text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 13, 2002
|Filing date
|Sep 24, 1998
|Priority date
|Sep 24, 1998
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Tony D. Beckett, Kenneth William Jackson
|Original Assignee
|Mdc Max Daetwyler Ag
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (52), Non-Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (4), Classifications (8), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a system and method for improving printing and, more particularly, to a system and method for providing a plurality of whetting areas on a workpiece for the purpose of cooling and/or lubricating a doctor blade of a printing press when the workpiece is used therein.
2. Description of the Related Art
During a gravure printing process, a workpiece, such as a cylinder, is situated in the press with a portion thereof submerged in ink. As the cylinder rotates, areas on the cylinder receive ink and transmit the ink to a substrate, such as paper, plastic, film and the like in a manner conventionally known.
The press typically had a doctor blade which engaged a surface of the workpiece and wiped the excess ink off the surface, so that ink within the areas would be transmitted to the substrate.
Typically, the workpiece would be engraved with a plurality of areas which collectively correspond to one or more images. Unfortunately, when there were significant spans between adjacent areas along a circumferential direction, then the doctor blade began to heat to undesired levels, such as in excess of 200 degrees Fahrenheit. One problem with the doctor blade heating is that when it first encountered the ink associated with an image edge of the engraved image area which defined the image to be printed, the doctor blade would be so hot that it would cause the ink along such image edge to evaporate.
Another problem with the doctor blade heating beyond a desired level is that it would begin to scratch the surface of the cylinder as the blade undergoes a thermo-dynamic expansion.
In the past, microcracks in the surface of the cylinder facilitated lubricating and cooling the doctor blade. Oftentimes, however, the microcracks were not deep enough to hold an appreciable amount of ink or did not provide enough lubrication to lubricate and/or cool the doctor blade. A workpiece which has very little engraved or etched area, will need more lubrication and, consequently, require more and deeper microcracks. Likewise, a cylinder which has a large portion of its surface area engraved or etched, requires less and shallower microcracks because the engraved or etched portion facilitates lubricating and/or cooling the doctor blade as it preforms its function.
In the past, small non-printing cells known as "scum dots" were placed on the surface in response to a visual inspection of the cylinder in an attempt to overcome this problem. This empirical approach oftentimes resulted in too few or too many dots being situated on the cylinder, resulting in a doctor blade which was either not lubricated enough or lubricated to much.
Unfortunately, the processes heretofore known could not be selectively turned up or down to suit a cylinders specific lubrication needs. Furthermore, a leading edge of an engraved or etched area oftentimes does not print correctly. Because the doctor blade removes or causes some of the ink at the leading edge to be removed or evaporated. Surface tension and adhesion of the ink within an engraved or etched area to the walls defining the engraved or etched area is also thought to be a cause of poor printing quality.
What is needed, therefore, is a system and method for evaluating data and strategically positioning an appropriate number of whetting areas to facilitate eliminating or reducing the aforementioned problems.
It is, therefore, a primary object of the invention to provide a system and method for lubricating and/or cooling a doctor blade in a manner not previously known. Another object of the invention is to provide a system and method for strategically placing a plurality of whetting areas upstream of an engraved or etched image area, so that the resultant printing along a leading edge of an image associated with the engraved or etched area is improved.
In one aspect, this invention comprises a method for engraving/etching a plurality of whetting areas on a workpiece to facilitate lubricating and/or cooling a doctor blade when the workpiece is situated on a printing press, the method comprising the step of providing a system for engraving/etching a plurality of whetting areas at predetermined positions on the workpiece, the predetermined positions being determined in response to an image to be engraved or etched, a plurality of whetting areas being capable of holding ink for lubricating and/or cooling of the doctor blade when the workpiece is used in a printing press.
In another aspect, this invention comprises a method for locating a plurality of whetting areas on a workpiece to facilitate cooling and/or lubricating a doctor blade during a printing process, providing a whetting pattern determinor for determining a whetting pattern defining a plurality of whetting areas which facilitate cooling and/or lubricating the doctor blade in response to an image to be engraved or etched and providing a system for engraving/etching the whetting pattern and an image pattern corresponding to the image.
In still another aspect, this invention comprises a system for locating a plurality of whetting areas for facilitating cooling and/or lubricating a doctor blade on an printing press, comprising a whetting pattern determinor for determining a whetting pattern in response to an image to be engraved or etched, the whetting pattern determinor generating the whetting pattern of a plurality of whetting areas which facilitate cooling and/or lubricating the doctor blade in response to the image.
In yet another aspect, this invention comprises an engraving/etching system comprising a system for engraving/etching a workpiece with a plurality of areas defining an image pattern, a whetting pattern determinor for analyzing job data and for generating whetting data corresponding to a whetting pattern of whetting areas in response thereto and a signal generator for receiving the job data and the whetting data and for generating a signal in response thereto so that whetting pattern is engraved or etched relative to the engraved or-etched image pattern such that the whetting pattern facilitates cooling and/or lubricating a doctor blade in a printing press when the workpiece is used therein.
Other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description, the accompanying drawings, and the appended claims.
FIG. 1 is a general perspective view of an engraving/etching system in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a cylinder engraved or etched in accordance with features of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a transition based whetting pattern generator in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a periodic whetting pattern insertion routine in accordance with another embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 5 is a general fragmentary view of a surface of a cylinder illustrating various whetting areas to facilitate lubricating and/or cooling a doctor blade;
FIG. 6 is a fragmentary view of a surface of the cylinder showing a line of whetting areas;
FIG. 7 is a fragmentary view of a surface of the cylinder showing a random pattern of whetting areas generated in accordance with features of this invention; and
FIG. 8 is a view of a plurality of waveforms illustrating engraving/etching signals generated by engraving/etching signal generator 90 in response to engraving/etching data input represented in a sinusoidal waveform.
FIG. 1 is a general perspective view of a preferred embodiment of a system which incorporates features of this invention. For ease of illustration, the invention is described for use on an engraving system, designated generally as engraver 10; however, it should be appreciated that the features of this invention may also be used in connection with other types of systems, such as laser engraving, laser etching or even chemical etching systems. In the embodiment being described, the engraver 10 is an electro-mechanical engraver, but the invention may be suitable for use in other engravers, such as a laser engraving or etching. The engraver 10 may have a surrounding, slidable safety cabinet structure which is not shown for ease of illustration.
Engraver 10 comprises a base 12 having a headstock 16 and a tailstock 18 slidably mounted in a track 20 such that the headstock 16 and tailstock 18 can move towards and away from each other. In this regard, engraver 10 comprises a plurality of linear actuators or first drive motor means or first drive motor 46 and a second drive motor means or second drive motor 48 which are capable of driving the headstock 16 and tailstock 18, respectively, towards and away form each other. For example, the drive motors may cause the headstock 16 and tailstock 18 to be actuated to a fully retracted position (not shown) or to a cylinder support position shown in FIG. 1.
The drive motors may be selectively energized to cause headstock 16 and tailstock 18 to be actuated either independently or simultaneously. Although not shown, a single drive motor may be used with a single leadscrew (not shown) having reverse threads on which either end causes the headstock 16 and tailstock 18 to move simultaneously towards and away from each other as the leadscrew is driven. Driving both headstock 16 and tailstock 18 permits cylinders 14 of varying lengths to be loaded by an overhead crane, for example, whose path is perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the cylinder 14. Although not shown, it should be appreciated that a stationary headstock 16 or tailstock 18 may be used with a driven headstock 16 or tailstock 18, respectively.
The headstock 16 and tailstock 18 comprise a first support cone or shaft 16 a and a second support cone or shaft 18 a, respectively. The support shaft 16 a and 18 a each comprise a conically shaped end which is suitable for engaging and rotatably supporting cylinder 14 at an engraving station 15 of engraver 10. In this regard, the cylinder 14 comprises a first end 14 a and a second end 14 b, each having a receiving opening for a receiving end, respectively. The receiving openings in ends 14 a and 14 b are conically shaped in cross-section so as to matingly receive the ends of cone 16 a and 18 a.
Although not shown, if a shafted cylinder (not shown) was to be engraved or etched, then headstock 16 and tailstock 18 would each include a gripping device or chuck (not shown) for receiving the shafts and also for rotatably supporting the cylinder 14 at the engraving station 15.
The engraver 10 also comprises an engraving head 22 having an engraving device, such as a cutting tool or stylus 23, for engraving a surface 13 of cylinder 14. In the embodiment being described, the engraving device 23 preferably has a diamond stylus; however, it should be appreciated that the invention may be used with other types of engraving devices, including, for example, laser engraving or etching devices.
The engraving head 22 is slidably mounted on a carriage 24 such that a third drive means or third drive motor 21 can drive the engraving head 22 towards and away from the surface 13 of cylinder 14 in a direction which is generally radial with respect to the rotational axis of cylinder 14. The carriage 24 is also slidably mounted on base 12 such that it traverses the entire surface 13 of cylinder 14 in the direction of double arrow 26 in FIG. 1, which is generally parallel to the axis of the cylinder 14. The engraver 10 also comprises a lead screw (not shown) and drive motors (not shown) for causing the carriage 24 to move in the direction of double arrow 26. The engraving head 22, carriage 24 and transverse movement thereof is similar to that shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,438,422, 5,424,845 and 5,329,215 which are assigned to the same assignee as the present invention and which are incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof.
The engraver 10 also comprises drive means or a drive motor 28 for rotatably driving the support member 16 a, cylinder 14, and support member 18 a. The drive motor 28 is also operatively coupled to the controlled 17, as shown.
The engraver 10 further comprises a programmable controller, processor or computer 17 which controls the operation of the engraver 10 and which also controls drive motors 21, 28, 46 and 48 mentioned earlier herein.
Although not shown, the engraver 10 may further comprise a support or support means for supporting the cylinder 14 between headstock 16 and tailstock 18, for example, during loading and unloading.
Computer 17 is also coupled to engraving head 22 and is capable of energizing engraving head 22 to engrave at least one controlled-depth area or cell as carriage 24 traverses surface 13 of cylinder 14 in a manner described later herein.
In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, an improved engraving/etching method and system is provided for providing a plurality of whetting areas or "scum" dots on surface 13 of cylinder 14 in response to an engraved etch job to facilitate lubricating and/or cooling of a doctor blade (as illustrated in FIGS. 5-7) in a printing press when the workpiece or cylinder 14 is used therein. Advantageously, this facilitates improving the printing performed by the press, particularly at the edges of the printing.
As illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 5-6, an engraved or etched pattern 50 comprises a plurality of areas, such as areas 52 and 54 on surface 13 of cylinder 14 (FIGS. 2 and 5-7). It should be appreciated that FIGS. 2 and 5-7 illustrate only a fragmentary portion of surface 13 of cylinder 14 and of the pattern 50. It should also be appreciated that during printing, cylinder 14 is rotated about its cylindrical axis to produce a surface motion or rotation indicated by arrow A in FIG. 2. Notice that a transition or edge area 56 is defined along line E in FIG. 2 which represents a transition between the pattern 50 and a non-engraved area 60. In general, the areas 52 and 54 are arranged in a series of nested columns, each having a plurality of lead cells or areas 62 and 64, respectively, which begin a plurality of vertical columns (as viewed in FIG. 2). It should be appreciated that these adjacent columns and cavities of areas are produced by oscillating the engraving/etching device or stylus 23 (FIG.1) into engraving/etching contact with surface 13 of cylinder 14 during rotation of cylinder 14.
As best illustrated in FIGS. 5-7, a feature of the present invention is that it is capable of placing one or more whetting areas, such as whetting areas 66 and 68, integrally adjacent to the engraved or etched image pattern 50 (as illustrated in FIG. 5) or immediately adjacent, but not integral (as illustrated in FIG. 6). As described later herein, the whetting areas may be generated by the system and method of the present invention in a periodic, non-random or uniform order. Alternatively and as shown in FIG. 7, the whetting areas may be placed in a non-periodic, random or non-uniform arrangement if desired. In any event, the whetting areas facilitate lubricating and/or cooling the doctor blade (FIGS. 5-7) when the cylinder 14 is used in a printing press (not shown).
In general, features of this invention are achieved by determining whether the whetting areas 66 and 68 need to be engraved in surface 13 of cylinder 14. In this regard, the system and method for generating the whetting areas utilizes job data which may be input from a remote computer (not shown), scanning device (not shown) or other suitable means which is ultimately stored on computer 17. The data is used to determine transitions between an engraved/etched area and a non-engraved/etched or white-span area for the purpose of determining whether a whetting pattern of whetting areas, such as pattern 70 shown in FIG. 7 and pattern 72 shown in FIG. 6. It should be appreciated that the job data may include image data corresponding to an image which represents both continuous tone image and/or linework image and the white-span data corresponding to non-engraved or white-span areas.
The engraving/etching data is typically stored in computer 17 (FIG. 1), and it provides a binary representation which indicates the area in which the continuous tone or linework data is to be placed. The job data relative to white-span areas along a cylindrical or helical track which are not engraved or etched is also stored as part of the job data. For each revolution of cylinder 14, a calculation of the non-engraved area for each cylindrical or helical track is determined in accordance with the routines described relative to FIGS. 3 and 4. In general, if a white-span (WHT.SPN.LENGTH) length or circumferential length of the white-span area is greater than a predetermined dimension, as described below, then the computer 17 causes a whetting pattern, such as patterns 70 (FIG. 7) or 72 (FIG. 6) or some combination thereof, to be engraved, chemically etched, or laser etched. The system and method for generating the whetting pattern, such as patterns 70 and/or 72, will now be described relative to FIGS. 1, 3 and 4.
Computer 17 comprises a whetting pattern determinor 80 (FIG. 1) comprising an analyzer 80 a for receiving the job data comprising both image data associated with the image to be engraved or etched and data associated with white-span areas. Computer 17 further comprises a signal generator 90 for receiving the image data and whetting data from the whetting pattern determinor 80 and for generating an engraving/etching signal in response thereto. This facilitates ensuring the whetting pattern (such as pattern 70 or 72 in FIGS. 7 and 6, respectively) is engraved or etched relative to the engraved or etched image pattern 50 in order to facilitate cooling and/or lubricating the doctor blade (not shown) in a printing press (not shown) when the cylinder or workpiece 14 is used therein.
In the embodiment being described, the whetting pattern determinor 80 comprises a calculator or calculating means for calculating a white-span dimension in a given direction, such as a circumferential direction, an axial direction or a diagonal direction. The white-span dimension is then used by the whetting pattern determinor 80 to generate whetting data if the dimension exceeds a predetermined dimension. The whetting pattern determinor 80 analyzes the engraving/etching data and generates whetting data in accordance with the routines described in FIGS. 3 and 4 which will now be described.
FIG. 3 discloses a transition based whetting pattern insertion routine resident on computer 17 which begins at block 89 with the start of the engraving/etching data. At block 92, a white-span length ("WHT.SPAN.LENGTH") is set in a buffer in computer 17 to zero. The analyzer 80 a determines the white-span length using the engraving/etching data in a given direction, such as a circumferential direction as viewed in FIG. 2 (block 94).
At decision block 96, it is determined whether the calculated white-span length is greater than a predetermined length, such as a circumferential length, which is represented by the double arrow X in FIG. 2. If it is, then the routine places a whetting cell or engraved or etched area or a pattern of whetting areas before a transition to an image area, such as the transition (indicated by arrow E in FIG. 6). It should be appreciated that the white-span length in the embodiment being described corresponds to the number of consecutive areas with a zero percent video density value or, stated another way, the number of zero percent density value areas between transitions between images.
It should also be appreciated that the predetermined dimension in the embodiment being described corresponds to the minimum number of zero percent density value areas which require the placement of a whetting pattern, such as pattern 72 in FIG. 6, to facilitate maintaining the temperature of a doctor blade in a printing press below a predetermined or desired temperature. It should further be appreciated that the predetermined dimension may be determined in response to at least one of the following characteristics: copper hardness, rotational speed of the cylinder during printing, ink type, surface finish, roughness or smoothness, doctor blade type, blade pressure, or the general lack of a lubricating agent to lubricate the doctor blade. In general, any characteristic that would tend to cause the doctor blade to become heated beyond the desired temperature will cause the predetermined dimension to become shorter. The predetermined dimension may increase up to a point where the doctor blade achieves a temperature which requires cooling. By way of example, it has been found that when the doctor blade achieves temperatures in excess of 200 degrees fahrenheit it is desirable to engrave a whetting pattern in order to facilitate avoiding the problems associated with overheating the doctor blade.
In the embodiment being described, the computer 17 generates a signal in response to the image data and whetting data which results in the whetting pattern being positioned as described. For ease of illustration, FIG. 8 illustrates an engraving/etching data input received by whetting pattern determinor 80 and which is used by the signal generator 90 to generate an engraving/etching signal in response to the image data and whetting pattern data. Notice, for example, that the engraving/etching data represented by the sinusoidal waveform 91 correlates to an image which does not have any appreciable white-span length greater than a distance X in FIG. 8. Accordingly, the engraving/etching signal generator 90 does not generate any whetting areas or pattern in response thereto as illustrated by the engraving/etching signal waveform 91 a.
Likewise, signal 93 in FIG. 8, illustrates a white-span length (identified by arrow Y) which is not greater than the predetermined dimension X. Consequently, no whetting areas are generated by generator 90 in the ultimate corresponding engraving/etching signal output (93 a).
Conversely, waveforms 95 and 97 illustrate engraving/etching data which has a white-span length which is greater than the predetermined dimension (identified by double arrow X in FIG. 8). In this example, whetting pattern determinor 80 and analyzer 80 a cause the whetting pattern (e.g., patterns 70 and 72) to be generated. Engraving/etching signal generator 90 receives whetting data corresponding to the whetting pattern, as well as the image data, and ultimately generates engraving/etching signals 95 a and 97 a.
The signals 95 a and 97 a are received by engraving head 22 after being converted by D/A convertor 19 and amplified by amplifier 29. The head 22 engraves whetting areas (66 and 68 in FIGS. 5 and 6, for example) to define a pattern of whetting areas, such as pattern 70 relative to signal 97 a or pattern 72 relative to signal 95 a.
As mentioned previously herein, the whetting areas 66 and 68 may be placed randomly, non-uniformly or non-periodically (as illustrated in FIG. 7) or non-randomly, periodically and uniformly as illustrated in FIG. 5. Thus, as illustrated in FIG. 5, the whetting pattern determinor 80 may cause the whetting areas or cells to be situated integrally with and adjacent to the pattern 50 corresponding to the image. This provides a line 112 of whetting areas, such as areas 66 and 68 in FIG. 5, which facilitate lubricating or cooling the doctor blade before it encounters and ink in the pattern 50 corresponding to the image. Notice that the whetting areas 66 and 68 shown in FIG. 5 are in fluid communication with the pattern 50.
If the decision at decision block 96 is negative or after the placement of the whetting areas at block 98, it is determined at decision block 100 whether all engraving/etching data for a job has been processed. If it has, then the routine is complete. Otherwise, it loops to block 102 where further engraving/etching data is obtained and processed beginning at block 92 as shown.
FIG. 4 illustrates another, simplified, embodiment of the invention where periodic whetting areas or a pattern of whetting areas are automatically inserted in the engraving/etching data at predetermined intervals of a white-span length. In this embodiment, analyzer 80 a of whetting pattern determinor 80 of computer 17 begins at the start of the engraving/etching data (block 102 in FIG. 4). At block 104, computer 17 scans the engraving/etching data for a predetermined number of areas. At decision block 106, it is determined whether all the areas which were scanned each had a video density value of zero percent, thereby indicating that each area was a "white" area. If it is, then the routine proceeds to block 108 where whetting pattern determinor 80 generates a whetting area or a pattern of whetting areas which signal generator 90 then uses to modify the job data to generate a signal in response thereto. Thereafter or if the decision at decision block 106 is negative, it is determined at decision block 110 whether the job is complete. If it is, then the routine is finished and all job data has been processed. If it is not, however, then the job data for the next revolution of cylinder 14 is obtained for analysis by whetting pattern determinor (block 112). Thereafter, the routine proceeds to block 104 as shown.
It should be appreciated that the predetermined dimension X referred to relative to FIGS. 3 and 8 or the number of areas selected relative to block 104 in FIG. 4 are defined by a user and, again, correlate to a threshold distance at which it is desired to begin cooling the doctor blade of the printing press before the blade encounters the ink received in the areas which make up the image pattern 50 (FIG. 2).
In the embodiment being described, the predetermined dimension X referred to in FIG. 3 corresponds to a length, such as the circumferential length X shown in FIG. 2, of at least 25 mm. Also, the whetting areas themselves are typically very small relative to the areas which make up the pattern 50. Moreover, the typical volume of an engraved or etched whetting area 66 or 68 is less than about 800 cubic microns.
Advantageously, this system and method provides convenient means for prelubricating and cooling a doctor blade in a printing press so that it does not vaporize or remove ink from the engraved or etched pattern corresponding to the image to be printed. This, in turn, provides improved cylinder engraving/etching which results in improved printing characteristics, especially at the edges of an image pattern where a doctor blade initially engages the ink in the engraved or etched pattern.
While the methods herein described, and the forms of apparatus for carrying these methods into effect, constitute preferred embodiments of this invention, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to these precise methods and forms of apparatus, and that changes may be made in either without departing from the scope of the invention, which is defined in the appended claims. For example and as alluded to earlier herein, it is contemplated that features of the invention may be used in systems which are not restricted to mechanical engraving. Such systems include chemical etching, laser etching, laser engraving, electron beam engraving and the like.
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|"Lasterstream Update", Think Laboratory Japan, Gravure Cylinder Manufacture, Mar. 1995, Cooper and Turner Pty. Limited, Unit 1, 55-65 Grandview Street, Pymble NSW 2073, Australia.
|"Latest News for Engraving Maschine Manufactureres", presentation by Bruck-Service Goerz, Christian Stover, ERA Packaging Division Meting, Sep. 18 & 19, 1996.
|"Signal Processing Algorithms Using Fortran and C" by Samuel D. Sterns and Ruth A. David, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1993, p. 103.
|"System Identification and Control Design Using P.I.M. + Software" by Ioan Dore Landau, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1990, p. 134.
|"Twin-Pilot," Maschinenfabrik Kaspar Walter GmbH & Co., KG, Plinganserstrassee 22, 8000 Munchen 70, Germany, undated brochure.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 5, 2000
|Mar 11, 2003
|Creo Srl
|Method to engrave surface using particle beam
|May 20, 2003
|Jul 1, 2008
|Esko-Graphics Imaging Gmbh
|Method and apparatus for eliminating seams in screened image data for repetitive printing
|Mar 11, 2011
|Oct 21, 2014
|Ohio Gravure Technologies, Inc.
|System and method for layer-to-layer compensation and error correction
|Jul 2, 2003
|Jun 15, 2005
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Multi-diamond cutting tool assembly for creating microreplication tools
|U.S. Classification
|358/1.9, 358/3.29, 347/18, 358/3.31, 358/3.3
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 19, 1998
Owner name: OHIO ELETRONIC ENGRAVERS, INC., OHIO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:BECKETT, TONY D.;JACKSON, KENNETH WILLIAM;REEL/FRAME:009535/0463
Effective date: 19980915
|Jun 22, 2000
|Mar 1, 2006
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Aug 14, 2006
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Oct 10, 2006
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20060813


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Carlton Hotel2
90 BELGRAVE ROAD, London, SW1V 2BJ
Price FromView Rooms
- Good
- 34 guest reviews
"Ideal hotel to use as a base for a city break. Good value for money, good central location for sightseeing, and near to tube. Breakfast was..."
"No problem. I arrived very late and was well received. The guy at the reception was patient with me when I was trying to find the card I mad..."
"It was very good for the price and location was great not to far from station..."
"Great find! Little room and breakfast not so great, but for a hotel in the middle of London I was amazed at the quality for the price I paid..."
"The Best Little Hotel in London...."
About the hotel
Carlton hotel is situated in the London city centre. Victoria Rail and underground Stations are about eight minutes walk from the hotel. Many tourist attraction are within walking distance from the Hotel such as Buckingham Palace, Big Ben Westminster Abbey, The House of Parliament and many more.
The rooms are with private toilet and showers. All rooms are fitted with two pin European sockets.
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76% would recommend it to a friend
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Carlton Hotel London
Ideal hotel to use as a base for a city break.
Good value for money, good central location for sightseeing, and near to tube. Breakfast was included - it comprises of cereal, toast, yoghurt, juice, tea and coffee. Our triple room was clean and warm with en-suite shower. Staff were helpful with directions to various places.
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mike and jeans stay
Not disabled friendly.
My wife is 63 and on crutches I am 66 with a bad heart, legs and numerious other complaints. When we booked in, we was told we were on the top floor, with no lift and a couldn'nt careless attitude how we managed now they had our money, we had to climb nine flights of stairs carrying our luggage. We had booked a double and was given a family room with little room to move. there was a very high step into the wet room/toilet on which my wife cut her toes. My wife didn't have breakfast because of the stairs. We didn't complain because of their attitude when booking in.
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You are currently browsing the category archive for the 'Preparing Tea and Herbals' category.
As a tea lover, I can't go a day without at least one cup of tea. I brew my tea either using teabags, self-made teabags with loose leaf tea, or loose leaf in a strainer. Lately in my efforts to go green, I have begun to use the strainer as much as I possibly can. I find it fun and easy to use and it's very interesting to open the strainer after brewing to see the steeped tea leaves. I have noticed that the tea leaves expand in the hot water, so it's very important for the tea to have much room to brew as it can. If you have seen advertisements for tea (at least in Britain), you will notice they boast how much room the teas will have to brew. So far, PG Tips is a game changer with their pyramid tea bags, while Yorkshire comes square and Typhoo is round and flat. The teabags also do not have tags or strings. Many tea companies have eliminated the use of these due to their efforts to reduce paper and other material waste that would affect the earth.
The teabag came to be entirely by accident! In 1908, a tea merchant named Sir Thomas Sullivan sent packets of loose tea to potential buyers in silk-muslin sachets. The buyers took this as a new way of brewing tea by simply tossing the bags into boiling hot water to brew and enjoyed it. Sullivan was confused and surprised when his customers began to ask for "tea bags" but was unable to continue his silk-muslin combination due to high costs of silk. To combat this issue, Sullivan adopted the use of gauze sacks.
Since then, tea has been sold in bags but before the teabag, it was sold loose and brewed in infusers and strainers. In 19th and 20th century England, however, tea was brewed in silvery tea balls (also called tea eggs). Some are made with mesh so the tea leaves have a harder time escaping, while others are metal with tiny perforations. These have been making a comeback lately since many people are trying to make efforts to go green. It is good to use larger-leafed teas like Organic Pearl River Green Tea to steep inside an infuser. If you have a tea with tinier leaves, like Organic Peppermint Tea, it is probably a better idea to use a paper filter so the tea leaves do not seep through the strainer and float throughout your tea. However, everyone's tastes are different. Either way, brew green!
I recently made a visit to the Washington DC area to visit my fiance. Now, I am engaged to a wonderful man. He makes me coffee and cups of tea whether I want it or not and I always want to return the favor. So when I was out there, I offered to make him a cup of tea. However, he was surprised when I brought him his cup of Lover's Leap with just milk and sweetener in it. "I thought you were going to steam the milk," He said. "Like make it a latte." It made me raise an eyebrow. The people in Britain do not take their tea in latte form. I take my tea with a simple milk and sweetener. I'm still trying to pick up the habit of drinking it more than once a day.
What exactly is a tea latte? It's just like a latte made with coffee or espresso. It has steamed milk but instead of the eye-opening java, it's tea! My fiance works for a certain coffee shop that makes a very popular kind of tea latte. Actually, two types. Green tea and chai tea are very popular among the masses but it can also be made with other kinds of tea like black.
In order to make a tea latte, one would need a steaming wand to froth the milk. I know that not everyone possesses that type of equipment. However, my fiance told me that I could make it at home by using a whisk while heating up some milk. So I brewed some Yorkshire Tea just like I normally would and added my homemade whisked milk. The addition of sweetener made things even better. The result? Very creamy and delicious! The latte stays hot with the addition of hot milk rather than cold milk when making a British style cup of tea.
The most popular types of tea lattes are chai and green tea. The one I made was pretty much considered a "London Fog" with the latte being made with black tea. I enjoyed the one I made so I can't wait to make one for my loving fiance next time I see him. I can show him my latte making skills!
Simple Tea Latte
8oz water
8oz milk (either dairy or non)
Whisk or fork
Boil the water and steep your teabag like you normally would, discard teabag. Then, using a saucepan over low heat, heat the milk and whisk/stir with fork until the milk becomes hot and/or frothy. Pour into tea, and sweetener or syrup. Enjoy!
Editor's note: I used to be a barista, and am a bit of a snob. I have the Brevelle machine in my kitchen to prove it. :) I highly recommend using a steaming wand. A note on steamed milk, regardless, is that when it reaches the proper temperature (130-160 degrees F) the natural sugars are brought out and it is the sweetest – too hot you scald; not hot enough you do not draw out the natural sugar. The steaming also stretches the milk – expands it – and you want about 30% stretching or you end up with a cappuccino consistency. One final note – you do not want to add too much air when you whisk, or you can destroy the smooth consistency of the milk.
The Groundhog was right on his prediction when he said there would be six more weeks of winter. Pretty much everywhere in the United States there is snow, freezing rain, or just cold in general. I have been fortunate enough to live in a state that has managed to avoid most of the dreary, wintry mess of a season. That is, until now.
Yesterday I left sunny California for over a week to go to the icy cold East Coast of the United States! I normally love cold days in California but the lowest it usually gets is about 50 degrees Fahrenheit. I'm staying where subzero temps are the norm for now. Brr! So to help handle the bitter cold, I will be packing a lot of tea with me, including some picks for this month's teas of the month that are sure to keep you nice and warm until Spring arrives!
For a sleepy wintry morning, the Nonsuch Estate Tea is a good choice. It's a little strong so it's perfect for the morning. It has a fruity but floral-like maltiness to it that I find yummy. This tea is a blend of Nilgiri tea from South India where it is grown 5000 feet above sea level.
Next up we have the Mim Estate. I really like its name, which I learned has come from Mim in Northern India where you can see Mount Everest on a good day! Our Mim Estate is a Darjeeling, second flush. A second flush is a harvest in June where the tea is fully developed. When I tried it, I could taste a hint of currant and muscatel (grape). It tastes pretty light if you like a less strong tea but I find it nice to relax with a few digestives or scones.
When traveling, sample packs are the way to go since they are small so they save space in your luggage. The Estate Sampler has a few of our estate teas including the ones I mentioned above plus others. it's a nice gift to give to your host (always try to bring a gift since they are kind enough to let you stay at their home), or share it with the loved ones you came to visit.
The upside to my trip is that I won't be having tea by myself! My fiance will be joining me and he will enjoy a few cups with me during the cold, bitter days. As February winds down to a close, I still find it the month of romance and I would love to make my dear a nice warm cuppa (cross your fingers that I get him into my biggest tea obsession, PG Tips.
Are you dissatisfied with your cup of tea? The reason for this may be you are making tea mistakes. Did you know tea leaves expand during the brewing process and tea can be brewed too long? Read on to see if you identify with any tea mistakes.
Mistake #1: Several tea drinkers believe tea purchased at their local grocer is good quality. The reality is these tea bags contain dust and crumbs of tea leaves. In all actuality, tea tastes best when brewed from loose-leaf tea leaves.
Tea bags were invented 100 years as a way to send samples to customers. Therefore, the trend caught on and over the years severely affected the quality of the tea.
Mistake #2: Using tea strainers that are too small. Most people who drink tea own a mesh infuser ball that can only brew one cup at a time. Rather than using a mesh infuser ball, it is a good idea to consider switching to a t- sac for brewing loose-leaf tea. Using a t-sac will create an improved tea drinking experience since there will be room for the tea leaves to expand releasing their flavor.
Mistake #3: Brewing tea using tap or microwaved water. Tap water has a chemical aftertaste and microwaved has a slight metallic taste. Both of these factors can significantly affect a tea's taste. Instead of using tap water placed in the microwave, the best choice is cold filtered water. You will notice a difference in the flavor of your tea.
Mistake #4: Forgetting to shut off your kettle or not emptying it after each use. Unfortunately, many rust out inside or the bottom gets burned. I will admit purchasing a quality kettle can be costly, but it will pay for itself within the first few cups. To prevent your kettle from getting ruined do not leave the water boiling until it evaporates, empty the unused water every time, and leave the lid open so it can air dry.
Mistake #5: Incorrect water temperature or brewing the tea too long. Green teas need rapid steaming water and black teas need almost boiling water to brew properly. Green teas brew quickly in two minutes, whereas black teas need 3-4 minutes. Over brewing green tea makes it taste like an over cooked vegetable. Over brewed black tea has a bitter flavor.
Mistake #6: Using cream or half-n-half instead of milk in tea. Cream and half-n-half camouflage the flavor of tea. All you need is a touch milk to enhance the flavor of your tea.
Mistake #7: Tea is not stored properly. The best place to store tea is in a tea canister away from the stove. It needs to be protected from heat, light, moisture, and other flavors. Tea absorbs other flavors surrounding it. Therefore, if you place it next to cayenne pepper your tea will taste like cayenne pepper.
Do you make any of the tea mistakes? If you do, it is okay many fellow drinkers probably commit the same errors. If you are a lucky person who is a tea expert, that is fantastic. Either way, sit down and enjoy a cup of tea.
© Online Stores, Inc., and The English Tea Store Blog, 2009-2014. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from the blog's owner is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Online Stores, Inc., and The English Tea Store Blog with appropriate and specific direction to the original content.
A classic OLS/ETS blog entry originally published 02.03.2009
Tea is becoming a popular beverage and new tea drinkers are asking for clear, easy instructions on how to brew. For those people who are new to tea or veterans of the fabulous beverage, there are a few simple steps to a perfect cup of tea. The first step to brewing the perfect cup of tea is to heat the teapot before adding tea. To do this, all one needs to do is add boiling water to the teapot and swirl it around to bring it up to temperature. Pour it out and select your favorite tea. Keep in mind that adding boiling water to a cool teapot will immediately cool the hot water and the concept is to maintain the proper steeping temperature.
The second step is selecting either loose leaf tea or tea bags. For those people who choose to use loose leaf tea, a large teapot with a tea strainer is a good place to start. A large teapot is ideal for this type of tea to allow the hot water to circulate and allow the leaves plenty of room to bloom during the steeping process. Tea bags are also suitable for making a perfect cup of tea, but they do not give the tea enough room to move about during the steeping process. Fortunately, many newer teabags are of a pyramid shape alleviating this problem. Regular tea bags routinely use fannings and tea dust to enhance flavor. Also, be sure to move the bag around a few times to circulate the water. Now that you have selected loose leaf tea or tea bags, it is time to mention measuring your tea. Measuring tea is very important to ensuring a pleasant flavor and aroma. The typical rule is to use 1 teaspoon of tea per cup (8 oz.) of water for a perfect cup of tea. If you are brewing a pot of tea then the ratio is 1 teaspoon per person plus one for the pot. Along the line of measuring water and tea, one needs to pay attention to the temperature of water used. Different teas achieve their best taste when using the optimal water temperature. For example, both green tea and white tea taste best when brewed with steaming water (150°-180°F).
The final step in making the perfect cup of tea is proper steeping times. I will admit it is very easy to over steep tea and produce a cup that is less than pleasing. A general rule of thumb is the heavier the tea, the shorter steeping time. For example, black tea will steep for 2-5 minutes in water at a rolling boil, whereas green and white teas need to steep for 1-4 minutes in steaming water. Herbal teas are steeped for 5-7 minutes in water that is at a rolling boil. Do these ideas inspire you to brew a perfect cup of tea? I do not know about you, but I am ready to get my teapot, strainer, tea, and teacup and enjoy a delicious cup of tea. My favorite tea is Black currant tea manufactured by the English Tea Store. What is your favorite flavor of tea? Please, leave a comment and share. It is always exciting to hear from readers. Enjoy!
So often I get comments from folks saying that they are scared to try various teas. Or scared of tea altogether…it's too complicated…it can turn out bitter…it can get oversteeped or have no taste at all… and so on. But don't let tea scare you! It's really quite simple. No need for witches' cauldrons, strange ingredients like bats' wings, and sorcerers' apprentices making your brooms and buckets (or your teapots and cups) dance all by themselves. You just need to know a few conjurers' (that is, steepers') secrets.
Conjurers' Secret #1
Make sure your water is free of ghosts and goblins and things that go "bump!" in the night. The better the water, the better start to that pot of tea. And the less likely you will be of getting frightened to the point of having your hair turn white (unless it already is white, in which case you will be shocked into it turning some other odd color such as fuchsia or even mauve). I use bottled spring water to be sure it is free of chlorine and chloramine, but you could use a filter on your kitchen faucet to reduce excess minerals in the water.
Conjurers' Secret #2
Use a proper cauldron……uh, tea kettle. It needn't be large enough for Hansel and Gretel to fit in though – just enough to hold the amount of water you'll need to heat for your tea. They have quite a size range, so just select the one closest to the amount of tea you usually make at any one time. My tea kettle holds about 48 ounces (6 cups) of water, but others are larger or smaller. And no need to start up a roaring wood fire in a forest clearing in the dead of night. There are stovetop kettles and electric kettles so you can heat water for that cuppa any time you feel the urge.
Conjurers' Secret #3
Employ a proper teapot for steeping that tea. Which is proper will depend largely on the tea you are steeping.
- Black tea – A ceramic teapot, a Brown Betty (earthenware teapot), a glass teapot, or even a silver teapot.
- Green tea – Lots of options from a glass (yes, a glass!) to a gaiwan to a Yixing teapot to even a porcelain or ceramic teapot.
- White tea – same as for green tea.
- Oolong – gaiwan, Yixing teapot, ceramic/porcelain teapot, even a glass.
- Pu-erh – gaiwan, Yixing teapot.
Conjurers' Secret #4
Let the tea dance with the water. You needn't play any music, though. The dance of the tea seems to go with it's own music, and it's not "Night on Bald Mountain," "Thriller," the theme from "Ghostbusters," or even "Monster Mash." The leaves will float and sink and rise back up. They will become bloated as the cells refill with water that was evaporated out of them during processing. But unlike corpses in a swamp, these leaves become quite lovely as they swell up in that water.
Conjurers' Secret #5
Watch out for the time. Remember that just as Cinderella's dress turned back into rags, the coach turned back into a pumpkin, and the horses, coachman, and footmen turned back into little critters when that clock finished striking the hour of midnight, so will your tea turn into something rather unpleasant or even downright monstrous…like those gremlins getting water splashed on them or Swamp Thing becoming a deformed (but still gentle hearted) creature saving Adrienne Barbeau from disaster…if you oversteep. How long you can let your tea steep will be a matter of your own personal taste as well as a matter of the tea you are steeping. Black tea usually goes 3 to 5 minutes while you chant "Don't be bitter. Don't be bitter." (Works every time.) Green teas are generally steeped only 1 to 3 minutes. Don't forget to chant. However, some pu-erhs can be steeped as short as 30 seconds and as long as 10 minutes and you usually don't need to chant to avoid bitterness, especially if it's a pu-erh that has been aged at least 10 years.
Bonus: Your Special Spell for a Perfect Tea Time
Round about the cauldron go;
In the lovely tea leaves throw.
Leaves that on a mount'n did grow
Slept in winter under snow.
Pluck'd and processed while it's hot
Ready now to steep in pot.
Toss in whole the black Typhoo
Box and all into the brew;
Add in pouch of some Earl Grey
Steep up quick 'fore light of day!
Double, double toil and trouble;
Fire burn, and cauldron bubble.
Drink it when the time is right
Drink to make a perfect night!
(My thanks to Shakespeare for the inspiration.)
See more of A.C. Cargill's articles here.
© Online Stores, Inc., and The English Tea Store Blog, 2009-2014. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this article's author and/or the blog's owner is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Online Stores, Inc., and The English Tea Store Blog with appropriate and specific direction to the original content.
Hundreds and maybe even thousands of articles are written on how to steep tea. Plus a ton of videos. Even so, new information always seems to pop up in discussions with tea-loving friends online. A recent incident prompted me to put down some thoughts on tea steeping instructions, and I hope you will excuse any that are repeats from past articles I've written. It can be tough to keep track.
First Things First
People who are new to tea or who want to explore tea beyond their normal morning or afternoon cuppa need a starting point. A general guide will be a good first try with any tea. Use boiling water for black tea and infuse for 3-5 minutes, for example. Use water heated to about 180-195°F for oolongs and infuse for 2-3 minutes, for another example. But after a few times, you will naturally find yourself trying other water temperatures and infusion times. You will leave this first guidance behind.
Moving on to Your Own Preferences
Tea invigorates, and so you will find your brain stimulated to try new things with it. The more you try, the more you will experiment. You will find that oolongs are quite varied, that you can steep them anywhere from 30 seconds to 5 minutes. You will notice a difference in your black tea when you use water that is slightly below boiling (about 200°F) and infused for 2 or 3 minutes instead of the usual 5 minutes. You may find that a whole teaspoon of dry tea per cup of water is too much – or too little!
What It All Means
We all need that start, that first instruction in how to do something. Our parents held our hands as we took our first steps and soom we were running. Our teachers started us with the alphabet and soon we knew how to read whole words and sentences and paragraphs. The first flute lesson is about how to hold it properly, where to place your fingers, how to blow across (not into) the opening, and then you can begin learning to play. So it is with tea. Steeping instructions hold your hand, teach you basics, and help you prepare for the experience. Then, you can follow your own way. Life is like that, too. Gee, no wonder tea is so popular!
See more of A.C. Cargill's articles here.
© Online Stores, Inc., and The English Tea Store Blog, 2009-2014. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this article's author and/or the blog's owner is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Online Stores, Inc., and The English Tea Store Blog with appropriate and specific direction to the original content.
Lemon and tea. They go together like, well, like birthday cake and mustard. But that's just my opinion. Yours may vary and for a lot of people lemon is an essential part of the tea-drinking experience. But how did this come to be? It might be a task for a mightier historian than yours truly but I figured I'd try to sort it out anyway.
As it turns out, finding a definitive answer was not as easy as I anticipated. But one point that came to mind while researching the topic was the term "limey," formerly (and perhaps still?) used to refer to British sailors. The term is derived from the practice of giving limes to these sailors to help prevent a dreadful malaise known as scurvy. In truth lemon juice would do just as well as lime and was often – perhaps more so than lime – given to sailors and frequently mixed into their grog (watered down rum).
For my money the combination of tea and lemon doesn't seem like a particularly intuitive one. But given the fact that the British were rather fond of tea by this time, it's probably not a big leap to speculate that lemon juice managed to make its way into tea as well. In 1794, a British sailor named William Hutchinson even theorized that it was his consumption of tea that help drive away the scourge of scurvy, though he did not mention lemon or other citrus. Which might not be totally farfetched, given that some types of tea are rather high in vitamin C.
But that's kind of beside the point for the purposes of this article and doesn't quite sort out how lemon came to tea. Fortunately, a recent book called Modern Tea: A Fresh Look at an Ancient Beverage, by Lisa Boalt Richardson, gives a few more clues. It suggests that the concept of punch – supposedly from the Hindi word paunch – was picked up by British sailors in India. It was composed of water, sugar, lemon, arrack (distilled palm syrup) and tea. Later versions of punch might or might not have contained lemon and tea but in the end it's likely that lemon might have made its way to tea through one of these paths.
Which ultimately led to what some feel is the greatest combination of tea and lemon. I think you know the one.
See more of William I. Lengeman's articles here.
© Online Stores, Inc., and The English Tea Store Blog, 2009-2014. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this article's author and/or the blog's owner is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Online Stores, Inc., and The English Tea Store Blog with appropriate and specific direction to the original content.
According to his Wikipedia summary, James Henry Leigh Hunt (1784 –1859), better known as just Leigh Hunt, was "an English critic, essayist, poet and writer." His own work was overshadowed by that of his more famous friends, such as the poets John Keats and Percy Shelley, but he published a number of books in his lifetime. Including The Seer: Or, Common-places Refreshed, which came out in 1840.
It's a book of Hunt's essays on such varied topics as pebbles, spring, windows and rainy days, just to name a few. More of interest for purposes of this site is an essay called "Tea-Drinking at Breakfast." It opens with a rather flowery tribute to the joys of the breakfast table, "a cheerful object" and one that, of course, is "glittering with the tea-pot."
Which goes on for a bit and then the author inquires of the readers, "do you know how to make good tea?" Fortunately, for those who might not possess this particular skill, he goes on to provide a few tips. If you're wondering how this works here's the condensed version – a metal tea-pot, thoroughly boiling water, soft water, and warming the pot before steeping, to name a few.
Then there's that age-old question about what to do with the milk. Hunt recommends putting it in the cup along with sugar before pouring in the tea. All of which – and more – can be boiled down to the following, "boiling, proportion and attention, are the three magic words of tea-making."
From there Hunt goes on at fairly great length on various tea-related topics, including a discussion of its origins in China and some not so flattering thoughts about the Chinese. And more, all of it delivered in Hunt's oftentimes rambling, verbose and florid prose. One might also note that the subject of tea and breakfast is not all that extensively treated. But while it might be a little tough to get through it's yet another document in the long history of tea and thus is still worth a look.
See more of William I. Lengeman's articles here.
© Online Stores, Inc., and The English Tea Store Blog, 2009-2014. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this article's author and/or the blog's owner is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Online Stores, Inc., and The English Tea Store Blog with appropriate and specific direction to the original content.
If you wanted to make a few cautious generalizations about the future of tea – as I'm about to do – you could start by taking a look at the past. At its most basic, tea is a relatively simple thing, at least in comparison to something like a computer or an iPhone. Which is to say much of it has not changed over the years and will likely not do so in the future.
On the production end of things it's probably safe to say that tea growing and harvesting is not that much different than it ever was, except for the fact that some of the key steps have been mechanized. But while some aspects of tea harvesting, for example, have been mechanized in certain regions, the delicate nature of tea leaves and the precision required to select just the right ones means that we often still see good old-fashioned non-mechanized humans plucking them. Perhaps we'll see slightly more sophisticated machines processing and harvesting tea in the future but will it look that much different than it does now? It's not for me say.
Then there's that critical portion of the tea equation – making it ready to drink. Which also hasn't changed that much over the centuries – except when it has. While we see more fancy automated gadgets as the years pass and we'll undoubtedly see more in the future, for many people the process of heating water and pouring it over tea leaves or a bag is not that much different than it ever was.
But what about the business of conducting the business of tea? Look to the past again. The flurry of tea houses that opened in the United States and elsewhere in the last decade or so would not have seemed all that unfamiliar to Thomas Twining, who went into business in the early days of a coffee/teahouse craze that was sweeping through London in the seventeenth century.
Of course Twining and his contemporaries didn't have Twitter, Pinterest, Facebook and so on to help them get the good word out, nor could his customers make use of online commerce to order tea and have it shipped to their front door. When it comes to figuring out what types of these technological wonders the future might hold maybe you could try looking toward science fiction.
One thing is fairly certain, no matter how far into the future you go. People will still drink tea in their homes and workplaces (which may look a bit more Jetsonish), and they will probably still gather in public places devoted to the fine arts of tea selling and consuming.
See more of William I. Lengeman's articles here.
© Online Stores, Inc., and The English Tea Store Blog, 2009-2014. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this article's author and/or the blog's owner is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Online Stores, Inc., and The English Tea Store Blog with appropriate and specific direction to the original content.


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Originally posted on Fox Sports Southwest | Last updated 12/23/12
ARLINGTON, Texas The Cowboys no longer control their own destiny. With a 34-31 overtime loss Sunday to the New Orleans Saints, the Cowboys need help to reach the playoffs. Here are my five thoughts on the Cowboys falling to 8-7, a game back of Washington for the NFC East lead, with one game remaining. 1.) Jason Garrett's bunch has become Baltimore Ravens and Philadelphia Eagles fans. One of those teams needs to defeat the New York Giants to give the Cowboys a playoff shot with a win next Sunday in Washington. The Cowboys need to win the division to reach the postseason. They can't do that now without a Giants loss. But even that might not be enough. With the way the Redskins are playing, winning their last six in a row, the Cowboys will have no chance without an effective running game. The Saints held the Cowboys to 40 yards on the ground. That won't get it done. 2.) Yes, the Cowboys allowed 34 points Sunday and that's rarely going to earn a victory. But take a step back before ...
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Scott Allen
Scott Allen
Friday, April 4, 201404/04/2014
Adventureland Named Top Amusement Park
Every year, my wife and I make it a point to take our girls to Adventureland as many times as we can during the summer.
Thursday, April 3, 201404/03/2014
6 Foods Happy People Put In Grocery Carts
Eat to beat depression by stocking up on these six grocery items to make you less irritable, more alert, and all around happier.
Saturday, November 2, 201311/02/2013
WICKED: Through the Eyes of a 5 Year Old
Giving my daughter her first experience of seeing live theater at the Des Moines Civic Center is one of the best decisions I've ever made in her young life.
Saturday, October 26, 201310/26/2013
A WICKED Deal!
WICKED's turning 10! If you don't have your tickets yet, I've just learned of a WICKED deal on some great seats.
Friday, October 25, 201310/25/2013
Inside Our Halloween Costume Potluck Party
We take our potlucks pretty seriously at STAR 102.5. Add some costumes, and poof: Instant Halloween Costume Potluck Party.
Wednesday, October 23, 201310/23/2013
Is P!nk Postponing Her Tour?
P!nk is postponing some upcoming tour dates. Find out if Des Moines is on the list…
Monday, October 14, 201310/14/2013
Cher Ticket Details Released
Cher announced her "Dressed To Kill" tour will be making a stop in Des Moines on June 9, 2014. Now, we have details on when you can buy tickets, and – for how much.
Wednesday, August 21, 201308/21/2013
What's On Your Phone?
I had a hard time getting to sleep last night. So, I decided to grab my phone and kill a few minutes flipping through some old photos. I came across a few doozies…
Thursday, July 11, 201307/11/2013
Just In: Taylor Swift Tickets Released Tomorrow
Miss your chance to buy Taylor Swift tickets? Tickets released tomorrow…
Friday, June 28, 201306/28/2013
Shhhhhh! Keeping a Secret
By now, you know that Secret Sound #1 is right field fountain at Principal Park. Stacey Bonham from Winterset won…


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I want to put in a adjacency matrix the following graph:
The left figure is a node link representation of an 8 node network. The right one is an adjacency matrix representation of the same network. The number of grey cells is equal to the number of links in the graph.
So I want to make a static assigned adjacency matrix. What would be the best approach in
C language?
I was thinking something like:
int Matrix[8][8];
and then assign a 1 if the node is connected to other node and 0 if it is not. Also I was thinking to keep a counter for the number of neighbours a node has, like A has 2, B has 3...
But all this I want to be static not dynamic.


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Caryn S. Fennell
We Bring the Law to You
About Caryn S. FennellI have over twenty-three years of professional and executive experience, including service in the United States Army. I also have and twenty-four years of education, including studies in my Associates Degree, Bachelor of Arts, Master of Arts, Industrial/Organizational Ph.D. Program and in my Juris Doctor Program. I own and manage the law offices of Caryn S. Fennell & Associates which I opened on November 9, 2010, the same day I swore into the Bar Association and the Georgia Courts. Since opening my firm, I have closed over 850 family and criminal law cases. I specialize in complex custody matters, and have a passion for parental alienation cases. My firm is most proud of our ability to expertly navigate the most complex legal issues and apply the breadth of professional experience to the management and care of every case and client we serve. My firm has an excellent reputation for aggressive case investigation, persistent advocacy, and for implementing a very reasonable fee structure for clients. I ensure the firm provides every client with personalized service and review every case in detail to develop a customized resolution strategy for each client. I coined the phrase, "client-centered lawyer" because we are different than the rest in that we never place money above the needs of our clients.
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Professional Experience
|Managing Attorney, Caryn S. Fennell, P.C.
|John Marshall Law School - Atlanta
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|University of South Florida
Website: Caryn S. Fennell & Associates
Blog: The Georgia Law Report
Woman Stripped Searched in Public – Caryn S. Fennell, P.C. Modify Child Support in Georgia – Caryn Fennell Family Law Help, Divorce Attorneys – Caryn S. Fennell, P.C. – Woodstock, Ga Caryn Fennell's Reviews – Woodstock, GA Attorney – Avvo.com Texas District Attorney Disbarred – Caryn S. Fennell, P.C. Mother ruins Child/Father Bond – Caryn S. Fennell SCOTUS Saves Obamacare – Caryn S. Fennell Jury Awards Ex-Ethics Chief $700,000 – Caryn S. Fennell Student's lawsuit against parents for support
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Thank you to all our veterans - and to our active members of the military, may your days be filled with many blessings.— Caryn S. Fennell (@Fennell_at_Law) May 25, 2015
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I was just endorsed by Melissa Sue Bowen on Avvo http://rpx.me/1/brBw— Caryn S. Fennell (@Fennell_at_Law) November 22, 2014
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We live in a world filled with negativity. Each day we are confronted with the world's message--a message of death, destruction and lack. It's NOT for us! God has given us another message--a message of hope, love, healing, and the wondrous power of faith.
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Discover the powerful affect of obeying Jesus' command to "only believe"!
|Format: Paperback
Number of Pages: 32
Vendor: Harrison House
Dimensions: 5.50 X 3.50 (inches)
Availability: In Stock


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Game 17 Preview: Sacramento Kings vs. Toronto Raptors
Looking ahead to tonight's match-up between the Kings and Raptors.
Kings' Speech: Game 17 vs. Toronto Raptors
Previewing tonight's match-up with Kings coach Keith Smart and forward James Johnson.
John Salmons adapting to new role as Sacramento Kings locker room leader
The veteran swingman has taken it upon himself to become more vocal with teammates in his 10th NBA season.
Minor League Soccer is coming to Sacramento: Wake me up when it's over
Sacramento announces that minor league soccer is coming to the river city in 2014.
Sacramento Kings, Tyreke Evans hopeful about Wednesday return against Toronto Raptors
The Kings starting shooting guard is day-to-day after suffering left knee injury a week ago against the Timberwolves.
Upon return to Sacramento Kings' lineup, will Tyreke Evans see increase in minutes?
How will Keith Smart manage his starting shooting guard's playing time?
The state of the Sacramento Kings through the eyes of the fan
A fan's take on why shuffling the deck may not lead to greener pastures for the Kings.
Sunday Musings: Change in the air for the Sacramento Kings?
After another disappointing loss to the Clippers on Saturday night, it's time for change in Sacramento.
Road Reaction: Los Angeles Clippers 116, Sacramento Kings 81
Kings lose to the Clippers in blowout fashion.
Game 16 Preview: Sacramento Kings at Los Angeles Clippers
Previewing tonight's second game in as many nights for the Kings.


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FatSecret Calorie Counter is the essential app to simply find nutritional info for the food you eat and to keep track of your meals, exercise and weight. The Calorie Counter application has all the cool tools to help you succeed: A food quick pick to find calorie and full nutrition information. A food diary to plan and keep track of what you're eating. An activity diary to record all the calories you burn. A weight chart. A journal to record your progress. You can also sync and access your account online to access your info anywhere, any time.More
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No way to reset password or get forgotten login info. Requires lots of moving screen to screen. Not very intuitive.More
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Like app very much. Comprehensive food lookup, and exercises or daily activities added are deducted from metabolic resting rate. Changed total carb measure for net carbs to help with Banting diet. Can be as simple or specific as you want. Track everything or just some things, weight, food, exercise, etc.More
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Great app! I wish I had a water option.More
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The best application for Windows Phone.More
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O would love this app even more if I understood how to understand the exercise tracker irked. I dont know if I am eating to much or to little when it come down to it with exercise. And how do we manage our diet with kcals?More
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This app is 5 stars. It is small in size, but it tracks weight, exercise, food, and gives graphs to compare in and out on calories, weight goal. You can plan your exercise in the future. I'm impressed.More
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Love this app, it keeps me on track!More
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I recently began an eating plan based on macros. I found this app to be extremely helpful until the screen layout changed for today's date and the macro info disappeared. It still shows macro info for yesterday and all days prior to today, but it will only show me total calories consumed for today, not carbs, fat and protein...which I what I NEED to see. Needless to say, I'm very frustrated! Before I began experiencing these problems, I likely would've rated the food diary part 5 stars. The exercise log, however, is VERY inaccurate in regards to how many calories you burn during exercise. I wear a heart rate monitor that tells me how many I'm burning and this app says I'm burning double that!More
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Home Decor 8''x 8'' Fabric Swatch Jaclyn Smith Jigsaw-Oyster
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This collection includes an array of prints featuring: floral bouquets, detailed Jacobeans, ethnic batiks, traditional damasks, and intricate paisleys. The wovens and faux silks, which were designed to work with the prints in design and color, include luxurious solids, colorful stripes, chenille jacquards, pleated diamonds, and delicate embroideries.
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text: http://centos.1050465.n5.nabble.com – Hey Y'all, How much can I trust the output of dmidecode? The manual that came with my MB says that my MB can support up to 2 Gb of DDR2 RAM. dmidecode seems tell me that I can load up to 8 Gb on this MB. As 4 Gb DDR2 sticks cost about $100 each I figured maybe I should ask, what's the chances that I can plug in two 4 Gb sticks in this machine and actually have it work? [root@mushroom ~]# dmidecode | more <<SNIP>> Memory Controller Information Error Detecting Method: 64-bit ECC Error Correcting Capabilities: &nb (HowTos)


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Arizona Cardinals
Next Man Up
The Daryl Washington suspension, and the shock thereof, has subsided. A gloomy weekend of consideration and analysis has brought me to a conclusion: The Daryl Washington era is most likely over here in Arizona.
I don't know this to be the case. These words are pure speculation on my part, but if I were the GM of the Cards I would be forced to say goodbye to D-Wash. You can't depend on him. And not being able to depend on a player makes planning an exercise in futility. GMs make plans, long term and short term. Unfortunately, you can make neither when it comes to Washington.
What do the Cards do now? Well, short term, they need to answer two questions as it pertains to their defense: what do they do in run-down situation (1 & 10, 2 & 1-6) AND sub packages? D-Wash used to stay on the field in both situations. He was adept at using his speed and quickness to make tackles in the box and could cover some receivers in third and obvious pass situations. He never left the field. Now they'll have to use two (or more) players to fill his role.
I think they'll use a combination of players. In run down, Kevin Minter and Larry Foote are the most likely candidates to line up based on the offense's personnel grouping. Although I expect big things out of Kevin Minter and believe Larry Foote is a capable defender, juxtaposing those two names with Karlos Dansby and Daryl Washington shows you the depth of Todd Bowles' problem.
This was the best rush defense in the league in 2013. Now, what makes them the best rush defense in the league are the guys with their hands in the dirt, Dan Williams, Darnell Dockett and Calais Campbell to name a few. And Matt Shaughnessy as the SAM backer in this defense was, and is, so understated. But the Cards are going from two exclamation points in their defense to two question marks. That's never good.
In sub packages, especially third & obvious pass situations involving nickel and dime personnel, possible new signee Ernie Sims and newly acquired Larry Foote may be the best alternative in nickel; or Todd Bowles could just go with more dime personnel (6 DBs) and, depending on the down & distance, use someone like Sims and a DB in the box.
I would also expect to see the Arizona Cardinals be very active now that the June 1st cuts are upon us. Steve Keim has been very good at acquiring talent late in the league year and Big Red is going to need his recruiting talent in order to soften the Washington blow.
Long term, the Cards will do nothing and let the process work itself out. I would imagine the Cardinals are going to go after the $10 million they gave him in March. Now, remember, those payments are incremental, deferred, and don't happen all at once…unless they cut Washington now. This will not happen because the cap hit they would take would be prohibitive and, more importantly, should they cut Washington now, guarantee him all of the $10 million in bonuses.
On a personal note, I wish Daryl the best and hope he goes on to have a long, productive career. I hope he matures and understands the great gifts he's been given and the importance of keeping his nose clean off the field. I have seen too many players with outstanding talent squander that ability on the pile of Shoulda-Been-Great.
NFL players, above all, need to be dependable and accountable…on the field and off. This has not been the case for Daryl. It's that simple.
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Thursday October 8
Ron Jaworski discusses whether the Cardinals have some issues or if the Rams game was just a fluke.
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iHerb Customer Reviews
Least smelling Krill oil I have ever used
Posted by 5358151171619814524 on Jun 06, 2015
Seems good. I have also tried the Mercola Krill oil and the BioCeuticals Krill oil. All are really good but this one smells the least. Will have to use this for 3 months before I can give a proper review.
If you are looking for a review on this product you know the benefits of Krill Oil!
Posted by Arunagiri on Sep 14, 2014
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Good one
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I recently switched from a regular EPA/DHA supplement. This seems to work better for inflammation. Great Value.
Great product
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If your going to take fish oil, this is the one to take for Omega 3.


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All I Have To Do Is Dream (ver. 1) by Boudleaux Bryant - Piano Sheets and Free Sheet Music
About the Song
"All I Have to Do Is Dream" is a popular song made famous by the Everly Brothers, written by the legendary husband and wife songwriting team Felice and Boudleaux Bryant, and published in 1958. The song is ranked #141 on the Rolling Stone magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. By far the best-known version was recorded by The Everly Brothers and originally appeared on the album Everly Brothers Best in 1959. The first version they recorded was laid down in just two takes, [1] on March 6, 1958. The song has also featured on several notable lists of the best songs or singles of all time, including Q's 1001 best songs ever in 2003 and Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, where it placed 141. The record is the only one to be at #1 on all of Billboard's singles charts simultaneously, on June 2, 1958. It first reached #1 on the "Most played by Jockeys" and "Top 100" charts on.
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Felice Bryant (August 7, 1925 – April 22, 2003) and Boudleaux Bryant (February 13, 1920 – June 25, 1987)[1] were an American wife and husband country music songwriting team who were also at the forefront of the evolution of pop music. They are perhaps best known for their song "Rocky Top" and numerous Everly Brothers' hits including "All I Have to Do Is Dream" and "Bye Bye Love". Boudleaux was born Diadorius Boudleaux Bryant in Shellman, Georgia and was trained as a classical violinist. During the 1937–38 season he performed with the Atlanta Philharmonic Orchestra but had more interest in country fiddling and joined a western music band. In 1945 he met Matilda Genevieve Scaduto while performing at a hotel in her hometown of Milwaukee, Wisconsin and their meeting resulted in a marriage of two future Hall of Fame songwriters. Felice, as Matilda Genevieve Scaduto's husband affectionately called her, came from an Italian family of music lovers and although she had done some singing, she was a poet at heart with a natural gift for writing songs that - combined with her husband's music expertise - led to them becoming one of the most.
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updated 03/28/2010 AT 5:00 PM ET
•originally published 03/29/2010 AT 6:30 AM ET
While Tiger Woods is preparing to return to golf at the Masters in Augusta, Ga., on April 8, his wife Elin Nordegren must decide whether to attend the tournament, in what would be a very public display of support for her husband.
And that's just the scenario Tiger's camp would like to see happen, according to a source close to Nordegren.
"Elin does not want to go to the Masters and is preparing for a trip to see her family and friends in Sweden," the source tells PEOPLE. "She is also being asked by Tiger to attend the Masters, even if for a half day, to look like she is interested in supporting his return to golf. But she would rather not be there."


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