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|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Número de solicitud
|Fecha de publicación
|19 May 1987
|Fecha de presentación
|17 Dic 1985
|Fecha de prioridad
|17 Dic 1985
|También publicado como
|Número de publicación
|Robert Andriola, Donald J. Moore, Henning Asche
|Cesionario original
|Ciba-Geigy Corporation
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (13), Otras citas (2), Citada por (174), Clasificaciones (12), Eventos legales (5)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet
In recent years, patches for delivering drugs for systemic absorption through the skin (transdermal) have become increasingly important. As experience with this means of drug delivery has grown, it has been recognized that a greater and greater number of systemically active drugs can be administered via the transdermal route. A good deal of the importance of this means of administration resides in the fact that drugs can be delivered to the bloodstream without traversing the gastro-intestinal tract and avoiding a first pass through the hepatic system prior to reaching the target site. At the same time, transdermal medication can obtain these benefits without requiring a professional to administer the drug.
Since self-administration is generally involved, patient compliance with application instructions and the abiity of the product to remain unchanged from the time of manufacture take on greater importance than otherwise. Increasing pysical changes in the distribution of the active ingredients and vehicle over the product shelf-life (especially as with respect to coverage of the patch surface area in a uniform manner), require a greater degree of care and attention by the patient or other person administering the patch. This is a particular problem with those patches having a permeable membrane through which an active agent moves from an enclosed space within the patch to the skin.
In such a system (one of the types described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,996,934; 3,797,494; 3,742,951; and 3,598,122) the drug or drug formulation is generally contained within a "sack" formed from a non-porous backing material and a porous membranous layer. On the "outer" surface of the membranous layer is a coating of an adhesive, which is further covered by an occlusive protecting layer. The protecting layer is removed by the patient or person administering the patch immediately prior to applying the patch to the skin.
Frequently, the dermal and transdermal patches described above suffer from the defect that the drug or drug formulation contained within the "sack" sinks or migrates to the bottom, i.e. when the patch is stored in an "on edge" orientation--a common storage position by those in the chain of distribution of the product as well as by patients. This is particularly evident when patches having a drug reservoir (one sided) surface area of about 30 cm2 or larger. Hence, when the patch is to be applied, the user must insure that the drug formulation is evenly spread over the entire available surface area of the "sack" interior. Unfortunately, not all patients or those applying the patch can be relied upon to recognize the defect and properly correct it.
Furthermore, unless the defect is properly remedied, the rate of transference of the drug from the patch to the skin will be significantly altered from that intended. Some portions of the skin will be undermedicated. When the desired delivery rate exceeds the skin's absorption rate, a significant portion of the drug may be wasted from the acumulation of migrated drug. When the intended delivery rate is less than the skin absorption rate, undermedicated areas will receive less than the intended dose. The patient receives improper treatment.
Another problem involving patches having active drug formulatons which are semi solid or liquid, or become so at body temperature, is similar drug formulation migration while the patch is being worn, especially with larger sizes designed for application to the trunk and other body parts which will be in a vertical position for an extended period. Here it is very unlikely that the patient will even be aware that a problem exists, let alone correct it.
It is an object of this invention to provide dermal and transdermal patches of the "sack" type which overcome these defects.
Another object of this invention is to provide dermal and transdermal patches in which patient interaction with the patch is reduced to removing the protective layer and applying the patch, without concern for any drug formulation migration therein.
A further object of the invention is to provide dermal and transdermal patches which can be stored in any orientation without concern.
A still further object of the invention is to allow the use of drug vehicles in "sack type" transdermal patches which have hitherto been unsuitable therefor.
Suprisingly, these objects, and others, have been achieved by compartmentalizing the "sack" area containing the drug or formulation into a number of smaller, distinct "sacks" or compartments.
The patches of the invention will be better understood with reference to the drawings in which like referenced numerals indicate like parts. Of course these drawings are exemplary only and do not limit the scope of the invention to the embodiments shown therein.
FIGS. 1 and 3 are top views of two prior art patch embodiments.
FIGS. 2 and 4 are cross-sections of a typical prior art patches.
FIGS. 5-8 are top views of 4 embodiments of the invention.
FIGS. 9-12 are various views of FIG. 8.
FIGS. 13, 14 and 15 are various views of a four compartment system analogous to FIGS. 8, 10 and 11.
FIG. 16 is identical to FIG. 10 except that the compartments do not not contain the identical substance and/or concentration.
FIG. 17 is a cross section of a "fold-over" embodiment of the invention before use.
FIG. 18 is the embodiment of FIG. 17 after folding.
FIG. 19 is a top view of a "back-up reserve" or "superloaded" compartment embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 20 is a cross section of FIG. 19 along line 20--20.
The instant invention is an improved dermal or transdermal patch having a drug or drug formulation contained within a drug compartment area adapted to be applied directly to the skin of a patient to be treated with the drug. The improvement resides primarily in splitting the drug reservoir 2 in FIGS. 1-4 into multiple compartments 8, as seen in FIGS. 5-17.
With reference to FIGS. 1-4, the previously known patches 1 of this type were comprised of an occlusive protective backing layer 3, a permeable porous membrane 4 thereon forming therewith a total reservoir area 2, an adhesive layer 5 on the surface of porous membrane 4 (which adhesive layer is remote from the interior of reservoir 2 and backing layer 3), and an occlusive, removable layer 6 on adhesive 5. The adhesive layer 5 may be over the entire surface of reservoir 2, as shown in FIG. 2 or define an adhesive free area 21 (see FIG. 4) over the reservoir. As readily seen from FIGS. 5-16, the invention is a similar patch except that the reservoir 2 has been broken up into a number of distinct compartments 8 by seals 9. Tab 7 is not shown in FIGS. 5, 6, and 7.
The size of each compartment 8 should not exceed 30 cm2, preferably 26.7 cm2, more preferably 20 cm2, most preferably 13.3 cm2. The maximum distance between the center of gravity 10 (see FIG. 5) of a compartment and any border 20 of that compartment should not exceed 2.70 cm, preferably 2.55 cm, more preferably 2.23 cm, most preferably 1.78 cm, and the perimeter of the compartment should not exceed 4.04 times the square root of the compartment area. While there is no concern over the compartment shape, the latter two limitations above do not apply if compartments are bounded by (a) arcs of concentric circles (see FIG. 6) or (b) are polygonal or of indiscriminate in shape and can be inscribed within a rectangle having a smaller perimeter.
Preferred patch shapes, exclusive of tab, 7 (used as a point from which the user can remove the protection layer), are: oval, eliptical, circular, and rectangular or rectangular-like but having 2 arcuate ends opposite one another (see FIG. 8), although other shapes can also be used. Of these, circular and rectangular-like but having 2 substantially semi-circular opposing ends are more preferred and circular is most preferable.
The boundaries between adjacent compartments (the inter compartment seals 9, 12 and 13), can be of any orientation; however, straight lines extending radially outward from the center of gravity of the entire patch or from the center of a circle, a portion of which forms more than a tangential portion of the outer perimeter of the medication containing surface area of the patch are preferred. Also preferred are vertical or horizontal borders, especially a crosshatch pattern. Of course, combinations of various types are also suitable, especially in the case wherein concentric circles form some of boundaries of some of the compartments.
An additional advantage of compartmentalization of the patch is the ability to vary the drug vehicle to an extent heretofore impossible to accomplish. More fluid vehicles than the currently used viscous ointments can now be effectively utilized. This means that the present invention allows one to flexibly utilize drug formulations giving a greater range of release rates and more precisely control drug delivery to the skin. In effect, the instant invention allows one to utilize any vehicle which (1) will release the drug to the porous membraneous layer 4 and (2) does not adversely interact with membranous layer 4 or backing layer 3.
A still further advantage of this invention is the ability to regulate drug delivery by the simple means of having (1) different concentrations of drug in different compartments, (2) different vehicles having different drug release rates in different compartments, (3) additives such as flux enhancers in some, but not all compartments, and/or (4) having different materials, having different drug transference rates, forming the membranous layer of different compartments. Also, different adhesive coatings 5 on the membranous layer 4 over different compartments 8 may be utilized to alter drug delivery. Via any of these means the drug delivery rate of the overall patch can be more precisely regulated so as to yield the desired controlled, reliable, reproduceable results.
Of course, one can also load different compartments 8 with different drugs that are desirable to be administered simultaneously, stepwise, or any other precisely regulated manner. Such a system virtually eliminates problems of patient compliance as only a single patch need be applied. This system also permits the coadministration or precisely tailored administration of two or more drugs, which are incompatible with each other or the vehicles used, in a single patch.
The new patches can also be used to create a new means of sustained release administration of a drug. For example, in a three compartment patch, as in FIGS. 19 and 20, if two components have a first concentration of a drug and the third compartment has a much higher concentration, then via a burstable non-permeable (to drug) membrane 13 (which is burst just prior to or during application of the patch), and optionally a permeable non-bursting membrane 13, forming the seal between the low concentration and high concentration compartments, with a non-pourous membrane 14 covering the high concentration compartment instead of or in addition to the porous membranous layer 4, the high concentration compartment acts as a high load reserve to maintain the concentration of drug in the low concentration compartment at an appropriate level for a much longer period. When the non porous membrane is not used, the difference in transference rates and absorption rates due to the different concentrations can be exploited to obtain an initial loading dose with subsequent decrease to typical maintenance levels.
More specifically, with the application of certain drugs, particularly nitroglycerine, it is advantageous to administer the drug at one rate for a set period and at a lower rate for an additional period.
Such a scheme has not been practical using a single reservoir compartment patch. However with multicompartment patches having different concentrations of drug in different compartments such a drug dose regimen can easily be obtained.
If a patch having 25% of theoretical nitroglycerine loading in each of two compartments of equal size and a third compartment of the same size having 100% of theoretical nitroglycerine loading is administered, for 16 hours the patient is receiving a loading dose. Over this time the low dose compartments have been essentially depleted, yet the high dose compartment still has a substantial amount of drug remaining; an amount sufficient to deliver a therapeutic level of medication for the remainder of the day.
This method of administration is particularly convenient when oral loading doses which are maintained at those levels are hampered by undesirable side effects, yet single, once daily dosing is of importance (particularly so with the elderly or senile patient).
Another potential of the patch with a burstable membrane between compartments is in the case wherein a particular formulation must be applied within a short time of mixing the ingredients. In these cases, the patches are loaded with the different ingredients in different compartments. The seal between the compartments is ruptured and the contents worked together by the user. The patch is then applied.
An alternative embodiment of the patch having different ingredients in different compartments, which are to be mixed immediately prior to or at the time of applying the patch is the case wherein the patch as seen in FIGS. 17 and 18, after removal of an occlusive removable layer 6, folds over on itself, joining two different compartments together so that their contents may mix together. In this position the patch resembles those previously described except that in cross-section it appears as though the center of Reservoir 2 has an additional permeable double membrane and adhesive layers (essentially parallel to the backing layer) passing therethrough.
The patches of the instant invention are prepared in typically known manners. Advantageously the boundaries between compartments, when they are not burstable, are heat sealed. However, other methods will be obvious to those of ordinary skill.
The patch of the instant invention can be used to deliver any drug to the skin in a controlled manner. The only limitation on the drugs which are useful in the present invention are that they are either (1) transdermally absorbed (with or without a flux enhancer) at a level sufficient to elicit a therapeutic systemic response or (2) elicit a therapeutic topical response. Of course, they must be capable of traversing the porous membrane and, in appropriate circumstances, the adhesive employed to fix the patch to the skin.
In practicing this invention one can employ any systemically active drug which will be absorbed by the body surface to which the bandage is applied, consistent with their known dosages and uses. Of course, the amount of drug necessary to obtain the desired therapeutic effect will vary depending on the particular drug used. Suitable systemic drugs include, without limitation, Anti-microbial Agents such as penicillin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, chloramphenicol, and sulfonamides; Sedatives and Hypnotics such as pentabarbital sodium, phenobarbital, secobarbital sodium, codeine, (a-bromoisovaleryl)urea, carbromal, and sodium phenobarbital, Psychis Energizers such a 3-(2-aminopropyl) indole acetate and 3-(2-aminobutyl) indole acetate; Tranquilizers such as reserpine, chlorpromazine hydrochloride, and thiopropazate hydrochloride; Hormones such as adrenocorticosteroids, for example 6α-methylprednisolone; androgenic steroids, for example, methyltestosterone, and fluoxymesterone; estrogenic steroids, for example estrone, 17β-estradiol and ethinyl estradiol; progesterone, and norethindrone; and thyroxine; Antipyretics such as aspirin, salicylamide, and sodium salicylate; morphine and other narcotic analgesics; Anti-diabetics, e.g., insulin; Cardiovascular Agents, e.g. nitroglycerin, and cardiac glycosides such as digitoxin, digoxin, ouabain; Anti-spasmodics such as atropine, methscopolamine bromide, methscopolamine bromide with phenobarbital; Anti-malarials such as the 4-aminoquinolines, 9-amino-quinolines, and pyrimethamine; and Nutritional Agents such as vitamins, essential amino acids, and essential fats.
Additionally, in practicing this invention one can employ a wide variety of topically active drugs consistent with their known dosages and uses. Suitable drugs include, without limitation: Antiperspirants, e.g., aluminum chloride; Deodorants, e.g., hexachlorophene, methylbenzethonium chloride; Astringents, e.g., tannic acid; Irritants, e.g., methyl salicylate, camphor, cantharid, 1; Keratolytics, e.g., benzoic acid, salicylic acid, resorcinol, iodochlorhydroxyquin; Antifungal Agents, such as tolnaftate, griseofulvin, nystatin and amphotericin; Anti-inflammatory Agents, such as corticosteroids, e.g., hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone acetate, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, triamoinolone acetonide, fludrocortisone, flurandrenolone, flumethasone, dexamethasone sodium phosphate, bethamethasone, desamethasone sodium phosphate, bethamethasone valerate, fluocinolone acetonide; fluorometholone; and pramoxine HC1; Anti-neoplastic Agents, e.g. methotrexate, and Antibacterial Agents, such a bacitracin, neomycin, erythromycin, tetracycline HC1, chlortetracycline HC1, chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline, polymyxin B, nitrofuraxone, mafenide (α-amino-p-toluenesulfonamide), hexachlorophene, benzalkonium chloride, cetalkonium chloride, methylbenzethonium chloride, and neomycin sulfate.
It will be appreciated, with regard to the aforesaid list of drugs the characterization of the drug as eithere "systemically or topically" active is done for purposes of convenience only. Further, a given drug can be both systemically and topically active depending upon its manner of use.
In addition to the aforementioned drugs, simple pharmacologically acceptable derivatives of the drugs, such as ethers, esters, amides, acetals, salts, etc., or formulations of these drugs, having the desired polymeric permeability or transport or transport properties can be prepared and used in practicing the invention. Drugs mentioned above can be used along or in combination with others and each other. Of course, the derivatives should be such as to convert to the active drugs within the body through the action of body enzyme assisted transformation, pH, etc.
The above drugs and other drugs can be present in the reservoir along or in combination form with pharmaceutical carriers. The pharmaceutical carriers acceptable for the purpose of this invention are the art known carriers that do not adversely affect the drug, the host, or the material comprising the drug delivery device. Suitable pharmaceutical carriers include sterile water; saline, dextrose; dextrose in water or saline, condensation products of castor oil and ethylene oxide combiniang about 30 to 35 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of castor oil; liqud glyceryl triester of a lower molecular weight fatty acid; lower alkanols, oils such as corn oil, peanut oil, sesame oil and the like, hydrocarbons such as mineral oils and silicones, with emulsifiers such as mono- or di-glyceride of a fatty acid, or a phosphatide, e.g., lecithin, and the like; glycols; polyalkylene glycols; aqueous media in the presence of a suspending agent, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose; sodium alginate; poly(vinylpyrrolidone); and the like, alone, or with suitable dispersing agents such as lecithin; polyoxyethylene stearate; and the like. The carrier may also contain adjuvants such as preserving, stabilizing, wetting, emulsifying agents, and the like.
The drug can also be mixed in the reservoir with a transporting agent, that is, a material that aids or assists the drug delivery device to achieve the administration of a drug to a drug receptor, for example, by enhancing penetration through the skin. The transporting aids suitable for the purpose of the invention are the therapeutically acceptable transporting aids that do not adversely affect the host, the drug, or alter or adversely affect the materials forming the drug delivery device. The transporting aids can be used alone or they can be admixed with acceptable carriers and the like. Exemplary of transporting aids include monovalent, saturated and unsaturated aliphatic cycloaliphatic and aromatic alcohols having 4 to 12 carbon atoms, such as hexanol, cyclohexane and the like; aliphatic cycloaliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons having from 5 to 12 carbon atoms such as hexane, cyclohexane, isopropylbenzene and the like; cycloaliphatic and aromatic aldehydes and ketones having from 4 to 10 carbon atoms such as cyclohexanone; acetamide; N,N-di(lower) alkyl acetamides such as N,N-diethyl acetamide, N,N-dimethyl acetamide, N-(2-hydroxyethyl) acetamide, and the like; and other transporting agents such as aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and aromatic esters; N,N-di(lower) alkyl sulfoxides; essential oils; halogenated or nitrated aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons; salicylates; polyalkylene glycol silicates; mixtures thereof; and the like.
The amount of active agent to be incorporated in the patch to obtain the desired therapeutic effect will vary depending upon the desired dosage, the permeability of the rate controlling materials of the patch which are employed to the particular agent to be used, and the length of time the patch is to remain on the skin or body mucosa. Since this invention is designed to control drug administration for an extended period of time, such as 1 day or more, there is no critical upper limit on the amount of agent incorporated therein. The lower limit is determined by the fact that sufficient amounts of the agent must remain in the bandage to maintain the desired dosage. In order to achieve a therapeutic effect in a human adult, the daily release dosage of atropine should be in the range of between 200 and 600 micrograms per day. Thus, for example, using atropine and with a patch intended to remain in place for 1 week having a release rate of 500 micrograms of atropine per day, at least 3.5 mg of atropine would be incorporated. Of course, other devices for use for different time periods such as week or month are also readily made by the invention.
Nitroglycerine and arecoline are especially suited for use in the instant invention.
Concentrations of the drugs in the compartments are virtually unlimited since delivery rate is controlled by the porous membrane and adhesive layer. However, the concentration must be at least great enough so that the drug will leave the vehicle once the protective layer is removed. Should the amount of drug/unit area/unit time be insufficient to render an appropriate dose of the drug, a larger patch may be employed. However, it is more advantageous to utilize concentrations of drug sufficiently high so that patch size is kept down. Also advantageous are saturated systems. Most advantageous are systems capable of delivering the drug in a therapeutically useful degree in an area reasonably related to the application site in view of medical, aesthetic, and patient convenience considerations. These limitations are well known to product designers in the art.
The porous membranous materials of this invention, which may or may not be rate controlling as desired, are known in the art and can be visualized as a plurality of sponge-like fused polymer particles which provide a supporting structure having therethrough a dispersion of microscopic sized interconnecting voids or pores. The rate controlling structures formed from the materials can be isotropic, wherein the structure is homogenous throughout the cross-section of the matrix or membrane material, or anisotropic wherein the structure is non-homogenous. These structures are commercially available and can be made by a multitude of different methods, e.g., etched nuclear track, and materials employed, e.g., polyelectrolyte, ion exchange polymers, as described in R. E. Kesting, Synthetic Polymer Membranes, McGraw Hill, Chapters 4 and 5, 1971; J. D. Ferry, Ultrafiltration Membranes, Chemical Review, Vol. 18, Page 373, 1934. Materials possessing from 5 percent to 95 percent voids and having an effective pore size of from about 10 angstroms to about 100 microns are particularly suitably employed in the practice of this invention. Materials with pore sizes significantly below 50 angstroms can be considered to be molecular diffusion type membranes and matrices. In order to obtain the most advantageous results, the materials should be formed into structures with the desired morphology in accordance with methods known to those skilled in the art to achieve the desired release rate of drug. Additionally, the material Must have the appropriate chemical resistance to the drug used and be non-toxic when used as an element of the patch of the invention.
Materials useful in forming the porous rate controlling materials used in this invention include, but are not limited to the following.
Polycarbonates, i.e., linear polyesters of carbonic acids in whih carbonate groups recur in the polymer chain, by phosgenation of a dihydroxy aromatic such as bisphenol A. Such material are sold under the trade designation Lexan by the General Electric Company.
Polyvinylchlorides; one such material is sold under the trade designation Geon 121 by B. G. Goodrich Chemical Company.
Polyamides such as polyhexamethylene adipamide and other such polyamides popularly known as "nylon". One particularly advantageous material is that sold under the trade name "NOMEX" by E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co.
Modacrylic copolymers, such as that sold under the trade designation DYNEL are formed of polyvinylchloride (60 percent) and acrylonitrile (40 percent), styrene-acrylic acid copolymers, and the like.
Polysulfones such as those of the type characterized by diphenylene sulfone groups in the linear chain thereof are useful. Such materials are available from Union Carbide Corporation under the trade designation P-1700.
Halogenated polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride sold under the trade designation Kynar by Pennsalt Chemical Corporation, polyvinylfluoride sold under the trade name Tedlar by E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., and the polyfluorohalocarbon sold under the trade name Aclar by Allied Chemical Corporation.
Polychlorethers such as that sold under the trade name Penton by Hercules Incorporated, and other such thermoplastic polyethers.
Acetal polymers such as the polyformaldehyde sold under the trade name Delrin by E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., and the like.
Acrylic resins such as polyacrylonitrile polymethyl methacrylate, poly n-butyl methacrylate and the like.
Other polymers such as polyurethanes, polyimides, polybenzimidazoles, polyvinyl acetate, aromatic and aliphatic, polyethers, cellulose esters, e.g., cellulose triacetate; cellulose; colledion (cellulose nitrate with 11% nitrogen); epoxy resins; olefins, e.g., polyethylene polypropylene; porous rubber; cross linked poly (ethylene oxide); cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone; cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol); polyelectrolyte structures formed of two ionically associated polymers of the type as set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,549,016 and 3,546,141; derivatives of polystyrene such as poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) and polyvinylbenzyltrimethyl-ammonium chloride); poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate); poly(isobutylvinyl ether), and the like, may also be utilized. A large number of copolymers which can be formed by reacting various proportions of monomers from the aforesaid said list of polymers are also useful for preparing rate controlling structures useful in the invention.
While the non-rate controlling walls of the reservoir can be of any convenient thickness, usually they have a thickness of from 0.01 to 7 millimeters. The rate controlling membranes can have varying thickness depending upon the nature of the membrane, its porosity and the number of membranes used in combination. Typically, a thickness of from 20 to 200 microns is employed.
It will, of course, be appreciated that the pressure-sensitive adhesive surface need not form a continuous layer on the subject bandage. Particularly in the case of a bandage having a distinct reservoir layer, equally advantageous results are obtained by providing an annular surface of adhesive around the periphery of the bandage face. In this manner a liquid tight adhesive seal between the bandage and the patient's skin or mucosa is maintained, and at the same time, drug may be directly absorbed by the skin from the exposed surface of the drug reservoir layer without first migrating through an adhesive layer.
Any of the well known dermatologically acceptable pressure-sensitive adhesives can be used in practicing this invention. Exemplary adhesives include acrylic or methacrylic resins such as polymers of esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid with alcohols such as n-butanol, n-pentanol, isopentanol, 2-methyl butanol, 1-methyl butanol, 1-methyl penanol, 2-methyl penanol, 3-methyl pentanol, 2-ethyl butanol, isooctanol, n-decanol, or n-dodecanol, alone or copolymerized with ethylenically unsaturated monomers such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylamide, methacrylamide, N-alkoxymethyl acrylamides, N-alkoxymethyl methacrylamides, N-tert.butylacrylamide, itaconic acid, vinylacetate, N-branched alkyl maleamic acids wherein the alkyl group has 10 to 24 carbon atoms, glycol diacrylates, or mixtures of these; natural or synthetic rubbers such as styrenebutadiene, butylether, neoprene, polyisobutylene, polybutadiene, and polyisoprene; polyvinylacetate; ureaformaldehyde resins; phenolformaldehyde resins; resorcinol formaldehyde resins, cellulose derivatives such as ethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, nitrocellulose, cellulose acetatebutyrate, and carboxymethyl cellulose; and natural gums such as guar, acacia, pectins, starch, dextrin, albumin, gelatin, casein, etc. The adhesives may be compounded with tackifiers and stabilizers as is well known in the art.
Various occlusive and non-occlusive, flexible or non-flexible backing members can be used in the adhesive patch of the invention. Suitable backings include cellophane, cellulose acetate, ethylcellulose, plasticized vinylacetate-vinylchloride copolymers, polyethylene terephthalate, nylon, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylidenechloride, paper, cloth, and aluminum foil. Preferably, a flexible occlusive backing is employed to conform to the shape of the body member to which the adhesive tape is applied and to enhance administration of the agent to the skin.
To prevent passage of the drug away from the exposed surface of the pressure-sensitive adhesive prior to use, the adhesive surface of the tape generally is covered with a protective release film or foil such as waxed paper. Alternatively, the exposed rear surface of the backing member can be coated with a low-adhesion adhesive and the bandage rolled about itself. To enhance stability of the active compounds, the therapeutic bandage is usually hermetically sealed between appropriate layer such as polyethylene terephthalate films under an inert atmosphere, such as gaseous nitrogen.
To use the adhesive patch of the invention, wherein the drug is topical, it is applied directly to the area of skin to be treated, to release a therapeutically effective amount of the agent to the affected area. For administration of systemic drugs the bandage ca be applied to any area of the patient's skin, with the lower back, chest and buttocks being the areas of choice. In like manner, the patch can be applied to t he mucosa of the mouth, for example, by application to the palate or the buccal mucosa, to obtain absorption of the drug by the oral mucosa. Similarly, where desired and accessable, the patch can be applied to other mucosa membranes.
The following examples more specifically describe the invention; however, the scope of the invention is not limited to the embodiments set forth therein.
A transdermal system according to the invention is manufactured as follows:
A drug reservoir formulation is prepared by dispersing nitroglycerin 10% on lactose in silicon fluid containing colloidal silica as a suspension stabilizer, the final concentration of nitroglycerin in the formulation being adjusted to 5% w/w.
A silicon based contact adhesive solution in hexane is cast onto a 100 micron thick notched film of polyvinylchloride (PVC). After drying of the adhesive the adhesive side of this assembly is laminated to a 50 micron thick membrane of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer leaving a strip at one side free of adhesive.
Three 1 g portions of the nitroglycerin suspension are placed beside each other on the EVA copolymer side of the described laminate and a 60 micron thick backing film of aluminized polyethylene terephthalate with an EVA heat sealable coating is laid over the portions of drug reservoir formulation and heat sealed at the periphery and between the individual portions as shown in FIG. 8.
The finished system having 3 chambers with a contact area of 20 cm2 for each of the 1 g reservoir portions is punched as shown in FIGS. 8, 9, and 11. FIG. 10 shows the opening tab on one side of the system which is left free of adhesive.
The system has an an active drug releasing surface of 60 cm2 and delivers 30 mg of nitroglycerin within 24 hours through intact human skin in vivo.
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|Clasificación de EE.UU.
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|Clasificación internacional
|Clasificación cooperativa
|Clasificación europea
|17 Feb 1987
Owner name: CIBA-GEIGY CORPORATION, 444 SAW MILL RIVER ROAD, A
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:ANDRIOLA, ROBERT;MOORE, DONALD J.;ASCHE, HENNING;REEL/FRAME:004664/0004
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|17 Oct 1990
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Year of fee payment: 4
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Year of fee payment: 12
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What's the Story? Story is actually an entire town, located in southern Brown County. The town of Story and the "Story Inn" are one and the same.
From logging to lodging. The town was founded as a logging community in 1851, with the grant of a land patent from President Millard Fillmore to Dr. George P. Story. In the early 1980's two hippies from Bloomington bought and re-assembled the old town, and created the Story Inn. Today, Story is Indiana's premier country inn, and perhaps the best preserved example of a 19th Century village that survives in the American Midwest.
One inconvenient location since 1851. Story is accessible either by motorized vehicle or horseback. If you employ the latter means, you must negotiate the only paved road which services the town (State Road 135). From the county seat of Nashville (population 800) it is a winding 20 minute drive past weather-beaten barns, covered bridges, clapboard churches and the finest fall foliage the Hoosier state has to offer. If you arrive by horseback, you may take the "E" trail from the Horsemen's Camp at the Brown County State Park (about a three hour trek along ridges and through hollers). The trail ends at a hitching post near the town's Tavern.
Meet the Story Inn Staff
Richard R. Hofstetter, Owner
Rick Hofstetter, Story's owner, is a lawyer and law professor who has fought for two decades to preserve many of Indiana's most distinguished historic landmarks. He met Frank Mueller (biography appearing below) while serving as the first President of the Athenaeum Foundation, Inc., an effort which saved the Athenaeum building in downtown Indianapolis and earned Rick the Sandi Servaas Award for Historic Preservation in 1992.
Rick pulled Frank out of a comfortable early retirement to buy the financially-troubled town of Story in 1998, "before the bank could make it into a Yogi Bear campground." Rick was born near Pittsburgh in 1956, and was lured to the Hoosier state by the legendary Indiana University swimming coach James "Doc" Counsilman, who made Rick into an AAU and NCAA champion.
Rick earned his BA and MA from Indiana University in 1978 and 1979, respectively, and his J.D. from Duke Law School in 1982. Rick is an active member of the Indiana Supreme Court Role of Attorneys, teaches business law classes at Butler University College of Business Administration, and for 25 years has served as a neutral for the American Arbitration Association.
Kate Ebel, Director of Sales & Events
Katherine's background in hospitality and events spans over a decade, and has included roles in the kitchen and most recently overseeing all catering operations for Stratton Mountain Resort in southern Vermont. She received formal training in culinary arts from Le Cordon Bleu in Austin, TX. She's traveled the country developing her palate and skill set, and would love to assist you with planning your event with us.
For information regarding an event with us, Kate can be reached either by calling the Story Inn at 812-988-2273, or via email at email@example.com
Jacob Ebel, CFBE, General Manager
Jacob joined the Story team as its General Manager in 2015, overseeing all hospitality operations. Prior to coming to Story, he worked his way through the culinary ranks, most recently holding the titles of Resort Executive Chef for Stratton Mountain Resort in southern Vermont, Executive Chef for the Grande Denali Lodge in Denali National Park, Alaska, and Chef de Cuisine for Lake Tahoe Cruises in South Lake Tahoe, California.
He received formal culinary education from Sullivan University's National Center for Hospitality Studies in Louisville, KY, completed an apprenticeship through the American Culinary Federation, and earned the designation of Certified Food & Beverage Executive through the American Hotel & Lodging Association. He's an active member in the ACF, AH&LA, Slow Foods USA, and the James Beard Foundation.
Jacob resides in the town of Story as one of its 4 residents, which includes his wife Kate. Together they enjoy time with their two dogs, Kipper and Charlie, farmer's markets, craft Indiana beer, and Sierra foothills zinfandel.
Jacob can be contacted with any questions or comments regarding your culinary experience or our Food & Beverage operations at firstname.lastname@example.com
Troy Taber, Maitre d' , Wine Director
Troy Taber, the Story Inn's Maitre d', has an intrinsic gift of perception. Whether helping to determine the best choice of wine, or graciously visiting at the end of the meal, troy touches every guest with genuine hospitality.
He believes hospitality is in his roots, Troy relates well to all individuals from his guests to his staff. He enjoys building teams and relies upon this skill to create a unified staff that effortlessly extends hospitality to others.
Over the past 17 years, Troy's spent time in New York City, Scotland, Prague, Portugal, and Spain honing his palate and skill set for fine food and wine. Known for it's warm service and breadth of it's wine list, the Story Inn has found strength in Troy at the helm. Troy can be reached at email@example.com
Eric Swanson, Executive Chef
Chef Eric, a Richmond native, took the reigns of the Story Inn's culinary team in early 2014. He brings to the table 14 years of progressive industry experience in some of the state's top restaurants. Swanson moved to Bloomington in 1998 to attend Indiana University, where he graduated with honors in English. Being immersed in Bloomington's vast ever growing food culture, It was then and there that he found his true passion for food, particularly sustainable Hoosier cuisine. He enjoys working with local farmers, including Story's gardeners, to craft seasonally inspired menus showcasing their efforts.
Chef Eric resides with his wife and three daughters on their farmstead outside of Bloomington. He can be reached with any comments or questions at email@example.com
Jackie Wilkerson, Gardener Extraordinaire
Jackie joined the Story Inn staff in 2012 as a receptionist but when we saw her home garden (like a farm) and her love of being outdoors rain or shine, we were thrilled when she agreed to be our gardener. Right now heirlooms tomatoes from our six-foot high tomato bushes are filling our kitchen coffers to be turned into elegant caprese salads and other summer delights (we say there is nothing more grand and wonderful than a fresh Indiana tomato) along with a long list of other vegetables including squash, beans, eggplants, kale, micro-greens and lettuces. Jackie also grows all the herbs we use in the kitchen and brought our peach trees and grape vineyard back to abundance. She also is in charge of the Story Flower Gardens which we invite everyone to visit. When she's done working for us, she goes home and tends her own garden. And she likes to check in and see how her gardens are doing on weekends--watering flower boxes and making sure everything is just so. If you see a slender woman standing out in the pouring rain wearing a water proof jacket and rubber boots and looking quite at home, that's our Jackie.
Frank Mueller, Consultant
Frank Mueller was born on March 23, 1944, in Willingen, Germany, and obtained his degree in restaurant and hotel management from the Walter Mecker Schule in Kassel, Germany, in 1964. He had an apprenticeship at the Hotel Reiss in Kassel, and an internship at the Franz Gabler Hotel Fach Schule in Heidelberg. His experience includes stints at the Hotel Zweibrucker Hof, Dusseldorf, the Heimat Haus and Schloss Hotel in Kassel, the Arnold Grill in Frankfurt and even the Airport Restaurant in Zurich-Kloten, Switzerland. Frank migrated to the United States in 1968, and shortly thereafter began his stewardship of the renowned Hansel and Gretel Restaurant in Indianapolis. After selling the restaurant in 1985, he managed the Indianapolis Athletic Club until 1992, when he took over as manager of the Indianapolis Hilton.
At Rick Hofstetter's behest in 1993, Frank assumed control of the floundering Rathskeller Restaurant in the historic Athenaeum Building in downtown Indianapolis, and in two years developed it into one of the busiest and most popular restaurants in the city. Frank's successes and accomplishments in this field would merit his managing a five-star establishment in New York, Berlin or Paris. Frank, however, prefers the quiet charm of the hills and hamlets of Southern Indiana. After Frank retired from the Athenaeum in 1995, Rick enticed Frank to join him in purchasing the entire town of Story in late 1998. Frank sold his interest in the Story Inn to Rick Hofstetter in December, 2004, but continues to be involved as a business and culinary consultant.
Joan Y. Olson, Culinary Consultant
Joan Olson is a laureate of La Varenne Ecole de Cuisine in France and has taught classic French cooking for more than twenty years. Much of her training came from her association with some of the most renowned chefs in France—Emile Jung, Paul Haeberlin, Georges Blanc—to name a few. She also worked very closely with the late Gustave Rinn of Alsace and with Wolfgang Nagle and Johann Lummer in Germany. She is a member of the International Association of Culinary Professionals and of the National Restaurant Association. With her husband, she has produced seven guide books to restaurants in Europe.
Mrs. Olson has prepared and hosted dinners for ambassadors, counts, generals, Michelin-starred chefs, and some of the most prestigious wine producers in France and Germany. She has taught cooking and done cooking demonstrations at Schiller International University in Strasbourg and at the Southern Indiana Center for the Arts in Seymour, where she teaches art and produces paintings. Joan lives with her husband Ole (biography below) in nearby Houston, Indiana, and serves as a culinary consultant and cooking instructor at the Story Inn.
Dr. Allen Dale Olson, Consultant
Dr. Allen Dale ("Ole") Olson, a/k/a the "Pontiff of Palate," is a Master of Wine in the Confrerie de St-Etienne and Dean Emeritus of Schiller International University. His wine commentaries inform and entertain from the Rhine Valley to the Napa Valley. His humor is infectious, his enthusiasm contagious, and his wine lessons memorable. He is a founding member of the European and Indiana Chapters of the International Council on Hotel, Restaurant and Institutional Education and a member of the American Wine Education Society. Ole is a food and wine journalist, a member of the International Association of Culinary Professionals and with his wife Joan, leads annual food and wine tours to France, Switzerland, and Italy.


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Ardmore, PAUSA
Hometown: Ardmore
August 24, 2009
Hi! I'm a PhillyMini.org member and a Mini owner. I have an 06 MCS HB/B with custom blue Union Jacks. I met Maxicooper on the PhillyMini forums and, as I live in Newark (DE), I'd love to check out some of your MD events!
Because Mini Clubs are like Little British Cars... You can't have just one.
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Sponsored By
Award-Winning 'Pippin' Comes To The HippodromeThe Tony Award winning musical Pippin arrives in Baltimore! The circus-inspired revival is only in town at the Hippodrome Theater this week.
'Wicked' Comes To BaltimoreIt's almost show time. Thirteen semi-trucks filled with equipment---one of them just for costumes.
Mayor Rawlings-Blake Makes Debut In Musical 'Chicago'Mayor Stephanie Rawlings-Blake trades in City Hall for the stage.
Baltimore Mayor To Join Cast Of 'Chicago' On Stage For NightBaltimore Mayor Stephanie Rawlings-Blake is getting her big break in theater, joining the cast of "Chicago, The Musical" next week at the Hippodrome Theatre.
'Annie' Lyricist: It's Still One Of My FavoritesThe man who created the original Broadway production of "Annie" in 1977 was in Baltimore for the production's opening night.
'Annie' Comes To The Hippodrome TheaterThe spunky orphan with the curly red hair and her faithful pooch hit the Hippodrome stage this week. The Tony-Award winning musical "Annie" comes to Charm City.
Broadway Hit Musical 'Newsies' At The HippodromeStop the presses. That's what the Newsboys Strike of 1899 did and crippled an entire industry. Now there's a Broadway hit musical at the Hippodrome retelling the real life movement.
"Shaping Sound" Comes To The HippodromeThe nation's biggest names in dancing are in Baltimore for a new performance called "Shaping Sound" at the Hippodrome.
'I Love Lucy' Comes To Hippodrome's StageSixty-three years ago today, "I Love Lucy" made its TV debut. It was one of the most popular CBS shows ever and now " I Love Lucy: Live on Stage" is at the Hippodrome.
The 'Guy' And 'Girl' Of 'Once' Give An Inside Look At The Hit MusicalThe eight-time Tony award-winning musical "Once" has arrived in Baltimore. The show is touring the country, and will be here for just one week.
Broadway In Baltimore: Hippodrome Welcomes New Director, New SeasonThose who study urban revival are quick to say that no one development, attraction or centerpiece will singlehandedly bring success to an area. So, 10 years after it opened, the new Hippodrome is one important piece in a stronger downtown.
Triple Threat Summer Camp: Middle School Students Take The Hippodrome StageA group of middle schoolers are spending the next weeks in a "triple threat" summer camp. They're dancing, acting and singing on the Hippodrome stage.


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Control Any Screen With Your Smartphone
A new app, Clik, lets you scan a QR code to make any screen with a browser into your personal viewing monitor.
Clik lets users control any screen with a web browser using their smartphone. The new platform will let developers create apps for viewing videos, music, photos or games on different screens. They have released a free iPhone and Android app to show its potential, which can quickly push YouTube videos from your smartphone to your computer or smart TV so you can watch them on a bigger screen. The app also acts like a remote control, letting you pause, fast forward and adjust the volume.
To try it out for yourself, simply visit Clik's website in any web browser and scan the QR code with the app on your smartphone to sync the screen. Then you'll be able to select and search for YouTube videos from your phone and they will instantly start playing on the connected screen. Clik also lets multiple people scan the QR code for a single screen to control it, allowing groups of people to share content from different smartphones. Watch Clik CEO Ted Livingston give a demonstration in the video below:
- Share
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PSFK Labs Presents
The Future of Connected Life
The New Consumer and Their Journey to Effectiveness, Balance & Personal Growth


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As many have worried over the attribution of responsibility for autonomous weapons systems in the case of what the report titles "unintended engagement," Directive 3000.09 is a welcomed first step. Unfortunately, it only fosters more questions and worry.
Read Whole Story
When Liquid Robotics' Ed Lu dreams, he sees thousands of his firm's Wave Gliders blanketing the sea--a smart grid for the ocean. It may yet be a dream, but Lu's vision isn't terribly far fetched.
The time is fast approaching when artists who have an actual hand in the creation of their work may be obsolete. Who's going to do the work? Not inter...
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We may like lip-synching to Grease, but when it becomes a mantra for the finish of our moisturizer, we feel like a beauty school dropout. Finding the right dry-touch formula is challenging, but this cream offers the right amount of moisture without any heaviness or residue. After just two weeks of use, a whopping 90 percent of study participants noticed an improvement in their skin. Looks like this is one relationship that'll last longer than a summer.
I have always struggled with oily skin, so I have intentionally avoided moisturizers. Most moisturizers felt greasy, slippery, heavy, etc. and would cause my skin to break out due to clogging the pores. They also result in shiny skin, sooner or later in the day.
This is the FIRST moisturizer ever that I can "honestly" say didn't feel greasy, slippery, or shiny, regardless of the marketing pitch other companies use to sell you. This cloudy/clear gel-like moisturizer blends in beautifully, and soaks into your skin instantly. It feels amazing on and helps smooth the delicate skin around your eyes so well. It really gives your skin a slight mattifying finish, without any shine. I apply this before using under-eye circle cream. This helps prevent the cakey look that some under-eye creams result in. I will continue to purchase this PRIME Perfection mattifying moisturizer.
This is by far the best under makeup moisturizer I have ever used. How they managed to make it a moisturizer that is mattifying is a mystery, but they pulled it off. My daughter loved this one too. We always compare notes on our samples and this one received two thumbs up.5
This is a fantastic product. It does exactly what it says it will do- it controls shine under your existing makeup. It has no smell which is great because I have horrible allergies and it goes in super smooth unlike some other mattifying products I have used before. The only drawback is the price- Im a penny pincher and would have a hard time paying for a full size product.4
Somehow this sample got lost in a jumble of products and I JUST tapped into this mattifying moisturizer last week. I was skeptical because the texture was much thicker than I expected, but it worked wonderfully!!! My face typically looks like an oil slick within an hour of applying my makeup but this helps keep the shine down AND keeps my makeup from wearing off as quickly - even after a full day outdoors in Atlanta heat!! It's pricier than my normal moisturizer, but I ordered a full bottle today because I'm so happy with the results!!5


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Featured stories about Language
Stories about Language
9 October 2015
Help! I Can't Communicate With My Mandarin-Speaking Grandpa
US-born Yowei Shaw speaks virtually no Mandarin. Her Taiwanese grandfather speaks virtually no English. She's determined to have proper conversations with Yeye— before it's too late.
28 September 2015
Text-to-Speech Software Teaches How to Pronounce Words in Quechua on Social Media
Hinantin is a project aiming to develop Quechua-related software that spreads the indigenous language online through various social networks.
14 September 2015
Learn To Speak English With a 'Pershian' Accent
The group behind the project explains, "As a Persian living outside of Iran, I miss speaking Farsi. Whenever I hear someone speak with a Persian accent it makes my day."
10 September 2015
An Animated History of How the Cherokee Have Adapted Their Language for Technology
This is the video story of how the Cherokee language has adapted and evolved over time to be used with the newest communication technologies introduced to society.
27 August 2015
No, India, Hindi Will Not Take Over Without a Fight
People all across India are pushing back against government policies and new trends in human migration that have made the imposition of the Hindi language a sensitive political issue.
9 August 2015
Making the Culture and Language of Peru's Nomatsigenga People Accessible and Enduring
The Cultural Archive of the Nomatsigenga Language and Culture promises to be a blueprint for indigenous knowledge preservation in South America.
8 August 2015
Hong Kong Chinglish Page Conquers the Local Internet Overnight
You think an actor like Jackie Chan lacks rice? What spring are you upping?
23 July 2015
Shipibo Stories Pass to the Next Generation—With a Little Help From Digital Media
In the Peruvian Amazon, the Chariboan Joi citizen journalism project has been training young Shipibo to digitally capture traditional stories from their elders to preserve their language and culture.
22 July 2015
Singing Lullabies to Preserve the Butchulla Language
The Butchulla language, spoken by the people native to Fraser Island in Australia, faced extinction in the 20th century. It is now being revitalized thanks to the Butchulla Language Program.
3 July 2015
A Workshop Gathers Digital Activists Revitalizing Indigenous Languages in Colombia
Indigenous youth from across Colombia gathered in Bogotá to share experiences and join the network of indigenous language digital activists.
30 June 2015
Ecuador's Sarayaku People Are Preserving Their Identity Through Video
Sarayaku youth in Ecuador are using new technologies to preserve their cultural identity and ancestral legends.
12 June 2015
The Newly Updated Indic Keyboard App Now Supports 22 Asian Languages
A mobile input app called Indic Keyboard's newest release now supports language input in 22 Asian languages including 18 Indian languages apart from English, with 54 input layouts.
7 June 2015
Will Icelanders One Day Ditch Their Language for English?
Icelandic identity is, according to a popular poem, land, nation and tongue. Remove one, and the others collapse. So, will the Icelandic nation survive if the Icelandic language dies out?
2 June 2015
Readers Can Now Enjoy Little Red Riding Hood and Other Fairy Tales in the Cree Language
Through the efforts of a blogger, popular fairy tales and fables are now available in the Cree language in an attempt to encourage greater literacy in this native language.
31 May 2015
Odia Wikipedia Set to Celebrate 13 Years of Volunteer Contributions
A project that was virtually unknown a few years back with monthly page views in the low thousands recorded 8,08,834 page views in March 2015 alone.
29 May 2015
'Go to Sleep, My Child' With Lullabies from Around the World
Lullabies are universal in that it helps babies connect to language while providing soothing sounds for sleep. Explore lullabies from around the world.
23 May 2015
This Mexican Author Says Languages Aren't Straitjackets, but Tools to Start a Bilingual Conversation
Cristina Rivera Garza used to publish only in Spanish, but after 25 years in the US, she says writing in both Spanish and English brings tremendous richness to her experience.
18 May 2015
Join the Gathering to Connect Indigenous Language Digital Activists in Colombia
Together with local partners, Rising Voices is pleased to announce the open call for participation for an Indigenous Language Digital Activism Gathering set for June 18-19 in Bogota, Colombia.
15 May 2015
A Viral Music Video in China Pokes Fun at Xiaomi CEO's Imperfect English
After Lei Jun's English skills were mocked following a short speech at one of the tech giant's product launches, Chinese are once again asking—Is English important for business internationalisation?
12 April 2015
For the First Time Ever, Judges in Peru Pass Sentences in Quechua and Aymara
Aymara and Quechua have been official languages in Peru for decades, but only in 2015 did judges for the first time employ the languages in their official sentences.


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"Overall this has been the best summer of my life, I have connected with some many people. students in and out of my suite, boys and girls, even my fellow co-workers have become special people in my life. I have learned so much from other individuals in this program as well as how to effectively lead and deal with a diverse group of people."
--Alexus Bell, Resident Assistant 2015
"I had an amazing experience this summer as a RA because I never ended my days hating that i worked. I always went to bed extremely blessed that I was chosen for this program! At times near the beginning of the program, I thought to myself that I might not be much of an authoritative figure, but after the four weeks, I've learned you can a lot of respect from 162 different individuals that can come and feel trusted if they need to ask you anything."
--Frank Heyward, Resident Assistant 2015
"Wow. I have learned so much about myself and these students in just four short weeks. One thing that definitely resonates with me is "being respected BEFORE being liked." I have enjoyed spending time with all the students, but I have also learned that there is a time and place for everything. Whether it is being goofy, offering advice, or simply listening, I have learned that there are times when I can be carefree and other times I have to be serious. All in all, I am so grateful to have been part of this year's COSMOS staff and I am extremely impressed with the students' intelligence, even if at times, RAs had to remind them of the rules"
--Antonia Diaz, Resident Assistant 2015
"COSMOS is not just an academic enrichment program, it is a life-changing experience that allows students to grow far beyond what they can imagine. Students get to explore, learn and interact in environments that are new and exciting. I am confident that COSMOS students will leave feeling inspired and motivated to continue on their journey to success."
--Tatiyana Webb,Program Coordinator 2009-2010 (COSMOS Alumna, 2002)
"I'm excited that I'm a part of the COSMOS program for the second summer, and I am proud to know that the impact of COSMOS opens students' eyes to the wonders of math and science."
--Michelle Henderson, Head Women's RA
"As an RA, COSMOS gives me an opportunity to give back to the program that helped me get acquainted with the UC system. COSMOS also helped me to get where I am, first as a COSMOS student at UC Santa Cruz, and now as a UCI undergrad."
--Saron Ephraim, Night RA
"It's my fourth summer with COSMOS as an RA, so I am really connected to the program. I was a 2002 COSMOS-UCI alumnus, in the Robotics and Discrete Math for Computer Science cluster. At the time I was interested in engineering, but I earned my B.S. degree in Biology!"
--Dennis Nguyen, Head Men's RA
"It's exciting to see just within a few days that the students are already forming great friendships."
--Ameera Sulakha, Head Women's RA
"As a future teacher, COSMOS is a good opportunity to interact with high school students. The program offers so much for student growth and understanding, with everyone coming from different backgrounds. Students develop social skills with peers and professors."
-- Tanisha Patel, Night RA
"I've had sand in my hair from playing volleyball and paint on my fingers from the picture frame craft activity, and I stayed up until 2 am making a birthday card for one of my girls turning 17. But it's really rewarding. I have done other programs, but COSMOS is different, the pace is different, and you have more time getting to know the kids. You're responsible for them and want to make the most of our time with them. It gives me energy."
--Christina Flores, Night RA


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When Ashlee is away, Pete will play! [Dlisted] — With bikini wearing skanks that is.
Nerve's guy blogger has a list of his favorite feminist icons. We love guy feminists! [Nerve]
Sam Ronson won't be bring a restraining order against Lindsay. [Celebitchy]
What? Cancer survivor Christina Applegate was spotted smoking. [Oh No They Didn't]…
No one says no to Madonna! The Material Girl files an appeal over the denial of her adoption request. [MSN Wonderwall]
Demi Moore saves suicidal woman via Twitter, (how do all these celebrities have so much time to spend on that site?) [Access Hollywood]
Jamie Oliver gives his new daughter the same name as a…
"E! News Weekend" on E! at 9 am
"How Not to Decorate"on BBC America at 9am
"Project Runway"on Bravo at 9 am to 12pm
"One Tree Hill" on Soap at 9 am to 11 am…
Kendra Wilkinson is launching her own line of stripper poles, which she promises will be better than Carmen Electra's. But will they be classier? [Huffington Post]
Madonna goes on the record regarding her new adoption. [Pink is the New Blog]
How loud is too loud in bed? TOO EFFING LOUD!!! [Lemondrop]
Ed Westwick dons a…
While typically curvaceous Scarlett Johansson has repeatedly claimed to never exercise or diet, her newly slim frame is supposedly credited to an extreme diet regime. [Defamer]
Eek! Cuteness! Fifty animals that hate baths! [Best Week Ever]
A sexy reason to say no to first date sex. [Your Tango]…
"Real Housewives of New York City" on Bravo at 9 am to 12pm
"E! News Weekend" on E! at 9 am
"One Tree Hill" on Soap at 9 am…


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Comic Book: Blood Syndicate
The Blood Syndicate is a Milestone Comics "team" of superhumans created by Dwayne Mc Duffie, Ivan Velez Jr. and Denys Cowan. It ran for 35 issues from April 1993 to February 1996.They are an amalgamation of two Dakota City street gangs - the Paris Island Bloods and the Force Syndicate who survived an event known as the Big Bang from which they developed superhuman powers.Believing that their survival was meant as proof to pursue a higher purpose, the Syndicate set their sights on eliminating the crime that plagues their city, drawing the ire of both mobsters and the government alike. As they delve deeper into the mystery behind the Big Bang, the Syndicate is forced to overcome not only their enemies, but also their own conflicting ideals and motivations.
This series provides examples of:
- Anti-Hero: The whole team is this.
- Badass Crew: Managed to overpower and knock out Icon, who keep in mind gave Superman a hard time. Later they take on the actual Man of Steel and although they don't win they still managed to hold their ground, an impressive feat by itself.
- Faux Affably Evil: Holocaust, being too far too crude and quick tempered to be Affably Evil.
- Gayngster: Fade
- Henshin Hero: Kwai/Nina Lam
- Neighborhood Friendly Gangsters
- Pyro Maniac: Holocaust definitely takes the cake with this one.
- Save Scumming: Flashback can rewind time by three seconds, an ability which has saved her teammates lives more than once. Deconstructed in that watching her friends die on several occasions begins to takes a toll on her mentally and causes her to rely even more on drugs to cope.


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The Debate on the Structure of Federal Regulation of Banks
OCG-77-2: Published: Apr 14, 1977. Publicly Released: Apr 14, 1977.
Additional Materials:
- Full Report:
(202) 512-4800
The federal bank regulatory structure is discussed with emphasis on the three federal agencies that regulate and supervise commercial banks--Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), Federal Reserve System, and Comptroller of the Currency. Restructuring proposals are centered on consolidation of federal bank supervision in FDIC, the Federal Reserve, the Department of the Treasury, or in a new agency.
The arguments for consolidation of federal bank supervision include: (1) increased effectiveness in handling problem or failing banks; (2) increased effectiveness in dealing with bank holding companies; (3) more efficient operation because of elimination of duplication; (4) increased accountability to Congress and the public; and (5) interaction of bank supervision and monetary policy. Arguments against consolidation include removal of a system that works well, excessive centralization of power, restrictions on innovations, and weakening the dual banking system. The present system was endorsed by a majority of bankers surveyed, with the exception of bankers from problem banks.
Sep 23, 2015
Corporate Bankruptcy:Stakeholders Have Mixed Views on Attorneys' Fee Guidelines and Venue Selection for Large Chapter 11 CasesGAO-15-839: Published: Sep 23, 2015. Publicly Released: Sep 23, 2015.
Sep 15, 2015
Confidential Informants:Updates to Policy and Additional Guidance Would Improve Oversight by DOJ and DHS AgenciesGAO-15-807: Published: Sep 15, 2015. Publicly Released: Sep 15, 2015.
Jun 29, 2015
Youth Athletes:Sports Programs' Guidance, Practices, and Policies to Help Prevent and Respond to Sexual AbuseGAO-15-418: Published: May 29, 2015. Publicly Released: Jun 29, 2015.
Jun 19, 2015
Federal Prison System:Justice Could Better Measure Progress Addressing Incarceration ChallengesGAO-15-454: Published: Jun 19, 2015. Publicly Released: Jun 19, 2015.
May 28, 2015
U.S. Parole Commission:Number of Offenders under Its Jurisdiction Has Declined; Transferring Its Jurisdiction for D.C. Offenders Would Pose ChallengesGAO-15-359: Published: May 28, 2015. Publicly Released: May 28, 2015.
Apr 29, 2015
Victims of Child Abuse Act:Further Actions Needed to Ensure Timely Use of Grant Funds and Assess Grantee PerformanceGAO-15-351: Published: Apr 29, 2015. Publicly Released: Apr 29, 2015.
Mar 23, 2015
Department of Justice:Alternative Sources of Funding Are a Key Source of Budgetary Resources and Could Be Better ManagedGAO-15-48: Published: Feb 19, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 23, 2015.
Mar 16, 2015
Criminal History Records:Additional Actions Could Enhance the Completeness of Records Used For Employment-Related Background ChecksGAO-15-162: Published: Feb 12, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 16, 2015.
Mar 4, 2015
Whistleblower Protection:Additional Actions Needed to Improve DOJ's Handling of FBI Retaliation ComplaintsGAO-15-343T: Published: Mar 4, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 4, 2015.
Feb 23, 2015
Whistleblower Protection:Additional Actions Needed to Improve DOJ's Handling of FBI Retaliation ComplaintsGAO-15-112: Published: Jan 23, 2015. Publicly Released: Feb 23, 2015.
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More Couples Wait Years Before Getting Married
Long-Term Relationships Have a Short History
During the uncertain 1930s and 40s, couples married younger and sooner after meeting. You don't have to think hard about why people don't rush into marriage today. Premarital sex is often a give-in, and cohabitation is common. Plus, young adults may spend their 20s in graduate school or pursuing a career, which could mean long-distance relationships and delayed financial independence. Sociologists tell USA Today that putting off marriage has its benefits. One expert explains: "There's a certain wisdom in lengthy courtships. If it lasts three, four, five, six or seven years, they feel like there's something there to support a marriage that will last."
Do you think it's wise to go years, rather than months, before tying the knot? Would you ever consider a quick courtship?
POPSUGAR, the #1 independent media and technology company for women. Where more than 75 million women go for original, inspirational content that feeds their passions and interests.


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College News
Staff Recognition Program Now Seeking Nominations for 2014
The Staff Recognition Committee is seeking nominations for the College's annual awards, and nominations will be accepted beginning Thursday, November 14, until January 31, 2014. The goal of the program is to showcase staff accomplishments.
Online nomination forms can be accessed on the Staff Recognition Committee website beginning November 14. The program includes five award categories:
Freshman Award
- Employed with Fisher for 3 years or less
- "Hit the ground running" - made a positive and immediate impact on the Fisher community
- Shows imagination, creativity, and innovation
- Easily adapted to Fisher culture
Cardinal Award
- Fosters positive attitude
- Bridges lines across departments
- Demonstrates initiative
- Exemplifies the Fisher Spirit
Good Samaritan Award
- Gives of their own time to make a difference in the lives of others
- Provides outreach to the Fisher and/or greater community
- Serves as a role model for others
- Actively participates on campus/community committees and events
Lifelong Learner Award
- Continually seeks further education/professional development to enhance his/her growth
- Proactively shares knowledge gained with campus community
- Pursues networking opportunities (i.e. committee/board work)
- Consistently maintains high-level job performance
Students' Choice Award
- "Student first" approach - daily actions and efforts are consistently aligned with the Fisher student in mind
- Student Advocacy - consistently looks out for the well-being of each student
- Proactive in fostering/promoting the success of all students
- Genuinely cares about students; reaches out to those in need
In addition to the specific characteristics outlined in each award, nominees must maintain a high-level of job performance and exhibit quality characteristics such as: integrity, Fisher spirit, genuineness, professional/personal ethics, self-discipline, and initiative.
In March, employees will be informed that they have been nominated, and a staff recognition ceremony will take place in April, where the winners will be announced.
For more information on each award or to make a nomination, visit the Staff Recognition website.
Check out photos from Fisher's 2015 Move In Day on Flickr!
Latest College News Stories
- Pie in the Face, Wear Pink Wednesday, Think Pink Bingo Planned for Cancer Awareness Week
- Martino '71 to be Honored During Palvino Excellence in Communication Award Luncheon
- Checking the Box to Make a Difference
- Golf Tournament a Chance to Network for Accounting Club Members
- School of Nursing Students Walk to Support Suicide Prevention
- Melissa Bissonette Honored by Literacy Volunteers of Rochester
- Meet the Man behind the Basketball Brackets
- Chemistry Alum Wins Prestigious Gilliam Fellowship from Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Community Conversation: "It's All About the Kids"
- School of Nursing Faculty Members Publish Study on Leadership in Nursing Education
- Communication Professors Earn Awards at National Conference
- Swiencicki Published in Women's Studies in Communication Journal
- Fisher Communications/Journalism Alum Given Courage in Journalism Award
- Seven Presidents, 60 Years. Dr. Don Muench Reflects on Fisher's Fearless Leaders
- Journalism Students Work with Local News Station to Cover Rochester's Hidden Gems