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I like Stan Smiths.. but I like Supergas even better. Especially the canvas.
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The WAYWT Discussion Thread - Page 6347post #95191 of 1176685/21/13 at 5:33pm
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Uniqlo- (pink but over exposed for denim exposure)
budai pendent
louis vuitton
APC petite standard, sized down 1~2 than normal. Hemmed b/c I'm short and don't want stacks on stacks on stacks. - 3 days into break in period, I think my sperm count is low... lol
bass & co (cheap intro into suede shoes, not sure if i would like them or not)
Billingham bag, not as fat as it looks like in the image, i just left it unclipped so it hanged down and wide,
I need to find a new mirror, or a friend to take photos for me with more even lighting, so everything is properly exposedpost #95195 of 1176685/21/13 at 6:20pm
post #95196 of 1176685/21/13 at 6:45pm
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Park, I was gonna say "Where'd all the hair come from?" But then I see that you pointed out that it's an old post.post #95198 of 1176685/21/13 at 6:58pm
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Quote:Originally Posted by allennat
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Warning: Spoiler! (Click to show)
Uniqlo- (pink but over exposed for denim exposure)
budai pendent
louis vuitton
APC petite standard, sized down 1~2 than normal. Hemmed b/c I'm short and don't want stacks on stacks on stacks. - 3 days into break in period, I think my sperm count is low... lol
bass & co (cheap intro into suede shoes, not sure if i would like them or not)
Billingham bag, not as fat as it looks like in the image, i just left it unclipped so it hanged down and wide,
I need to find a new mirror, or a friend to take photos for me with more even lighting, so everything is properly exposed
Dave Navarro can get away with wearing a necklace like that. Guys that wear bass shoes and tuck their button down into their jeans cannot. Also, the belt is really bad. Is it black?post #95200 of 1176685/21/13 at 8:08pm
- hendrix
- Ill-proportioned
It's not about the bass shoes or even the tucked shirt, it's the way that the shirt fits.
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It's gaping open at the neck too much. He needs a wider fit at the neck, and a higher collar would probably look better too.
It's very difficult for guys with a bit of muscle to tuck OCBDs into jeans. The fit needs to be absolutely perfect and because the body is constantly changing this is very difficult to achieve. It's not really about being unflattering, it's more to do with looking uncomfortable.
I have basically given up on it. I do of course tuck into shirts into trousers, but they're very different from jeans. I've also had to accept that I have to have separate shirts for tucking and untucking, as tucking shirts alters their fit and changes where the waist (the narrowest point) should be in order to look flattering.
It's probably OCD, but that's my experience.post #95201 of 1176685/21/13 at 9:13pm
- in stitches
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epic old pic, parker.
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thanks for all the birthday thumbs, guys!post #95202 of 1176685/21/13 at 9:14pm
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Well, it's probably OCD, but at least you have good company.
I have proportionally long legs and long arms, so any time I tuck in, there's a tendency for me to look like I've got my pants pulled up to the nipples. Fitted jeans exacerbate this. So I only tuck in when I'm wearing a pair of looser fit jeans that I can sag a bit.
I've gotten some ill-fitting shirts shortened and taken in, and have been pretty satisfied with the result. Not perfect, but they were mostly thrifted or vintage, so cheap in any case. I ask for a slightly curved hem, and for it to be shortened to about mid-rise. Before tailoring, I'd hardly wear these shirts, on account of the choice between a blousy tuck, a billowing sail, or some other shirt that fits.
Getting untucked shirts to fit at the bottom can be tricky as well. Too long or too tight, and they ride up. Unlike jackets, most shirts don't have any side seam allowances, so they can't be let out, but the sides can be taken up. Kinda works. And, to state the obvious, that 9mm thick veg tan SuFu-approved belt won't be helping matters.
I suppose the obvious solution is to get some shirts made by someone you can look in the eye.post #95203 of 1176685/22/13 at 12:11am
post #95204 of 1176685/22/13 at 12:22am
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Quote:post #95205 of 1176685/22/13 at 5:38am
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booooooooReturn HomeBack to Forum: Streetwear and Denim
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text:
BiographyAs a clinician and teacher, Dr. Eikermann focuses on innovation in the fields of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital. As a researcher and mentor, he has a strong national and international reputation in the field of perioperative respiratory medicine and outcomes research.
Dr. Eikermann serves on numerous committees including: ASA Committee on Research, ASA Committee on Respiratory Care. At MGH, he serves as the Medical Director of Respiratory Care, and as the Clinical Director for Quality Improvement and Research in the Critical Care Division. He is a member of the MGH Clinical Research Council, and the Secretary of tCarl Rosow Center of Clinical Research at the Department of Anesthesia. Furthermore, he is a Section Editor for BMC Anesthesiology and has filed a pharmacological patent application that is leading to ongoing drug development activities.
Matthias Eikermann, MD, PhD, director of research in the Critical Care Division of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital will discuss the impact of early mobilization in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU).
MGH researchers have found that medications currently used to immobilize patients during surgery can increase the risk of postoperative respiratory complications.
Phone: 617-643-4408
Fax: 617-643-4157

subset: commoncrawl


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Discussion BoardsOpen MenuDiscussion Boards Open Menu
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Cannot find Wireless Printer from either laptop - has valid IP
I have a new Office Jet Pro8500A All in one printer. I have followed instructions, and configured the printer to access my wireless network. The wireless network test report was successful and I can verify the IP address on the printer.
Installing the software on my Windows 7 laptop, I am unable to find the printer to connect wirelessly. I have searched and typed in the IP address by name, but it is not able to be found.
To verify it was not a firewall issue, I tried to install the software on a different laptop connected to the same home wireless network as the printer. The Mac OS also failed to find the printer to connect.
Why does the printer show as connected, but I cannot connect wirelessly? I have read I may need to change my wireless network to WAP but is this really required? I would prefer not to change my home network.
Re: Cannot find Wireless Printer from either laptop - has valid IP
Try the following:
- HP Printers - Installing Your Printer Driver Using the Windows Built-in Solution
- Download and Install Your Windows HP Printer Driver and Software for a USB Cable Connection
- HP Printers - Installing a Mac Printer Driver Using Apple Software Update
- HP Printers - Download and Install a Mac HP Printer Driver and Software
- HP LaserJet Pro Printers and Multifunction Printers - HP Smart Install Discontinuation


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(Pra means Supreme, Jyoti means Light, Niketan means Centre) "TheCentre of the Supreme Light" is a Vision of Redeeming Love(God) as the Supreme Light for life through daily struggles (Mt.5.48) to achieve fullness / Wholeness (Jn.10.10). It is an International Centre for research, training and service in Wholistic Approach.
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Harvin (shoulder) practices with Vikes
Updated: October 15, 2009, 5:38 PM ETAssociated Press
EDEN PRAIRIE, Minn. -- Minnesota wide receiver Percy Harvin has returned to practice.
Harvin worked out Thursday on a limited basis, after being held out Wednesday. He hurt his left shoulder last Sunday at St. Louis. Coach Brad Childress says Harvin is continuing to move around on the field and work through his injury.
Punt returner Darius Reynaud also practiced on a limited basis, continuing his comeback from a left hamstring strain.
Special teams coordinator Brian Murphy ...
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text:
Dr. Loubaba Houari graduated from the Univ Hassan Ii, Fac De Med Et De Pharm, Casablanca, Morocco in 1996. She works in Cortlandt Manor, NY and specializes in Internal Medicine. Dr. Houari is affiliated with New York Presbyterian Hudson Valley Hospital Center.
Internal Medicine
Medical School: Univ Hassan Ii, Fac De Med Et De Pharm, Casablanca, Morocco; Graduated 1996
1980 Crompond Rd
Cortlandt Manor, NY 10567
(914) 734-3600
Fax: (914) 734-3601
Practice Website: wmpny.com
Accepting New Patients: Yes
Medicare Accepted: Yes
Medicaid Accepted: Yes
Not Available
2 Stowe Rd Ste 5
Peekskill, NY 10566
41 Castle Point Rd
Wappingers Falls, NY 12590
2 Stowe Rd Ste 1
Peekskill, NY 10566
2 Stowe Rd Ste 9
Peekskill, NY 10566
1980 Crompond Rd
Cortlandt Manor, NY 10567


text:
Effects of Free Fatty Acids on Human Salivary Gland Epithelial Cells
Clinical Research Center for Diabetes, Tokushima University Hospital, 2-50-1 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.Journal of dental research (Impact Factor: 4.14). 04/2013; 92(6). DOI: 10.1177/0022034513487378
Source: PubMed
Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are characterized by decreased insulin sensitivity and higher concentrations of free fatty acids (FFAs) in plasma. Among FFAs, saturated fatty acids (SFAs), such as palmitate, have been proposed to promote inflammatory responses. Primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammatory mononuclear cell infiltration and destruction of epithelial cells in the salivary and lacrimal glands. IL-6 production and α-fodrin degradation are increased in salivary gland epithelial cells of patients with primary SS. Although previous studies have shown a link between SS and either dyslipidemia or T2D, little is known about the clinical significance of FFAs in primary SS. Here we report that SFAs, but not unsaturated fatty acids, induced IL-6 production via NF-κB and p38 MAPK activation in human salivary gland epithelial cells. Moreover, palmitate induced apoptosis and α-fodrin degradation by caspase-3 activation. Unlike salivary gland epithelial cells, induction of IL-6 production and the degradation of α-fodrin in response to palmitate were undetectable in squamous carcinoma cells and keratinocytes. Taken together, SFAs induced IL-6 production and α-fodrin degradation in salivary gland epithelial cells, implicating a potential link between the pathogenesis of primary SS and SFAs level in plasma.
Article: Palmitate-Stimulated Monocytes Induce Adhesion Molecule Expression in Endothelial Cells via IL-1 Signaling Pathway[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Increased intake of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), such as palmitate (Pal), is linked to a higher risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Although recent studies have investigated the direct effects of SFAs on inflammatory responses in vascular endothelial cells, it remains unknown whether SFAs also induce these responses mediated by circulating cells. In this study, especially focused on adhesion molecules and monocytes, we investigated the indirect effects of Pal on expression and release of ICAM-1 and E-selectin in vascular endothelial cells. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-treated THP-1 (pTHP-1) cells and human monocytes were stimulated with various free fatty acids (FFAs). SFAs, but not unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), increased interleukin (IL)-1β secretion and decreased IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) secretion, resulting in an increase in the IL-1β/IL-1Ra secretion ratio. UFAs dose-dependently inhibited the increase in IL-1β secretion and decrease in IL-1Ra secretion induced by Pal. Moreover, in human aortic and vein endothelial cells, expression and release of ICAM-1 and E-selectin were induced by treatment with conditioned medium collected from Pal-stimulated pTHP-1 cells and human monocytes, but not by Pal itself. The up-regulated expression and release of adhesion molecules by the conditioned medium were mostly abolished by recombinant human IL-1Ra supplementation. These results suggest that the Pal-induced increase in the ratio of IL-1β/IL-1Ra secretion in monocytes up-regulates endothelial adhesion molecules, which could enhance leukocyte adhesion to endothelium. This study provides further evidence that IL-1β neutralization through receptor antagonism may be useful for preventing the onset and development of cardiovascular disease. J. Cell. Physiol. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Journal of Cellular Physiology 03/2015; 230(3). DOI:10.1002/jcp.24797 · 3.84 Impact Factor
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The How Would You Rule The World? Test
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When the government fears the people, we have democracy. When the people fear the government, we have tyranny. You take this mantra to heart, working for the empowerment of the private citizen, e... Read more
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Your enemies tremble at your passing, and your citizens live every day in fear. You have no morals, and you see to it that the strong survive at any cost... unless they oppose you, of course... or... Read more
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Image 1stRead MoreJett Studios' expansive studio in the heart of Miami Lakes' busiest shopping center plays host to photo sessions of all sorts. Whether in search of a boudoir session or a family portrait, clients can choose from 50 different settings capable of creating iconic and unique images. During each shoot, the studio's shutterbugs pride themselves on capturing unique moments that showcase their clients' personalities. And the photographers are aided by a team of makeup artists and retouchers who ensure the photographs translate into beautiful printed image.250 NW 23rd St, Unit 312Miami, FL US
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Fluture Allure PhotographyRead MoreWhat services does your business offer and what makes your business stand out from the competition? Fluture Allure is a family oriented business seeking to strive and exceed your expectations in capturing remarkable moments with your kids or family that will last a lifetime. What was the inspiration to start or run this business? Our biggest inspiration are our two beautiful kids. and As parents of a special needs child, we understand the importance of patience and strive to provide a pleasant experience. What do you love most about your job? Capturing beautiful moments that will last a lifetime. What is the best reaction you've ever gotten from a customer? ".. talent, professionalism, kindness, and knowledge of how to make out pictures the best it can be,.... She is our go-to photographer and we wouldn't trust any one else with our precious memories but Fluture Allure Photography. I can't say enough positive things about our experiences"5779 Northwest 151st StreetMiami Lakes, FL US
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|13 Feb 1990
|Filing date
|11 Sep 1987
|Priority date
|13 Sep 1986
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Peter Vogel
|Original Assignee
|U. S. Philips Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (86), Classifications (13), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention relates to a method of and a circuit arrangement for bit rate reduction. Bit rate reduction is carried out when coding a signal, which comprises a series of digital signal values and has a signal value A, occurring most frequently in runs.
An Article by Wen-Hsiung Chen and William K. Pratt (Chen, When-Hsiung and Pratt, William K.; Scene Adaptive Coder IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. Com-32, No. 3, March 1984, pages 225-232) describes a coding process of video signals for the purpose of transmitting video pictures of satisfactory quality at a minimum possible bit rate. Coding is effected in several steps. First, equally large video picture sections which are represented by blocks of pixels are subjected to a Discrete Cosine Transform. In this transform process, a special two-dimensional Fourier transform is used. By the transform, a new block of values (coefficients) is obtained from the original block. This coefficient block has the property that a large number of its elements--thus a large number of the coefficients--are approximately 0 or exactly 0. A subsequent quantization of the coefficients always renders the greater part of the elements 0 so that a subsequent Huffman coding would therefore already involve a considerable bit rate reduction. The authors of the above-mentioned Article achieve a further bit rate reduction in that the frequent occurrence of zero runs in the intermediate signal in which the coefficients are serially arranged is utilized by means of a Huffman coding.
It is known that in a Huffman coding in which the codewords have different lengths, statistic properties of the signal to be coded are utilized. In the present case this particularly implies that the frequency with which zero runs having lengths 1, 2, 3, etc. occur in the above-mentioned intermediate signal is investigated. The shortest Huffman codeword is then assigned to the run that occurs most frequently. The next larger codeword is assigned to the run that occurs less frequently, and so forth.
For coding the intermediate signal two Huffman code tables are required according to the above-mentioned Article. A first table shows how the (quantized) coefficients different from 0 are to be coded. Only the coefficient values are coded because equally large coefficients also occur at the same frequency. The signs are transmitted in a separate bit. A second table shows how the run length is to be coded. In order that the codewords of one table can be distinguished from those of the other table during decoding, a separate codeword, the so-called run length prefix, is used for the identification of the coded run length.
It is an object of the invention to provide a coding method for a signal of the kind mentioned in the opening paragraph and comprising in a special case, an intermediate signal resulting from a picture coding operation, leading to a bit rate reduction which is larger than that hitherto known.
This object is achieved by assigning a Huffman codeword to each run of signals having the value A, where A having length 0, 1, 2 etc., together with the signal value subsequent to the run or together with the signal value preceding the run.
Advantageous embodiments of the invention, particularly for exeptional cases of the signal characterized in the opening paragraph as well as a circuit arrangement for carrying out the method according to the invention, can be derived from the sub-claims.
The invention will now be described in greater detail by way of examples with reference to the accompanying drawings in which
FIG. 1 is a table stating the occurrence of events,
FIG. 2 is a further table elucidating the split-up of the events,
FIG. 3 to FIG. 5 show a coding table, and
FIG. 6 shows the circuit diagram of arrangements for coding video signals according to the invention.
In the following embodiments, the intermediate signal referred to results from the transform coding of blocks of picture elements (pixels). The signal values of the intermediate signal thus represent the transform coefficients. As stated above, the coefficient which occurs most frequently in runs within the intermediate signal is represented herein as having the signal value A. In the following embodiments, signal value A equals zero or approximately zero zero (referred to hereinafter as the "zero-coefficient") because it appears most frequently in runs after transform coding. All coefficients not having a value of zero will be referred to hereinafter as "non-zero coefficients".
As used in the following description, a run of zero coefficients and the non-zero coefficient which immediately precedes or follows this run, is referred to as an event. Each non-zero coefficient which is not preceded or followed by one or more zero coefficients is also referred to as an event. According to the invention these events are to be coded.
It is to be noted that some events are more likely to occur than others. For example coefficients having small values will occur more frequently than coefficients having large values, and it is more likely that a coefficient having a small value will be preceded by a run of zero coefficients.
FIG. 1 shows the frequency distribution of the above-mentioned events in the case of a cosine-transformed and subsequently quantized video signal. Each field of the table represents an event characterized by the zero run length L and by the value B of the subsequent (quantized) coefficient. The values B proceed through the natural numbers without the zero and the length L proceeds through the natural numbers with the zero. In order that the table does not become arbitrarily large, all events with B larger than or equal to 9 are combined to an overall event. The same applies to L when larger than or equal to 9.
The numbers in the different fields indicate how often the associated event occurs in a quantized video signal with approximately 15000 signal values. The assignment of Huffman codewords is shown in the table: the series L=0, B=1 acquires the shortest codeword; this is followed by the series L=1, B=1 with the next longer codeword, and so forth.
If the assigned codewords instead of the frequencies are introduced in the event fields of the table, a two-dimensional coding table is obtained. It is not shown for the events according to FIG. 1 because such coding tables can generally be set up by those skilled in the art. For the sake of completeness it is to be noted that a maximum number of 11 bits follows for the events in which L is larger than or equal to 9 or in which B is larger than or equal to 9 after the assigned Huffman codeword, which bits give the receiver accurate information about the value of L and the value of B, respectively.
An additional bit rate reduction of 12% is obtained when coding video signals in accordance with the above-mentioned two dimensional coding table as compared with the coding method described in the opening paragraph.
This additional bit rate reduction is possible because, for example if the probability of a coefficient having the value 2 occurring equals P1, and the probability of run of three zero-coefficients occurring equals P2, and the probability of the run of three zero-coefficients occurring followed by a coefficient having the value 2, equals P3; probability P3 will not be equal to the product of probabilities P1 and P2.
The limitation of FIG. 1 will now be considered in greater detail. As is evident from the above-mentioned embodiments the number of the events to be coded in accordance with FIG. 1 is kept within efficient limits because all zero runs with an equally large subsequent value of a coefficient are considered as an event if the run length L is larger than eight.
Similarly, all zero runs of equal length are considered as an event if the subsequent value B of a coefficient is larger than eight.
As is shown in FIG. 1, relatively rarely occurring events are concerned, and therefore they are coded with relatively long Huffman codewords. Since the receiver for decoding should know the exact zero run length or the exact value of a coefficient without any loss of information, an additional codeword is added to the Huffman codeword--as already indicated above--from which the exact length or the exact value or both can be derived.
A clearly defined state is encoded by the Huffman codeword and the additional information. Since the number of bits of such combinations is also dependent on the statistic properties of the signal, such combinations should also be present at the receiver and the decoder in order that the state which is based on these combinations can unambiguously be recognized at the receiver end.
The Huffman codewords defined in this sense may be up to 30 bits long. Since the processing of codewords which are at most 16 bits long does not require any special arrangements, but is possible, for example with a 16-bit microprocessor, given events are split into sub-events--to improve the method described so far--such that codewords whose length is at most 16 bits are sufficient for coding all events and sub-events. This split-up will now be described in greater detail.
Firstly, an event to be coded consisting of an L=Lm zero run with subsequent coefficient of the value B=Bm is designated by (Lm, Bm). In contrast to the foregoing, Bm=0 is now also explicitly admitted. It is true that the two-dimensional diversity of events (Lm, Bm) occurring in practice is finite, because arbitrarily large values of coefficients do not occur, but it is very large. Consequently, the Huffman codewords to be used are correspondingly large as regards number and length. To reduce the overall number of the events to be coded the starting point is that, for example a run of 19 zeros with subsequent coefficient of the value 7 can be split up into sections, the first of which represents a run of 16 zeros, the second of which represents a run of 3 zeros and the third of which is a run without a zero and subsequent coefficient of the value 7. Each of these sections is now considered as a sub-event which is coded by a Huffman codeword. The length of each section is below a given value which can be predetermined and which will be further dealt with below.
This split-up is illustrated in FIG. 2. In the horizontal direction all occurring values B--including the value 0--of the coefficients are shown. In the vertical direction the length--also starting at 0--of coefficient runs of the value 0 is shown. The "events Fields" shown symbolize the event (Lm, Bm) i.e. Lm zeros followed by a coefficient of the value Bm. The event (0, 3) for example, means that a coefficient of the value 3 is preceded by a run length 0 which means that there is no coefficient of the value 0 preceding. Isolated zeros in the signal are symbolized by the event (0, 0). The reference (3, Bm) refers inter alia to the event in which a coefficient of the value Bm is succeeded by three successive zeros. Since the value of zero is also admitted for Bm, the event (3, 0) means that there are four successive zeros.
FIG. 2 shows a polygonal curve in a solid line dividing the series fields into two ranges. The left-hand range comprises the events which are referred to as being codable and the right-hand range shows the events which are referred to as non-codable. The maximum length for a section of signal values--corresponding to a codable event--is 16; the events (0, 15), (1, 15) and (2, 15) are involved. All other codable events correspond to signal sections which are shorter. The division into codable and non-codable events is not completely arbitrary; the most frequently occurring event should be associated with the codable ones. The crossed non-codable event (8, 7) is split, for example, into the events (0, 7) and (7, 0). There are various possibilities for the split-up; the simplest is the indicated "projection on the event axes".
The numbers in the event fields which are associated with the codable events signify the length--hence the number of bits--of the Huffman codewords with which the events are coded. The codewords also comprise the signs of the coefficients and possibly data about the magnitude of the value B; none of them is longer than 16 bits. In setting up the Huffman codewords it was assumed that coefficients having values of more than 136 do not occur.
FIGS. 3 to 5 show the exact structure of the Huffman codewords used. The first codeword 11 represents the coded signal value for characterizing a block end; at the transmission it succeeds the last codeword which is associated with a coefficient block. The first column of these figures states consecutive numbers, the second column states the values B of the coefficients and the third states the lengths L of the zero runs. The two latter data combined result in the "coordinates" of a codable event according to FIG. 2. In the fourth column of FIGS. 3-5 the code words are shown bitwise. The bit s denotes the sign bit, the positions indicated by "-" are meaningless, and the positions indicated by "+" comprise the coded values of the coefficients in so far as they are larger than eight. The last column once more states the length of the Huffman codewords.
A possibility of further reducing the bit rate results from the fact that--as in the present embodiment--the signal to be coded is structured in accordance with blocks. As already indicated, the coefficients of a coefficient block are separated from those of the next block by an "end-of-block" signal. Also this "end-of-block" signal is converted into a codeword (compare FIG. 3) while the sequence of m (codable) events of the type
______________________________________ (L1, B1) (L2, B2) (1) . . . (Lm, Bm)______________________________________
and into a sequence of assigned codewords. The number m of the events is dependent on the special values of the coefficients. If the overall coefficient block comprises, for example 63 zeros with subsequent coefficients of the value 1, it is split up into only one event, namely (63, 1) or into several codable events according to FIG. 2. As it is not known in advance into how many codable events a coefficient block is split, the separate blocks must for this reason already be separated from one another by means of an "end-of-block" signal. At the receiver end the transmitted Huffman codewords are retransformed into events and these events are again converted into a sequence of coefficients. The receiver knows that, for example, 64 coefficients are associated with a coefficient block.
For further explanation and for the sake of simplicity, it is assumed that 4�4 blocks are concerned, so that one block comprises a total of 16 coefficients. All data associated with a block are separated from the data of the subsequent block by an "end of block" sign. This sign and the corresponding codeword is excepted from the split-up of the signal to be coded in accordance with the events. If, for example the sequence of coefficients of a block in a decimal representation has the form of
The block is split up according to scheme (1) into the following events.
______________________________________(0, 4)(2, 5)(4, 5) (3)(6, 1)______________________________________
In order that the coefficient sequence of a block can at any rate be split into events in accordance with scheme (1) or (3) above, the coefficients are temporarily stored before they are further processed. The temporal sequence of the coefficients in scheme (2) and that of the events in schemes (1) and (3) corresponds to the sequence of their written registration (European writing direction assumed). The symbols XX in the embodiment according to scheme (2) symbolize the "end-of-block" signs of the previous block and the represented block.
The coefficients in scheme (2) which are different from 0 are all positive and are represented as integral multiples of the smallest unit, namely 1. As can be seen from scheme (3), the last event is the event (6, 1). The Huffman codewords assigned to the events are not indicated.
Firstly, the weight of reception of the last event, namely (6, 1) of the block according to (2) is checked for the receiver. In the coding of pictures general experience has proved that the transmission of events with a run of more than five zeros become less worthwhile as the value of the subsequent coefficient is smaller. If in accordance with the rule based on experience, checked events for which L=5 and B=1 are not transmitted, the transmission of the last event does not take place. In that case the preceding series (4, 5) is checked in accordance with the same criterion. In the example according to (2) the check for this block is ended because the event (4, 5) and the assigned Huffman codeword must be transmitted.
After decoding the Huffman codewords at the receiver end all coefficients of the block according to scheme (2) can be recovered, but for those which are associated with non-transmitted events. However, since these are associated with the last coefficients of the block, the decoded coefficients at the receiver end are augmented with coefficients of the value 0 until the overall number of coefficients is 16.
FIG. 6 shows a circuit arrangement realising a simple split-up of the sequence of coefficients in accordance with codable events. The supply of clock pulses and details of the logic operation of binary values are not shown because they are known to those skilled in the art. In the circuit arrangement according to FIG. 6 events are coded which consist of a run of coefficients of the value zero and a subsequent coefficient. If the run length L in the signal to be coded exceeds a predetermined length Lmax, the associated event cannot be encoded and is split into codable events. Due to the predetermined maximum length Lmax which is independent of the subsequent coefficient, no delays or intermediate storages of the coefficients are required.
The coefficients are serially applied from an input E via a multiple lead e to the address inputs of an addressable memory PROM and to a first input E1 of a comparator circuit K. The multiple lead e comprises as many wires as bits are required for the binary representation of a coefficient. A coding table is filed in the memory PROM.
The position of a counter Z is applied to a second input E2 of the comparator K--via a multiple lead f. The multiple lead f is simultaneously connected to further address inputs of the memory PROM.
It is assumed that a coefficient which is different from zero is present at the input E1. In this case the comparator circuit K supplies a pulse from an output A2, which pulse is applied via a lead a to the reset input R of the counter Z and to the clock input C2 of a flipflop circuit FF. The counter is reset to the zero position with this pulse and the codeword which is present at the output of the memory PROM is bit-parallel taken over in the flipflop circuit FF. The codeword can be derived from the output A of the circuit arrangement according to FIG. 6. The codewords present at output A are not the ultimate Huffman codewords because all of them have the same length. To convert codewords of the same length into codewords of unequal length, and conversely--the latter conversion is required at the receiver end--reference is made to patent applications DE 35 10 902, DE 35 10 901 and DE 36 32 682.
If a zero is present at the input E1, the comparator circuit K supplies a counting pulse from a further output A1 and applies it to the clock input C1 of the counter Z which increases it count by one unit. The comparator circuit K continuously compares the actual counting with the value Lmax which is stored in one of its memories not shown. If the count reaches the value Lmax, the supply of a further counting pulse does not take place. Instead, the reset or transfer pulse is supplied from the output A2.
The complete coefficients--thus also their signs--are processed in the circuit arrangement according to FIG. 6. In a modification the signs of the coefficients are applied via a separate wire to the output A of the circuit arrangement and to accept them from a comparison by the comparator circuit K and from determining the codewords by the programmable memory PROM.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|11 Jan 1988
Owner name: U.S. PHILIPS CORPORATION, 100 EAST 42ND STREET, NE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:VOGEL, PETER;REEL/FRAME:004817/0439
Effective date: 19871116
|4 Aug 1993
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|1 Aug 1997
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|27 Jul 2001
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12
|22 Apr 2008
|Request for reexamination filed
Effective date: 20080207
|24 Nov 2009
|Reexamination certificate first reexamination
Free format text: THE PATENTABILITY OF CLAIMS 3, 4, 7, 8 AND 11 IS CONFIRMED. CLAIMS 1, 2, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12 AND 13 WERE NOT REEXAMINED.