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Original Article
Phase 2 trial of temozolomide using protracted low-dose and whole-brain radiotherapy for nonsmall cell lung cancer and breast cancer patients with brain metastases
Article first published online: 16 SEP 2008
DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23859
Copyright © 2008 American Cancer Society
Volume 113, Issue 9, pages 2524–2531, 1 November 2008
Additional Information
How to Cite
Addeo, R., De Rosa, C., Faiola, V., Leo, L., Cennamo, G., Montella, L., Guarrasi, R., Vincenzi, B., Caraglia, M. and Del Prete, S. (2008), Phase 2 trial of temozolomide using protracted low-dose and whole-brain radiotherapy for nonsmall cell lung cancer and breast cancer patients with brain metastases. Cancer, 113: 2524–2531. doi: 10.1002/cncr.23859
Publication History
- Issue published online: 17 OCT 2008
- Article first published online: 16 SEP 2008
- Manuscript Accepted: 12 JUN 2008
- Manuscript Revised: 29 MAY 2008
- Manuscript Received: 5 MAR 2008
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- brain metastases;
- metronomic therapy;
- temozolomide;
- whole-brain radiotherapy
Temozolomide (TMZ), an oral methylating imidazotetrazinone, has antitumor activity against gliomas, malignant melanomas, and brain metastasis and is presently administered as a 5-day oral schedule every 4 weeks.
A single-institution phase 2 clinical trial was conducted to determine the efficacy and the safety profile of a new regimen based on a dose-intensified, protracted course of TMZ after whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT). Patients were eligible if they had at least 1 bidimensionally measurable brain metastasis from breast cancer and nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Twenty-seven patients were treated with 30 grays (Gy) of WBRT with concomitant TMZ (75 mg/m2/day) for 10 days, and subsequent TMZ at a dose of 75 mg/m2 per day for 21 days every 4 weeks, for up to 12 cycles.
Two complete responses (7.4%) and 11 partial responses (40.7%) were achieved. The schedule appeared to be well tolerated, with grade 3 toxicity (graded according to National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria) observed in only 2 patients. The overall median survival was 8.8 months and the median progression-free survival was 6 months.
The concomitant use of WBRT and protracted low-dose TMZ appears to be an active, well-tolerated regimen. The observed antitumor activity suggests the need for further investigation of this schedule in combination with other anticancer agents for the concomitant treatment of brain metastases and primary cancers. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Brain metastases (BMs) represent an important cause of morbidity and mortality for breast cancer and nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. The incidence of central nervous system (CNS) metastases has been reported to be 15% to 25% in patients with breast cancer and 30% to 40% in patients with NSCLC.1–3 BMs continue to have a negative impact on quality of life and prognosis; in fact, the median overall survival is <3 to 6 months.2, 4 The current standard of care for BM involves surgical resection, whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT), and control of symptoms with steroids and anticonvulsants.1–6
Conversely, the role of chemotherapy in this setting of patients remains controversial because penetration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a limiting factor for both chemotherapy and target-based agents. Chemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ) has emerged as a possible alternative approach for patients with recurrent brain metastases. TMZ is an oral alkylating agent that crosses the BBB, achieving effective concentrations in the CNS; moreover, it has demonstrated preclinical activity against several cancers.7, 8
Previous studies have reported the use of single-agent TMZ in the setting of recurrent or progressive BM, with modest results. The study of the Hellenic Cooperative Group enrolled 27 patients with BM and achieved a partial response (PR) rate of 4% using a dose of 150 mg/m2 on Days 1 through 5 every 28 days.9 Abrey et al10 enrolled 41 patients in a phase 2 trial and obtained a disease control rate of 41% (PR + stable disease [SD]) with TMZ at a dose of 150 to 200 mg/m2 on Days 1 through 5 every 28 days. Recently, 2 other phase 2 trials confirmed the lack of efficacy of single-agent TMZ in patients with BM from NSCLC and breast cancer, respectively.11, 12
Conversely, the efficacy and safety of using TMZ concurrently with WBRT was evaluated in 3 other trials. Antonadou et al13 reported that WBRT plus TMZ demonstrated a significant improvement in response rate compared with WBRT alone (96% vs 67%), but that study evaluated only the response rate and data regarding survival were lacking. In another randomized trial, the authors demonstrated that the concomitant treatment was well tolerated and resulted in a significantly better progression-free survival (PFS) for patients with BM.14
A recently reported trial performed at our institution demonstrated that concomitant treatment with WBRT and TMZ (at a dose of 150 mg/m2/day for 5 days every 28 days) is well tolerated, achieving an overall response rate of 44% and a disease control rate of 76.3%. We demonstrated a positive impact of this therapy on the quality of life (QoL) of patients with BMs after 3 and 6 months from the initiation of treatment with TMZ. QoL analysis demonstrated a high level of satisfaction among patients who had been treated with TMZ plus WBRT for BM, providing excellent evidence for patient compliance.15
Myelosuppression is the dose-limiting toxicity when TMZ is administered on a 5-day schedule repeated every 4 weeks16; therefore, to our knowledge few chemotherapy trials to date have been performed based on the combination of TMZ and other currently available agents. At our institution, a regimen based on the combination of TMZ and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin was recently evaluated in the treatment of BMs from solid tumors. This schedule induced a promising clinical response rate, with 3 complete responses (CRs) (15.8%) and 2 PRs (10.5%) reported.17 Another combination of capecitabine and TMZ was investigated in a phase 1 study in which 24 breast cancer patients with either newly diagnosed or recurrent BMs were enrolled; the authors reported 1 CR and 3 PRs. Moreover, 50% of patients had minor responses or SD.18
In the current study, we describe a new regimen based on 30 grays (Gy) of WBRT administered with concomitant TMZ (at a dose of 75 mg/m2/day) for 10 days followed by the administration of TMZ at a dose of 75 mg/m2 per day for 21 days every 4 weeks, for up to 12 cycles. This schedule was designed to use an intensive and protracted (metronomic-like) TMZ dosing schedule that could both induce the described favorable effects of continuous TMZ administration and allow the concomitant use of a second cytotoxic agent for the primary tumor. To our knowledge, this phase 2 trial represents the first study of a protracted, single-agent TMZ schedule in patients with BM from breast cancer and NSCLC.
Patient Eligibility Criteria
Patients with histologically or cytologically confirmed breast cancer and NSCLC and inoperable BMs were eligible for the study. Patients were eligible if they had at least 1 bidimensionally measurable lesion measuring >20 mm in the largest dimension and assessable by contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan or gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (Gd-MRI). Patients were required to age ≥18 years and to have a life expectancy of >12 weeks and a Karnofsky performance score (KPS) >60. Other eligibility criteria included adequate hematologic function with a platelet count >100,000/mm2 and hemoglobin >8 g/dL, renal function with a creatinine level ≤2 mg/dL, and adequate liver function with an aspartate aminotransferase level <1.5 × the upper limit of normal. Prior adjuvant hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy as well as prior regimens for metastatic disease were withdrawn at least 30 days prior to enrollment in the study. Patients who had received prior treatment for BMs, those with severe intercurrent medical illness or symptomatic heart disease, or those who were pregnant or lactating were ineligible. Eligible patients were required to have fully recovered from previous therapy. The Institutional Ethics Committee approved the protocol and patients were required to provide informed consent before beginning the treatment.
Treatment Schedule
Planned conventional WBRT was administered with a daily dose of 3 Gy × 5 days each week for 2 weeks for a total dose of 30 Gy. Planned chemotherapy treatment consisted of TMZ at a dose of 75 mg/m2 administered orally during radiotherapy, followed by 4 weeks off therapy and a subsequent TMZ administration at 75 mg/m2 on Days 1 to 21 every 4 weeks for up to 12 additional cycles. Patients were treated until evidence of progression of BMs.
Dexamethasone and opioids were administrated at the lowest dose needed to preserve neurologic stability. Anticonvulsant agents were only used in patients with seizures.
Patient Evaluation
Pretreatment evaluation included a complete medical history, physical examination, determination of KPS, and hematologic and biochemistry evaluation within 7 days of registration. Evaluation during treatment consisted of physical examinations on Day 1 of each cycle; weekly blood counts were performed for Cycle 1 and on Days 1 and 15 thereafter. Biochemistry was performed on Day 1 of each cycle. The initial examinations had to be performed within 30 days before inclusion in the study. Target lesions were assessed by CT or Gd-MRI. Evaluation of target lesions was performed every 3 cycles according to the World Health Organization (WHO)/ Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) criteria15 as described below.
A CR required the disappearance of all known brain metastases. A PR required a ≥50% decrease in measurable brain lesions or an objective improvement in evaluable, but nonmeasurable brain lesions. It was not necessary for every brain lesion to have regressed, but no brain lesion should have progressed. SD indicated that brain lesions remained unchanged (<50% decrease or <25% increase in the size of measurable lesions). Progressive disease (PD) indicated progression of some or all brain lesions and/or the appearance of new brain lesions. No brain lesion regressed.
Total body CT and/or other examinations if needed were also repeated every 3 cycles for the evaluation of extracranial and systemic disease; all scans were centrally reviewed by 2 blinded radiologists and systemic disease was evaluated according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria.19 The patients who recorded a systemic PD were censored in the study.
All adverse events were recorded and graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria. Neurologic functional status was assessed by 2 examiners at baseline and every 3 cycles as described previously by Antonadou et al.13 In brief, the functional status was assessed by 2 examiners as Level I, fully functional; Level II, fully functional, not able to work; Level III, stays in bed and needs help half the time; and Level IV, requires help all the time.
Statistical Analysis
The primary objective of the current study was to assess the activity, measured as objective BM response, to TMZ given orally on Days 1 to 21 every 4 weeks in 27 evaluable patients with measurable BM from breast cancer and NSCLC. The secondary objectives were to determine overall survival (OS), PFS, and the toxic effects of TMZ when administered in this fashion. Other objectives were assessement of functional status and the amount of symptomatic drug assumption. PFS was measured from the date of registration to the date of documented PD or death. OS was assessed from the time of registration to the date of death resulting from any cause. PFS and OS were both determined by the Kaplan-Meier product limit method.20 A 2-stage Simon accrual design was adopted for this phase 2 trial.21 The minimum target activity level was 20% and early discontinuation of the study was planned in case of no response in the first 12 assessable patients.
Patient Characteristics
Thirty-two patients with BM from either breast cancer or NSCLC were assessed for eligibility from November 2005 through December 2006. Three patients did not meet the inclusion criteria, 1 patient refused to participate, and 1 patient did not receive the first treatment although he agreed to enter the study. Clinical and demographic characteristics of the remaining 27 patients are listed in Table 1. The average age was 55 years (range, 46-76 years) there were 14 women and 13 men, and 7 patients had KPS <70. Among 27 assessable patients, 15 (55%) had NSCLC and 12 (45%) had breast cancer; 20 had received prior systemic chemotherapy, and 11 had received previous radiotherapy (in extrabrain sites). All patients had BM and 21 (78%) had ≥2 BM; 15 patients (55%) had at least 1 other metastatic site.
|Age, y
|Histologic type
|Previous surgery
|Previous chemotherapy
|Previous radiotherapy
|Site of metastases
|Lymph nodes
|No. of BMs
A total of 114 cycles were administered; the median number of cycles administered was 4.2.
Clinical Activity
Global responses, evaluated every 3 cycles, are summarized in Table 2. Two CRs were achieved in patients with BM from NSCLC and breast cancer, respectively, and lasted 12 months. Both patients had only BMs and underwent surgery for primary cancer. Eleven PRs were recorded in 6 patients with breast cancer and 5 with NSCLC; 6 of these patients remained in PR for up to 6 cycles. Eight of 11 patients who obtained a PR had only BMs. Another 6 patients remained in SD for up to 3 cycles, 3 for up to 6 cycles, and 8 patients demonstrated PD during the treatment. Of these 8 patients 2 were in SD for brain lesions and in PD for visceral sites of disease. At the time of PD they stopped the administration of low-dose TMZ and began a specific treatment for the control of visceral disease. However, they also developed PD at brain sites after 1 month from the suspension of TMZ and the recalculation of time to progression (TTP) of all the patients enrolled in the study considering only PD in the brain gave a median TTP of 8.9 months (which was not significantly different from the previous analysis).
|No. of Patients
|Complete responses
|Primitive tumor
|Breast cancer
|Partial responses
|Primitive tumor*
|Breast cancer
|Objective responses [CR+PR]
|Stable disease
|Primitive tumor
|Breast cancer
|Progressive disease
|Primitive tumor
|Breast cancer
Another 6 patients remained in SD for up to 3 cycles, 3 for up to 6 cycles, and 8 patients demonstrated PD during the treatment.
As shown in Table 2, the odds ratio (OR) was 48.1% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 38.7%-56.9%), whereas the disease control rate (CR + PR + SD) was 70.3% (95% CI, 61.7%-82.4%). The overall response rate was 58% (7 of 12 patients) in breast cancer patients and 40% (6 of 15 patients) in NSCLC patients. According to stratification by Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) recursive partitioning analysis (RPA), which considers multiple prognostic factors, class I included 11 patients (41%), class II included 10 patients (37%), and class III included 6 patients (22%). Interestingly, in the RPA Class I, 9 (82%) OR and 2 (8%) SD were obtained; conversely, among the 6 patients (22%) included in RPA Class III, no PR + CR was observed (Table 3).
|RPA Class I (11 Patients)
|RPA Class II (10 Patients)
|RPA Class III (6 Patients)
|Complete response
|Partial response
|Stable disease
|Progressive disease
The median TTP was 6 months (95% CI, 5.1-6.8 months) (Fig. 1A) and the median OS was 8.8 months (95% CI, 6.8-8.9 months) (Fig. 1B). The 1-year survival rate was 18.5% (95% CI, 8.5-22.8%).
Toxicity Evaluation
All patients were evaluable for toxicity. Toxicity was recorded using the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria recommendations for the grading of acute and subacute toxicity. TMZ was generally well tolerated and the main toxicities observed were hematologic (Table 4). The toxicities were generally between grade 1 or 2 in severity, although 2 patients had grade 3 events with neutropenia and anemia, respectively. The most common drug-related nonhematologic toxicities were nausea in 9 patients (37%), vomiting in 6 patients (25%), and headache in 5 patients (21%). No liver, renal, or cardiac toxicities were observed in the current series. Treatment interruptions because of toxicity were not observed in our series, and no patients required dose reductions.
|Adverse Event
|Grade 1
|Grade 2
|Grade 3
|Grade 4
|No. of Patients (%)
|9 (33)
|10 (37)
|7 (26)
|9 (33)
|6 (22)
|2 (7)
|2 (7)
|Infection without neutropenia
|1 (4)
|5 (29)
|2 (7)
|Neuropathic pain
|2 (7)
|2 (7)
Evaluation of Neurologic Function
Another measure of treatment efficacy was the assessment of neurologic function at baseline and after 3 and 6 cycles of treatment. The effects of treatment on both neurologic function and BM size are listed in Table 5. After 3 cycles of treatment, the percentage of patients in Level I (fully functional) and Level II (fully functional but not able to work) increased from 75% to 85%, whereas the number of patients with Level III status decreased from 25% to 15%.
|Level I No. of Patients (%)
|Level II No. of Patients (%)
|Level III No. of Patients (%)
|>6 (25)
|>12 (50)
|>6 (25)
|3 cycles
|>10 (42.5)
|>10 (42.5)
|>4 (16)
|6 cycles
|>6 (32)
|>9 (47)
|>4 (21)
The efficacy of this treatment was confirmed by the decreased requirement for medication to palliate neurologic symptoms. At baseline, 15 (55%) patients required corticosteroids, 7 (26%) required anticonvulsants, and 8 (29%) required opioids. After 2 months, 4 months, and 6 months of TMZ treatment, these percentages progressively decreased. In fact, at 6 months, 7 (26%) patients required corticosteroids, 4 (15%) required anticonvulsants, and 3 (11%) required opioids. These data confirm the clinical benefit given by the schedule used in the current study in this subset of patients.
Tumors most commonly metastasizing to brain include those from the lung and breast. Although WBRT is still a standard and active treatment in the management of BM, recent trials of TMZ and WBRT suggest a significant increase in response rate, especially for metastases from lung cancer.22, 23 Unfortunately, using standard schedules (150-200 mg/m2/day for 5 days, every 28 days), TMZ produced a low response rate at other visceral sites derived from either breast cancer or NSCLC.10, 24 In a previous study, we obtained a 45% overall response rate using a schedule containing TMZ at a dose of 150 mg/m2 per day for 5 days, with toxicities including grade 3 neutropenia (15%) and anemia (13%), even if it was safe and tolerable.15 Conversely, the combination of TMZ with other chemotherapy agents (ie, cisplatin) induced a considerable toxicity (most likely because of the addition of other cytotoxic drugs more than because of TMZ itself).11 In another study, 18 patients with NSCLC and BMs received aggressive treatment with WBRT and chemotherapy with vinorelbine, ifosfamide, and cisplatin; they achieved an objective brain response rate of 56%, but all patients reported severe grade 4 neutropenia.25
The possibility of combining TMZ with other agents is shown by the lowering of TMZ dosages that can reduce the occurrence of its side effects. In this view, metronomic chemotherapy may be an alternative to conventional chemotherapy because it provides several favorable effects: 1) delay of the onset of acquired drug resistance; 2) reduction of host toxicity; 3) lack of prolonged drug-free break; and 4) antiangiogenic effects.26 In fact, several studies reported that many cytotoxic drugs, at continuing lower doses, act on the endothelial cell compartment of tumors, inducing a potent antiangiogenic effect.27 In addition, TMZ has been used in protracted low-dose schedules and has been demonstrated to induce antiangiogenic effects in both in vitro and in vivo models.28, 29 In fact, in a preclinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study, Zhou et al30 demonstrated that both TMZ metronomic and conventional regimens have similar activities. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses, some differences were observed in the serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and hypoxia-inducible factor-1‒α, suggesting that the metronomic regimen may be superior to the conventional regimen by preventing the progression of tumors to a proangiogenic state.
Another advantage of a protracted administration of TMZ, even at relatively low daily doses, is shown by a significant and prolonged depletion of the enzyme O6-alkylguanina-DNA alkyltransferase (AGAT) activity, which could enhance the antitumor activity of the agent.31 To our knowledge to date, few clinical studies exist regarding low-dose TMZ administration. A 33% response rate was reported in patients with recurrent brain tumors (melanoma and glioma) who were treated with TMZ at a dose of 75 mg/m2 on a daily schedule for 6 to 7 weeks, which is similar to the response rate reported in patients treated with TMZ on its approved dose schedule.32
A phase 1 trial investigated the combination of TMZ at a dose of 150 mg/m2 per day administered every 2 weeks rather than the conventional 4 weeks (Days 1-7 and 15-21 every 4 weeks), and vinorelbine at escalating doses. A total of 21 patients with recurrent BM were enrolled, with 2 responses (1 PR and 1 minor) and 6 SD with a median survival of 27 weeks.33
In the current study, using a protracted low-dose TMZ schedule, we obtained a promising objective response rate of 48% (13 of 27 patients). A possible explanation for these results is that in the current study, 11 of 27 patients (40%) were included in first RPA class according to RTOG classification,34 and an objective response rate of 82% and 2 (8%) SDs were obtained in this group; conversely, among the 6 patients (22%) included in the third RPA class, we did not observe any objective response. Because both approximately half of the patients included in the study had the brain as the only site of distant metastases and 40% were in RPA class 1, selection bias could have occurred in our series of patients.
The efficacy and safety of TMZ administered concurrently with WBRT for patients with newly diagnosed BMs was also evaluated in recent trials. The largest of these trials demonstrated a significant improvement in the response rate and a trend toward improved survival in the combined therapy arm (8.3 months vs 6.3 months; P = .179); however, it was not statistically significant.35 These results are completely comparable to those of the current study, in which we obtained a median OS of 8.8 months. Conversely, in the current study we used a more intense dose of TMZ per cycle than any previous experience (1575 mg/m2 compared with 750 mg/m2), without any serious toxicity reported.
Although the response rates after WBRT vary, CRs or PRs have been documented in >60% of patients in randomized controlled studies conducted by the RTOG. A revision of 8 different randomized studies in patients with BMs who received WBRT alone demonstrated median survivals ranging from 2.4 to 4.8 months.23 This palliative approach has not translated into a survival benefit.36 In fact, although better than in patients from whom radiotherapy was withheld, the median survival was still poor and the majority of patients still died as a direct result of their brain disease. For example, the median survival for patients with metastatic breast cancer who received WBRT was in the range of 3 to 4 months, with 1-year survival rates at 10% to 20%.37
The addition of protracted courses of TMZ to WBRT did not appear to change the well-documented improvement in neurologic function that can be achieved with radiotherapy alone; the use of symptomatic drugs such as corticosteroids and anticonvulsant agents decreased during the treatment, confirming the activity of this schedule.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report specifically discussing the use of protracted low-dose TMZ for 21 days for the treatment of patients with BMs from breast cancer and NSCLC. The results of the current study demonstrate that the combination of this new TMZ schedule and WBRT is active and induces few side effects. The durable responses, favorable TTP, and the improvement in neurologic status observed in this study offer several advantages over conventional therapy, encouraging the design of additional schedules based on the combination of TMZ and other chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of breast cancer and NSCLC that are metastatic to the brain. The combination with other agents could allow for the control of extrabrain disease sites that are poorly susceptible to TMZ.
- 1Brain neoplasms: epidemiology, diagnosis, and prospects for cost-effective imaging. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2003; 2: 237–250., , , .
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- 9Phase II study of temozolomide in heavily pretreated cancer patients with brain metastases. Ann Oncol. 2001; 12: 249–254., , , et al.
- 10A phase II trial of temozolomide for patients with recurrent or progressive brain metastases. J Neurooncol. 2001; 53: 259–265., , , et al.
- 11Phase II trial of temozolomide and cisplatin followed by whole brain radiotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer patients with brain metastases: a GLOT-GFPC study. Ann Oncol. 2006; 17: 1412–1417., , , et al.
- 12Temozolomide in metastatic breast cancer (MBC): a phase II trial of the National Cancer Institute of Canada - Clinical Trials Group (NCIC-CTG). Ann Oncol. 2006; 17: 952–956., , , et al.
- 13Phase II randomized trial of temozolomide and concurrent radiotherapy in patients with brain metastases. J Clin Oncol. 2002; 20: 3644–3650., , , et al.
- 14Temozolomide and concomitant whole brain radiotherapy in patients with brain metastases: a phase II randomized trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005; 61: 185–191., , , et al.
- 15Concomitant treatment of brain metastasis with whole brain radiotherapy [WBRT] and temozolomide [TMZ] is active and improves quality of life. BMC Cancer. 2007; 7: 18., , , et al.
- 16Phase I trial of temozolomide (CCRG 81045: M&B 39831: NSC 362856). Br J Cancer. 1992; 65: 287–291., , , et al.
- 17Phase II study of temozolomide plus pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in the treatment of brain metastases from solid tumours. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2006; 57: 34–39., , , et al.
- 18Phase I study of capecitabine in combination with temozolomide in the treatment of patients with brain metastases from breast cancer. Cancer. 2006; 107: 1348–1354., , , et al.
- 19New guidelines to evaluate the response to treatment in solid tumors. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, National Cancer Institute of the United States, National Cancer Institute of Canada. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006; 92: 205–216., , , et al.
- 20Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. J Am Stat Assoc. 1958; 53: 457–481., .
- 21Optimal 2-stage designs for phase II clinical trials. Control Clin Trials. 1989; 10: 1–10..
- 22Temporal and gender-related trends in brain metastases from lung and breast cancer. Minn Med. 2003; 86: 32–37., , , et al.
- 23Whole brain radiotherapy in the management of brain metastasis. J Clin Oncol. 2006; 24: 1295–1304., , , .
- 24Temozolomide in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer with or without brain metastases: a phase II study of the EORTC lung cancer group. Eur J Cancer. 2003; 39: 1271–1276., , , et al.
- 25Concomitant brain radiotherapy and vinorelbine-ifosfamide-cisplatin chemotherapy in brain metastases of non-small-cell-lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 1999; 26: 35–39., , , et al.
- 26Metronomic scheduling: the future of chemotherapy? Lancet Oncol. 2001; 2: 733–740..
- 27Low-dose metronomic combined with intermittent bolus-dose cyclophosphamide is an effective long-term chemotherapy treatment strategy. Cancer Res. 2005; 65: 7045–7051., , , et al.
- 28Continuous low-dose chemotherapy plus inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 as an antiangiogenic therapy of glioblastoma multiforme. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2005; 131: 31–40., , , et al.
- 29Metronomic treatment of temozolomide inhibits tumor cell growth through reduction of angiogenesis and augmentation of apoptosis in orthotopic models of gliomas. Oncol Rep. 2006; 16: 33–39., , , et al.
- 30Preclinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of metronomic and conventional temozolomide dosing regimens. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007; 321: 265–275., , , et al.
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LOS ANGELES, CA - SEPTEMBER 23: Dwight King of the Los Angeles Kings skates against the Phoenix Coyotes at Staples Center on September 23, 2010 in Los Angeles, California. The Coyotes defeated the Kings 3-1. (Photo by Jeff Gross/Getty Images)
Ironically, on their barnstorming run to the Stanley Cup final, the Kings have really encountered only one trouble spot: that pesky matter of actually trying to close out a series. In all four rounds, the Kings took a 3-0 series lead and put themselves in a wonderful opportunity to close things out at home. Three of those four times, the Kings lost, including Wednesday night, when the New Jersey Devils stayed alive in the series with a 3-1 victory at Staples Center. The bad news for the Kings is that they have to play another game. The good news is that they have been in this situation two previous times, and both times they won on the road in Game 5. Winning on the road is never easy for any team, and even though the Kings are 10-0 on the road in this postseason, that statistic won't help them on the ice in Game 5 on Saturday against the Devils. The Kings have four players who have previously won the Stanley Cup and five other players who had previously been to the final and lo...
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Gravity keeps the aluminium and timber components of these lamp shades by industrial designer Nick Sadowsky locked together. More »
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Aluminium and timber light shades by Nick
MC Escher illustrations inform stands
for glass lamps by Note Design Studio
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Ripple effect captured in glass-domed
lighting by Poetic Lab
Milan 2014: London studio Poetic Lab has revealed a new iteration of Ripple – a lighting collection that imitates movement on water – at Milan design week (+ movie). More »
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3D-woven fabric creates organically shaped
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Lighting by e15
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Zanocchi & Starke combine desktop
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text:
PRINCETON, N.J., Nov. 13, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- Pharmasset, Inc. (Nasdaq: VRUS) announces that management will present at the Lazard Capital Markets 8th Annual Healthcare Conference to be held November 15 to 16, 2011 at the Pierre Hotel, New York. Schaefer Price, Pharmasset's President and Chief Executive Officer, will provide an overview of the company on Tuesday, November 15 at 3:00 PM (ET).
To access a simultaneous webcast of Mr. Price's overview via the internet, log on to the "Events & Presentations" section of the Investor Center on Pharmasset's website at http://investor.pharmasset.com/events.cfm. Please connect to the website at least ten minutes prior to the start of the presentation to ensure adequate time for a reliable connection and any software download that may be necessary for the webcast.
A replay of the webcasts will be available on Pharmasset's website for thirty days following the conference. The investor presentation will be available for download in PDF format immediately following the presentation in the "Events & Presentations" section of the Investor Center on Pharmasset's website at http://investor.pharmasset.com/events.cfm.
About Pharmasset
Pharmasset is a clinical-stage pharmaceutical company committed to discovering, developing, and commercializing novel drugs to treat viral infections. Pharmasset's primary focus is the development of oral therapeutics for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Our research and development efforts are focused on nucleoside/tide analogs, a class of compounds which act as alternative substrates for the viral polymerase, thus inhibiting viral replication. We currently have three clinical-stage product candidates advancing in trials in various populations. Our py
|SOURCE Pharmasset, Inc.
Copyright©2010 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved


text:
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|7 Apr 1987
|Filing date
|15 Mar 1985
|Priority date
|15 Mar 1985
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Franklin C. Larimore, Robert A. Sinclair
|Original Assignee
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (17), Classifications (20), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention concerns pressure-sensitive adhesive tape which normally is produced in wide widths that may be sold as such but usually are slit to narrow widths to be wound up for convenient storage and shipment. The invention especially concerns pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes which transmit water vapor, a property advantageous for medical purposes.
Known pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes are comprised of two distinct layers, namely, an adhesive layer and a backing layer which supports the adhesive layer. When the adhesive and backing layers are inseparably united, the backing usually is responsible for more than half of the cost of the tape. In tapes made for medical purposes, the backing can be several times more expensive than the adhesive layer. Upon applying a pressure-sensitive adhesive tape to a compound surface, the backing may cause the tape to pucker and hence become poorly adhered. Where a compound surface flexes, for example a person's knee, the tape may soon loosen and fall off. While these problems can be lessened by employing highly conformable backings, it is believed no pressure-sensitive adhesive tape has a utilitarian backing of reasonable cost that has a conformability even approaching that of a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer.
Possibly the most versatile class of pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. Re. 24,906 (Ulrich), the adhesive layers of which are copolymers of (a) one or more acrylic acid esters of non-tertiary alkyl alcohol having a chain of 1 to 14 carbon atoms, and (b) one or more copolymerizable monomers such as the vinyl carboxylic acid monomers acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and itaconic acid. This class of pressure-sensitive adhesives has a host of uses and is especially useful for medical purposes since, among other reasons, they need contain no tackifiers or other materials which might cause allergic reactions.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,740,366 (Sanderson et al.) reports that when a carboxyl-containing, pressure-sensitive adhesive polymer of the Ulrich patent is crosslinked between carboxyl groups by polyvalent metal cations, improved shear resistance is obtained without appreciable loss of tackiness if the polymer is "derived from up to 4.5% of the total momomers of an alpha,beta-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid" (col. 1, lines 64-66). At higher carboxylic acid proportions, polymers would appreciably lose tackiness and become increasingly less soft and compliant unless restricted amounts of polyvalent metal cations were employed.
A class of pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes which are closely related to those of the Ulrich patent are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,865,770 (Blake), their adhesive layers being copolymers of (a) about 90-20 parts by weight acrylic acid ester of non-tertiary alkyl alcohol having a chain of 1 to 14 carbon atoms, (b) about 10-80 parts by weight copolymerizable vinyl carboxylic acid monomer, some of the carboxyl groups of which have been neutralized by reaction with an alkanolamine, and (c) tack-promoting material in an amount sufficient to provide a certain tackiness. Pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes of this class are water-dispersible or water-soluble and also display good tack and heat stability, thus being especially useful for making splices in papermaking and printing operations. Tapes of this class also are suitable for biomedical electrodes, because of their low electrical impedance and good adhesion and precise conformability to skin.
In another class of pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes, the adhesive layers are made by polymerizing an adhesive precursor comprising (1) a water-soluble polyhydric alcohol which is a liquid at about 20� C., (2) an ionic unsaturated free radically polymerizable material which is soluble in said polyhydric alcohol, e.g., acrylic acid, (3) a free radical initiator soluble in said polyhydric alcohol, and (4) a crosslinking agent of a multifunctional unsaturated free radically polymerizable material soluble in said polyhydric alcohol. As disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 514,950 filed July 18, 1983, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,524,087 (Engel), a coating of said precursor can be polymerized to a pressure-sensitive adhesive state, preferably by exposure to ultraviolet radiation. The resulting pressure-sensitive adhesive layer retains a significant amount of water which affords moderate electrical conductivity that can be enhanced by adding electrolytes to the water. Because of their electrical conductivity and because they have good adhesion and precise conformability to skin, these adhesive layers are used in biomedical electrodes which are adhesively attached to the human skin.
The invention provides a pressure-sensitive adhesive tape which comprises an adhesive layer, but need not have a backing in that the adhesive layer can have adequate strength to permit it to be used without a backing. The adhesive layer of a preferred tape of the invention has one broad, tacky and pressure-sensitive face and one broad, substantially tack-free face which can serve the function of an ordinary backing and thus eliminate the expense of a backing. When a separate backing member is eliminated, the novel tape has marvelous conformability.
The foregoing capabilities are possessed by a pressure-sensitive adhesive tape, the adhesive layer of which comprises a polymer of which carboxyl groups originally comprise at least 1% of the weight, the polymer along one surface of the layer being substantially tack-free by being crosslinked between carboxyl groups by polyvalent cations, preferably metal cations, while leaving the polymer along at least one broad surface of the layer uncrosslinked and tacky. The portion of the adhesive layer which is crosslinked has greatly increased tensile strength and much reduced extensibility.
When the polymer is substantially tack-free across one of the broad surfaces of the adhesive layer, that surface may be covered with a low-adhesion backsize coating, thus permitting the adhesive layer to be wound (without a backing) directly upon itself in roll form for convenient storage and shipment and later unwound and dispensed as are other pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes. Even without a low-adhesion backsize coating, some such tapes can be wound upon themselves and later unwound without delaminating, especially if not stored for prolonged periods of time.
Both broad surfaces of some other pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes of the invention are tacky, and the polymer is crosslinked only along one or both edges of the adhesive layer. A substantially tack-free edge surface eliminates problems such as oozing and dirtiness that have been disturbing in the use of some prior pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes. When both of its broad surfaces are tacky and only one or both edges of the adhesive layer of the novel pressure-sensitive adhesive tape are substantially tack-free, it should have a backing which may or may not have a low-adhesion surface to permit the adhesive layer to be removed for such purposes as to join two substrates adhesively.
A preferred pressure-sensitive adhesive for the novel tape comprises a copolymer of (a) from 88 to 97 parts of one or more acrylic acid esters of non-tertiary alkyl alcohol having a chain of 1 to 14 carbon atoms, and (b) correspondingly 12 to 3 parts of one or more copolymerizable monomers such as the vinyl carboxylic acid monomers acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and itaconic acid. Preferably, the average chain of the alcohol has 4 to 12 carbon atoms. Such a copolymer can both be aggressively tacky and have high cohesive strength, retaining those properties after being stored in tape form for years at ordinary room temperatures. Furthermore, pressure-sensitive adhesive layers of these polymers have good water-vapor transmission, allowing them to remain in contact with the human skin for prolonged periods without injury. The crosslinking of such a polymer along a broad surface of the adhesive layer in tapes of the invention provides even better water-vapor transmission.
Another preferred pressure-sensitive adhesive for a tape of the invention comprises copolymers of (a) about 90-20 parts by weight acrylic acid ester of non-tertiary alkyl alcohol having a chain of 1 to 14 carbon atoms, (b) about 10-80 parts by weight copolymerizable vinyl carboxylic acid monomer such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and itaconic acid, some of the carboxyl groups of which have been neutralized by reaction with an alkanolamine, and (c) tack-promoting material in an amount sufficient to provide good tackiness.
A third preferred pressure-sensitive adhesive for a tape of the invention may be prepared as taught in the above-cited U.S. Pat. No. 4,524,087. That adhesive comprises a polymer of an ionic unsaturated free radically polymerized material such as acrylic acid combined with a crosslinking agent and free radical initiator (as outlined above), which are polymerized from an adhesive precursor containing a polyhydric alcohol such as glycerol. It is believed that the polyhydric alcohol hydrogen bonds to the other materials and so may be considered to be an integral part of the polymeric adhesive.
The adhesive layer of a tape of the invention based on one of the classes of pressure-sensitive adhesives identified in the preceding three paragraphs can be crosslinked along a surface simply by applying a Lewis acid, a polyvalent cation, or a polyvalent organo-metallic complex or salt, either with or without a solvent which does not disrupt the adhesive layer. When no solvent is used, the crosslinking penetration will depend upon the fluiditY and viscosity of the polymer being crosslinked. When a solvent is used, the polyvalent metal or other cations can penetrate to a considerable depth quite rapidly, but the depth of crosslinking can be controlled either by limiting the amount of cations applied or by removing unreacted cations, e.g., by washing, by squeegeeing, or by an air jet. When the tape includes a backing to which the adhesive layer is permanently adhered, crosslinking at one broad surface and the edge surfaces can be achieved by momentarily dipping the tape into a solution of Lewis acid, polyvalent cation, or organo-metallic complex or salt.
The solution of Lewis acid, polyvalent cation, or organic-metallic complex or salt preferably is aqueous for reasons of economy and safety, except in those cases where hydrolysis would occur. Solvents other than water are needed where diffusion of the cations into the adhesive layer from an aqueous system would be inhibited, e.g., when crosslinking of the surface carboxyl groups produces a hydrophobic barrier. When using a solvent other than water, it preferably is readily miscible with water and relatively polar, preferably an alcohol such as ethanol or isopropanol. Other useful water-miscible solvents include acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate, and N,N-dimethylformamide. When using water-miscible solvents to carry the polyvalent cations, the depth of crosslinking can be economically controlled by washing with water.
Useful Lewis acids includes ZnCl2, TiCl4, FeCl3, and AlCl3. Solutions of AlCl3 should not be exposed to the atmosphere except during use, or absorbed water may interfere with penetration of the aluminum cations and also result in a powdery deposit at the surface being treated. However, AlCl3 does not color the adhesive as do some other Lewis acids such as FeCl3. Because of their low cost and nontoxicity, the Lewis acids named above are preferred. For uses in which any corrosion must be avoided, a polyvalent organo-metallic complex or salt is preferred to a Lewis acid. Exemplary complexes and salts include zinc octanoate, calcium acetate, aluminum triisopropoxide, tetra-n-butyl titanate, titanium acetyl acetonate, and lactic acid titanium chelates.
The crosslinking of the polymer along a broad surface of the adhesive layer affords greatly improved strength, thus allowing the adhesive layer to be used without a backing. However, in tapes of the invention which have no backings, greatly enhanced strength and integrity can be provided by a tissue-like scrim, preferably of cellulose or nylon, embedded in and coextensive with said adhesive layer. Such a scrim does not substantially lessen the conformability of the adhesive layer.
When the polymer is crosslinked along a broad surface of the adhesive layer, this affords a leathery or silk-like feel. Microscopic examination reveals a wrinkling of the adhesive layer which cannot be detected by the naked eye. The crosslinking greatly reduces stretchability, so that when the tape is microscopically examined after being moderately stretched, crosslinked areas can be ruptured without breaking the underlying tacky adhesive, thus confirming that the adhesive layer has not been crosslinked adjacent that tacky surface while being crosslinked adjacent the other broad surface. The respectively tacky and substantially tack-free nature of those surfaces likewise confirms this.
Both broad surfaces of the adhesive layer may be treated to become crosslinked to a minor portion of the layer thickness. The adhesive layer may then be stretched to fracture the crosslinked portions, thus exposing the still-tacky core by which the adhesive layer can be adhered to a substrate or used to adhesively bond two substrates together.
The polymer of a pressure-sensitive adhesive tape can be crosslinked in tiny, separated areas along one broad surface of the adhesive layer by using a half-tone printing plate to print tiny dots onto the surface with a solution of a Lewis acid, polyvalent cations, or a polyvalent organo-metallic complex or salt. Crosslinking initiated where the polyvalent cations contact the polymer puckers the adhesive surface to create microscopic mounds which are substantially tack-free and are separated by narrow tacky areas. The surface of the adhesive layer thus becomes virtually nontacky under light pressure, but adhesive bonds can be made by pressing the surface against a substrate. The strength of those bonds is dependent upon the pressing force.
In the drawing,
FIG. 1 is a scanning electron micrograph at a magnification of 200� showing a broad surface of a tape of the invention which has been moderately stretched to break the crosslinked portion of its adhesive layer without breaking the uncrosslinked portion; and
FIG. 2 is a similar micrograph of the same tape at a magnification of 5000�.
In the areas 10 of FIG. 1, the portion of the adhesive layer along the broad surface being viewed has been crosslinked, thus puckering that surface which originally had been relatively smooth. Stretching of the tape has produced rifts in the crosslinked portion, revealing areas 12 where uncrosslinked adhesive has elongated to bridge the rifts. As better seen in FIG. 2, the crosslinking extends uniformly into the adhesive layer. The nonuniform depth of the crosslinked portion is attributed to the resulting puckering.
In the following examples, all parts are by weight unless otherwise noted.
A cellulose scrim (8-pound "Crystex Tissue" supplied by Crystal Mills, Middletown, Ohio) had been coated on both sides with a pressure-sensitive adhesive polymer of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,865,770 and prepared from
______________________________________ Parts______________________________________n-butyl acrylate 400acrylic acid 133N--methyl diethanolamine 266rosin tackifier 160polyethylene glycol 106monophenyl ether(ave. mol. wgt. 270)______________________________________
The double-coated scrim-reinforced adhesive layer had a thickness of about 0.09 mm and was carried by a coated paper backing having a release surface. Carboxyl groups comprised 7.8% of the weight of the adhesive. Strips (12�2.5 cm) of this paper-backed tape were immersed in 0.05M FeCl3.6H2 O in absolute ethanol and immediately dipped momentarily into water to wash away any unreacted ferric chloride. After drying in air at room temperature, the strips were peeled from the coated paper backing and tested for tensile strength in an Instron Tensile Tester under ASTM Test Method D 882-75b, with the following results:
______________________________________Immersion Elongation at Tensile strengthTape time (min.) max. load (%) (kPa)______________________________________A 0 5 2700B 0.25 10 3300C 1 10 2950D 2 15 3600E 5 10 5900F 15 10 8550G 30 10 10350H 60 10 13550______________________________________
The exposed surface of each of Tapes B-H had a beige color and was completely tack-free to the touch. The exposed surface of Tape A and the underlying surfaces of each of Tapes A-F were aggressively tacky to the touch and no difference in their tackiness was apparent. The underlying surface of Tape G had reduced tackiness, and that of Tape H was almost tack-free, indicating that substantially its entire adhesive layer had become crosslinked by the metal cations.
The adhesive layers of Tapes E and F had adequate strength to be marketed without backings and could be wound upon themselves in roll form for convenient storage and shipment, preferably after first applying low-adhesion backsize coatings to their tack-free surfaces.
Two other strips of the paper-backed, double-coated resin were immersed in the 0.05M FeCl3.6H2 O solution, one momentarily and the other for two hours, and then dipped into water. After drying, the backings were discarded, and the modified adhesive layers were tested for water vapor transmission by ASTM Test Method E96-80, Method 3.2. The transmission of each was at least 328 g/m2 /hour, more than adequate for surgical tape use.
Strips of the tape used in Example 1 were momentarily dipped into a 5% solution of anhydrous aluminum trichloride in anhydrous ethanol and allowed to dry at room temperature without being washed. The exposed surfaces of the dried strips had become completely tack-free to the touch. When peeled from the paper backing, the underlying surface of the adhesive layer appeared to be as aggressively tacky as the surfaces of Tape A. The adhesive layer was clear and colorless. After another of the modified strips were immersed in water at 80� C. for more than one-half hour and then allowed to dry at room temperature, its adhesive layer appeared to be unchanged.
A strip of the tape used in Example 1 was immersed for 30 seconds in a solution of 5% by weight zinc chloride in anhydrous ethanol and immediately washed in ethanol. After drying, its exposed surface was tack-free to the touch, but when rubbed, some tackiness was evident. The underlying surface of the adhesive layer was as tacky as Tape A.
Another strip of the tape used in Example 1 was immersed to half of its length in the same solution for 30 seconds, and then the entire strip was immediately immersed in water at about 20� C. After about 5 minutes, the untreated section of the tape had become swollen and translucent, whereas the treated section was unchanged. After about one hour, the edge of the treated section had swelled slightly.
A third strip of the tape used in Example 1 was immersed to half its length in the same solution for 30 seconds and then immediately totally immersed in a 5% solution of sodium chloride in water at about 20� C. Neither section of this strip showed any swelling or opacity after one hour.
A strip of the tape used in Example 1 was immersed in a solution of 1.1g of zinc octanoate in 10 ml ethanol. After 5 minutes, the strip was allowed to dry without being washed. The exposed surface of the dried strip was completely tack-free to the touch, while the underlying surface of its adhesive layer appeared to be as tacky as Tape A.
A pressure-sensitive adhesive tape was prepared by coating onto the release surface of a coated paper backing a mixture of 90 parts of isooctyl acrylate and 10 parts of acrylic acid, which mixture had been partially polymerized to a coatable state. After adding a photoinitiator and covering the coating with a releasable transparent plastic film to exclude air, the coating was polymerized to a pressure-sensitive adhesive state by exposure to ultraviolet radiation. The thickness of the adhesive layer of the resulting tape was about 250 micrometers. Carboxyl groups comprised about 2.8% of the weight of the adhesive layer. After removing the transparent plastic film, one strip of the paper-backed tape was momentarily immersed in 0.05M FeCl3.6H2 O in ethanol, and another in 5% anhydrous AlCl3 in ethanol and then dipped in ethanol to remove unreacted metal cations. After being allowed to dry, the exposed surface of the adhesive layer of each strip was completely tack-free, indicating crosslinking along that surface, and the underlying surface of each adhesive layer appeared to be as tacky to the touch as was Tape A.
The adhesive layer of a strip which had been immersed in the ferric chloride solution was peeled from the paper backing and stretched by hand to break the crosslinked portion while leaving the uncrosslinked portion unbroken. Micrographs of the stretched adhesive layer are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 of the drawing. The tack-free, crosslinked portion was from 4 to 10 micrometers in thickness, about 2 to 4% of the total thickness of the adhesive layer.
Used in this example was a tape which was the same as that used in Example 5 except that its adhesive layer had a thickness of about 125 micrometers. While strips of the tape were in a vacuum (10-5 mm of Hg), they were allowed to equilibrate with pure TiCl4 vapor at room temperature, one for 10 minutes and the other for 30 minutes.
An exposed adhesive surface of the strip thus treated for 10 minutes was almost tack-free but was slightly tacky to the touch. The exposed adhesive surface of the strip treated for 30 minutes was completely tack-free. The underlying surface of the adhesive layer of each strip was aggressively tacky, having been unchanged by the treatment. Both treated adhesive layers were stretchy and conformable and unchanged in these respects compared to untreated adhesive layers. The treatment did not change the clear, colorless, glossy appearance of the adhesive layers when examined with the naked eye.
The exposed adhesive surface of a roll of the starting tape used in Example 5 was printed with a 0.05M solution of FeCl3.6H2 O in ethanol using a demonstration half-tone flexographic printing plate (ByChrome Co., Inc., Columbus, Ohio) on a rotary press. The largest dots on the printing plate had a diameter of 290 micrometers and a spacing of 250 micrometers. The smallest dots had a diameter of 65 micrometers and a spacing of 170 micrometers. Microscopic examination showed tiny, beige-colored, tack-free mounds of approximately the diameter of the corresponding dots of the printing plate. The face of the printed tape was virtually nontacky when lightly touched but felt rather tacky under greater fingertip pressure. When a piece of the printed adhesive layer was stretched, the size of each mound remained unchanged while the spacings between the mounds was enlarged, and the face of the printed adhesive layer then felt quite tacky when lightly touched. When another piece of the printed adhesive layer was lightly pressed against a substrate, it became lightly adhered, and the degree of adhesion increased under increased pressure until the printed adhesive layer became strongly adhered to the substrate.
A tape had a cellulose acetate backing and a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer consisting of a copolymer of 95 parts of isooctyl acrylate and 5 parts of acrylic acid, of which polymer carboxyl groups comprised about 3.1% of its weight. One strip of this tape was momentarily immersed in 0.05M FeCl3.6H2 O in ethanol and another in anhydrous AlCl3 in ethanol, and then dipped in ethanol. After being allowed to dry, the exposed adhesive surface of each strip was only slightly tacky to the touch, whereas the underlying surface of the adhesive layer appeared to be as tacky to the touch as the surfaces of Tape A. Upon rubbing the exposed surface of the treated adhesive layer of each strip, it became very tacky to the touch.
A tape had a paper backing having a silicone resin release coating over which a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer consisting of a copolymer of isooctyl acrylate and acrylic acid in 94.6 ratio had been coated from a 22% solution in heptane and isopropyl alcohol (70:30) and heated at gradually increasing temperatures to provide a dry adhesive weight of 81.5 mg/m2. The thickness of the dried adhesive layer was about 0.2 mm.
Onto the uncoated surface of the paper backing was applied a barrier layer which was a terpolymer of 92 parts vinyl chloride, 6 parts vinyl acetate and 2 parts vinyl alcohol ("VAGH #1" supplied by Union Carbide Chemicals Co.). The barrier layer comprised about 2 grains per 24 square inches (84 mg/m2). A silicone low-adhesion backsizing was coated over the barrier layer.
Pieces were then laid up in a slab and guillotined into pads, each having multiple long, narrow strips. The long edges of the strips were then treated with tetra-n-butyl titanate ("Tyzor" TBT sold by Union Carbide Chemicals Co.) to crosslink the pressure-sensitive adhesive along both edges of the strips to detackify the adhesive, thus reducing the migration of the adhesive from the edges of the pads and also reducing soiling of the edges of the pad during storage and use.
A coating of the following adhesive precursor solution was polymerized to provide a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer which is useful for attaching biomedical electrodes to the skin:
______________________________________ Parts______________________________________Glycerol 62Acrylic acid 22Water 13Triethyleneglycol-bis-methacrylate 0.062,2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl acetophenone 0.07photoinitiator ("Irgacure" 651)______________________________________
plus 3 parts of salts, e.g., to enhance electrical conductivity.
In accordance with teachings of the above-cited U.S. Pat. No. 4,524,087, the solution was knife-coated onto silicone coated paper which was then passed through an inert chamber (N2 atmosphere) under a bank of UV lamps to polymerize the coating to a pressure-sensitive adhesive state. Carboxyl groups comprised about 17% by weight of the polymerized coating which had a thickness of about 0.8 mm.
A strip of this tape was momentarily immersed in 0.05M FeCl3.6H2 O in ethanol, and another strip was momentarily immersed in 0.05M FeCl3.6H2 O in water. After drying, the exposed adhesive surface of each strip was completely tack-free, and the underlying surface of the adhesive layer was highly tacky and unchanged in tackiness.
Tape was prepared as in Example 1 except that its backing was biaxially-oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) film coated with a conductive silver paint and its adhesive precursor was:
______________________________________ Parts______________________________________Glycerol 66.7Acrylic acid 15.6Water 12.8Triethyleneglycol-bis-methacrylate 0.372,2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl acetophenone 0.07______________________________________
plus 4.5 parts of salts. The adhesive layer of the tape had a thickness of 800 micrometers.
A number of strips of this tape were immersed in 0.05M FeCl3.6H2 O in ethanol for periods of time given below and then immediately dipped into water. After drying, the exposed adhesive surface of each strip was tack-free, and the underlying surface of its adhesive layer was aggressively tacky to the touch. No differences in thier tackiness was apparent.
After freezing and breaking each strip, the broken edge was microscopically examined to determine the thicknesses of their crosslinked portions as follows:
______________________________________ Depth of CrosslinkingAfter immersion for (micrometers)______________________________________10 seconds 22020 seconds 22040 seconds 55080 seconds 740______________________________________
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|26 Jul 1859
|Simeon goodfellow
|24 Dec 1938
|25 Aug 1942
|Stein Hall Mfg Co
|Cloth backed paper sealing tape
|22 Jan 1971
|19 Jun 1973
|Rohm & Haas
|Pressure sensitive adhesive containing carboxylic acid groups and polyvalent metal
|1 Dec 1972
|11 Feb 1975
|Minnesota Mining & Mfg
|Water-dispersible pressure-sensitive adhesive, tape made therewith, and novel tackifiers therefor
|15 Oct 1981
|22 Feb 1983
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Pressure-sensitive adhesive tape
|17 Apr 1980
|3 Apr 1984
|Nitto Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Heat shrinkable material
|18 Jul 1983
|18 Jun 1985
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Conductive adhesive and biomedical electrode
|4 Apr 1985
|17 Dec 1985
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Strip of binding tape
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|28 Nov 1986
|12 Apr 1988
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Polyalkyloxazoline-reinforced acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive composition
|13 Nov 1990
|11 Feb 1992
|Brite Line Corporation
|Surface marker strip and methods for providing improved integrity and adhesion to roadways and the like
|19 Dec 1990
|18 Aug 1992
|Brite-Line Industries, Inc.
|Surface marker strip and methods for providing improved integrity and adhesion to roadways and the like
|1 Oct 1992
|24 May 1994
|Moore Business Forms
|Pressure sensitive adhesive
|17 Aug 1992
|31 May 1994
|Briteline Industries, Inc.
|Surface marker strip and methods for providing improved integrity and adhesion to roadway and the like
|21 Apr 1995
|23 Sep 1997
|Adhesives Research, Inc.
|Radiation-cured adhesive film having differential surface adhesion
|13 Nov 2000
|23 Jul 2002
|Martin Colton
|Protective, transparent UV curable coating method
|11 Dec 1997
|10 Sep 2002
|Soken Chemical & Engineering Co., Ltd.
|Adhesive composition
|17 Feb 2004
|20 Feb 2007
|Lintec Corporation
|Adhesive composition and adhesive optical component using the composition
|27 Dec 2000
|27 Feb 2007
|Macdermid Graphic Arts S.A.
|Printing plate in the form of a roller and method for obtaining same
|11 Sep 2006
|6 Nov 2007
|Lintec Corporation
|Adhesive optical component comprising an adhesive composition
|10 Mar 2010
|5 Mar 2013
|Nitto Denko Corporation
|Substrate-less pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet for protection of semiconductor wafer, method for grinding back side of semiconductor wafer using pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet, and method for producing pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet
|12 Mar 2002
|19 Sep 2002
|Martin Colton
|Transparent UV curable coating system
|17 Feb 2004
|26 Aug 2004
|Lintec Corporation
|Adhesive composition and adhesive optical component using the composition
|11 Sep 2006
|11 Jan 2007
|Lintec Corporation
|Adhesive optical component comprising an adhesive composition
|10 Mar 2010
|16 Sep 2010
|Nitto Denko Corporation
|Substrate-less pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet for protection of semiconductor wafer, method for grinding back side of semiconductor wafer using pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet, and method for producing pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet
|8 Feb 2002
|17 Dec 2008
|Method of detackifying an edge face of a roll of tape
|U.S. Classification
|428/156, 428/192, 428/343, 428/212
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|15 Mar 1985
Owner name: MINNESOTA MINING AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY, SAINT
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:LARIMORE, FRANKLIN C.;SINCLAIR, ROBERT A.;REEL/FRAME:004384/0449
Effective date: 19850315
|3 Nov 1987
|Certificate of correction
|28 Sep 1990
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|19 Sep 1994
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|21 Sep 1998
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Bed and Breakfast by Heathrow Airport, near Twickenham Rugby Stadium, and London. B&B with Free Breakfast, Parking, in-room Wi-Fi. By restaurants, pub, train. No aircraft noise.
Our Guest House is 5 minutes' drive from London Heathrow Airport. Just off the M4 & M25, near Twickenham Stadium for the Rugby World Cup, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, Hayes.
BEST RATE GUARANTEE: Book Direct here for best prices guaranteed:
No extra booking fees or credit card charges; fully flexible rates available;
4 Star TripAdvisor Rating on 134 User Reviews
Free Breakfast, Wi-Fi, Parking included our B&B Heathrow room prices:
- Free English Breakfast: local butchers' dry-cure bacon, local farm eggs
- Free in-room Wi-Fi on fast fibre optic speeds, downloads at 66 Mb/s
- Heathrow Bed & Breakfast with Free Parking for overnight stays
We are family run and welcoming, with many good value restaurants a short walk away, and a Pub, supermarkets and canal walks, all nearby.
Trains to London Paddington from West Drayton station 5 mins' walk away.
- Our Heathrow Guest House is on airport bus routes and our taxi firm has a 'Taxi Shuttle' with cheap local cab prices for our customers
- We are not on any plane flight paths and we don't get any plane noise.
Special Offer: 10% Off Advance Purchase Superior Twin Rooms
Oakwood Bed and Breakfast Heathrow Superior Double.
Our Heathrow Guest House is near Stockley Business Park, Staines, Slough.
For tourists, we're near Windsor Castle, Legoland, Royal Ascot Racecourse, Wembley Stadium, Hampton Court, Kew, Thorpe Park, Harry Potter Studios.
It's just over 5 minutes by car to Heathrow Terminal 1, Terminal 2, Heathrow Terminal 3, about 15 minutes to Heathrow Terminal 4, and 10 minutes to Heathrow Terminal 5.
Our Bed and Breakfast near Heathrow Airport has 2 room types:
- Budget Standard Single & Twins, good value, compact showers, offering the savings of a cheap B&B Heathrow.
- Superior Twin & Double, oak beams, bedside light dimmers, underfloor heated, comfortable showers.
We speak good/fluent French, German, some Spanish at our B&B near Heathrow.
Oakwood Bed and Breakfast Heathrow
119, Station Road
West Drayton
01895 466 554
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Longitude / Latitude – 51.506871; -0.470345


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Should see a little blip up go to Leukemia and Lymphoma Society website. It's live. Awesome news coming soon. GLTA. Hang tight. There has never been one bit of negative news on the position so hold tight til after ASCO on June, 4 .
Smart money holds long.Light volume = weak hand selling . ibrutinib works very well.
Sentiment: Strong Buy
u saying same thing for the last 20 pts down


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The Idaho Falls Youth Arts Centre provides quality opportunities for youth in the arts to enrich their lives through participation in music, dramatic arts and creative movement. The Idaho Falls Youth Arts Centre fosters a positive outlet for youth to build on their unique skills and talents. Through participation in choir, strings, musical theatre , artistic workshops and dance through artistic growth and achievement, youth are empowered with a positive self-image that benefits the entire community.
Fall Programs
Prelude and Lyric Choir Registration Now Open
Click on picture for information and registration
Performnance Choir Registration Now Open
Click on picture for information and registration
Fall Musical 2015
click on picture to purchase tickets
Performance Dates
November 13,14,16 & 17th 7:30 & 2pm
Civic Auditorium
Tickets General Admission $12(door) $13(online)
Win a chance to Fly with Peter Pan
Other prizes: Front Site Training Session 2 or 4 day($2000 value), Pirate Party for 10, Season Passes, Spa Day, Movie dinner package,Table Top BBQ from Intermountain Gas and many other amazing prizes.
Purchase tickets below or from a cast member
- Home
- Programs
- Rave Reviews
- About Us
- Upcoming Events
- Community Partners
- How You Can Help
- Contact IFYAC


text:
Press Release Distribution
Filter NewsShow All Results
News By Country
News By TagCoffee
Related Tags
coffee Press Releases+ XML/RSS
By Serious Coffee
Help Serious Coffee celebrate their 20th anniversary by submitting an original jingle to win.
By Phenix Brewing
Phenix Brewing & Coffee, looking for backers to KICKstrart their new Recyc-ALE-ing, "Clean Food, Clean World Concept."
By Boost 1 Marketing
Bean and Tea Company is a new company in the Metro Detroit area catering to their local and surrounding communities.
By Apura Juicery & Coffeehouse
BOCA RATON, Fla. – June 2014 – Launching late summer/early fall, Apura Juicery & Coffeehouse has appointed award-winning hospitality brand specialists The Gab Group as agency of record.
By Rook Coffee Roasters
Just 10 weeks after the news of their 5th lease-signing for a space in Wall Township, NJ, Rook Coffee comes out with news of a 6th location to come to Manalapan, NJ this Fall 2014.
By Institute of Scientific Information on Coffee
The Institute for Scientific Information on Coffee explores the research surrounding coffee consumption and digestive health
By Jacobsen's Books & More
Jacobsen's Books presents Young Adult Author Panel June 4th
By PRONicaragua
Nicaraguan exports have reached an estimate of US$1,100 million up to March 2014 (excluding free zones), US$50 million more than the same period in 2013, according to data by the country's Exports and Investment Center (CEI).
By La Fenice Milano
Electromagnetic induction coffee maker, can instantly prepare a perfect ESPRESSO and a perfect AMERICAN FILTER COFFEE
By Boost 1 Marketing
At Bean and Tea, we're local folks. We understand about crazy Michigan weather and the happenings in the area because it's our area, too.
By Serious Coffee
Serious Coffee is celebrating 20 years in business on Vancouver Island!
By Stockton Graham & Co.
Local specialty coffee roaster and wholesale beverage distributor celebrates 20 years in business this May.
By SelbySoft, Inc
SelbySoft, inc has released a new tablet option for users of the industry leasing SP-1 for Coffee and SP-1 for Restaurants point of sale systems.
By Daflorn, LLC
Inter-state or inter-continental, new health product delivers gut health, energy and immunity in every sip.
By SaleCity Sp. z o.o.
Take Away Coffee is a Polish project of mini franchise coffee-houses chain, focused on take-away sales only.
By Coffee Coupon
DeLonghi Pump Espresso maker $70 with 30% off Kohls coupon code + Kohls Cash Kohls Coupon 30% Off & Free Shipping Online With Kohl's Charge Card + Kohl's Cash – good on Delonghi coffeemaker clearance sale Coffeecoupon.com reported today about a...
By Sofa Cafe
Sofa Café, a specialty coffee shop, has announced the Grand Opening of its first location in the United States. The café, located at 217 Newbury Street will be the chains fourth location, the first three are operating in Sao Paulo, Brazil.
By ASG Strategies Inc.
Hendersonville, NC. Jongo Java, Hendersonville's hottest coffee house, gains new owners and bids farewell to founders Jamie and Daniel after four great years of service.
By SelbySoft, Inc
SelbySoft has recently added support for the Unique Terminal ID compliance mandate required by MasterCard. This is a requirement for retailers that have more than one POS terminal in their location.
By Cafe Perfecto
Café Perfecto Is Newest Single-Origin Coffee Importer In The Carolinas
By www.vmaxcoffee.com
Sustainable Investments Exhibits at Airshow on March 21-22, 2014
By brandnation
A survey undertaken by leading online weight loss system Nutracheck shows that coffee (49%) is the favourite drink of dieters.
By Lakeshore-Dental
Most people understand that eating candy and sweet things is likely to cause them tooth decay and cavities. But few people realize just how common the problem is, even for adults.
By SelbySoft, inc
SelbySoft, developers of the popular SP-1 point of sale system for the coffee & restaurant markets has made changes to the MobileDash reporting system.
By DEAN & DELUCA
DEAN & DELUCA partners with La Colombe Torrefaction to offer La Colombe's Uganda - Bulaago Village, featured on The Travel Channel's series, Dangerous Grounds Season 2.
By Expose Yourself PR
Calling All Caffeine Addicts! Whether it's your alarm clock, your mid-afternoon pick me up or the only food group that matters- you may be in denial that you my amico, are addicted to caffeine.
By High Brew Coffee
Premium Coffee Brand Debuts Four Ready-to-Drink Flavors At Renowned Trade Event
By SelbySoft, Inc
SelbySoft, Inc, will be exhibiting at the Coffee Fest in New York city. Coffee Fest takes place March 7th - 9th and will be held at the Jacob Javits Center.
By Avita Coffee & Provision, Inc.
Avita Coffee & Provision, Inc. is pleased to offer nationwide online ordering of their fresh roasted arabica coffees.
By SelbySoft, Inc
A new method of tracking and implementing customer rewards has been added to the popular SP-1 for Coffee & Restaurant point of sale system.
By BaristaForums
An online community for coffee enthusiast, baristas, coffee shop owners, and coffee roasters to learn and share about everything coffee related.
By Quikstix Australia P/L
A new Australian award winning beverage product has just launched for crowd funding on Kickstarter. Goal is to raise $40,000 with rewards for backers including Quikstix product in plunger quality coffee and tea and first distribution options.
By IMAPAC
In partnership with Association of Indonesian Coffee Exporters and the Specialty Coffee Association of Indonesia, IMAPAC will organize the Asia Coffee Congress from 6-8 May 2014 in Jakarta, Indonesia.
By SelbySoft, Inc
SelbySoft, the leading point of sale solution for the specialty coffee market is once again the Official Point of Sale sponsor for the America's Best Coffeehouse competition.
By HEART CARE FOUNDATION OF INDIA
Padma Shri & Dr. B C Roy National Awardee, Dr. K K Aggarwal, commenting on the study said that both coffee and nicotine have a link with dopamine in the brain. Dopamine is a chemical that decreases in patients with Parkinson's disease.
By Office Coffee Deals
The average American 18 years of age and older drinks 1,132 plus cups coffee each year and one company could not help but try and answer the obvious "is drinking coffee good for you or bad for you?".
By Office Coffee Deals
OfficeCoffeeDeals.net launched earlier this year, offering businesses a new and easy way to buy and save money on their coffee and tea delivery services.
By Office Coffee Deals
Office Coffee Deals Has Recently Been Officially Recognized as a Leader for "Best Coffee Service Prices".
By Serious Coffee
Serious Coffee is excited to announce the launch of its "12 Days of Christmas" contest.
By GrainPro, Inc.
GrainPro, Inc. recently raised their standing in the world agricultural storage industry by obtaining an official International Organic Storage (IOS) Certification.
By Cozzee
Prezi launched the Fuel for Ideas Challenge to provide entrepreneurs with the tools they need to get crowdfunding for their ideas. Cozzee is social good start-up that is one of five finalist.
By Maui Wowi Hawaiian
Gourmet Coffee and Smoothie Company Creates Holiday Savings for Online Shoppers
By Big Island Coffee Roasters
Big Island Coffee Roasters brings new service to Hilo, Hamakua, and Puna coffee growers. Expected to improve specialty coffee output in Hawaii.
By Rhino Doughnuts
Unique new brand will offer chef-made doughnuts and craft-brewed coffee in a cutting-edge atmosphere
By Allegra Events
When: 3rd – 6th April 2014 What: The London Coffee Festival - UK Coffee Week's launch event Who: Over 20,000 coffee, tea and food lovers Where: Brick Lane, The Old Truman Brewery, London E1 6QR (entrance via 15 Hanbury Street) The Cause: 50% of...
By The Cupbearer Coffee and Tea Outfitter
Cumming-based coffeehouse pairs savory fare with award-winning coffees and teas
By Wisteria
Why your coffee break could cost you considerably more this Christmas
By Boot Camp Coffee
Whether you are planning to start a coffee roasting business, coffee consultancy or you aspire to work in the coffee industry Coffee PRO online course is for you.
By Maui Wowi Hawaiian
Fresh Fruit Smoothie and Gourmet Hawaiian Coffee Franchise Hires Key Player To Support Recent Growth of the Brand
By GrainPro, Inc.
GrainPro, Inc. of Concord Massachusetts and GrainPro Philippines, Inc. in Subic Bay, Philippines announces newest Vice President.
Page updated every 10 minutes


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Preschoolers: grab your parents and have them take you on some adventures throughout Kentuckiana!
For lovers of 80s music, Halloween night at the Haymarket Whiskey Bar is where you want to be. Italian experimental electronic rock band JoyCut opens for the Deloreans and The Pass.
Experience books and music together in this expertly paired book club/concert series.
Hard Rock Cafe and 102.3 The Max bring you another installment of their annual Pinktober event raising money for Susan G. Komen.
Louisville Orchestra presents a popular piece in the classical repertoire, Carl Orff's Carmina Burana. Chorus Master Kent Hatteberg shares some background on rehearsing this huge choir and what to expect from Friday night's show.
Swedish synthpop band popping into Louisville, popping into dreams.
The Brooklyn-based band Sinkane and touring partner Helado Negro created a memorable night at Zanzabar Saturday.
Never in my life would I had thought I would type those words.
Those are words I'd never thought I would ever type.
9 was always a favorite number, David is the best name in the world, and tonight we celebrate Mr. Gray's ninth studio album!
Since the Louisville area forecast looks so horrid for the next several days, here are some ideas for play for those looking for ways to play with toddlers and preschoolers.
New England collective The Tune-Yards returns to Louisville.
- ‹ previous
- 15 of 64
- next ›


text:
Paradise TV Show Watchlist
A hired gun became caretaker for his dying sister's four young children in the 1890s mining town of Paradise. As the show began its third and final season, the title was changed to `Guns of Paradise' and the reformed gunslinger became the new marshal. In a (more…)
Rating: None
Latest Full EpisodesSee all »
Cl?mence arrives back in town bringing her problems to an already troubled Paradise. Tom flaunts his reconciliation with Cl?mence in front of a desolate Katherine. Distressed, she is rescued by Jonas at her darkest hour. As Katherine confides in Jonas, her words confirm his suspicions of Tom's dark past. Katherine learns some unexpected news that reignites her fight and purpose.
A serialized ghost story is taking the city by storm and when Susy's staff photograph reveals more than she is expecting she's certain The Paradise is haunted. Moray finds he is unable to tell Denise the truth about him and Katherine but Denise's suspicions are confirmed in a more heart breaking way. Dudley plans to bring Denise and Moray back together and forces them to work alongside each other, which is torment for the pair.
Lucille confesses to Clara she doubts her feelings for Ballentine, but soon regrets her comments and attempts to buy Clara's silence. Tom's behavior is disturbingly spiteful and a frightened Katherine confides in Moray. Unbeknownst to them Tom has been watching their intimacy grow. Tom and Katherine attempt a truce but the good intention unravels leaving devastation in its wake.
Tom Weston is furious to see that Moray has set up a display of pocket watches which might steal attention away from his new Food Hall department and asks Denise to spend time in other departments to make improvements. Moray is riled to learn Tom has been favoring Denise, fearing she is being used as a pawn. Jonas begins to reel Tom in even closer and Tom, oblivious to Jonas' duplicity, orders him to report on Moray's movements.
Cast & Details See all »
- Rating: None
- User Rating:
- Premise: A hired gun became caretaker for his dying sister's four young children in the 1890s mining town of Paradise. As the show began its third and final season, the title was changed to `Guns of Paradise' and the reformed gunslinger became the new marshal. In a… (more)
Trending TonightSee all »
Chicago Fire10:00 pm | NBCI'll Watch372 Watching
The Flash8:00 pm | CWI'll Watch280 Watching
Limitless10:00 pm | CBSI'll Watch240 Watching
Watch This
Rachel Bloom recalls being a real-life Crazy Ex-Girlfriend
Art imitates life!
Gorongosa Park Rebirth of Paradise
By Pbs (Direct)Buy New: $34.99
By It BooksBuy New: $19.61
The Paradise: Season 2
By BBC Home EntertainmentBuy New: $28.79
Popular Shows
- 1. Blindspot
- 2. Quantico
- 3. Rosewood
- 4. Limitless
- 5. Code Black
- 6. The Player
- 7. Life in Pieces
Popular Movies
- 1. Straight Outta Compton
- 2. Ant-Man
- 3. Southpaw
- 4. Trainwreck
- 5. Minions
- 6. Vacation
- 7. Mission: Impossible - Rogue Nation
Popular Celebrities
- 1. Priyanka Chopra
- 2. Bindi Irwin
- 3. Selena Gomez
- 4. Melissa Benoist
- 5. Jaimie Alexander
- 6. Rami Malek
- 7. Bryshere Y. Gray


text:
My husband and I booked this hotel along our cross-country move because it was cat-friendly and we had both of our kitties in tow. It was very easy to find, with immediate access to the highway which suited us perfectly. The hotel was also only a short drive to the adorable Old Town Albuquerque area, which we enjoyed immensely.
Otherwise, this hotel was pretty average. It'll do for a night. There was a smoky smell in the hallways, as others have noted, but I didn't notice the smell in the room so I was OK with it. Longer stays might have more time to absorb the smoky smell. Yuck.
We didn't do breakfast there, and if you are health-conscious I would suggest that you skip it as well. It's the conventional continental fare, which is never all that healthy. The staff were nice and the parking lot was VERY well-lit, which is important when you have a car loaded full of stuff that could get stolen!
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Expedia, Travelocity, LaQuinta, Low Cost Holidays, Cheap Tickets, Orbitz, Priceline, Odigeo and Hotels.com so you can book your La Quinta Inn & Suites Albuquerque West reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- La Quinta Inn And Suites Albuquerque West
- La Quinta Inn & Suites Albuquerque West Hotel Albuquerque
- La Quinta Albuquerque
- Albuquerque La Quinta


text:
July 12, 2011
God, I love Brittany O'Connell.
Thanks for helping us associate the correct Pornstars to this video!
Help Us: Do these Pornstars appear in this video?
Pornstar Name:
All Comments (11)
God, I love Brittany O'Connell.
she's 39 but wayne
Anytime she needs money!
this is hot woman so sexy aaaaahhh
Love her voluptuous body. Yeah man, drill that pussy.
ill do a scence with here even a clip. I want paid as well
wow that woman is so fucking hot specially with those stockings on :P!
This is one hot woman. Show more like her.
i really want to fuck her. i will surely brought her to paradise of contentment.....i wanna lick and suck her.......she's beautiful and so hot...


text:
Chameleon-inspired stretchable e-skin changes color when touched
Quadrocopter news: Flying machines build a bridge out of rope
Robot revolution sweeps China's factory floors
In China's factories, the robots are rising.
Soft robotic hand can pick up and identify a wide array of objects
Robots have many strong suits, but delicacy traditionally hasn't been one of them. Rigid limbs and digits make it difficult for them to grasp, hold, and manipulate a range of everyday objects without dropping or crushing ...
Quadcopter and Quadruped story ends with smooth landing
Robot mimics cockroach in Russian research initiative
Robots take root on smaller dairy farms, upping production
Robots have taken up residence at some small- and medium-sized dairy farms across the country, providing reliable and more efficient labor and helping the businesses remain viable. Plus, farmers say, the milking technology ...
A humanoid robot to liaise between space station crews
A team of French researchers from the Institut cellule souche et cerveau (Inserm/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1), led by CNRS senior researcher Peter Ford Dominey, has developed "an autobiographical memory" for the robot ...
A folding robot weighing four grams that crawls and jumps
Researchers at EPFL have come up with a folding, reconfigurable robot that is capable of crawling and jumping. Modelled on the inchworm, it represents a new paradigm in robotics.


text:
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Book your room at ibis Mendoza Hotel
Please enter your travel dates.
Get an overview of this hotelFamily-friendly hotel with restaurant and bar/lounge
This family-friendly Guaymallen hotel is located near the airport, within 2 mi (3 km) of Mendoza Plaza Shopping Center and Bodega Santa Ana. Navarro Correas Winery and Julio Le Parc Cultural Center are also within 3 mi (5 km).
Hotel Features
A restaurant, a bar/lounge, and a coffee shop/café are available at this hotel. Free WiFi in public areas and free self parking are also provided. Other amenities include a snack bar/deli, coffee/tea in the lobby, and concierge services.
Room Amenities
All 83 rooms offer free WiFi, minibars, and plasma TVs with cable channels. Other amenities available to guests include room service, free newspapers, and hair dryers.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Dining options at the hotel include a restaurant, a coffee shop/café, and a snack bar/deli. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. For a surcharge, the property provides an area shuttle within 200 km and a roundtrip airport shuttle (available on request). This family-friendly hotel also offers multilingual staff, coffee/tea in the lobby, and concierge services. Onsite self parking is complimentary.
- 24-hour front desk
- Airport transportation (surcharge)
- Area shuttle (surcharge)
- Bar/lounge
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Casino shuttle (surcharge)
- Coffee shop or café
- Coffee/tea in lobby
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Concierge services
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Elevator/lift
- Free self parking
- Free WiFi
- Luggage storage
- Multilingual staff
- Number of floors - 7
- Restaurant
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Shopping center shuttle (surcharge)
- Snack bar/deli
- Television in lobby
- Theme park shuttle (surcharge)
- Total number of rooms - 83
Family Friendly Amenities
- Cribs/infant beds (complimentary)
- Free Wi-Fi
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Snack bar/deli
Room Amenities
- Air conditioning
- Cable TV service
- Free newspaper
- Free toiletries
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Daily housekeeping
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Hair dryer
- In-room safe
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Minibar
- Plasma TV
- Private bathroom
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Room service (limited hours)
- Shower only
Where to Eat
Continental breakfasts are available for a surcharge and are served each morning between 6:30 AM and 10 AM.
Ibis Restaurant - This restaurant specializes in regional cuisine and serves dinner only. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar.
Room service (during limited hours) is available.
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
Hotel Policies
Minimum check-in age is 18
Check-in time starts at noon
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Kids stay free! One child under 3 years old stays free when using existing bedding.
- Rollaway/extra beds are available.
- Free cribs (infant beds)!
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
24-hour check-in
No pets or service animals allowed
Optional extras
- Breakfast fee: between ARS 366 and ARS 50 per person (approximately)
We should mention
This property's policy is to refuse certain bookings for the purpose of group events or parties, including pre-wedding stag/bachelor and hen/bachelorette parties. This property offers transfers from the airport (surcharges may apply). Guests must contact the property with arrival details before travel, using the contact information on the booking confirmation. One child 3 years old or younger stays free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding. The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation. No pets and no service animals are allowed at this property. The photos in this description reflect the brand standard and are provided for illustrative purposes only.