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The Independent Podcast
Guys in this episode we are going to have a fresh happening new tag team on the independent wrestling scene. None other than my boys from 410 Massive and some new announcements about upcoming shows and things of that nature. It's going to be Awesome so call in with all your questions. We want to hear from you.
The Independent Podcast with Mike Morelli
On tonight's show we have the director of the new Independent film. SHITHEADS Mike Morelli. We are talking independent entertainment the art of writing comedies and film as a whole be a part of the show.
Independent Everything: LIVE with Independent Artist ~Frankie Da Game Spitta
in Music
Frankie Archie II
(born June 16, 1982), better known by his stage name "Frankie Da GameSpitta", is an independent artist from Pine Bluff, AR.
After releasing his first two CD's "Mind of a Game Spitta" and "How The West Was Won" He gained local success by performing in clubs across his city and state, which gained him radio airplay.
With the admiration from his peers and family, he is currently pushing to gain success across the nation. While on his grind as an Independent Artist, Frankie Da Game Spitta has become an entrepreneur; selling cds and t-shirts with the logo Natural State Next Line, and starting his own music label Game Spit Entertainment.
With support from his many fans, Frankie Da Game Spitta has put Pine Bluff and the state of Arkansas on his back reaching for that next level of his music career.
The Independent Podcast
Guys it is a new episode of The Independent Podcast. We are going to have my buddy from Under The Mat Radio The Shinsational Shin Blade on. We are talking Under The Mat Radio, Pro Wrestling, Pop Culture and whatever else pops up.
It's going to be a great Show be a part of the action and Call In with Any Questions. Looking forward to a great show.
This Week on PA Independent Living Radio Show
in Culture
Fall has arrived and the leaves are beginning to change color - and so much is going on! Join host Karla Porter to hear what's in store for the near future in disability relted news and events.
PA Independent Living Radio Show is brought to you Fridays at 12:00 pm EDT by The Arc of Luzerne County. Please consider a donation in support of our work to help improve the quality of life for people with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and their families.
Visit PA Disability News to stay up to date on news and events of interest to the PA disability community. Thanks for listening!
Independent Everything: LIVE with Independent Artist & Songwriter ~ Xander
in Music
My name is Alex Giroux I am 18, I was born in Waterville, Maine but moved to Massachusetts after birth. There I grew up in Fitchburg, where I was surrounded by gangs, drugs, violence,etc. I myself got into doing dumb stuff when I was a kid because I went through a lot of stuff from being poor, to being in an drunk, drugged up abusive household (stepfather) to breaking the law even. I finally moved to Maine with my mother to escape from her boyfriend. From then on I've been writing music, recorded with my own laptop but never posted anything, finally I got the chance to get into a private studio in early 2015. Every time I step up in that booth I skyrocket my talent farther and farther. I have already been accepted to numerous Coast 2Coast competitions that I will be attending this summer and fall. I'm making my own team called Public Announcement. I have done a few parties but awaiting my first big show in 06/2015. I am currently ranked #6 in all music in the state of Maine on reverbnation.com. and #747 national. I'm a great artist and music is my die hard passion. And I will do anything for a spot to Promote/Showcase/sign a deal/and do a big venue or join a tour/and get sponsored for tour. Thank you for looking at my profile and I hope you enjoy my art and I hope to hear from you!!! Follow me on Facebook at https://www.Facebook.com/XandMusic or check out my reverbnation profile and fan me at https://www.reverbnation.com/Xander14
Independent Everything: LIVE with Ross Galvan, Owner of WaveForm Designs
in Music
Join The Crew as they go LIVE for another exciting episode of Independent Everything.
Joining us today will be Ross Galvan, Dallas, TX native.
Ross is an engineer, who is into Hip-Hop & Rap. You can find him any given day at Waveform Designs, a studio, that specializes in Recording, Mixing, and Mastering, where he is the Owner.
Independent Everything is the globally broadcasted Blog Talk Radio show of Metal 2 Music Records/SMG/UMG. The show airs every Sunday and Wednesday at 5:30pmCST. LIVE discussions on all things Independent, i.e., labels, artists, authors, models, actors, entrepreneurs, producers, and anyone else who is doing it I-N-D-E-P-E-N-D-E-N-T!!
Independent Everything: LIVE with Ross Galvan, Owner of WaveForms Designs
in Music
Nakia and Delshun go LIVE for another exciting episode of Independent Everything.
Joining us today will be Ross Galvan, Dallas, TX native.
Ross is an engineer, who is into Hip-Hop & Rap. You can find him any given day at Waveform Designs, a studio, that specializes in Recording, Mixing, and Mastering, where he is the Owner.
Independent Everything is the globally broadcasted Blog Talk Radio show of Metal 2 Music Records/SMG/UMG. The show airs every Sunday and Wednesday at 5:30pmCST. LIVE discussions on all things Independent, i.e., labels, artists, authors, models, actors, entrepreneurs, producers, and anyone else who is doing it I-N-D-E-P-E-N-D-E-N-T!!
Independent Everything: LIVE with "Mr100" ~ CEO of 100Wreckordz, LLC
in Music
MR100 is the CEO, Owner, and an Artist of 100Wreckordz, LLC.
He has done multiple projects with multiple Artist within the Kansas City Area.
His latest music entitles singles such as, "What U Mad4?" released this year along with the video on VEVO and YouTube.
"Don't Feel U" released last month, "Work, Work, Work" and "I Been Ready" released in 2014 with the hit single & video "That's 100" which is still trending today and Top 20 in the 100 trending songs on Coast2Coast Mixtapes.
MR100 now has a Label that he spends most of his time building and managing.
Picking his Artist wisely, he chooses to do majority of the work until the gold has been found.
He began working with Artist "Rico Seville" but things didn't go as planned due to lack of want.
Now working with new upcoming Artist "Labamba" he will get another chance at proving himself as a TOP CEO of an Independent Label and Artist.
He built www.100wreckordz.com and began pushing music digitally and helping other Independent Artist by Sponsoring them with ADS, and allowing their music to be placed on his platform.
MR100 continues to grow and build as both an Artist and CEO of 100Wreckordz, LLC.
Stay updated with his life and music here on www.100wreckordz.com .
Independent Everything Live with DelShun Mays
in Music
Independent Everything with Live on air Interview discussing the Entertainment Industry. This episode features a candid interview with DeShun Mays of The B.A.R.S. Crew by Metal 2 Music Entertainment Management's Executive A/R Nakia Quarles.
HAPPY MOTHER'S DAY from The Independent Everything Crew
in Music
Paying honor and respect to some of the first individuals who taught us all how to "Do it Independently!! "
Happy Mother'S Day to all of the beautiful women we have the pleasure to call Mom, Mommy, Mum, Mother.
Independent Everything: LIVE with M2M/SMG/UMG Hip-Hop Femcee ~ Ms. B
in Music
Ms.B is a female Hip-Hop/R&B artist, who hails from Pittsburgh PA. The last year has been a very busy one for Ms.B. She has earned a feature in Niji magazine, an internet based circulatory from the U.K. She also has been on several blog talk radio shows such as The Artist Loft and Independent Everything. In June of 2014, Ms. B was signed to Metal 2 Music records. Since then she has released several songs under the label, including her promotional release entitled It's My Time, available on sites such as Spotify and Mixconnect. Ms.B currently has 2 songs on Coast 2 Coast mixtapes, "Subtle," which is on the Next Up mixtape vol#205 and "Empowered," which is on the Makin Moves mixtape vol#220. Also her music was featured on the Unsigned Hype Krunk Atlanta mixtape. In 2014, she also was a featured artist on the Faith 2 Believe mixtape, a project for the Young Women of Empowerment organization, based out of Arlington, TX. Ms. B just released her freshman project The Best That I Got, in July 2015, on the M2M/SMG label. "Infatuated," a track from her commercial album, will be her first video, and will be released this Summer.
Ms.B has music on Google Play, iTunes, Spotify, Amazon, Tidal, YouTube Music Key, and all of the other fine digital download and streaming sites. You can also catch her in rotation on one of these radio stations: WTGN, WWRN, 109.1 Da View, Street Level Radio, FSC Radio, All Thingz Hybrid Radio, Real Vision Radio, AllThingzFranz.com Radio.
She is an artist on the rise, so go ahead and get infatuated with Pittsburgh, PA artist, Ms.B
- ...
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text:
Beth Fertig appears in the following:
Saturday, January 15, 2005
New York, NY —
One year ago this weekend, a thirty-year old woman was accidentally electrocuted while walking her two dogs in the East Village. Jodie Lane stepped on a metal service box that was not properly insulated by Con Edison. Lane was the first New Yorker killed by ...
Sri Lankans Send Help From New York
Wednesday, December 29, 2004
New York, NY —
The powerful underwater earthquake that destroyed so many coastal communities in southern Asia over the weekend also shook up many New Yorkers. Those most affected include the more than two thousand Sri Lankans living in New York City . About a third of them reside ...
Learning Through Comic Books
Wednesday, December 22, 2004
New York, NY —
Comic books are a rite of passage for most kids. But one local educator also thinks they have potential "superpowers" for learning. The Comic Book Project is an after school program that's trying to improve literacy by teaching kids to make their own comics. WNYC's ...
The Fate of New York's Death Penalty
Thursday, December 16, 2004
New York, NY —
The fate of New York's death penalty is now in the hands of the State Assembly. The law was struck down in June on a technicality. Governor Pataki and Senate Republicans want to fix the law quickly so it's back on the books. But Assembly ...
New Yorkers Brace for MTA Fare Hikes
Monday, December 13, 2004
New York, NY —
Commuters and subway riders are expected to get bad news this week. On Thursday, the MTA board will vote on plans to raise fares on the Long Island Railroad and Metro North, as well as bridges, tunnels and the city's bus and subway system. If ...
City Schools Could Get State Funding Windfall
Tuesday, November 30, 2004
New York, NY —
New York City's schools could get an additional $5.6 billion a year in state aid, if a judge accepts the findings of a special panel. The panel released its recommendations today following eleven years of litigation by a group of parents and education advocates. Amy ...
Verrazano Bridge Turns 40
Sunday, November 21, 2004
Brooklyn, NY —
When the Verrazano Narrows Bridge opened forty years ago this weekend, it was the world's longest suspension bridge. The Brooklyn Historical Society has mounted a new exhibit about the bridge. WNYC's Beth Fertig has more.
On November 21st, 1964, nearly ...
Public Hearings Look into MTA's Fare Plans
Friday, November 12, 2004
New York, NY —
We've been hearing a lot this week about the MTA's proposal to hike the cost of subways, buses and tolls. There were public hearings in New York City and in the suburbs. And Friday a State Assembly committee spent almost two hours grilling the executive ...
MTA Holds Public Hearings on Fare Hike
Monday, November 08, 2004
New York, NY —
After weeks of headlines about a fare hike, the public finally gets a chance to weigh in during a series of MTA hearings, which begin today. The first one is on Staten Island . WNYC's Beth Fertig reports on what the authority is proposing, and ...
The New York "Conscience" Behind Kerry's Campaign
Friday, October 29, 2004
New York, NY —
If John Kerry wins the presidential race next week, he may owe a big thanks to a certain New York political consultant. Bill Lynch is best known as the man who made David Dinkins New York 's first African American mayor. Now, Lynch is running ...
WNYC's Audio Nostalgia Train
Wednesday, October 27, 2004
New York, NY —
The Transit Authority is celebrating the subway centennial with a "nostalgia train" of vintage cars. WNYC reporter Beth Fertig worked with archivist Andy Lanset and engineer Wayne Shulmister to create an "audio nostalgia" train, with recordings from our 80-year old archives.
The recordings ...
Shuttered Subway Station Opens for Historic Ride
Wednesday, October 27, 2004
New York, NY —
» View photos of historic City Hall Station
It was one hundred years ago today that Mayor George McClellan rode the first New York subway train from City Hall to Harlem. Today, Mayor Bloomberg recreates that historic ...
Ancient Subway Infrastructure Still Chugging Along
Thursday, October 14, 2004
New York, NY —
» NYC Subway Turns 100 on NPR.org
Before the first New York City subway train took its historic ride in 1904, engineers and electricians had to plan the inner workings of the new transit system. The infrastructure they designed a ...
New Yorkers Head to the Swing States
Tuesday, October 05, 2004
New York, NY —
New Yorkers who usually feel like they're living in the capital of the world may think they're in political Siberia , during this presidential race. With New York firmly in Democrat John Kerry's corner, the two candidates hardly ever visit – unless they're here for ...
Network of Pumps Strain to Keep Subways Dry
Wednesday, September 29, 2004
New York, NY —
On two occasions earlier this month, floods shut down several subway lines, leaving many New Yorkers wondering how a few inches of rain could bring the system to a grinding halt. WNYC's Beth Fertig has more on where the water goes.
When Joe Joyce goes down ...
Network of Pumps Strain to Keep Subways Dry
Tuesday, September 28, 2004
New York, NY —On two occasions earlier this month, floods shut down several subway lines, leaving many New Yorkers wondering how a few inches of rain could bring the system to a grinding halt. WNYC's Beth Fertig has more on where the water goes.
When Joe Joyce goes down ...
NY Democrats Raise Big Cash for Kerry
Tuesday, September 21, 2004
New York, NY —John Kerry's fundraiser netted 4 million dollars last night, according to his campaign. Democrats say New York has contributed 52 million dollars to Kerry and their party. WNYC's Beth Fertig has more.
Enthusiasm is the party line at political fundraisers. But with six weeks to ...
Interview with Chancellor Joel Klein
Tuesday, September 14, 2004
New York, NY —More than a million New York City students are back in school. Chancellor Joel Klein kicked off the first day of class by greeting students at Thomas Jefferson High School in Brooklyn, where he was joined by the mayor. Klein visited schools in all five ...
Two Seats Up for Grabs in the Bronx
Monday, September 13, 2004
New York, NY —Tuesday is Primary Day in New York. Voters in all parties will select candidates for the November general election. There are two Bronx Senate seats up for grabs. The senate is now controlled by Republicans, but Democrats believe they can chip away at that majority ...
The Convention and September 11th
Tuesday, August 31, 2004
New York, NY —Even if they didn't watch the Republican National Convention last night, New Yorkers couldn't escape the obvious. On newspaper stands, the front page of the New York Post screamed, It's 9-11. Republicans say they're showing solidarity with the city by holding their convention here. WNYC's ...

subset: commoncrawl


text: Grant Bosse Grant Bosse: Ayotte vs. Hassan will be one of 2016 's most heated Senate races GOV. MAGGIE Hassan did her part Monday to boost New Hampshire's economy. Gov. Hassan to run for U.S. Senate Columns Jonah Goldberg: Putin cutting Obama down to size If the humiliation of the Obama administration continues at this rate, by this time next week you should expect to see Secretary of State John Kerry on all fours at the United Nations, getting... Columns Another View -- Siddian French: To save more addicts, the community must come together Substance-use disorder has engulfed our city streets, our lives, our homes and those of our loved ones with the impact of the plague. This disorder has been a focal point within my life since I was... Columns Pat Buchanan: The Pope's world vs. the real world Pope Francis' four-day visit to the United States was by any measure a personal and political triumph. Columns Susan Nolan's The Journey: One more treasured commute to Boston Woman in hospice goes on a "trip" to Boston via Google Maps' street view. Columns Julie Jason's Your Money: Financial advisers speak out about retired teacher's situation Thank you to all the financial advisers who reached out to me with their thoughts on how "Sarah" could find happiness with an adviser who is "helpful and honest and fair." Columns Another View -- Tom Boucher: Why this small-business owner picks Carly Fiorina for President I am a small-business owner and there are some who say I shouldn't have an opinion of one candidate over another. I think it's just the opposite. Small-business owners should actually have the... Columns Thomas Sowell: Republicans don't need any more Boehners The impending departure of Speaker of the House John Boehner gives the House Republicans a real opportunity to accomplish something. But an opportunity is not a guarantee. It is a little like a... Columns John Stossel: The victim cult is changing America The world has enough real problems without declaring everyone a "victim." Columns Jonah Goldberg: To replace Boehner, why not Gingrich? Almost exactly seven years ago, House Speaker John Boehner said of the Wall Street bailout bill, "I think this thing is a crap sandwich" — but he'd vote for it anyway. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 More


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text: Register Tuition: $799.00 Healthcare Risk Management Program The University of Florida Healthcare Risk Management Pre-Licensure program is designed to prepare working professionals in healthcare, law or insurance services to enter the field of healthcare risk management and patient safety. Job opportunities exist as self-employed consultants and as employees in healthcare facilities. Healthcare, law, and insurance professionals each have unique knowledge and experience. These courses bridge the gap between that knowledge and the healthcare risk management role. Salary: Salaries for a Risk Management Director can vary depending on the size of the medical facility, location and experience. As of August 2014, Salary.com reports that, the median annual income for a Risk Management Director is $107,637.00. For more details view the full-report. *Note: If you are seeking to become a Florida Licensed Healthcare Risk Manager you should first determine if you are eligible by contacting the Florida Agency for Healthcare Administration at (850) 412-4549 or click here to visit their website. Click here to learn about your Instructor Faculty Les Jebson currently serves as an Administrator with The University of Florida-Shands Academic Health System. His prior professional experiences include serving as the Executive Director for the UF Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Institute [100,000+ annual pt visits], Top 15 NIH Funding; the Chief Operating Officer and architect in the establishment of a new 40+ provider hospital employed multispecialty physician group in metropolitan Kansas City, and Practice Manager for over 20 outpatient clinics [300,000+ annual pt visits] for the University of Missouri Health System. Mr. Jebson is certified and a fellow with both The American College of Healthcare Executives and The Medical Group Management Association and is also a Licensed Healthcare Risk Manager. He serves as a guest faculty for an array of universities and healthcare professional organizations, and has over 30+ authored national healthcare publications. Mr. Jebson's areas of expertise include programmatic development, clinical trial development, physician recruitment and retention, clinical operations, strategic planning, market intelligence design and implementation. He has secondary experience in medical device commercialization/tech transfer and volume demand forecasting, as well as supply chain automation and management. His employment history is particularly noteworthy having held entry and senior positions in both private practice and academic health systems; in operational, research, clinical and financial roles. Click here to learn about the required textbook Risk Management Handbook for Healthcare Organizations, 2nd Edition: ISBN: 978-0470300176 (currently available through the Distance and Continuing Education Bookstore.) Click here to learn about the policies Withdrawal Policy A tuition refund will be granted after written request for withdrawal from a course within 30 days of enrollment. This request must be in writing, and may be sent by fax, email, or U.S. mail. All requests will receive written responses. Refunds will be the amount of tuition, less a $100.00 processing charge. Allow four to six weeks for refund checks. No refunds are granted after 30 days. Course Duration For the 120 hour course you have 6 months from the day you receive your log in instructions to complete the course. Click here to learn if you are eligible Requirements If you are seeking to become a Florida Licensed Healthcare Risk Manager you should first determine if you are eligible by contacting the Florida Agency for Healthcare Administration at:(888) 419-3456. You may also want to visit the Florida Agency for Health Care Administration (AHCA) website. Association Members Discount Association Members Member Associations Members of the following associations are eligible to receive a discount off the registration price. To see the discounted registration price, click on the association to which you are a member. AALNC AORN FAEMSE FHCA FHIMA FLASCP Florida Bar FLPNA FNA FONEXO FSASC State of Florida Agency Employee Register as a Member Having trouble finding the program you are looking for? Check out our Program Finder. Request Information Contact Us FAQ Executive Education


text: Statue Spins By Itself by Free Britney at June 25, 2013 11:00 am. Comments Does this statue really spin by itself in a museum? And how? You be the judge. This video is no longer available. Please check below for related videos. Edit Delete Follow News? Facebook Disqus Tag: News Related Videos: News Videos Related Post: Statue Moves By Itself Inside Museum: Watch! Uploaded by: Free Britney Uploaded: June 25, 2013 Duration: 43 seconds


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- €29 for a Charmmy Kitty bag set with four bags.
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- A stylish addition to any little girl's wardrobe.
- She's from the Hello Kitty family but she's her own cat.
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By now you're probably well acquainted with Hello Kitty, so it's about time you met her friend the equally adorable and utterly charming Charmmy kitten.
€29 for a Charmmy Kitty bag set with four bags including delivery.
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London Eye: Champagne Experience
Read what other Viator.com travelers think about the London Eye: Champagne Experience. What they loved, what they liked and what they think could be improved, it's all here to help you make the most of your next trip.
Click here for tour details, schedule and pricing
Great experience for my family of five. It was truly an "experience" and time saver. We received a personal escort and tour guide. There were approx 13-15 travelers in total which made the trip intimate. Highly recommended.
Excellent!!! A great way to do the Eye. The skip the line was good and the champagne was perfect. Not too crowded and our guide was happy to help with pictures.
Travel Mom
What a great time! The attendant was very helpful and friendly. Even the London rain could not mar the gorgeous views. Sipping champagne while taking in the amazing view...a perfect way to begin our London holiday!
LisaMarie S
Our host was friendly and upbeat. Minimal wait time for our capsule with a beautiful view of the city. Sipping champagne, talking with friends and overlooking London was a true highlight!
Unforgetable moment
Great 30 minutes. Well worth paying to skip the queues and have priority boarding. The guide explained the sights of London from the air. Excellent attraction!
Make sure when you check in at the counter for the ride to insure that the correct ticket is issued. There was a trainee and this resulted in the wrong ticket being issued. However they were quick to rectify the problem. NICE view.
Harry C
Excellent flight, I definitely recommended.
This is was great! I will use Viator for all my trips.
United Kingdom
Great experience, fantastic views and no waiting in line - worth every penny!
Booked a 6 pm flight, caught a gorgeous sunset while at the top! Very nice, very romantic.
Absolutely amazing. Excellent guide. Fantastic !
United Kingdom
Fantastic experience, made a difference with the priority booking. Would recommend to anyone.
Awesome! We had some confusion when getting our tickets and ended up having to take a later trip than we originally had planned, but it ended up working out to our benefit as only one other couple had signed up for that time. We ended up having an almost private capsule, the views were spectacular and we didn't have to juggle around to try to get a picture or anything. The champagne was the perfect touch!
Lisa O
Great way to spend an evening before going out to dinner.
Ciaran C
Luckily it was a nice evening for the spin on the eye. It was great not having to line up and the Champagne was very nice. Would definitely recommend it.
Lori S
We only had 6 people on our pod, it was spectacular! We recommended this to our brother who going to London on his honeymoon in September.
United Kingdom
What a fantastic experience! Well worth the money, especially considering we got champagne. Tour guide was fabulous, very knowledgeable and extremely friendly. Queue times were kept to a minimum and we were looked after well. Loved it!
This was well worth the time and money! Only three couples in the capsule and didn't have to wait in the long line! Beautiful day and great pictures.
Was a glorious London summers day and spending the afternoon on the London Eye was fantastic. Everything was so efficient and run so smoothly, even whilst on the wheel!
Smoothly operated opportunity for a spectacular 360-degree view of London from an enclosed viewing module on a humongous ferris wheel. Complete with champagne and a reasonably small group about 20. Go for it!
The express pass for avoiding lines worked out great. Fun sipping champagne as we overlooked the River Thames.
We had a great experience on the Coca Cola London Eye. It was a perfect evening with clear views of the city of London. The guide was very knowledgeable and offered a great amount of information. We also had a marriage proposal which was very cool.
Nice experience try to take the last tour (9pm), we had only one other couple with us in the whole capsule. Our tour guide mentioned she had at least 20 people on all the other rides she had all day.


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text:
Whitney Award finalists for 2013 are announced
Thirty-four Mormon novelists have been nominated as finalists in eight categories for the 2013 Whitney Awards. The awards are for novels written by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
A middle-grade category was added last year, and there will be two novel of the year awards presented — one from the five adult categories and one from the three youth categories.
Finalists for best general novel are "Love Letters from the Angel of Death" by Jennifer Quist; "Mile 21" by Sarah Dunster; "Road to Bountiful" by Donald Smurthwaite; "Ruby's Secret" by Heather B. Moore; and "The House at Rose Creek" by Jenny Proctor.
For best historical novel, the finalists are "Belonging to Heaven" by Gale Sears; "Esther the Queen" by Heather B. Moore; "Safe Passage" by Carla Kelly; "The Mounds Anomaly" by Phyllis Gunderson; and "Where the River Once Flowed" by Jennie Hansen.
Finalists in the romance category are "Blackmoore" by Julianne Donaldson; "Hearth Fires" by Dorothy Keddington; "Longing for Home" by Sarah M. Eden; "Second Chances" by Melanie Jacobson; and "The Orchard" by Krista Lynne Jensen.
In the mystery/suspense category, the finalists are "Rocky Road" by Josi S. Kilpack; "Deep Cover" by Traci Hunter Abramson; "I, Spy" by Jordan McCollum; "Finding Sheba" by Heather B. Moore; and "Spy for a Spy" by Jordan McCollum.
For the best speculative fiction, the finalists are "Dark Memories" by Jeffrey S. Savage; "Echo in Time" by C.J. Hill; "Heart of the Ocean" by Heather B. Moore; "The Witnesses" by Stephanie Black; and "Winter Queen" by Amber Argyle.
Finalists in the youth fiction speculative category are "Friends and Traitors: Slayers 2" by C.J. Hill; "Insomnia" by J.R. Johanson; "Pivot Point" by Kasie West; "Steelheart" by Brandon Sanderson; and "Blackout" by Robison Wells.
In the youth fiction general category, finalists are "All the Truth That's in Me" by Julie Berry; "Chasing June" by Shannen Crane Camp; "Dead Girls Don't Lie" by Jennifer Shaw Wolf; "Going Vintage" by Lindsey Leavitt; and "The Distance Between Us" by Kasie West.
Finalists in the middle-grade category are "Cragbridge Hall: The Inventor's Secret" by Chad Morris; "Rump: The True Story of Rumplestiltskin" by Liesel Shurtliff; "Sky Jumpers" by Peggy Eddleman; "Wednesdays in the Tower" by Jessica Day George; and "The Runaway King" by Jennifer A. Nielsen.
Those eligible for "Best Novel by a New Author" include Proctor, McCollum, Johansson, West, Morris, Shurtliff and Eddleman.
Members of the Whitney Academy, including members of LDStorymakers and other industry professionals, have until April 13 to submit their votes in the categories they vote in.
Winners will be announced at a banquet on April 26 at the Davis Convention Center, 1651 N. 700 West, Layton. Tickets are $35 and are available via www.WhitneyAwards.com.
Email: email@example.com Twitter: CTRappleye
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text:
Lippmann Collection Superstar Nail Lacquer ($35.00 for 3 0.5 oz. lacquers) is another shade that's part of Lippmann Collection "Celebrate" Nail Set. It also includes Ruby Red Slippers and Funky Chunky (which is similar to Ruby Red Slippers, except it's a black jelly base with black glitter).
While I don't love Superstar quite as much as Ruby Red Slippers, I do love it quite a bit! The black-brown jelly base with the small-sized muted copper-orange glitter particles looks ridiculously perfect for the fall/Halloween. In fact, as soon as I finish up swatching up a few more polishes I've been meaning to review, I'm going to be doing an alternating manicure of Ruby Red Slippers and Superstar for Halloween. Ahh, so perfect!
Superstar goes opaque and full-on glitter within two medium-thick coats of lacquer, and it dries pretty fast, actually, even without a fast drying top coat.
As with any glitter polish, removal isn't the easiest or quickest, but I consider it something that just goes with the territory. I know some dislike the clean-up rituals associated with glitter polishes, but I didn't find it too time consuming or difficult. My technique is to take a cotton pad soaked in remover and let it sit on my nail for about 2-3 seconds (just press the pad against the nail), then move to another nail, repeat… and then go back and remove the polish.


text:
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text:
Accident Camera kits in stock!.pdf
Accident Camera kits in stock! ... your truck is in an accident and all you have time to think of is ... huge difference in accidents and litigation! ...
OSHA Training Institute Construction Focus Four:.pdf
CaughtŌĆÉIn or ŌĆÉBetween ... Transportation accidents in which ... A truck driver was crushed and killed between the frame and dump box of a dump truck ...
Surface Haulage Accidents.pdf
ó Miners getting caught in conveyors; ... the white truck is parked facing the camera. ... surface haulage safety that occurs when the number of truck accidents rise ... Down
Surface Haulage Accidents
ŌĆó Miners getting caught in conveyors; ... the white truck is parked facing the camera. ... surface haulage safety that occurs when the number of truck accidents rise.www.msha.gov/webcasts/CoalSpring2004/Haulage/haulroadsafety.pdf
Car Wash Safety - Zenith Insurance Company
Car Wash Safety According to the ... burns, eye injuries and accidents caused by the ... can occur if a hose held by an employee gets caught inwww.thezenith.com/.../gensaftips/rmbs/general_carwashsafety_rm102.pdf
Aviation Cargo and Passenger Baggage Incidents ŌĆ"
camera and placed the ŌĆ£usedŌĆØ batteries in a camera bag. ... the truck driver heard a loud pop ... An undeclared package containing 18 lithium batteries caught firewww.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ash/ash_programs/...
... to study the effects of traffic accidents on freeway operation in the interest ... are caught in the congestion ... film by an Auricon camera equipped ...library.ctr.utexas.edu/digitized/TexasArchive/MS0082.pdf


text:
Book your room at SpringHill Suites by Marriott Norfolk Virginia Beach
Deluxe SuiteMax Occupancy: 5 guests (up to 4 children, 4 infants)
Suite, 1 King BedMax Occupancy: 3 guests (up to 2 children, 2 infants)
SuiteMax Occupancy: 5 guests (up to 4 children, 4 infants)
Get an overview of this hotelFamily-friendly hotel with free breakfast and free airport shuttle
This family-friendly Norfolk hotel is located in the business district, within 3 mi (5 km) of Sentara Leigh Hospital, Gallery of Military Circle and Lake Taylor Hospital. Lynnhaven House and Virginia Beach Town Center are also within 6 mi (10 km).
Hotel Features
Along with an indoor pool, this smoke-free hotel has a fitness center and a spa tub. Free buffet breakfast is provided, as well as free WiFi in public areas, free self parking, and a free airport shuttle. Other amenities include a 24-hour business center, coffee/tea in the lobby, and 24-hour room service.
Room Amenities
All 131 rooms feature kitchens with refrigerators and microwaves, plus free WiFi, free wired Internet, and LCD TVs with cable channels. Guests will also find sofa beds, sitting areas, and 24-hour room service.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
In addition to an indoor pool, SpringHill Suites by Marriott Norfolk Virginia Beach provides a spa tub and a fitness center. A computer station is located on site and high-speed wired and wireless Internet access is complimentary. This 3-star property offers access to a 24-hour business center and a meeting room. Guests can enjoy a complimentary breakfast each morning. Event facilities measuring 3662 square feet (340 square meters) include conference space. An area shuttle within 5.00 mi and a roundtrip airport shuttle (available on request) are complimentary for guests. This family-friendly hotel also offers gift shops/newsstands, coffee/tea in the lobby, and complimentary newspapers in the lobby. Onsite self parking is complimentary. A total renovation of this property was completed in August 2014.
SpringHill Suites by Marriott Norfolk Virginia Beach is a smoke-free property.
- 24-hour business center
- 24-hour front desk
- Free airport transportation
- Free area shuttle
- ATM/banking
- Coffee/tea in lobby
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Computer station
- Conference space
- Conference space size (feet) - 3662
- Conference space size (meters) - 340
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Elevator/lift
- Express check-in
- Express check-out
- Fireplace in lobby
- Fitness facilities
- Free breakfast
- Free self parking
- Free WiFi
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Gift shops or newsstand
- Indoor pool
- Laundry facilities
- Luggage storage
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Number of floors - 6
- One meeting room
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Smoke-free property
- Spa tub
- Television in lobby
- Total number of rooms - 131
- Wedding services
Family Friendly Amenities
- Area shuttle (complimentary)
- Free Wi-Fi
- Indoor pool
- Kitchen
- Laundry facilities
- Microwave
- Refrigerator
- Sofa bed
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi , Free wired high-speed Internet
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi , Free wired high-speed Internet
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Air conditioning
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Cable TV service
- Climate control
- Coffee/tea maker
- Free toiletries
- Free weekday newspaper
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Daily housekeeping
- Desk
- Free local calls
- Free WiFi
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Hair dryer
- Hypo-allergenic bedding available
- Iron/ironing board
- Kitchen
- Microwave
- Pay movies
- Phone
- Premium TV channels
- Private bathroom
- Refrigerator
- Room service
- Room service (24 hours)
- Separate sitting area
- Shower/tub combination
- Sofa bed
- Sofa bed size
Where to Eat
Guests are offered a complimentary buffet breakfast each morning.
24-hour room service is available.
Nearby Things to Do
An indoor pool and a spa tub are on site. Other recreational amenities include a fitness center.
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible path of travel
- Accessible bathroom
- Roll-in shower
- Accessible parking
- In-room accessibility
- Accessibility equipment for the deaf
- Braille or raised signage
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
No rollaway/extra beds available
No cribs (infant beds) available
We should mention
This property offers transfers from the airport. Guests must contact the property with arrival details before travel, using the contact information on the booking confirmation. The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.


text:
'Farmland' documentary free online in October
Academy Award-winning filmmaker James Molls feature length documentary Farmland is now available on Hulu.
Reporters, please visit our news room located in the Media and Publications section of this site.
Academy Award-winning filmmaker James Molls feature length documentary Farmland is now available on Hulu.
Bruce McPheron, dean of Ohio State Universitys College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, spoke with an Ohio Farm Bureau member advisory team that is offering input on how the college can best serve Ohios agricultural community.
The Nationwide Agribusiness AgriChoice farm policy can include coverage for Global Positioning System (GPS) equipment.
Over the next 10 years, Ohio is projected to have 38,000 miles of pipeline construction done statewide. The new or upgraded pipelines will carry everything from natural gas to crude oil to refined fuels. Landowners need to be aware that many projects dont fall under eminent domain.
In September, 40 Young Agricultural Professionals and 20 members of AgriPOWER Class VI traveled to Washington, D.C. together to learn more about agricultural policy and lobbying. Several trip participants blogged about their experience. Here are a few excerpts and links to the full blog.
AgriPOWER Class VI member Rachael Vonderhaar blogs about her exciting, jammed pack trip to D.C full of networking and learning.
AgriPOWER Class VI member Ashley Culp blogs about her exciting and eye-opening experience during the programs trip to Washington, D.C. to learn about agricultural policy and lobbying along with the Young Ag Professionals group.
AgriPOWER Class VI member Adam Campbell blogs about his experience in Washington, D.C. with his classmates and Young Ag Professionals.
Starting Monday, producers and landowners can start visiting their local Farm Service Agency to update their yield history and/or reallocate base acres. For those farmers planting crops, this is the first of three important decisions they will need to make as implementation of the 2014 Farm Bill starts. The U.S. Department of Agriculture is switching from traditional farm subsidy programs to a new risk management program created under the farm bill.
If you think its always clear who owns the mineral rights to a piece of land, you might want to think again. With the explosion in oil and natural gas drilling, some of those mineral rights could be worth hundreds of thousands of dollars to the owner.


text:
Sat 29 Sep 2007
North York Cat Mutilation Case 1999Posted by admin under Animal Mutilation , Animals , Cat Mutilation
No Comments
Thursday, Oct. 21st 1999
In keeping with our record of cat mutilation cases, here's a case that was determined to have been caused by 'human hands'. The wicked shall never rest. I think the Animal Cruelty Societies are now seeking far tougher convictions for such crimes.
You must click on the picture to read the entire article.


text:
Obituary & Guest Book Preview for Ralph Calvin Edwards, Jr.
Ralph Calvin Edwards, Jr. Obituary
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: Ralph Calvin Edwards, Jr. 1947 - 2014 Ralph passed away at home, June 7, 2014 in Redding at 66 years old. He was born in...
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text: More from SI Report: Dodgers release pitcher Freddy Garcia Report: Dodgers release pitcher Freddy Garcia Marshawn Lynch sports gold cleats for Super Bowl Marshawn Lynch sports gold cleats for Super Bowl Louisville vs. FIU: Game time, live stream, TV coverage Louisville vs. FIU: Game time, live stream, TV coverage Pittsburgh-area high school football player dies after... Pittsburgh-area high school football player dies after... Close Tweet0 Share0 Comment0 Share0 Share0 Stumble It0 Print0 More SI Wire Yanks president: Robinson Cano isn't a 're-sign at all costs' type of player by Scooby Axson Email Posted: Thu Sep. 12, 2013 Yankees 2B Robinson Cano will be become a free-agent at the end of the season. (Al Messerschmidt/Getty Images)New York Yankees second baseman Robinson Cano will become a free-agent at the end of this season and will likely command a contract that could reach upwards of $200 million.But that doesn't mean the Yankees are going to pay him that amount.Team president Randy Levine said there is a limit on how far the team will go to sign the five-time All-Star. Cano is batting .308 with 26 home runs and 98 RBI so far this season."Robinson Cano is a great player," Levine told Bloomberg Television. "We will sit down and talk to him. Hopefully he's a Yankee. Nobody is a re-sign at all costs, but we want him back and we feel good about negotiating something with him. But nobody is a re-sign at any cost."Levine also said that the team is firm in their commitment to shave the team's payroll for next season."Take a look at this year; payroll has never translated into winning. What translates into winning is great talent," Levine said. "If you look at this year, some great stories; the Oakland A's, Pittsburgh Pirates, low payroll teams right in there, possible championship caliber teams. We are taking a look at getting down to 189 (million), which has got tremendous financial incentives under the new collective bargaining agreement. But as Hal Steinbrenner has consistently said and as I have said, it has to be consistent with maintaining a championship team."SI WIRE: Report: Yankees to pay record $29 million luxury tax Promoted Stories Comments


text:
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|27 Mar 2001
|Filing date
|9 Sep 1998
|Priority date
|9 Sep 1998
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Gilbert C. Sih, Qiuzhen Zou
|Original Assignee
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (47), Classifications (11), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
I. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to position location. More particularly, the present invention relates to a novel and improved method and apparatus for performing position location in wireless communications system.
II. Description of the Related Art
Both government regulation and consumer demand have driven the demand for position location functionality in cellular telephones. The global positioning system (GPS) is currently available for performing position location using a GPS receiver in conjunction with a set of earth orbiting satellites. It is therefore desirable to introduce GPS functionality into a cellular telephone.
Cellular telephones, however, are extremely sensitive to cost, weight and power consumption considerations. Thus, simply adding additional circuitry for performing GPS location is an unsatisfactory solution for providing position location functionality in a cellular telephone. Thus, the present invention is directed to providing GPS functionality in a cellular telephone system with a minimum of additional hardware, cost and power consumption.
The present invention is a novel and improved method and apparatus for performing position location in wireless communications system. One embodiment of the invention comprises a method of performing position location in a wireless subscriber unit having a local oscillator, including the steps of receiving a position location request, acquiring a timing signal when a sufficient period of time has elapsed since the local oscillator has been corrected and correcting said local oscillator using a correction signal based on said timing signal, substantially freezing the correction signal, performing a position location procedure using the local oscillator with the correction signal applied, and ending said position location procedure.
The features, objects, and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the detailed description set forth below when taken in conjunction with the drawings in which like reference characters identify correspondingly throughout and wherein:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the Global Positioning System (GPS) waveform generator;
FIG. 2 is a highly simplified block diagram of a cellular telephone system configured in accordance with the use of present invention;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a receiver configured in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 4 is another block diagram of the receiver depicted in FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a receiver configured in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 6 is a flow chart of the steps performed during a position location operation;
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a DSP configured in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating the steps performed during a search performed in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 9 is a time line illustrating the phases over which fine and coarse searches are performed in one embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 10 is a time line of the search process when performed in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 11 is a diagram of search space.
FIG. 12 is a block diagram of a receiver in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.
A novel and improved method and apparatus for performing position location in wireless communications system is described. The exemplary embodiment is described in the context of the digital cellular telephone system. While use within this context is advantageous, different embodiments of the invention may be incorporated in different environments or configurations. In general, the various systems described herein may be formed using software controlled processors, integrated circuits, or discreet logic, however, implementation in an integrated circuit is preferred. The data, instructions, commands, information, signals, symbols and chips that may be referenced throughout the application are advantageously represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or a combination thereof. Additionally, the blocks shown in each block diagram may represent hardware or method steps.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the Global Positioning System (GPS) waveform generator. The circle with a plus sign designates modulo-2 addition. In general, the GPS constellation consists of 24 satellites: 21 space vehicles (SVs) used for navigation and 3 spares. Each SV contains a clock that is synchronized to GPS time by monitoring ground stations. To determine a position and time, a GPS receiver processes the signals received from several satellites. At least 4 satellites must be used to solve for the 4 unknowns (x, y, z, time).
Each SV transmits 2 microwave carriers: the 1575.42 MHz L1 carrier, which carries the signals used for Standard Positioning Service (SPS), and the 1227.60 MHz L2 carrier, which carries signals needed for Precise Positioning Service (PPS). PPS is used by governmental agencies and allows a higher degree of accuracy in positioning.
The L1 carrier is modulated by the Coarse Acquisition (C/A) code, a 1023-chip pseudorandom code transmitted at 1.023 Mcps that is used for civil position location services. (The Coarse Acquisition code should not be confused with the coarse and fine acquisitions described herein, which both involve the use of the C/A codes.) Each satellite has its own C/A code that repeats every 1 ms. The P code, which is used for PPS, is a 10.23 MHz code that is 267 days in length. The P code appears on both carriers but is 90 degrees out of phase with the C/A code on the L1 carrier. The 50 Hz navigation message, which is exclusive-ORed with both the C/A code and P code before carrier modulation, provides system information such as satellite orbits and clock corrections.
Each satellite has a different C/A code that belongs to a family of codes called Gold codes. Gold codes are used because the cross-correlation between them is small. The C/A code is generated using two 10-stage shift registers. A G1 generator uses the polynomial 1+X3+X10, while the a G2 generator uses the polynomial 1+X2+X3+X6+X8+X9+X10. The C/A code is generated by exclusive ORing the output of the G1 shift register with 2 bits of the G2 shift register.
FIG. 2 is a highly simplified block diagram of a cellular telephone system configured in accordance with the use of the disclosed method and apparatus. Mobile telephones 10 are located among base stations 12, which are coupled to base station controller (BSC) 14. Mobile switching center MSC 16 connects BSC 14 to the public switch telephone network (PSTN). During operation, some mobile telephones are conducting telephone calls by interfacing with base stations 12 while others are in standby mode.
As described in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/040,501 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,081,229 entitled "SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE POSITION OF A WIRELESS CDMA TRANCEIVER" assigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated herein by reference, position location is facilitated by the transmission of a position request message containing "aiding information" that allows the mobile telephone to quickly acquire the GPS signal. This information includes the ID number of the SV (SV ID), the estimated code phase, the search window size around the estimate code phase, and the estimated frequency Doppler. Using this information, the mobile unit can acquire the GPS signals and determine its location more quickly.
In response to the aiding message, the mobile unit tunes to the GPS frequency and begins correlating the received signal with its locally generated C/A sequences for the SVs indicated by the base station. It uses the aiding information to narrow the search space and compensate for Doppler effects, and obtains pseudo-ranges for each satellite using time correlation. Note that these pseudo-ranges are based on mobile unit time (referenced from the CDMA receiver's combiner system time counter), which is a delayed version of GPS time.
Once this information is calculated, the mobile unit sends the pseudo-ranges for each satellite (preferably to ⅛ chip resolution) and the time the measurements were taken to the base station. The mobile unit then retunes to CDMA to continue the call.
Upon, receipt of the information, the BSC uses the one-way delay estimate to converts the pseudo-ranges from mobile unit time to base station time and computes the estimated position of the mobile unit by solving for the intersection of several spheres.
Another parameter provided by the aiding message is the frequency Doppler or Doppler offset. The Doppler effect manifests as an apparent change in the frequency of a received signal due to a relative velocity between the transmitter and receiver. The effect of the Doppler on the carrier is referred to as frequency Doppler, while the effect on the baseband signal is referred to as code Doppler.
In the GPS case, frequency Doppler changes the received carrier frequency so the effect is the same as demodulating with a carrier offset. Since the base station's GPS receiver is actively tracking the desired satellite, it knows the frequency Doppler due to satellite movement. Moreover, the satellite is so far away from the base station and the mobile unit that the Doppler seen by the mobile unit is effectively the same as the Doppler seen by the base station. In one embodiment of the invention, to correct for the frequency Doppler value, the mobile unit uses a rotator in the receiver. The frequency Doppler ranges from −4500 Hz to +4500 Hz, and the rate of change is on the order of 1 Hz/s.
The effect of the code Doppler is to change the 1.023 Mhz chip rate, which effectively compresses or expands the width of the received C/A code chips. In one embodiment of the invention, the mobile unit correct for code Doppler by multiplying the frequency Doppler by the ratio 1.023/1575.42. The mobile unit can then correct for code Doppler over time by slewing (introducing delay into) the phase of the received IQ samples in {fraction (1/16)} chip increments as necessary.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the receiver portion of a cellular telephone (wireless subscriber unit) configured in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. The received waveform 100 is modeled as the C/A signal c(n) modulated with a carrier at frequency wc+wd, where wc is the nominal carrier frequency 1575.42 MHz, and wd is the Doppler frequency created by satellite movement. The Doppler frequency ranges from 0 when the satellite is directly overhead, to about 4.5 kHz in the worst case. The receiver analog section can be modeled as demodulation with a carrier at frequency wr and random phase θ, followed by low pass filtering.
The resulting baseband signal is passed through an A/D converter (not shown) to produce digital I and Q samples, which are stored so that they may be repeatedly searched. The samples are generated at two times the C/A code chip rate (chip�2) which is a lower resolution than necessary to perform the fine search algorithm, but which allows 18 ms of sample data to be stored in a reasonable amount of memory. In general, it is desirable to perform the searching over something greater than 10 ms in order to allow acquisition in most environmental conditions, with 18 ms being a preferred integration period. These environmental conditions include being inside or not having a direct view to the satellite.
During operation, the samples are first rotated by rotator 102 to correct for the Doppler frequency offset. The rotated I and Q samples are correlated with various offsets of the satellite's C/A sequence and the resulting products are coherently integrated over Nc chips by integrators 104. The coherent integration sums are squared and added together to remove the effect of the unknown phase offset θ. To augment the hypothesis test for a particular offset, several coherent intervals are non-coherently combined. This despreading is performed repeatedly at various time offsets to find the time offset of the satellite signal. Rotator 102 removes the frequency Doppler created by satellite movement. It uses the Doppler frequency specified by the base station (preferably quantized to 10 Hz intervals) and rotates the I and Q samples to remove the frequency offset.
In one embodiment of the invention, the rotation is continuous only over the coherent integration window. That is, the rotator stops in between coherent integration periods of, for example, 1 ms. Any resulting phase difference is eliminated by the square and sum.
FIG. 4 is another block diagram of a receiver configured in accordance with one embodiment of the invention, where the rotator portion of the receiver is depicted in greater detail.
FIG. 5 is a receiver configured in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the invention. This internal embodiment of the invention takes advantage of the ability to stop the rotator between coherent integration periods by rotating the locally generated C/A sequence instead of the input samples.
As shown, the C/A sequence c(n) are rotated by application to the sinusoids sin(WdnTc) and cos(WdnTc) and then stored. The rotation of the C/A sequence only needs to be done once for each satellite. Thus, rotating the C/A sequence reduces the amount of computation required. It also saves memory in the DSP used to perform this computation in one embodiment of the invention.
Another significant impairment that degrades the performance of the position location algorithm is the frequency error in the mobile units internal clock. It is this frequency error which drives the use of short coherent integration times on the order of 1 ms. It is preferable to perform coherent integration over longer time periods.
In an exemplary configuration, the mobile's free running (internal) local oscillator clock is a 19.68 MHz crystal that has a frequency tolerance of +/−5 ppm. This can cause large errors on the order of +/�7500 Hz. This clock is used to generate the carriers used for demodulation of the GPS signals, so the clock error will add to the signal acquisition time. Because the time available to search is very small, error of this magnitude due to the frequency tolerance are not tolerable and must be greatly reduced.
To allow longer coherent integration times, in one embodiment of the invention, the CDMA receiver corrects for local oscillator error by using timing acquired from the CDMA pilot, or any other source of timing information available such as a GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) pilot, a TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) pilot. This produces a control signal that is used to tune the local oscillator clock to 19.68 MHz as closely as possible. The control signal applied to the local oscillator dock is frozen when the RF unit switches from CDMA to GPS.
Even after the correction is performed using the timing information from the bases station (or other source), however, some additional clock error remains. In one embodiment of the invention, the resulting frequency uncertainty after correction is +/−100 Hz. This remaining error still reduces the performance of the receiver, and in general prevents longer coherent integration times. In one embodiment of the invention, the remaining error simply avoided by performing non-coherent integration for duration of more than 1 ms which reduces performance.
As also shown in FIG. 1, the 50 Hz NAV/system data is also modulated onto the L1 carrier. If a data transition (0 to 1 or 1 to 0) occurs between the two halves of a coherent integration window, the resulting coherent integration sum will be zero because the two halves will cancel each other out. This effectively reduces the number of non-coherent accumulations by one in the worst case. Although the data boundaries of all the satellites are synchronized, they do not arrive at the mobile unit simultaneously because of the differences in path delay. This path delay effectively randomizes the received data phase.
In one embodiment of the solution to the invention, the problem of different data phases on different signals is to include the data phase in the aiding information sent from the base station to the mobile unit. Since the base station is demodulating the 50 Hz data, it knows when the data transitions occur for each satellite. By using knowledge of the one-way delay, the base station can encode the data phase in, for example, 5 bits (per satellite) by indicating which one millisecond interval (out of 20) the data transition occurs on.
If the coherent integration window straddles the 50 Hz data boundary the coherent integration is divided into two (2) sections. One section preceding the data boundary and one section following the data boundary. For example, if En1 is the coherent integration sum over the window preceding the data boundary the first half of this window and En2 is the coherent integration sum over the window following the data boundary, the mobile unit then selects the maximum (in magnitude) of (En1+En2) (in case the data stayed the same) and (En1−En2) (in case the data changed) to account for the phase change. The mobile unit also has the option of performing non-coherent combining of the two halves over this data window or avoiding this data window completely.
In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the mobile unit attempts to find the data transitions without the aiding information from the base station by comparing the magnitude squared of the sum and difference in 1 ms coherent integration.
In one embodiment of the invention, a firmware-based DSP (Digital Signal Processor) approach is used to perform the GPS processing. The DSP receives I and Q samples at a chip�2 (2.046 MHz) or chip�8 (8.184 MHz) rate, and stores a snapshot of 4-bit I and Q samples in its internal RAM.
In the exemplary embodiment, the DSP generates the C/A sequence, performs rotation to eliminate frequency Doppler, and correlates over the search window provided by the base station for each of the satellites. The DSP performs coherent integration and non-coherent combining and slews an IQ sample decimator as necessary to compensate for code Doppler.
To save computation and memory, the initial search is performed using � chip resolution and a finer search to obtain ⅛ chip (higher) resolution is performed around the best index (or indexes). System time is maintained by counting hardware-generated 1 ms interrupts (derived from local oscillator).
Additionally, in one embodiment of the invention, the fine search is performed by accumulating the chip�8 samples (higher resolution) over the duration of one chip at various chip�8 offsets. The correlation codes are applied to the accumulated values yielding correlation values that vary with the particular chip�8 offset. This allows the code offset to be determined with chip�8 resolution.
FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating the steps performed to correct for the local oscillator error during a position location procedure when performed in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. At step 500, it is determined whether the local oscillator has been corrected recently. If not, then the pilot is acquired from the base station, and error of the local oscillator is determined by comparing to the pilot timing at step 502 and a correction signal generated based on that error.
The flow then leads to step 504, where the correction signal is frozen at the current value. At step 506, enters GPS mode and performs the position location using the corrected clock. Once the position location has been performed, the mobile unit leaves GPS mode at step 508.
FIG. 7 is an illustration of a DSP receiver system configured in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. The DSP performs the entire searching operation with minimal additional hardware. DSP core 308, modem 306, interface unit 300, ROM 302 and Memory (RAM) 304 are coupled via bus 306. Interface unit 300 receives RF samples from an RF unit (not shown) and provides the samples to RAM 304. The RF samples can be stored at coarse resolution or fine resolution. The DSP core 308 processes the samples stored in memory using instruction stored in ROM 302 as well as in memory 304. Memory 304 may have multiple "banks" some of which store samples and some of which store instructions. Modem 700 performs CDMA processing during normal mode.
FIG. 8 is a flow chart of the steps performed during a position location operation. A position location operation begins when the aiding messaging is received, and the RF systems is switched to GPS frequencies at step 600. When the RF is switched to receive GPS, the frequency tracking loop is fixed. The DSP receives aiding information from the phone microprocessor and sorts the satellites by Doppler magnitude.
At step 602, the coarse search data is stored within the DSP RAM. The DSP receives a few hundred microseconds of input data to set an Rx AGC. The DSP records the system time and begins storing an 18 ms window (DSP memory limitation) of chip�2 IQ data in its internal RAM. A contiguous window of data is used to mitigate the effects of code Doppler.
Once the data is stored, a coarse search is performed at step 604. The DSP begins the coarse (chip�2 resolution) search. For each satellite, the DSP generates the C/A code, rotates the code based on the frequency Doppler, and correlates over the search window specified by the base station, via repeated application of the C/A code to the stored coarse search data. Satellites are processed over the same 18 ms data window and the best chip�2 hypothesis that exceeds a threshold is obtained for each satellite. Although a 2 ms coherent integration time (with 9 non-coherent integrations) is used in one embodiment of the invention, longer coherent integration times can be used (for example 18 ms), although preferably where additional adjustments are made as described below.
Once the coarse search is performed, a fine search is conducted, at step 606. Before beginning the fine search, the DSP computes the rotated C/A code for each of the satellites. This allows the DSP to process the fine search in real-time. In performing the fine (chip�8 resolution) search, the satellites are processed one at a time over different data.
The DSP first slews the decimator to compensate for code Doppler for the given satellite(s). It also resets the Rx AGC value while waiting for the next 1 ms boundary before storing a 1 ms coherent integration window of chip�8 samples.
The DSP processes 5 contiguous chip�8 resolution hypotheses on this 1 ms coherent integration window, where the center hypothesis is the best hypothesis obtained in the coarse search. After processing the next 1 ms window, the results are combined coherently and this 2 ms sum is combined non-coherently for all Nn iterations.
This step (starting from slewing the decimator) is repeated on the same data for the next satellite until all the satellites have been processed. If the code Doppler for 2 satellites is similar in magnitude, it may be possible to process both satellites over the same data to reduce the number of required data sets. In the worst case, 8 sets of 2* Nn data windows of 1 ms are used for the fine search.
Finally, at step 608, the results are reported to the microprocessor and the vocoder process is restarted within the DSP so that the call can continue. The DSP reports pseudoranges to the microprocessor, which forwards them to the base station. After the microprocessor redownloads the vocoder program code into the DSP memory, the DSP clears its data memory and restarts the vocoder.
FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating the fine search performed after the coarse search. After isolating the best chip�2 phase in the coarse search, the DSP performs a fine search around this phase to gain chip�8 resolution.
The 5 phases to compare in the fine search are shown enclosed by a rectangle. The best chip�2 phase is evaluated again so that comparisons can be made over the same set of data. This also allows the coarse search and fine search to use different integration times. The fine search is performed separately for each satellite because each satellite may have a different value for code Doppler.
FIG. 10 provides a time line of the search process when performed in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. The overall processing time (coarse+fine search) is performed in about 1.324 seconds in one embodiment of the invention, which does interrupt the call, but still allows the call to continue once the search is performed. The total search time of 1.324 seconds is an upper bound, because it assumes that the DSP needs to search all 8 satellites and each satellite has a search window of 68 chips. The probability that the entire 1.324 seconds will be necessary is small, however, due to the geometry of the satellite orbits.
During the first 18 ms 80, IQ sample data is collected at the GPS frequency. During the period 82, a coarse search is performed internally which could last up to 1.13 seconds, but which will probably terminate early when the satellite signals are identified. Once the coarse search is performed, the C/A codes are computed during time period 84, which takes 24 ms. During time periods 86 the slew value is adjusted for code Doppler and the Rx AGC is further adjusted. During time periods 88, fine searches are performed on the IQ data samples, with continuous adjustment performed during time periods 86. The use of 18 ms integration times allows code Doppler to be neglected because the received C/A code phase will be shifted by less than {fraction (1/16)} of a chip. Up to eight sequences of adjustments and fine searches are performed for the up to eight satellites, at which time the position location procedure is complete.
Additionally, in some embodiments of the invention, the phone continues to transmit reverse link frames to the base station while the position location procedure is performed. These frames may contain null information simply to allow the base station to remain synchronized with the subscriber unit, or the frames may contain additional information such as power control commands or information request. The transmission of these frames is preferably performed when GPS samples are not being gathered when the RF circuitry is available, or while the GPS samples are gathered if sufficient RF circuitry is available.
Although the use of 18 ms integration time avoids the effects of code Doppler, the transmission of data over the GPS signals at 50 Hz rate can cause problems if a data change occurs within the 18 ms processing span (as described above). The data change causes the phase of the signal to shift. The 50 Hz data boundaries occur at different places for each satellite. The phase of the 50 Hz transitions for each satellite have been effectively randomized by the varying path lengths from each satellite to the phone.
In the worst case, if the data bit was inverted in the middle of a coherent integration interval, the coherent integration could be completely wiped out. For this reason, in an alternative embodiment of the invention, the base station must communicate the data transition boundaries for each satellite to the phone (also described above). Preferably, the data transmission boundary is also included in the aiding message transmitted from the base station (such as in a set of five bit messages indicating the millisecond interval during which the transition occurs for each satellite). The phone uses this boundary to split the coherent integration interval for each satellite into 2 pieces and decide whether to add or subtract the coherent integration sums in these 2 intervals. Thus, by also including the data boundary of each GPS signal, the reliability of the location procedure is increased.
In the exemplary embodiment of the invention, any frequency uncertainty creates a loss in Ec/Nt that increases with the coherent integration time. For example, uncertainty of +/−100 Hz, the loss in Ec/Nt increases rapidly as the coherent integration time is increased, as shown in Table I.
Loss in Ec/Nt
1023 (1 ms)
0.14 dB
2046 (2 ms)
0.58 dB
4092 (4 ms)
2.42 dB
6138 (6 ms)
5.94 dB
8184 (8 ms)
12.6 dB
As also noted above, there is always some unknown frequency offset of the local oscillator in the mobile unit. It is this unknown frequency offset that prevents longer coherent despreading and integration from being performed. Longer coherent would improve processing if the effects of the unknown frequency offset could be reduced.
In one embodiment of the invention, this unknown frequency offset is accounted for by expanding the search space to 2 dimensions to include frequency searches. For each hypothesis, several frequency searches are performed, where each frequency search assumes the frequency offset is a known value. By spacing the frequency offsets, one can reduce the frequency uncertainty to an arbitrarily small value at the expense of added computation and memory. For example, if 5 frequency hypotheses are used, the resulting search space is shown in FIG. 10.
For a +/−10 Hz frequency uncertainty, which is the typically operating specification of a mobile unit, this configuration reduces the maximum frequency offset to 20 Hz (one hypothesis must be within 20 Hz of the actual frequency offset). With a 20 ms coherent integration time, the loss in Ec/Nt with a 20 Hz frequency offset is 2.42 dB. By doubling the number of frequency hypotheses to 10, the frequency uncertainty can be reduced to 10 Hz, which causes an Ec/Nt loss of 0.58 dB. However, adding additional hypotheses widens the search space, which increases both the computation and memory requirements.
One embodiment of the invention computes the frequency hypothesis by lumping the frequency offset in with the frequency Doppler, and computing a new rotated PN code for each frequency hypothesis. However, this makes the number of frequency hypotheses a multiplicative factor in the total computation: 5 frequency hypotheses would mean 5 times as much computation.
Alternatively, since the frequency uncertainty is small compared to the frequency Doppler, the rotation phase can be considered to be constant over a 1 ms interval (8% of a period for an 80 Hz hypothesis) in another embodiment of the invention. Therefore, by dividing the coherent integration interval up into 1 ms subintervals, the integration sums of the subintervals are rotated to reduce the added computations needed to compute the frequency searches by three orders of magnitude. The result is that longer coherent despreading can be performed, and performance improved.
FIG. 12. is a block diagram of a receiver configured in accordance with the use of longer coherent despreading approach. The first set of multipliers 50 compensates for the frequency Doppler by correlating the IQ samples with a rotated C/A code. This is equivalent to rotating the IQ samples before correlation with the unmodified C/A code. Since the frequency Doppler can be as large as 4500 Hz, the rotation is applied to every chip. After coherently integrating over a 1 ms interval (1023 chips) using accumulators 52, the second set of multipliers rotates the 1 ms integration sums (ΣI and ΣQ) to implement the frequency hypothesis. The rotated sums are then added over the whole coherent integration interval.
Recall that the frequency Doppler rotation was only computed on 1023 chips to save memory and computation. For coherent integration times longer than 1 ms, each coherent integration sum are multiplied by a phase offset to make the phase of the rotation continuous over time. To show this mathematically, the 1 ms coherent integration sum with frequency Doppler rotation can be expressed as:
where I(n) and Q(n) are the input samples received on the I and Q channels respectively, c(n) is the unrotated C/A code, wd is the frequency Doppler, and Tc is the chip interval (0.9775 us). A 2 ms coherent integration sum can be expressed as:
Here, S1 is the first 1 ms integration sum and S2 is the second 1 ms integration sum computed using the same rotated C/A values that were used to compute S1. The term e−jwd(1023)Tc is the phase offset that compensates for using the same rotated values. Similarly, a 3 ms coherent integration sum can be expressed as
So to extend the integration time while using the same 1023-element rotated C/A sequence, the (n+1) 1 ms integration sum should be multiplied by e−jwdn(1ms) before being added to the whole sum. Since this is a rotation of 1 ms integration sums, we can combine this operation with the frequency search to avoid having to perform 2 rotations. That is, since
we can multiply the (n+1)th 1 ms integration sum by e−j(wd+wh)n(1ms) to search a frequency hypothesis and account for the frequency Doppler phase offset.
Note that the frequency search can be reduced after acquiring one satellite, because the frequency uncertainty is not dependent on the satellite. A much finer frequency search can be performed if a longer coherent integration is desired.
In the exemplary embodiment of the invention, the fine search is performed in similar manner the coarse search with 2 differences. First, the integration intervals are always added coherently instead of squaring and adding noncoherently. Second, the rotation to remove the frequency uncertainty (which should be known after the coarse search) is combined with the frequency Doppler phase offset and used to rotate the 1 ms coherent integration intervals before adding them together.
In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the coherent integration window of chip�2 data is integrated for integration times longer than 18 ms. This embodiment is useful were additional memory is available. For coherent integrations longer than 18 ms, the 50 Hz data boundaries are treated the same as with shorter integration periods. The base station indicates where the boundaries are for each satellite and the DSP decides whether to add or subtract the sum of 20 1 ms coherent integration intervals to or from its running sum.
However, because the product of the frequency uncertainty and the integration time constant affects the loss in Ec/Nt, the frequency uncertainty must be reduced to very small levels for long coherent integration intervals. Since a 20 ms integration with a 20 Hz frequency uncertainty resulted in a loss in Ec/Nt of 2.42 dB, maintaining the same loss with an integration time of 400 ms requires that the frequency uncertainty be reduced to 1 Hz. To correct for this problem, the frequency uncertainty is reduced down to 1 Hz in a hierarchical manner. For example, a first frequency search reduces the uncertainty from 100 Hz to 20 Hz, a second search reduces the uncertainty to 4 Hz, and a third search reduces the uncertainty to 1 Hz. The frequency search will also compensate for errors in the frequency Doppler obtained from the base station.
Additionally, to perform longer integrations only satellites with similar Doppler are searched over the same data for long integration times, since the code Doppler is different for each satellite. The DSP computes how long it takes to slip {fraction (1/16)} of a chip and slews the decimator as it collects a coherent integration data window. Additionally, multiple data windows are taken in this embodiment.
Thus, a method and apparatus for performing position location in wireless communications system has been described. The previous description of the preferred embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. The various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without the use of the inventive faculty. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
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|9 Nov 1998
Owner name: QUALCOMM INCORPORATED, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SIH, GILBERT C.;ZOU, QIUZHEN;REEL/FRAME:009571/0623
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|25 Aug 2004
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|28 Aug 2012
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