text:
|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Número de solicitud
|Fecha de publicación
|30 Ago 1994
|Fecha de presentación
|24 Feb 1993
|Fecha de prioridad
|24 Feb 1993
|También publicado como
|Número de publicación
|Robert Cerwin, Cheryl Trew, Robert J. Gibbs
|Cesionario original
|Ethicon, Inc.
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (13), Citada por (72), Clasificaciones (13), Eventos legales (4)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet
This invention relates to a peelable foil package for sutures and, in particular, for absorbable and pre-moistened nylon sutures.
It is important for sutures to be easily and quickly supplied to sterile or scrubbed personnel working in a sterile field of use. Typically what is considered to be a sterile field is a designated area in which everything to be touched or used in surgery or a medical procedure is to remain sterile. It is important that the sterile personnel working in the sterile field do not contaminate the field by touching unsterilized packages. Therefore any suture packaging transferred into the sterile field must be sterile.
It is also important that once in the sterile field, a sterile user, can easily and quickly ready the sutures for use without compromising suture sterility.
In packaging absorbable sutures, it is important to provide a barrier to moisture and oxygen and prevent the moisture and oxygen from entering the package. It is well known that water will react with absorbable suture material to cause the polymer structure to break down. Even minute amounts of water or moisture can accelerate absorbable suture degradation. Some stability studies have indicated oxygen also may cause suture degradation.
In the packaging of hydrophilic nylon sutures, the sutures are pre-moistened and packaged in a humid environment so that the nylon material will remain pliable. It is important to provide a barrier to moisture to prevent the moisture from escaping the packaging. Thus a similar packaging is used for pre-moistened nylon sutures as is used for absorbable sutures.
Presently, both absorbable sutures and pre-moistened nylon sutures are packaged in foil and have a secondary plastic and paper overwrap. In the existing art, the foil packaging for absorbable and pre-moistened nylon sutures is made from two or more sections of foil having a polymer lamination or coating to enhance the ability of the foil to act as a sufficient barrier to moisture and oxygen. It is believed that the intimacy of the bonds of the lamination or coating with the foil plays a significant role in closing off voids in the foil. An example of polymer laminated foil suture packaging is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,014,433.
In the prior art, the foil laminates, i.e., the foil sections with a coating and/or lamination, are heat-sealed together around their periphery forming a heat-seal around a cavity in which the sutures are contained. The process of packaging the sutures is performed in a sterile environment and the outside of the foil is sterilized as well. The secondary wrap is placed over the foil packaging to preserve the sterility of the outside of the foil packaging.
In use, the secondary wrap is typically opened or peeled apart by a non-sterile user such as a circulating nurse whose responsibility it is to get supplies and transfer them to a desired area, usually a sterile field in which surgery or a medical procedure is being performed. The non-sterile user transfers the contents of the secondary wrap by either flipping or dropping the contents, i.e., the foil packaged sutures, onto a sterile tray, or by passing the foil packaged sutures into the sterile field by peeling open the package, exposing and presenting the sterile foil package which a sterile user may then remove, e.g., by grasping with sterile forceps. The flipping, dropping or otherwise passing the secondary wrap contents may be referred to as "transferring." Once the foil package has been transferred into the sterile field, the sterile user may open the sterile foil package and, may grasp the suture needle with an attached suture.
The purpose of the secondary wrap is to enable the non-sterile user to transfer the foil packaging without touching it or otherwise compromising its sterility. It has been important for the peelable secondary packaging to have the right touch, i.e., not to require excessive force to open, so that the user has control of the transferring process, for example, to prevent the inner package component such as a tear-open foil package contained therein, from unintentionally falling out or flying away.
One of the reasons the packaging system using a foil package with a secondary wrap has been considered necessary is, if the foil were not sterile on the outside and were opened by a non-sterile user, unsterile foil, e.g., a torn or peeled outside edge, could come in contact with the suture holding mechanism or the suture and thereby compromise suture sterility.
One of the problems with the existing suture packaging is that the sterile user must open the foil package. This task can be time consuming, awkward, and inconvenient particularly in the context of surgery where a sterile user is involved in several simultaneous activities and may also be required to act quickly.
It is an object of the present invention to eliminate the use of foil suture packaging in the sterile field and to eliminate the secondary overwrap by providing a peelable foil suture package for transferring an immediately accessible suture into the sterile field. Another object of the invention is to reduce the amount of packaging material thus reducing the amount of medical waste material by eliminating the overwrap and using peelable foil to transfer a suture. Another object of the invention is to provide a sterile user easy access to a suture needle and attached suture without requiring the sterile user to peel or tear open a foil package.
Existing peelable foil suture packaging does not provide adequate barrier to moisture to prevent suture degradation for a desirable suture stability and/or is not suitable for transferring sutures into a sterile field.
It is therefore another object of the invention to provide absorbable suture packaging which provides a sufficient barrier to bacteria and moisture while facilitating a relatively easy transfer into a sterile field and easy access by a user.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a peelable foil suture package for hydrophilic nylon sutures packaged under humid conditions that is capable of preventing loss of suture moisture.
It is also an object of the present invention is to provide a peelable foil which reduces the likelihood that the user may be cut by edges of the foil packaging.
The present invention provides a peelable foil packaging system for absorbable sutures which eliminates the necessity for a secondary overwrap and eliminates the step which requires a sterile user to peel or tear open a suture package to access a suture.
The package of the present invention comprises two foil laminates. Each foil laminate of the present invention comprises a metal foil section, preferably aluminum foil, having an inner lamination comprising a polymer, such as polypropylene. The two foil laminates are sealed together enclosing a suture. The sealed foil laminates are capable of preserving sterility, preventing degradation of the suture, and maintaining suture stability by providing a sufficient barrier to moisture, oxygen and bacteria.
A laminate as used herein refers to a foil having a coating applied directly to at least one surface of a metal foil or a coating applied to at least one surface of the foil using an adhesive. A lamination is the coating applied to the foil either directly or using an adhesive. To laminate as used herein means to apply a coating directly or using an adhesive.
In one embodiment a first foil section is laminated with a first polymer coating and a second foil section is also laminated with a polymer coating. The polymer coatings of the laminates are sealable together, for example, by heat sealing or gluing. A heat sealable polymer coating is capable of forming a seal with another polymer coating when heated. Preferably, the laminates are heat-sealed together. The sealed polymer coatings of the first and second foil sections permit the foil sections to be peeled, i.e., separated, from each other. When the package is peeled, one of the coatings may separate from the foil to which it was laminated while adhering or remaining integral with the other polymer coating. The peeling may also occur in other ways, for example, the polymer coatings may separate from each other.
Two non-sealed flaps at one end of the package, one for each section of foil, may be used to peel the package open.
In a preferred embodiment of this invention, the polymer coatings for the first and second foil sections comprise polypropylene. The polypropylene is laminated on the first foil section using an extrusion coating method and on the second foil section using a dispersion coating method. The polypropylene laminated sides of the pieces of foil are heat sealed together to effect a seal substantially impervious to bacteria, water and oxygen.
Preferably the suture contained in the foil packaging is attached to a suture needle, and is wound in a suture holding mechanism which presents the needle for quick, easy grasping. An example of such suture holding mechanism is described in co-pending application entitled "NO TOUCH SUTURE PACKAGE", U.S. Ser. No. 08/008,444, filed on Jan. 19, 1993 incorporated herein by reference. Each of the two foil sections may be peeled, i.e., separated from the other, to transfer the sterile contents into a sterile field without touching or otherwise compromising the suture's sterility.
The seal strength of the package, i.e., the force per inch of seal width required to peel the package open, is sufficiently low so as to permit the user to have effective control in the transferring of the suture from the package. And, the seal strength is high enough to maintain control in the use of the package, to maintain package integrity and to minimize the risk of the package opening, particularly in transportation and handling.
Another feature of a preferred embodiment of the invention is an outer lamination comprising a polymer coating adhered to the foil with an adhesive, wherein the outer lamination and adhesive provide a "soft feel" to the package. The outer coating helps to prevent the package from cutting or scratching the user and can serve to minimize cracking and microbreaks, particularly if the packaging is mishandled. The flexibility of the package, the thickness of the foil or the coatings, or the adhesive selected to adhere the coating to the foil may effect the soft feel of the package.
Another feature of the preferred embodiment provides for a package with rounded corners to minimize cutting by the package.
The package of the present invention also may be used to package nylon sutures which are pre-moistened and packaged under humid conditions to maintain suture pliability.
FIGS. 1A, 1B and 1C illustrate the opening of a package of the present invention and transferring a suture holding mechanism contained therein.
FIG. 2 is a plan view of a partially peeled foil package of the present invention containing a suture in a suture holding mechanism.
FIG. 3 is a partial outside view and a partial cross sectional view of the peelable foil package of the present invention containing a suture in a suture holding mechanism.
FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view taken along lines 4--4 of FIG. 3.
FIGS. 5A and 5B are enlarged cross sectional views of FIG. 3 taken along lines 5A--5A and 5B--5B, respectively.
FIG. 6 is a plan view of a suture holding mechanism.
FIG. 7 is a top plan view of the suture holding mechanism depicted in FIG. 6 in a sleeve.
FIG. 8 is a graph representing a 24-week suture stability study.
Referring to FIGS. 1-5, there is illustrated a package 10 in accordance with the present invention. The package 10 comprises a top foil laminate 11 and a bottom foil laminate 12. The package 10 is generally rectangular in shape to accommodate a suture holding mechanism 15 containing an absorbable suture 20 attached to a needle 21. The package 10 has rounded corners 16 to minimize sharp edges. Other shapes may be used as well.
A heat seal 14 is formed around one side 49 of the top laminate 11 and around one side 50 of the bottom laminate 12. The laminates 11 and 12 are sealed together at the heat seal 14. The suture holding mechanism 15 is packaged in a cavity 13 and is enclosed within the periphery of the heat seal 14 and between the laminates 11 and 12. The top 11 and bottom 12 laminates each additionally comprise a flap 17 and 18 respectively, extending from the heat seal 14 periphery to an end 19 of the package. The flaps 17, 18 are not heat sealed together and provide a gripping area with which the flaps can be used to peel apart the foil sections to open the package 10 and transfer the suture holding mechanism 15 into a sterile field of use.
FIGS. 1A-C illustrate the package 10 in use. The flaps 17 and 18 are grasped to peel open the heat seal 14 starting at the end 19. (FIG. 1A) The package 10 is opened in a direction away from the end 19 and generally in the direction of the line AB. The flaps 17, 18 are peeled apart and away from each other to expose the suture holding mechanism 15 (FIG. 1B) while contact with the suture holding mechanism 15 is avoided. The suture holding mechanism 15 may then be transferred easily out of the opened package end by grasping the exposed suture holding mechanism, e.g., with sterile forceps (FIG. 1B) or by flipping or dropping the suture holding mechanism 15 from the foil package 10 (FIG. 1C) without contacting the suture holding mechanism 15 or the suture 20. The suture holding mechanism has labeling information 60 for the sterile user to identify the suture 20 contained therein.
Referring to FIGS. 5A and 5B, there are illustrated enlarged cross sections along lines 5A--5A and 5B--5B of FIG. 3. FIG. 5A illustrates unsealed foil laminates. 5B illustrates sealed foil laminates as they are being peeled apart from each other. The top laminate 11 and bottom laminate 12 each comprise a metal foil section 41 and 42 respectively. The foil sections preferably comprise aluminum foil, however other metal foils are known in the art and may be used. The foil sections 41 and 42 are sufficiently thick such that when coated with a suitable polymer, they act as a barrier to moisture and oxygen and thereby prevent suture degradation. The foil sections are also sufficiently thin to provide a flexible packaging with an appropriate feel and user control when handling or opening. Ideally the foil thickness is from about 0.7 mil to about 2.0 mils and preferably from 1 mil to 1.5 mils. (1 mil is equal to 0.001 inch).
The foil section 41 is laminated on one side 49 with a polymer coating 43 and the foil section 42 is laminated on one side 50 with a polymer coating 44. The coating 43 and the coating 44 are heated at a temperature high enough to provide a seal sufficiently impervious to moisture and oxygen and low enough to avoid disturbing the integrity of the suture material. The preferred heat sealing temperature range is from 220° F. to 395° F.
Polymer laminations for foils are well known in the art. Suitable peelable foil laminates may include, for example, laminations based on polypropylene, polyester, polyethylene, and a co-polymer of polyethylene and vinyl acetate. In a preferred embodiment, the coating 43 comprises polypropylene, which is laminated onto the foil 41 using an extrusion coating method and the coating 44 comprises polypropylene which is laminated onto foil 42 using a solvent based coating method. Extrusion and solvent based methods of coating foil are well known in the art. A solvent based coating method includes solution coating methods and dispersion coating methods. In a preferred embodiment, a dispersion coating method is used. The coatings may be reversed, i.e. the top section may be coated using a solvent based coating method and the bottom section may be coated using an extrusion coating method.
Referring to FIG. 5B, as the package is peeled, i.e., the foil sections are separated, the coating 44 continues to adhere to the coating 43 by virtue of the heat sealing. The coating 44 is peelable, i.e., it at least partially separates from the foil section 42 to which it was laminated. The peel or separation of the foil sections may be affected by other means, for example, the polymer coatings may separate from each other.
It is desirable to keep the cavity 13 as small as possible so that the suture holding mechanism 15 fits snugly into the cavity 13. A snug fit allows greater control in opening the package 10. It is preferred, especially with heat sensitive sutures, that the heat sealing be spaced a distance away from the cavity 13.
The ability of a package to keep out moisture can be expressed as a function of the stability of sutures contained in the package under controlled environmental conditions. Stability tests are well known in the art. One measure of suture stability is breaking strength at varying time intervals under controlled conditions. FIG. 8 illustrates the results of a 24 week accelerated stability study of various foil laminates using a 12 day in vitro breaking strength test as described in Example 1 below.
A six month (24 week) accelerated stability study was conducted. VICRYL™ absorbable sutures were wound in polypropylene rather than paper folders to eliminate potential distribution of moisture between suture and folder. The sutures were packaged in peelable foil single overwraps and kept under accelerated environmental conditions of 50° C. and 80% relative humidity. Every two weeks suture stability was evaluated using a 12 day in vitro test. In the 12 day in vitro test the sutures are submerged in a buffered water bath at 40.9° C.+or-0.1° C. for twelve days. The 12 day in vitro test attempts to replicate what the results of a 21 day in vivo test would be. Using an Instron Test Instrument, the breaking tensile strength was measured for sutures packaged in foils labeled A-F. Foils A-D and F are peelable foils. Using infrared spectrographic analyses, the composition of the tested foils were determined to be as follows:
______________________________________Foil A Primarily polyester with silica based filler on surface.Foil B Multilaminate aluminum layer with polyester-polyethylene polyethylene/vinyl acetate/acrylic acid stearate peelable coating (outermost) (tripolymer of polyethylene/vinyl acetate/acrylic acid with stearate additive)Foil C Top and bottom - polyethylene with butadiene/styrene type additiveFoil D Top - polyethylene with amide species Bottom - Ethylene-co-vinyl acetate with amide speciesFoil E Vinyl heat seal coating applied using a solvent solution coating methodFoil F Top - polypropylene Bottom - polypropylene______________________________________
The seal between the coating 43 and coating 44, in addition to being sufficiently impervious to moisture and oxygen, permits peeling of the sections 11 and 12 from one another.
The seal strength of the package, i.e., the force per inch of seal width required to peel the package open is sufficient to enable an average user enough control in opening the package 10 to transfer the suture holding mechanism into a sterile field. A seal strength of about 2 pounds per inch of seal width or less is preferred. Also, the seal strength is preferably high enough to maintain effective control in transferring the package, to maintain package integrity and to minimize the risk of the package opening, particularly in transportation and handling. Ideally the seal strength is no less than about 0.6 pounds per inch of seal width. Seal strength may be determined as described in Example 2 below.
Seal strength data is taken from a Model #1401 Instron using a 10 lb load cell, 0-10 lb. full scale. One inch wide seals are tested or half inch wide seals are tested and the resulting values doubled. Two sealed surfaces are separated and the force applied is recorded as a curve on an Instron chart. The Instron curve for peelable foil is ideally rectangular in shape. The seal strength is determined by the value at the plateau of the curve. A seal strength value may be derived from the chart by drawing a perpendicular line from the midpoint of the distance from the start and the end of the curve. A horizontal line is extended at the top of the curve from the point where the perpendicular line intersects the curve. An average of the values above and below the horizontal line may then be used to determine seal strength. The seal strength was determined for 10 samples of polypropylene coated foil sections which had been heat sealed together. The first foil section was laminated using an extrusion coating method and the second section was laminated using a solvent based coating method. The measured seal strength values in terms of pounds per inch of seal width were 0.90, 0.95, 0.94, 0.85, 0.88, 0.85, 0.90, 0.90, 1.02. The average seal strength was 0.90 pounds per inch of seal width.
The foil sections 41 and 42 have an outer layer of adhesive 45 and 46 respectively. The adhesive layers 45 and 46 may comprise a solvent or solventless based adhesive. The adhesive layers 45 and 46, preferably comprised a solvent based adhesive or a hot melt adhesive, and most preferably, a urethane based or an extrusion laminated adhesive. The adhesive layer 45 and 46 each adhere an outer coating 47 and 48 respectively to the foil sheet 41 and 42 respectively.
The outer coatings 47 and 48 are preferably comprised of polypropylene about 0.25 mil to about 1 mil thick. In other preferred embodiments, the outer coating 47 or the outer coating 48 may comprise polyethylene, polyester or nylon.
The flexibility of the foil package can be described in terms of its stiffness characteristics. In a preferred embodiment the package stiffness is no more than 0.017 inch-pounds for a single foil laminate and is preferably from about 0.008 inch-pounds to 0.015 inch-pounds for each foil laminate. Package flexibility is intended to provide a softer feel to the user, minimize microbreaks in package from mishandling, and optimize control in use of the package. Package flexibility or stiffness may be determined as described in Example 3 below.
A model #1003 Tinius Olsen stiffness tester was used. Samples one inch by four inches were cut, folded over and heat sealed together to form a 1 inch by two inches sample. A sample was placed on the tester, clamping a portion of the sample while the remaining portion is place on a moveable platform having a polished surface measuring 1/2 inch by 25/32 inches long. The moveable platform is connected to a pointer. As the clamped portion is rotated to a 45° angle, the moveable portion resists the movement causing the pointer to register a value. The pointer indicates a percent value of 0.10 inch-lbs. The measured the stiffness values for a sample were averaged and then divided by two to give the stiffness of a single layer of foil laminate. The machine direction and the cross direction, i.e., perpendicular to the machine direction, were measured for each sample because stiffness may vary somewhat depending on the direction of testing.
Samples of two preferred peelable foils were tested. Samples A and B each comprised a top and bottom foil laminate. The top foil laminate had a polypropylene coating with a thickness of 10 pounds/ream±1.0 pounds, applied to a 1.5 mil thick aluminum foil section using an extrusion coating method. The bottom foil had a polypropylene coating having a thickness of 1.4 pounds/ream±0.02 pounds, applied to a 1.5 mil thick aluminum foil section using a solvent based coating method. The outer coating for each section comprised a 50 ga. thick layer of polypropylene adhered with an adhesive to the foil section. The adhesive for Sample A was a solvent applied urethane based adhesive and the adhesive for Sample B was an extrusion applied ethylene acrylic acid adhesive.
The following measurements were recorded:
TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________ A Top Section A Bottom Section B Top Section B Bottom Section Machine Cross Machine Cross Machine Cross Machine Cross__________________________________________________________________________ 19 20 16 16 25 27 20 20 19 21 16 16 26 28 20 20 19 20 16 17 27 28 20 21 20 20 16 16 27 27 19 20 20 21 16 16 25 28 19 21 20 20 16 16 26 27 20 21Average 20% 20% 16% 16% 26% 28% 20% 21%× 0.1 .020 .020 .016 .016 .026 .028 .020 .028÷ 2 = stiffness .010 .010 .008 .008 .013 .014 .010 .014(inch = pounds)__________________________________________________________________________
The suture 20 described with respect to FIGS. 1-5 is packaged in a suture holding mechanism which contains the suture and presents it for removal. A suitable suture holding mechanism is depicted in FIGS. 6 and 7. The suture holding mechanism 15 has a flat bottom section 22 with holding means 23 for one or more sutures 20 disposed around the periphery of the flat bottom section 22. The holding mechanism 15 comprises a first upwardly extending wall 24 disposed at the periphery of the flat bottom section and a second upwardly extending wall 25 disposed inwardly from the outer periphery of the holding mechanism. Spaced around the periphery are a plurality of hinged door members 26. A channel 27 is formed by the outside of the flat bottom section 22, and the inwardly spaced wall 25. The hinged door member 26 may be folded over on top of the suture 20 and locked in place. Also disposed at one end of the flat bottom section 22 is a third upwardly extending wall 28 having a plurality of cut out areas 29 for the needle 21 as shown. In practice, the suture 20 is wound about the outer periphery and in the channel 27 as previously described and the needle 21 is then placed appropriately with a portion of it being held by one of the cut out areas 29 in the third upwardly extending wall 28. Disposed beneath the needle 21 is a deflectable portion 30. The deflectable portion 30 is formed by a cut 31 in the bottom section 22 so that the deflectable portion 30 underlies the needle.
As shown in FIG. 7, the suture holding mechanism 15 depicted in FIG. 6 is encased or enclosed in a protective sleeve 32. The sleeve 32 may be made from Kraft sulfate board or similar material. The sleeve 32 overlies the top of the suture holding mechanism 15 but has a cutout at one end thereof to expose the needle 21. The sleeve may have labeling information 60 printed on it. The bottom of the sleeve includes a deflectable portion formed by a cut in the bottom of the sleeve (not shown). The deflectable portion of the sleeve is aligned with and is slightly larger than the deflectable portion 30 of the suture holding mechanism 15.
It is a simple matter when the user desires to extract the needle and suture from the package to grasp the needle with forceps. Because the area underlying the needle is deflectable, the forceps can be placed as deep as desired on the needle so that the needle only needs to be grasped once by the forceps and the needle and suture removed from the package, ready for use. Because the deflectable portion of the sleeve is slightly larger, it will prevent inadvertent dislodgement of the needle should the user happen to place a finger on the deflectable portion on the sleeve, it will not deflect the deflectable portion of the suture holder. Hence, the deflectable portions of both the suture holder and the sleeve only deflect in one direction. While the suture holding mechanism has been described with regard to FIGS. 6 and 7, other suture holding mechanisms can be used.
The peelable foil package and the suture holding mechanism together provide a one step, no touch suture and needle arming system for a sterile user. In use, a non sterile user will select a foil package containing a suture holding mechanism, peel open the package and transfer the suture holding mechanism into a sterile field. The suture holding mechanism will be labeled so a sterile user can determine if the suture is appropriate. The cut out portion of the sleeve 32 exposes at least a portion of the needle so that the needle is accessible and will be readily grasped without having to tear or remove any of the protective sleeve. Thus, a sterile user can then grasp a suture needle and remove the suture without having to peel open a foil over wrap and without having to touch the needle.
In a preferred embodiment the suture holding mechanism presents the needle so that it may easily be grasped by forceps or a needle holder used to hold a suture needle while suturing. The forceps or needle holder can deflect the bottom of the suture holding mechanism and its sleeve in one direction and obtain a good "bite" or grasp on the needle.
The invention described and the specific details and the manner in which it may be carried out having been exemplified it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that innumerable variations, modifications, and extensions of the basic principles involved may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
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|Suture with an intermediate barbed body
|12 Mar 2013
|13 May 2014
|Ethicon, Inc.
|Suture methods and devices
|30 Jun 2009
|13 May 2014
|Ethicon, Inc.
|Barbed suture in combination with surgical needle
|4 Ago 2010
|27 May 2014
|Ethicon, Inc.
|Sutures with barbs that overlap and cover projections
|4 Ago 2010
|27 May 2014
|Ethicon, Inc.
|Multiple suture thread configuration with an intermediate connector
|4 Ago 2010
|10 Jun 2014
|Ethicon, Inc.
|Continuous stitch wound closure utilizing one-way suture
|4 Ago 2010
|1 Jul 2014
|Ethicon, Inc.
|Anastomosis method using self-retaining sutures
|10 Feb 2006
|1 Jul 2014
|Ethicon, Inc.
|Suture method
|19 Dic 2008
|8 Jul 2014
|Ethicon, Inc.
|Self-retaining sutures with heat-contact mediated retainers
|26 Sep 2008
|15 Jul 2014
|Ethicon, Inc.
|Self-retaining sutures including tissue retainers having improved strength
|4 Ago 2010
|15 Jul 2014
|Ethicon, Inc.
|Methods for using self-retaining sutures in endoscopic procedures
|4 Ago 2010
|15 Jul 2014
|Ethicon, Inc.
|Subcutaneous sinusoidal wound closure utilizing one-way suture
|11 Abr 2008
|5 Ago 2014
|Ethicon, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for forming retainers on a suture
|30 Sep 2002
|5 Ago 2014
|Ethicon, Inc.
|Barbed sutures
|30 Ene 2009
|4 Nov 2014
|Ethicon, Inc.
|Apparatus and method for forming self-retaining sutures
|14 Abr 2009
|4 Nov 2014
|Ethicon, Inc.
|Self-retaining sutures with bi-directional retainers or uni-directional retainers
|6 Ago 2012
|25 Nov 2014
|Carefusion 303, Inc.
|Adhesive dressing integrated packaging
|26 Nov 2013
|16 Dic 2014
|Watson Laboratories, Inc.
|Peelable pouch for transdermal patch and method for packaging
|3 Abr 2008
|23 Dic 2014
|Ethicon, Inc.
|Self-retaining systems for surgical procedures
|19 Dic 2008
|23 Dic 2014
|Ethicon, Inc.
|Self-retaining sutures with retainers formed from molten material
|5 May 2009
|30 Dic 2014
|Watson Laboratories, Inc.
|Method for treating overactive bladders and a device for storage and administration of topical oxybutynin compositions
|20 Dic 2010
|6 Ene 2015
|Ethicon, Inc.
|Barbed suture created having barbs defined by variable-angle cut
|30 Sep 2002
|6 May 2004
|Leung Jeffrey C.
|Barbed suture in combination with surgical needle
|29 Ago 2002
|2 Dic 2004
|Genova Perry A.
|Method of forming barbs on a suture and apparatus for performing same
|28 Abr 2005
|25 Ago 2005
|Kyodo Shiko Co., Ltd.
|Laminated film, method for production thereof, bag and package using the laminated film, and method for separation thereof
|10 Feb 2006
|25 May 2006
|Andrew Kaplan
|Suture method
|10 Feb 2006
|25 May 2006
|Andrew Kaplan
|Suture method
|2 Sep 2009
|30 Jun 2011
|Lts Lohmann Therapie-Systeme Ag
|Child-resistant unit dose package for transdermal therapeutic systems or film- and sheet-type dosage forms
|26 Nov 2010
|31 May 2012
|Zoya Lavrova
|Method for lubrication of dental floss immediately before using thereof and package kits therefor
|6 Ago 2012
|6 Feb 2014
|Carefusion 303, Inc.
|Adhesive dressing integrated packaging
|Clasificación de EE.UU.
|206/63.3, 206/524.9, 206/484.2
|Clasificación internacional
|Clasificación cooperativa
|Clasificación europea
|27 May 1993
Owner name: ETHICON, INC., OHIO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:CERWIN, ROBERT;TREW, CHERYL;GIBBS, ROBERT J.;REEL/FRAME:006545/0308;SIGNING DATES FROM 19930430 TO 19930520
|20 Ene 1998
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|21 Ene 2002
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|20 Ene 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Email AddressVerified
Phone Number▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ 21
About Me
- School
- Viborg Gymnasium og HF, University of Florida, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet
- Jens's Airbnb Symbol
Hey, I'm Jens!
Valby, Denmark · Member since January 2012
You have reported this user. Undo?
I am a Danish engineer, currently working to bring renewable energy to Britain, more precisely working on the Westermost Rough offshore wind farm project from the utility company DONG Energy in Copenhagen.
My son Andreas will be 10 years old. He is adopten from South Korea

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Crime & Justice
Trial begins for California doctor in drug deaths of 3 men
Dr. Lisa Tseng has pleaded not guilty to three counts of second-degree murder. The 45-year-old could face up to life in prison if convicted on all charges.
Brady, Goodell don't reach deal; judge will rule on 'Deflategate'
Also, Jane Rosenberg, the sketch artist whose vision of Brady at his first appearance in federal court sparked a flood of commentary, issued a new sketch of the quarterback.
Suspect arrested in shooting death of man in Venice Beach
Officials say the suspect was taken into custody without incident Sunday evening. He was not identified and described only as a resident of Venice.
Motive still sought in fatal shooting of Texas sheriff's deputy
Authorities have charged 30-year-old Shannon J. Miles in the "execution-style" murder of Deputy Darren Goforth, but investigators have yet to make public any motive for the killing.
Their crimes reclassified, some California felons get a second chance
Approved by voters last year, Proposition 47 lets people with some nonviolent felonies petition to reduce their crimes to misdemeanors. It's giving former offenders access to better opportunities.
1 man killed, 2 injured in shooting on Venice Beach
A man in his 20s died at the scene. Investigators say a gunman drove off in a black SUV following the shooting shortly after 2 a.m. near Rose Avenue.
Department of Justice sued by AP for making a fake AP news story
The Associated Press has filed a lawsuit against the DOJ for a government sting operation in 2007 in which the FBI created a fake AP news story and impersonated a journalist.
LAPD wants help identifying suspect in road rage video
A road rage incident where a man had his head slammed into a sidewalk has led to the LAPD asking for the public's help to identify the suspect.
Police fatally shoot man who struck officer in Van Nuys
Police responded to a neighbor dispute Thursday night. The suspect, who allegedly refused to leave a residence, hit an officer with a "hard object," according to police.
Parole recommended for Manson follower Bruce Davis for fourth time
Parole officials on Thursday again decided it is safe to free Charles Manson follower Bruce Davis — but Gov. Jerry Brown can block it, and has twice before.
CD store owner charged in $2 million shoplifting heroin addicts scheme
A record store owner is charged with using heroin addicts to shoplift more than $2 million worth of books, videos, and other products that he then resold online.
Court OKs lawsuits against Los Angeles sheriff's officials
The ruling would allow lawsuits brought against three sheriff's officials accused of withholding evidence from two murder defendants who were later exonerated.
Virginia shooting: Reporter, cameraman killed on live TV; gunman dies
The man suspected of shooting a reporter and photographer live on air in Virginia crashed during a pursuit Wednesday and died from a self-inflicted gunshot wound, authorities said.
In wake of journalist murders, media consider the graphic footage
Today's deadly shooting of two journalists on live TV has reopened a conversation about how (or even if) sensitive material like the video should be shared.
Judge formally sentences James Holmes to life in prison
Holmes was convicted of first-degree murder and 140 counts of attempted first degree murder, as well as an explosives charge, in an attack on moviegoers watching a midnight Batman premiere in 2012.
Los Angeles looks at harsher penalties for child sex buyers
The county wants to hit "johns" with felonies such as rape, child abuse or endangerment and conspiracy — far more than the misdemeanors customers typically receive.


text:
Ratings based on 1,407 Verified Reviews
They paid and stayed. We double-checked.
4.5 Room cleanliness
4.4 Service & staff
4.4 Room comfort
4.3 Hotel condition
They paid and stayed.
We double-checked.
We double-checked.
for Everyoneby A verified traveler from Tigre
Hotel limpio, Personal atento, bien ubicado.Posted Sep 30, 2015
Habitaciones cómodas, Tal vez por el tipo de cambio me pareció costoso.
by A verified traveler
Elite VIP pass??????Posted Sep 24, 2015
Booked this hotel for above reason. Check in was nothing special but was told we had a lovely room. Although room was large and clean with lovely fixtures and fittings that was all that was good about it. The hotel advertises the rooms having floor to ceiling windows with great views. Have attached a picture of our one window and view. The room also backed onto the lifts that were constant all day. Then we heard all conversations as they passed out room. Door very thin with huge gap at bottom so we were wakened quite a bit at night by both the lifts and passerbys. Pointed this out on the evening before we left and was told if we had complained would have been moved. Thought the VIP status ensured best room or an upgrade and stated this fact. Was told our pa rking had been complimentary. We didn't have a car!!!! 10 minutes after discussion a bottle of red wine was sent to room. Nice gesture but we don't drink red wine. Left it in room. Having paid in excess of £600 for three nights and being put in this room definitely not worth the money!!!!
for Everyoneby A verified traveler from california
Excellent hotel in downtown BostonPosted Sep 23, 2015
Pros: Very clean, very welcoming
Cons: Note general commeny
Location: Central Boston. Nuff said
I felt very comfortable and safe traveling alone. The sights is old Boston are all within walking or public transit distance. My only comment would be to the hostesses in the restaurant . Please do not look through older women as if we were invisible.
for Everyoneby A verified traveler
Posted Sep 21, 2015
nice hotel, friendly and helpful staff, close to the conservatory and plenty of shopping/restaurants as well as mass transit.
for Everyoneby A verified traveler from Hawaii
Comfortable hotel near Copley squarePosted Sep 21, 2015
Quiet and comfortable accommodation in the Back Bay Area of Boston. It lived up to its name and reputation. Everything was fabulous and staff were cordial until last the last day. We had to leave a few luggages for a couple of hours to take of last minutes details before heading out to the airport. The bell hop was first ignoring us until a manager came and asked what we needed. He was apologetic in front of the manager, but as soon as the manager stepped away, he was sarcastic and not so friendly. Similar reception when we went back to pick up our luggages. Not a man that I would pick to be in the frontline of this reputable hotel.
for Everyoneby A verified traveler from London
Extremely good locationPosted Sep 20, 2015
Pros: The location
Cons: The availability of staff at reception.
Location: The hotel is in the prime Back bay location close to shops/malls and restaurants. A short taxi ride to the fabulous Museum of Fine Arts.
The luxury twin room was comfortable but a little cramped and overpriced for what it was. The concierge was extremely helpful and gave some good recommendations for restaurants.
for Everyoneby A verified traveler from T.
Good Hotel Close To Downtown Area and Art MuseumPosted Sep 19, 2015
The restaurant with the hotel is very expensive but the concierge, John Paul was exceedingly helpful with checking tours for us. Very personable. The rooms were quiet but the last day the cleaning crew didn't leave clean wash cloths or shower caps or drinking cups. Overall, it is a reasonable choice especially for its location. I would stay again.
for Everyoneby A verified traveler
Posted Sep 7, 2015
Very nice hotel. Very friendly staff. Parking was expensive.
for Everyoneby A verified traveler
Fantastic locationPosted Sep 5, 2015
Fantastic location and parking included In the room rate. Enjoyed a swim on the rooftop deck!
for Everyoneby A verified traveler from Ithaca, NY
Good location for dropping off student at NEU.Posted Sep 3, 2015
Pros: Staff
Cons: Window drape, light switch, dangerously hot water.
Location: Prudential Center for shopping. Fantastic Museum of Fine Arts. Christian Science Center with tower and fountain. Near Fenway Park (Red Sox).
Hotel staff was exceptionally pleasant, especially daytime doorman. Hot water was dangerously hot. Very nice room. Comically excessive about of pillows on comfortable bed. Opaque drapery did not close easily. One of two floor lamps had a very difficult to operate switch. All in all, a very good hotel. Rather pricey.


text:
urdu fonts ms word
Urdu fonts ms word at Software Informer
1 Muhammad Kashif 1,124 Freeware
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PDMS Jauhar provides high quality ligature based Urdu Nastaliq fonts.
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text:
Written on: 24/06/2004 by gailmccandlessjh (1 review written)
I was disappointed by the Maybelline Volume Express Mascara, it did not thicken my lashes and it easily leaves smudges under my eyes. I won't be keeping it.
As rated by our community of reviewers
" Beautiful eyelashes! " Read More
Written by ElizabethJenkins
" Better thn falsies " Read More
" Sexy and amazing " Read More
" It helps short lashes look longer and thicker and gives a nice bold... " Read More
" Awful allergic reaction! " Read More
Written by fairyfaye06


text:
The UAE is spending less on electronics
With Gitex Shopper taking place: will it change the game?October 1, 2015 1:12
Register for our free newsletter
Qatar Q2 GDP growth accelerates to 4.8 pct year/year
UAE says reforms will better protect foreign workers
United Arab Bank secures $125 mln three-year loan
MIDEAST STOCKS-Saudi hit by weak oil, commodities; Egypt down modestly
MIDEAST STOCKS-UAE markets narrowly mixed in thin, early trade
Dubai's Topaz buys two ships from Norway's Vard for $115 mln
MIDEAST STOCKS-UAE markets to consolidate; global backdrop sluggish
MIDEAST STOCKS-Gulf markets rise as oil prices jump
Middle East stock markets to close for Eid al-Adha
UAE bank ADCB opens books for 6-yr benchmark dollar bond
Firms still trading with Iran in line of fire; Western sanctions take toll on Iran business
July 18, 2012 12:30 by Reuters
A Japanese ship classification society will close its Tehran office, becoming the latest firm to face pressure by a U.S. lobby group to end dealings with Iran as backers of Western sanctions pile pressure on the Islamic Republic.
Japan's ClassNK said it did not verify safety and environmental standards for Iranian ships, but was nevertheless pulling out of Iran.
"We at ClassNK have already voluntarily refrained from activities in Iran, and we have no vessels with Iranian flags, so we do not think that our current activities are running foul of the Iran sanctions," a senior ClassNK official told Reuters on Tuesday.
"But considering the environment that surrounds us as of late, there were talks on this inside the organisation, and we have officially decided to close our Tehran office."
The move follows a call last week by U.S. group United Against Nuclear Iran (UANI) to cut ties with Iran.
A targeted campaign by UANI, which includes former U.S. ambassadors on its board and is funded by private donations, has led Germany's Germanischer Lloyd and France's Bureau Veritas to drop their classification cover for Iranian shipping firms.
Classification societies are hired by ship owners to regularly check that vessels, from their hull and propulsion systems to the machinery and appliances, meet international safety standards. Under international conventions, a classification is required for a ship to call at major ports.
While UANI acknowledged ClassNK did not provide formal certification services to Iranian vessels, it said the Japanese firm maintained an office in Tehran, which "lends important symbolic support to the regime".
UANI added that ClassNK also provided technical certificates for two Iranian firms that did business with Iranian shipping companies. The two Iranian firms provide distressed radio beacons, which transmit internationally recognised emergency codes and location data.
"By providing services to these companies, ClassNK is directly facilitating the operations of Iran's shipping sector, an action that enables the Iranian government to circumvent multilateral sanctions that have been imposed to prevent it from further developing its illegal nuclear weapons program," UANI said.
The ClassNK official did not refer to the two Iranian firms but said it would close its office as soon as possible.
"The Japanese government in particular requires a notice of two to three weeks (in advance), and we expect to do so in August," the official said.
"Because it was not actually engaging in activities, we expect no major damage to our business."
UANI, which is opposed to Iran's nuclear work, on Tuesday welcomed the move.
"It appears that ClassNK has made the correct decision. We applaud ClassNK for closing its Tehran office, and urge it to quickly and completely follow through on today's announcement to end its work in Iran," a UANI spokesman said.
Earlier this month, a South Korean ship classifier sidestepped calls by UANI to halt its verification work in Iran, saying it was concerned that vessel safety and marine environment protection could be compromised by political issues.
(writing by Jonathan Saul, editing by Jane Baird)


text: Email a Friend Email Information Submit the form below to send a link to a description of "Graphic Organizer Booklets for Reading Response: Grades 4-6". To send a product link to multiple friends, separate the addresses with a semi-colon (;). Required Fields are in red. Your Name Your Email Friend's Email(s) MessageHi! Kaplan Toys offers this product, which I thought you would really like to know about: Back Reset Submit


text:
Apple updates Lion AirPort Utility, now more friendly
Apple has updated its AirPort Utility app on Mac OS X Lion. The new version brings with it an interface more in keeping with the AirPort Utility it rolled out on iOS recently, and dispenses with the usual-looking desktop software you might expect.
The new app, which also comes with new firmware updates for your connected Apple AirPort base stations, will let you manage your network hub or hubs around your house or office in an easier, more graphical way.
"Use AirPort Utility to set up and manage your Wi-Fi network and AirPort base stations, including AirPort Express, AirPort Extreme, and Time Capsule. See a graphical overview of your Wi-Fi network and devices. Change base station and network settings, or manage advanced features such as security modes, wireless channels, and more." Says Apple in the automatic download notes.
The AirPort Base Station and Time Capsule Firmware Update 7.6.1 promises to fix an issue with wireless performance and provides support for remote access to an AirPort disk or a Time Capsule hard drive with an iCloud account. The firmware update is for all 802.11n AirPort Express, 802.11n AirPort Extreme and Time Capsule models.
You can download the new AirPort Utility app via the Apple website or via the Software Update feature in Mac OS X Lion, and then the Firmware updates if you need it via the new software.
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text:
Temperature and Pressure Relief Valves
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How can we improve the Search Experience?
Product availability based on selecting either shipping or pick up and a location. Dismiss
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- Temp/Pressure Relief Valve, 150 PSI, 210 FTemp/Pressure Relief Valve,150 PSI,210 F
- Item # 38EG45
- Mfr. Model # 18821-0150
Temperature Pressure Relief Valve, Inlet Type MNPT, Outlet Type FNPT, Inlet Size 3/4 In., Outlet Size 3/4...More
Price $26.30 / each
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- Temperature & Pressure Relief Valve, 150 psiTemperature & Pressure Relief Valve, 150 psi
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Multiple product options available
Price $113.30 - $190.75
Note: Product availability is real-time basis and adjusted continuously. The product will be reserved for you when you complete your order. More


text:
Check Dates
BedandBreakfast.com Diamond Collection
Professionally Inspected & Certified
Channel Road Inn recently was ranked by Conde Nast Traveler as one of the Best Bed and Breakfast inns in Los Angeles. Located in the seaside community of Santa Monica, this charming inn boasts many rooms with ocean views, fireplaces and/or jetted spa tubs. The finely crafted historic inn offers visitors to the Los Angeles area a relaxing haven by the sea. Guests enjoy the fabulous complimentary amenities including a bountiful breakfast and afternoon wine and hors d'oeuvres.
History of Channel Road Inn:
The Channel Road Inn was built in 1910 by architect Frank T. Kegley and is a rare West Coast example of a shingle-clad Colonial Revival home. Originally owned by Thomas McCall, a prominent local businessman, the house was moved to its current location near the beach in the Santa Monica Canyon in 1977.
After having been abandoned for years, and with the encouragement of the local historical societies, the house was lovingly restored and opened as a bed and breakfast in 1989. Although extensive renovations have been done throughout the years, the house still boasts many of the original Craftsman accents such as the massive oak front door and Batchelder tiles in the living room fireplace.
View calendar
Visit Website
BedandBreakfast.com gift cards are the perfect gift for anyone who needs a relaxing getaway.
Score Breakdown based on82 Reviews
Write A Review
on September 24, 2015
We needed an overnight break and this was perfect. Only one hour from home and close to the Santa Monica Farmer's Market the next. Lovely
on September 13, 2015
We only wanted to getaway overnight, so Channel Road Inn one hour from home was perfect. Our room was comfortable, lovely and bright with a pleasant balcony. The next afternoon after a yummy breakfast armed with directions from a helpful staff member we went to the Wednesday Santa Monica's Farmers Market.
Leora Pendleton
on August 31, 2015
Cosy, great location, great breakfast and afternoon snacks.
on August 20, 2015
The place has a lot of feature, the staff were very friendly and helpful. There was afternoon tea and wine and breakfast included which were great. The room was cosy clean and cool in the heat. Great location. A 2 minute walk to the beach and a 5 minute drive to Santa Monica pier. Next time we book again for sure...
on August 18, 2015
Perfect location and a very recommendable stay!
on August 12, 2015
It is a bit inconvinience because it is far from central Santa Monica. If you want go to central Santa Monica, we recommend to take the car or bus. By on foot, it takes about 30 minutes but this hotel was nice. If you can get the chance to visit Santa Monica, we recommend to add to your hotel selection.
on August 02, 2015
This is a beautiful stylish property just a short walk from the beach. We were delighted with our room and sunny terrace. Our needs were well catered for and we enjoyed meeting other guests over cheese & wine - such a good idea as not everyone is feeling sociable at breakfast time.
on July 28, 2015
Nice for a stay near Santa Monica. Parking lot was really tight, room could have been cleaner and staff could have been more accommodating but overall, a fine stay.
on July 28, 2015
This charming house is an amazing bed and breakfast with all the amenities close to home. We will return every year
on June 24, 2015
This B&B is in a wonderful location in Santa Monica Canyon, just a half block from Will Rogers Beach. It's an old house, beautifully and very clean. One drawback is that it's stuffy. The ocean breeze would take care of that, but strangely all but one of the windows in my "Spa Room" wouldn't open. To get to sleep, I had to keep the balcony door open, which was mildly scary for a New Yorker. Another con is that no laundry service is available, which would be really handy after playing tag with the waves along the shore.Another mild negative was that the person who checked me in didn't seem happy to have me there; maybe it was just me, but she just rattled off a spiel and wasn't particularly welcoming. When she told me where information on tours was, I told her I grew up here. I expected at least mild curiosity, but she just said, Oh, really? and went right ahead with her talk. Nobody else was there, so it wasn't like she was rushed. Oh well. Other than that, I really enjoyed the bougainvillea and morning glories outside my window, and the rocking chair, and the bed was super comfortable!
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Standard description
$0 - $200
Vista oceano,
Los Angeles, CA (LAX) 10 miles
2 miles North of I-10 - 1 block from the Pacific Ocean
Amusement Park,
Antique Shopping,
Art Galleries,
Concert venue,
Gourmet/Fine Dining,
Historical interests,
Live Music,
Movie Theater,
National/State parks,
Nature area,
Outlet Stores,
Performing Theater,
Picnic area,
Religious Services,
Bed and Breakfast, Historic Inn
Board games, Ceiling fans, Computer, Copier, Fax Machine, Library, Piano, Private entrance, Videos
Air conditioning, Alarm clock, Bath robes, CD player, DVD Player, Desk, Fireplace, Hairdryer, Hot tub/whirlpool tub, Internet Service, Ironing Board, Radio, Satellite/Cable TV, TV, Telephone, VCR, Wi-Fi, Wired internet
Bicycle rental, Bicycle riding trails, Bicycles, Bird watching, Boating, Canoeing, Fishing, Golfing, Hiking trails, Horseback riding, Kayaking, Mountain Bike trails, 30 mile beach bike path, Sailing, Shopping, Sight-seeing, Swimming, Tennis courts, Water sports
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Visit Website
Heather Suskin
English, Spanish
$235 per night
Enter your travel dates
Innkeepers: Heather Suskin
Guests: 2
Simple! BedandBreakfast.com guarantees you're getting the best price on your bed and breakfast stay when you book your room on BedandBreakfast.com. Within 24 hours of your booking, if you find a better price for the same room on the same date(s) at the same B&B, BedandBreakfast.com will refund the difference to you!
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How is desloratadine better than other non sedating antihistamine?
- Posted:
- 1 Apr 2010 by famotidine30
- Topics:
- hives, urticaria, hay fever, desloratadine, allergic rhinitis
Responses (1)
Further Information
- Desloratadine Information for Consumers
- Desloratadine Information for Healthcare Professionals (includes dosage details)
- Side Effects of Desloratadine (detailed)
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SailNet Community (http://www.sailnet.com/forums/)
- Gear & Maintenance (http://www.sailnet.com/forums/gear-maintenance/)
- - Topside Hand Rails (http://www.sailnet.com/forums/gear-maintenance/9420-topside-hand-rails.html)
Topside Hand Rails
It''s time for me to replace my topside hand rails. I would love to get Poly resin rails but I am having trouble finding someone who makes them. I saw a 4 loop in the WM catalog and Sailnet had nothing. I need a 5 looper. Anyone have a source..
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LAURA BURK twisted the point of the broad-bladed implement into the crevice of a rock. The pressure she exerted on the blade began to bend the tool's shank. It was early afternoon and very hot on the Hawksnest Point trail. Her khaki shirt was soaked with moisture, and the perspiration from her brow blurred her vision momentarily. Retrieving a towel from her bag she wiped her face. Even the grounds crew at the hotel did not work during this part of the day, but Miss Burk, who appeared to have the strength of a man, was determined.
Rummaging around in the bag, she extracted a long, thin-bladed knife and began to probe deftly along the same surface of the rock. She then examined her efforts and, taking a small brush of the sort a painter might use, whisked away the scrapings. Once again she stared at the surface and a smile of satisfaction crossed her lips. She picked up the small camera lying on the rubberoid sheet by her knees and prepared to photograph the results of her efforts.
But before she could snap the picture, she suddenly turned her head in the direction of the trail. Was it her imagination, or did she hear the sound of someone ap-


text:
- 49Promote
Phone Skins
Believeby Sreetama Ray
Skins are thin, easy-to-remove, vinyl decals for customizing your device. Skins are made from a patented material that eliminates air bubbles and wrinkles for easy application.
thank you, Carina and just art!
Too cute!
thank you, lisa :D :D
I believe in you! :)
love the unicorn! :)
awwww. deepti!! I do too :D
thank u laura :)
thank u laura :)
just brilliant, no? Lewis Carroll was the bomb!
Hehe Nice~
thanks ebi and cats! :D
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Search Results for "mustard seeds"
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Dry-Rubbed Flank Steak with Grilled Corn Salsa
This spicy and sweet powerhouse seasoning blend packs layers of flavor onto grilled flank steak.
Printed: September 2015 Servings: 4 active: 40min total: 50min
America's Best New Restaurants 2014
From a sprawling downtown market to a Thai food truck to an adorable "pastry luncheonette," these are 2014's Best New Restaurants, chosen by Andrew Knowlton...
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Indian-Spiced Fennel Pickles
Consider the crunch: You want to choose a vegetable that's naturally firm, like fennel. The fresher it is, the crisper it will stay.
Printed: August 2015 Servings: 2 quarts
Shaved Zucchini Salad with Macadamia Nuts
Banish flashbacks of bland zucchini with this crunchy, cheesy, salty, citrusy salad.
Printed: August 2015 Servings: 6
Italian Tomato Hoagie
There's nothing wrong with a regular tomato-and-mayo sandwich, but this shredded lettuce and Italian vinaigrette masterpiece is worthy too.
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Habanero-Marinated Pork Chops with Mustard Greens Slaw
One citrusy, chile-laced, and very hard-working marinade serves two functions, flavoring the pork chops before and after they hit the grill.
Printed: July 2015 Servings: 4 active: 30min total: 1hrs
The Ultimate Guide to Summer
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Potato Salad with 7-Minute Eggs and Mustard Vinaigrette
Egg salad and potato salad: Unite! We like how the still-soft yolks dress the salad, but you can cook the eggs a minute or two longer if you like them
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Smoked Salmon with Horseradish Cream
Start with very cold cream and keep it chilled between whipping and serving.
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Lamb Ribs with Rhubarb and Radish Salad
It's crucial that you render as much fat as possible during the initial cooking; you can even let the ribs cool and scrape off the excess before glazing.
Printed: April 2015 Servings: 4


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CRST Euro
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text:
Pigment-based Identification of Ozone-Damaged Pine Needles as a Basis for Spectral Segregation of Needle Conditions
ABSTRACT Air pollution affects large areas of forest, and field assessment of these effects is a costly, site-specific process. This paper establishes a biochemical basis for identifying ozone-damaged pine trees to facilitate efficient remote sensing assessment of air pollution damage. Several thousand live needles were collected from ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and Jeffrey pine (P. jeffreyi) trees at three sites in Plumas National Forest and Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park. These needles were assembled into 504 samples (based on the abaxial surface) and grouped according to five dominant needle conditions (green, winter fleck, sucking insect damage, scale insect damage, and ozone damage) and a random mixture of needles. Pigment concentrations per unit needle area of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids were measured. The following pigment concentration ratios were calculated for all samples: chlorophyll a/total carotenoids, chlorophyll b/total carotenoids, total chlorophyll/carotenoids, chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b. The group of ozone-damaged needles had significantly lower mean pigment concentrations (family-wise p < 0.01) and significantly lower mean chlorophyll a/total carotenoid and total chlorophyll/total carotenoid ratios (family-wise p < 0.01) than all other groups of needles. Ozone-damaged needles had a significantly lower mean chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b ratio than all other groups except one (family-wise p < 0.01). Linear discriminant analysis with three factors (chlorophyll a concentration, the chlorophyll a/carotenoid ratio, and the chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b ratio) and subsequent maximum likelihood classification of damaged and non-damaged needles gave an overall cross-validated accuracy of 96%. These ozone-damaged needles are biochemically unique in relation to other needle conditions in this study, and further research is needed to generalize these results.
- SourceAvailable from: Shawn Carlisle Kefauver
Article: Using topographic and remotely sensed variables to assess ozone injury to conifers in the Sierra Nevada (USA) and Catalonia (Spain)[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The capacity to remotely identify impacts of ozone on conifers in California, USA and Catalonia, Spain was investigated using remote sensing and terrain-driven GIS analyses related to plant water relations and ozone uptake. The Ozone Injury Index (OII) field metric applied to Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi in the USA and adapted to Pinus uncinata in Spain included visible chlorotic mottling, needle retention, needle length, and crown depth. Species classifications of AVIRIS and CASI hyperspectral imagery all approached 80% overall accuracy for the target bioindicator species. Remote sensing vegetation indices correlated best with longer-wavelength SWIR indices from the AVIRIS data in California, with the exception of the Photosynthetic Reflectance Index (PRI) correlation with the 011 Visual Component (OIIVI), which was also the highest direct correlation in Catalonia. In Catalonia, the OIIVI alone and its subparts correlated better with the CASI data than with the full OIL namely the PRI (R-2 = 0.28, p = 0.0044 for OIIVI-amount and R-2 = 0.33 and p = 0.0016 for OIIVI-severity). Stepwise regression models of ozone injury developed using remote sensing indices combined with terrain-derived GIS variables were significant for OII in California (R-2 = 0.59, p < 0.0001) and in Catalonia (R-2 = 0.68, p < 0.0001 for OIIVI). Multiple regression models of ozone injury including a three year average of O-3 exposure were significant both with imaging spectroscopy indices alone (R-2 = 0.56, p < 0.0001) and with topographic variables added (R-2 = 0.77, p < 0.0001) in Catalonia. Applying the multivariate models to image classifications could provide useful maps useful for ozone impact monitoring but requires further validation before being considered operational.Remote Sensing of Environment 12/2013; 139:138-148. DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2013.07.037 · 6.39 Impact Factor