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Lawyer Confirms Pope Francis Met With Kentucky Clerk Kim Davis During U.S. TripStaver said during the meeting, which lasted just a few moments, the pope thanked Davis for her courage and told her to stay strong.
CBS2's Tony Aiello: 'Is That Brooklyn Over There?'Walking into St. Patrick's Cathedral with Pope Francis last Thursday, Timothy Cardinal Dolan saw many famous faces positioned on the aisles, hoping for a moment with the Holy Father.
Authorities: Man Followed 2 United Nations Motorcades On JFK Airport GroundsChris Cannella told police he was trying to give the pope his business card, even though Pope Francis had left New York City for Philadelphia several hours earlier.
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Washington Crowds Thrilled As Pope Francis Celebrates Mass, Calls For Climate ActionJumping into the issues of the day, Pope Francis opened his visit to the United States with a strong call Wednesday for action to combat climate change, calling it a problem that "can no longer be left to a future generation.''
President Obama Greets Pope Francis Upon Historic Arrival To United StatesThe White House said Obama's decision to greet Pope Francis personally is a symbol of the high level of respect that Americans have for the pontiff.


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ADF Archtitecture Practice – JDeveloper Silent Install
This article describes how to standardize your JDeveloper Installation as requested in Planning & Getting Started – Team, Skills and Development Environments. It is part of the ADF Architecture Practice lessons and describes the installation with examples for windows.
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In this version the Oracle Universal Installer allows the silent installation of JDeveloper. All what you need is the installer file for your platform (e.g. jdev_suite_121300_win64.exe) and a response file. You (more...)


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Schooling 101
Everything a parent needs to know about getting their kids through school. more
Cut a felt square in half, lengthways, then fold in half again and stitch up the two sides. Turn right sides out.
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Thread beads onto the ends of nylon and tie to secure.
Various trims can be added by sewing them onto the seam of your pouch or gluing them on with craft glue.


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|Numéro de publication
|Type de publication
|Numéro de demande
|Date de publication
|10 juil. 2008
|Date de dépôt
|5 oct. 2007
|Date de priorité
|4 oct. 2004
|Autre référence de publication
|Numéro de publication
|Robert S. Kieval, Martin A. Rossing, Eric D. Irwin, John R. Brintnall
|Cessionnaire d'origine
|Cvrx, Inc.
|Exporter la citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Référencé par (28), Classifications (6)
|Liens externes: USPTO, Cession USPTO, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/958,694, filed on Oct. 4, 2004, the full disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. This application is related to but does not claim the benefit of U.S. Pat. No. 6,522,926, filed on Sep. 27, 2000, U.S. Pat. No. 6,616,624, filed on Oct. 30, 2000, U.S. Pat. No. 6,985,774, filed on Sep. 26, 2001, U.S. Pat. No. 6,850,801, filed on Sep. 26, 2001, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,158,832, filed Sep. 26, 2001, all of which are hereby fully incorporated by reference. This application is also related to PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US01/30249, filed Sep. 27, 2001, and the following U.S. patent applications, all of which are hereby incorporated fully by reference: Ser. No. 10/284,063 filed Oct. 29, 2002; Ser. No. 10/453,678 filed Jun. 2, 2003; Ser. No. 10/402,911 filed Mar. 27, 2003; Ser. No. 10/402,393 filed Mar. 27, 2003; Ser. No. 10/818,738 filed Apr. 5, 2004; and Ser. No. 60/584,730 filed Jun. 30, 2004.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to medical devices and methods for treating heart failure. More specifically, the present invention involves baroreflex activation and cardiac resynchronization to treat heart failure.
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is an imbalance in pump function in which the heart fails to maintain the circulation of blood adequately. The most severe manifestation of CHF, pulmonary edema, develops when this imbalance causes an increase in lung fluid due to leakage from pulmonary capillaries into the lung. More than 3 million people have CHF, and more than 400,000 new cases present yearly. Prevalence of CHF is 1-2% of the general population. Approximately 30-40% of patients with CHF are hospitalized every year. CHF is the leading diagnosis-related group (DRG) among hospitalized patients older than 65 years. The 5-year mortality rate after diagnosis of CHF is around 60% in men and 45% in women.
The most common cause of heart failure is coronary artery disease, which is secondary to loss of left ventricular muscle, ongoing ischemia, or decreased diastolic ventricular compliance. Other causes of CHF include hypertension, valvular heart disease, congenital heart disease, other cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, and infectious endocarditis. CHF often is precipitated by cardiac ischemia or arrhythmias, cardiac or extracardiac infection, pulmonary embolus, physical or environmental stresses, changes or noncompliance with medical therapy, dietary indiscretion, or iatrogenic volume overload.
A number of different treatment modalities may be attempted for treating heart failure, such as medications, mechanical restriction of the heart, surgical procedures to reduce the size of an expanded heart and the like. One preferred heart failure treatment method is cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). CRT uses a pacemaker with multiple pacing leads to coordinate the heart's four chambers to act together in a sequence that will pump blood more efficiently. CRT generally improves the pumping efficiency of the heart by providing an electrical stimulation to a later-contracting chamber, or to a later-contracting chamber portion (e.g., the left ventricle free wall) contemporaneously with the natural contraction of the earlier contracting portion, such as the septum. Because adjacent chambers and/or both walls of a ventricle contract at approximately the same time with CRT, the pumping efficiency of the heart may be significantly improved. Although CRT may sometimes provide effective treatment of CHF, in some cases CRT alone only acts as a temporary or incomplete treatment. Used by itself, CRT may also lead to one or more side effects, such as cardiac arrhythmia.
Another CHF treatment method that has been proposed is to affect the baroreflex system to help the heart perform more efficiently. Baroreflex activation may generally decrease neurohormonal activation, thus decreasing cardiac afterload, heart rate, sympathetic drive to the heart and the like. By decreasing the demands placed on the heart, baroreflex activation may help prevent or treat CHF.
Treating underlying cardiac arrhythmias is another possible strategy for preventing or treating CHF. Pacemaker devices, for example, may be used to treat an arrhythmia. Alternatively or additionally, baroreflex activation may be used to treat a cardiac arrhythmia. Methods and devices for such baroreflex activation for arrhythmia treatment are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Application No. 60/584,730, which was previously incorporated by reference.
Of course, no "perfect" treatment method for heart failure has yet been developed. Although some of the therapies mentioned above may be highly effective in some cases, some may have unwanted side effects or provide little benefit to some patients. Because CHF is such a pervasive health problem, with high morbidity, mortality and costs to society, improved treatment methods are continually sought.
Therefore, it would be desirable to provide improved methods and apparatus for treating heart failure. Ideally, such methods and apparatus would be minimally invasive, with few if any significant side effects. Ideally, one or more underlying mechanisms causing heart failure could be treated in some cases. At least some of these objectives will be met by the present invention.
2. Description of the Background Art
Rau et al. (2001) Biological Psychology 57:179-201 describes animal and human experiments involving baroreceptor stimulation. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,073,048 and 6,178,349, each having a common inventor with the present application, describe the stimulation of nerves to regulate the heart, vasculature, and other body systems. U.S. Pat. No. 6,522,926, assigned to the assignee of the present application, describes activation of baroreceptors by multiple modalities. Nerve stimulation for other purposes is described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,292,695 B1 and 5,700,282. Publications which describe the existence of baroreceptors and/or related receptors in the venous vasculature and atria include Goldberger et al. (1999) J. Neuro. Meth. 91:109-114; Kostreva and Pontus (1993) Am. J. Physiol. 265:G15-G20; Coleridge et al. (1973) Circ. Res. 23:87-97; Mifflin and Kunze (1982) Circ. Res. 51:241-249; and Schaurte et al. (2000) J. Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 11:64-69. U.S. Pat. No. 5,203,326 describes an anti-arrhythmia pacemaker. PCT patent application publication number WO 99/51286 describes a system for regulating blood flow to a portion of the vasculature to treat heart disease. The full texts and disclosures of all the references listed above are hereby incorporated fully by reference.
Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices are known. Examples of CRT devices and methods are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,768,923; 6,766,189; 6,748,272; 6,704,598; 6,701,186; and 6,666,826, the full disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
In one aspect of the present invention, a method for treating heart failure in a patient involves activating a baroreflex system of the patient with at least one baroreflex activation device and resynchronizing the patient's heart with a cardiac resynchronization device. Activating the patient's baroreflex system may improve the efficiency of the heart, by reducing afterload, heart rate, sympathetic drive to the heart and/or the like. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) additionally promotes efficiency of the heart by synchronizing contractions of the heart chambers. In some embodiments, both baroreflex activation and resynchronization are performed by one combined implantable device.
In some embodiments, the activating and resynchronizing steps are performed simultaneously. Alternatively, the activating and resynchronizing steps may be performed sequentially. Generally, any of a number of suitable anatomical structures may be activated to provide baroreflex activation. For example, in various embodiments, activating the baroreflex system may involve activating one or more baroreceptors, one or more nerves coupled with a baroreceptor, a carotid sinus nerve, or some combination thereof. In embodiments where one or more baroreceptors are activated, the baroreceptor(s) may sometimes be located in arterial vasculature, such as but not limited to a carotid sinus, aortic arch, heart, common carotid artery, subclavian artery, pulmonary artery, femoral artery and/or brachiocephalic artery. Alternatively, a baroreflex activation device may be positioned in the low-pressure side of the heart or vasculature, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/284,063, previously incorporated by reference, in locations such as an inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, portal vein, jugular vein, subclavian vein, iliac vein, azygous vein, pulmonary vein and/or femoral vein. In many embodiments, the baroreflex activation device is implanted in the patient. The baroreflex activation may be achieved, in various embodiments, by electrical activation, mechanical activation, thermal activation and/or chemical activation. Furthermore, baroreflex activation may be continuous, pulsed, periodic or some combination thereof in various embodiments.
Optionally, the method may further involve sensing a patient condition and modifying baroreflex activation and/or resynchronization based on the sensed patient condition. For example, sensing the patient condition may involve sensing physiological activity with one or more sensors. Sensors, may include an extracardiac electrocardiogram (ECG), an intracardiac ECG, an impedance sensor, a volume sensor, an implantable pressure sensor, an accelerometer, an edema sensor, any combination of these sensors, or any other suitable sensors or combinations of sensors. The sensed patient condition may comprise any of a number of suitable physiological conditions in various embodiments, such as but not limited to a change in heart rate, a change in relative timing of atrial and/or ventricular contractions, a change in a T-wave and/or S-T segment on an ECG, presence of edema and/or the like. Generally, any suitable data may be acquired by one or more sensors. In one embodiment, for example, sensing involves acquiring pressure data from the patient's heart. Such pressure data may then be converted into cardiac performance data. Thus, some embodiments further include processing one or more sensed conditions into data and optionally providing the data to the baroreflex activation device and/or the resynchronization device.
In some embodiments, resynchronizing involves delivering a stimulus to the heart to cause at least a portion of the heart to contract. Optionally, the method may further include, before and/or during resynchronization, sensing a cardiac event in at least a portion of the heart. For example, the cardiac event may comprise a contraction, an electrical contraction signal originating in the heart, an electrical pacemaker signal, or the like. In some embodiments, resynchronization further involves preventing or distinguishing sensation of an activation signal from the baroreflex activation device. In other words, the sensor (or a processor coupled with the sensor) may be adapted to sense one or more cardiac events or parameters while ignoring (or filtering out) signals emitted from the baroreflex activation device. In various embodiments, the cardiac event is sensed in one of a number of different portions of the heart, and the stimulus is delivered to that portion and/or to another portion. For example, in one embodiment, the cardiac event is sensed on one side of the heart, and the stimulus is delivered to that side and/or to the opposite side. In some embodiments, the cardiac event is sensed in one or more heart chambers, and the stimulus is delivered to one or more chambers. In some embodiments, for example, the event is sensed in one or more atria of the heart and the stimulus is delivered to one or more ventricles. In other embodiments, sensing and stimulus delivery are performed in only ventricles or only atria. Any suitable combination of sensing area(s) and stimulus delivery area(s) are contemplated.
In addition to resynchronization therapy, in some embodiment, the method further includes applying therapy directed at preventing and/or treating a cardiac arrhythmia. Such therapy may be applied, for example, via a cardiac pacemaker or a combined pacemaker/defibrillator. The pacemaker component of the device, in some embodiments, may be a biventricular pacemaker.
In another aspect of the invention, a method for treating heart failure in a patient involves sensing at least one patient condition, activating a baroreflex system of the patient with at least one baroreflex activation device, and resynchronizing the patient's heart with a cardiac resynchronization device. In this method, at least one of the activating and resynchronizing steps is based at least partially on the sensed patient condition. Any features of the methods described above may be applied.
In another aspect of the present invention, a device for treating heart failure in a patient includes at least one baroreflex activation member and at least one cardiac resynchronization member coupled with the baroreflex activation member. In some embodiments, the device is implantable within the patient. Optionally, the device may also include at least one sensor coupled with the device for sensing one or more patient conditions. Such a device may further include a processor coupled with the sensor for processing the sensed patient condition(s) into data and providing the data to the baroreflex activation member(s) and/or the cardiac resynchronization member(s). In some embodiments, the processor is adapted to distinguish the sensed patient condition(s) from one or more signals transmitted from the baroreflex activation member(s).
In some embodiments, the device includes at least one physiological sensor. For example, the sensor may include, but is not limited to, an electrocardiogram, a pressure sensing device, a volume sensing device, an accelerometer or an edema sensor. In various embodiments, sensor(s) may be adapted to sense heart rate, cardiac waveform, timing of atrial and/or ventricular contractions, venous or arterial pressure, venous or arterial volume, cardiac output, pressure and/or volume in one or more heart chambers, cardiac efficiency, cardiac impedance, edema and/or the like.
In some embodiments, the resynchronization member comprises a cardiac pacemaker. For example, in a number of embodiments, the pacemaker comprises a biventricular pacemaker. Such a resynchronization member may also be used to prevent and/or treat cardiac arrhythmias. To that end, in one embodiment, the resynchronization member may comprise a combined pacemaker/defibrillator.
In another aspect of the present invention, a system for treating heart failure in a patient includes: at least one baroreflex activation device; at least one cardiac resynchronization device coupled with the baroreflex activation device; and at least one sensor coupled with the cardiac resynchronization device for sensing one or more patient conditions. In some embodiments, the entire system is implantable within the patient, while in other embodiments only part of the system is implantable and the remainder of the system resides outside the patient. Optionally, the system may further include a processor coupled with the sensor for processing the sensed patient condition(s) into data and providing the data to one or more baroreflex activation devices and one or more cardiac resynchronization devices. Any features of the baroreflex activation and resynchronization members described above may be applied to the baroreflex activation and resynchronization devices of the system, in various embodiments.
These and other aspects and embodiments of the present invention are described in further detail below, with reference to the attached drawings.
Referring now to
With reference now to
In addition to baroreceptors, other nervous system tissues are capable of inducing baroreflex activation. For example, baroreflex activation may be achieved in various embodiments by activating one or more baroreceptors, one or more nerves coupled with one or more baroreceptors, a carotid sinus nerve or some combination thereof. Therefore, the phrase "baroreflex activation" generally refers to activation of the baroreflex system by any means, and is not limited to directly activating baroreceptor(s). Although the following description often focuses on baroreflex activation/stimulation and induction of baroreceptor signals, various embodiments of the present invention may alternatively achieve baroreflex activation by activating any other suitable tissue or structure. Thus, the terms "baroreflex activation device" and "baroreflex activation device" are used interchangeably in this application.
Baroreflex signals are used to activate a number of body systems which collectively may be referred to as baroreflex system 50. Baroreceptors 30 are connected to the brain 52 via the nervous system 51, which then activates a number of body systems, including the heart 11, kidneys 53, vessels 54, and other organs/tissues via neurohormonal activity. Although such activation of baroreflex system 50 has been the subject of other patent applications by the inventors of the present invention, the focus of the present invention is the effect of baroreflex activation on the brain 52 to prevent cardiac arrhythmias and/or promote recovery after occurrence of an arrhythmia.
With reference to
CRT devices 114 are known in the art, and any suitable CRT device 114 now known or hereafter developed may be used in various embodiments of the present invention. For example, the CRT device 114 may be the same as or similar to those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,768,923; 6,766,189; 6,748,272; 6,704,598; 6,701,186, and 6,666,826, which were previously incorporated by reference. Alternatively, any other suitable CRT device 114 may be incorporated into the heart failure treatment system 110. In some embodiments, CRT device 114 may comprise a combined pacemaker/defibrillator, and in some cases a biventricular pacemaker/defibrillator.
Any suitable baroreflex activation device 112 (or multiple devices) may also be used, in various embodiments. Examples of suitable baroreflex activation devices 112 include, but are not limited to, those described in detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,522,926 and 6,616,624, and U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 09/964,079, 09/963,777, 09/963,991, 10/284,063, 10/453,678, 10/402,911, 10/402,393, 10/818,738, and 60/584,730, which were previously incorporated by reference. Any number or type of suitable baroreflex activation device 112 may be used, in accordance with various embodiments, and the activation device(s) 112 may be placed in any suitable anatomical location. For further details regarding specific exemplary baroreflex activation devices 112, reference may be made to any of the patents or patent applications listed immediately above.
The sensor 116 (or in some embodiments multiple sensors) may include any suitable sensor device or combination of devices. Oftentimes, the sensor(s) 116 is adapted for positioning in or on the heart 11, although in various alternative embodiments sensor(s) 116 may be placed in one or more blood vessels, subcutaneously, in any other suitable location in the patient, or even outside the patient, such as with an external electrocardiogram device. Examples of sensors 116 include, but are not limited to, electrocardiogram devices, pressure sensors, volume sensors, accelerometers, edema sensors and/or the like. Sensor(s) 116 may sense any suitable patient characteristic (or condition), such as but not limited to heart rate, cardiac waveform, timing of atrial and/or ventricular contractions, venous or arterial pressure, venous or arterial volume, cardiac output, pressure and/or volume in one or more heart chambers, cardiac efficiency, cardiac impedance and/or edema. Again, in various embodiments any suitable sensor device(s) 116 may be used and any suitable condition may be sensed.
Generally, the sensor 116 may provide information about sensed patient conditions either to the CRT device 114, the baroreflex activation device 112, or both. In some embodiments, such information may then be used by the CRT device 114 and/or the baroreflex activation device 112 to either initiate or modify a treatment. Typically, though not necessarily, the system 110 includes a processor for converting sensed information into data that is usable by the CRT device 114 and/or the baroreflex activation device 112. Such a processor is described in further detail below.
Referring now to
As discussed above, the CRT component of the baroreflex/CRT device 70 may be any suitable CRT device. Generally, the combined device 70 includes one or more pacing leads 122 for coupling the device 70 with the heart 11. In one embodiment, for example, the device 70 includes two pacing leads 122 for providing biventricular pacing. Generally, the heart 11 may be coupled with the sensor 80 one or more leads 124, such as with an ECG device. In other embodiments, the sensor(s) 80 may be attached directly to a wall of the heart 11 or to any other suitable anatomical structure.
As mentioned above, the sensor 80 generally senses and/or monitors one or more parameters, such as but not limited to change in heart rate, change in cardiac pressure(s), change in contraction timing of one or both atria and ventricles of the heart, change in electrocardiogram shape (such as T-wave shape), change in blood pressure and/or the like. The parameter sensed by sensor 80 is then transmitted to processor 63, which may generate a control signal as a function of the received sensor signal. A control signal will typically be generated, for example, when a sensor signal is determined to be indicative of heart failure or potentially ensuing heart failure. If decreased cardiac efficiency, for example, is determined to be an advance indicator of the onset of heart failure, data that is sensed and processed and determined to be indicative of decreased efficiency will cause processor 63 to generate a control signal. The control signal activates, deactivates, modifies the intensity or timing of, or otherwise modulates baroreflex/CRT device 70. In some embodiments, for example, baroreflex/CRT device 70 may activate an ongoing baroreflex at a constant rate until it receives a control signal, which may cause the device 70 to either increase or decrease intensity of its baroreflex activation and/or alter its resynchronization timing in various embodiments. In another embodiment, baroreflex/CRT device 70 may remain in a turned-off mode until activated by a control signal from processor 63. In another embodiment, when sensor 80 detects a parameter indicative of normal body function (e.g., steady heart rate and/or steady intracardiac pressures), processor 63 generates a control signal to modulate (e.g., deactivate) baroreflex/CRT device 70. Any suitable combination is contemplated in various embodiments.
Again, sensor 80 may comprise any suitable device that measures or monitors a parameter indicative of the need to modify baroreflex activation and/or cardiac resynchronization. For example, sensor 80 may comprise a physiologic transducer or gauge that measures cardiac activity, such as an ECG. Alternatively, sensor 80 may measure cardiac activity by any other technique, such as by measuring changes in intracardiac pressures or the like. Examples of suitable transducers or gauges for sensor 80 include ECG electrodes and the like. Although only one sensor 80 is shown, multiple sensors 80 of the same or different type at the same or different locations may be utilized. Sensor 80 is preferably positioned on or near the patient's heart, one or near major vascular structures such as the thoracic aorta, or in another suitable location to measure cardiac activity, such as increased heart rate or pressure changes. Sensor 80 may be disposed either inside or outside the body in various embodiments, depending on the type of transducer or gauge utilized. Sensor 80 may be separate from baroreflex/CRT device 70, as shown schematically in
The baroreflex activation component of the baroreflex/CRT device 70 may comprise a wide variety of devices which utilize mechanical, electrical, thermal, chemical, biological, or other means to activate baroreceptors 30 and/or other tissues. Specific embodiments of baroreflex/CRT device 70 are discussed, for example, in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 09/964,079, 09/963,777, 09/963,991, 10/284,063, 10/453,678, 10/402,911, 10/402,393, 10/818,738, and 60/584,730, which were previously incorporated by reference. In many embodiments, particularly the mechanical activation embodiments, the baroreflex/CRT device 70 indirectly activates one or more baroreceptors 30 by stretching or otherwise deforming the vascular wall 40 surrounding baroreceptors 30. In some other instances, particularly the non-mechanical activation embodiments, baroreflex/CRT device 70 may directly activate one or more baroreceptors 30 by changing the electrical, thermal or chemical environment or potential across baroreceptors 30. It is also possible that changing the electrical, thermal or chemical potential across the tissue surrounding baroreceptors 30 may cause the surrounding tissue to stretch or otherwise deform, thus mechanically activating baroreceptors 30. In other instances, particularly the biological activation embodiments, a change in the function or sensitivity of baroreceptors 30 may be induced by changing the biological activity in baroreceptors 30 and altering their intracellular makeup and function.
Many embodiments of the baroreflex/CRT device 70 are suitable for implantation, and are preferably implanted using a minimally invasive percutaneous translumenal approach and/or a minimally invasive surgical approach, depending on whether the device 70 is disposed intravascularly, extravascularly or within the vascular wall 40. The baroreflex/CRT device 70 may be positioned anywhere baroreceptors 30 affecting baroreflex system 50 are numerous, such as in the heart 11, in the aortic arch 12, in the common carotid arteries 18/19 near the carotid sinus 20, in the subclavian arteries 13/16, or in the brachiocephalic artery 22. The baroreflex/CRT device 70 may be implanted such that the device 70 is positioned immediately adjacent baroreceptors 30. Alternatively, the device 70 may be positioned in the low-pressure side of the heart or vasculature, near a baroreceptor, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/284,063, previously incorporated by reference. In fact, the baroreflex/CRT device 70 may even be positioned outside the body such that the device 70 is positioned a short distance from but proximate to baroreceptors 30. In one embodiment, the baroreflex/CRT device 70 is implanted near the right carotid sinus 20 and/or the left carotid sinus (near the bifurcation of the common carotid artery) and/or the aortic arch 12, where baroreceptors 30 have a significant impact on baroreflex system 50. For purposes of illustration only, the present invention is described with reference to the baroreflex/CRT device 70 positioned near the carotid sinus 20.
Memory 62 may contain data related to the sensor signal, the control signal, and/or values and commands provided by input device 64. Memory 62 may also include software containing one or more algorithms defining one or more functions or relationships between the control signal and the sensor signal. The algorithm may dictate activation or deactivation control signals depending on the sensor signal or a mathematical derivative thereof. The algorithm may dictate an activation or deactivation control signal when the sensor signal falls below a lower predetermined threshold value, rises above an upper predetermined threshold value or when the sensor signal indicates a specific physiologic event.
As mentioned previously, the baroreflex/CRT device 70 may activate baroreceptors 30 mechanically, electrically, thermally, chemically, biologically or otherwise. In some instances, control system 60 includes a driver 66 to provide the desired power mode for the baroreflex/CRT device 70. For example if the baroreflex/CRT device 70 utilizes pneumatic or hydraulic actuation, driver 66 may comprise a pressure/vacuum source and the cable 72 may comprise fluid line(s). If the baroreflex/CRT device 70 utilizes electrical or thermal actuation, driver 66 may comprise a power amplifier or the like and the cable 72 may comprise electrical lead(s). If baroreflex/CRT device 70 utilizes chemical or biological actuation, driver 66 may comprise a fluid reservoir and a pressure/vacuum source, and cable 72 may comprise fluid line(s). In other instances, driver 66 may not be necessary, particularly if processor 63 generates a sufficiently strong electrical signal for low level electrical or thermal actuation of baroreflex/CRT device 70.
Control system 60 may operate as a closed loop utilizing feedback from sensor 80, or as an open loop utilizing commands received by input device 64. The open loop operation of control system 60 preferably utilizes some feedback from sensor 80, but may also operate without feedback. Commands received by the input device 64 may directly influence the control signal or may alter the software and related algorithms contained in memory 62. The patient and/or treating physician may provide commands to input device 64. Display 65 may be used to view the sensor signal, control signal and/or the software/data contained in memory 62.
The control signal generated by control system 60 may be continuous, periodic, episodic or a combination thereof, as dictated by an algorithm contained in memory 62. The algorithm contained in memory 62 defines a stimulus regimen which dictates the characteristics of the control signal as a function of time, and thus dictates baroreflex activation as a function of time. Continuous control signals include a pulse, a train of pulses, a triggered pulse and a triggered train of pulses, all of which are generated continuously. Examples of periodic control signals include each of the continuous control signals described above which have a designated start time (e.g., beginning of each minute, hour or day) and a designated duration (e.g., 1 second, 1 minute, 1 hour). Examples of episodic control signals include each of the continuous control signals described above which are triggered by an episode (e.g., activation by the patient/physician, an increase in blood pressure above a certain threshold, etc.).
The stimulus regimen governed by control system 60 may be selected to promote long term efficacy. It is theorized that uninterrupted or otherwise unchanging activation of baroreceptors 30 may result in the baroreceptors and/or the baroreflex system becoming less responsive over time, thereby diminishing the long-term effectiveness of the therapy. Therefore, the stimulus regimen may be selected to activate, deactivate or otherwise modulate baroreflex/CRT device 70 in such a way that therapeutic efficacy is maintained long term.
In addition to maintaining therapeutic efficacy over time, the stimulus regimens of the present invention may be selected to reduce power requirement/consumption of control system 60. As will be described in more detail, the stimulus regimen may dictate that baroreflex/CRT device 70 be initially activated at a relatively higher energy and/or power level, and subsequently activated at a relatively lower energy and/or power level. The first level attains the desired initial therapeutic effect, and the second (lower) level sustains the desired therapeutic effect long term. By reducing the energy and/or power level after the desired therapeutic effect is initially attained, the power required or consumed by the device 70 is also reduced long term. This may correlate into systems having greater longevity and/or reduced size (due to reductions in the size of the power supply and associated components).
Another advantage of the stimulus regimens of the present invention is the reduction of unwanted collateral tissue stimulation. As mentioned above, the stimulus regimen may dictate that baroreflex/CRT device 70 be initially activated at a relatively higher energy and/or power level to attain the desired effect, and subsequently activated at a relatively lower energy and/or power level to maintain the desired effect. By reducing the output energy and/or power level, the stimulus may not travel as far from the target site, thereby reducing the likelihood of inadvertently stimulating adjacent tissues such as muscles in the neck and head.
Such stimulus regimens may be applied to all baroreflex activation and cardiac resynchronization embodiments described herein. In addition to baroreflex/CRT devices 70, such stimulus regimens may be applied to the stimulation of the carotid sinus nerves or other nerves. In particular, the stimulus regimens described herein may be applied to baropacing (i.e., electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve), as in the baropacing system disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,073,048 to Kieval et al., the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The stimulus regimen may be described in terms of the control signal and/or the output signal from baroreflex/CRT device 70. Generally speaking, changes in the control signal result in corresponding changes in the output of baroreflex/CRT device 70 which affect corresponding changes in baroreceptors 30. The correlation between changes in the control signal and changes in baroreflex/CRT device 70 may be proportional or disproportional, direct or indirect (inverse), or any other known or predictable mathematical relationship. For purposes of illustration only, the stimulus regimen may be described herein in such a way that assumes the output of baroreflex/CRT device 70 is directly proportional to the control signal. Further details of exemplary stimulus regimens may be found, for example, in U.S. Patent Application No. 60/584,730, which was previously incorporated by reference.
Control system 60 may be implanted in whole or in part. For example, the entire control system 60 may be carried externally by the patient utilizing transdermal connections to the sensor lead 82 and the control lead 72. Alternatively, control block 61 and driver 66 may be implanted with input device 64 and display 65 carried externally by the patient utilizing transdermal connections therebetween. As a further alternative, the transdermal connections may be replaced by cooperating transmitters/receivers to remotely communicate between components of control system 60 and/or sensor 80 and baroreflex/CRT device 70.
Referring now to
As an alternative to pneumatic or hydraulic expansion utilizing a balloon, a mechanical expansion device (not shown) may be used to expand or dilate the vascular wall 40 and thereby mechanically activate baroreceptors 30. For example, the mechanical expansion device may comprise a tubular wire braid structure that diametrically expands when longitudinally compressed as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,222,971 to Willard et al., the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. The tubular braid may be disposed intravascularly and permits blood perfusion through the wire mesh. In this embodiment, driver 66 may comprise a linear actuator connected by actuation cables to opposite ends of the braid. When the opposite ends of the tubular braid are brought closer together by actuation of the cables, the diameter of the braid increases to expand the vascular wall 40 and activate baroreceptors 30.
For further details of exemplary baroreflex activation devices, reference may be made to U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,522,926 and 6,616,624, and U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 09/964,079, 09/963,777, 09/963,991, 10/284,063, 10/453,678, 10/402,911, 10/402,393, 10/818,738, and 60/584,730, which were previously incorporated by reference.
Although the above description provides a complete and accurate representation of the invention, the present invention may be manifested in a variety of forms other than the specific embodiments described and contemplated herein. Accordingly, departures in form and detail may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention as described in the appended claims.
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|Date de dépôt
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|12 aoűt 2014
|Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc.
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|19 aoűt 2014
|Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc.
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|10 nov. 2011
|7 oct. 2014
|Enopace Biomedical Ltd.
|Detector-based arterial stimulation
|25 juil. 2006
|14 oct. 2014
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|Electrical stimulation of blood vessels
|25 juil. 2007
|30 déc. 2014
|Vascular Dynamics, Inc.
|Elliptical element for blood pressure reduction
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|Samson Neurosciences Ltd
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|Classification aux États-Unis
|Classification internationale
|Classification coopérative
|Classification européenne


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@article {Fujiwara:1992-06-01T00:00:00:0003-7028:1032,
author = "Fujiwara, Kitao and Ito, Seiji and Kojyo, Ri-e and Tsubota, Hiroyuki and Carter, Randolph L.",
title = "Side-View Type of Waveguide Flow Cells for Fluorimetry as a Detector for Flow Injection Analysis of Lead",
journal = "Applied Spectroscopy",
volume = "46",
number = "6",
year = "1992-06-01T00:00:00",
abstract = "Several types of cells made of Pyrex® (n
20 = 1.474) capillaries were constructed for fluorimetry from the standpoint of waveguiding of the excitation source. Fluorescence intensity detected from a vortex cell is virtually linearly dependent on
the refractive index of the solvent containing the fluorophore. This type of cell is applied as the fluorimetric detector for the flow injection analysis of the lead(II) ion. The lead ion was incorporated into a macrocyclic ligand, cryptand 2.2.2, and the resulting compound was ion-paired
with eosine (fluorescent dye). This complex ([Pb(cryptand 2.2.2)]eosine) was extracted into chlorobenzene (n
20 = 1.5248) and was introduced into the above vortex cell. An Ar+ laser operated at 514.5 nm was used as the light source, and the fluorescence
of eosine at 600 nm was detected. Two ng/mL of Pb(II) ion was obtained as the detection limit.",
pages = "1032-1039",
url = "http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/sas/sas/1992/00000046/00000006/art00024",
doi = "doi:10.1366/0003702924124286",
keyword = "Lead, Flow injection analysis, Cell, Waveguiding"


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statelinetack.com > Horse Fencing > Electric Fence Wire, Tape & Rope > Item # E009902
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A new trailer is out for Gravity, showing a lot more facets of the upcoming film.
Rising Sun Pictures Gravity VFX Breakdown
Rising Sun Pictures have posted VFX breakdown of their work on Gravity.
Gravity - Profile
Trevor Hogg talks to the main Gravity crew about getting lost in space with filmmaker Alfonso Cuar�n.
Framestore's VFX Work on Gravity
See how Framestore created the groundbreaking visual effects for Gravity.


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Old South Golf School will be offering a free short game clinic with three-time PGA Tour champion at Old South Golf Links during the RBC Heritage.
Tom Watson and Nick Faldo will be returning to the PGA Tour to compete next month in the RBC Heritage.
The Sea Pines Resort has announced its new Plantation Golf Club and golf learning center opened today.
Amenities for the 23,000 square foot clubhouse include a pro shop, a new bar and grill called Live Oak, 2,000 square feet for event space and men's and women's locker rooms, according to a news...
Boys tennis: vs. Hilton Head Prep, 4 p.m.
Track: vs. Hilton Head Island, 4 p.m.
Girls lacrosse: At Hilton Head Island, 6 p.m.
Baseball: vs. Ashley Ridge, 7 p.m.
Softball: At Ashley Ridge, 7 p.m.
Boys lacrosse: vs.
The University of South Carolina Beaufort softball team opened Sun Conference play with a doubleheader split against visiting Southeastern (Fla.) on Friday at Richard Gray Sports Complex.
The Bluffton Area Community Association held its inaugural Sam Bennett Day All Sports Clinic on Sunday afternoon at Eagles Field.
The Bluffton High softball team took advantage of opportunities Friday to get past Thomas Heyward night at Richard Gray Sports Complex.
The Bobcats defeated the Rebels 3-1 after four scoreless innings to start.
Bluffton High three-sport athlete Chance Murphy let it be known early on that his favorite sport is without a doubt baseball.
The Bluffton High girls soccer team got on the board quick with the wind at its back in the first half Tuesday, and then held Ashley Ridge scoreless for the remainder of the game.
The Bobcats (6-1) came away with a 2-0 SCHSL Region 8-AAAA victory with just under half of their season complete.
Daily grounds tickets for the RBC Heritage will increase in price by $20 on April 1. Dates for the 46th annual tournament at the Harbour Town Golf Links on Hilton Head Island are April 14-20.
The following prices go into effect April 1: Thursday $70 (currently $50), Friday $80 (currently $60), ...
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WEDNESDAY, May 2 (HealthDay News) -- For elderly patients with a heart valve disease known as aortic stenosis, a procedure called a transcatheter aortic-valve implantation appears safe and effective, French researchers say.
Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation is a less invasive way of replacing the heart's aortic valve than traditional open-heart surgery. The procedure involves passing a replacement valve through a leg or shoulder artery and advancing it until it reaches the aortic valve, taking its place. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the technique in 2011.
"Surgical aortic valve replacement is the definitive therapy for severe symptomatic aortic stenosis," said study co-author Dr. Martine Gilard, of the department of cardiology at Brest University Hospital in France. And transcatheter aortic-valve implantation "is a new therapeutic option for these patients," he said.
The U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services said Monday it would cover the cost of the implantation, provided it is conducted by experienced surgeons in hospitals approved to perform the procedure. The agency estimates that 30 percent of Americans age 65 and older have aortic valve stenosis, the most common heart valve disease, or a related condition.
In aortic stenosis, the aortic valve doesn't open all the way, which reduces blood flow from the heart to the rest of the body. Severe forms can cause light-headedness and fainting.
For the study, which is scheduled to be published in the May 3 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine, the researchers evaluated data from a national registry of more than 3,100 French patients, with an average age of 82, who underwent the less invasive procedure from January 2010 to October 2011.
All the patients showed symptoms of aortic stenosis, and were considered at high risk for valve-replacement surgery.
|Copyright©2010 ScoutNews,LLC.
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A weekend of events celebrating the science in museum conservation at the National Museum of Ireland, Collins Barracks.
A day of music, talks and activities to commemorate the 94th anniversary of the end of World War One at the National Museum of Ireland, Decorative Arts & History, Collins Barracks, Dublin 7, on Saturday 10th November 2012
The exhibition opens on Tuesday 23rd October and will run until Sunday, 2nd December 2012
National Museum of Ireland - Decorative Arts and History: Ruairi Quinn, T.D., Minister for Education and Skills will officially open a new exhibition titled Kildare Place Society & Schooling in the Nineteenth Century, on Thursday the 20th September at 6.00p.m. at the National Museum of Ireland – Collins Barracks, Dublin 7.
ASGARD: The conserved 1914 Howth gun running vessel goes on display at the National Museum of Ireland
Seamus Lynam, Acting Director of the National Museum of Ireland is pleased to announce the opening of a new permanent exhibition entitled Asgard: The 1914 Howth gun running vessel conserved at The National Museum of Ireland, Collins Barracks in Dublin, which will be launched by Jimmy Deenihan TD, Minister for Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht on Wednesday 8 August at 6.00pm.
At the
National Museum of Ireland – Decorative Arts & History
Collins Barracks, Dublin 7
Wednesday, 8th August 2012
Exhibition Space; ASGARD – The 1914 Howth gun running vessel conserved
The National Museum of Ireland – Country Life, Turlough Park, Castlebar has applauded the selection of OUGHTERARD CULTURE & HERITAGE GROUP for a major Archive Award.
Visitors to the National Museum of Ireland - Country Life are in for a surprise as there are some interesting new residents among the Museum's folklife collection…
A special day of talks and debate at the National Museum of Ireland - Decorative Arts and History to mark the 96th anniversary of the Easter Rising
28th April 2012
Press Release issued by the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht
'What We Do at the Dead Zoo' is a day of special drop-in activities taking place on Saturday 14th April between 10am and 4pm. This is the first ever open day in the Natural History Museum.
May on Our Doorstep: Collaborative Heritage Project between the National Museum of Ireland & Linenhall Arts Centre
The National Museum of Ireland-Country Life, Turlough Park, Castlebar, Co. Mayo is undertaking a collaborative heritage project with the Linenhall Arts Centre, Castlebar. May On Our Doorstep is a celebration of traditional May customs combining a visual arts project, two exhibitions and an opportunity for online participation from the public. We are inviting people to share their memories of May Days Past and to contribute to a national survey which aims to find out how and where people are still 'welcoming the summer' in the 21st century.
The origin of most Irish animals is uncertain and one of the most iconic species, the red deer is most controversial: was this species native or introduced? In a new study that will be published online on 30th March 2012 in the scientific journal Quaternary Science Reviews, a multinational team of researchers from Ireland, Austria, UK and USA have answered this question. By comparing DNA from ancient bone specimens to DNA obtained from modern animals, the researchers discovered that the Kerry red deer are the direct descendants of deer present in Ireland 5000 years ago.
The National Museum of Ireland – Country Life is inviting secondary school students to enter a photography competition, 'Power & Privilege Today.'
Closing date for receipt of entries is 25 May 2012.
The National Museum of Ireland has taken the regrettable decision to remove all rhinoceros horn from exhibition. Rhino horn is being poached in the wild at an increasing rate and thieves have stolen horns from exhibits in a number of museums in the last year. This increased risk to specimens on display in the Natural History Museum has been tackled by the removal of trophy heads from exhibition and the removal of horns from the large pieces of taxidermy on open display. These will be replaced by replica horns.
The National Museum of Ireland – Country Life, Turlough Park, Castlebar extends best wishes to the Oughterard Culture & Heritage Group who were recent runners-up in the Galway County Heritage Awards.
The National Museum of Ireland - Country Life challenges secondary students to capture the image that they think best conveys the idea of 'Power & Privilege Today' in 2012. Is it a big house, a new car, or the latest pair of trainers -or is it something more subtle? Closing date 25 May '12.
A landowner was sentenced today, 2 March 2012, on charges arising from the destruction of a ring fort on his land at Clashmelcon, Causeway, Co Kerry. Mr John O'Mahony was fined €25,000 at a sitting of Tralee Circuit Criminal Court before Mr Justice Carroll Moran.
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With 75 days to go until the Copenhagen summit on climate change, greater urgency is about to be injected into the search for an agreement. World leaders are gathering at the United Nations in New York today for discussions that could determine if there will be a deal and, if so, whether it will be one that makes any difference. In one sense, reaching a strong agreement is even more important than its precise details. The momentum that is building around the world behind the need to cut greenhouse-gas emissions could be lost if Copenhagen fails.
Above all, what is needed at this juncture is leadership. The two countries responsible for almost half the world's emissions – American and China – are engaged in bilateral talks that must take the rest of the world along with them. Other major economies, such as the EU and Japan, are already committed to significant reductions of between 20 and 25 per cent in emissions on 1990 levels. It is clear that unless the major emitters are prepared to act, there is little chance of persuading other countries to follow suit.
Today's meeting, while ostensibly under the auspices of the UN, will for the first time in this process remove control over the agenda from the bureaucrats and hand it to the political leaders who need to sell the deal, sometimes to voters who are sceptical or even hostile to its ramifications. It may even be necessary for world leaders to agree to go to Copenhagen themselves, as Gordon Brown has pledged to do if that is what is needed to secure a deal. Despite some gloomy predictions, agreement is possible if the political will is applied. The broad outline is already clear: rich countries would agree to cut their emissions and provide funds ($100 billion by 2030) to the poorest to help tackle their pollution and adapt to the effects of climate change. In addition, big developing nations such as China, India and Brazil would commit to a verifiable cut in the growth of their emissions.
The figures need to be agreed; but provided they are real and achievable – and not fudged as at Kyoto – a successful outcome would mark the first serious attempt to get to grips with what might be an existential problem for some of those countries whose leaders are attending today's summit. It would also send an important signal of direction of travel to commerce and industry, which will respond by investing in the new green technologies that will be an essential motor of future industrial growth. Some of these innovations can be seen in the most unlikely places: China is building the world's biggest solar power station in conjunction with an American company. These are important steps forward; another is needed in New York today.


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With Size, Weight and Power (SWaP) in mind, the CES820 features a low-power x86 CPU tightly coupled to a high-performance Kintex UltraScale FPGA and an FPGA Mezzanine Card (FMC - VITA 57.1).
Single-channel, 4Gsps 12-bit A/D
Single-channel, 5.7Gsps 14-bit D/A
FMC VITA 57.1 Compliant
4DSP today announced the release of a new FPGA Mezzanine Card (FMC - VITA 57.1) for high speed data acquisition and generation. The FMC163 provides one 12-bit A/D channel at 4Gsps (or dual-channel at 2Gsps) and one 14-bit D/A channel at 5.7Gsps (2.85Gsps direct RF synthesis). The design is based on Texas Instruments ADC12D2000RF Analog-to-Digital converter and Analog Devices'. AD9129 Digital-to-Analog converter.
Kintex UltraScale PCIe Card
Single-channel, 5Gsps 10-bit A/D
Single-channel, 5Gsps 10-bit D/A
The PC870 is a high-performance, PCI Express (PCIe) card with advanced DSP capabilities and multiple I/O options. The card is adapted from 4DSP's Kintex UltraScale-based PC820 FPGA carrier card, which features 4GB of DDR3 SDRAM and a PCIe Gen3 interface that can support up to eight lanes. The PC870 additionally provides one 10-bit analog-to-digital (A/D) channel at 5Gsps and one 10-bit digital-to-analog (D/A) channel at 5Gsps.
Kintex UltraScale PCIe Card
PCIe Gen3 with 2x FMC Expansion Sites
The PC820 is a high-performance PCI Express (PCIe) card with advanced Digital Signal Processing (DSP) capabilities and multiple I/O options. The card offers eight lanes of PCIe Gen 3 and up to two FMC (FPGA Mezzanine Card - VITA 57.1) sites that are closely coupled to the onboard Xilinx Kintex UltraScale FPGA and 4GB of DDR3 SDRAM.
4DSP Introduces Xilinx SDAccel Support and UltraScale FPGA Performance for Its Compact Embedded System
Form Factor
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Residenza Millenium
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TripAdvisor Reviews Residenza Millenium Florence
Travel Blogs from Florence
A history lesson of Florence
... exit they used a ladder that was lowered from the building, then retracted inside as a security measure. Women would often only leave the tower a few times a month, remaining busy inside with spinning, weaving, cooking and caring for the children. The tower housed several generations, often siblings living on different floors and sharing the cooking area. After the plague they were very concerned about protecting themselves for security and health reasons and ...
I saw David ?????????
... like a bear hunt haha, some things we have to guess what they are, like in Italy ham is called prosciutto, and Maddie definitely no Vegemite! Shopping was boring but going to Florence was good yay. Wait forgot to tell you that I lost my tooth today so exciting the tooth fairy will come just for me because I'm a long way from home so miss tooth fairy pack your bags, but will I get euros or Australian ...
February 24, 2015
... is going to bring for my friends and I !
Today was actually an amazing day! I had 2 midterms in the morning (not the amazing part), but then after relaxing and trying to nap a bit, Amanda, Danielle and I met up with a couple of the boys. We went to the River Arno where there is a little platform where you can go thats so close to the water, it makes it look like you're in the river! We waited for it to get a little darker ...
Mossies, gelato and wine oh my
... our way across and continue on the back streets in search of the Boboli gardens. The streets on this side are a little narrower but has a little more Italian character I think. More local stores and a little less touristy. It would have been a nice walk had I not been a piggy and ordered the super sweet gelato. We get to the Roman Forte and try to find the entrance to the garden but no such luck. We find a little garden where the youngings are kicking a football around or chilling in ...
Parents ARE HERE!
... by the little men who sell the most annoying toys, such as light wands and these squishy balls that squeak when they hit the cement. The parentals were obviously exhausted from their 5000 mile journey, so we decided to call it a night. I'm so happy that my six jars of peanut butter, chocolate covered blueberries, and goldfishies made the journey, but I'm so excited to be Miss tour guide for the week. Off to the vineyards tomorrow!
XOXO Sarah


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Dancing on the Canon
Embodiments of Value in Popular Dance
(If any tax is payable it will be calculated and shown at checkout.)
Preview (read now) Add to my own site Give this ebook to a friend Add to my wishlist Author's page Publisher's page
moreThis monograph explores the vexed relationship between popular dance and value. In a critique of the Western art canon, it traces the shifting value systems that underpin popular dance scholarship and considers how different dancing communities articulate multiple and often paradoxical expressions of judgment, significance and worth through their embodied practice. Employing a cultural theory approach, it focuses on the choreographic content of neo-burlesque striptease in London and New York, the dance styles of British punk, metal and ska fans, and the vernacular dances of a British-Caribbean dancehall to interrogate how value is produced, negotiated and re-imagined. Yet this is not to assume that they are autonomous values untouched by the social frameworks in which they exist. Rather, the corporeal enunciations of value constructed by those engaged in popular dance forms are informed by a complex matrix of aesthetic, economic, political and social values already in circulation. less
Palgrave Macmillan; June 2011
249 pages; ISBN 9780230305656
Read online, or download in secure PDF format
Title: Dancing on the Canon
Author: Sherril Dodds
249 pages; ISBN 9780230305656
Read online, or download in secure PDF format
Title: Dancing on the Canon
Author: Sherril Dodds
Buy, download and read Dancing on the Canon (eBook) by Sherril Dodds today!
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Lifting the lid on Swedish Snackbreaker Johan Rosen...
Kevin Bäckström offers his thoughts on the current state of snowboard video content.
Bossman Grilo on his all time favourite things of all time.
The notoriously quiet, notoriously heavy-hitting Finn finally opens up to Onboard.
The 5th incarnation of Snowboard Garden Festival takes place on the 15th, 16th and 17th of October in the Palais des Sports, Grenoble, and revolves around the village and activity area, film screenings, and concerts.
Grasgehren is coming back soon and welcomes you on the 5th December with Meckatzer beer and homemade burgers.
Fresh for 2015, Epic TV Shop and Snowboard Garden Festival collaborate to present the European Break the Bank Award presented to the best video production from new European crews.
This year's hotzone.tv Park Opening at Hintertux Glacier/Austria once again created the unique opening feeling despite challenging weather conditions.
To celebrate the release of their DIY Board Builder, Lib Tech have dropped an exclusive Jamie Lynn graphic – along with some awesome retro art – that can be used to adorn your BYOB creation...
Killer hot-laps from the adidas team, and a killer boot inspired by a 90s skate classic.
New eyewear brand founded by Bjorn Leines and Alex Lundqvist set to drop this autumn.
1 to 4 October 2015, Hintertux/Austria: 50 centimeters of fresh snow make for great obstacle-building material
Dutch store set to celebrate its double decade with a killer party in Haarlem's music hall, the Patronaat. Get there and cut loose.
5 SNOWBOARD CAMPS – 5 SPLITBOARD CAMPS – 4 BACKCOUNTRY CAMPS - 6 SNOWBOARD ADVENTURES – 2 SPLITBOARD ADVENTURES: Check out the new program for elooa's fifth winter season!


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Skip to Main Content
The PECADS software CAD package is a powerful PC-based tool, used in the study and design of power electronics, in which a new real structure simulation concept has been developed. The system has the capability for steady-state simulation, which allows topology election, FFT analysis, etc., and for slow down real-time simulation, which allows system identification, digital regulator synthesis, and closed-loop system simulation. The full PECADS package also includes power semiconductors, protection sizing (using the magnitudes simulation capability), and a dedicated expert system that generates the most adequate switching pattern sequence for every application. The total system is fully open to expansion or improvement


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Hedgemon Lewis
From BoxRec
Name: Hedgemon Lewis
Born: 1946-02-25
Birthplace: Greensboro, Alabama, USA
Hometown: Detroit, Michigan, USA
Stance: Orthodox
Height: 5′ 8″ / 173cm
Boxing Record: click
Managers: January Fighters Incorporated
Trainer: Eddie Futch
Amateur Career
- Started boxing at age 12 at the Northern Recreation Center in Detroit, Michigan.
- First amateur trainers were Albert Smith and Duke Ellis. He was later trained by Luther Burgess at the Brewster Recreation Center.
- 1963 Detroit Diamond Belt Champion.
- 1964 National Golden Gloves Lightweight Champion.
- 1964 United States Olympic Trials semifinalist at light welterweight.
- 1965 National AAU Welterweight Champion.
- 1966 National Golden Gloves Welterweight Champion.
Professional Career
- Managed by January Fighters Incorporated, which consisted of Dale Jackson, comedian Bill Cosby, singer Robert Goulet, and actors Ryan O'Neal and Chris Connely.
- Fought Jose Napoles for the World Welterweight Championship on December 14, 1971, and lost by a fifteen-round unanimous decision.
- Defeated Billy Backus by a fifteen-round unanimous decision to win the vacant New York State Athletic Commission World Welterweight Championship on June 16, 1972.
- Fought Jose Napoles for the World Welterweight Championship on August 3, 1974, and lost by a ninth-round TKO.
- Retired after losing to WBC World Welterweight Champion John H. Stracey by a tenth-round TKO on March 20, 1976.
- Inducted into the California Boxing Hall of Fame in 2006.
- "Stars Predict Great Future For Hedgemon" By Roy Raskin, The Ring, September 1968, pages 17 & 42


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The UW Bothell School of Business is proud to kick off the new Responsible Business Distinguished Guest Lecture Series this fall with its founder, Carol Sanford. For details, please click here.
More than 1,700 UW Bothell students received bachelor's and master's degrees, as well as certificates at UW Bothell's 24th commencement exercise. To learn more, please click here.
Thursday, November 5.
MBA Information Session - in Bothell
Business courses at UW Bothell were first offered in 1993, at the birth of the branch campus, then in Canyon Park. Courses of study were first offered in the current downtown Bothell location in 2000. The Eastside Leadership Center (ELC) in Bellevue, WA, was established in 2008. On March 26, 2012, the UW Bothell School of Business was officially launched.
© University of Washington Bothell Privacy | Terms


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Home > Computers > iPad & Tablet Accessories > iPad Cases
Kensington Protective Back Cover for iPad 2
Available for In-Store Pickup Only.
The Kensington Protective Back Cover brings an additional layer of protection for your iPad 2 without losing Apple Smart Cover functionality. This perfect combination of design and functionality wraps the back of your iPad 2 in ultra thin rubber to prevent scratches, provide greater grip and better contact with a flat surface in landscape mode
Product Information
Mfr Part#
Case Specifications
Case Type
Works seamlessly with Apple iPad 2 Smart Cover; Ultra-thin rubber wraps around back of iPad 2 to provide additional layer of protection to prevent bumps and scratches; Provides a secure grip that´s easier to hold and carry; Choose from white, black and translucent colors
Exterior Dimensions
6.75" x 8.50" x 11.00"
Manufacturer Warranty
2 Years
2 Years
Important Add-Ons
Questions and Answers
More Info
Warranty & Support
Vendor Warranty:
- Parts: 2 Years
- Labor: 2 Years
Vendor Support:
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- Support Website: us.kensington.com/html/1458.html
- Support Phone #: 800-535-4242
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We guarantee your satisfaction on every product we sell with a full refund — and you won't even need a receipt.* We want you to be satisfied with your Micro Center purchase. However, if you need help or need to return an item, we're here for you!
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Local events
Winter Sports Fest and Demo Day
Celebrate all winter activities! Check out the demo day on Saturday where you can try out new gear from local shops! All weekened, take part in the Winter Trails event and cash in on free trail fees, mini lessons, and rentals at the Nordic Center.


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Atlanta Dream at New York Liberty
Sun, Jun 22, 2014 3:00 pm
Madison Square Garden, New York, NY
Sorry, this event has already taken place. Please see similar events below.
|Oct 6 Tue 12:00 AM
|WNBA Finals: TBD at New York Liberty - Home Game 3 (Date: TBD - If Necessary)
|Madison Square Garden
New York, NY


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Reviews for Hostal El Balcon del ValleAddress: Alvarado 1668, Salta, Argentina
Rooms from: US$ 38.00
Ratings Explained
(Hostelworld.com and Affiliate sites)
The following reviews were submitted by customers who booked through our sister site, Hostelworld.com, in the last 12 months.
The ratings in the rating box are based on all-time feedback for the property and are the opinions of the customers who submitted them; they do not express the opinions of Hostelworld.com or our affiliate sites.
Overall Rating (2 Ratings)
Customer Reviews for Hostal El Balcon del Valle
lindmarksimon9519, from Sweden ~ 12th May 2015
ocin, from Germany ~ 12th Jan 2015
Charlespwinn3738, from Australia ~ 14th Jan 2015
viniciusdois3924, from Brazil ~ 15th Nov 2014
annaschober6224, from Switzerland ~ 15th Nov 2014
wremywagner803, from France ~ 7th Nov 2014
wremywagner803, from France ~ 1st Nov 2014
adnhr6969741, from Sweden ~ 21st Oct 2014


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Top Definition
when someone is in an argument but then does not have a comeback
an alternative word to o ryt
an alternative word to o ryt
Dan: you're a faggot
Mike: eweet
Mike: eweet
by XoCHUENGoX May 13, 2009
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Top Definition
A Jock Hogger is when a women gives a man a real deep blow job, without stopping for anything till the man in pleased.
When It comes to sex my girlfriend is a real "Jock Hogger."
by This_girl_cray May 09, 2014
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"Mr, Hornung is one of the foremost writers, and Australia is, as she should be, proud of him. There is a freshness and vigor in his writings which belongs to few men. He is master of his subjects. His characters are men of flesh. There are no subtle soul studies in his books."San Francisco Bulletin.
See it as donating a moment of your social media time, every little thing helps us improve and stay online.
Cara Devon has always suffered curiosity and im... Read more
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The Coach Stop Inn
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TripAdvisor Reviews The Coach Stop Inn Wellsboro
Travel Blogs from Wellsboro
Route 6 - 300 miles across northern PA
Rte 6 is the 2nd longest continuous highway in USA; from Bishop, CA to Cape Cod. This PA scenic portion is 1 rolling hill after another with farm lands interspersed between forests, rivers, small towns of yesterday-year......and vista views of the fall foliage on every ridge. This "Endless Mountain" area part of the Allegheny Mountains is rich in Civil War, Native Indian, French Azilum settlement histories.....and currently a booming fracking area. Vivid fall colors explode over every ...
All you can eat seafood buffet
... much to see.
We stop at a small stream for a break and see butterflies everywhere. One of those moments that are really special.
We stop in a small town and buy an amazing deli roll for lunch which was big enough to share, from an Italian deli called Fetta's. It was loaded with ham, turkey, salami and salad - so good.
There are a lot of other motor bikes on the ...
Wellsboro downtown
... the fantastic time to walk the streets of Wellsboro. Christmas lights, Christmas carolers, stores and shops have an array of bargains, Christmas vendors on the street, and people dressed in colonial attire. Different events welcoming the Christmas holiday season. You don't want to miss this and parking can be trying, but going early pays dividends. Want to get into the Christmas spirit, this is the way to go. It really is a family affair!
The Grand Canyon of the East
... woodpeckers in action, and the hawks (on this day about a dozen) grazing the sky at eye level. You hear various song birds and wildlife rustling on the trail. The ferns are of mass proportion on the ground. The crisp cool 70 degree temperatures and different bench locations and overlooks allow you to have a romantic picnic while enjoying nature at its best. Great area to go camping and relax. A ...
Back on the Road Again - PA Grand Canyon
... and Sharon was not happy about. But we all pushed through and had a great workout for the day.
When we finished up at the Grand Canyon we headed in to Wellsboro to pick up some stuff from the grocery store and then home to cook some homemade spinach ravioli that Sharon picked up at the Huntingdon farmer's market. It was delicious. When we finished dinner we were exhausted and just read our books before heading to ...


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Downhill Demesne and Hezlett House
Things to see & do
A great day out
This section of the page features an image gallery, so if you're using a screen reader you may wish to jump to the main content.
What's new
We have teamed up with local company Segway Express to offer you a slightly different way to explore Downhill this year.
50 things to do before you're 11¾
Are you up for the challenge?
Our top five '50 Things to do before you're 11¾' include climbing a tree, hunting for bugs, eating an apple straight from a tree, feeling like you're flying in the wind and plant it, grow it, eat it.
EVENT: Go wild with the Rangers Friday 21 August 10am - 12noon. A morning of fun and adventure.
Don't miss
- Uninterrupted views of the Donegal coastline from Mussenden Temple
- Our brand new outdoor 'Bishop's Play Trail' at Bishop's Gate
- Brand new thatched roof on Hezlett House
- 50 things activity trail available daily
- Great events line up


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Excepts from New Ballet Ensemble and School performance with String Theory (special project with members of The Memphis Sympony Orchestra) and the great Yo-Yo Ma at Colonial Middle School, Memphis, TN, Oct 23, 2012.
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Chris Pine
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I'm not a hotel snob. I say this to clarify for those of you reading this that my review is not based on some grandiose notions I developed in my ivory tower. I am a regular person with a regular job, regular kids and husband. Now, back to the review-upon check in the gentleman did everything right except give me the correct wifi access code. When I went back the other guy told me one letter was off and he saw the first guy write it out and knew it was wrong but never said anything! So clearly the staff is not a team! On the positive side I had wanted some juice but for some reason they only had apple. I drink any and all kinds of juice except apple so the gentleman took my husband to a nearby 7-Eleven so he could get another type. At least they were helpful and knew we weren't from the area so he took him himself.
The room-I booked a king bed which was fine. It was generally well kept but there was a small stain on the couch but I won't go into that since I never sat on the couch it was a non-issue for me. The refrigerator was the noisiest one I think I've ever had while traveling. It's a mixture of hum and vibration at first you can't get to stop until I realized you can't put anything on the top shelf. The odd thing about the room-and I've never had a room like this- is that there was no drawers in the room. There was only a closet and no drawers! I don't know about you but I don't normally hang up my bra, panties and socks so it was very odd to me. The bedside tables are tiny so that wasn't an option. I didn't want to keep them next to the sink with the coffee pot so I ended up keeping them in my suitcase and took them out as needed.
Finally, the Internet service was spotty in terms of speed-I didn't check the connection speeds so I can't give you exact numbers but let's just say there were moments when the thought of "dial-up" entered my head.


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EAN-codes: 4260397472675, 4260397472446, 4029164087326, 4260397472576, 4029164087333, ...
Listed since: 03.06.2008, 14:55
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