which would be received by another transceiver, due to the gaps in the carrier which result from the blanking action. However, it increases the received power to the first transceiver, since it will not have to throw away the pulses which occur within this minimum separation window as would be the case if the receiver is blanked instead.
V. Other Considerations
The communications methods described here have been observed to be usable not only using radio (electromagnetic) impulsive waveforms, but also may use acoustic signals. The principle differences in the latter approach are: (1) frequency of operation and (2) signal transmission.
The frequency of operation is primarily between a few tens of Hertz (e.g., pulses of a duration of several tens of milliseconds), up to a few hundred Megahertz (e.g., pulses with durations of a few nanoseconds).
Acoustic transducers are employed in the acoustic approach rather than the antennas, which are used for the radio approach. The signal characteristics of the transducers are similar to the signal characteristics required by the antennas used in the radio approach in that they must be capable of transmitting and/or receiving waveforms with bandwidths of ≧100% of the center frequency (without more than a few percent dispersion, and with good conversion gain). Transducers may be made from a material called Kynar Film supplied by Pennwalt Corporation in Valley Forge, Pa. The geometry of a transducer made from this type as would become apparent to a person skilled in the relevant art.
VI. Conclusion
While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example, and not limitation. It will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art that various changes in form and detail can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents. All cited patent documents and publications in the above description are incorporated herein by reference.
|Patente citada
|Fecha de presentación
|Fecha de publicación
|31 Jul 1968
|13 Jul 1971
|Satellite interlace synchronization system
|15 Jun 1970
|25 Abr 1972
|Sperry Rand Corp
|Balanced radiator system
|12 Mar 1971
|9 May 1972
|Sperry Rand Corp
|Short base-band pulse receiver
|24 Abr 1970
|22 Ago 1972
|Toulis William J
|Detection and classification system utilizing unipolar pulses
|28 Nov 1967
|13 Mar 1973
|North American Rockwell
|Time-domain correlator for spatial filtering in a pulsed energy system
|19 Abr 1971
|20 Mar 1973
|Sperry Rand Corp
|Short time electromagnetic wave signal sampling system
|12 Mar 1971
|17 Abr 1973
|Sperry Rand Corp
|Transmission and reception system for generating and receiving base-band pulse duration pulse signals without distortion for short base-band communication system
|9 Jun 1971
|5 Jun 1973
|Fletcher J
|Two carrier communication system with single transmitter
|29 Jul 1971
|12 Jun 1973
|Sperry Rand Corp
|Base-band radiation and reception system
|26 Abr 1971
|31 Jul 1973
|Sperry Rand Corp
|Energy amplifying selector gate for base-band signals
|12 Mar 1971
|4 Sep 1973
|Sperry Rand Corp
|Automatic vehicle monitoring system
|19 Abr 1971
|13 Nov 1973
|Sperry Rand Corp
|Base-band pulse object sensor system
|12 Jul 1972
|26 Feb 1974
|Sperry Rand Corp
|Stable base-band superregenerative selective receiver
|4 Ago 1972
|4 Feb 1975
|Westinghouse Electric Corp
|Correlation receiver with rapid frequency, time and phase acquisition
|2 Mar 1973
|11 Feb 1975
|Bendix Corp
|Single channel communication system
|11 May 1977
|24 Oct 1978
|Ncr Corporation
|Spread spectrum detector
|2 Mar 1978
|17 Abr 1979
|Sperry Rand Corporation
|Interferometric protective system for vehicles
|6 Mar 1979
|14 Jul 1981
|PN Lock indicator for dithered PN code tracking loop
|18 Jul 1978
|22 Sep 1981
|The Mitre Corporation
|Spread spectrum communications method and apparatus
|17 Jun 1958
|30 Nov 1982
|Gte Products Corporation
|Synchronizing system
|19 Ene 1981
|27 Dic 1983
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Code sequence synchronization system for spread spectrum communication receiver
|28 Sep 1962
|1 Oct 1985
|Sylvania Electric Products Inc.
|Synchronizing system
|12 Abr 1983
|29 Oct 1985
|Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc.
|Spread spectrum adaptive code tracker
|3 Dic 1984
|3 Feb 1987
|Charles A. Phillips
|Spread spectrum radio transmission system
|19 Oct 1984
|12 May 1987
|Offshore Navigation, Inc.
|High frequency spread spectrum positioning system and method therefor
|29 Ene 1986
|18 Ago 1987
|International Computers Limited
|Decoder for Manchester encoded data
|11 Ene 1982
|22 Sep 1987
|Sperry Corporation
|Narrow range gate baseband receiver
|3 Jun 1986
|10 May 1988
|Charles A. Phillips
|Time domain radio transmission system
|31 Dic 1986
|7 Feb 1989
|Motorola, Inc.
|Bit synchronization method for a digital radio telephone system
|3 Feb 1987
|14 Mar 1989
|Charles A. Phillips
|Time domain radio transmission system
|19 May 1988
|26 Jun 1990
|Trustees Of Dartmouth College
|Geophysical radar apparatus and method
|13 Mar 1989
|18 Dic 1990
|Charles A. Phillips
|Time domain radio transmission system
|29 Sep 1989
|8 Ene 1991
|Ascom Zelcom Ag
|Digital radio transmission system for a cellular network, using the spread spectrum method
|29 Jun 1990
|16 Abr 1991
|Futaba Denshi Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
|Receiver for spectrum spread communication
|16 May 1990
|9 Jul 1991
|Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd.
|Spread spectrum signal demodulation circuit
|14 Mar 1990
|24 Mar 1992
|Nobuo Mikoshiba
|Spread spectrum communication device
|26 Jul 1990
|14 Abr 1992
|Unisys Corporation
|Programmable digital acquisition and tracking controller
|26 Nov 1990
|7 Jul 1992
|Daikin Industries, Ltd.
|Distance measurement method and apparatus, and relative position measurement apparatus
|8 Oct 1991
|18 Ago 1992
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army
|FM video data link spectrum spreading
|13 Feb 1991
|15 Sep 1992
|Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc.
|Selective reception of carrier-free radar signals with large relative bandwidth
|22 Jun 1992
|22 Dic 1992
|Bell Communications Research, Inc.
|Spread-time code division multiple access technique with arbitrary spectral shaping
|22 Jun 1992
|5 Ene 1993
|Bell Communications Research, Inc.
|Spread-time code division multiple access technique with arbitrary spectral shaping
|10 Oct 1990
|25 May 1993
|Agence Spatiale Europeenne
|Code acquisition process and circuit for a spread-spectrum signal
|14 Jun 1991
|22 Jun 1993
|Futaba Denshi Kogyo K.K.
|Spectrum spread communication system
|2 Ene 1991
|22 Jun 1993
|Gte Laboratories Incorporated
|Differential quadrature phase shift keying encoder for subcarrier systems
|11 Sep 1992
|7 Dic 1993
|Societe Nationale D'etude Et De Construction De Moteurs D'aviation "S.N.E.C.M.A."
|Method and apparatus for the simultaneous transmission of separate data signals
|10 Abr 1992
|12 Jul 1994
|Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson
|Method of synchronizing a radio receiver with an incoming radio signal
|18 May 1992
|9 Ago 1994
|Anro Engineering, Inc.
|Coherent processing tunnel diode ultra wideband receiver
|5 Mar 1992
|8 Nov 1994
|Charles A. Phillips
|Time domain radio transmission system
|22 Mar 1993
|21 Mar 1995
|Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha
|Spread spectrum communication system and an apparatus for communication utilizing this system
|5 Oct 1992
|4 Abr 1995
|Ericsson Ge Mobile Communications, Inc.
|Method for transmitting broadcast information in a digital control channel
|1 Feb 1994
|15 Ago 1995
|The Mitre Corporation
|Subcarrier communication system
|4 Ene 1994
|21 Nov 1995
|Ricoh Company Ltd.
|Spread spectrum communication system using two-predetermined-code pseudo-noise signals
|19 May 1995
|22 Abr 1997
|Stanford Telecommunications, Inc.
|Doubly orthogonal code and frequency division multiple access communication system
|20 Sep 1994
|14 Oct 1997
|Pulson Communications Corporation
|Ultrawide-band communication system and method
|27 Abr 1995
|11 Nov 1997
|Time Domain Systems, Inc.
|Full duplex ultrawide-band communication system and method
|18 Nov 1994
|10 Feb 1998
|Stanford Telecommunications, Inc.
|Technique to permit rapid acquisition and alert channel signalling for base station-to-user link of an orthogonal CDMA (OCDMA) communication system
|7 Jun 1995
|28 Abr 1998
|Usa Digital Radio Partners, L.P.
|Method and system for simultaneously broadcasting and receiving digital and analog signals
|6 Dic 1996
|3 Nov 1998
|Time Domain Corporation
|Fast locking mechanism for channelized ultrawide-band communications
|12 Abr 1978
|25 Oct 1979
|Prakla Seismos Gmbh
|Acoustic pulsed communications system - sends and receives sound waves via ground, using signals whose value depends on amplitude, frequency or phase, generated by vibrator
|6 Ago 1981
|24 Feb 1983
|Siemens Ag
|Receiver for pseudo-randomly phase-modulated signals
|Título no disponible
|2 Oct 1990
|2 May 1991
|Europ Agence Spatiale
|Code acquisition method and circuit for a spread spectrum signal receiver
|"An impluse radio communications system" Withington et al Plenum Press 1993,pp. 113-120.*
|"Ultra-Wideband, Short-Pulse Electromagnetics" Bertoni et al pp. 113-120, 1993.*
|Astanin, L. Yu. and Kostylev, A.A., Principles of Superwideband Radar Measurements, Radio I svyaz', Moscow, 1989, pp. 104 and 108-109.
|Bennett, C.L. and Gerald F. Ross, "Time-Domain Electromagnetics and Its Applications", Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 66, No. 3, Mar. 1978, pp. 299-318.
|Harmuth, Henning F., "Range-Doppler Resolution of Electromagnetic Walsh Waves of Radar", IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. EMC-17, No. 2, May 1975, pp. 106-111.
|Harmuth, Henning F., "Selective Reception of Periodic Electromagnetic Waves with General Time Variation", IEEE Transaction on Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. EMC-19, No. 3, Aug. 1977, pp. 137-144.
|Harmuth, Henning F., Antennas and Waveguides for Nonsinusoidal Waves, Academic Press, Inc., Copyright 1984, pp. 2-27.
|Harmuth, Henning F., Nonsinusoidal Waves for Radar and Radio Communication, Academic Press, Inc., Copyright 1981, pp. 142-143, 288-289, 292-293, 296-297 and 302-305.
|Harmuth, Henning F., Sequency Theory: Foundations and Applications, Academic Press, Inc., Copyright 1977, pp. 122-123, 126-135, 235-239, 284-285, 294-295, 300-301, 316-319 and 340-341.
|Harmuth, Henning F., Transmission of Information by Orthogonal Functions, Second Edition, Springer-Verlag, 1972, pp. 244-245, 282-291.
|McGuire, J.H. et al., "A Common-Wave Duplex Pulse-Communication System", Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, vol. 94, No. 13, (1947), pp. 528-532.
|Meleshko, E.A., Nanosecond Electronics in Experimental Physics, Ehnergoatomizdat Press, Moscow, 1987, pp. 58-68.
|Miller, E.K. (ed.), Time-Domain Measurements In Electromagnetics, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, Inc., Copyright 1986, pp. 1-43.
|Scholtz, R.A., "Multiple Access with Time-Hopping Impulse Modulation", (invited paper), Milcom '93, Bedford, MA, Oct. 11-14, 1993, pp. 1-5.
|Varganov et al., Radar Response of Flight Vehicles, Radio I svyaz' Press, Moscow, 1985, p. 5.
|Patente citante
|Fecha de presentación
|Fecha de publicación
|21 Jun 2002
|24 Ago 2004
|Pulse-Link, Inc.
|Ultra-wideband communication through a wired network
|23 Oct 2002
|5 Oct 2004
|Spectrum Target Detection, Inc.
|Spread spectrum radar with leak compensation at baseband
|5 Jun 2000
|8 Feb 2005
|Pasi Into Loukas
|Variable wavelength impulse transmission
|21 Jun 2000
|4 Oct 2005
|Pulse-Link, Inc.
|Ultra wide band transmitter
|21 Jun 2000
|29 Nov 2005
|Pulse-Link, Inc.
|Wireless TDMA system and method for network communications
|6 Jun 2003
|11 Abr 2006
|Pulse-Link, Inc.
|Ultra-wideband communication through local power lines
|24 Sep 2003
|15 Ago 2006
|S5 Wireless, Inc.
|Matched filter for scalable spread spectrum communications systems
|26 May 2004
|29 Ago 2006
|Pulse-Link, Inc.
|Ultra-wideband communication through a wire medium
|23 Dic 2003
|23 Ene 2007
|Pulse-Link, Inc.
|Ultra-wideband communication through twisted-pair wire media
|29 Oct 2003
|2 Oct 2007
|Nokia Corporation
|Method and system for providing communications security
|28 Jun 2006
|9 Oct 2007
|Dobson W Kurt
|Matched filter for scalable spread spectrum communications systems
|8 Oct 2004
|4 Mar 2008
|Pulse-Link, Inc.
|TDMA communication method and apparatus using cyclic spreading codes
|12 Sep 2003
|1 Abr 2008
|Nokia Corporation
|Method and system for establishing a wireless communications link
|22 Jul 2002
|21 Oct 2008
|Sony Corporation
|Wireless impulse transmitter, receiver, and method
|15 May 2003
|2 Dic 2008
|Nokia Corporation
|Digital video broadcast-terrestrial (DVB-T) receiver interoperable with a GSM transmitter in a non-interfering manner using classmark change procedure
|21 Nov 2006
|9 Dic 2008
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Directional antenna configuration for TDD repeater
|31 May 2005
|13 Ene 2009
|Nokia Corporation
|Interoperability improvement between receivers and transmitters in a mobile station
|25 Oct 2007
|3 Feb 2009
|Pulse-Link, Inc.
|Optimization of ultra-wideband communication through a wire medium
|12 Sep 2003
|3 Mar 2009
|Nokia Corporation
|Method and system for repeat request in hybrid ultra wideband-bluetooth radio
|11 Sep 2002
|12 May 2009
|Intel Corporation
|Sub-banded ultra-wideband communications systems
|4 Sep 2007
|26 May 2009
|S5 Wireless, Inc.
|Matched filter for scalable spread spectrum communications systems
|19 Abr 2007
|18 Ago 2009
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Low power output stage
|23 Ago 2007
|18 Ago 2009
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Adaptive Dynamic Range Control
|5 Abr 2007
|22 Sep 2009
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Method and apparatus for generating oscillating signals
|4 Jul 2005
|20 Oct 2009
|Panasonic Corporation
|Pulse signal demodulation device
|20 Jun 2006
|9 Mar 2010
|Nokia Corporation
|Interoperability improvement between receivers and transmitters in a mobile station
|18 Jun 2004
|13 Abr 2010
|Nokia Corporation
|Techniques for ad-hoc mesh networking
|12 Sep 2003
|20 Abr 2010
|Arto Palin
|Method and system for processing acknowledgments in a wireless communications network
|15 Nov 2006
|11 May 2010
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Delay line calibration
|12 Sep 2003
|24 Ago 2010
|Nokia Corporation
|Ultra-wideband/low power communication having a dedicated removable memory module for fast data downloads—apparatus, systems and methods
|10 Mar 2008
|12 Oct 2010
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|System and method of enabling a signal processing device in a relatively fast manner to process a low duty cycle signal
|23 Abr 2007
|16 Nov 2010
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Apparatus and method for generating fine timing from coarse timing source
|15 Nov 2006
|21 Dic 2010
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Delay line calibration
|5 Jun 2002
|4 Ene 2011
|Nokia Corporation
|Digital video broadcast-terrestrial (DVB-T) receiver interoperable with a GSM transmitter in a non-interfering manner
|8 Abr 2008
|11 Ene 2011
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Low power slicer-based demodulator for PPM
|16 Nov 2006
|15 Feb 2011
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Multiple access techniques for a wireless communication medium
|25 Mar 2009
|8 Mar 2011
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Method and apparatus for generating oscillating signals
|25 Oct 2007
|19 Abr 2011
|Pulse-Link, Inc.
|Ultra-wideband communication apparatus and methods
|21 Sep 2007
|21 Jun 2011
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Signal generator with signal tracking
|28 Ago 2007
|5 Jul 2011
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Apparatus and method for modulating an amplitude, phase or both of a periodic signal on a per cycle basis
|16 Dic 2003
|2 Ago 2011
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Wireless network repeater
|7 Oct 2003
|2 Ago 2011
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Sampling method, reconstruction method, and device for sampling and/or reconstructing signals
|11 Sep 2007
|23 Ago 2011
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Keep-alive for wireless networks
|22 Jul 2004
|23 Ago 2011
|Motorola Mobility, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for communicating in the presence of radio frequency energy
|16 Nov 2006
|6 Sep 2011
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Multiple access techniques for a wireless communiation medium
|12 Oct 2006
|20 Sep 2011
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Non-frequency translating repeater with downlink detection for uplink and downlink synchronization
|6 Abr 2004
|27 Sep 2011
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Transmission canceller for wireless local area network
|14 Jun 2005
|4 Oct 2011
|Pulse-Link, Inc.
|Ultra wide band communication network
|14 Jun 2010
|4 Oct 2011
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Sampling method, reconstruction method, and device for sampling and/or reconstructing signals
|9 Feb 2005
|25 Oct 2011
|Pulse-Link, Inc.
|High data rate transmitter and receiver
|30 Jul 2007
|15 Nov 2011
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Method of pairing devices
|27 Ene 2006
|15 Nov 2011
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Physical layer repeater configuration for increasing MIMO performance
|15 Oct 2003
|15 Nov 2011
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Wireless local area network repeater with automatic gain control for extending network coverage
|7 Oct 2003
|13 Dic 2011
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Sampling method for a spread spectrum communication system
|27 Ene 2006
|13 Dic 2011
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Physical layer repeater with discrete time filter for all-digital detection and delay generation
|30 Abr 2007
|3 Ene 2012
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Physical layer repeater with selective use of higher layer functions based on network operating conditions
|12 Oct 2006
|10 Ene 2012
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Frequency translating repeater with low cost high performance local oscillator architecture
|12 Jul 2007
|24 Ene 2012
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Method for determining line-of-sight (LOS) distance between remote communications devices
|10 May 2011
|31 Ene 2012
|L-3 Communications, Corp.
|Method and apparatus for FDD and TDD terminal entry into a wireless communication network
|17 Nov 2003
|7 Feb 2012
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Wireless local area network repeater with detection
|9 Oct 2003
|21 Feb 2012
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Reducing loop effects in a wireless local area network repeater
|31 Ago 2005
|28 Feb 2012
|Motorola Mobility, Inc.
|Multi-mode wireless communication device and method
|24 Ene 2008
|6 Mar 2012
|L-3 Communications, Corp.
|Method for timing a pulsed communication system
|17 Ago 2009
|17 Abr 2012
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Sampling method, reconstruction method, and device for sampling and/or reconstructing signals
|16 Ene 2009
|24 Abr 2012
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Addressing schemes for wireless communication
|5 Abr 2011
|24 Jul 2012
|Lightwaves Systems, Inc.
|High bandwidth data transport system
|25 Sep 2007
|31 Jul 2012
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Interference mitigation for impulse-based communication
|25 Mar 2008
|28 Ago 2012
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|System and method of companding an input signal of an energy detecting receiver
|10 Mar 2008
|25 Sep 2012
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|System and method of using residual voltage from a prior operation to establish a bias voltage for a subsequent operation
|28 Sep 2007
|25 Sep 2012
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Randomization of periodic channel scans
|18 Sep 2006
|9 Oct 2012
|Brother Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
|Position detecting system, responder and interrogator, wireless communication system, position detecting method, position detecting program, and information recording medium
|24 Abr 2007
|16 Oct 2012
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Wireless localization apparatus and method
|10 Jul 2007
|4 Dic 2012
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Super regenerative (SR) apparatus having plurality of parallel SR amplifiers tuned to distinct frequencies
|15 Dic 2006
|29 Ene 2013
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Channel access scheme for ultra-wide band communication
|17 Jul 2008
|12 Feb 2013
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|System and method of puncturing pulses in a receiver or transmitter
|21 Sep 2007
|26 Feb 2013
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Signal generator with adjustable frequency
|11 Feb 2011
|26 Mar 2013
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Apparatus and method for modulating an amplitude, phase or both of a periodic signal on a per cycle basis
|25 Abr 2007
|26 Mar 2013
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Methods and apparatuses of initiating communication in wireless networks
|21 Sep 2007
|21 May 2013
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Signal generator with adjustable phase
|26 Abr 2007
|28 May 2013
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Sub-packet pulse-based communications
|9 May 2008
|25 Jun 2013
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Multi-level duty cycling
|6 May 2008
|9 Jul 2013
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|AGC for slicer-based low power demodulator
|11 Jun 2003
|30 Jul 2013
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Wireless local area network repeater
|13 May 2009
|20 Ago 2013
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Method and apparatus for clock drift compensation during acquisition in a wireless communication system
|26 Abr 2007
|3 Sep 2013
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Wireless device communication with multiple peripherals
|12 Oct 2011
|10 Sep 2013
|Intellectual Ventures Holding 73 Llc
|High data rate transmitter and receiver
|9 Oct 2007
|17 Sep 2013
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Apparatus including housing incorporating a radiating element of an antenna
|16 Abr 2007
|8 Oct 2013
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Verified distance ranging
|6 Ene 2009
|8 Oct 2013
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Pulse arbitration for network communications
|26 Abr 2007
|8 Oct 2013
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Inter-pulse duty cycling
|21 Sep 2007
|15 Oct 2013
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Method and apparatus for mitigating oscillation between repeaters
|9 May 2008
|19 Nov 2013
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Synchronizing timing mismatch by data insertion
|26 Abr 2007
|3 Dic 2013
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Dynamic distribution of device functionality and resource management
|5 Oct 2009
|17 Dic 2013
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Optimized transfer of packets in a resource constrained operating environment
|17 Abr 2007
|4 Feb 2014
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Waveform encoding for wireless applications
|17 Abr 2007
|18 Feb 2014
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Offloaded processing for wireless applications
|14 Dic 2010
|15 Abr 2014
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Delay line calibration
|12 Oct 2011
|3 Jun 2014
|Intellectual Ventures Holding 73 Llc
|High data rate transmitter and receiver
|26 Oct 2007
|8 Jul 2014
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Repeater techniques for multiple input multiple output utilizing beam formers
|27 Ene 2009
|22 Jul 2014
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Determination of receive data values
|9 Abr 2007
|19 Ago 2014
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Apparatus and method of low latency multi-hop communication
|24 Ago 2007
|16 Sep 2014
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Synchronization test for device authentication
|29 Dic 2011
|30 Sep 2014
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Addressing schemes for wireless communication
|7 Jun 2006
|11 Nov 2014
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Control message management in physical layer repeater
|27 Mar 2007
|11 Nov 2014
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Distance-based association
|26 Oct 2007
|14 Jul 2015
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Preamble capture and medium access control
|4 Ene 2007
|1 Sep 2015
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Media access control for ultra-wide band communication
|6 Oct 2009
|22 Sep 2015
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Management of dynamic mobile coupons
|7 Sep 2001
|14 Feb 2002
|Fantasma Network, Inc.
|Baseband wireless network for isochronous communication
|30 Jun 2003
|13 May 2004
|Gehring Stephan W.
|Apparatus and method for managing variable-sized data slots within a time division multiple access frame
|23 Dic 2003
|22 Jul 2004
|John Santhoff
|Ultra-wideband communication through twisted-pair wire media
|3 Feb 2004
|12 Ago 2004
|John Santhoff
|Optimization of ultra-wideband communication through a wire medium
|22 Jul 2004
|13 Ene 2005
|Lundholm Andrew S.
|Method and apparatus for communicating in the presence of radio frequency energy
|23 Ago 2004
|27 Ene 2005
|Roberto Aiello
|Ultra wide band communication systems and methods
|28 Jul 2003
|3 Feb 2005
|Moshe Shnaps
|System and method for munition impact assessment
|12 Oct 2004
|10 Mar 2005
|Ismail Lakkis
|Ultra-wideband communication apparatus and methods
|13 Oct 2004
|10 Mar 2005
|Ismail Lakkis
|Ultra-wideband communication apparatus and methods
|12 Sep 2003
|17 Mar 2005
|Juha Salokannel
|Method and system for repeat request in hybrid ultra wideband-bluetooth radio
|12 Sep 2003
|17 Mar 2005
|Arto Palin
|Method and system for processing acknowledgments in a wireless communications network
|12 Sep 2003
|17 Mar 2005
|Oksanen Markku A.
|Ultra-wideband/low power communication having a dedicated memory stick for fast data downloads - apparatus, systems and methods
|13 Oct 2004
|17 Mar 2005
|Ismail Lakkis
|Ultra-wideband communication apparatus and methods
|12 Sep 2003
|17 Mar 2005
|Arto Palin
|Method and system for establishing a wireless communications link
|8 Oct 2004
|31 Mar 2005
|Ismail Lakkis
|Ultra-wideband communication system and methods
|8 Nov 2004
|31 Mar 2005
|Ismail Lakkis
|Ultra-wideband communication apparatus and methods
|24 Sep 2003
|7 Abr 2005
|Spectrum5, Inc.
|Matched filter for scalable spread spectrum communications systems
|29 Oct 2003
|5 May 2005
|Nokia Corporation
|Method and system for providing communications security
|25 Mar 2004
|14 Jul 2005
|Ismail Lakkis
|Systems and methods for implementing path diversity in a wireless communication network
|4 May 2005
|1 Sep 2005
|Carlton Sparrell
|Wireless TDMA system and method for network communications
|9 Feb 2005
|20 Oct 2005
|Ismail Lakkis
|High data rate transmitter and receiver
|16 Jun 2005
|27 Oct 2005
|Roberto Aiello
|Ultra wide band communication systems and methods
|14 Jun 2005
|27 Oct 2005
|Roberto Aiello
|Ultra wide band communication network
|29 Jul 2005
|15 Dic 2005
|Roberto Aiello
|Ultra wide band communication network
|18 Jun 2004
|22 Dic 2005
|Jouni Kossi
|Techniques for ad-hoc mesh networking
|17 Nov 2003
|16 Mar 2006
|Widefi, Inc.
|Wireless local area network repeater with detection
|24 Oct 2003
|23 Mar 2006
|Proctor James A Jr
|Wireless local area network repeater with in-band control channel
|15 Oct 2003
|23 Mar 2006
|Gainey Kenneth M
|Wireless local area network repeater with automatic gain control for extending network coverage
|16 Dic 2003
|11 May 2006
|Widefi, Inc.
|Wireless network repeater
|22 Dic 2004
|22 Jun 2006
|Nokia Corporation
|Interoperability between receivers and transmitters in a mobile station
|31 May 2005
|22 Jun 2006
|Nokia Corporation
|Interoperability improvement between receivers and transmitters in a mobile station
|24 Ene 2005
|27 Jul 2006
|Nunally Patrick O
|System and method for broadband network communication through operational natural gas infrastructures
|27 Ene 2006
|31 Ago 2006
|Widefi, Inc.
|Physical layer repeater configuration for increasing MIMO performance
|17 Ene 2006
|7 Dic 2006
|Lakkis Ismail A
|Method and apparatus for wireless communications
|18 Sep 2006
|25 Ene 2007
|Brother Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
|Position detecting system, responder and interrogator, wireless communication system, position detecting method, position detecting program, and information recording medium
|7 Jun 2006
|1 Feb 2007
|Widefi, Inc.
|Control message management in physical layer repeater
|12 Oct 2006
|8 Feb 2007
|Widefi, Inc.
|Frequency translating repeater with low cost high performance local oscillator architecture
|31 Ago 2005
|1 Mar 2007
|Klomsdorf Armin W
|Multi-mode wireless communication device and method
|4 Jun 2003
|18 Dic 2003
|Nokia Corporation
|Digital video broadcast-terrestrial (dvb-t) receiver interoperable with a gsm transmitter in a non-interfering manner
|10 Jun 2003
|31 Dic 2003
|Pulse Link Inc
|Ultra-wideband communication through a wire network
|28 Abr 2004
|11 Nov 2004
|Pulse Link Inc
|Ultra-wideband pulse modulation system and method
|18 Nov 2004
|1 Sep 2005
|Steven A Moore
|Optimization of ultra-wideband communication through a wire medium
|21 Nov 2006
|31 May 2007
|Kenneth M Gainey
|Directional antenna configuration for tdd repeater
|Clasificación de EE.UU.
|Clasificación internacional
|Clasificación cooperativa
|Clasificación europea
|23 Ago 2001
|19 May 2003
|10 Jun 2003
|16 Sep 2003
|Certificate of correction
|24 Feb 2004
|25 Feb 2004
|12 Oct 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|6 Mar 2008
|22 Nov 2010
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|15 Abr 2011
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|7 Jun 2011
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20110415
|3 Abr 2012
Owner name: ALEREON, INC., TEXAS
Free format text: RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY;ASSIGNOR:VENTURE LENDING & LEASING IV, INC.;REEL/FRAME:027982/0814
Effective date: 20120330
Owner name: ALEREON, INC., TEXAS
Free format text: RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY;ASSIGNOR:VENTURE LENDING & LEASING V, INC.;REEL/FRAME:027982/0868
Effective date: 20120330


text:
Active@ File Recovery for Windows14.5.0
editor's review
buy now $29.95
Active@ File Recovery for Windows is a software application that tackles a sensitive issue, namely the recovery process of lost, deleted, or formatted files.
In case you have accidentally removed a file from the computer, the recovery operation should be carried out as soon as possible, otherwise the program may not be able to restore the deleted items.
Active@ File Recovery for Windows recovers lost data from hard drives, floppy or USB drives, and offers support for the following file systems: FAT12, FAT16, FAT32, NTFS, and NTFS5.
Furthermore, the program is able to restore files with the following file formats: DOC, XLS, PPT, MDB, SDW, RPT, VSD, PST, DOCX, XLSX, PPTX, JPG, BMP, AVI, ZIP, and others.
The application features two scanning modes: quick and super scan. Of course, the first one performs a basic scan and reveals the deleted files and folders found on the selected hard drive.
The second method offers a comprehensive scanning operation which looks for all possible deleted data. At the end of the task, you can view details about the name of the file or folder, size, attributes, ID, as well as date when it was created, modified, and deleted.
Active@ File Recovery for Windows gives users the possibility to perform searches based on different criteria (e.g. file format, size, ID), view information about each partition (e.g. label, type, file system, capacity, serial number, volume status), and select the directories and files to be restored.
The tool also features an advanced disk editor that allows users to analyse the contents of hard drives, partitions, and volumes, create bookmarks, search text or byte sequence, as well as change the content of the opened file or disk.
Last but not least, you can create a disk image, evaluate the recovery chances by inspecting file headers and raw disk structures, reassemble deleted or damaged RAID, as well as check the log for possible errors.
All in all, Active@ File Recovery for Windows features an intuitive layout and useful features for helping users carry out the recovery process efficiently.
top FREE alternatives
top PAID alternatives


text:
Sprayers - Accessories
Country Way 4 Gallon Backpack Sprayer 61715$49.99
The Harvest King/Chapin backpack poly sprayer makes killing those unwanted weeds easy to get rid of. The hose that comes with the backpack poly sprayer is long enough to let you reach those hard to reach places without having to get into the mess of weeds or thistles. Putting the backpack poly sprayer on is pretty easy to do with or without someone helping you. The convenience of using a backpack poly sprayer is a must for anyone who sprays for a lot of weeds. Instead of having to carry around a gallon jug and have it in one hand, and the hose in the other, the backpack poly sprayer enables you to carry it on your back and you will have one hand free while spraying the weeds with the other.
The Harvest King/Chapin, Professional Deluxe, backpack poly sprayer has a 4-gallon capacity, allowing you comfortably carry more weed killer. The Harvest King/Chapin's pump is very efficient and allows you to spray a lot more, before you have to re-pump.
Product Features
- 4 gallon backpack sprayer with standard features for General Applications
- 3 Stage Filtration system
- 4" Wide Opening with Strainer/Filter Basket
- Padded Shoulder Straps
- 3 pc nozzle pack (fan, cone and adjustable)
- 4 gallon backpack sprayer
- This unit can be substituted with a Spetracide, Harvest King, or Chapin as they are the same brand. It can also be subsititued between Deluxe or Professional
Master Manufacturing Flashgun Turbo Spray Gun 15 GPM SG-2200$29.97Product Features
- 16" Length
- 1.8mm tip
Country Way 5 Gallon Rechargeable Sprayer LG 05 SS$99.99
Rechargeable 5 Gallon Spot Sprayer - Perfect for home watering: flowers, plants and small gardens!
- 1.0 GPM demand pump
- 5 gallon polyethylene tank
- Lever handgun
- Telescoping handle
- Rechargeable 12 volt battery & AC charger with built- in storage compartment
- Weatherproof components: automotive grade wiring harness & fuse
- Handgun sprays up to 12 ft. vertical & 25 ft. horizontal
- Coil hose
- Large 8 inch wheels
- Sprays 30 gallons on one charge
Master Manufacturing 15 Gallon Spot Sprayer with 1.8 GPM Shurflo Pump SSC-01-015A-MM$109.97
Product Features
- Chemical Resistant Polyethylene Tank
- Shurflo 1.8 GPM Pump
- 12V Connection Cables
- 18" lever Handgun w/ 15 ft. hose
- Adjustable Cone Spray Nozzle
- Ideal for applying Insecticides & Herbicides
- Round-up® Ready
Master Manufacturing 30" Spot Spray Wand SG-4507F$9.99
Product Features
- Spot Spray Wand
- 30" Length
- #18 Orifice
- In Handle Filter
- Chromed aluminum spray lance
- 3/8" hose barb connection
- Use SG-45ASSy-18-CSK for replacement spray tip
Master Manufacturing 3/8" Nylon Inlet Strainer 33-103121-CSK$2.99
Product Features
- Inlet strainer for spot sprayer
- eliminate spray nozzle plugging
Country Way 15 Gallon Spot Sprayer with 1 GPM Everflo Pump SSN-01-015A-RK$69.99
Product Features:
- Ideal for Applying Insecticides & Herbicides
- Chemical Resistant Polyethylene Tank
- 12 Volt Connection Cables
- Adjustable Cone Spray Nozzle
- 18" Handgun with 10ft Coiled Hose
- Round-up® Ready"
- 1 GPM Everflo Pump
Master Manufacturing Replacement #18 Brass Spray Tip 900.054-18-CSK$5.99
Product Features
- Replacement Deluxe Spot Sprayer Brass Tip
- Durable Brass construction
- extended life
- 1/4 NPT thread
- #18 orifice spray tip with adjustable cone spray
- Adjustable from mist to straight stream
Master Manufacturing 3/4" x 3/4" Valve GHV-1-BLK-CSK$1.99
Product Features
- Garden hose thread on/off valve
- 60 psi max operating pressure
- Black nylon construction