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Universal Fit
HiSoundAudio Wooduo 2
"These headphones have powerful bass (comes with a lot of ommph) which is good and lets honest if your interested in these earphones main reason will be for the bass For listening to music such as Pop and dubstep these are very good as the beat/bass just comes alive. For rock I found them good but not excellent. For classical and new age music its OK I found them a..." --butter30
HiSoundAudio Popo
" I am always on the search for great in-ear headphones, however I always seem to find the same problem, because they are in ear, they tend to have very small drivers, meaning there is never much bass, and in most cases the highs are also messed up in an effort to get more bass! So I am always on the lookout for in-ear headphones that have good bass, yet have a nice flat frequency..." --MyConnor5Review
Bose® Mobile In-Ear Headphones
" Really a horrible set of headphones for the money. I got these way back as an upgrade from stock ipod headphones and was blown away by the bass. At the time all I wanted was bass and boy did they deliver. At the time I loved them but as my music interests grew and expanded so did my realization that I had horrible headphones. Last year I picked up a set of AWEI ES-Q3 off..." --kitten wizard
HiSoundAudio Living
"Foreword: I'm a production manager, but mainly focus on live sound engineering and lighting. I install and tune P.A equipment, and mix live acts in: - live venues, - concert halls, - bars, and - nightclubs. I've taken a huge liking to headphones - IEMs in particular. I like the idea of having my own personal PA system that I can take with me anywhere. With Rockbox being in such..." --White Lotus
HiSoundAudio Crystal
"Introducing HiSound Audio's Crystal IEMs After reviewing HSA's E212 and PAA-1Pro recently, Jack approached me and asked if I'd like a review sample of the Crystal (IEM) and Living (Earbuds). I jumped at the chance, and after paying for the freight - they duly arrived a couple of weeks ago. I've listed price at the RRP of ~ USD $69 – this is not what I paid for them..." --Brooko
Bose® In-Ear Headphones - (41217) Black Cord
" First off, there are counterfeit Bose IE flooding ebay like crazy, so buyers beware. It would be smart get yours from an authorized dealer. (In my case, I bought them used from a local friend who got them at best buy). The comfort is great and I dont find them falling out of my ears. No isolation to speak of, the tips dont seal, and they arent designed to isolate. The build..." --EYEdROP
HiSoundAudio Golden Crystal
"Hisoundaudio Golden Crystal First I'd like to thank Jack at Hisoundaudio for giving me the opportunity to purchase the Golden Crystals, or GC as I'll reference them, as they are not yet available from any US dealer. Meet the super tiny Golden Crystals. They are the smallest dynamic driver on the planet (I think the Monster Tributes are 5mm as well, if..." --shotgunshane
Bose QuietComfort 20 Acoustic Noise Cancelling Headphones
Shut out the world and lose yourself in your music - or let the world in. It's your choice with the first in-ear noise cancelling headphones from Bose. Quiet Comfort 20 Acoustic Noise Cancelling headphones are engineered to let you enjoy better sound every day, everywhere you go. Turn on noise cancelling to reduce surrounding distractions and focus on your music. Or choose Aware mode to...
HiSoundAudio Popular
The introducing of Popular : Popular is a pair IEMs specially designed for the "modern style" music. Popular feature an impactful bass, upfront vocal and detailed highs. With the drum shape chamber design, it has exceptional bass reaction. It's bass is huge in quantity and high in quality. It's bass is clear and controlled. The mids are warm and layered with a slightly...
Bose® MIE2i Mobile Headset
Bose MIE2i mobile headset is designed to improve the audio quality and convenience you experience from your iPhone® and other select Apple products. Take calls at the touch of a button. Switch seamlessly between calls and music. Control track and volume selections. And enjoy calls and music in Bose quality sound.


text: English Language Research seminars In 'Research' Corpus researchDiscourse analysis and stylisticsDoctoral researcher profilesEnglish Language Research journalEnglish Language research seminarsEnglish language teaching and applied linguisticsEveryday creativity, new media, and multimodalityResearchResources Back to 'English Language and Applied Linguistics' The ELR seminars are a long-running weekly research seminar series within the Department of English, English Language and Applied Linguistics Division. The seminars are aimed primarily at staff, post-graduate students, and academic visitors in the department, but everyone with an interest in language research is welcome! Seminars are usually held on Tuesdays during term time, starting at 4:15 and finishing around 5:30. New seminars will be announced here shortly

subset: commoncrawl


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Eddie Lewis
Five Things to Know About #USAvPER
RFK Stadium History
Though originally built in 1961 to house Washington, D.C.'s National Football League and Major League Baseball teams, RFK Stadium has become a cathedral of sorts for soccer in the United States.
Having served as a host venue for the 1994 FIFA World Cup, 1996 Summer Olympics, 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup and the 2009 and 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cups, RFK has been a center piece of international soccer in the United States for more than two decades.
Outside those competitions, the U.S. MNT has its own storied history at the venue that dates back to a 1-1 draw with China on Oct. 6, 1977. The 22 Men's National Team matches hosted at the old ground are more than any other stadium, and along the way some very memorable MNT moments have been made.
Here's a few:
- Former captain Claudio Reyna's standout arrival on the international scene in a 4-0 win over Mexico at the 1995 U.S. Cup.
- Joe-Max Moore's late blast in a 1-0 upset over Argentina in 1999.
- Important World Cup qualifying victories against Guatemala in 1996 and 2000.
- Jonathan Bornstein's dramatic stoppage time equalizer to eliminate Costa Rica from World Cup qualifying in 2009.
- And most recently, the team's 4-3 win over then No. 2-ranked Germany in U.S. Soccer's 2013 Centennial Celebration match.
Check out some of the best moments throughout the years at RFK Stadium.
#OTD 2003: U.S. Defeats El Salvador to Open 2003 Gold Cup
Coming off the team's second Gold Cup championship in 2002, the U.S. began is title defense against El Salvador at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, Mass.
The team would get goals on both sides of halftime with Eddie Lewis opening the scoring off a textbook give-and-go with Brian McBride in the 28th minute.
After scoring a hat trick against El Salvador in the 2002 quarterfinal, McBride bagged a trademark goal with his head, coming off a pinpoint cross from Steve Ralston in the 76th minute as the U.S. eased to the 2-0 win.
Lewis, Roberts and Sahaydak Visit Indonesia as U.S. Soccer Sport Envoys
CHICAGO (March 12, 2015) – Former U.S. Men's National Team and U.S. Women's National Team defenders Eddie Lewis and Tiffany Roberts Sahaydak traveled to Indonesia as members of the U.S. Department of State Sports Envoy Program.
The program runs through March 18 and will consist of clinics and talks with sports journalists, coaches and players across the Indonesian cities of Jakarta, Serang and Solo. Before each clinic, Envoys will address the participants and speak about the connection between team sports and life skills, as well as the importance of physical activity for boys and girls.
Roberts Sahaydak is currently the head coach at the University of Central Florida. She earned 110 caps for the U.S. Women's National Team between 1994-2003, winning the gold medal at the 1996 Olympic Games and the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup. Roberts Sahaydak was also a member of the third-place U.S. team at the 1995 FIFA Women's World Cup in Norway. She is a veteran of the Sports Envoy program, having visited several countries since 2007.
Lewis and Roberts Sahaydak will be joined by Tim Sahaydak, who played for the U.S. U-20 Men's National Team and is currently the associate head coach at UCF. It is the first Sports Envoy trip for both Sahaydak and Lewis.
Also a two-time FIFA World Cup veteran, Lewis earned 82 caps and scored 10 goals for the U.S. Men's National Team from 1996-2008. Lewis was a part of the team that won the CONCACAF Gold Cup in 2002, before heading to the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Korea and Japan. He is widely renowned for assisting on Landon Donovan's goal in the 2-0 win against Mexico on June 17, 2002.
In partnership with the U.S. State Department, U.S. Soccer players, coaches and administrators have visited more than 79 countries since 2005. The athletes have offered soccer clinics for thousands of boys, girls and coaches. Athletes and coaches use sport as a tool to teach important values and life skills such as respect, teamwork, inclusion, acknowledgement of rules, discipline, and self-confidence.
National Soccer Hall of Fame Class of 2015 Nominees Announced
CHICAGO (Feb. 26, 2015) – Ballots have been finalized for the National Soccer Hall of Fame Class of 2015 elections, and voting will begin immediately for the Player, Veteran Player and Builder categories. Voting will continue through Friday, March 20, and the election results will be announced shortly after. Induction ceremony details for the Class of 2015 will be announced at a later date.
Players in their first year of eligibility include the following: two-time FIFA World Cup participant and current Columbus Crew head coach Gregg Berhalter; 13-year MLS veteran Jimmy Conrad; 13-year MNT fixture and MLS Cup champion Frankie Hejduk; 2008 Olympic gold medalist Natasha Kai; four-time FIFA World Cup participant and three-time CONCACAF Gold Cup Champion Kasey Keller; 10-year MNT veteran and current LA Galaxy technical director Jovan Kirovski; 1996 Olympic gold medalist and 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup champion Tiffeny Milbrett; two-time MLS Goalkeeper of the Year Pat Onstad; three-time MLS Cup champion Eddie Robinson; Colombian MLS star Diego Serna; two-time Olympic gold medalist Lindsay Tarpley; 15-year veteran and two-time MLS Goalkeeper of the Year Zach Thornton; and six-year WNT forward Christie Welsh.
Of the 31 players on the Player ballot, Robin Fraser and Shannon MacMillan are in their final year of eligibility.
In order to be eligible for election as a Player, an individual must be retired for at least three years, but for no more than 10 years, and have either: 1) Played in at least 20 international games for the U.S., or 2) Played at least five seasons in an American first-division professional league and named to a postseason All-League or All-Star team at least once.
The voting pool includes all past and present full Men's and Women's National Team coaches, all active MLS and NWSL head coaches with a minimum of four years of experience as a head coach at the highest level in the United States, MLS and NWSL management representatives, the MLS and NWSL Commissioners, U.S. Soccer CEO/Secretary General, U.S. Soccer President, designated media members, and all Hall of Famers.
Each voter can list up to 10 candidates per ballot. Any player appearing on at least 66.7 percent of ballots will earn election, while any player who does not appear on at least five percent of ballots will be removed from voting contention until they qualify for the Veteran ballot.
2015 National Soccer Hall of Fame Player BallotChris Armas
* First year of eligibility
** Final year of eligibility; moves to Veteran ballot in 2016
In addition to the Player ballot, voting is also set to begin for the Veteran Player and Builder ballots. Nine players are up for selection on the Veteran ballot, which is voted on only by current Hall of Famers after the list has been narrowed down by a screening committee.
Voters can name up to five Veteran candidates, and the top vote-getter will be elected as long as he or she appears on a minimum of 50 percent of the ballots. If no individual appears on 50 percent of the ballots, then no Veteran will be elected to the 2015 Class. More than one candidate may be elected in the event of a tie.
In order to be eligible for election as a Veteran, an individual must be retired for more than 10 years, and have either: 1) Played in at least 20 international games for the U.S. This requirement is reduced to 10 games if the games were prior to 1990, or 2) Played at least five seasons in an American first-division professional league and named to a postseason All-League or All-Star team at least once. or 3) Played at least five seasons in the MISL between 1984 and the end of the league in 1992, and been selected as a first-team postseason All-Star in at least one of those seasons.
2015 National Soccer Hall of Fame Veteran Ballot
Mike Burns
John Doyle
Marco Etcheverry
Linda Hamilton
Mary Harvey
Shep Messing
Glenn Myernick
Cindy Parlow
Tisha Venturini-Hoch
The 2015 Builder ballot includes nine individuals selected by a screening committee and follows the same procedures for election as the Veteran ballot, although the voting pool is expanded to also include select soccer administrators.
Builders must be at least 50 years old and are eligible by making their mark in the soccer community in a non-playing capacity while sustaining a major and positive impact on American Soccer at the national federation or first-division level for at least 10 years. Referees must serve as a FIFA referee for at least seven years to be eligible (although a referee who has less than seven years as a FIFA international referee still can qualify for the list via 10 or more years as a United States first-division referee).
2015 National Soccer Hall of Fame Builder Ballot
Bob Contiguglia
Don Garber
Richard Groff
Robert Kraft
Tim Lieweke
Francisco Marcos
Fritz Marth
Kevin Payne
Sigi Schmid
Complete information about the election and eligibility procedures is available online at ussoccer.com.
The National Soccer Hall of Fame closed its Oneonta, N.Y., facility in 2010. The election process is being administered by U.S. Soccer Federation staff under election and eligibility guidelines established by the Hall of Fame Board of Directors.
Established in 1950, the National Soccer Hall of Fame is dedicated to the sport of soccer in America by celebrating its history, preserving its legacy, inspiring its youth and honoring its heroes for generations to come.
Good Memories Await Klinsmann, USA in London
The U.S. Men's National Team will soon take the field to face fellow 2014 FIFA World Cup finalist and No.3-ranked Colombia in a Nov. 14 friendly set to mark the USA's penultimate game of 2014. The match will take the MNT overseas to the home of Fulham FC – historic Craven Cottage in London – a home away from home for many U.S. players, who have spent time at or are currently part of the English club. To date, more than 18,000 tickets have been sold for the match.
The West London club has always been a special place for players who have donned the Red, White and Blue. Current MNT forward Clint Dempsey spent six seasons at Fulham and broke the record for most goals by an American with 37, surpassing the mark set by fellow U.S. and Fulham icon, Brian McBride.
McBride, who left an indelible mark on the Whites, quickly became one of the fans most beloved players in his four years with the club from 2004-08. The two-time Fulham Player of the Year amassed 33 goals and was named captain for the 2007-08 season. Recently, McBride was named to a special committee to help select the club's manager. His legacy is visible throughout the stadium, but perhaps most notably in the stadium pub which was renamed McBride's in his honor.
Date of Birth
May 17, 1974
Cerritos, Calif.
Los Angeles Galaxy


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What if NCAA playoff system started today?
What if NCAA playoff system started today?
Alabama rains on Georgia's parade
Unlock your personal NFL Now stream by signing in to NFL.com
College Football
Yahoo Sports Pat Forde speculates how the Top 4 BCS teams would fare in next years playoff system if played today.
The Crimson Tide were the underdogs according to the oddsmakers, but as Yahoo Sports' Nick Bromberg explains, it was Bama who looked like heavy favorites all day at Sanford Stadium.
Kyle Allen threw for 322 yards and two touchdowns to help No. 14 Texas A&M remain undefeated with a 30-17 win over No. 21 Mississippi State on Saturday night.
Seth Russell passed for 286 yards and four touchdowns while Shock Linwood rushed for a career-high 221 yards and two touchdowns as No. 5 Baylor beat Texas Tech 63-35.
Jake Coker ran the offense to perfection, the defense turned in a dominating performance, as No. 13 Alabama defeats Georgia 38-10.
Josh Doctson makes an incredible catch in the 1st quarter of the Texas vs TCU game.


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ATLANTIC CITY, N.J. — In the co-feature Saturday night at Boardwalk Hall in Atlantic City, N.J., Detroit heavyweight Jonathan Banks (29-1-1, 19 KOs) stopped Brandywine, Md., native Seth 'Mayhem' Mitchell (25-1-1, 19 KOs) in the second round. Banks dropped the former Michigan State linebacker three times in the second, prompting referee Eddie Cotton to stop the fight at 2:38.
"I could've gotten through the round, but the ref did what he had to do," Mitchell said, according to the The Press of Atlantic City. "I feel OK, he just caught me with a good shot. "I'm really upset, but this won't spoil my dreams. It will set me back a little, but don't feel sorry for me. Feel sorry for my next opponent."
Information from the Associated Press was also used in this report.


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I have set up a wordpress site where I pre-registered about 250 users... the site is for a choir, a contained group of people, and I had to set everyone up before the site was live, and so as not to confuse everyone I disabled the email that sends the user their username and password. I didn't want them to have that until the site was live.
Now the site is live and I was wondering if anyone knew a way to globally send out login info to all the users... a plugin maybe or a hack? Please help, I really don't want to have to do this one by one!


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Stephany Watkins receives bags of clothing from Legacy Boutique, a new clothing store organized by members at Christian Tabernacle Church in Southfield. / JARRAD HENDERSON/Detroit Free Press
When Stephany Watkins entered Christian Tabernacle Church in Southfield last month to get some free clothing, the 55-year-old Detroit woman -- recently unemployed -- was expecting what she had seen at other centers for people in need: a table full of old clothes or maybe crumpled bags of garments.
But inside the church was a boutique that looked more like the women's clothing section of a department store. Name-brand suit jackets like Anne Klein hung on racks. Designer shoes were tastefully arrayed near the entrance. And two attendants with wide smiles attended to her, listening to her needs.
After trying on several outfits, Watkins left with a black chiffon dress with ruffles coupled with a pair of shoes with rhinestones -- all packed in tissue paper in department store-like bags.
"It didn't feel like hand-me downs," Watkins said. "They made me feel like, this is just for you. ... It was like you were in an expensive store."
Called Legacy Clothing Boutique, the new program began in May at the Southfield church -- a nondenominational congregation with about 5,000 members. It's just one example of the push to preserve the dignity of those less fortunate while providing crucial assistance. There are hundreds of places in metro Detroit that have long given the poor and homeless free clothes. But churches and nonprofits are working to make the experience more pleasant as many continue to face economic challenges.
Small touches, big difference
It's the small things that can make a big difference -- the way clothes are arranged, how people are greeted and even the bags the clothes are placed in, according to those who work with people in need. At Christian Tabernacle, the goal is not only to help women with clothing needs, but boost their self-esteem. In the corner of the boutique is a box of Kleenex because some women who get clothes there start crying, so moved by the experience.
"They're not expecting what they see and experience here," Judy Miller, coordinator at Legacy Clothing Boutique, said on a recent Friday. "Every woman has a heart and deserves to be treated with dignity."
With 100,000 homeless people now in Michigan -- about 20,000 of them in Detroit -- and many people living on the economic edge, the demand for such services is high. In some cases, the women's clothes are paired with job services aimed at helping women get back into the workforce. At Jackets for Jobs, a nonprofit in Detroit, and churches such as Fort Street Presbyterian in Detroit, career services are provided along with suit jackets and blouses.
More than just clothes
Inside what used to be a gymnasium at the Presbyterian Church, Benjamin Ogden
of Oak Park points to a rack of clothing that's for needy and homeless people.
"We try to duplicate some sense of a retail establishment," says Ogden, director of a social services program at the church. "We keep the dignity as high as possible. Here, it doesn't feel like you're going to a clothing bank and being handed a bag of clothes. We have people who work with the guests one on one, to help them match clothes, shirts with suit jackets."
In 1967, the church started the Open Door, which provides an array of services for about 500 people every week. As part of that, a weekly program called Career Closet focuses on those seeking jobs, offering them dress clothes, along with interview and résumé assistance.
About 85% of the roughly 30 needy people in that program are women. And, like other centers, "We get a lot more women's clothing donated than men's clothing" because women are often more likely to get rid of old clothes, said Ogden.
The set-up inside the Presbyterian church is not as upscale as the Southfield boutique, but it's more inviting than what you would find in other places that serve homeless people. There are books in the corner that people can borrow, and a barber's chair in another where they can get free haircuts. It's important, said Ogden, to give people options; this helps them feel a sense of control.
"Oppression is a lack of options in your life," he said. "Even though these may seem like little and innocuous choices, they're important. They don't feel like they're at the whim of someone else all the time.
"We help them go through the racks to find what fits their needs best. ... It feels like you've gotten care, not a service."
The same spirit of caring is seen at Central United Methodist Church in Detroit, which has two rooms with clothes and other items inside. Church officials want to make sure individual needs are met rather than just giving them random clothes.
"We want them to look nice," said Minnie Ross, who helps run the program.
'The store was so elegant'
After getting a degree in December in human services from the University of Phoenix, Watkins was looking forward to stable employment. But in June, she lost her job as a debt collector.
"I was very down because of" that, Watkins said.
She was able to scrape by, but the little extras that make life enjoyable were out of the question. But with her father's 80th birthday party coming up, she wanted a decent outfit to wear. Hearing about the Southfield boutique from her sister's friend, she visited last month.
"The store was so elegant," Watkins said. "All the stuff was new. They had tags on them. It was just, wow."
What Watkins also appreciated was the attention given to her by Miller and her assistant, Kim White. "They bring different dresses for you, talking to me: 'What do you think about this?'... It was all about how I feel."
They even gave her -- as they do with others who go there -- gift bags with small items, like costume jewelry.
SeQuanda Baker, 37, of Detroit, who bounces from home to home with her five sons, also visited the Southfield church last month after hearing about it through a friend. She got three pairs of shoes, a Gucci purse, pants, a black wool skirt and a "purple sweater that I fell in love with." The assistants encouraged her to try clothing with more color.
"They helped me change the style of clothing that I usually wear, which is a good thing," said Baker. "And they give you a boutique bag," she added. "It wasn't a grocery bag, a garbage bag. ... I had a smile on my face."
Contact Niraj Warikoo: 313-223-4792 or firstname.lastname@example.com
More Details: Where to get help
Legacy Clothing Boutique: Provides women with clothing in an upscale setting. At Christian Tabernacle Church. 11 a.m.-2 p.m. Tuesdays, 5-7 p.m. Fridays, and 9 a.m.-1 p.m. every fourth Saturday. 26555 Franklin Road (at Telegraph), Southfield. 248-213-4770; christiantabernacle.intuitwebsites.com
Jackets for Jobs: Provides business wear for women and men. Participants must be in a Work First program and registered in the Michigan Talent Bank. At 5555 Conner, Suite 2097, Detroit. 313-579-9160; www.jacketsforjobs.org
Career Dress: With Lighthouse of Oakland County, 46156 Woodward, Pontiac. Provides clothing, shoes and handbags for women entering the workforce. By appointment: 248-920-6100, ext. 2237; www.lighthouseoakland.org
Hope Closet: Provides young women with dresses to attend special events. At Royal Oak First United Methodist Church, 320 W. Seventh St., Royal Oak. 248-347-1309; www.hopecloset.com
The Society of St. Vincent de Paul: Several locations in metro Detroit. Has used clothing at low prices. To get clothing free, speak with a manager or contact a local Catholic church for a referral. 313-393-2930; www.svdpdet.org
The Value Shop: Range of clothes at low prices or for free. At Central United Methodist Church, fifth floor, 23 E. Adams, Detroit. 11 a.m.-3 p.m. Monday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday. 313-961-6193; www.centralumchurch.com
Career Closet: Provides professional clothing and other job services for women entering the workforce. At Fort Street Presbyterian Church, 631 W. Fort St., Detroit. Participants need referral from a job training program. 313-961-4533; www.fortstreet.org


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Watch Homeland Season 1 Episode 6 online via TV Fanatic with over 7 options to watch the Homeland S1E6 full episode. Affiliates with free and paid streaming include Amazon, iTunes, Vudu, YouTube Purchase, Google Play, Showtime Anytime, and Showtime.
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Episode Details
It's polygraph time. Following the suicide of last week's terrorist, everyone associated with him at the CIA undergoes this test.
- Show:
- Homeland
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- Homeland Season 1
- Episode Number:
- 6


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Everton have confirmed the £4.3 million transfer off winger Gerard Deulofeu from Barcelona…
Everton look to have secured the services on Tom Cleverley for the next five years, following his release from Manchester United.
Everton are reportedly leading the race to sign Tom Cleverley.
The Liverpool Echo are reporting that Tom Cleverley is in talks with Everton over a move to the Goodison Park club amidst interest from Aston Villa, Arsenal and Southampton.
Manchester United midfielder Tom Cleverley is on loan at Aston Villa after struggling to find a home at Old Trafford but is available on a free-transfer this summer.
Tom Cleverley scored to give Aston Villa a 1-0 win over West Ham United.
Tom Cleverley is ineligible to face Manchester United due to his loan terms.
A groin problem threatens to sideline Tom Cleverley as injuries begin to mount at Villa although the timely return of Joe Cole [hamstring] could provide the perfect tonic as Tim Sherwood insists the attacking midfielder still has something to offer during the season run-in.
Tom Cleverley and Ciaran Clark both faces late tests ahead of Aston Villa's Week 20 match against Crystal Palace.
Paul Lambert wants to secure the services of Tom Cleverley on a permanent deal.
Tom Cleverley became the second Aston Villa player to be replaced during the win over Leicester at Villa Park on Sunday when the Manchester United loanee limped to the sidelines with a foot injury.
Thomas Cleverley has enjoyed his start at Aston Villa with a few good performances.
Tom Cleverley completed a loan move to Aston Villa on Tuesday.
Manchester United have reportedly accepted an £8million bid from Aston Villa for oft-criticized midfielder Tom Cleverley.


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In the face of an uncertain economy, and the government's efforts to tighten gun control, gun and ammunition sales are rising.
Month: May 2009
Michael Savage Reacts to Being Banned by Britain
What Would We Be Without Memory?
The idea of losing our memory is terrifying. You are cut off from life even though you may be physically healthy, and your world is completely changed. Most of the time, memory loss seems to correspond with advancing age and a diminishing or loss of hormones—usually thyroid hormones, growth hormones and sex hormones. And there is a direct connection between low thyroid function and heart disease. But there are ways to combat these problems—naturally and effectively—as you will find out when you read this article…
Economic survival or how to manage your credit cards
As the recession continues, it may be useful to review a few steps that may help protect individuals' financial assets during this difficult time.
Poll: Catholics divided on Obama
New research has shown that most Catholics who have heard about the issue support President Obama's visit to Notre Dame, but significant divisions exist between the most-observant Catholics and those who are less observant.
Alternative therapy relieves anesthesia-induced nausea
Acupuncture may offer hope to some 80 percent of the people who receive general anesthesia and experience severe nausea as a result, according to a new study.
Acupuncture helps chemotherapy patients
Patients treated with radiation for head and neck cancer often experience severe dry mouth (xerostomia), but new research shows biweekly acupuncture may bring relief.
Pajamas TV: TEA Party turnout exceeded one million
With over 77 percent of events reporting, Pajamas TV has announced 935,000 people attended the nationwide tax day tea party protests.
Bank not giving up on offshore opportunities
A Swiss bank at the center of U.S. tax authorities' investigation into secret offshore accounts has asked a U.S. court to reject demands by the IRS for confidential information about its American clients.
Connecting the Dots on Unrelated Subjects
Nationalized health care. Firing General Motors' CEO. British food inspectors. Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Government bailouts. These five seemingly unrelated subjects actually have a lot in common. Read further to learn what they are and what they ultimately mean…
Organization blasts healthcare reform fast-track deal
Congressional Democrats have struck a deal to use a fast-track budget process to speed up President Obama's healthcare reforms, in a move that was compared to a "declaration of war" by one Republican senator.
At 100 days Obama gets mixed reviews
As the new president marks 100 days in office, critics and supporters are fiercely debating the merits of his policies.
Varicose veins sufferers may benefit from natural therapies
Varicose veins, which affect some 12 million people in America, can lead to health complications and often present aesthetic challenges. However, many health practitioners have suggested natural remedies have beneficial effects and may help avoid surgery.
It's All About Sugar
Most Americans are addicted to that sweet and dangerous toxin known as sugar. High blood sugar levels is a hallmark of aging and disease, so don't eat sugar and refined carbohydrates. Sugar in any form causes high insulin. And any carbohydrate in any form other than fiber is eventually metabolized by the body into sugar. When our sugar consumption pushes over fasting 10 IU/ml, we begin to become sugar burners instead of fat burners—and weight and health problems begin. What can we do about it? Read this article to find out…


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3 items found in this collection
You can give your laundry-things a real purity of cleanliness
The Girl Who Can't Say No!
"Cathartics should be used only as a last resort..."
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History of The Eagles
History Of The Eagles - The Story Of An American Band | Now on DVD Mar 27, 2013 Mar 27, 2013 History Of The Eagles - Live In Concert Mar 27, 2013 Mar 27, 2013
Recent News
The Eagles have added late spring and summer 2015 concerts to the "History of the Eagles" tour beginning May 19 in Austin, Texas at the Frank Erwin Center with concerts scheduled through July 29 in Bossier City, LA at the CenturyLink Center. The tour, which kicked off July 6, 2013 following the release of the band's acclaimed, top-selling documentary of the same name, features classic Eagles' songs spanning their entire career, including some that have never been performed live. A limited number of VIP Ticket Packages will be available and may include Premium Seats, Pre-Show Party, Exclusive Merchandise & more!
|Oct 13, 2015
|Bellco Theatre Don Henley Solo Tour
|Denver, CO United States
|Oct 14, 2015
|Theatre At Westbury Joe Walsh Solo Tour
|Westbury, NY United States
|Oct 15, 2015
|Verizon Theatre at Grand Prairie Don Henley Solo Tour
|Grand Prairie, TX United States
|Oct 16, 2015
|Mohegan Sun Joe Walsh Solo Tour
|Uncasville, CT United States
|Oct 17, 2015
|Orpheum Theater Joe Walsh Solo Tour
|Boston, MA United States


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Issue 1019
Mumford & Sons on the cover!
The multi-million-selling Mumford & Sons talk about the new album, constantly touring – and try not to talk A-list Hollywood wives and God...
Also in this week's Big Issue...
The return of JK Rowling, and the cash consequences for business...
Che Guevara's daughter on missing her Papi and the merchandising of an icon...
John Bird on David Walliams and his book Mr Stink...
Historian Michael Wood on a "horrendous age of information overload"...
Meera Syal gets proud, angry and nervous in Letter to My Younger Self...
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text:
- 75Promote
Laptop Skins
Exit Onlyby Shy Photog
Skins are thin, easy-to-remove, vinyl decals for customizing your laptop . Skins are made from a patented material that eliminates air bubbles and wrinkles for easy application.
Very cool!
love it!
Thanks Biff and Rebecca!
Awesome shot!!
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Thanks KunstFabrik and Justart!
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Thanks gwenola!
This looks great against such a vibrantly blue sky
Thanks Jake!
Really wwwonderful, Heather!!! ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆! ;-)
Love it !
Thanks Wayne and Shiki!
Superb Shy;)
Thanks Chrisb!
See More Comments


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BIG Litter Pick
Sunday 14th June (08:30 to 1030 @Purbrook Way)
Following the success of the Purbrook Clean Up in March we are going to have another litter pick in June. This time it will be along Purbrook Way, the road between Crookhorn and the Asda hypermarket at Bedhampton. A considerable amount of litter has been building up on the slope away from the verge and we need a work party to clear it.
Meet at 8.30 am at the gate next to the bus stop opposite College Road. The gate is at the entrance to a track which runs alongside Purbrook Way and we will use this to access the litter and keep away from the road. We expect to finish at around 10.30 am and anyone who has worked up an appetite is welcome to join us for a self-funded breakfast at the Village Bakery & Cafe in Purbrook.
If you are fed up with seeing litter please come and join us. We have gloves, litter pickers and fluorescent vests for you to borrow; please bring your own if you have them. Boots or stout shoes are recommended.
The PAWARA Environment Group usually meets at 9.30 am on the second Sunday of every month to carry out conservation work in the Purbrook and Widley area. We welcome new volunteers, so if you would like to join us please come along. You do not need experience of conservation work and there is no obligation to attend every task.
Jacky Wilson - Blog
We have taken reasonable measures to check the accuracy of the information contained on this website and trust that it is both useful and informative. The site will be updated frequently. We cannot ensure that all information will always be accurate and you are advised to contact us via the contact details given on specific pages if you wish to check either the general validity of any information or its applicability to your circumstances. We cannot take responsibility for information contained on other websites. The inclusion of links to organisations/businesses in any section is not an endorsement of companies or products. Copyright©PAWARA2009


text:
Originally posted on HoopStuff | Last updated 2/22/13
Danny Ainge had a difficult decision in the weeks leading up to the trade deadline. He had the choice of trading their core players, Rajon Rondo (who is out of the year), Kevin Garnett and Paul Pierce and rebuild, or keep their Big Three, stay the course, try to win a series or two in the playoffs this season and go for a championship when Rondo comes back and is healthy next year. He wisely chose the latter. Just last year, with almost the same team, the Celtics were very close to making the NBA Finals and with a healthy Rondo and Jared Sullinger (who is also out for the year) and with Pierce, Garnett and Avery Bradley, they could do it again. If the trade deadline is any indication, this is their plan and it is a very smart decision. Why break up a team that was so close, when you still have a title shot, as they are the only team, when healthy, in the East, who can give the Heat a real challenge, other than the Bulls with a healthy Derrick Rose. If a team has a chance at a titl...
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text:
Four Lanterns Hotel
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
Travel Blogs from Larnaca
... relatively expensive.
Larnaca, and for that matter Cyprus, seems to be just a holiday place for couples from England wanting to get a bit of the sun. They get that, and very red bodies. It seems most just go from their hotel and lie on the beach each day and bake their fair skin. Also a fair smattering of Russians but no Asians (yet).
Quite a few historical sites in Larnaca, for that matter Cyprus, as it seems everyone has ...
Through Cyprus with the Camera -Spring 2014
... br> Besides the 3 main cities, Larnaca, Nicosia, and Limassol, I am visiting Tochni, a beautiful village in the District of Larnaca, situated close to the Neolithic site of Chirokitita. If I can make it I plan stepping over the green line in Nicosia and have a stroll in the north side as well. I have never visited it in my entire life so this must be interesting I guess!
The next Jewel that I am counting in is ...
Flying TLV-LCA
... agent pointed to a paragraph on my voucher from Holiday Autos, a booking service based in Ireland. It states: "Fuel policy: Pick up full, return empty. Your vehicle will be supplied with a full tank of fuel and can be returned empty. On pickup the rental agent will charge you for a full tank of fuel. The price per liter charged by the rental agent may be higher than the price at the local service station. No refund for unused fuel."
I had glanced ...
"Kira Giorgena" Authentic Cypriot Tavern -Larnaca
... from the oven but we had Arabic pita and also grilled sliced bread sprinkled with oregano, salt and virgin olive oil.
The meze costs 17 euros per person but you cannot have it if you are on your own. It has to be at least two to order it. If you are four or five you can ask for meze for three or two …but you have to let the people know at the time you order because if you just order 'meze' they will count the number of persons ...
My Stay at the Atrium Zenon Hotel Apts -Larnaca
... inviting. Don't expect the pool to be that huge though!!
The hotel might not be that new but it is very popular not only with tourists coming from abroad but also with Cypriots who are visiting Larnaca.
Interior: The hotel's interior -lounge, reception, restaurant and the central dining spot are elegantly furnished creating a relaxing ambience to satisfy the demanding guest.
Policy: The ladies at ...
Other places to stay in Larnaca
Palm Beach Hotel & BungalowsLarnaka Dekelia Road , Larnaca | 4 star hotelfrom $132
Lordos Beach HotelPO Box 40541, Larnaca | 4 star hotelfrom $129
Golden Bay Beach HotelDhekelia Road, Larnaca | 5 star hotelfrom $157
SENTIDO Sandy Beach HotelLarnaka-Dekeleia Road, Larnaca | 4 star hotelfrom $118
Crown Resorts HenipaDhekelia Road, Larnaca | 3 star hotelfrom $50
Sun Hall Hotel6 Athens Ave, Larnaca | 3 star hotelfrom $101
Princess Beach HotelLarnaka-Dekeleia Road, Larnaca | 4 star hotelfrom $111
Pasianna Hotel ApartmentsMichael Angelou 3, Larnaca | 2 star hotelfrom $42
San Remo Hotel2 William Shakespeare Street, Larnaca | 3 star hotelfrom $54
Larco Hotel10 Pontou Str , Larnaca | 2 star hotelfrom $40
Petrou Bros Hotel Apartments1, Armenikis Eklisias Street, Larnaca | 2 star hotelfrom $51
Livadhiotis City Hotel50 Nikolaou Rossou, Larnaca | 3 star hotelfrom $88
Cactus Hotel6-8 Tyrimou Str, Larnaca | 2 star hotelfrom $44
Sveltos HotelArchbishop Makarios Street, Larnaca | 3 star hotelfrom $71
Michaels Beach ApartmentsDekelia Rd, Larnaca | 2 star hotelfrom $146
Les Palmiers Beach HotelAthens Av and Pierdes Str, Larnaca | 2 star hotelfrom $73
Flamingo Beach Hotel152 Piale Pasha Avenue, Larnaca | 3 star hotelfrom $68
Easyhotel Larnaca1 Kimonos Avenue, Larnaca | Hotelfrom $31
Lucky Hotel Apartments3 Amazoniou Street, Larnaca | 3 star hotelfrom $59
Eleonora Hotel Apartments55 Hermes Street, Larnaca | 3 star hotelfrom $68
Lysithea Beach HotelPO Box:42227, Larnaca | Hotelfrom $52
Onisillos Hotel Larnaca Cyprus17 Onsillos Street, Larnaca | 2 star hotelfrom $48
Antonis G Hotel ApartmentAnexartisias 17, Larnaca | Hotelfrom $37
Frangiorgio Hotel Apartments9 Gregoriou Afxentiou Avenue, Larnaca | 3 star hotelfrom $51


text:
The Brazilian has been absent since the second week of the season through injury.
"Lucas has been out on the field in the last week or so which is great", Rodgers told the club website. "He's not doing multi-directional movements yet but he's doing a lot of straight-line running and endurance work.
"I'm anticipating maybe another three weeks but his professionalism is great and he'll get back probably sooner than is anticipated."
More about...
What is your opinion? Feel free to discuss the article under. You have to comment by using your Facebook profile. Be fair and have respect for other people and opinions!
Who of Europe's top strikers will move to England this summer?
After a dreadful start to their Bundesliga campaign, Borussia Dortmund appear to have weathered the storm after going five matches without defeat.


text:
Two Plays About Boyhood That Speak to Adults
The Be'er Sheva and Gesher Theaters are both showing beautiful plays about youthful journeys of discovery.
Two plays about youthful odysseys are now showing in Israel, one about two teenage boys finding each other and the other about a young boy taking a fantasy journey with his father. Both productions are beautiful, well acted and worth seeing.
Want to enjoy 'Zen' reading - with no ads and just the article? Subscribe todaySubscribe now


text:
Here's what I have so far:
import string
So I have the user write a 5 worded sentence asking for only 5 words:
def main(sentence = raw_input("Enter a 5 worded sentence: ")):
if len(words)<5:
words = string.split(sentence)
wordCount = len(words)
print "The total word count is:", wordCount
If the user inputs more than 5 words:
elif len(words)>5:
print 'Try again. Word exceeded 5 word limit'
Less than 5 words:
print 'Try again. Too little words!'
It keeps stating that:
UnboundLocalError: local variable 'words' referenced before assignment


text:
Definition: This entry contains the percent of the labor force that is without jobs. Substantial underemployment might be noted.
Source: CIA World Factbook - Unless otherwise noted, information in this page is accurate as of January 1, 2014See also: Unemployment rate map
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Brazil Unemployment Rate Soars As Workers Brace For Tighter Economic Squeeze
International Business Times - 10/5/2015 2:27:44 PM
Anxiety has spread quickly in Brazil this year as the unemployment rate ... pretty well off compared to the rest of the country," he said. Troubles for the Brazilian economy, the seventh-largest in the world, already were brewing in recent years as ...
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Kim put the reductions in poverty down to strong growth rates in developing countries and investment ... conflicts, high youth unemployment, and the growing impact of climate change". The World Bank's report said three regions – East Asia and Pacific ...
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text:
Below is a list of
Absentee Businesses for Sale.
Click on the listing heading to view the full details.
Car Wash with 88 Year Ground Lease
Car Wash with 88 Year Ground Lease
Well established Car Wash located on 42,000 sq ft leased land - 88 years remaining on lease. All equipment recently replaced with State of the Art High End Car Wash Equipment. Business has Lube Service and Boutique -, no gas. 2008 sales were $1,128,000 and business ru ...
Absentee, Profitable Franchise Gym
A state of the art, profitable, absentee franchise gym just came on the market. This gym is part of a leading franchise company. With over 2,800 members, this is a high volume club that offers all the amenities. A more aggressive owner that wanted to increase the mark ...
Absentee Owner: Profitable Manufacturing
Absentee Owner ready to sell; This business is a cash machine that is well managed, has room for growth, is clean and offers financial rewards to the serious entrepreneur who seeks real opportunity. The company has 2 main profit centers:
• manufacturer and fabrica ...
Absentee Owner: Light Construction
Absentee, Profitable Franchise
A state of the art, profitable, absentee franchise gym in a very desirable area just came on the market. This health club is part of a leading franchise company. With over 4,000 members and 15,000 square feet this is a high volume health club that offers all the ameni ...
Absentee, Profitable Franchise Gym on LI
A state of the art, profitable, absentee franchise gym in a very desirable area just came on the market. This health club is part of a leading franchise company. With over 4,500 members and 15,000 square feet this is a high volume health club that offers all the ameni ...
High Traffic Subway Operating Absentee
A profitable absentee Brooklyn Subway franchise is for sale in the middle of a heavy shopping district that services a captive audience. This store has tremendous foot traffic in a very active, safe area of Brooklyn. This store is easily accessible in a very popular c ...
Absentee Run Subway in Brooklyn
A busy Brooklyn Subway franchise being run completely absentee is for sale in a neighborhood with great demographics. With low rent and labor costs, and consistent revenue, this store and location would be impossible to duplicate at this price. This Subway is in a g ...
Absentee Subway Franchise for Sale
This Subway is located in a busy commercial & residential area in Westchester County. They have excellent visibility, near local schools, busy neighborhood mall, bus lines as well as a bustling residential area. The franchise operates 100% Absentee as the owner has a ...
Absentee Queens Profitable Bagel Store
If in Real Estate Location, Location, Location is everything than this Busy Queens Bagel Store has EVERYTHING. Busy, Highly Visible, Main Street Location with PLENTY of FREE easy access parking. This State of the Art Bagel store has an EXCELLENT Long Term Lease with m ...
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For more options, see world businesses for sale in 178 countries.
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Video: Tags: video
A tag is a word or phrase that helps you find video clips with similar content. View all tags »
Displaying 1 to 3 of 3 results.
Connections to Science: Meet Catherine
In this first video feature from IPTV's Connections to Science, meet Catherine, the education coordinator from the Science Center of Iowa. 03:38
"Ag Gag" Bill Passes Iowa Legislature (#3727)
A bill making it illegal to apply for a job in a farming operation under false pretenses is close to becoming law in one of the nation's largest livestock and commodity production states. 04:00
Experience the Iowa State Fair with Iowa Public Television
This year, IPTV presents even more ways to get involved with the Iowa State Fair. Follow us on Twitter for news we hear on the ground. Find us on Facebook for behind the scenes stories. Visit... 00:31
Displaying 1 to 3 of 3 results.
Video Collections
Connections to Science
This series of videos targets science students in grades 3-5 and grades 6-8 with a variety of topics and presenters.
Fair 2010
Continuing the Iowa Public Television tradition of coving the fun and activities of the 2010 Iowa State Fair. The internationally-acclaimed Iowa State Fair annually attracts more than a million fun-lovers from around the world. Considered...
Iowa State Fair
Iowa Public Television has a long tradition of unique and extensive Iowa State Fair coverage. IPTV brings you the best the Fair has to offer!
Market to Market
MARKET TO MARKET will continue the tradition that's made it one of the longest-running series on public television and the longest-running agricultural program anywhere - solid reporting about the issues that challenge agriculture and...


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Motorbooks Coupons & Promo Codes
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text:
"Welcome to Newman!"
We are located at the Ecumenical Religious Center (ERC), and committed to providing a vibrant parish community and campus ministry for UWEC and CVTC students.
At the ERC you will find our worship space, a prayer chapel, student lounges, staff offices, meeting rooms and our social hall
Newman Student Association: Connecting college students through retreats, mission trips, adventure trips, and more!
The best FREE student dinner in town!
Join us for Mass! Click here or see below for mass times.
Saturday –
5:00 PM at ERC
Sunday –
9:30 AM at Sacred Heart Hospital Chapel
11:30 AM at ERC
5:30 PM at ERC (when UWEC is in session)
Daily Mass- (Tue-Fri) at ERC.
noon during fall and spring semester
8:30am during summer months
Fr. Dan Oudenhoven will be joining us as our new parish priest starting the weekend of July 4/5. [more]


text:
Page 1
Microalgal Reactors: A Review of Enclosed System Designs and Performances
Ana P. Carvalho, Luı ´s A. Meireles, and F. Xavier Malcata*
Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cato ´lica Portuguesa, Rua Dr. Anto ´nio Bernardino de Almeida, P-4200-072
Porto, Portugal
One major challenge to industrial microalgal culturing is to devise and develop technical apparata,
cultivation procedures and algal strains susceptible of undergoing substantial increases in
efficiency of use of solar energy and carbon dioxide. Despite several research efforts developed
to date, there is no such thing as "the best reactor system"- defined, in an absolute fashion, as
the one able to achieve maximum productivity with minimum operation costs, irrespective of
the biological and chemical system at stake. In fact, choice of the most suitable system is situation-
dependent, as both the species of alga available and the final purpose intended will play a role.
The need of accurate control impairs use of open-system configurations, so current investigation
has focused mostly on closed systems. In this review, several types of closed bioreactors described
in the technical literature as able to support production of microalgae are comprehensively
presented and duly discussed, using transport phenomenon and process engineering methodologi-
cal approaches. The text is subdivided into subsections on: reactor design, which includes tubular
reactors, flat plate reactors and fermenter-type reactors; and processing parameters, which include
gaseous transfer, medium mixing and light requirements.
1. Introduction
2. Reactor design
2.1. Tubular reactors
2.1.1.Vertical tubular reactors
2.1.2.Horizontal tubular reactors
2.1.3.Helical tubular reactors
2.1.4.r-Shaped reactors
2.2. Flat plate reactors
2.3. Fermenter-type reactors
3. Processing parameters
3.1. Gaseous transfer
3.1.1.Carbon source
3.1.2.Transport process
3.1.3.CO2transfer systems
3.2. Mixing
3.3. Light requirement
4. Conclusions
1. Introduction
From an economic point of view, microalgae may be
described as microorganisms with the ability to "harvest the
sun" and hence transform its radiant energy into valuable
products, at the expense of (theoretically) inexpensive natural
resources (viz., CO2and H2O). The idea of producing microal-
gae at the technical scale first occurred to German scientists, in
concerted attempts to devise inexpensive sources of protein able
to replace those from animal sources, which were difficult to
obtain during World War II (1). In the U.S., research on mass
culture of microalgae began as a collateral development of
fundamental studies on photosynthesis; in attempts to translate
the biological requirements of microalgal culture into engineer-
ing specifications, a large-scale culture plant was made at
Stanford Research Institute, back in 1948. During 1951, Arthur
D. Little, Inc. (Cambridge, MA) made further advances through
construction and operation of a Chlorella pilot plant for the
Carnegie Institution (2). Other studies followed in Japan, under
the guidance of Tamiya (2). Although experimental results
showed that continuous culture was possible, many subjects still
needed improvement, as microalgal proteins could not compete
with such inexpensive plant sources as soybean meal.
Other developments were achieved by Oswald, who started
studying the role of microalgal photosynthesis in ponds and
accordingly developed a high-rate algal pond for photosyn-
thetic wastewater treatment. In the 1960s, Nichoporovich and
Semenenko intensively studied closed culture systems, for
extraterrestrial life support during prolonged missions in outer
space; this subject also received considerable attention by NASA
(1). The advent of the oil crisis in the 1970s led researchers to
investigate microalgae as potential sources of biomass, aiming
at methane production (3); more recently, advances have focused
on the production of fine chemicals and secondary metabolites,
which may reach high prices in the world market.
The evolution in goals throughout time has therefore been
driven by two major streamlines: (i) requirement for alternative
sources of several products, which were scarce as a result of
political or economic reasons; and (ii) perception that microal-
gal-mediated processes (as happens with most biotechnological
ones) are usually characterized by noncompetitive production
costs, the economic feasibility of which relies heavily on the
market value of the resulting compounds. As expected, the
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: 351 225 580 004.
Fax: 351 225 090 351. Email: email@example.com.
Biotechnol. Prog. 2006, 22, 1490−1506
10.1021/bp060065r CCC: $33.50 © 2006 American Chemical Society and American Institute of Chemical Engineers
Published on Web 11/15/2006
Page 2
nature of these compounds has evolved with time, in response
to changing market demands.
A broad list of applications of microalga cultures has been
described and discussed in the literature. Those that have attained
commercial expression encompass the areas of healthy foods,
food additives, pigments, diets for aquaculture, growth-regulat-
ing agents, secondary metabolites and wastewater treatments
(4, 5) (see Table 1). The production of several bioactive
compounds such as hydrocarbons, isotopes, polysaccharides, and
antifungal, antitumor, antibacterial and antiviral substances is
currently under study; uses of microalgae for CO2 fixation,
removal of nitric oxide from flue gas, fuel production, recovery
of heavy metals from effluents and in outer space technologies
are also in order (3, 5-11). Nevertheless, despite such enormous
potential, the number of applications that has reached the
industrial scale is comparatively rather limited.
From the pioneer commercial large-scale cultures of microal-
gae in the 1960s in Japan using Chlorella (12), only a few more
species have been employed industrially ever since, which
include Spirulina sp. and Scenedesmus sp. for healthy food and
phycocyanin synthesis (a blue colorant in food and cosmetics),
Haematococcus pluVialis for production of astaxanthin (a food
colorant), and Dunaliella salina for the manufacture of ?-car-
otene (a vitamin A substitute and food colorant). In addition,
Crypthecodinium cohnii and Schizochytrium sp. are also com-
mercially used for production of polyunsaturated fatty acids
(e.g., docosahexaenoic acid), although following a fermentative
process (13).
Open ponds were the ancient configurations proposed for
microalga production and are still the most widely applied in
industrial processes. They usually consist of either circular ponds
with a rotating arm to mix the culture, or long channels in a
single or multiple loop configuration stirred by paddle wheels
(3), although simpler configurations also exist. The main
constraints related to operation of these open systems are the
impossibility to control contamination, the difficulty to keep
the culture environment constant and the cost of the harvesting
stage. In order to avoid microbial contamination, highly selective
conditions are necessary, so as to guarantee dominance by the
selected strain (e.g., D. salina dominance requires highly salted
media, whereas Spirulina platensis demands high pH values);
unfortunately, both of these conditions are not suitable for most
microalgal species. The direct effect of weather conditions on
the characteristics of the open-pond cultivation media also makes
it very difficult to keep preset values for the environmental
parameters. Regarding the harvesting phase, the huge volume
of culture to be harvested (because of the low cell densities
attained) magnifies the cost of processing, thus substantially
increasing the final cost of the product. Because of the
aforementioned serious constraints, open systems have appar-
ently reached their upper limit, with little room for further
technological improvement.
In view of these difficulties, another approach was envisaged,
which is based on the alternative use of closed systems. These
are more appropriate for sensitive strains (which grow in non-
extreme environments) or when the final product is highly
susceptible to microbial degradation (e.g., bacterial metaboliza-
tion of amino acids and polysaccharides). The closed config-
uration makes the control of contaminants easier, hence allowing
growth in photo-autotrophic, heterotrophic or mixotrophic
modes; because of the higher cell mass productivities attained
(up to 3-fold those obtained in open systems) (3), harvesting
costs per unit mass can also be significantly reduced. Neverthe-
less, the costs of closed systems are higher than their open-
system counterparts, in addition to several other disadvantages
(see Table 2). In fact, despite their higher volumetric productiv-
ity, closed systems were not a consensual industrial choice until
only recently; intensive capital investments and high production
costs account for this realization. In order to minimize produc-
tion costs, the major factors that play a role in the process ought
to be identified and their specific contributions comprehensively
studied, in order to maximize advantages and minimize disad-
vantages. The choice of which configuration is preferable
depends obviously on the objective function considered; e.g.,
wastewater treatment would preclude closed systems, owing to
the unacceptably high costs that arise from the large volumes
to be processed and the low added value of the feedstock
When improvement in efficacy of a closed photo-bioreactor
is the goal, light and CO2supply are key processing parameters,
especially owing to the difficulties associated with their control
(viz., assurance of stability throughout time and uniformity
throughout space); most of the so-called novel bioreactors do
in fact attempt to overcome the constraints related to control of
said parameters (14). However, the technology that supports
supply of adequate amounts of CO2to microalgal cells is still
poorly developed, which contrasts with the substantial research
efforts currently underway on the genetic improvement of native
freshwater and marine species for specific applications. On the
other hand, although the problem of light supply has sometimes
been circumvented by growing the microalgae heterotrophically,
not all microalgae (or microalgal products, for that matter) can
be produced in this way.
Therefore, issues such as contamination control, gaseous
exchanges, mixing patterns, suitability of light supply (which
comprises light quality and quantity), geometrical configuration
and building material are considered relevant, and will accord-
ingly be discussed to some extent in this review. The aspects
of nutrient supply, as well as pH and temperature control, will
not be considered here, because no major improvements are
Table 1. Generic Description of Commercial Microalgal Culture Systems Currently in Use
microorganismmetabolite commercial useculturing systemlocation
Chlorella spp.astaxanthinpigmenting agent circular ponds with
rotating arm
raceway ponds
fermenters (heterotrophic)
extensive open ponds
raceway ponds
Taiwan, Japan,
U.S., Thailand
ferredoxin laboratory use
Dunaliella salina
?-carotenepigmenting agent Australia, China, India,
Chile, U.S., Israel
Euglena gracilis
Haematococcus pluVialis
Isochrysis galbana
Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Spirulina platensis
Crypthecodinium cohnii
arachidonic acid
docosahexaenoic acid
eicosapentaenoic acid
docosahexaenoic acid
laboratory use
pigmenting agent
functional food additive
medical use
food coloring
functional food additive
fermenters (heterotrophic)U.S.
Biotechnol. Prog., 2006, Vol. 22, No. 6
Page 3
expected therefrom, as their control is rather simple. There has
been indeed substantial research on those topics, and the
solutions available to date already address conveniently the
intended purposes (15). Despite its relative importance, the
harvesting phase is also out of the scope of this review.
2. Reactor Design
The main parameter that affects reactor design is provision
for light penetration, which implies a high surface-to-volume
ratio; such penetration is crucial if one wants to improve the
photosynthetic efficiency, which is in turn a sine qua non
condition to reach high product and biomass productivities. In
order to achieve said high surface-to-volume ratio, several
shapes have been developed that met with success. These shapes
can be grouped in three basic types, viz., tubular, flat plate and
fermenter-type; the former two are specifically designed for
efficient harvest of sunlight, whereas the latter requires artificial
Tubular and flat plate reactors are undoubtedly the most
popular choices (12), considering that the light source required
is free and readily available. Those reactor types are based on
the same principle, viz., to guarantee the highest possible area-
to-volume ratio while ensuring reasonable working volume,
mixing pattern and carbon dioxide level. Both reactor configura-
tions may work with a separate unit for gas transfer, and several
layouts have been already tested with success (16-20). Such
systems comprise: a light-harvesting unit, which employs small
diameter tubing so as to provide a high area-to-volume ratio
that favors high photosynthetic activity, and a gas exchange unit,
in which CO2is supplied and biomass harvesting is processed.
The culture is circulated between those two units by a pump,
which needs to be carefully designed and operated in order to
prevent shear forces from disrupting cell integrity (17, 21-27).
Several reactor designs and corresponding productivities are
tabulated in Table 3.
2.1. Tubular Reactors. Most configurations of tubular
reactors (TR) are one of the following three types: (i) simple
airlift and bubble column, which is composed of vertical tubing
(in the form of a vertical tubular reactor) that is transparent so
as to allow for light penetration and where CO2is supplied via
bubbling; (ii) horizontal tubular reactor, which is composed of
horizontal transparent tubing, usually bearing gas transfer
systems attached to the connections; and (iii) helical tubular
reactor, which is composed of a flexible plastic tube coiled in
a circular framework. Another such reactor that deserves
particular attention is the R-shape tubular reactor, initially
conceived by Lee (28), because of its unique engineering design
that is characterized by a unidirectional, high liquid flow rate,
concomitant with a low air flow and an excellent angle relative
to sunlight.
2.1.1. Vertical Tubular Reactors. The airlift and bubble
column reactors are examples of vertical tubular reactors (VTR),
regularly composed of polyethylene or glass tubes (Figure 1),
which are sufficiently transparent to allow good light penetration
but are manufactured with sufficiently common materials so as
to be nonexpensive. Air is bubbled at the bottom-a strategy
that provides good overall mixing, sufficient supply of CO2,
and efficient removal of O2. Polyethylene bags have frequently
been used, with advantage taken from their particularly low cost,
high transparency and good sterility at startup-due to the high
temperatures used during film extrusion (29, 30); 32 cm × 250
cm (ca. 25 L) bag reactors were employed by Cohen (31) for
cultivation of Porphyridium sp., which were able to reach cell
concentrations 3-fold those typically attained in open ponds.
Trotta (30) described a reactor composed of several 30 cm ×
180 cm (ca. 50 L) polyethylene bag reactors, with various
closing devices, and complemented with air and medium
supplies. Martine ´z-Jero ´nimo (32) also reported cultivation in
16.8 cm × 224 cm (ca. 40 L) bags to be practical, and to exhibit
an improved area-to-volume ratio. Tredici and Rodolfi (33)
improved this idea by using a culture chamber made of flexible
transparent plastic film contained in a rigid metal framework,
so as to form a vertical panel of reduced width. More recently,
Chae (34) reported a pilot-scale photo-bioreactor that uses
sunlight and flue gas, and consists of a vertical tubular part (kept
in the dark) and a horizontal tubular part (subject to sunlight).
Although cultivation of microalgae in the above systems is
simple and hence widely employed (including in hatcheries),
the corresponding technology is somehow primitive, with
obvious constraints derived from the high fragility and the low
versatility of the material in stake (21). Furthermore, scale-up
of these systems was initially thought to be easy, but ac-
cumulated experience (32) has indicated that increases in culture
volume decrease bag productivity.
Rigid VTR have also been frequently used. A 33.7 cm ×
250 cm (ca. 40 L) polyethylene reactor was discussed by Laing
(29), in which temperature was controlled by a refrigeration
fluid flown through its double wall and in which artificial light
was provided from the inside. Myamoto (35), James (36) and
Fukami (37) presented similar reactor configurations, but using
direct sunlight; their main advantages were low cost and ease
of operation. Unfortunately, scale-up is not straightforward;
furthermore, in order to provide enough culture volume, as well
as efficient gas transfer rate, the reactor diameter should be
relatively high when compared to flat plate or tubular loop
reactors, a requirement that in turn decreases the area-to-volume
ratio and consequently constrains photosynthetic efficiency.
Another major drawback is the large angle relative to the
direction of sunlight, which causes a high fraction of incident
Table 2. Main Design Features of Open and Closed Photobioreactors
featureopen systems closed systems
area-to-volume ratio
algal species
main criteria for species selection
population density
harvesting efficiency
cultivation period
water loss through evaporation
light utilization efficiency
gas transfer
temperature control
most costly parameters
capital investment
large (4-10 times higher than closed counterpart)
growth competition
oxygen control, temperature control
aDependent on transparency of construction material.
Biotechnol. Prog., 2006, Vol. 22, No. 6
Page 4
energy to be reflected back and thus lost in terms of biomass
growth purposes (38).
2.1.2. Horizontal Tubular Reactors. Horizontal tubular
reactors (HTR) have been on the rise; gas transfer takes place
in the tube connection or via a dedicated gas-exchange unit,
and the angle toward sunlight is particularly adequate for
efficient light harvesting. Such systems can handle large working
volumes, because they are not susceptible to contamination. On
the other hand, they may generate considerable amounts of heat,
which may attain temperature amplitudes of 20 °C within a
single day if (costly) temperature control systems are not
provided; thus, it will likely pose a problem for regular operation
A long tubular reactor, 14 cm in diameter, placed horizontally
and made of Plexiglas, was reported by Torzillo (40); said device
included a diaphragm pump designed to drive the culture to a
feeding tank, and gas transfer was allowed in the tube connec-
tions. The maximum working volume was 8000 L in a land
area of 80 m2. However, when the area-to-volume ratio was
set to that prevailing in open ponds, the photosynthetic efficiency
did not improve consistently:
attained was ca. 0.25 g L-1d-1when using S. platensis. The
major problem encountered was indeed the control of temper-
ature; three different methods were therefore tested, viz., shading
the tubes with dark plastic, overlapping the tubes and water-
spraying the surface of the tubes. The latter was shown to be
efficient, although assurance of low temperatures required a
large consumption of water. A thermo-tolerant strain of Spirulina
the maximum productivity
sp. (able to grow at 46 °C) was then used, and the maximum
temperature could be kept at 44 °C. A few companies have
adopted similar procedures for their industrial operation. For
example, the Aquasearch (currently MERA Pharmaceuticals)
growth module (42), which is essentially a long HTR for cultiv-
ation of H. pluVialis (a species tolerant to temperature changes),
was cooled down by water spraying whenever necessary.
Gudin and Chaumont (43) have been developing tubular
reactor configurations since 1984. They reported a reactor
system bearing a capacity of 7000 L in all, for which a
productivity of 36 g m-2d-1was claimed when using
Phorphyridium cruentum (44). This apparatus was made of
several 70-L glass VTR, all connected to a gas exchange unit,
and the culture was mechanically pumped between the light
harvesting and the gas exchange units-whereas the temperature
was controlled by submerging the culture in a water pool as
deemed necessary. A major limitation of this reactor was its
relatively high cost, coupled with the intrinsic fragility of its
constitutive glass.
Richmond (17) and Grima (45) reported similar layouts of
HTR, which led to productivities as high as 1.5 g L-1d-1with
S. platensis and 0.32 g L-1d-1with Isochrysis galbana. These
systems were based on an external unit designed for light
harvesting, connected to a gas exchange tower (placed on top)
via an airlift pump (see Figure 2A and B, respectively); the
working pressure was set so as to provide a low shear stress
and a good rate of homogenization, with typical linear velocities
of ca. 50 and 30 cm s-1, respectively. The main difference
between those two configurations pertains to the light harvesting
unit: Grima (45) presented a 2.6 cm × 80.8 m Plexiglas loop
submerged in a thermostatic pool, whereas Richmond (17)
described parallel sets of 3.0 cm × 20 m polycarbonate
transparent tubes connected by a manifold, with temperature
controlled by water spraying. Both of these systems were found
rather efficient and cost-effective. Richmond (17) claimed that
the best way to increase the working volume is to add more
tube sets, in order to maintain an adequate linear velocity and
avoid oxygen buildup. Therefore, scale-up in this case poses in
principle no problems, because the same tower exchange unit
can be duly connected to several extra sets of tubes. The major
drawback is the land area occupied; in fact, the tubes in the
light-harvesting unit are very narrow, so industrial volumes (i.e.,
5 000-10 000 L) can be reached only at the expense of a
paramount number of tubes, which are supposed to be placed
horizontally. Therefore, economic feasibility should be assessed
in advance; otherwise this type of apparatus may not be cost-
effective at all, as discussed elsewhere (46).
Another advance in microalgal cultivation systems is the near-
horizontal tubular reactor (NHTR) designed by Tredici (47) (see
Figure 3), which consists of sets of parallel tubes made of
flexible plastic (typically 6.4 m in length, 43 mm diameter and
0.15 mm thick), connected by PVC manifolds. The upper
manifolds are used as degassers, and a perforated pipe inserted
Table 3. Main Design Features of Closed Photobioreactors
reactor type
light harvesting
degree of
land area
requiredscale-up productivity (g L-1d-1); species ref
vertical tubular
horizontal tubular
0.5; P. cruentum
0.25; S. platensis
0.7; Nannochloropsis sp.
0.4; S. platensis
26; 30
very difficult
46; 51 0.85; Nannochloropsis sp.
2.15; S. platensis
0.03-0.05; several fermenter type poor excellent excellent difficult48
Figure 1. Schematic representation of airlift (A) and bubble column
(B) reactors.
Biotechnol. Prog., 2006, Vol. 22, No. 6
Page 5
in the lower manifolds is used to inject air in each individual
tube. The tubes are placed at an angle of 5-7° relative to the
horizontal plan. Temperature is controlled by activating water
spraying onto the reactor when the culture temperature exceeds
a preset value. The maximum volume tested, 4000 L, obtained
with a set of 8 parallel tubes 44 m in length, was associated
with a mean productivity of 0.7 g L-1d-1in the case of
Nannochloropsis sp. The main advantage of this system is the
high area-to-volume ratio and its easy scale-up, coupled with
the possibility for a higher degree of control (41). Surprisingly,
the temperature control was not efficient, and a day-night
temperature gap of ca. 14 °C during summer and of ca. 22 °C
during spring was actually recorded. Such a poor control led to
different biochemical compositions of the microalga throughout
the year. However, the major drawback of this system was
probably its low gas transfer rate, arising from a large length
and a small diameter (48).
2.1.3. Helical Tubular Reactors. Helical tubular reactors
(HeTR) are a suitable alternative to straight TR. The most
frequently used layout is the Biocoil, initially proposed by
Robinson (49) and currently traded by Biotechna (Melbourne,
Australia). This reactor is composed of a set of polyethylene
tubes (3.0 cm of inner diameter) coiled in an open circular
framework, coupled with a gas exchange tower and a heat
exchange system; a centrifugal pump drives the culture broth
through the long tube to the gas exchange tower (see Figure
4A). A few authors (12, 18, 20, 21, 50) experimented with and
eventually improved such a design, so it ranks at present among
the most effective ones as a result of its high area-to-volume
ratio on the one hand, and the requirement of only a small land
area for relatively large volumes on the other. Placing a light
source inside the coil and then providing a reasonable control
of light intensity may compensate for the large angle toward
sunlight. Scale-up of this type of system is easy; one has simply
to increase the number of parallel layers of tubes in the coil,
thus maintaining the hydraulic head essentially unchanged (21).
However, use of a centrifugal pump to drive the culture to the
upper side of the tubing might increase shear stress, which then
would become a limiting step for biomass productivity. There-
fore, not all algal species are suitable for culture in this system;
the recirculation pump may damage some, whereas others may
be engaged in fouling on the inside of the reactor tubing (12).
The system described by Travesio (20) operates with an airlift
column instead of a centrifugal pump, and may be useful toward
reduction of shear stress and consequent minimization of cell
Morita (51) proposed a conical helical reactor that encom-
passes a light-harvesting unit composed of PVC tubing (0.16
m of internal diameter) coiled in a conical framework (see Figure
4B), a degassing unit placed above and a heat exchanger. An
air pump is used to force the culture from the heat exchanger,
in an ascending trajectory, to the light-harvesting unit, which
is in turn connected to the degasser, placed at the same level;
the culture is then returned to the heat exchanger unit in a
descending trajectory. The same degasser and heat exchanger
can be connected to several light-harvesting units, as also tested
by the same author. The main advantage of this system its the
high efficiency in light harvesting; the conical shape distributes
the radiant energy input to a larger photo-receiving area, i.e., it
improves spatial distribution of light. The heat exchanger has
proven efficient in maintaining temperature within a narrow
interval (28 ( 3 °C). One major disadvantage is that, unlike
the Biocoil, this arrangement cannot be easily scaled-up. In fact,
although the conical light receptor is very efficient, the angle
and height are strictly defined, so the only way to maintain high
photosynthetic rates is to increase the number of light harvesting
units, which also leads to larger energy losses in the complicated
branches of the flow networks (52); hence the land area
productivity will be significantly reduced.
2.1.4. R-Shaped Reactors. Lee (28) described a 300-L
R-shaped tubular reactor, with sets of 2.5 cm × 25 m transparent
tubes made of PVC; it used an airlift pump to promote an
ascending/descending trajectory, with several CO2 injection
points along its path (see Figure 5). This configuration presents
several advantages from the engineering point of view. For
example, the fluid is pumped in a single direction (except in
the airlift tubes), so a high flow rate is possible at the expense
of relatively low air supply rates in the rising tubes. The
Figure 2. Schematic representation of horizontal tubular reactor with a degassing unit and a light harvesting unit, composed of parallel sets of
tubes (A) or a loop tube (B).
Figure 3. Schematic representation of near horizontal tubular reactor.
Biotechnol. Prog., 2006, Vol. 22, No. 6


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Sir John Bowring
1 portrait of Sir John Bowring
© National Portrait Gallery, London
Sir John Bowring
by James Stephenson, after Charles Allen Duval
mixed-method engraving, 1844
12 5/8 in. x 9 3/8 in. (325 mm x 240 mm)
Given by W.M. Campbell Smyth, 1935
Reference Collection
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- Sir John Bowring (1792-1872), Political economist, traveller and the 4th Governor of Hong Kong. Sitter associated with 18 portraits.
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- James Stephenson (1808-1886), Engraver and lithographer. Artist associated with 13 portraits.
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Career Conversations in Healthcare to be held Oct 2110-13-2015 -Read the story
The event featuring a panel of experts is sponsored by The P2 Collaborative and DYC's Health Services Administration Department.
Pharmacists Must Counsel Patients on Dangers of Prescription Opiates10-13-2015 -Read the story
This was the message delivered by Chrisopher Jadoch, assistant professor of pharmacy, at an Oct 7 regional forum.
"THAT" Camp to be Held at D'Youville October 23-2410-10-2015 -Read the story
The Liberal Arts Department to host a Humanities and Technology Camp with the theme of "Emerging Possibilities for Digital Scholarship and Pedagogy."
Free Wellness Clinics to be Provided by Pharmacy & Dietetics Students10-09-2015 -Read the story
The clinics will be held at West Side Community Services on Oct 30 & Nov 6.
Student Physician Assistant Association Raises Funds for People in Need09-30-2015 -Read the story
Team SPAA participated in the Sept. 26 Friends of the Poor Walk/Run to raise money for those experiencing hardship.
DYC Alum Receives NFL Hispanic Heritage Leadership Award09-30-2015 -Read the story
Dr. Cesar Cabrera, who earned his doctorate in Educational Leadership, serves as as NYS Dept. of Labor's Commissioner's Regional Representative.
DYC Tennis Program for Kindergarteners Receives 2nd Year of Funding09-28-2015 -Read the story
Robert Gamble, PhD, professor of education, developed and piloted the program at West Buffalo Charter School.
Business Faculty Collaborate on Research about Energy Companies in BRIC Countries09-23-2015 -Read the story
Findings by Drs. Jurkowski and Daly suggest BRIC countries are "experiencing economic setbacks and it might be the time to buy equities in their companies."
Disabled American Veterans to Provide Assistance to D'Youville Students09-18-2015 -Read the story
On Sept 22 and 24, representatives from the nonprofit will provide free benefits consultation to current and former members of the U.S. military.
DYC Earns National Recognition as College of Distinction09-14-2015 -Read the story
Colleges are nominated for distinction by high school counselors and evaluated using qualitative and quantitative research.
D'Youville Events
- SPTA Yankee Candle SaleWednesday, October 14 All Day
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- 29th Annual Michael F. & Eleaine Dillon Presidential Scholarship ReceptionThursday, October 15 5:30 PM
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Late Goal Dooms Women's Soccer In Loss to PanthersOctober 13, 2015Read the story
Spartans Conclude Golf Season At AMCC TournamentOctober 12, 2015Read the story
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Cerbone Leads Spartans To First Place Finish At Meghan Memorial
Women's Cross Country Finishes Third In Meghan Memorial
Volleyball Swept Saturday In Host Tri-Match
Spartans Shutout Opponent For Second Straight Game; Defeat Altoona
Spartans Fall To Altoona; Remain Winless In Conference Play
Hawks Blow Out Spartans; Remain Winless In ConferenceOctober 07, 2015Read the story