text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 27, 1997
|Filing date
|Jun 29, 1995
|Priority date
|Jun 29, 1995
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Michael R. Earl, Russell A. Detterich, Robert A. Yancey
|Original Assignee
|Delco Electronics Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (21), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (36), Classifications (17), Legal Events (13)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
This invention is related generally to an apparatus and method for grinding a backside surface of an integrated circuit wafer and, more particularly, to an apparatus and method for grinding a backside surface of an integrated circuit wafer that includes use of a cushioned grinding table and an organic acid cooling fluid.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
In a typical integrated circuit manufacturing process, a plurality of integrated circuit chips are simultaneously patterned and defined on a frontside surface of a single silicon wafer by a series of layer deposition and etching processes well understood in the art. The individual integrated circuit chips are generally patterned in a series of rows and columns in a rectangular format on the wafer. After the integrated circuit chips are fully defined, the wafer is then diced by a suitable sawing machine along lines between the rows and columns of the integrated circuit pattern to separate the wafer into the individual circuits. The individual integrated circuit chips can then be secured within protective packages and incorporated into appropriate electronic circuits.
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/249,815 filed May 26, 1994, titled "Method of Preventing Aluminum Bond Pad Corrosion During Dicing of Integrated Circuit Wafers," assigned to the assignee of the instant application and herein incorporated by reference, discloses a method of preventing metal bond pad corrosion and contamination during dicing of integrated circuit wafers. This method incorporates use of an organic acid cooling fluid that cools a saw blade of the sawing machine during dicing. The pH level of the cooling fluid established by the organic acid prevents silicon residue and particulates released from the wafer during the sawing process from adhering to metallic bond pads of the individual integrated circuit chips, and thus allows the silicon particulates to be washed away from the wafer with the cooling fluid.
Generally, the original silicon wafer on which the integrated circuits are patterned is sliced from a larger silicon crystal ingot. The silicon wafers,are sliced from the crystal ingot to a thickness that is greater than desirable for a finished integrated circuit product so as to provide a more robust wafer to stand up to the rigors of the integrated circuit fabrication processes. Particularly, relatively thick silicon wafers are necessary during the integrated circuit fabrication steps to prevent warpage and breakage of the wafer as a result of certain heating processes, as well as other circuit fabrication processes. However, the thickness of the wafer after the integrated circuits are fabricated is thicker than desirable for device packaging restrictions. Therefore, it is necessary after the integrated circuit patterns are defined to grind a backside surface of the wafer opposite to the frontside surface of the wafer where the integrated circuits are formed to reduce the wafer thickness prior to the wafer being diced to separate the wafer into the individual integrated circuit chips. Suitable grinding machines are well known in the art that are capable of grinding down the backside surface of the silicon wafer. Known types of grinding machines generally include a plurality of chuck tables that secure a plurality of wafers to be ground by one or more grinding wheels.
The current industry standard is to apply either a spin-on coating of a resist material, or other applicable material, or a dry film tape to the frontside of the finished integrated circuit chip wafer to cover and protect the integrated circuits during the backside grinding process. The frontside protective cover of the integrated circuit chip wafer prevents silicon residue contaminants from adhering to the metallic bond pads of the integrated circuits during grinding. Once the grinding process is complete, the spin-on coating is etched away in a wet bath, or an applicable machine is used to remove the dry film tape.
Although the spin-on coating or dry film tape has effectively prevented silicon residue from contaminating the bond pads during grinding, removal of the spin-on coating or dry film tape has resulted in contamination of the integrated chips by residue from the coating or tape. This contamination can cause integrated circuit device failures or poor test yields. Also, the chuck table applies pressure to the frontside surface of the silicon wafers where the integrated circuit chips are formed to hold the wafer in place. This pressure sometimes causes damage to the integrated circuit chips because epitaxial spikes or foreign material are formed during device layer deposition. Although the spin-on coating or dry film tape provides some cushioning against damage of this nature, the thickness of the coating or tape is not enough to protect the integrated circuit chips against many epitaxial spikes and other foreign material commonly present from integrated circuit fabrication.
What is needed is a method and associated apparatus that allows grinding of a backside surface of a silicon wafer that does not cause pressure damage to the integrated circuit chips on a frontside surface of the wafer, and does not allow contamination of the integrated circuit chips and associated metallic bond pads during the grinding process. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide such an apparatus and process.
In accordance with the teachings of the present invention, a method and associated apparatus is disclosed for grinding a backside surface of a semiconductor wafer that includes integrated circuit chips patterned on a frontside surface of the wafer. The process utilizes a known grinding machine that includes a plurality of rigid chuck tables that secure a plurality of wafers to be moved relative to a series of grinding surfaces. The chuck tables each include a cushioned rubber pad secured to the table at an interface with the frontside surface of the wafer. The cushion rubber pad is thick enough to prevent imperfections in the frontside surface of the silicon wafer resulting from device fabrication from causing damage to the integrated circuit chips under the pressure that holds the chips to the chuck tables. An organic acid cooling fluid is utilized during the grinding procedure to prevent particulates and residue released from the wafer during the grinding from adhering to the metal bond pads of the integrated circuit chips.
Additional objects, advantages, and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description and appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a plan view of an integrated circuit wafer backside grinding machine including a cushioned chuck table and an organic acid cooling fluid source according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a chuck table separated from the grinding machine of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a plurality of chuck tables including cushioned pads according to an embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 4 is a schematic plan view of an organic acid cooling fluid source and pH level sensor according to an embodiment of the present invention.
The following discussion of the preferred embodiments directed to an integrated circuit wafer backside grinding apparatus and method is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention or its applications or uses.
First turning to FIG. 1, a plan view of a grinding machine 10 suitable to grind a backside surface 12 of an integrated circuit wafer 14 is shown. The grinding machine 10 is intended to represent any known applicable grinding machine in the art that is used to grind a backside surface of an integrated circuit wafer. For example, the grinding machine 10 can be the DISCO Rotary Surface Grinder Model DFG-83H/6 available from Disco Hi-Tech America, known to those skilled in the art. The wafer 14 can be any applicable semiconductor wafer that includes patterned integrated circuits (not shown) defined on a frontside surface of the wafer 14. The discussion below is directed to a silicon wafer, however, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, other semiconductor wafers are applicable within the scope of the invention.
The grinding machine 10 includes a spindle housing 16. The spindle housing 16 includes a spindle 18 having a rotatable grinding shaft 20 and a grinding wheel 22 rigidly secured to an end of the shaft 20 as shown. A spindle motor 24 rotates the shaft 20, and thus the grinding wheel 22 during the grinding process such that diamond teeth 26 associated with the grinding wheel 22 operate to grind away semiconductor material from the backside surface 12 of the wafer 14. The spindle housing 16 is secured to a slider 28 that includes an adjustable bolt 30 such that the height of the grinding wheel 22 can be adjusted relative to the wafer 14 so as to provide different degrees of grinding.
The wafer 14 is secured to a ceramic chuck table 32 by a suitable securing mechanism such as vacuum suction, as is well understood in the art, such that the frontside of the wafer 14 that includes the integrated circuits is positioned against the chuck table 32. The chuck table 32 is secured to a chuck table platform 34. The chuck table platform 34 is secured to a shaft 6 positioned within a tray 38. The tray 38 is shown in cross-section in order to expose the chuck table 32. A cushion pad 40, according to the invention, is attached to a top surface 42 of the chuck table 32 by a suitable securing mechanism such as an adhesive. Other types of securing mechanisms, such as tape, would also be applicable to secure the cushion pad 40 to the chuck table 32. In one embodiment, the cushion pad 40 is a rubber pad about 0.027 of an inch thick. The cushion pad 40 provides cushioning for the frontside surface of the wafer 14 against the rigid chuck table 32 so as to prevent damage to the integrated circuits patterned on the wafer 14. Because the chuck table 32 is generally made of ceramic, and is thus rigid, epitaxial spikes formed within the integrated circuits by the integrated circuit layer deposition steps, and foreign material which may contaminate the circuits from the fabrication processes, may cause scratching and breakage of the integrated circuits when the wafer 14 is secured to the chuck table 32 by the vacuum securing process. By providing the cushion pad 40, these types of defects in the integrated circuits will not damage the integrated circuits under the vacuum pressure.
FIG. 2 shows the chuck table 32 removed from the remaining parts of the grinding machine 10. In this Figure, the wafer 14 is not secured to the chuck table 32. As is apparent, the cushion pad 40 includes a plurality of strategically placed holes 44 that extend through the entire thickness of the cushion pad 40. The holes 44 align with holes (not shown) in the top surface 42 of the chuck table 32 to allow suction that is applied to an undersurface of the chuck table 32 to reach the wafer 14. The placement of the holes 44 through the pad 40 can be any suitable pattern that satisfactorily allows vacuum to be applied through the pad 40. Therefore, the configuration of the holes 44 as shown is intended by way of a non-limiting example in that any other number and configuration of holes may be suitable for a different application.
Returning to FIG. 1, the grinding machine 10 also includes a reservoir 50 for storing a cooling fluid 52 that cools the grinding wheel 22 and the wafer 14 during the grinding process. A fluid line 54 extends from the reservoir 50, and includes a nozzle 56 for spraying the fluid 52 at a desirable location and intensity relative to the wheel 22 and the wafer 14. In one embodiment, the cooling fluid 52 is a solution of an organic acid, preferably a citric acid, and deionized water. A more detailed discussion of the properties of the cooling fluid 52 will be given below. In this example, the cooling fluid 52 is delivered to the grinding wheel 22 and the wafer 14 through the fluid line 54 and out of the nozzle 56 in a gravity fed arrangement such that the cooling fluid 52 is applied to a certain area of the grinding machine 10. This configuration is intended to simply show that cooling fluid is necessary for the grinding operation. In a practical environment, however, the cooling fluid 52 will be applied at various locations relative to the grinding wheel 22 and the wafer 14, and in some cases through the spindle shaft 20. The cooling fluid 52 that is sprayed from the nozzle 56 to cool the grinding wheel 22 and the wafer 14 is collected in the tray 38. A drain (not Shown) can be provided in the tray 38 to drain the used cooling fluid 52 to be disposed of appropriately.
The operation of a grinding machine of the type of the grinding machine 10 is well understood in the art. To grind the backside surface 12 of the wafer 14, the motor 24 rotates the grinding wheel 22 at a desirable speed. The spindle housing 16 is lowered on the slide 28, and the chuck table 32 is translationally or rotatably moved such that the wafer 14 is moved under the turning grinding wheel 22. The spindle housing 16 is lowered to the appropriate location so that a desirable amount of the wafer 14 will be removed. As the wafer 14 moves relative to the grinding wheel 22, wafer material is removed from the backside surface 12 of the wafer 14. The cooling fluid 52 sprayed from the nozzle 56 cools the grinding wheel 22 and the wafer 14, and washes away removed particulates. Generally, two or three grinding wheels are provided to gradually grind the backside surface 12 of the wafer 14 to the appropriate thickness. In one particular embodiment, the wafer 14 starts at a thickness of about 22 mils. A first grinding wheel will be used to reduce the thickness of the wafer 14 a few mils, and then a second grinding wheel will be used to remove more of the semiconductor material to reduce the thickness of the wafer 14 to, for example, 17 mils. In certain applications, the wafer 14 is reduced even farther, to, for example, 13 mils. In this embodiment, generally three grinding wheels are required.
FIG. 3 shows a perspective view of a portion of a practical grinding machine 60. Particularly, the grinding machine 60 shows a plurality of chuck tables 62 circumferentially positioned within a chuck table holder 64. Each of the chuck tables 62 includes a cushion pad 66 of the type of the cushion pad 40 discussed above. A series of control components 68 provide vacuum and other control functions to the chuck tables 62 in a manner that is well understood in the art. The cushion pad has been removed from a chuck table 69 so as to expose a series of openings 70 in a top surface of the chuck table 69. The vacuum control component 68 provides suction to the holes 70, which in turn provides suction to the holes in the cushion pad 66, to hold the wafer on the chuck table 69. During the grinding process, the chuck tables 62 will rotate around a common center relative to the grinding wheels.
For the grinding machine 60, there are twelve chuck tables 62. This type of grinding machine is generally used to grind wafers that are five or six inches in diameter. Generally, other grinding machines that include other numbers of chuck tables are provided for wafers of larger diameters. For example, wafers that are eight inches in diameter would probably be ground on a grinding machine that includes eight chuck tables. The use of the cushion pads 66 would be applicable for any rigid chuck table for any diameter wafer.
The grinding operation of silicon wafers generates extremely fine silicon particles. These particles are of a colloidal size, i.e., about 1 micron and less. The silicon particles are deposited on the surface of metalized bond pads (not shown) associated with the integrated circuits of the wafer 14 during the grinding operation and are not rinsed off under the force of the coolant spray from the nozzle 50. The silicon particles are so fine that they acquire a charge and are strongly adhered to the exposed conductive surface of the bond pads. The bond pads are normally an aluminum or aluminum alloy. The aluminum alloy can be, by weight, 98% aluminum, 1% silicon and 1% copper. It has been recognized that heat treatment of the wafer 14 prior to grinding can cause segregation of copper in this alloy. This can produce sites in the exposed bond pad that have a different galvanic potential than adjacent sites in the exposed bond pad. Such differences can cause galvanic corrosion of the exposed bond pads when they are exposed to a humid environment, and particularly a moist environment. Accordingly, there is a tendency for galvanic erosion during grinding. The presence of the silicon particles in the bond pads can enhance the galvanic corrosion of the copper during the grinding operation.
It appears that an anion of an organic acid can be used as an active agent that prevents contamination of the bond pads of the silicon wafer by silicon residue. An anion in this context is referred to as a negatively charged ion resulting from ionization of an organic acid or from ionization of a salt of an organic acid. For example, the citrate ion would be the active agent for an aqueous solution of citric acid or of sodium citrate. Other organic acid anions would also work, alone and in combination, including anions from acids such as succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, oxalic acid and fumaric acid.
It appears that the organic acid anion passivates the bond pads and/or electrically effects the silicon residue particles. This passivation occurs by complexing with the aluminum of the bond pad. Further, the organic acid anion electrically effects the colloidal silicon particles by changing their ionic potential. In this case, the ionic potential of the silicon particles are no longer attracted to the aluminum surface and/or their charge is not great enough to break through the passivation which the anion provides on aluminum surface. These mechanisms work together to inhibit the colloidal silicon particles from sticking to the aluminum bond pad surface of the individual integrated circuit chips. This inhibition inherently also inhibits bond pad corrosion and scratching of the bond pads caused by the silicon particles.
The minimum concentration of the organic acid anion needed to experience a benefit in reducing or eliminating aluminum bond pad contamination appears to vary with the organic acid anion being used. In general, it appears that concentrations above about 0.001 molar (M) of most organic acid anion will destroy the colloidal spension of silicon. With such concentrations of most organic acid anion, the silicon particles would not adhere to the aluminum bond pad, and will precipitate out of the coolant solution. However, a concentration of only about 0.00005M of some organic acid anions appear to be useful. Accordingly, the minimum concentration of the organic acid anion needed to observe a benefit will vary for different applications.
Salts of organic acids also are effective in preventing adhesion of the colloidal particles to the aluminum bond pads. However, the use of salts in this type of application may be objectionable on other grounds. The application of added metal ions, i.e., cations, to the integrated circuit chip surface may be considered objectionable. It should also be recognized that an organic ester is a reaction product of an organic acid and an alcohol. Esters can hydrolyze in water to release the precursor organic acid anion and alcohol. The degree of hydrolysis of course depends on the ester composition and other factors. Therefore, an organic ester could be used as a source of the organic acid anion. It should be noted that the presence of alcohol in the coolant might have some ancillary benefit, for example in reducing surface tension.
When an organic acid is used as a source of the acid anion, the pH of the deionized water coolant is lowered. When citric acid is used as the organic acid in the cooling fluid, a pH of about 3.5-5.5 has been shown to be useful, preferably a pH of about 4.0, to produce the necessary amount of anions in the cooling fluid. Therefore, it has been shown that in order to obtain the desirable concentration of organic acid in the cooling fluid, the pH of the cooling fluid can be measured.
The manner in which the cooling fluid is mixed and then applied to the grinding wheel 22 and the wafer 14 can vary for different applications. As mentioned above, the cooling fluid 52 is a premixture of an organic acid and deionized water to provide a solution of a desirable pH, and is fed to the grinding wheel 22 and the wafer 14 by gravity. In other embodiments, separate reservoirs can be provided for the deionized water and the organic acid, and valves can be used to provide the appropriate mixture of the cooling fluid. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/249,815 referenced above discloses such a system. In an example of this type, a flow meter can be used to set the quantity of cooling fluid being applied to the grinding wheel 22 to get the desirable pH level.
FIG. 4 shows a schematic plan view of a system 72 that monitors the pH level of a cooling fluid applied to a grinding operation of the invention. Compressed air applied to a reservoir 74 containing a citric acid causes the citric acid to be introduced into a fluid line 76 through a check valve 78. The citric acid is pumped through the line 76 under the influence of the compressed air through a control valve 80 that controls the flow of citric acid through the line 76. Deionized water from a reservoir 82 is applied to a fluid line 84 through a check valve 86. Deionized water from the fluid line 84 and citric acid from the fluid line 76 are combined in a static mixer 88 to get an accurate solution of citric acid and deionized water for cooling purposes.
The mixture of deionized water and citric acid is then sent through a first flow through pH sensor 90. The pH sensor 90 monitors the pH level of the mixture, and provides an electrical signal indicative of the pH level of the mixture to a pH controller 92. The pH sensor 90 and the pH controller 92 are commercially available items such as the ISI Model 11-3KTC pH Sensor and the Lakewood 1020-SM pH Controller, respectively. Of course, other applicable pH sensors and controllers can be used. The pH controller 92 is precalibrated to monitor a particular level of pH in the mixture such that if the pH level as sensed by the sensor 90 varies outside of a predetermined threshold, a valve controller 94 will adjust the control valve 80 to increase or decrease the flow of citric acid in the line 76 to appropriately adjust the pH level of the mixture. The combination of the valve controller 94 and the control valve 80 is a commercially available unit and can be the CASHLO STI-VIJ-7-3IA10AODC.
The mixture is then applied to a second pH sensor 96 before it is applied to the grinding process through line 98 as the cooling fluid 52. The pH sensor 96 sends an electrical signal to a pH alarm system 100, that includes a pH analyzer 102. The pH analyzer 102 is a commercially available item such as the Lakewood H20-PH-42-S1. If the analyzer 102 determines that the pH level is outside a desirable pH level, the analyzer 102 will send a signal to one of four alarm relay switches depending on the pH level. For example, a first relay switch 104 provides an alarm signal if the pH level is very high, a second relay switch 106 provides an alarm signal if the pH level is moderately high, a third relay switch 108 provides an alarm signal if the pH level is moderately low, and a fourth relay switch 110 provides an alarm signal if the pH level is very low. In this manner, operators of the grinding process will be aware of problems with the cooling fluid before incurring scrap parts.
The foregoing discussion discloses and describes merely exemplary embodiments of the present invention. One skilled in the art will readily recognize from such discussion, and from the accompanying drawings and claims that various changes, modifications and variations can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 29, 1995
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Lexpert Special Edition on Leading Canadian Lawyers in Global Mining publishes Lawson Lundell's article on "Moving Towards Sustainable Development: How Canadian Mining Companies Are Leading By Example"
Western Canada Business Litigation Blog: Fraud: Where does the loss lie as between innocent victims?
Project Law Blog: It's "Buyer Beware" for Resource Developers When it Comes to Crown Consultation
Real Estate Law Blog: The British Columbia Building Act: Modernizing the BC Building Code
Lawson Lundell's energy practice is one of the largest in Western Canada. This short video highlights the range of our energy experience.
Lawson Lundell named "Regional Law Firm of the Year" at Chambers Canada's inaugural Awards ceremony on October 1, 2015.


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How to fix common mistakes in early intervention documentation.
AOTA asked Medicare to rescind a restrictive proposal on lower-limb prosthetics.
Register today for the AOTA/NBCOT National Student Conclave.
To support the Centennial Vision, AOTA has identified Children and Youth as a key practice area for the 21st century. Pediatric occupational therapy practitioners support societal needs by providing services to infants, toddlers, children, and youth and their families in a variety of settings including schools, clinics, and homes. With the new IDEA regulations, occupational therapy practitioners are also participating in broad new initiatives such as early intervening services and Response to Intervention.
We hope the resources below will help you in your practice. If you have additional questions, try posting them on OTConnections, a community for occupational therapy practitioners just like you. If you are an AOTA member, you are already signed up with OTConnections! Just use your member login and password for the AOTA Web site to access OTConnections.
Learn About Pediatric Workgroups
Designed for practitioners and other professionals to explain the role and scope of occupational therapy. Find our fact sheets here.
Brief Tip Sheets to help people cope with a variety of health conditions and explain how occupational therapy can help. Find our tips sheets here.
Find evidence-based practice info and the latest research to guide your practice.
Find apps for Children & Youth here. Check out what we've identified as emerging niches in the Children & Youth practice area.
Informative documents on the role and scope of occupational therapy services. Get AOTA's Official Documents here.
Read the Special Interest Section Quarterly newsletters related to Children & Youth: Early Intervention & School, Sensory Integration, and Developmental Disabilities.


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Email this article from PlasticsNews.com
Beware when seeking registrar
Caveat emptor is an adage most of us have grown up with since childhood. (Those high school and college Latin classes have really come in handy.) Seriously, we check Consumer's Report to determine what stove, refrigerator, camera, or car to purchase, but when it comes to a company looking for an ISO 9000 registrar many fail to investigate and do their homework before signing a contract. Worse yet, many companies are only concerned with price and sign up with unaccredited registrars, which end up taking them to the cleaners.
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Taking 3-D printing beyond the prototype
NEWS Monday, October 05
Plastic Bank aims to reduce marine debris, help people
NEWS Tuesday, October 06


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Brian Tichy has built an impressive resume of recording, touring and/or writing with artists like Ozzy Osbourne, Billy Idol, Whitesnake, Foreigner, Lynch Mob and T&N. Known for his phenomenal drumming, Tichy now showcases his equally versatile guitar prowess in S.U.N (Something Unto Nothing), his new project with vocalist Sass Jordan.
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762 Holden Road
From $1,800 / night
Description from the manager
Description from the manager
Bedrooms: 5/
Bathrooms: 0/
Sleeps: 16/
Type: House
762 Holden Road, a five bedroom private residence in the heart of Beaver Creek Resort, combines distinguished architecture with modern design to create the ideal rental home for the discerning visitor. Perched above the Beaver Creek Golf Course and featuring views of Beaver Creek Mountain from the patio, this home provides the finest in luxury accommodation for any season. Featuring five well appointed bedrooms, each with private en-suite bath, spacious living areas for gathering, and plenty of outdoor space to enjoy your Rocky Mountain escape.
Additional amenities include: dining room table size: 10, bath #2: full, parking: private driveway, ...Read more
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Triumph Mountain Properties
Triumph Mountain Properties
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Teaching a hard-work ethic
Jeremy Hobson
Interview by
Jul 27, 2012 Some people are born to be hard workers. For the rest of us, don't worry -- a good work ethic can be learned.
The 'Club Sandwich' generation
Adriene Hill
Interview by
Jul 13, 2012 Not only are many American Baby Boomers supporting both their parents and their kids, but some are even paying for their grand kids as well.
To my dissatisfied daughter
Laura Doyle
Jul 13, 2012 A frustrated mother sends her teenager daughter a letter, explaining how she and her father are still trying to provide for the family while they are both unemployed.
Starting financial education young
Tess Vigeland
Jun 29, 2012 What lessons can be learned from a fourth-grade economics class taught by high school seniors?
Rock, paper, income: The life of a stay-at-home dad
Tess Vigeland
Interview by
Jun 15, 2012 Stay-at-home dad Kenny Messer on the challenges and rewards of being home with the kids.
Teen summer jobs: Whose money is it, anyway?
Tess Vigeland
Interview by
Jun 8, 2012 It's summertime and many teens are making the most of it by getting a job. They worked for that money, so they should have full control over it. Or should they?
How young is too young to be on Facebook?
David Brancaccio
Interview by
Jun 4, 2012 In order to increase its reach, Facebook is now developing a system that would allow children under the age of 13 to play games and use the social network.
Gateway Stocks: Starting investors young
Jeff Tyler
May 25, 2012 Think junior's ready to dive into Wall Street? Some parents are buying their kids a share or two, to teach them about investing.
What to do with your kids this summer
David Lazarus
Interview with
May 23, 2012 With Memorial Day coming up on Monday, we've reached the unofficial start of summer -- which means a lot of kids are going to have a lot of free time on their hands. So what's the best use of that time?
The price of staying en pointe
Stacey Vanek Smith
May 24, 2012 It's not just blood, sweat and tears that makes a prima ballerina. It takes a lot of money to take center stage too.


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Yocheved is approved to conduct lessons through WyzAnt Online. WyzAnt Online allows students and tutors to work remotely via video, audio, and collaborative whiteboard tools. For more information about how online tutoring works, check out WyzAnt Online.
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Excelsior College, Albany, NY
Mercy College (Graduate Coursework)
I've worked with students with special needs, general education students from 4 years of age and up, as well as adults. I love working with children and get along well with people of all ages. I've worked with students, and parents, to improve their reading, writing, spelling, and math, as well as their knowledge and understanding of science and higher level subjects.
I've worked as an assistant, teacher and tutor, and know how important it is to help people meet their goals and to provide encouragement and support as they learn. I have been able to help, in one way or another, every person that I have worked with, because I focus on his/her needs, set a goal and teach my "student" how to achieve that goal. I also enjoy helping my students realize how much they can accomplish and seeing the difference in their behaviors and attitudes when they realize how much they've learned and how far they've come.
I know that for all of our similarities, every person is different, which often means that how one person learns is different from other people's. I don't believe in a "cookie-cutter" approach, or that my way is the only way. Instead, I try to help my students learn, according to their needs, through whatever method will have them achieve results the fastest- and help them continue to see improvement. I've worked with students with special needs, general education students from 4 years of age and up, as well as adults. I love working with children and get along well with people of all ages. I've worked with students, and parents, to improve their … Read more
Yocheved is approved to conduct lessons through WyzAnt Online. WyzAnt Online allows students and tutors to work remotely via video, audio, and collaborative whiteboard tools. For more information about how online tutoring works, check out WyzAnt Online.
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I am a NYS certified as a teacher of students with disabilities and have worked with students with autism, both at home and in the school setting, for several years. I have used various modalities, to help students with their communication, socialization, behavioral, academic and self-management needs. I have designed and implemented ABA programs, BIPs and IEPs, and have worked independently and with others- and have trained others- to ensure that my students needs were met.
I am licensed in NYS to teach students from birth (such as nursery/pre-k) through the 6th grade. I have taken master's level courses in reading, mathematics and assessments. I have tutored students in the elementary school in all of the main subjects- science, math, English and history- and have helped these students to not only improve in school, but to also be more knowledgeable and feel more confident about completing their assignments and schooling.
I have tutored students in the following Regents subjects: biology, chemistry and geometry (or Math I). I am able to provide tutoring in living environment, chemistry (for the physical setting), algebra, geometry, Math I and English.
As both my parents taught high school level- and Regents- sciences, and my mother is the author of several science review books (High Marks in School)- I grew up learning about these subjects, and was held to a fairly high standard. While I do not recall my math scores, I do remember that they were fairly high; my science and English Regents scores were all in/around the 90s.
I have worked with special needs students for more than 10 years, as an in-home provider, para/shadow, tutor and teacher. I have worked with students with severe/ multiple disabilities and students with other issues, such as ADHD, anxiety, ED/BD, OHI, and hearing/vision difficulties. I love working with kids/teens and behavioral difficulties do not bother me; while they can be hard to handle, I tend to view them as a challenge.
I know that when working with people in general, a certain degree of patience, sensitivity and caring are required. I also know that this is true, to an even greater degree, for students with special needs. By caring and sensitivity, I do not mean treating a child or person as if he can't accomplish things because of his disability; rather, it's teaching students that they can accomplish what they set their minds to...they just sometimes, like everyone else, need a little extra help.
Yocheved W. passed a background check on 12/5/14. The check was ordered by another user through First Advantage. For more information, please review the background check information page.
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80 reviews | 4.8 out of 5
My husband and I were wanting to find an artificial tree without spending a lot of money. We just happened to see this one at our local Walmart and decided to give it a try. We are so glad we did! This tree is absolutely beautiful! It is very full and looks very real. We even bought some pine scented spray from Walmart to uset, as well. Now it not only looks like a real tree; it smells like one, too!
My wife and I were wanting to replace a small 6ft tree we used for many years. We had gone to walmart with a limited budget and decided to buy this one. It was a great price but I have to admit the picture on the original box doesn't make the tree look too great. Now, We had just put this tree up and it is absolutely amazing... We love it. The tree is so full and very big! It look like a real tree in our home.
I am going to use our old tree for a outside decoration. I advice that everyone wanting a nice tree on a budget to get this one. I would stay away from the pre-lights. Also, this does need about 100 or so ornaments
and we have about 1000 lights on ours. Its stunning..
I like the tree. I feel that I will have this tree year after year. It is tall and full. I found my traditional tree.
We needed a new Christmas tree this year after our old 6 foot tall tree fell apart last year thanks to our kids. We were on a budget and thought about getting one of the prelit ones, but ended up going with this one (my gut told me the prelit one would be nothing but a huge pain). We couldn't be happier with this tree! The picture on the box doesn't do it justice. It's so full and authentic looking. We love it. It's a huge tree. The checkout lady told me this was the best tree in the store and she was right. Don't waste your money on a prelit tree. This one is a great bargain!
I love this tree. It is a great value, and very easy to set up.
i absolutely love this product ...i was a bit wiery about buying this cause i didn't want it to look too fake. i wanted at tree that was tall and full looking and this product met all my expectations! it looks great in our living room and i've gotten MANY compliments. looks great in pictures but even better in person put together. i would strongly suggest buying this product and buy your own lights cause nothings worse then buying a pre-lit christmas tree and the lights burn out!
We absolutely love this tree! I can't believe the price. My husband asked what I was looking for in a tree and my answer was tall and full. That is just what this one is. Even some of the branches have branches that you can move and make the tree even fuller. I think this tree will also last for many many years. It has a 2 year warranty but I think that we might get a good ten years out of it! Totally recommend and the price is a STEAL!! Looks like a $200 tree!
This tree is great! i recomend you to buy this tree, it is beautiful set up and easy to do, the one thing that is really great about it is that the bottom branches are not just one branch sticking oout with a few leaves on it but allot it acutally has 2 more separate branches you pull to the sides to make is FULLER!!! This tree has so many leaves on the branches that you wont find a hole that you cant fill!!! Buy this tree with a smile it is worth it
I cannot say enough about this tree. It is absolutely GORGEOUS! I had a terrible experience today. I got up at 3:15am to be at Belk's to get a $240 Pre-lit tree they had for a doorbuster for $79. I got it home, put it up, went to plug it in and the bottom right side of the tree wouldn't light. I took it back, got another same exact tree. Got that one home and put it up but THIS time, some of the top half and the OTHER side of the bottom half, wouldn't light. I had had enough. I took IT back, got a full refund. My husband found this Donner Fir at Walmart.com, and I had to go look at it. I was stunned at the beauty of this tree even in the store (you know they don't take the time to set them up right). I bought it, and put it up, and I can't tell you how beautiful it is. I LOVE IT! I HIGHLY recommend this tree to anyone. With the 1200 lights that I bought along with the tree, I spent a total of $115. If you are wanting a gorgeous tree for the right price, THIS IS IT! Merry Christmas!!!
I bought this in 2007, and it is the most beautiful artificial tree I've ever owned. The fact that each branch is inserted separately I think is what makes it so pretty. I used six boxes of the Holiday Time G8 Globe Light Set, Warm White, 60 Count, totaling 360 lights in all. It takes time to set up, but that's fine. Being able to arrange the individual branches makes it into a simply beautiful tree. I would highly recommend this to anyone who wants a tree that looks real!
I'm the person who reads these reviews to get an input on the things I'm gonna buy before I buy them.i liked what I read and decided to get this tree.I was some what on a budget but at the same time wanted something that looked good and would last.Im hoping on the lasting part because this tree is BEAUTIFUL.It dose take 100 + ornaments.It's BIG and FULL a true traditional Christmas tree.It takes some time to put it together, but that didnt matter to me my husband and two girls we had a good time.This is a good buy!
For years I had gotten a real Frasier fir Christmas tree, but this year I was just tired of the mess, the drying out of the branches, the sticky sap, the $50-$75 price tag, and the drooping limps, so I decided on buying a fake tree with the key criteria that it be full and at least 7 feet tall, plus without lights (I already lights and I wanted flexibility to change colors or blinking lights in the future). I was willing to pay about $200 if the tree met my key criteria and was indeed beautiful. I sent my husband out to buy this tree solely based on the online reviews and without having seen it. I must admit, despite the rave reviews, I was extremely skeptical about this tree and the entire time we were assembling it, I was trying to find fault so I could return it. Well, after it was assembled and branches fluffed out, I was amazed to discover how full and beautiful this tree was and for only $78! I added my lights and other decorations and my tree was absolutely spectacular! One of my favorite things about having a "fake" tree is when I add heavier ornaments on the ends of the branches, instead of them sliding off, now I simply bend up the limp and it keeps the ornament in place! Could I have gotten a tree with branches that look more realistic? Sure, but I'm also sure I would have paid significantly more for it (someone I know paid $300 for their fake tree and compared to mine, it's not better). In all honesty, it's not like people go up and examine the tree branches. Once it's all decorated, your attention is focused on the ornaments. I am extremely happy with this purchase and even though I was willing to pay up to $200 for a fake tree, I'm glad I ended up with a $78 purchase.
Just put the tree up and it is everything I wanted and more at a great price!!!
This Christmas tree is stunning. I couldn't believe how nice and full this tree is, for the price. You cannot go wrong purchasing this tree. Your little ones will simply enjoy decorating it.
This was a piece of junk, we returned it the same day. We also thought our cat would knock it over. It was the cheepest option by far. So, if you are pet free and only have a small ammount to spend then it might be an ok option, just know what you are getting into. My petite wife broke off a few tips (3"-4" in length) just trying to spread it out.
I just bought this tree and excited about putting it up. It said the tree had attached branches but they are not. They are all individual except the top. Taking it back tomorrow
This tree is soooo beautiful. It meets my expectations. The only thing bad was it took a while to put up because it comes with lots of branches BUT that is the only con. It is very full, tall, and fat. Love it! I have 800 lights and maybe 100 ornaments. It's just stunning.
I absolutely LOVE this tree!!! Everyone that has been to my home has said: WOW!!! That tree is amazing!!!! Then, they want to touch it to check if it is real. Buy this tree!!! It is magical!!!
Have no complaints. Price was best around. Tree nice and full. Under 2 hours to organize and assemble.


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THE A-League is back for another season and so is David Davutovic's Studs Up blog. Join the chat at 1pm (AEST) as he offers his predictions for 2015-16.
FIELDS: SYDNEY raiders have won the Group 1 Caulfield Guineas for the past four years and Press Statement is a hot favourite to continue the trend on Saturday.
US VIEW: Jarryd Hayne got limited chances in his latest NFL outing - yet an explanation has been given that the Aussie can take as a major compliment.
A STREAM of expletives, bizarre accusations and cruel jibes about your appearance. And, it's all part of the job.
SOCCEROOS star Massimo Luongo admits he's still in shock at the sight of his name on the prestigious FIFA Ballon d'Or shortlist.


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Austin, TXUSA
December 11, 2011
I am happiest when outside, stiding down a trail, scrmbling over rocks, sticking my feet in a cool stream, or sitting by the campsite exhausted from taking it all in.
I like to rough it
Yes, on occassion.
I joined because I don't get out enough.
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Food and Staples Retailing
Company Overview of Northgate González Markets, Inc.
Executive Profile
Oscar Gonzalez
Co-Owner, Northgate González Markets, Inc.
|Total Calculated Compensation
|This person is connected to 1 Board Members in 1 different organizations across 1 different industries.
See Board Relationships
Mr. Oscar Gonzalez is a Co-Owner of Northgate González Markets, Inc. Mr. Gonzales serves as a Member of the Board of Directors of Food Marketing Institute.
Corporate Headquarters
1201 North Magnolia AvenuePhone: 714-778-3784
Anaheim, California 92801
United States
Fax: 714-778-3295
Board Members Memberships
EducationThere is no Education data available.
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Welcome to the BEST WESTERN Country Inn - to luxury with a country style. With 74 spacious rooms professionally decorated with elegant touches and fine quality furniture. Special luxury suites are available with in-room spas, wet bars, refrigerators and fireplace. Guests can relax and enjoy the large heated pool, outdoor spa and sauna or a walking tour of Old Historic Town Temecula, less than a mile away. Rancho California, with its fine shops and restaurants, is also just one mile away. Temecula Wine Country invites you to a variety of wine tasting tours. Only minutes away is the Vail Lake Recreation Area, Lake Skinner and Lake Elsinore, where you'll enjoy fishing, sailing, boating, swimming and other water sports. Come and enjoy country style elegance at the BEST WESTERN Country Inn. Enjoy your stay.bestwestern.com
24 hour front desk
Business center
Complimentary breakfast
Concierge service
Laundry facilities
Pets not allowed
Non-smoking rooms available
Outdoor pool
Free parking
Free Wi-Fi
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DELPOZO's woven silk and cotton-blend gown is designed to flatter. Crafted in Spain, it features internal tulle padding at the hips to sculpt an hourglass silhouette. The sheer silk-organza panels and underlay create the perfect reveal/ conceal balance.
Black woven silk and cotton-blendCutout bodice and skirt, silk-organza panels and underlay, internal tulle padding, back vent, fully lined Concealed hook and zip fastening at back 55% silk, 45% cotton; lining: 100% silkDry clean
Product code: 431588 - Need help? Contact us


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We loved this deal too, but it's no longer available. Check out our other sweet deals here.
The Quadrant Hotel & Suites - Auckland One-Night Auckland CBD Stay for Two
$159 Discount 52%View Deal
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Cruz coos coos bay | -dock 92.9, Visit the sunset classic chevys website . cruz the coos 2015 sept. 19, 2015 in downtown coos bay . listen to cruise live on k-dock 92.9 fm the official radio station. Coos bay oregon real estate - southern oregon coast real, Coos bay real estate and southern oregon coast real estate, residential, commercial or investment properties. Stone house restaurant - warren, nj | opentable, A captivating blend of rustic cabin and city chic, stone house at stirling ridge is the newest venture of landmark hospitality. stone house is an expansive restaurant.
Coos bay, oregon - wikipedia, free encyclopedia, Coos bay (coos language: atsixiis) city located coos county, oregon, united states, coos river enters coos bay pacific ocean.. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coos_Bay,_Oregon Century 21 realty - coos bay oregon real estate, Real estate coos bay, bandon, coquille southern oregon coast.. http://www.c21bestrealty.com/ Marshfield high school, Marshfield host harrisburg varsity home football contest tonight starting 7 pm pete susick stadium. arranged. marshfield' varsity. http://marshfield.cbd9.net/


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Select Local Merchants
Smart Buy KitchenRead MoreIf "handy" is NOT your middle name, the professionals at Smart Buy Kitchen are here to handle all your home projects and repairs in Doral. Whether you're embarking on a total remodel or simply need some crown molding installed, the master carpenters at Smart Buy Kitchen will leave your home looking beautiful. If you need something fixed in your home, professional handymen are just a phone call away at Smart Buy Kitchen.3325 NW 79th AveDoral, FL US
Kitchen Cabinets And Bath For LessRead MoreWhat services does your business offer and what makes your business stand out from the competition? Fast and reliable service at wholesale prices. 20 plus years of experience in kitchen renovations. Of the products you sell, which are your favorites? - All wood cabinets - Thermofoil doors - Granite counter tops - Quartz What was the inspiration to start or run this business? In 1992 after hurricane Andrew demolished South Florida I saw the need to bring quality cabinetry at an affordable price. What do you love most about your job? I love the reaction I get when a customer see there dream kitchen for the first time.53 West 21st StreetHialeah, FL US
Toledo Restaurant Equipment and Supply Co.Read MoreReplace your bulky appliances with compact appliances from Toledo Restaurant Equipment and Supply Co. and make your home less cluttered. A great washer and dryer can make your life SO much easier. Get a set for a more efficient household. Combining great performance with technology, these large appliances are sure to impress. Update your kitchen with some of the latest kitchen gadgets and tools available. If you plan on driving to Toledo Restaurant Equipment and Supply Co., ample parking is available in the area.4901 East 4th AvenueHialeah, FL US
Marble Lite ProductsRead MoreFeel the breeze in your hair as you bike around Hialeah. Enjoy the simple pleasures in life with a bike purchase from Marble Lite Products. Looking for some new kitchen tools and gadgets? They've got you covered. With all of the parking options close by, you can keep an eye on your car during your visit. So if you're looking to roll out with a brand new set of wheels, check out the awesome selection of bikes and gear at Marble Lite Products today.9920 Northwest 79th AvenueHialeah, FL US
Lt Wood Technology IncRead MoreFound yourself saddled with a major household repair? Don't go it alone. Call up Lt Wood Technology Inc in Hialeah for expert handyman advice and quality service. When it comes to remodeling and revamping your property, their expert carpenters pay close attention to your input so you get just the results you want. Don't let your home's little quirks turn into big issues. Get them checked out by the friendly handymen at Lt Wood Technology Inc.2689 W 76th StHialeah, FL US
Linen 4 LessRead MoreIf you work from home or just need some peace and quiet, you can easily update your office space with brand new furniture sets. Decorating your home interior can be a fun project. Browse the selection of bedroom furniture options here, such as bedroom furniture, and start decorating. This store has an amazing selection of furniture including living room furniture. For a style that suits your backyard, browse the selection of patio furniture before the sun goes down. Whether you need a new bathroom storage unit or plan on doing a complete remodel, you can't go wrong with the vast selection of furnishings featured. When you're finally ready to really move in, decorate your humble abode with items like rugs, throw pillows, and vases. If you're in need of some design tips, head on over to this store and peruse the exquisite pieces on display. Brighten up your walls with the great pieces here including curtains and mirrors. At Linen 4 Less, you won't have to worry about forgetting where you parked. There are plenty of parking spaces nearby for you to choose from.1840 NW 20th StMiami, FL US


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Fairfield Inn & Suites by Marriott Lake Oswego
- Free continental breakfast, free WiFi, and free parking
Main amenities
- 124 smoke-free guestrooms
- Indoor pool
- 24-hour fitness center
- 24-hour business center
- 24-hour front desk
- Coffee/tea in the lobby
- Air conditioning
- Daily housekeeping
- Computer station
- Lobby fireplace
- Front desk safe
- Snack bar/deli
What's around
- In South Portland
- Portland Temple Visitors' Center (0.8 mi / 1.3 km)
- George Fox University Portland Center (1 mi / 1.7 km)
- Bridgeport Plaza Mall (2 mi / 3.3 km)
- Bridgeport Village (2.1 mi / 3.4 km)
- Live Laugh Love Glass (2.6 mi / 4.1 km)
Very nice service, clean and quite. Great area.
Hotel was nice, rooms were not large but adequate. Staff was great! Location was perfect…
Enter dates to check prices
Hotel Info: 01 65 69 441from €140
- Standard Room, 2 Queen Beds
- Standard Room, 1 King Bed
Recommended hotels
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 124 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 5 floors
- 24-hour check-in
- Check-out time is noon
- Express check-in/out
Required at check in
- Credit card deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Pets not allowed
Extra people
- Rollaway beds available, charges may apply*
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Free self parking
- Accessible parking
Other information
- Smoke-free property
Nearby Two Star Lake Oswego hotels
In the hotel
- Free continental breakfast
- Snack bar/deli
- Coffee/tea in the lobby
- Indoor pool
- 24-hour fitness facilities
- Spa tub
- Use of nearby fitness center (discount)
- 24-hour business center
- Number of meeting rooms - 2
- Conference space
- Meeting rooms
- Conference space size (feet) - 1375
- Conference space size (meters) - 124
- Computer station
- 24-hour front desk
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Elevator/lift
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Fireplace in lobby
- Disabled parking
- Accessible path of travel
- Braille or raised signage
- Accessibility equipment for the deaf
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
In the room
- Climate control
- Air conditioning
- Coffee/tea maker
- Iron/ironing board
- Hypo-allergenic bedding available
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Pillowtop mattress
- Partially open bathroom
- Shower/tub combination
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- 32-inch flat-screen TV
- Premium TV channels
- MP3 docking station
- Desk
- Free weekday newspaper
- Free WiFi
- Free local calls
- Refrigerator
- Daily housekeeping
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
Top Lake Oswego hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Lake Oswego
- Ramada Portland AirportFrom
"While the hotel is in need of updating the staff was kind, helpful, and willing to go above and beyond. There was no continental breakfast which made eating before the flight more…"Jun 21, 2015
- Hotel ModeraFrom
"Although they were changing out a boiler and interrupted water service in the middle of the night, this did not impact me in any way. They provided free bottled water and other…"Jan 14, 2015
- Hilton Portland & Executive TowerFrom
"Excellent stay... central to everything in Portland."Dec 17, 2014
- Hilton Garden Inn BeavertonFrom
"Wonderful. Great Jacuzzi, take ground floor room close to the Gym. Very hospitable staff. Don't miss the loaded breakfast omlette at the restaurant"Nov 30, 2014
Nearby hotels
Fairfield Inn & Suites by Marriott Lake Oswego's small print
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
Children under 16 years old are not allowed in the swimming pool, fitness facility, or spa tub without adult supervision.
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


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56 Results
What Makes a Leader? (HBR Bestseller)Leadership & Managing People Magazine Article8.95When asked to define the ideal leader, many would emphasize traits such as intelligence, toughness, determination, and vision--the qualities traditionally...
3 Things Managers Should Be Doing Every DayLeading teams Digital ArticleBuilding trust, building a team, building a network.
Be a Better Boss--How to Bring Out the Best in Your People (HBR OnPoint Magazine)Leadership & Managing People Magazine Issue16.95Keeping employees engaged and motivated is a critical--and rewarding--aspect of being a good manager. If you want your people to excel, it's important...
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The Capabilities Your Organization Needs to Sustain InnovationInnovation Digital ArticleWhat sets companies like Pixar apart.
The Inescapable Paradox of Managing CreativityLeadership & Managing people Digital ArticleIt takes a powerful leader to unleash and harness innovation.
Be a Great Boss: The Hill Collection (4 Items)80.00This digital collection, curated by Harvard Business Review, offers seminal ideas by leadership expert and Harvard Business School professor Linda A....
What Does Pixar's Collective Genius Look Like?Innovation Digital ArticleThe whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
Collective Genius: The Art and Practice of Leading Innovation28.00Why can some organizations innovate time and again, while most cannot? You might think the key to innovation is attracting exceptional creative talent....
Collective GeniusInnovation & Entrepreneurship Magazine ArticleHow can leaders build an organization that is capable of innovating continually over time? By creating a community that is both willing and able to innovate....
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- From the June 2014 Issue
The Hard Work of InnovationCreativity VisualLeaders can build an organization capable of innovating continually over time by creating a community that is both willing and able to innovate. To be willing, the community must share a sense of purpose, values, and rules of engagement.


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Products/Services for Sight Glass For Absorption Chiller
Sight Windows - (195 companies)Sight windows are an effective and economical way of viewing tank, pressure vessel and piping systems interiors. They are also referred to as sight glasses. Sight Windows Information. Sight windows are an effective and economical way of viewing tank... Search by Specification | Learn More
Sight Flow Indicators - (185 companies)...or color of a liquid. Dual windows, two glass discs held in position by a metallic housing, internal shims and gaskets, provide added protection in applications where there is external mechanical impact, high pressure or corrosion / erosion. FM... Search by Specification | Learn More
Chillers (industrial) - (555 companies)...and high-heat specialized items such as MRI machines and lasers. Industrial chillers typically come as complete packaged closed-loop systems, including: The chiller unit. Condenser. Pump station with recirculating pump. Expansion tank. No-flow shutdown... Search by Specification | Learn More
Atomic Absorption Spectrometers - (51 companies)Atomic absorption (AA) spectrometers use the absorption of light to measure the concentration of gas-phase atoms. How to Select Atomic Absorption Spectrometers. Atomic absorption (AA) spectrometers use light absorption to measure the concentration... Search by Specification | Learn More
HVAC Chillers - (191 companies)...systems locate the main part of the chiller in the application area and position the condenser remotely, usually outdoors. The cooling air is supplied remotely to the chiller system. Cooling Specifications. Cooling specifications for HVAC chillers... Search by Specification | Learn More
No Image AvailableWatch Glasses - (21 companies)How to Select Watch Glasses. Image Credit: ISOLAB. Watch glasses are circular, slightly-concave pieces of glass that are used by chemists to evaporate liquids and cover beakers during sample preparation. They are also used to hold solids during... Search by Specification | Learn More
No Image AvailableGlass Tube and Rod - (63 companies)...or tubes can have round, square or specialized shapes. Multi-bore glass tube and rod is also available. Types of Glass Tube and Rod. There are many different types of glass tube and rod. Silica-based glass is the most common type, but specialty glasses... Search by Specification | Learn More
No Image AvailableGlass Materials - (377 companies)...is used in everyday products such as bottles, jars, drinking glasses, and window glass. Lead glass (also called lead-alkali glass) has a high percentage of lead oxide (at least 20%) to increase its index of refraction. It is relatively soft, a better... Search by Specification | Learn More
No Image AvailableGlass Sheets and Plate Glass - (108 companies)Description. Glass sheets and plate glass consist of flat glass materials in the form of thin or wide slab planar structures. Glass sheets and plate glass come in a wide variety of shapes, sizes, thicknesses, and with a multitude of physical... Search by Specification | Learn More
No Image AvailableCores and Tubes - (44 companies)Cores and tubes are made of paper, plastic or metal and are used for mailing, shipping, material handling, and product display. Learn More
Product News
Kuriyama of America, Inc.
Polycarbonate Sight Glass Sight Glass is Made from a Tough Polycarbonate Material and has a Temperature Rating of (-50 to +185 °F). It has a 500 PSI rating and allows for viewing of materials at all times. Click here for more info. (read more)
Abrisa Technologies
Robust Sight Glass Windows for Pressure Vessels Sight glass, also known as a sight window or sight port window, is a visual observation window made from a robust glass substrate, allowing an individual to view or monitor liquid level or flow of a tank, pipeline, or other pressure vessel. The sight glass is a disc held between two metal frames which are bolted, clamped, or fused to the frame. The glass itself can be strengthened (heat tempered) for additional durability, and may be coated for enhanced visibility and corrosion resistance... (read more)Browse Glass Sheets and Plate Glass Datasheets for Abrisa Technologies
Heraeus Noblelight America LLC
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) Heraeus Hollow Cathode Lamps are mainly used in Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). AAS uses the absorption of light to measure the concentration of gas-phase atoms. Since samples are usually liquids or solids, the analyte atoms must be vaporized in a flame or graphite furnace. The atoms absorb ultraviolet or visible light and make transition to higher electronic energy levels. The analyte concentration is determined from the amount of absorption. AAS is a quantitative method that can... (read more)Browse Lamps Datasheets for Heraeus Noblelight America LLC
IRD Glass
Ceramic's Heat Absorption Properties Ceramics are used in the medical field primarily for its unique heat absorption properties, or more accurately, the lack thereof. Ceramic probe tips wrapped in a heating element are used to cauterize arterial passages and veins. Ceramic cutting tools hold an edge for an extended time, making them useful for extended surgical procedures. Ceramic also is frequently used as an electrical insulator. Visit IRD Ceramics (read more)Browse Ceramic Fabrication Services Datasheets for IRD Glass
Oil-Rite Corp.
Oil-Rite Small Sight Feed Valves a steel plated valve body and needle assembly, glass sights, and a 1/16" diameter port. The valves are 3" or less in height. These Valves are available with Vented or Solid Gasket construction. Vented sight chambers ensure proper flow and prevent airlock. Solid Gasket designs are available for sealed pressure applications. The needle adjustment is available with Handwheel or Tamperproof construction. All Small Sight Feed Valves have the outlet located on the bottom of the unit. They are available... (read more)Browse Control Valves Datasheets for Oil-Rite Corp.
ITT Enidine Inc.
Flexible Solution to Energy Absorption Enidine Adjustable Hydraulic Series shock absorbers offer the most flexible solutions to energy absorption application requirements when input parameters vary or are not clearly defined. By simply turning an adjustment knob, the damping force can be changed to accommodate a wide range of conditions. Enidine offers the broadest range of adjustable shock absorbers and mounting accessories in the marketplace today. The Enidine OEMXT Series provides a low profile adjustment knob offered in imperial... (read more)Browse Shock Absorbers, Linear Dampers, and Dashpots Datasheets for ITT Enidine Inc.
KYNTEC Corporation
Energy Absorption Technology for Transportation Products using Kyntec technologies are installed around the world, providing safety and security wherever mass is in motion. From rail couplers, end-of way stops, door dampers on sophisticated trains to safety stops, camera and detection mounting systems on harbor cranes, from aircraft luggage bins, seats, to security cameras in subway stations, Kyntec solves motion control challenges in the most demanding of transportation applications. (read more)Browse Shock Absorbers, Linear Dampers, and Dashpots Datasheets for KYNTEC Corporation
ITT Enidine Inc.
Standard and Custom Energy Absorption Solutions With the newest innovations in energy absorption technology, Enidine offers the widest selection of Industrial Shock Absorbers in the world. Protecting industrial machinery from potential damage and workers from personal injury, Enidine shock absorbers allow machines to operate faster while throughput and efficiency is improved. Enidine Industrial Products offer the widest range of standard and custom energy absorption, vibration isolation and noise attenuation solutions available today... (read more)Browse Shock Absorbers, Linear Dampers, and Dashpots Datasheets for ITT Enidine Inc.
Scantek, Inc.
Impedance Tubes - measures sound absorption Scantek Inc. - The SW series Impedance Tubes are specially designed not only to work with the cut samples, but also for direct use in the field. The small size and durable aluminum construction make it easy to transport and be used for estimating the properties of walls, ceilings, installed building materials, road surfaces, different ground surfaces, interiors of vehicles, etc. BSWA offers the complete set of Impedance Tube system, which includes: the tubes, microphones; DAQ hardware and... (read more)Browse Test, Inspection, and Measurement Software Datasheets for Scantek, Inc.
ACE Controls Inc.
SLAB Damping Plates for Shock Absorption Designed to Absorb Shock Loads and Insulate Vibrations for Machine Tools, Textile Machinery, Crane Rails, Hydraulic Crushers, Presses/Stamping Machines, Air-Conditioning & Ventilating Machines and More. SLAB damping plates of the SL-170 to SL-720 are universally applicable elastic PUR materials that are manufactured according to a patented formula and which are used throughout industry. The standard densities of 170 kg/m ³ to 720 kg/m ³ serve as vibration insulation in a wide... (read more)Browse Vibration Isolators and Machine Mounts Datasheets for ACE Controls Inc.
Condensation heat transfer coefficients of HFC245fa on a horizontal plain tube
The cooling water for the test section and for the auxiliary condenser was supplied by two inde- pendent external chillers that were capable of controlling the temperature with an accuracy of 0.1? as shown in Fig. 1. The main test section was made of an 80 mm ID stainless steel pipe with a 110 mm long sight glass installed in the mid- dle to observe the condensation phenomenon. When the cooling water flows inside the test tube and absorbs heat from the vapor, heat may �
Condensation heat transfer coefficients of HCFC22, R410A, R407C and HFC134a at various temperatures on a plain horizontal tube
The cooling water for the test section and for the auxiliary condenser was supplied by two independent external chillers that were capable of controlling the temperature with an accuracy of 0.1qC as shown in Fig. 1. The main test section was made of a 80mm id stainless steel pipe with a 110mm long sight glass installed in the middle to observe the condensation phenomenon. When the cooling water flows inside the test tube and absorbs heat from the vapor, heat may �
Advances in Process Intensification through Multifunctional Reactor Engineering
A sight glass (125 psig rating) from John Ernst Co. was welded to the side of the vessel for visualization of the two liquid levels. A knockout tank and chiller combination was designed to condense approximately 70% of the organic vapor absorbed in the gas stream upstream of the compressor.
mysql-wn-data.sql (finlayson-gwc2014.zip\wordnet-3.1_snapshot-mysql-wn-2.7.0b.zip)
� 'chestnut-colored'),(23742,'chestnut-coloured'),(23743,'chesty'),(23744,'chetah'),(23745,'chetrum'),(23746,'cheval glass '),(23747,'cheval � � 23959,'chiliasm'),(23960,'chiliast'),(23961,'chiliastic'),(23962,'chill'),(23963,'chill out'),(23964,' chiller '),(23965,'chilli' � � up'),(25712,'clear-air turbulence'),(25713,'clear-cut'),(25714,'clear-eyed'),(25715,'clear- sighted '),(25716,'clear � � 26698,'cody'),(26699,'coeducate'),(26700,'coeducation'),(26701,'coeducational'),(26702,'coefficient'),(26703,'coefficient of absorption '),(26704,'coefficient � � hell or high water'),(27421,'come home'),(27422,'come in'),(27423,'come in for '),(27424,'come �
� Nitrogen, Membrane; Nitrogen, PSA Generators; Oxidizing Gases; Oxygen; Oxygen, PSA Generators; Propane; Purifiers, Gas; Reducing Gases Auxiliary Equipment/Supplies Absorbents ; Alarms; Baffles; Baskets; Bearings � � Centrifuges; Ceramic Parts/Supplies; Chains; Chillers ; Chilling 62 Chambers; Cleaning � � Pots; Screens, Wire Mesh; Sight Glass ; Software; Solvent Drying Systems � COMPANY LISTING Contact addresses for providers of heat treating equipment and thermal processing equipment, supplies, and services �
FAFCO Ice Storage test report
A sight glass is positioned to provide a visual confirmation of single-phase flow downstream of the meter. Also, energy balances on the condenser, low-pressure receiver, chiller /evaporator, and ice tank can be used � � loop, that is, between the compressor discharge and the expansion valve, are rated for 0 to 500 � � watt-hour meter for the heater was checked by comparison to the heat absorbed by the water �
The Synergism Between Heat and Mass Transfer Additive and Advanced Surfaces in Aqueous LiBr Horizontal Tube Absorbers
� enhanced tubes within the absorber to validate any improvement in the efficiency and reliability of chiller equipment. The planned approach for the project was intended to yield information on whether enhanced geometry can increase � � heat and mass transfer occurs as the falling film of LiBr brine (the absorbent ) absorbs water vapor � One end of the mini-absorber has a 0.254-m-diameter sight glass : the other end is fitted .


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Dr. Linderman and his staff are beyond any professional experience I could of EVER imagined! Dr. Linderman is truthful in his opinions, and is truley the one surgeon that I have reccomended to all my family, friends, and loved ones. Please do yourself a favor before you have a procedure done anywhere else and consult with the best hands that the midwest has to offer. This is from my personal experience with Dr. Li... view moreLike this review?Yes|Flag AbuseProvided by Citysearch
Aesthetic Plastic Surgery of Indiana
Today:7:30 am - 4:00 pm
12188 N Meridian St,
Carmel, IN 46032
(317) 848-5400
Business Details
- Hours:
Regular Hours
- Payment method:
- master card, visa, all major credit cards
Linderman, Richard B, Md - Aesthetic Plastic Surgery-In
Linderman Richard B
- Other Link:
- Categories:
- Physicians & Surgeons, Plastic & Reconstructive, Physicians & Surgeons, Physicians & Surgeons, Cosmetic Surgery
My experience with Dr. Linderman and his staff has been exceptional. During my consult, Dr. Linderman encouraged me to ask questions and did take time to hear all of my concerns, and what I wanted to get out of the surgery. I went from a deflated 34C to a full 34D. I could not be happier with the results. At my first post op appointment, he reassured me that what I was seeing (implants riding high and tight) was norm... view moreLike this review?Yes|Flag AbuseProvided by Citysearch
My experience with Dr. Linderman has been very positive thus far. I am six weeks post bilateral breast augmentation. After nursing three children, my breasts went from a 34c to 34AA. Although I had reservations about the outward expression of insecurity that plastic surgery carries, my deflated breasts made me feel more insecure. Dr. Linderman was kind, responsive, and a talented surgeon. I have silicone implan... view moreLike this review?Yes|Flag AbuseProvided by Citysearch
I went to several Surgeons through the years about a abdominoplasty. I went to Dr. Linderman twice through the years, and decided on him for abdominoplasty. He did a wonderful job with the full tummy tuck! I would highly recommend him. I was so pleased with his work that I returned for liposuction under my arms, chin, back and hips. Again a beautiful Job! My Husband said I look twenty years younger with lose of the d... view moreLike this review?Yes|Flag AbuseProvided by Citysearch
I consulted several physicians about a tummy tuck. Dr. Linderman was the only one who took the time to really look at my body and make recommendations, and explain everything thoroughly. I spent a lot of time with Dr. Linderman himself, not an assistant. His office is the only place I didn't feel as if I were on a conveyer belt. I have a flat tummy for the first time in my life after 4 kids, and I am thrilled! Dr... view moreLike this review?Yes|Flag AbuseProvided by Citysearch
I'm not sure why I went to the first plastic surgeon I consulted with for my breast augmentation. I guess I should have heeded the red flag when it appreared me signing his waiver seemed critically important. He had a nice base to start with so it should have been straight forward. I used to be a 34C before kids, after kids and pre-surgery I was a 34B, Dr Linderman gave me 34DD, way too big for me and frankly was emb... view moreLike this review?Yes|Flag AbuseProvided by Citysearch


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So I've searched far and wide across SO but wasn't able to find an answer to this (likely because I'm understanding it wrong).
I have a JS function defined like this (much simplified):
window.Gadget = function(name, cost){
this.name = name;
this.cost = cost;
this.hasBeenRevamped = false;
this.checkForUpdates = function(){
console.log("checking for updates...");
window.$(window).scroll(function() {
this.checkForUpdates(); /* The this here is erroneously referring to jQuery and not my Gadget Object. I need to fix this but am not sure how*/
I am trying to find a way to call checkForUpdates() for all instances of Gadget, so if I have 10 Gadget objects they all check for updates when I call the function.
I ultimately want to call this function for all Gadgets whenever the window scrolls per the jQuery function $(window).scroll.
Whats the best way to achieve this? Currently, when the window scrolls, I'm seeing the console log for scrolling but then a messsage that there is no method checkForUpdates. I believe (this) is referring to the jQuery instance and not my Gadget instance. How can I have jQuery call my Gadgets instance of checkForUpdates?
Thanks in advance!