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The Applied Anthropologist 40 Vol. 28, No. ?, Spring 2008 Health Effects of Pesticide Exposure among Filipino Rice Farmers1Satish K. Kedia2 and Florencia G. Palis3Abstract This article discusses the acute and chronic health effects of pesticide exposure among Filipino rice farmers. Data were collected from 50 farmers during 2002 and 2003 using a semi-structured questionnaire to elicit demographic information, various aspects of farming life, types and extent of pesticide use, exposure means, and self-reported acute and chronic illness experiences. Study participants had been farming for 20 years and applying an average of four to six pesticides approximately three times a year. The most common acute health problems reported by farmers were fatigue (52.0%), dizziness (50.0%), and body pain (32.0%). Farmers reported 43 different types of chronic health-related symptoms which were categorized as neurological (noted by 98.0% of farmers), dermal (90.0%), systemic (88.0%), respiratory (88.0%), ophthalmic (82.0%), gastrointestinal/renal (80.0%), and cardiovascular (56.0%). Chronic health problems were significantly lower for farmers who sold emptied pesticide containers (B=-3.479, p=0.01), for those with higher annual household incomes (B=-0.000, p=0.01), and for those who had attained vocational training compared to elementary school alone (B=6.101, p=0.02). Please see six tables of data following the article's text.Thuman health. The advent of the Green Revolu-tion in the early ?960s prompted the agricultural sector to dramatically increase pesticide use in order to boost crop production. The first use of dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) was in ?945. This synthetic insecti-cide is highly toxic as a contact poison because it apparently disorganizes the nervous system. Annual pesticide use has risen an estimated 50-fold to over five billion pounds worldwide (Pimentel et al. ?998; Kiely et al. 2004). In the Philippines, DDT was used in conjunction with the introduction of the hybrid strains of rice, which resulted in bumper crops of rice. While DDT was banned in the Philippines in ?994, the use of other equally potent pesticides continued to increase (Grabe et al. ?995; Pingali and Roger ?994; International Labor Organization ?999). The effects of these pesticides have been devas-tating to the entire ecosystem, affecting soil and water quality, flora and fauna, and humankind. The biggest impacts among human populations have been on the farmers who face the occupa-tional hazards of working with, and often living in close proximity to, these toxic agents.An estimated ?.3 billion workers are active in Introductionhe indiscriminate use of pesticides over the past half-century has caused exten-sive damage to the environment and agricultural production worldwide, with 80% of these workers found in Asia (Rice 2000). In the Philippines, 4?% of the total labor force is involved in agriculture (Forastieri 2000). Pesti-cides are widely used in order to increase crop yields and protect against insect infestation. Yet the International Labor Organization (ILO) estimates that as much as ?4% of all occupa-tional injuries are due to exposure to pesticides and other agrochemical constituents, and ?0% of these injuries – around ?7,000 per year – are fatal (International Labor Organization 2000). In subsequent reports issued between ?990 and 2002, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that from one to five million cases of pesticide poisoning occur among agricultural workers each year, resulting in approximately 20,000 fatalities (World Health Organization ?990). However, the reality of pesticide-related illness could actually be far worse, as no large-scale epidemiological studies have been con-ducted anywhere in the world. Most documented studies related to pesti-cide exposure have included small groups of farmers in a select few countries and have been primarily based on self-reports or extrapolation from vital statistics. This is likely due to the challenges associated with clearly establishing the causal links of the chronic health symptoms with prolonged pesticide exposure. These studies have, however, consistently reported the negative
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The Applied Anthropologist 4? Vol. 28, No. ?, Spring 2008health impacts of pesticide use. The primary goals of the research reported in this paper are: (?) to ascertain pesticide exposure risks associ-ated with a particular farming population, Filipino rice farmers; (2) to discuss self-reported acute and chronic signs and symptoms of pesticide-related illnesses occurring in this population; and (3) to assess vulnerability factors associated with pesticide-related illnesses among these Filipino rice farmers.Pesticide Exposure RisksModern agriculture has exacerbated some old risks and created several new hazards for the health, safety, and well-being of persons engaged in agriculture and related industries, particularly those in developing nations. In these countries, a lack of adequate manpower and financial resources to advise on and enforce the limited national laws and international regulations fail to safeguard farmers, often rendering them vulnerable to damaging direct exposure to pesti-cides and agrochemical residues. Some factors responsible for this situation are: (?) unanswered needs for appropriate pesticide controls and legislation on labor conditions; (2) a lack of pollutant monitoring for food, drinking water, or the environment; limited or no national procedures for approval or registration of modern pesticides; (3) a need for information provision and aware-ness-raising aimed at small enterprises such as frms on proper storage, handling, or use of pesticides and disposal of waste pesticides, residues, and empty containers; and limited access to proper waste management. To identify pesticides that require stricter controls, the World Health Organization (WHO) developed The WHO Recommended Classifica-tion of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification: 2004 (WHO 2005), a scale of acute toxicity that has established hazardous ratings of pesticides. The WHO system is based on LD50, the dose (oral or dermal) in mg of pure chemical per kg of body weight that was found to kill 50.0% of a sample population of rats that were fed the pesticide in laboratory tests. In this system, agrochemicals are classified according to their hazard level: IA–extremely hazardous, IB–Highly hazardous, II–Moderately hazardous, III–Slightly hazardous, U–Unlikely to present an acute hazard with normal use, FM–Fumigant not classified, and O–Obsolete or deleted chemi-cal. In addition, the Food and Agriculture Orga-nization (FAO) of the United Nations created its International Code of Conduct on the Distribu-tion and Use of Pesticides in ?985 (FAO 2002) to reduce the health and environmental risks asso-ciated with pesticides. Although the FAO instructs producers and users in appropriate agrochemical handling practices, the FAO has no ability to enforce the codes. Generally, the FAO codes attempt to limit the significant adverse effects of pesticides on people or the environ-ment by requiring quality packaging and mar-ket-appropriate labeling and directions on prod-ucts, and by restricting pesticide use and prohib-iting pesticides classified as IA or IB or those that require tropical climate-prohibitive or expensive protective gear. Over the years, several countries have imple-mented the WHO and FAO recommendations in order to control pesticide use. The Sri Lankan government, for example, has been implement-ing WHO and FAO recommendations since the late ?980s to determine which pesticides should be allowed for use in the country. By the mid-?990s, all Class I pesticides were banned there, after which the number of deaths due to metami-daphos and other Class I organophosphorus compounds (OPs) fell dramatically (Roberts et al. 2003). Similarly, the Republic of the Philip-pines established certain pesticides as restricted or banned through its Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority (FPA), created on May 30, ?977, to manage the registration of pesticides, active ingredients, and formulations by ensuring (through examination of support data submit-ted from manufacturers and distributors as well as evaluations of biological efficacy and chemi-cal, physical, and technological data) that any pesticide made available to end-users would be considered safe. The FPA has managed to remove the most extreme agrochemicals from common use. But the proper use of pesticides, as dictated by the manufacturers, remains a problem among
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The Applied Anthropologist 42 Vol. 28, No. ?, Spring 2008 end-users. This is because of a lack of knowledge about pesticide safety practices and their inabil-ity to comprehend the complex label instructions on agrochemicals, which are often written in foreign languages with no translation in the local language. Farmers in developing countries like the Philippines are left even more vulnerable due to their poor working conditions, lack of awareness about the dangers of pesticides, mismatched farmers' perceptions and beliefs regarding pesti-cides and health, inferior protective measures taken during the pesticide sprays, and an absence of adequate medical facilities. The considerable expense required to obtain and renew protective equipment is out of reach for most of the largely-impoverished farmers in developing countries. Interventions or policy recommendations, where existent, do train farmworkers in the so-called safe use of pesticides by suggesting that wearing gloves, aprons, face shields, cotton work clothes, and boots provide adequate protection from most pesticides. However, even such mediocre equipment is overly cumbersome for farmers in the hot and humid tropical climates typical to agricultural communities in developing nations and is therefore rarely used. Without proper equipment or product-handling knowledge, these farmers are exposed to pesticides directly through the skin, the mouth, inhalation, and ingestion, and also indirectly through chemical residues that contaminate their clothes, water, and food. This, in turn, results in the presence of agrochemical residues in their working and living environments, thus leading to uninten-tional, occupational pesticide poisoning (War-burton et al. ?995). When farmers do manage to use protective equipment or wear minimally protective and absorptive long-sleeved and long-legged work clothes, the resulting excessive per-spiration can actually increase dermal exposure to the toxic chemicals handled. Hazardous chemical substances are not often transported or handled with proper care by farmworkers, and excessive use or misuse is pervasive. Focus group discussions with Indone-sian farmers indicated that they believed fre-quent applications of strong pesticides were necessary to kill all damaging insects and to prevent blemishes on cash crops (Kishi et al. ?995, cited in Murphy et al. ?999). Sales repre-sentatives of large agrochemical industries rein-force this message regularly in developing nations, so that feeling ill from exposure and the laborious work is understood by the farmers as a necessary cost of doing business (Kishi et al. ?995, cited in Murphy et al. ?999). Acutely toxic pesticides, used without adequate safety mea-sures or protective clothing, are mostly mixed or otherwise prepared by hand in these farming communities and are often stored in containers or bottles typically used for benign purposes such as holding beverages. Re-use of pesticide containers for food or water storage is an invari-able source of contamination and toxic exposure by farmers, farm-workers, and farming house-holds, as is inappropriate use such as using pesticides to catch fish or for other environmen-tally hazardous tasks. Yet another exposure risk typical to agricultural communities in develop-ing nations is the storage and use of pesticides in or near the home, which also endangers farm-worker families.The work and home environment can easily be further contaminated when pesticide contain-ers are not disposed of properly, whether through dumping remnants on the ground or in surface water during the cleaning process, or through neglecting to clean containers and unsuitably storing or burying them. Though only residual agrochemicals typically remain as a result of these inadvertently negligent practices, "[s]ome such pesticides, says the FAO [Food and Agricul-tural Organization], are so toxic that a few grams could poison thousands of people or contaminate a large area" (Rice 2000: 62). Recognized Health Effects of Pesticide ExposureAlthough the health risks of pesticide expo-sure are widely known, many of the manifesta-tions of toxicity resemble the symptoms of other conditions linked to farm-workers' lives. These include infectious disease, unsanitary environ-ments, taxing labor, substance abuse, and overall poor health (Arcury and Quandt ?998; Murphy et al. ?999; Arcury et al. 2000; FPA 2002). Due to this uncertain etiology, pesticide toxicity is generally determined by documenting those symptoms associated with agrochemical expo-
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The Applied Anthropologist 43 Vol. 28, No. ?, Spring 2008sure in clinical observations and self-reports of persons with a history of likely exposure. Still, problems with this diagnostic approach are shrouded with a number of caveats as reported by Reigart and Roberts, First, all manifestations of illness have mul-tiple causes, pesticidal and nonpesticidal. Sec-ond, there are no specific symptoms that are invariably present in poisonings by particular pesticides. Third, many poisonings are character-ized by unexpected manifestations. Finally, neither route of exposure nor dosage of pesticide is taken into account in [signs or symptom listings] (Reigart and Roberts ?999: 2?0).Nonetheless, there is extensive literature on an alarming range of specific health impacts tied to pesticide poisoning. For example, a study comprising before-and-after observations of Indonesian shallot farmers established that over one fifth (2?.0%) of pesticide sprayings produced "three or more neurobehavioral, gastrointestinal, and respiratory symptoms of pesticide poison-ing" (Kishi et al. ?995: ?24). Research on farmers in the state of Iowa in the United States exposed to an unusually high amount of pesticides reveals an array of symptoms. These include "headaches, skin irritation, nausea or vomiting, dizziness, and feeling excessively tired . . .chest discomfort, breathing difficulties, nervousness or depression, eye irritation, jerking or involun-tary movement of the arm and legs" (Alavanja et al. 200?:560). Toxicity is simply "the innate capacity of a chemical to be poisonous" (US EPA ?992: 26). And a full understanding of the health problems resulting from pesticide exposure requires addi-tional consideration of the toxicity type, the agrochemical(s) involved, the frequency and pathway(s) of exposure, the quantities used per given parcel, and the physical characteristics of the individual such as size and weight. Health impacts from chronic (prolonged or repeated) pesticide exposure include "tumors and cancer, reproductive problems such as sterility and birth defects, damage to the nervous system, damage or degeneration of internal organs such as the liver, and allergic sensitization to particular chemicals" (FPA 2002:?26). In a 2000-200? study on pesticide poisoning from data of hospitals in such regions of the Philippines as Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, 9.?% of poisoning cases were severe, 33.4% were moderate, 5?.9% were minor, and 5.6% were non-cases (Panganiban 2005). In an earlier Sri Lankan research project, 62.0% of farmers reported experiencing acute (rapid onset) health effects from direct pesticide exposure during spray applications, including headaches, dizziness, nausea, and blurred vision (Van der Hoek et al. ?998). Other studies note that chronic toxicity from a history of spraying creates longer-lasting neurological problems, including anxiety, memory loss, mood changes, impaired vision, and delayed neuropathy (Mar-quez et al. ?990; Arcury and Quandt, ?998). Those who are applying pesticides are not the only ones to experience health problems. Resi-dents living near sprayed sites, who are exposed to pesticide drifts from the fields, have com-plained of chronic headaches, nausea, vomiting, respiratory distress, fatigue, and tingling in the hands and feet. They evidence a connection between agrochemical exposure and mood change as measured by neuropsychological tests (Marquez et al. ?990; Pingali et al. ?994). Research MethodologyWe conducted fieldwork during 2002 and 2003, with brief follow-up visits in 2004 and 2005, in two villages near Cabanatuan City in the northeast Lagare area of the Nueva Ecija Province in Central Luzon, Philippines, approxi-mately ?50 kilometers (93 miles) from Manila, the capital city. The agricultural base of the Nueva Ecija Province consists of rice and vegeta-ble cultivation with an immediate market for produce in neighboring provinces and in Manila. In ?999, the Philippine government began a program called Masagana 99 or Bountiful 99, with the goal of harvesting 99 sacks of rice from each hectare of land. Through this program, farmers of Nueva Ecija were introduced to a modern rice variety that doubled the production but also required heavier agrochemical use and, therefore, a closer examination of potential health impacts of pesticide exposure on the farmers and their work and living environments. Study participants were men who (?) had been actively involved in farming and pesticide applications continuously for at least five years, who (2) were primarily a rice farmer or farm
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The Applied Anthropologist 44 Vol. 28, No. ?, Spring 2008 worker, and who (3) had no history of major health problem(s) before becoming a farmer or farm worker. We recruited eligible participants using non-probability consecutive sampling. Women were excluded from the study population because, whereas Filipino females participated in some aspects of agricultural activities, they almost never sprayed pesticides in the fields and were not involved in physical labor on the farm. Although the changing cash economy, with diversified livelihoods, is pushing some women in the Philippines to work on farms, most still retain their roles as primary caregivers and man-agers of the household.We employed a semi-structured question-naire following a triangulated research method-ology. We used quantitative and qualitative questions to collect data on demographics, various aspects of farming life, types and extent of pesticide use, exposure means, and self-reported acute and chronic illnesss to determine factors associated with higher levels of chronic health symptoms. Three researchers at the Inter-national Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and a local field assistant from one of the villages reviewed our draft questionnaire, We modified it based on their input. The original English ques-tionnaire was translated into Tagalog, the native language of the study population. We had the help of two local Tagalog-speaking field assis-tants. One was from the International Rice Research Institute who was also well-versed in English and could effectively navigate between Tagalog and English, and the other was from one of the study villages. Translation into Tagalog was under the supervision of Florencia G. Palis, this paper's co-author, who is proficient in both Tagalog and English. Both research assistants had considerable experience interviewing local farmers for other IRRI projects. And they were specifically trained to conduct interviews using our questionnaire, which was pilot-tested for linguistic nuances and cultural subtleties and modified to eliminate any confusion. The questionnaire includes demographic items such as age, linguistic group, education, marital status, number of children, and annual household income. There are farming history items such as the age the respondent began farming and the age he began applying pesti-cides. The agricultural activities include pesti-cide use, spray, and disposal practices, and acute/chronic manifestations of pesticide exposure. Farmers were asked how they felt during and immediately following pesticide spraying to ascertain acute manifestations and were then probed about their general health condition to gauge the chronic signs and symptoms possibly related to pesticides. The interviews were con-ducted in Tagalog, and the field assistants took notes and tape-recorded the interviews. All tapes were later transcribed, translated into English, and coded. Quantitative data were entered into Microsoft Excel and analyzed using the statisti-cal package SPSS and SAS. Data analyses com-prise descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations for ordinal and categorical dependent variables in relation to independent variables, means for interval variables, and multivariate regression analysis.Of the lengthy responses elicited from farm-ers concerning their work and lifestyles, those regarding basic demographics, types and extent of pesticide use, and reported exposure means were examined. Pesticide application frequency and container disposal methods were considered the primary means of exposure, since people in close proximity to spray equipment and pesticide containers were subject to exposure, and unsafe pesticide storage and disposal practices indicated a high probability of accidental exposure. Some additional sources of exposure were also briefly examined, including pesticide preparation, protective gear use, and the handling and wash-ing of work garments. Acute and chronic signs and symptoms reported by the farmers were noted to document the pesticide-related illnesses experienced by the study population. These reported symptoms were then compared to documented health impacts noted in previous studies. In keeping with the literature, particu-larly Reigart and Roberts (?999), chronic mani-festations reported by the study population were grouped into seven categories: neurological, respiratory, ophthalmic, dermal, gastrointesti-nal/renal, cardiovascular/blood-related, and systemic/generalized. Finally, we run multivariate regression analy-sis (Pedhazur ?997) using procedure regression from SAS/Stat Version 9.? to identify those
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The Applied Anthropologist 45 Vol. 28, No. ?, Spring 2008factors most likely to be associated with the number of symptoms for chronic illnesses expe-rienced by the farmers related to pesticide expo-sure. We adjusted for possible alternative con-tributors such as age and smoking history. Socio-economic characteristics thought to influence risk were entered as the independent variables for the regression analysis, and the number of chronic signs and symptoms were used as the dependent variables to ascertain factors associ-ated with chronic health symptoms. We looked for other factors such as size of the land, house-hold income, farmer's age, years farming, and years spraying. We took into account variables with a referent category, including educational level such as high school, college, and vocational versus elementary schooling; protective measures such as wearing a gas mask and/or gloves; con-tainer disposal (sold to junkshop, washed/reused, buried, and burned versus put in local environment). Smoking history as current smoker and ex-smoker versus nonsmoker were included as independent variables in the regres-sion model.Results: Study Population DemographicsOf the 50 Filipino rice farmers who met the inclusion criteria, the majority (98.0%, n=49) spoke Tagalog while (36%, n=?8) spoke both Tagalog and Ilokano (see Table ?). Most (66.0%) of the farmers were between 3? and 40 years old (37.?6 mean, 5.5? SD, 25–48y range). There were about the same number of farmers in the 36–40 age group (26.0%, n=?3) as in the 4?–50 group (28.0%, n=?4). About one third had attained an elementary education (34.0%, n=?7), and almost half had a high school education (46.0%, n=23), but few (20.0%) had continued their education in college (n=6) or vocational training (n=4). Almost all farmers (90%, n=45) were married, and most (68.0%, n=34) had one to four chil-dren. Study participants had been farming from 6 to 32 years (20.?4y mean, 6.43 SD) and apply-ing pesticides from 5 to 33 years (?8.76y mean, 7.?? SD), having first farmed between ?2 and 25 years old (?7.02y mean, 3.39 SD) and first han-dled agrochemicals between ?2 and 29 years old (?8.53y mean, 4.?8 SD). The mean annual house-hold income, which included rice farming plus other sources of income, in Filipino pesos was P28822.?3 (sd = P2266?.49), or approximately US$540.?5 (sd=US$424.69) annually. Some earned as little as P4000.00/US$74.96 and oth-ers as much as P?03000.00/US$?930.29, where P53.36=US$? (Reuters 2006).Pesticides UsedWhen asked which pesticides they had used in the past ?2 months, the participating Filipino rice farmers provided a rather extensive list of brand names, often with similar or the same chemical base, yielding 29 agrochemicals (sepa-rate or combined), nine of which were herbicides, ?5 insecticides, three molluscicides, and two rodenticides (see Table 2). The most common pesticides used by the study population con-tained some of the highly hazardous chemicals, as listed in The WHO Recommended Classifica-tion of Pesticides by Hazard (WHO IPCS 2005). Among the 34 individual active ingredients used alone or in combination by the Filipino farmers participating in this study, four (??.8%) are classified as IB or Highly hazardous, nineteen (55.9%) as II or Moderately hazardous, two (5.9%) as III or Slightly hazardous, and nine (26.5%) are classified as U or Unlikely to present acute hazard. Two thirds of the ?3 agrochemicals used by the most farmers (26.0% to 50.0%), including three that consist of two active ingre-dients, are either moderately or highly hazard-ous; three classified as U, one as III, eight as II, and one as IB.In terms of chemical family (see Table 3), the majority of the farmworkers used insecticides from the pyrethroid (76.0%), organophosphate (36.0%), or phenyl methylcarbamate (34.0%) families; herbicides from the acetamide-propan-amide (50.0%), acetamide (36.0%), and thiocar-bamate (34.0%) families; molluscicides from the hydroxybenzamide (56.0%) and aldehyde (28.0%) families; and rodenticides classified as inorganic compounds (38.0%). All other agrochemical families were only used by 2.0% to ?4.0% of participating farmers. An examination of spray-ing frequencies show that four of the six agro-chemicals with the highest average number of applications annually (5.00, 4.00, 3.88, and 3.56) were insecticides (two of which were only used by 8.0% or less of the study participants), while the fifth and sixth (3.33 each) most-frequently
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The Applied Anthropologist 46 Vol. 28, No. ?, Spring 2008 applied were two of the least reported chemical families used (Benzene herbicides and Coumarin rodenticides, both used by only 6.0% of the farmers).Frequency of Application. The more frequently pesticides were applied, the higher the potential level of toxicity to the farmer handling these agrochemicals (see Tables II and III). Of the ten active ingredients or com-pounds that were used by more than 26.0% and up to 50% of farmers, eight were also the chemi-cals applied in the heaviest quantities (?8.?0-38.73 L/ha and 2?.?7-?22.20 kg/ha). The remain-ing two, Metaldehyde (?.60L/ha and 9.60kg/ha) and Cyhalothrin, lambda (?6.65L/ha), are both WHO Class II chemicals, or moderately hazard-ous. Carbofuran (IB, highly hazardous) and Niclosamide (U, unlikely hazardous) were less-frequently applied but were nevertheless applied in large quantities (2?.?7 kg/ha and 23.0? kg/ha, respectively). Of those active ingredients handled by the most farmers and/or applied in the largest quantities, six were sprayed an average of three or more times each year (two were classified as IB, four as II). Among those pesticides applied three to six times annually, one was classified as IB, five as II, and two as U. When examined by chem-ical family, those used by study participants in largest mass per hectare were liquid pyrethroids (Class II) at 54.3 L/ha, hydroxybenzamides (Class U) at 45.? L/ha, acetamide-propanamide (Class U and III) compositions at 38.7 L/ha, organophosphates (Class IB and U) at 25.6 L/ha, and thiocarbamates (Class II) at 22.? L/ha; or dilutable powder acetamides (Class U) at ?39.9 kg/ha, phenyl methylcarbamates (Class II) at 29.? kg/ha, inorganic compound rodenticides (Class IB) at 33.2 kg/ha, and benzofuranyl meth-ylcarbamates (Class IB) at 2?.2 kg/ha). All other pesticide amounts fell below ?2 kg or 7 L/ha but still contributed an additional ?8.2 kg/ha of molluscicides and rodenticides as well as ?5.5 L/ha of insecticides and herbicides. Even the lower chemical doses were not as marginal as they first appear, considering the actual number of times that the dosing occurred (?.64 to 4.00 times annually, an average of 2.90 times). Additionally, 48.0% of the study popula-tion used four (n=9), five (n=8), or six (n=7) different brands of pesticides each year. Only ?0.0% (n=5) limited usage to one chemical annu-ally, and the remaining farmers (50.0%), besides one that did not give a definitive response to the question, used two brands (n=3), three brands (n=6), seven brands (n=6), eight brands (n=3), and the maximum nine brands (n=2) reported. Pesticide ExposureLack of appropriate information concerning the safe handling of agrochemicals and their possible health and environmental impacts contributed to the participating farmers' chronic pesticide exposure and related illnesses. Most farmers in this study reported receiving informa-tion from other farmers/landowners or from pesticide companies, many citing multiple sources for their information. Twenty-five (50.0%) received information on pesticide use from other farmers, one from his landowner, and five from their fathers. Three farmers said they relied on their own prior experiences. Another 23 reported receiving information from pesticide company agents or sales representatives, ?3 from presentations and meetings, three from agricul-tural supply stores, one from meetings expressly given by pesticide company agents, and one from pesticide product labels. While three stated that they had obtained information from technicians at their Department of Agriculture, only three looked to pamphlets or books on pesticides. Another three got information from the radio, one from his local councilman, and one from his own studies.Most of the pesticide exposure for the rice farmers in this study resulted from five or more years of multiple applications each season, from mishandling agrochemicals, and from a lifetime of environmental exposure through working and inhabiting areas barraged by pesticides. The potential for chronic toxicity is high because of methods of application and pesticide container disposal. When preparing agrochemicals for an appli-cation, the concentrated liquids or powders had to be diluted, and, invariably, the participating farmers would use unprotected hands to do so. Only 30.0% of the participating farmers reported using protective gas masks, and only ?6.0% wore gloves or boots during a spraying application.
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The Applied Anthropologist 47 Vol. 28, No. ?, Spring 2008Spills during the mixing process or while pour-ing into spraying machinations were additional sources of dermal exposure risk, as were the simple and ineffective use of ordinary pants, long-sleeve shirts, improvised capes, and t-shirt masks meant to stave off unhealthy pesticide exposure. In fact, these local means of protection served to create a greater risk because they were porous and soaked with pesticides by the end of an application, keeping doses of toxins close against the skin. Pores, open and expanded by the heat and sweat of such work, were constantly in contact with the agrochemicals through their soaked clothing and makeshift protection. Hab-its such as wiping sweat from the face with hands caked in pesticide or with chemical-soaked t-shirt masks also exposed pores. Few reported bathing (30.6%) or removing or washing clothes (?4.3%) immediately following a pesticide application. Many wore the same clothes for days, across applications of varying agrochemicals, without pausing to wash out formerly soaked-in pesticides. Almost all of the farmers (98.0%) only wore rubber slippers, if they wore any foot gear, during spraying, further exposing the skin through constant contact with newly sprayed grounds and plants, leaving sores and cuts on the feet and ankles exposed to tox-ins. Fine pesticide mists aggregated on the farm-ers' skin or were inhaled air-borne as farmers often walked behind the sprayers during applica-tions. Furthermore, most farmers reentered recently sprayed fields, where they smoked, ate, and drank throughout the day, with only a quar-ter (26.5%) washing their hands before doing so. Container DisposalMost of the farmers in this study did not have storage units outside their houses for pesti-cide containers and stored empty containers somewhere in their houses. Additionally, none of the farmers spoke of appropriately cleaning the containers before disposal. Over half of the farmers (58.0%, n=29) reported eventually sell-ing empty containers to junkshops, where they were likely to be reused as water or food contain-ers, thus allowing pesticide residues to be easily reintroduced. The next most common disposal method employed by the study participants was burial, with about half (50.0%, n=25) reporting that they placed the containers at times only a foot deep in soil near their homes or fields. Many farmers had built a storage cabinet under their house flooring or had simply piled empty con-tainers in an unfenced site on their farms. A fifth (20.0%, n=?0) stated that they stored them out of reach of their children, but the containers' prox-imity to the ecosystem or vulnerability to weather or untrained people were not reported except by those who stated that they threw empty containers into the local environment (?2.0%, n=6 in bamboo groves or trees; 8.0%, n=4 in the environment or nearby water) or stored them nearby (?0.0%), either in animal pens (n=?), a shed behind the house (n=3), or a hut on the farm property (n=?). Another 4.0% said that they accumulated containers in abandoned structures (n=?) or places far from the home (n=?). Four percent (n=2) reported washing and reusing the containers, and one (2.0%) said that he burned empty pesticide containers, though none men-tioned following the proper procedures or guide-lines to ensure safe disposal.Health Impacts of Pesticide Exposure, Acute Pesticide EffectsCompared to the number of chronic mani-festations, relatively few acute signs or symptoms were reported by the Filipino rice farmers included in this study, though a majority did report fatigue (52.0%, n=26) or dizziness (50.0%, n=25) immediately after spraying (see Table 4). About one-third of the farmers reported general-ized body pain (32.0%, n=?6) and weakness (26.0%, n=?3) as acute signs or symptoms, while nausea was only reported by four farmers (8.0%). All other acute manifestations were reported by only one or two Filipino rice farmers: drowsiness, headache, shortness of breath, coughing or sneezing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, burns, stiffness, numbness, cramps, blurred vision, or achy eyes. Health Impacts of Pesticide Exposure, Chronic Pesticide EffectsBy far, chronic manifestations were recounted in much greater numbers than the acute health problems reported among farmers. All but one of the seven chronic illness catego-ries, cardiovascular, revealed that 80.0% or more
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The Applied Anthropologist 48 Vol. 28, No. ?, Spring 2008 of the study participants experienced a sign or symptom of that classification (see Table V). By category, neurological symptoms far exceeded all others, with 98.0% (n=49) of farmers reporting one or more neurological symptom compared with dermal (90.0%, n=45), respiratory (88.0%, n=44), systemic or generalized (88.0%, n=44), ophthalmic (82.0%, n=4?), gastrointestinal or renal (80.0%, n=40), and cardiovascular or blood-related (56.0%, n=28). Among individual symptoms, systemic pain and dermal excessive sweating were reported by more farmers (each 86.0%, n=43) than any other chronic manifesta-tion. Following pain and excessive sweating in frequency reported were headache (84.0%, n=42), blurred vision (60.0%, n=30), drowsiness (56.0%, n=28), fatigue (54.0%, n=27), sleeplessness (52.0%, n=26), and abdominal cramps (50.0%, n=25). Although cardiovascular health problems were the least-frequently noted as a broad cat-egory, chest discomfort was still recorded by almost half of the study population (48.0%, n=24). Of the remaining manifestations, only ten fell at or below ?0.0% of the study partici-pants (loss of appetite, anemia, tremors, kidney disorder, abnormal heart rate, impaired coordi-nation, disorientation, contracted pupils, paraly-sis, cancer), while four impacted ?2.0% to 20.0% (eye problems, sinus, skin rash, abnormal blood pressure). Four were reported by about one quar-ter (22.0% to 26.0%) of the pesticide-spraying farmers (skin disorders, numbness, nail prob-lems, and vomiting or nausea). An additional seventeen were reported by one third or more (32.0% to 48.0%) of the pesticide-spraying farm-ers (nasal congestion, chest discomfort, cough with phlegm, frequent sore throat, hearing loss, red eyes, twitching, recurrent cough, runny nose, diarrhea, weakness, watery eyes, fever, dizziness, breathlessness, shaky hands, and irritated eyes).Comparison with Previous StudiesThis study found a number of similarities with, and a few divergences from, previous research documenting the effects of pesticide exposure. Almost all of the most common signs and symptoms recorded in the literature (with the exception of excessive salivation) were also seen to some degree in the chronic health prob-lems reported by the Filipino farmers of this study: excessive sweating 86.0%, headache 84.0%, blurred vision 60.0%, abdominal pain and cramps 50.0%, chest discomfort 48.0%, diarrhea 36.0%, dizziness 34.0%, and vomiting or nausea 22.0%.Notable is that, three of these manifestations (excessive sweating, headache, and blurred vision) fall among the ten most reported by the Filipino rice farmers in this study (by 60.0% or more). Seven others (generalized pain, drowsi-ness, fatigue, sleeplessness, abdominal cramps, nasal congestion, and chest discomfort) were reported by at least one fifth of participating farmers (20.0% or more). Similar to previous studies (Gomes et al. ?998; Rojas et al. ?999; FPA 2002; Lu, 2005), this study population reported generalized weakness as a systemic manifesta-tion of pesticide exposure (36.0%), as well as fever (34.0%) and unspecified pains (86.0%). The Filipino rice farmers in this study acknowledged experiences of chest discomfort (48.0%) as well as abnormal blood pressure (?2.0%) and/or heart rate (8.0%). Our results echo the cardiovascular and blood-related effects of pesticide exposure. Such is reported by Kishi et al. (?995), Schulze et al. (?997), Beshwari et al. (?999), Murphy et al. (?999), Rojas et al. (?999), Sodavy et al. (2000), Alavanja et al. (200?), FPA (2002), Martin et al. (2002), and Abu Mourad (2005).Thirteen neurological effects of chronic pesticide exposure were also found in this study, including headaches, tremors, twitching, numb-ness, dizziness, sleeplessness, drowsiness, fatigue, disorientation, and impaired coordination found in multiple studies (Pingali et al. ?994; Kishi et al. ?995; Arcury and Quandt ?998; Gomes et al. ?998; Beshwari et al. ?999; Murphy et al. ?999; Sodavy et al. 2000; Alavanja et al. 200?; Ngowi et al. 200?; FPA, 2002; Martin et al. 2002; Kun-stadter et al. 2003; Lu 2005). Headaches were particularly prevalent at 84.0%, an even higher incidence than the 5?.0% rate that Murphy et al. (2002) found among Vietnamese pesticide spray-ers. None of the Filipino farmers reported convul-sions or fits as previously documented by Kishi et al. ?995, nor were more severe symptoms such as unconsciousness, slurred speech, ataxia, and mood disorders reported by the Filipino farmers (Kishi et al. ?995; Beshwari et al. ?999; FPA 2002).
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The Applied Anthropologist 49 Vol. 28, No. ?, Spring 2008The dermal manifestations reported by this study's population: excessive sweating, nail problems, skin disorders, and rashes, have also been previously well documented. However, it is uncertain whether the general skin disorders noted in this study would encompass the more specified descriptions found by other researchers: abraded, irritated, burning, cold, flushed or otherwise discolored skin, or dermatitis and integumentary (Pingali et al., ?994; Kishi et al., ?995; Arcury and Quandt, ?998; Beshwari et al., ?999; Murphy et al., ?999; Rojas et al., ?999; Sodavy et al., 2000; Alavanja et al., 200?; Ngowi et al., 200?; FPA, 2002; Martin et al., 2002; Kun-stadter et al., 2003; Abu Mourad, 2005; Lu, 2005). On the other hand, the ophthalmic and respiratory problems recorded by the farmers in this study fairly mimic those reported in previ-ous literature (Kishi et al., ?995; Gomes et al., ?998; Beshwari et al., ?999; Murphy et al., ?999; Rojas et al., ?999; Wilkins et al., ?999; Sodavy et al., 2000; Alavanja et al., 200?; Ngowi et al., 200?; FPA, 2002; Martin et al., 2002; Kunstadter et al., 2003; Abu Mourad, 2005; Lu, 2005). Also consis-tent between this and prior studies of pesticide exposure health impacts were the common gastrointestinal manifestations of nausea, abdominal pain or cramps, vomiting, and diar-rhea (Kishi et al., ?995; Gomes et al., ?998; Rola and Widawsky, ?998; Beshwari et al., ?999; Mur-phy et al., ?999; Rojas et al., ?999; Sodavy et al., 2000; Alavanja et al., 200?; Ngowi et al., 200?; FPA, 2002; Martin et al., 2002; Kunstadter et al., 2003). However, the widely reported excessive salivation, as well as the less common constipa-tion, intestinal problems, and incontinence reported elsewhere (Kishi et al., ?995; Beshwari et al., ?999; Murphy et al.,?999; Sodavy et al., 2000) were not found in this study. Predictors of Chronic Health EffectWe performed multivariate regression analy-sis to assess factors related to the number of chronic conditions found among the study participants. The regression model was highly significant (p=0.0?9) with an R-square of 57.3%, indicating a relatively high goodness of fit. Results showed that disposal of emptied pesti-cide containers in the immediate environment instead of selling them to junkshops, a lower household income, and lower educational level (a lack of vocational training) would increase the number of pesticide-related chronic ailments (see Table VI). Note that container disposal method was used as an indicator for primary means of exposure. Farmers who sold emptied pesticide containers as their disposal method exhibited a significant reduction in the number of chronic disease effects (B=-3.479, p=0.0?), as did those with higher annual household incomes (B=-0.000, p=0.0?) and those with higher educational level with vocational training. All other variables in the model did not exhibit significant effects on the predictability of pesticide associated chronic manifestations (see Table 6). DiscussionConsidering the high estimates reported for illness rates among farmers using agrochemicals in developing countries, it is not surprising to discover that all the Filipino rice farmers included in this study reported experiencing signs or symptoms of at least one chronic illness category. Most cases of pesticide-related illness and poisoning are not reported because victims do not generally consult with a biomedical doc-tor or hospital or because their illnesses are not accurately diagnosed as related to pesticide exposure. In the Philippines, for example, the number of poisonings is likely underestimated because most cases do not reach the hospital, and in instances when cases do reach the hospi-tal, health officers may not always correctly diagnose pesticide poisoning (Maramba ?995; Mendoza ?995). Although this study is based mainly from farmer interviews and not from evidence drawn from clinical data, the signs and symptoms reported in this study affirm the frequently-noted manifestations related to agro-chemical toxins that are found in much of the existing literature. For example, none of the study partici-pants reported convulsions or fits that have been documented elsewhere (Kishi et al. ?995), but the tremors, twitching, and shaky hands recorded in the present study could be construed as similar. Other health issues anticipated by previous findings that were not documented among the Filipino farmers, including lack of concentra-tion, poor comprehension, and reading prob-
Page 11
The Applied Anthropologist 50 Vol. 28, No. ?, Spring 2008 lems, as well as nervousness/depression, increased anxiety, memory loss, and neurotoxic manifestations (Beshwari et al. ?999; Mancini et al., 2005), may have been revealed. That might have been so if clinical tests for such complica-tions had been performed on the study popula-tion rather than relying solely on participant self-reports. Respiratory manifestations related to pesti-cide exposure have been disputed in the litera-ture as such signs and symptoms may likely be the result of tobacco use, which has been found to be prevalent among farmers; however, there has been some evidence in previous and present research to the contrary. While Pingali et al. (?994) found that farmers who smoke and apply one recommended dose of insecticides and herbi-cides are 50.0% more likely to have abnormal respiratory problems, such health impacts also increased with more chronic insecticide exposure despite whether or not the farmers were smokers. In fact, respiratory ailments increased by an additional ?6.0% when farmers had participated in two doses/applications, and 30.0% with three (Pingali et al. ?994). Similarly, the present study revealed that being a current smoker or ex-smoker, when compared with nonsmokers in the multivariate regression analysis, was not a sig-nificant attribute of farmers with chronic health problems.Though only three of the factors tested with multivariate regression analysis showed signifi-cance in predicting chronic illness related to pesticide exposure, several additional conditions collectively increased the risks and vulnerability of the Filipino rice farmers and cannot be ignored. These conditions include contaminated food and drinking water, inadequate nutrition, lack of healthcare, and poor working conditions. Additionally, the local farmers, as represented by the study population, are either not fully informed of or are unable to follow common guidelines for proper storage, handling, and use of pesticides, not to mention the proper disposal of waste pesticides and empty containers. Few used protective equipment or adequately cleaned themselves or their clothes after applying pesti-cides, even prior to smoking or consuming food or water. These combined vulnerability factors increased the risk of pesticide exposure and subsequent illness to farmers and their families, as they led to excessive and pervasive use or misuse of hazardous chemical substances. Despite the growing concern over pesticide-related impacts and the increasingly-debated global issue of whether pesticides should even be used, there are few international or national programs and policies being implemented at the ground level. There is a need to raise the aware-ness of the harmful effects of pesticide exposure for human beings and to the ecosystem and to identify factors that increase the farmers' vulner-ability to pesticide related illnesses. Further, the need for more health education programs should tap farmers' belief systems and cognitive catego-ries to stress the need for precautions (Palis et al., 2006). As in the case of Filipino farmers, Palis et al. (2006) found that their perceptions and beliefs about health, illness causation, and pesti-cides have inevitably led to certain actions that hampered their taking preventive measures to protect themselves from the negative effects of pesticides. These beliefs include: the belief of immunity, that some (particularly the young) are not susceptible to the adverse health effects of pesticides; the dichotomy in the belief that pesti-cides are both medicine and poison, wherein the medicine concept has been placed above the poison concept; and the belief that using gloves to protect the hands from pesticides spill over and sprinkles might cause other illnesses such as pasma (exposure illness). Thus, health education programs should not only stress the poisonous aspect of pesticides, but also that everyone is at risk for acute or chronic pesticide poisoning, especially those who are exposed to pesticides on a regular basis.Governments, companies and industries, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO) of the United Nations, and the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), should all be involved in an integrated approach for sustainable agri-culture with minimal use of toxic chemicals. National governments, whether in developed countries or not, have failed to support FAO guidelines in eliminating significant adverse effects of pesticides on people or environment. These guidelines also call for (?) the use of qual-
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The Applied Anthropologist 5? Vol. 28, No. ?, Spring 2008ity packaging and market-appropriate labeling and directions and (2) worldwide prohibitions on the sale and import of WHO classified IA or IB chemicals or chemicals requiring tropical cli-mate-prohibitive or expensive protective gear. International efforts by WHO to identify danger-ous agrochemicals should be backed by legisla-tive enforcement, adequate access to appropriate healthcare, and globally accepted regulations regarding pesticide use guidelines, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) trainings, and product labeling requirements.A sustained dialogue is urgently needed to improve communication between various stake-holders, especially in developing countries where marketing efforts by multinational corporations, paired with inadequate health and environmen-tal regulations, have encouraged farmers' reli-ance on pesticides, even those generally banned elsewhere. Farmers are inundated with ads, incentives, and loans from pesticide corpora-tions, shop keepers, and their own governments. At least half of the farmers in this study received information on pesticides from pesticide compa-nies and an equal amount from other farmers, leaving it likely that prevailing local knowledge on agrochemicals comes directly from those who profit by their use without regard to the farmers' well-being. Moreover, while exposure method varies across pesticide studies, farmer vulnerabil-ity often lies in frequent and improper handling of pesticides and pesticide containers because of a lack of proper protective equipment and poor education and training on proper handling of disposal methods. For example, the regression analysis results show a significant reduction in chronic manifestations among farmers who removed emptied pesticide containers from their environment by selling them and among those who had completed agricultural vocational training. Future StudiesFuture studies should continue to expose shortcomings in intervention and prevention methods that could be abated through inform-ing national and international policy. The com-mon body of knowledge on pesticide exposure health impacts should be expanded, including: morbidity, mortality, surveillance and epidemio-logical data, environmental and biological moni-toring of pesticide residues, medical screenings, effective program or education campaigns and individual or community programs. They should also recognize that certain manifestations of pesticide exposure or exposure incidences among specific populations may require more urgent attention because they occur with greater fre-quency or severity, or are influenced by culture and economy.Toxic exposure has led to the Filipino farm-ers' acute and chronic illness experiences, with fatigue and dizziness as the most noted acute signs and headache, excessive sweating, pain, and blurred vision as the most recorded chronic symptoms. Almost every participating farmer in this study was impacted by some neurological or dermal chronic manifestation of exposure to agrochemicals. Even more pressing is the fact that their exposure to pesticides was primarily due to a lack of information combined with misguided local farming practices and was, therefore, avoidable. ❍
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The Applied Anthropologist 52 Vol. 28, No. ?, Spring 2008 Table 1. Study Population Demographics (N =50)Characteristics Filipino Rice FarmersFrequency (n)Percent (%)Ethnicity/Linguistic group Tagalog Tagalog and Ilokano Tagalog, Ilokano, and PangasinenseAge group 25–30 31–35 36–40 41–50Education Elementary High school College VocationalMarital status Single MarriedNumber of children 0 1–2 3–4 5 or more3118162.036.02.03 6.040.026.028.020131417236434.046.012.08.054510.090.081519816.030.038.016.0Mean (SD)37.16 (5.51)17.02 (3.39)18.53 (4.18)Range25–4812–2512–29Age of Farmer (years) When started farming When started applying pesticidesTimespan (years) Spent farming Spent applying pesticidesAnnual household income*20.14 (6.43)18.76 (7.11)6–325–33FP 28822.13 (22661.49)US$577.25 (453.87)FP 4000.00-103000.00US$80.11-2062.89*One of the 50 farmers did not provide an answer to this questionFP = the Filipino peso; FP 49.93=US$1 (Reuters 2006).
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The Applied Anthropologist 53 Vol. 28, No. ?, Spring 2008Table 2. Types and Frequencies of Pesticides Used Annually by Active Ingredient as Reported Among Filipino Rice Farmers (N = 50)Herbicides?Butachlor† + Propanil†Butachlor†Thiobencarb† + 2,4-D IBE‡Bispyribac sodium2,4-D IBE‡Cyhalofop ButylThiobencarb†Oxyfluorfen‡Glyphosate Monoethanolamine SaltInsecticides?Cypermethrin‡MIPC/Isoprocarb†Chlorpyrifos† + BPMC (Fenobucarb)†Cyhalothrin, lambda‡Carbofuran†Acephate† Diazinon†Cypermethrin, beta‡Deltamethrin‡Tetradifon‡BPMC/Fenobucarb†Chlorpyrifos† + Cypermethrin‡Monocrotophos†Carbaryl†Phenthoate† + BPMC/Fenobucarb†Molluscicides?Clonitralid/Niclosamide Ethanolamine Salt‡Metaldehyde‡NiclosamideRodenticides?Zinc phosphide†Coumatetralyl†Acetamide; PropanamideAcetamideThiocarbamate Pyrimidinyloxybenzoic acid Chlorophenoxy acid or esterAryloxyphenoxypropionicThiocarbamateBenzeneOrganophosphorusU; IIIUII; IIUIIUIIUU50.036.028.012.06.06.06.06.06.038.73 L 1.761.612.142.333.002.672.333.331.00122.2 kg, 17.70L18.10 L6.19 L1.40 L4.76 L4.00 L0.63 L6.25 LPyrethroid IIII48.034.026.035.43 L29.17 kg18.63 L4.083.883.00Phenyl methylcarbamateOrganophosphate;pyridine organothiophosphatePyrethroid esterBenzofuranyl methylcarbamateOrganophosphorus OrganophosphatePyrethroid esterPyrethroidOrganoChlorineCarbamateOrganophosphate; PyrethroidOrganophosphateCarbamateOrghanophosphorusII; IIIIIBIIIIIIIIIUIIII; IIIBIIII; II26.08.02.02.02.02.02.02.02.02.02.02.016.65 L21.17 kg0.71 kg0.67 L1.00 L1.25 L3.00 L2.00 L1.00 L0.33 kg0.50 kg2.00 L2.855.001.001.002.002.004.005.001.002.003.006.00HydroxybenzamideU 40.0 20.49 L,1.60 KG1.60 L, 9.60 kg23.01 kg1.80AldehydeIIU28.016.01.641.19 HydroxybenzamideInorganic, compoundCoumarinIBIB38.06.033.17 kg6.85 kg3.113.33†These active ingredients have been identified at least either as highly acutely toxic, cholinesterase inhibitor, known ground water pollutant, known/probable carcinogen, and/or a known reproductive or developmental toxicant (PAN Pesticides Data-base, n.d.). ‡These active ingredients have been identified at least as either moderately or slightly acutely toxic, a possible carcinogen, a potential pollutant, or suspected endocrine disruptor (PAN Pesticides Database, n.d.).*IA = Extremely hazardous; IB = Highly hazardous; II = Moderately hazardous; III = Slightly hazardous; U = Unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use; FM = Fumigant, not classified; O = Obsolete or deleted chemical (WHO IPCS 2005).Note. The percentages may not add up to exactly 100.0% and the frequencies may be higher than the total number of farmers (50) because of multiple responses among categories.Pesticide Type andActive IngredientChemicalFamilyWHO Class*% ofFarmersQuantityPer HaAvg SprayFreqTable 2. Types and Frequencies of Pesticides Used Annually by Active Ingredient as Reported Among Filipino Rice Farmers (N = 50)
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The Applied Anthropologist 54 Vol. 28, No. ?, Spring 2008 Table 2. Types and Frequencies of Pesticides Used Annually by Active Ingredient as Reported Among Filipino Rice Farmers (N = 50)Insecticide? Pyrethroid Organophosphate Phenyl methylcarbamate Benzofuranyl methylcarbamate CarbamateHerbicide? Acetamide and Propanamide Acetamide Thiocarbamate Pyrimidinyloxybenzoic acid Aryloxyphenoxypropionic Chlorophenoxy acid or ester BenzeneMolluscicide? Hydroxybenzamide AldehydeRodenticide? Inorganic, compound Coumarin38 (76.0)18 (36.0)17 (34.0)4 (8.0)2 (4.0)54.3 L25.6 L29.1 kg21.2 kg2.5 L3.562.593.885.004.0025 (50.0)18 (36.0)17 (34.0)6 (12.0)3 (6.0)3 (6.0)1 (2.0)38.7 L139.9 kg22.1 L6.2 L4.8 L1.4 L0.6 L1.761.612.182.332.673.003.3328 (56.0)14 (28.0)45.1 L11.3 kg1.961.6419 (38.0)3 (6.0)33.2 kg6.9 kg3.113.33Note. The percentages may not add up to exactly 100.0% and the frequencies may be higher than the total number of farmers (50) because of multiple responses among categories.Chemical FamilyFarmers Usingn (%)Quantity UsedAnnually per haAvg Freqof SpraysTable 3. Types and Frequencies of Pesticides Used Annually by Chemical Family as Reported Among Filipino Rice Farmers (N =50)Table 2. Types and Frequencies of Pesticides Used Annually by Active Ingredient as Reported Among Filipino Rice Farmers (N = 50)FatigueDizzinessBody painWeaknessNauseaDrowsinessHeadacheShortness of breathCough/sneeze26 (52.0)25 (50.0)16 (32.0)13 (26.0)4 (8.0)2 (4.0)2 (4.0)2 (4.0)1 (2.0)Abdominal PainDiarrhea BurnsStiffnessNumbnessCrampsBlurred visionAchy eyesAbdominal Pain1 (2.0)1 (2.0)1 (2.0)1 (2.0)1 (2.0)1 (2.0)1 (2.0)1 (2.0)1 (2.0)Note. The percentages may not add up to exactly 100.0% and the frequencies may be higher than the total number of farmers (50) because of multiple responses among categories.Health Problem Frequencyn (%)Table 4. Pesticide-Related Acute Health Problems Reported by Filipino Rice Farmers (N =50)Health ProblemFrequencyn (%)
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text:
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subset: commoncrawl


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- 7. Miley Cyrus


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New York Bar Exam
Bar Exams, Quote of the Day, Texas, Twittering
Quote of the Day: Bar Takers Are A Jumpy Bunch
(Texas and D.C. are here; New York is coming soon.)
Our final installment of the Bar Review Diaries. Where are Andrew, Jeanette, and Nathan going next?
Inventors Will Lead the Legal Future not Licensees
David McCullough's The Wright Brothers serves as an ideal case study on the requirements to innovate; a desire to learn, perseverance, and work ethic. I read it in route to a wonderful opportunity to serve as visiting lecturer for Professor and Parsons Behle & Latimer attorney Randy Dryer's innovative Technology and Modern Litigation course at […]
Bar Exams, Ohio State - Moritz College of Law
Bar Review Diaries: Thank God That's Over!
How did our Bar Review Diarists feel about the bar exam?
Mr. Bar Exam: It's Finally Over
Mr. Bar Exam is done taking the bar exam. How did it go?
Animal Law, Bar Exams, Deaths, Pets, Violence
Dead Cat Mars Usually Lovely Albany Bar Exam Experience
You weren't hallucinating, somebody really did kill a cat outside of the bar exam…
Bar Exams, BARBRI, California, Screw-Ups, UVA Law
Congratulations to All Bar Exam Finishers!
(And more horror stories from across the land.)
Mr. Bar Exam tells about girls who like to study for the bar and party…
Bar Exams, BARBRI, Law Professors, Law Schools, Music, Videos, YouTube
Mr. Bar Exam: The Dumber the Better?
Do people who went to lower-ranked law schools have an edge on other bar examinees in terms of subject matter mastery?
Lean Legal: Three Techniques for the Agile Lawyer
A growing number of attorneys are turning to a set of project management and process improvement techniques commonly known as "Agile."
Fun Fact of the Day: That's Supposed to Be a Discount?
How much does it really cost to take the New York Bar Exam?
New York February Bar Exam Results Released Under Cloak Of Darkness
New York Bar Exam results are out…
American Bar Association / ABA, Bar Exams, Law Schools, Money
Which Law School Is Allegedly Paying Students Not to Take the Bar Exam This Summer?
What happens when a law school's graduates fail the bar exam in such great numbers that it becomes national news? Does that law school hang its head in shame and admit defeat? Or does it figure out a way to game the numbers so that next time, it won't be so embarrassed? As with most things having to do with numbers, this law school has allegedly made an ill-advised decision to appear more appealing to the public (and the American Bar Association). This law school is allegedly offering its students money in the hopes that they won't take this summer's bar exam. But which law school?
9th Circuit, Bar Exams, Baseball, Basketball, Breasts, Facebook, Fat People, Morning Docket, Texas
* Only in Texas can a judge get paid leave after a video of him beating his daughter's ass goes viral. Makes you wonder about the kind of crazy sh*t you'd need to do to get stuck with unpaid leave. [KRIS TV] * A federal judge has ordered Paul Ceglia to return from Ireland to […]
Bar Exams, California, Cellphones, Disasters / Emergencies, Rudeness, Screw-Ups
Bar Exam Open Thread: Have At It
Here's an open thread for discussing the July 2011 bar exam. We hope you attack it with all the gusto of Los Angeles lawyers at a deposition. If you've just finished the bar exam, congratulations. We hope you're taking a well-deserved vacation, perhaps involving some exotic travel (e.g., the traditional bar trip). If you're still […]
Bar Exams, Disasters / Emergencies, Screw-Ups
Bar Exam Disasters, And It's Only Been One Day
Why is it so hard to administer the bar exam? Here are tales of woe from around the country.
The UNOFFICIAL New York Bar Exam Results Accidentally Posted on the Web Briefly Today.
I cannot confirm ANYTHING that you are about to see. As a journalist, all I can tell you that two people confirm that this following names were cut and pasted from the New York Board of Law Examiners website earlier today when names were accidentally posted to the BOLE website. As we've mentioned in prior […]
Bar Exams, Screw-Ups, Technology
NY Bar Exam Results Up Briefly on NY BOLE Website
Okay, July New York Bar Exam takers, we don't know much — but here's what we know. For about an hour, the results of the New York Bar Exam appeared on the official site of the New York Board of Law Examiners (NY BOLE). This was a surprise. Results aren't expected to be released until […]


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about Todd FlowerdayA Roman Catholic lay person, married (since 1996), with one adopted child (since 2001). I serve a parish in music ministry.
about John Donaghy
John is a lay missionary since 2007 with a parish in western Honduras. Before that he served in campus ministry and social justice ministry in Iowa. His ministry blog is http://hermanojuancito.blogspot.com
He also blogs reflections on the lectionary and saints/heroes/events of the date at http://walktheway.wordpress.com
He'll be a long-term contributor here analyzing the Latin American bishops' document from their 2007 Aparecida Conference.
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Daily Archives: 16 August 2010
The Armchair Liturgist Assists in Pronunciation
This coming weekend's first reading offers a challenge not only for Israelites unused to the prospect of universal salvation, but also those who must pronounce these names of places far away and long ago. Check out Isaiah 66.19: I will … Continue reading
Posted in The Armchair Liturgist 5 Comments
Cleveland Breakaway
It seems that church leaders traditionally bungle schisms, breakaways, splits, and other fractures of Church unity. I notice that a Cleveland parish has emerged outside of a bishop's authority. Not for reasons of theology (women's ordination, same-sex Catholics, or even the … Continue reading
Posted in Church News 10 Comments
OCF 67: Multiple Vigils
A situation I've yet to encounter: 67. As needs require, and especially if the funeral liturgy or rite of committal is not to take place for a few days, the vigil may be celebrated more than once and should be … Continue reading


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greektown casino
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Greektown Casino Fined For Past Ownership ViolationsGreektown Casino LLC was ordered Tuesday to pay nearly $530,000 in fines related to 25 violations.
Greektown Casino-Hotel Scales Back RenovationCasino restructuring experts say Detroit's gambling market is saturated.
Man's Body Found In Elevator Shaft At Greektown CasinoHomicide investigators were called to the Greektown Casino in Detroit after a man was found dead in an elevator shaft.
Woman Jumps To Death From Greektown Casino Parking GaragePolice are looking for answers as to why a woman apparently committed suicide by jumping from the roof of the Greektown Casino parking garage.
Board OKs Gilbert Takeover Of Greektown CasinoMichigan gambling regulators have approved the sale of Detroit's Greektown casino to Cleveland Cavaliers and Quicken Loans owner Dan Gilbert.
Detroit Men Arrested After 3 Carjackings In Less Than 3 HoursTwo men are now behind bars after three carjackings were reported in Detroit in just a few hours.
Greektown Casino, Dan Gilbert Agree On Sale Of Remaining SharesA major hurdle has been cleared in the deal involving Greektown Casino and Detroit businessman Dan Gilbert.
Greektown Casino Cuts Ribbon On Dining, Parking UpgradesWhether you enjoy trying your luck at a slot machine or not -- the folks at Greektown Casino are welcoming you to their new restaurant.
Family Guide to 2013 Motown Winter BlastWinter Blast returns to Detroit in 2013 for its eighth year. Head downtown for the annual celebration of all things winter and all things Detroit.
Local Businessman Weighs In On Casino CompetitionA man with a stake in one of Detroit's three casinos talks about the prospect of more competition for your gaming dollars.
Greektown Casino Moves Ahead On $28.6M ProjectGreektown Casino-Hotel in Detroit is moving forward with a $28.6 million project that includes a parking garage and new upscale restaurant.
Elderly Woman Found Dead In Hotel Hot TubThe Wayne County Medical Examiner will be working to determine what happened to an elderly woman who was found dead in a hot tub in a Detroit hotel over the weekend.


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Welcome to The Mental Health Association of South Central Kansas
We exist to empower and assist youth, families and adults in South Central Kansas to achieve optimal mental health and wellness through education, advocacy, and service. With your help we can make a difference. Our website provides ways for you to learn about our agency and how to get involved. Thanks for visiting. Your support is appreciated.
News & Announcements
Hobbies to Reduce StressPosted on 09/28/2015
Turning it aroundBethany Lippe on 09/24/2015
Recovery is possibleBethany Lippe on 09/18/2015
Sometimes you just need a friendBethany Lippe on 09/11/2015


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Matrix and The Thirteenth Floor
The Matrix became such a cultural and box office phenomenon when it released in 1998, its easy to forget that three other time-warping alternate reality films released that same year. The one that came closest (though still a very, very distant second) to the Oscar-nominated film was Thirteenth Floor. But the film's $18 million box office take is laughable compared to The Matrix's half-billion draw.
(Photos from left: Warner Bros Pictures, Columbia Pictures)
Raven-Symoné Quotes That Made You Pause10/09/2015
Out and About: Sanaa Lathan in Hollywood With a Mystery Man10/09/2015
Quotes: Whoopi Goldberg Wasn't Feeling Viola's Emmy Speech10/09/2015
Don't Mess With My Girl: Celebs Who Defended Bae10/08/2015
Celebrity Birthdays: Toni Braxton Celebrates!10/07/2015
You Gotta Have It: Things to See, Hear and Cop This Month10/07/2015
Where Are They Now: The Cast of Bamboozled10/06/2015
Every Time the Obamas Shut Down the Kardashians10/05/2015
Walk It Out: Amber Rose's LA SlutWalk10/03/2015
Out and About: EJ Johnson Is Gender-Bending Fab in LA10/02/2015
Quotes: Young Thug Thinks Lil Wayne Wants to Be Him10/02/2015
Oh My Goodness: Sheneneh's Best Quotes10/01/2015
Celebrity Birthdays: T-Pain Celebrates!09/30/2015
Wendy Williams's Most Famous Feuds09/29/2015
Suddenly Single: Splits We Didn't See Coming09/28/2015
Out and About: Rick Ross and Lira Galore Are Crazy in Love09/25/2015
Quotes: Nicki Minaj Isn't a Fan of Meek Mill's Drake Jabs09/25/2015
Ten Things to Know About Trevor Noah09/24/2015
#Boss: Black Women Dominating Television09/24/2015
Suddenly Dads: Celebrity Paternity We Didn't See Coming09/23/2015
Terryology: Terrence Howard Quotes That Made Us Pause09/22/2015
#Winning: Black Actors Who Took Home the Gold at the Emmys09/21/2015
Celebrity Birthdays: Jason Derulo Celebrates!09/21/2015
No Love: Celebs Who Don't Support Caitlyn Jenner09/18/2015
Out and About: Is Drake Buying Diamonds for Serena?09/18/2015
Quotes: Terrence Howard 'Lost His Mind' on His Ex-Wife09/18/2015
Break the Internet: Social Media Frenzies09/17/2015
Girl, Bye: Ten Times Black Women Had Enough of the Media09/16/2015
No H8: Celebs Accused of LGBT-Phobia09/15/2015
Celebrity Birthdays: Nas Celebrates!09/14/2015
Out and About: Spotlight on KimYe at Rihanna's NYFW Party09/11/2015
Quotes: Taraji P. Henson Tears Up Over Racism in Hollywood09/11/2015
Gotta Love New York: Celebs From the Big Apple09/11/2015
Nip and Tuck: Celebrity Plastic Surgery09/10/2015
Unjust: Celebs Who Have Been Racially Profiled09/10/2015
Players' Club: Men Who Have Been Around the Block09/09/2015


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Recap: Digimon Adventure E 45 Clash Of The Ultimates War Greymon VS Metal Garurumon
Jou tries to get Yamato to stop it, telling them that theyre all friends, but Yamato retorts that they dont know who chose them as Chosen Children and therefore that doesnt mean theyre friends. Taichi tells Jou to stop trying, since this is Yamatos way of throwing a tantrum when things dont go the way he likes.Despite their attempts to get out of it, MetalGarurumon keeps them locked in, and Agumon is forced to super-evolve to WarGreymon and fight him. Taichi goes up to Yamato and starts a physical fight with him, telling him to snap out of it. The others try to get him to stop, but Taichi punctuates every punch with the name of a Digimon who had died for them, telling them that they wouldnt have wanted them to fight a stupid fight like this. Yamato loses it, confused and frustrated, continuing the fight anyway, while the other Digimon find themselves unable to intervene.Mimi breaks down, wondering when the fighting will stop. Hikari finds herself talking to a mysterious glittering force in the air. After hearing something from the mysterious entity, she closes her eyes and holds up her Crest, and the entire area is enveloped in light...All of the Chosen come to and find themselves all together with their Digimon, with Hikari saying that light and darkness must always be in balance. They are shown a vision of the battle between Greymon and Parrotmon four years ago, and Koushirou and Tailmon realize that Hikari isnt the one talking, but an entity who is possesing her.The entity (named in the novelization and the Digimon Xros Wars manga as Homeostasis) reveals itself as a Digimon-like entity that cannot take a physical form, and is using Hikari as Hikari was the only one who could communicate with it. Homeostasis takes the Chosen through the vision, showing each child present at the event four years prior enveloped in a light that is scanning their data.Homeostasis provides a much needed Info Dump on the purpose of the Chosen Children. It takes them to an event in the past taking place at Vamdemons castle, where the gate to other worlds was. It shows them a bunch of people there, who had created the Crests and Digivices from the data scanned at the event four years ago.The Chosen Children had been chosen because they had the special qualities who could cause Digimon to evolve; the Digivices and Crests were only a channeler for that. The children who were not Taichi and Hikari, but were present at the event, were also determined to have similar qualities, even if they had not made Greymon evolve. Homeostasis then goes on to tell them that the Crests were chosen out of the qualities they found most significant out of each child; however, losing or misusing those qualities could end up disastrously.The children notice the DigiEggs next to the Crests in the vision of the past, and they realize that these are the DigiEggs who will hatch into their partner Digimon. Homeostasis goes on to narrate how the Dark Masters found out about their plan and sent an army to stop them, and how a much younger Gennai had attempted to intervene. Piemon had inserted a mysterious black ball into him (of which remains unexplained by the series), causing Gennai pain, but he escaped with the DigiEggs and Crests. While escaping, hed also dropped Tailmons egg and Hikaris Digivice, explaining how Tailmon had grown up alone and separated from the others. The eggs were kept safely until they hatched on File Island, and the Digimon waited for the partners they were destined to have until they fell into the Digital World that day.Homeostasis tells them that they dont know what the Dark Masters will do, and all they can do is take repair measures until theyre defeated. Taichi asks it what they should do next, and Homeostasis replies that while it doesnt know, it has faith the children will find the answer.With that, Homeostasis leaves Hikaris body, and Taichi tells Yamato that now that they know why theyre the Chosen Children, they can fight together again, but Yamato apologizes to them, confesses his own weaknesses in believing he had to fight Taichi, and says that there isnt a wrong or right way of doing things, but Taichi and Yamato do things differently. He declares that he has to find himself by leaving the group, and that someone like him doesnt know what friendship really is. Sora encourages him to find himself and tells the others to let him go off, and the rest leave......except Mimi, whos completely had enough with the fighting and decides not to go on. Jou decides to stay with her to look out for her safety and hopefully convince her to return. The Digimon express dismay that the group is separating again, but Tailmon assures them that even if they take different routes, theyll eventually end up in the same place.
- Mind Screwdriver: Homeostasis is unnamed in the actual episode proper and, prior to the release of the Xros Wars manga, the only way to know this name or Homeostasis's role as a guardian of the Digital World was to read the novels. Neither the novel nor the manga has ever been released outside of Japan, making this episode very confusing for those who don't have access to this information.
- What Happened to the Mouse?: We never find out what that black object Piemon inserted into Gennai did. Fandom has speculated that it's what led to Gennai becoming the old man you see him as in the series proper.


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Woodland Manor Hotel
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- Restaurant
- Room service
- Free High-Speed Internet
- Free parking
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Back to London in the rain
All the entries for the last week have been updated, I've been busy writing the diary entries each evening in Cornwall so there's plenty to read from last Friday onwards as well as more photos uploaded from Cornwall.
We were off back to London this morning by 8.15 but I had another look down Chapel street and remembered to take a photo of the Dalek in the next door shop – what else would you expect to see?
If you were taking ...
Hyde Park and High Tea
This was a quiet Sunday morning though not really intended to be so. We took a bus to Hyde Park which was great, a double-decker so we could see lots: buildings, shops, gardens, people……… but it was well and truly held up by traffic snarls due to an enormous charity fun run/walk involving lots of different causes, and in the end the bus stopped and we changed to another which took a different direction to Hyde Park. We had ...
Number 10 Downing Street and beyond
Saturday we were up bright and early, having arranged to meet Vince and Tony in Northumberland Avenue in a caf� for breakfast. Coincidentally it was across the road from the Citadines where we stayed in 2004 thanks to a good staff discount from NZ Defence, and not far from New Zealand House which we visited and got to go up to their rooftop entertaining area which has a 360 degree view of London – amazing.
And in line with ...
Twickenham and the West End
First stop after a leisurely breakfast with Janey and Jeremy was Twickenham, only a short drive away from Hampton and a stadium tour was Jen's birthday present to Pete so he was pretty happy about that! Unfortunately we didn't get to see the dressing rooms or royal box and corporate areas because of upgrades happening so instead they reduced the price and gave him a book about 100 Years of Twickenham and a history of the 5/6 Nations ...
Are you ready for this? (Am I ready for this?!)
... I hear you cry! The first that springs to mind is avoiding some of the British Autumn #typicalBrit. I am also looking forward to answering some of these earlier questions! Most of all, I am looking forward to getting well and truly stuck in on the project. I have a feeling the project, and the people I work with on it, will probably make the trip.
I am looking forward to a yummy dinner, at Cafe Rouge in Berkhamsted, with ...


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Nice, helpful people and a good selection of hardware, pet food and more. The loading dock around back comes in handy for picking up larger loads. Don't...
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Quality Inn & Suites
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- Drycleaning onsite
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Disneyland Again!
... so we only used one fast pass today.
Our first ride was the Indiana Jones ride. We hadn't done any research on this ride so had no idea what we were getting on. The sign said "Off road high speed turbulent adventure over rough and rugged terrain that includes sharp turns and sudden drops!" It was great we loved it, although Aaron didn't think he needed to go on it again.
A lot of these rides are in the dark so often you ...
Downtown Disney
... it on the plane over so knew all the answers... not that it mattered, but it was quite hilarious. We shared a steak, missing decent food after living off supermarket quickies and fast food for a few days. I ordered a smoothie and it came out in a tall plastic cup with a ridiculous flashing light on the bottom which was fun but blinding.
Tomorrow would be a big day so we attempted to get an early night, though didn't succeed too well!
Home Sweet Home
... things. Let me rephrase that - I already knew these things but I guess I was just reminded.
Every time I go someplace new I am blown away at the amazing beauty of this planet that God created.
My brother Jon just got married back in March (I was a bridesmaid) in Chicago and then we went to this special destination wedding where Jaime was a groomsmen. Jaime and I are honored that we were asked to be a part of ...
California Adventure Park
... cute as it went through the movie and had the cool music but it was more nostalgic than exciting. Joel had never seen the movie so was unsure what was happening.
His patience was rewarded with another ride on California Screamin Rollercoaster which was more manageable this time around and I even kept my eyes open the whole time. In the pier was the Silly Symphony Swings which looked a bit lame but didn't have a queue so we thought we would ride it. It was ...
FrIday's whirlwind
... therapy related questions at the end of the session. this sort of thing would normally drive me nuts. But, it is the direction things are going. I felt compelled to explore it to bring the information back to the TWG and see what they thought. It was far more compelling than I had imagined. I especially liked Miler's response to the question; "What if you have a passive aggressive client? " he replied he has never met a passive aggressive person it sounds like ...


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featuring hi-def camerawork from Slumdog Millionaire cinematographer Anthony Dod Mantle.
From hip-hop to electronic and indie rock, featuring artists like London and Elton John, see which music videos are going viral.
Plus, Coca-Cola even made it onto the London catwalk this season, featuring in designer Ashish's Spring/Summer collection.
Read a cautionary tale about the seductive and dangerous power of a charlatan sociopath, featuring goats and the American Dream.
But this Romney web video is a total disgrace, featuring this guy from New Hampshire taking umbrage at something Obama never said.
If we receive enough petitions, we will take great pleasure in featuring another in the near future.
He was such a figure as the comic papers of the day were featuring as the exquisite young man of the period.
Please don't object to my featuring the Pendleton family so prominently.
His newest one, though—the one he is featuring this year—is, in the opinion of competent judges, the gem of the Hance collection.
"Uncle Tom's Cabin" was a literary indictment of the South by featuring its supposed brutalities.
early 14c., "make, form, fashion," from Anglo-French feture, from Old French faiture "deed, action; fashion, shape, form; countenance," from Latin factura "a formation, a working," from past participle stem of facere "make, do, perform" (see factitious). Sense of "facial characteristic" is mid-14c.; that of "any distinctive part" first recorded 1690s. Entertainment sense is from 1801; in journalism by 1855. Meaning "a feature film" is from 1913.
1755, "to resemble," from feature (n.). The sense of "make special display or attraction of" is 1888; entertainment sense from 1897. Related: Featured; featuring.


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Forward-Looking Statements
Except for statements of historical fact, the matters discussed in this press release are forward looking and reflect numerous assumptions and involve a variety of risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control and may cause actual results to differ materially from expectations. For example, there is no assurance that receipt of a Q code for Excellagen will effectively improve its reimbursement or sales; that Excellagen will be favorably compared to other wound care products; that planned product development efforts and clinical studies can be performed in an efficient and effective manner; that regulatory approvals can be obtained in a timely manner or at all; that partnering, distribution or other commercialization efforts can be achieved; that our products or proposed products will prove to be sufficiently safe and effective; that our products or product candidates will not be unfavorably compared to competitive products that may be regarded as safer, more effective, easier to use or less expensive; that third parties on whom we depend will behave as anticipated; or that necessary regulatory approvals will be obtained. Actual results may also differ substantially from those described in or contemplated by this press release due to risks and uncertainties that exist in our operations and business environment, including, without limitation, risks and uncertainties that are inherent in t
|SOURCE Cardium Therapeutics
Copyright©2012 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved


text:
Main headline
- McDonald's Serves Breakfast All Day Now (Minus Hash Browns)
- CBS Might Bring Nancy Drew Back, But With A Twist
- Demi Lovato Taking Mental Health Advocacy To Capitol Hill
- When Should News Outlets Name A Shooter?
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- Sony's Xperia Continues To Escape The Hands Of US Shoppers
- Blue Jay's 'Home Run Anthem' is Taking Canada by Storm
- Russian Forecaster: Lovely Day For A Bombing Run In Syria
- BP Agrees To Record $20.8B Fine For 2010 Gulf Oil Spill
- Death Penalty Won't Exclude You From UN Human Rights Council
- California Is The Fifth State To Legalize Assisted Suicide
- Amy Schumer: Advocate Disguised As Comedian
- Pet blessing day around the world
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- 6th Annual World Poutine Eating Championships in Toronto
- Horrific multi-vehicle crash on Hwy. 401
- Albuquerque's annual balloon fiesta
- Mudslide in Guatemala kills at least 7, 200 missing
- Typhoon Dujuan
- Pope Francis celebrates Mass in Philadelphia on the final day of his U.S. visit
- Pope mingles with world leaders, schoolchildren in New York
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text:
Town Square
Geoge McGovern to speak Wednesday in Palo Alto; his topic: practical plan for withdrawal from Iraq
Original post made by News Guy, another community, on Jan 30, 2007
The program, sponsored by the Peninsula Peace and Justice Center in Palo Alto, will be held at the First Presbyterian Church of Palo Alto, 1140 Cowper St. Suggested donation is $12 to $25.
Mr. Govern, the Democratic Party's nominee for president in 1972, was the president of the Middle East Policy Council in Washington, D.C., for six years. He holds the Distinguished Flying Cross for service as a bomber pilot in World War II and the Presidential Medal of Freedom for humanitarian service.
For more information, click here: htpp://www.peaceandjustice.org
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text:
I wannabe a vet!
Theme park lets kids try out veterinary medicine.
May 01, 2008
This is Wannado City in Sunrise, Fla., where children can try their hand at more than 200 occupations, including television director, police chief, dance club DJ, archaeologist, and, yes, animal doctor. Once visitors get their hands on them, the animatronic dogs respond with vocal noises and wagging tails, and kids are asked to get to the bottom of what's ailing the sick dog on the surgery table. Could it be ... something Sparky ate? Hint: Yes. (Merial is the sponsor for the veterinary clinic portion of the park.)
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