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2010 Mercedes-Benz M-Class
Specifications, Pricing, Photos
Specs / Options
2010 Mercedes-Benz M-Class Specifications, Pricing, Photos
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2010 Mercedes-Benz M-Class
Average Resale Value:
MPG Range:
11 - 25 mpg
ML350 BlueTEC Sport Utility
ML350 Sport Utility
ML450 Hybrid Sport Utility
ML550 Sport Utility
ML63 AMG Sport Utility
2010 Mercedes-Benz M-Class Resale Values
Dealer Trade-In Value
Consumer Resale Value
35,001 - 45,000
45,001 - 55,000
55,001 - 65,000
65,001 - 75,000
75,001 - 85,000
85,001 - 95,000
95,001 - 105,000
105,001 - 115,000
115,001 - 125,000
125,001 - 135,000
Click here to search our classified listings
for used Mercedes-Benz M-Class.
2010 Mercedes-Benz M-Class Packages / Options
Mercedes-Benz M-Class ML350 Sport Utility Packages
Full Leather Seating Package - $1,750
Leather upholstery; Premium Interior Lighting; Excludes: [151] Black MB-Tex And [154] Cashmere MB-Tex And [158] Ash MB-Tex
Lighting Package - $970
Bi-Xenon headlights with projector beam lenses; Headlight control and active headlights; High pressure headlight cleaners; Cornering lights/curb illumination; LED rear lights
Appearance Package - $970
Roof rails; Alloy wheels: 20"x
Chrome Package - $500
Chrome Door Handle Inserts; Six chrome finish (fog light and others); Driver and passenger and passenger door mirrors chrome
P1 Package - $3,950
Rear camera parking distance sensors; Navigation system with full map and voice; Voice activating system for radio and phone; Audio system with digital radio; Traffic Information; AUX; 110V power supply; Auto-dimming rear view mirror; Passenger door mirrors; Power liftgate; Electric foldable mirrors; Memorized adjustment: includes three driver settings, door mirror position, steering wheel position and head restraint; Steering wheel
P2 Package - $5,950
Harman/kardon audio system; Twelve harman/kardon speakers; Card key power locks; Smart card/smart key; includes central locking ; includes ignition starter; Includes: [P01] P1 Package
Mercedes-Benz M-Class ML350 Sport Utility Options
Illuminated Door Sills (PIO) - $570
Illuminated Door Sills
Chrome Door Handle Inserts (PIO) - $90
Chrome Door Handle Inserts
Parktronic - $790
Front and rear radar parking distance sensors
Wood/Leather Steering Wheel - $580
Wood & leather-trimmed, steering wheel; Excludes: [443] Heated Steering Wheel
Heated Steering Wheel - $220
Steering wheel
Trailer Hitch - 7,200 LBS. (Class III) - $540
Trailer towing preparation
Running Boards - $660
Side platform step
Rear Seat Entertainment System - $1,880
Entertainment display screen located in back of front seats; Two 8" screens; DVD/VCD; Rear separate audio control; Wireless headphones
Rear Seat Entertainment System Pre-Wiring - $160
Rear Seat Entertain System Pre-Wiring
Heated Rear Seats - $610
Rear seats:
Heated Front Seats - $740
Front driver seat and Front passenger seat: : heated
Metallic Paint - $720
Metallic paint; Excludes: [J005] Standard Paint Type
Standard Paint Type - $0
Gloss paint; Excludes: [A] Metallic Paint
2010 Mercedes-Benz M-Class Ownership Costs
Cost of Ownership data coming soon
There is no cost of ownership information available for the 2010 Mercedes-Benz M-Class ML350 Sport Utility at this time
2010 Mercedes-Benz M-Class ML350 Sport Utility cost of ownership data is powered by
Ownership costs are the costs to purchase and operate a vehicle over a period of time. Understanding these costs may enable you to save money and help you make a wiser decision when choosing your next new car.
Regardless of the "value" claims that you may read in car reviews or hear in advertisements, the economic value of a car is based on how much it will cost to own and operate compared to its purchase price. In a sense, purchase price is "what you pay" and the ownership costs are "what you get."
Ownership costs can differ greatly. The cost to own and operate two different vehicles with equal purchase prices can differ by thousands. Of course when evaluating ownership cost for used cars and trucks, a vehicle's condition and mileage will greatly impact ownership costs, therefore it's important to compare similar vehicles in similar condition for an accurate picture.
2010 Mercedes-Benz M-Class Exterior, Interior, Misc Photos
2010 Mercedes-Benz M-Class 360 Virtual Tour
2010 Mercedes-Benz M-Class Exterior Flash 360
2010 Mercedes-Benz M-Class Interior QuickTime 360
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2010 Mercedes-Benz M-Class Paint Color Options
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2010 Mercedes-Benz M-Class Performance
Engine: 3.5L V 6 DOHC with variable valve timing
Premium unleaded fuel
Fuel economy: EPA (08):, 16 MPG city, 21 MPG highway, 18 MPG combined and 452 mi. range
Multi-point fuel injection
25.1gallon fuel tank
Power (SAE): 268 hp @ 6,000 rpm; 258 ft lb of torque @ 2,400 rpm
2010 Mercedes-Benz M-Class Handling
3.900:1 axle ratio
Brake assist system
Ventilated four-wheel disc brakes
Electronic brake distribution
Electronic traction control (via ABS & engine management)
Space-saver spare tire with steel rim
Stability control
Independent front wishbone suspension with stabilizer bar and coil springs, independent rear multi-link suspension with stabilizer bar and coil springs
2010 Mercedes-Benz M-Class Exterior
Driver and passenger 3rd row windows
Body-color front and rear bumpers
Day time running lights
Driver and passenger and passenger power, heated ,body-color door mirrors
Exterior dimensions: 188.2 in. overall length, 71.5 in. overall height, 8.3 in. ground clearance, 114.7 in. wheelbase, 64.0 in. front track, 64.1 in. rear track and 37.9 ft. curb-to-curb turning circle
Front fog lights
Halogen headlights with projector beam lenses
Luxury trim: leather on shifter, wood/woodgrain on doors and wood/woodgrain on dashboard
Black paint
Rear side windows: on driver side and passenger side
Rear window defroster
Roof rails
Electric glass sunroof
Underbody protection for fuel tank and for engine
Weights: gross vehicle weight (lbs): 6,240, published curb weight (lbs): 4,632, gross trailer weight braked (lbs): 4,600 and payload allowance (lbs): 1,608
Intermittent windshield wipers
2010 Mercedes-Benz M-Class Interior
Cargo area, front and rear 12V power outlet(s)
Dual-zone fully-automatic climate control
Element antenna
Anti-theft protection includes: anti-lift
Front and rear ashtray
Audio system with AM/FM radio, six CDs (reads MP3 format) ; includes RDS , digital media card
Cargo area cover/rear parcel shelf
Cargo area dimensions: length (inches): 41.9
Cargo capacity: 72.4 cu. ft. w/rear seat down and 29.4 cu. ft. all seats in place
Cigar lighter in front seats
Coming home device
Trip computer: includes average fuel economy, current fuel economy and range for remaining fuel
Cruise control
Front cup holders
Entertainment display screen located in front
Outside air temperature indicator
Floor covering: carpet in passenger compartment and carpet in load area
Floor mats
Intelligent driver front airbag, intelligent passenger front airbag with occupant sensors
Front driver seat : bucket with six 12-way power ; details: power height, power lumbar and power tilt, front passenger seat: : bucket with four 8-way power ; details: power height and power tilt
Height adjustable front seat belts with pre-tensioners for driver and passenger
Front seat center armrest
Garage door opener
Headlight control with dusk sensor
Two active height-adjustable front head restraints, three height-adjustable rear seats head restraints
Heated washer
Interior dimensions: 39.9 in. front headroom, 39.8 in. rear headroom, 42.2 in. front leg room, 40.0 in. rear leg room, 59.8 in. front shoulder room and 59.8 in. rear shoulder room
Low tire pressure indicator
Remote power locks , includes power windows
Power steering
Power windows, express driver and passenger
Front and rear reading lights
Rear fog lights
Rear seat belts with pre-tensioners for driver, rear seat belts with pre-tensioners for passenger, 3-point rear seat belts for center
Rear seat center armrest
Rear seats: split-folding split bench with seating for three
Rear view mirror
Steering wheel-mounted audio controls
Remote control trunk/hatch release
Front and rear curtain airbag
Seating: five passengers
Vinyl upholstery
Service interval indicator
Front side airbag
Eight speakers
Leather-trimmed, tilt/ telescoping steering wheel
Illuminated driver and passenger vanity mirror
Ventilation system with micro filter and automatic recirculation
2010 Mercedes-Benz M-Class Warranty
4 year / 50,000 miles
Free Maintenance
4 year / 50,000 miles
83 year / Unlimited miles
4 year / 50,000 miles
Click here to search our classified listings
for used Mercedes-Benz M-Class.
Basic Warranty:
The basic warranty covers everything except items that are subject to wear and tear or replacement in the ordinary course of vehicle ownership, such as oil and air filters, wiper blades and brake pads. Tires and batteries are often excluded, but usually have their own warranty provided by the manufacturers of those items. Emissions equipment is required by Federal law to be covered for five years or 50,000 miles.
Drive Train Warranty:
In some cases the drive train warranty continues after the basic warranty has expired. This part of the warranty covers most of the parts that make the vehicle move, including the engine, transmission, drive axles and driveshaft. Like the basic warranty, consumable parts such as hoses and belts are not covered. However, most of the internal parts of the engine, such as the pistons and bearings, which are also subject to wear and tear, are covered by the drive train warranty.
Roadside Assistance:
Many manufacturers provide a service that will rescue you if your car leaves you stranded, even if it's your fault. Lock yourself our of your car? Run out of gas? Got a flat tire? A call to the manufacturer's toll-free number will result in somebody showing up who can help you out. There is a huge variance in these programs so check ahead of time to see what is covered and what you will have to pay for.
Rust or Corrosion Warranty:
Rust or Corrosion Warranty: This warranty covers the vehicle's sheet metal, and protects you from rust and corrosion that are severe enough to cause a hole - surface rust is not covered. However, if you keep your car washed and waxed rust shouldn't be a problem.
2010 Mercedes-Benz M-Class Safety Features
• Electronic Stability Control
• Pretensioner
• Rear Seat Head Restraint
• 4-Wheel ABS
• Energy Management Feature
• Dynamic Head Restraint
• Traction Control
• Rear Center Lap/Shoulder Belt
• Trunk Release
• Daytime Running Lights
• Advanced Air Bag Features
• Auto Crash Notify
• Child Seat Lower Anchorage
• Side Airbag - Front
• Tire Pressure Monitor
• Adjustable Upper Belt - Front
• Head Airbag - Front
2010 Mercedes-Benz M-Class Crash Test Ratings
Driver Side
Passenger Side
Safety Rating
Safety Rating
Head Injury Criterion
Head Injury Criterion
Chest Deceleration
45 g
Chest Deceleration
40 g
Left Femur Load
830 lbs
Left Femur Load
1103 lbs
Right Femur Load
864 lbs
Right Femur Load
1076 lbs
Front Occupants
Rear Occupants
Safety Rating
Safety Rating
Thoracic Trauma Index
Thoracic Trauma Index
Pelvis Deceleration
Pelvic Deceleration
Rollover Rating & Figures
Rollover Resistance
Static Stability Factor
Dynamic Text
2010 Mercedes-Benz M-Class Recalls
Please check back soon for recalls on 2010 Mercedes-Benz M-Class
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Styling Size-Up: Jaguar F-Pace vs. BMW X4, Porsche Macan, Lexus NX
How does the F-Pace stack up?
We Hear: Ford GT Getting Carbon Fiber Wheels Like Shelby GT350R
Wheels are stronger with less unsprung weight and rotational mass.
Elon Musk: "If You Don't Make it at Tesla, You Work at Apple"
Tesla CEO also speaks on the Volkswagen diesel scandal.
2016 Cadillac CTS, ATS Get New 3.6-Liter V-6, Eight-Speed Auto
Stop-Start Tech Now Standard on 2.0-Liter Turbo Models
Limited-Edition McLaren 650S Can-Am Celebrates 50 Years of Race Series
Bespoke car features exclusive styling bits.
Report: Ferrari IPO Could Be Worth $12.4 Billion
FCA pushes for high valuation for Ferrari as a luxury goods maker.
2017 Subaru Impreza Hatchback Spied with New Front End
A five-door Subaru Impreza concept will make its way to the Tokyo motor show soon, but now we've caught an actual fifth-gen Impreza hatchback prototype out testing. This is the first time we've seen the model out and about, and we can already see a few changes under the camo. The next-gen Impreza wi
Hyundai Brings BTR Edition Veloster Turbo to SEMA
Hyundai embraces the dark side.
Volkswagen Withdraws Application to Certify 2016 Diesel Models
Michael Horn apologizes for dieselgate scandal.our emissions
Mitsubishi eX Concept Heads to Tokyo
All-electric model promises nearly 250 miles of range.
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New Civic Grows in Size, Style
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This Electric Crossover is Full of Awesome Tech Surprises
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text:
Why the U.S. Owns the Rise of Islamic State and the Syria Disaster
Climate Change Tipping Points and the Question of Civilizational Survival
VIDEO: Trevor Noah on Ben Carson's Genius Plans to Deal With Mass Shootings
What Is Russia's Strategy in Syria and Why Does Egypt Approve?
A Poet Captures the Devastation of the Syrian War
By Bernard Fall $16.47
By Charles Emmerson $19.11
Milt Priggee, Cagle Cartoons, http://www.miltpriggee.com —
According to a Pentagon intelligence official, if eliminated, Hamas would be replaced by a far more dangerous alternative; a group of scientists warns we may be witnessing the beginning of the Earth's sixth mass extinction, the likes of which wiped out dinosaurs; meanwhile, an activist contends the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement has had significant repercussions on the Israeli economy, especially since the recent attack on Gaza began. These discoveries and more after the jump.
Chris Gunness, a U.N. Relief and Works Agency official, said that the IDF had been notified of the "precise location" of the organization's school-turned-shelter in Jabaliya at least 17 times before what he and his colleagues termed Israeli artillery killed "children ... as they slept next to their parents" Wednesday.
Israel launched a seven-hour campaign of intensive bombing of Gaza on Tuesday, destroying its only power plant.
There's a poem circulating online, written from the voice of a Palestinian evacuee in Gaza, that is as gut wrenching as it is important.
By Mike Luckovich —
The United Nations Security Council is theoretically a sort of sovereign in international law. One major exception to UNSC authority is Israel.
By Clay Bennett —
thierry ehrmann (CC BY 2.0)
The United States as a great power is facing a large number of challenges in the Muslim world, and Israel's Gaza campaign is endangering both American diplomacy there and the very security of the U.S.
When ordinary countries fight wars they have war aims. Israel has no strategic war aims in Gaza because it has no large scale, long term strategy concerning the Strip.
Dissent is at its most potent when it comes from within the ranks of the target party—as the former Israeli security leader demonstrated in an interview this week.
By Signe Wilkinson —
By Nick Anderson —
According to Al-Jazeera, 76 bodies were recovered from the rubble Saturday morning in Gaza, during what Truthdig contributor Juan Cole is calling a "phony" cease-fire.
Screen Shot/ YouTube
Despite Israeli water-muddying, there isn't any doubt that the Israelis struck the school, nor is there any evidence that the school was an origin point for any Hamas rockets.
A new element entered the current Gaza war on Thursday, as Israel shelled a U.N. school full of displaced persons taking refuge there and large protests broke out in the Palestinian West Bank.
Incapable of thinking beyond military solutions to social problems, militarism absolves individuals and governments, if not the public, of the horror produced by the weapons it builds. Moreover, just as it erases the memory of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, it suggests that the killing of hundreds of children in Gaza is a necessity.
A United Nations-run school in Gaza sheltering Palestinian evacuees was hit by shells Thursday, killing at least 15 people and wounding more than a hundred. According to Al-Jazeera, the shells came from the Israeli military, but The Washington Post says that has not been confirmed.
As the Gaza body toll mounts, NBC executives crack down on criticism of Israel.
In international law, Israel's pretext for indiscriminate bombing—that Hamas hides out among noncombatants—is unacceptable.
The U.S. government wasn't always Israel's strongest ally, but as political figures in countries such as Norway call for a boycott of Israeli goods to protest the Gaza operation, our politicians almost unanimously continue their unfailing support.
Shortly after Israeli Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman publicly accused Al-Jazeera of airing "anti-Semitic" propaganda, the media outlet's offices in Gaza reportedly "came under fire" Tuesday.
A Hamas rocket hit and destroyed a house in Yahoud, a town only a mile from Ben-Gurion Airport in Israel on Tuesday, raising severe alarm among international airlines and leading most of them to cancel flights to Tel Aviv.
The Electronic Intifada, an independent online publication, reports that many Palestinian wordsmiths "have responded to the latest onslaught by doing what they know—writing."
Watch as Jon Stewart gets hollered at by the rest of the "Daily Show" crew whenever he tries to talk about what's going on in Israel.
After rumors of a humanitarian cease-fire that would begin Tuesday morning, Al-Jazeera reports that Israel has refused the United Nations' request, citing "security reasons."
Palestinian journalist Rula Jebreal points to the overwhelming bias in U.S. media against the Palestinians, calling NBC to account for having tried to remove an Arab-American reporter from Gaza after he reported the Israeli navy's killing of children on the beach.
Martin Sutovec, Cagle Cartoons, Slovakia —
The famed fog of war is nothing compared to the fog of the future or, as I've often said, I'd be regularly riding my jetpack in traffic through the spired city of New York, as I was promised in my childhood. Our urge to predict the future is unsurpassed. Our ability to see it as it will be: next to nil.
You always wonder where John Kerry the anti-Vietnam War activist went, who compared the U.S. campaigns in Southeast Asia to the predations of the Mongols.
James Gordon (CC BY-NC 2.0)
For the first time in nearly 2000 years, there are virtually no Christians in the city of Mosul in northern Iraq.
Angel Boligan, El Universal, Mexico City, Cagle Cartoons —
The Israeli security establishment was almost certainly encouraged to launch its military assault on little Gaza by the current divisions over political Islam in the Middle East.
There are such things as small terrorist groups that do a lot of harm and lack any significant social or political support.
ChameleonsEye / Shutterstock.com
Israelis and Palestinians may someday make peace. But the assumption should be that it won't happen soon—perhaps not in our lifetimes.
This week on Truthdig Radio in association with KPFK: The Mideast scholar breaks down the Gaza crisis as Israel sends in troops. Also: The fight to keep the Internet free and fair, and an inside look at the Koch brothers' secretive dynasty.
This week on Truthdig Radio in association with KPFK: The Mideast scholar breaks down the Gaza crisis as Israel sends in ground troops. Also: The fight to keep the Internet free and fair, and an inside look at the Koch brothers' secretive dynasty.
(AP Photo/Khalil Hamra)
During a five-hour humanitarian truce Thursday, as civilians flooded Gaza's streets to gather much-needed supplies, Reuters reported that the Israeli government was considering an agreement to end hostilities that had been proposed in Egypt. Hours later, both sides denied a deal had been reached, calling the previous reports "as of now incorrect."
Kashfi Halford (CC BY-ND 2.0)
The Egyptians appear to have floated their cease-fire agreement Tuesday morning in the press, but Hamas leaders insisted any such proposal had to be communicated directly with them.
After a halt Tuesday morning, Israel resumed its attack on Gaza later in the day when the Izz al-Din Qassam Brigades refused an Egyptian truce proposal the Israeli government had accepted, calling it a "surrender."
Justice to Benjamin Netanyahu: "How do you plead to the crime against humanity of apartheid?"
PiXXart / Shutterstock.com
Eight "youths" in Iran were sentenced to an average of almost 16 years in prison for speaking out against their government, state media and Sky News reported Monday.
Last Wednesday Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki angrily lashed out at the Kurds, accusing them of harboring the terrorists of the "Islamic State."
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Posted on Oct 9, 2015
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
French frigate Hermione (1804)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other ships of the same name, see French ship Hermione.
The Hortense, sister-ship of Hermione
|Career (France)
|General characteristics
|Class and type:
|Hortense class frigate
|Tons burthen:
|1350 tonnes
|48.75 m (159.9 ft)
|12.2 m (40 ft)
|5.9 m (19 ft)
|Sail plan:
|40 guns
The Hermione was a 40-gun Hortense Class frigate of the French Navy.
Ordered by the Italian Republic as a gift to France under the name République Italienne, she was renamed to Hermione on 26 December 1803, to be launched in December 1804.
Under Captain Jean-Michel Mahé, she took part in the capture of HMS Cyane, the Battle of Cape Finisterre, in the Battle of Trafalgar and in Lamellerie's expedition.[1] In late 1807, she took part in a division under Rear-Admiral Baudin, ferrying troops to Martinique.[2]
Hermione was wrecked in Iroise on 18 August 1808.[3] The wreck was discovered in 1972.
- ^ Fond Marine, p.331
- ^ Quintin, Danielle et Bernard (2003). Dictionnaire des capitaines de Vaisseau de Napoléon. S.P.M. p. 254. ISBN 2-901952-42-9.
- ^ Fond Marine, p.367
- Roche, Jean-Michel (2005). Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours 1 1671 - 1870. ISBN 978-2-9525917-0-6. OCLC 165892922.[page needed][self-published source?]
- Fonds Marine. Campagnes (opérations ; divisions et stations navales ; missions diverses). Inventaire de la sous-série Marine BB4. Tome deuxième : BB4 1 à 482 (1790-1826) [1]


text:
Parenting: Our 5 biggest concerns
We asked the experts if we really need to worry about the stuff that keeps us up at night.
Today's Parent staff 0
1 of 7
Ease your worry
Feeling anxious or concerned about your child? Our experts have answers to help set your mind at ease.
Introducing the My Family App
Enter your due date or your kid's birth date to get a customized newsfeed of tips, recipes, developmental advice and health information, plus handy tools like the Nap Tracker and Potty Pal. You'll love our Storybook feature, which turns your favourite moments into digital scrapbooks.


text:
editor's review
SensioLabsDesktop is an efficient and reliable software solution whose main purpose resides in helping you manage your Github repositories, enabling you to add and work with all your PHP projects from your desktop.
Accessible and straightforward looks
Subsequent to a fairly brief and uneventful installation process, you need to input your authentication credentials to access your account, or register one if you have not done so already.
The main window of SensioLabsDesktop allows you to enter the projects you want to manage, by inputting their individual details, such as 'Git Repository URL', name, picture file and others.
Create and add your PHP projects to be managed from your desktop
The application is able to work with multiple records at once, so you can list all your projects without a problem. Aside from specifying the 'Git Repository URL', you also need to select its type from a drop down menu, with multiple available options (PHP Web Project, PHP Library, Drupal Module, Symfony Bundle, and more).
SensioLabsDesktop lets you select the visibility status (Public or Private), enter a description and an image, then press the 'Create' button to complete the operation. Afterward, you can input the corresponding path from your computer, as well as the PHP path.
If the project is not currently located on your computer, the 'Composer' tool will help you define its location on your system, its type and the version. Moreover, from the 'Settings' section of the program, you can establish the 'Channel' as 'Development' or 'Release', add the PHP and the Git path, along with the 'API Token'.
A useful PHP project manager
To summarize, SensioLabsDesktop proves to be a handy and intuitive utility that can successfully assist you in working with the PHP projects you have listed on Github, allowing you to access and modify them with minimal effort.
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Habitat Playa Romana Village
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
TripAdvisor Reviews Habitat Playa Romana Village Castellón de la Plana
Travel Blogs from Castellón de la Plana
To BEnicarlo
... may well see him again, either later this year, or, next year when tentative plans to celebrate Malc's 70th here, have been made.
We head just under 200 miles north to Benicarlo, Camping Alegria Del Mar, (N40 25'36" E0 26'17"), an ACSI site.
First impressions, site appears to be fine, you even get a free "welcome ...
Noisy Donkey!
Leave Valencia and head North (on our way slowly home now), toward Peniscola.We have chosen two possible Aires from the Spain and Portugal Aires book, La Moreras (N40 23.398' E0 24.607'), and La Mersera (N40 23.876' E0 24.758'), both in Peniscola, within half a mile of each other, and, both ...
... of photos which will be good to look back on, I am glad they took me up their. Afterwards we drove down to Benicasim to see the sun set over the beach which ended up been very beautiful and very enjoyable. Later on we when it was dark we went to see Marta's Parents' summer house which was about a 2 minute drive away from the beach, it was a very nice house on the outside but sadly they forgot the keys so we couldn't get inside. We then drove to the ...
4 nights at a festival
... second last morning to Marto's tent through the camp grounds (my Uni mate). It was a war zone. Bodies and rubbish everywhere, some people still staggering around in a desperate search for more beer. One guy was passed out on his tent- collapsed, tent poles everywhere and he was face down in the middle of it. A group of guys were playing soccer in the morning and rouge soccer balls were flying off and smashing into tents. I asked how much sleep ...
Kathleen treats me to Lunch
... and have a leisurely lunch of beers and Pizza, at the beach side bar, where the waitress sang happy birthday, when I bought my giant banana split. We have more conversation with her today, in a mixture of English, Spanish and French, and learn she is in fact Romanian.
Kathleen decides to pay for the beers and Pizzas, big whow!, so sorry Bryan ...


text:
Dufur Valley Bed & Breakfast
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
TripAdvisor Reviews Dufur Valley Bed & Breakfast
Travel Blogs from Dufur
Day 46 - Who Goes To the Beach at 61 Degrees?
... I realized that our hotel was still 87 miles away. The plan for tomorrow was to visit the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, and if we had time over the next couple of days, we might pop into Portland. Looks like we are actually at the easternmost border of the Scenic Area, I guess I should have paid better attention to the hotel location. Between Portland and The Dalles, there are portions of Historical Route 30 that have ...
Need ice
... We have arranged to have a RV repair guy come to the RV park tomorrow in Prosser. I called the RV park they gave me his name. Apparently this is not an usual problem and he got information on what we have so he can have the right parts.
The dogs are doing well and have recovered from the stress reducing RX we gave them. We will use it only when it is absolutely necessary as we don't like to get our stoned.
More to ...
In the Beginning; There was Love
... for myself but I love sappy romance. Not to mention, I
think we all need a little more love in our lives. We plan to meet new
people and make many new friends along this trip. We will then ask our
newfound friends to tell us a story about love. Now, of course, there
will be some about romance, but there are many kinds of love that I
expect we'll hear about; some funny stories, some of heartbreak, some of
unconditional love. We hope to ...
Direct correlation!
... lovely postcard from home. The first night we spent with ourselves, the second night with Bill and his son Franklin in a hand built cabin worth a marvel all in itself. The best pizza we have had on trail yet is hosted in Government Camp at the Glacier Haus, homemade garlic cream sauce cannot be beat. Mountain High for breakfast, lunch, cookies or snow cones. We struggled to get info on "Govy" as it is affectionately referred to by the locals and had no idea what to expect. ...
Timothy Lake
... him until next week due to the condition of the snow. This afternoon I had a small excursion to Timothy Lake which is only located about 30km away from the lodge, both the ride and the lake were really nice. The only wildlife I saw around the lake were small squirrels, I was really surprised with their size as they weren't much larger than ...


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Once Upon a Time, opening October 2, 2015, explores the use of storytelling and folklore to express creativity through various artistic mediums. You are invited to attend this highly anticipated show on Friday, October 2, 2015 at dk Gallery from 5...
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Flexible endoscopes undergo repeated rounds of patient-use and reprocessing. Some evidence indicates that there is an accumulation or build-up of organic material that occurs over time in endoscope channels. This "buildup biofilm" (BBF) develops as a result of cyclical exposure to wet and dry phases during usage and reprocessing. This study investigated whether the BBF matrix represents a greater challenge to disinfectant efficacy and microbial eradication than traditional biofilm (TBF), which forms when a surface is constantly bathed in fluid.
Using the MBEC (Minimum Biofilm Eradication Concentration) system, a unique modelling approach was developed to evaluate microbial survival in BBF formed by repetitive cycles of drying, disinfectant exposure and re-exposure to the test organism. This model mimics the cumulative effect of the reprocessing protocol on flexible endoscopes. Glutaraldehyde (GLUT) and accelerated hydrogen peroxide (AHP) were evaluated to assess the killing of microbes in TBF and BBF.
The data showed that the combination of an organic matrix and aldehyde disinfection quickly produced a protective BBF that facilitated high levels of organism survival. In cross-linked BBF formed under high nutrient conditions the maximum colony forming units (CFU) reached ~6 Log10 CFU/peg. However, if an oxidizing agent was used for disinfection and if organic levels were kept low, organism survival did not occur. A key finding was that once established, the microbial load of BBF formed by GLUT exposure had a faster rate of accumulation than in TBF. The rate of biofilm survival post high-level disinfection (HLD) determined by the maximum Log10CFU/initial Log10CFU for E. faecalis and P. aeruginosa in BBF was 10 and 8.6 respectively; significantly different compared to a survival rate in TBF of ~2 for each organism. Data from indirect outgrowth testing demonstrated for the first time that there is organism survival in the matrix. Both TBF and BBF had surviving organisms when GLUT was used. For AHP survival was seen less frequently in BBF than in TBF.
This BBF model demonstrated for the first time that survival of a wide range of microorganisms does occur in BBF, with significantly more rapid outgrowth compared to TBF. This is most pronounced when GLUT is used compared to AHP. The data supports the need for meticulous cleaning of reprocessed endoscopes since the presence of organic material and microorganisms prevents effective disinfection when GLUT and AHP are used. However, cross-linking agents like GLUT are not as effective when there is BBF. The data from the MBEC model of BBF suggest that for flexible endoscopes that are repeatedly used and reprocessed, the assurance of effective high-level disinfection may decrease if BBF develops within the channels.
Flexible endoscopes are widely and increasingly used for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, e.g. colonoscopy is the gold standard for colon cancer screening. However, these reusable medical devices pose a unique challenge to infection control. They are complex in design with multiple long, narrow, cross-connected lumens. Due to the material composition, the majority of flexible endoscopes cannot be steam sterilized. Contact with mucosal surfaces in the body necessitates a minimum of HLD. Flexible endoscopes are repeatedly reprocessed up to a thousand times per year. Reprocessing involves cleaning (generally with an enzymatic detergent), HLD (most often with a liquid chemical disinfectant), rinsing, drying and storage.
Spach et al. [1] described nosocomial transmission of microorganisms by endoscopes as a result of scope contamination from the patient and/or the inanimate environment (e.g. irrigating solutions, automated endoscope reprocessing devices). If organisms from these sources survive the reprocessing steps they could then lead to subsequent patient infection. Survival of the reprocessing stage may result if the HLD concentration is inadequate (e.g. dilution of HLD), if cleaning is inadequate or if the scope is contaminated post-processing. Although the reported incidence of infection transmission is very low, this has been attributed in part to unreported or unrecognized (i.e. infection occurs but the link with a recent endoscopic procedure is not recognized because the physician dealing with the infection is not the physician who performed the endoscopy) transmission. It is expected that strict adherence to recommended reprocessing protocols will effectively eliminate all bioburden from the endoscope (i.e. microbes and organic matter from patient secretions). Most reports of infection transmission have been associated with breeches in the reprocessing protocol but as noted by Vickery et al. [2] "These studies suggest that human error is a major issue, but we and others have found > 2% bacterial contamination rate of patient-ready endoscopes despite good adherence to infection control guidelines." Nelson indicated that in reprocessed flexible endoscopes, residual organic matter and biofilm is likely a result of "multiple cleaning and disinfection cycles over the life of the instrument [3]." Furthermore, there is evidence of microbial survival in patient-used scopes [4,5] including: Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival of multiple patient-use/reprocessing cycles for 17 days; [6]Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection of three successive patients within a few days in spite of reprocessing; [7] and Pseudomonas contaminated scopes and infection of 100 out of 410 patients, attributable to a scope design flaw [8,9]. Biofilm formation in flexible endoscopes has also been shown by SEM or suggested by various researchers, [3,2,10,11] with implications in facilitating infection transmission [11,12]. Despite these findings there are no prospective published reports in the medical literature directly linking an endoscope, cleaned in accordance with current reprocessing standards and guidelines and not defective in design, to transmission of an infectious agent (biofilm associated or not) from one patient to another patient or from the environment to the patient.
Traditional biofilm (TBF) forms on a surface continually bathed in fluid and exposed to microorganisms (e.g. indwelling lines (catheter, IV) and medical implants). Development of traditional biofilm in endoscopes is thought to be associated with residual moisture in remaining channels [11,2] that likely originated from water sources, e.g. in AERs and moisture in channels involving such organisms as Mycobacterium spp, Legionella spp, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, as reviewed by Pajkos et al. [11] the gradual build up of material over repeated use in reprocessed flexible endoscopes forms by a very different kinetic background. The initial stages of formation (surface conditioning from patient secretions, microbial attachment, growth and colonization) are similar to TBF. However medical devices such as gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopes are used repeatedly in a day, with cyclic exposure to high levels of microbes due to contact with the mucosal surface of the gut. In addition, each use-reprocessing cycle involves scope exposure to hydrated phases (post patient, cleaning, and disinfection) as well as a dry phase (during storage). Repeated use over time can facilitate a buildup biofilm formation (BBF) consisting of layers of dried organic material with embedded microorganisms. Pajkos et al. [11] reported that new endoscopes do not have soil or biofilm in their channels but that 12 or 13 endoscopes from 13 different hospitals did have accumulations detected by SEM. These SEM observations support the need to model the buildup over repeated use as it does appear that patient-used endoscopes have accumulations over time. We hypothesize that the resultant buildup biofilm (BBF) would have a unique composition, microbial proliferation, biofilm formation and survival characteristics compared to TBF.
Little is known regarding the progressive buildup of residual patient material and organisms within the channels of flexible endoscopes that are repeated reprocessed throughout the life of the device. To accurately study microbial survival within BBF and potential microbial transmission, a novel model of BBF was developed that replicates the reprocessing cycles and closely reflects the type of buildup biofilm that develops in medical devices that are reprocessed repeatedly. The BBF model was compared to TBF using the MBEC peg model [13,14] in the presence of high or low levels of organic material. The efficacy of microbial killing for two commonly used high-level disinfectants (glutaraldehyde, a cross-linking agent, and accelerated hydrogen peroxide, an oxidizing agent) was compared in these BBF and TBF models.
Microorganisms and culture
Test organisms in this research project were a representative range of microorganisms that could be associated with contamination of complex medical devices and/or healthcare environments and included: Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC15442, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, and Candida albicans ATCC 14053. Bacterial organisms were passaged on tryptic soy agar (TSA) (Oxoid, Toronto, Canada) medium at 35°C aerobically for 24 to 48 hours. Fungal organisms were sub-cultured on TSA supplemented with 5% whole sheep blood (BA) (Oxoid, Toronto, Canada) and incubated at 30°C aerobically for 72 hours. Stock cultures were maintained in skim milk at -70°C. All bacterial cultures were subcultured three times before experimentation.
Test Disinfectants
Glutaraldehyde (Metricide™, Sybron Canada, Oakville, Canada) at a stock concentration of 2.6% (w/v) was tested for HLD as per APIC's currently accepted practice of 20 minutes exposure at room temperature [15,12]. The APIC recommendation for HLD using Glutaraldehyde differs from the manufacturer's recommended exposure time of 45 minutes at 25°C and is based on the expectation that the flexible endoscopes have been adequately cleaned prior to HLD. Accelerated hydrogen peroxide (PerCept, Virox, Mississauga, Canada) was evaluated at a 7% v/v for HLD concentration and tested as per manufacturer's recommendations (i.e. 20 minutes exposure at room temperature). Any dilution of disinfectants was done using sterile tap water, prepared immediately before each test and was not reused.
Test soil
To provide an organic challenge that mimicked medical device exposure in the body, an artificial test soil (ATS) was used in all biofilm studies. ATS is composed of protein, carbohydrate, endotoxin and hemoglobin at worst-case levels as detected in patient-used flexible endoscopes [16,17]. The test soil without organic content was sterile tap water (sTAP). To represent the endoscope reprocessing conditions, an enzymatic detergent (Pentazyme (Case Medical Inc., Ridgefield, New Jersey, USA)) was used as a source of nutrition (feed) during biofilm formation.
Traditional Biofilm (TBF) MBEC model
Traditional biofilm was formed in the MBEC system (Innovotech Ltd, Calgary, Alberta) under sterile conditions in a Class II B3 biosafety cabinet. Biofilm formation (and related controls) were established on and recovered from the pegs based on the manufacturer's recommendations and methods of Ceri et al. [13] and Harrison et al. [14]. The ATS was used for inoculation of pegs and for feeding. Pegs were exposed to ATS and organisms for 24 hours at RT to establish biofilm formation on all pegs. After 24 hours, the MBEC pegs were rinsed and all pegs were fed on a daily basis with ATS or tap water for 30 days. Pegs were removed and assayed at various intervals to monitor biofilm progression.
Biofilm recovery from MBEC pegs
For biofilm recovery, a 96-well microtitre plate was prepared by adding 200 uL of sPBS per well. Alternately, when small numbers of pegs were recovered, rinsing took place in 500 uL sPBS per sterile microcentrifuge tube for each removed peg. Individual pegs were broken off the lid by placing a sterile haemostat at the lid/peg interface and breaking the peg off. Pegs were briefly rinsed in sPBS, 3 times for 20 seconds, to remove nonadherent material.
The rinsed pegs were transferred to recovery tubes containing sPBS in either a volume of 500 uL in a microfuge tube or in 1 mL in a 2 mL snap-cap test tube (Simport, Quebec, Canada). Tubes were shaken on a shaker table at high speed for 2 min, sonicated at 50/60 Hertz using a Bransonic 1200 Ultrasonic cleaner (Branson Canada, Pickering ON) for 5 minutes and vortexed for 1 minute. This recovery method has been recommended for MBEC pegs [13,14].
Viability assay
Quantitative assessment (viable counts) of recovered viable biofilm bacteria was achieved using serial 1:10 dilutions in sPBS in conjunction with the spread plate technique on TSA or BA. The limit of detection for the viability assay was 10 CFU/peg.
Buildup biofilm (BBF) model development
The BBF model
To model the buildup of material in a way that mimicked patient-used flexible endoscopes over time the MBEC pegs were exposed to repetitive cycles of treatments that were representative of the endoscope reprocessing protocol. This modelling approach was designed to evaluate microbial survivability in BBF formed by treatments that were repetitive cycles of drying, disinfectant exposure and re-exposure to the test organism.
Treatment cycles of 2 days mimicked overnight reprocessing conditions. Inoculated pegs were fed with nutrient media or HLD treatment post drying on alternating days. All test sampling was done immediately pre- and post-treatment cycle on triplicate sample pegs.
The MBEC pegs were inoculated using ATS for all experiments. The media used to feed the biofilm growth was ATS (representing a high organic matrix), sterile tap water (representing a low organic matrix, as found in scope rinsing), or an enzymatic detergent (representing a moderate organic matrix, as found in scope cleaning). For all treatments, drying was done ON (12 to 18 hours) at RT in a biosafety cabinet. HLD was achieved using glutaraldehyde and accelerated hydrogen peroxide (for 20 minute exposure times at RT as per manufacturer's recommendations). Following disinfectant exposure, pegs were neutralized using 10% FBS in TSB (for 10 minutes) to eliminate the possibility of disinfectant carryover to the recovery medium.
The Cyclic BBF model
To more closely resemble environments in the reprocessing scheme, biofilm growth was evaluated in enzymatic detergent (as used in the cleaning process) compared to sTAP (similar to endoscope rinsing stages). As well repetitive re-exposure to bioburden (as would be encountered for each new endoscopic procedure) finalized the cycle. The sample pegs were removed before and after HLD and evaluated for microbial survival.
BBF controls
Recoverable TBF bioburden was used as a positive control to define the CFU per peg for continuously formed biofilm. The TBF control was formed in MBEC plates at the same time, with the same inoculum samples, supplied with the same nutrient media lot, and with sample pegs removed and challenged with the same disinfectant lot and working solution at the same specified test times and conditions as for BBF. All test results were from a minimum of 9 replicates resulting from a minimum of triplicate replications from 3 separate trials.
To monitor the possibility of contamination or cross-contamination due to the cycling procedure, negative pegs (exposed to medium only) were located throughout the plate in sufficient numbers (resulting in a minimum of 3 negative pegs per test cycle).
Outgrowth testing
Following HLD, sample pegs were aseptically transferred into 10% FBS in TBS in sterile tubes that remained unopened at 35°C for 5 days. These tubes were subjected to the standard elution protocol (shaking for 2 minutes, sonication for 5 minutes, vortexing for 1 minute) however the tubes remained closed. The tubes with pegs were re-incubated for 25 days at 35°C. Turbidity indicated positive growth and if no turbidity was seen, the broth was still subbed to TSA or BA.
Concurrent to removing test pegs for the indirect qualitative outgrowth test, replicate sample pegs were removed and directly examined for viability by the quantitative viability counting method and direct qualitative outgrowth test for comparison. All testing was done on triplicate pegs in three separate trials (9 replicates in total). Controls were as stated previously.
Statistical Analysis
For biofilm formation on MBEC pegs, the following statistical analyses were performed as suggested by Harrison et al. [14] including, determination of mean, standard deviation and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) comparing the mean viable cell counts of pooled rows within and between plates. These analyses were used to verify that the described method for biofilm inoculation and formation of each test organism produced equivalent biofilm growth on different rows within and between the MBEC plates over the test period of 30 days. For comparison of TBF and BBF and the resultant bioburden following HLD challenge, the Student's t-test (unpaired, two-tailed) was used, as in similar studies [18].
The survival of a range of representative microorganisms (bacteria, and fungi) in TBF and BBF was evaluated to determine the impact of an organic matrix and disinfectant chemistry. The modelling system produced reproducible results and MBEC statistical analyses showed no significant variation in counts regardless of peg location on or between plates, indicating equivalent biofilm formation. Resulting statistical determinations using ANOVA for each test organism were: E. faecalis, p = 0.252; P. aeruginosa, p = 0.153; and C. albicans, p = 0.893. Validation of the recovery method used to harvest biofilm and BBF from the pegs was performed using a standard live/dead fluorescent staining technique. Microscopic examination of the pegs before and after repeated rounds of harvesting from the pegs indicated that essentially 100% of organisms on the peg were recovered by the first round of harvesting (data not shown).
We specifically chose to evaluate GLUT efficacy using 20 minutes exposure at room temperature rather than using the manufacturer's recommended exposure time of 45 minutes at 25°C. This was done because in clinical settings it is widely accepted that 20 minutes is appropriate for HLD using GLUT. The use of GLUT exposure for 20 minutes exposure at room temperature for HLD is stated in the current APIC guideline as acceptable providing the endoscope has been thoroughly cleaned [12].
TBF was formed by allowing pegs to remain hydrated between test periods. The ability of E. faecalis, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans to form TBF under high or low nutrient conditions and the survivability of these organisms when challenged with HLD using GLUT at various time points over the test period is shown in Figure 1. A significantly higher number of surviving organisms (p < 0.0001) resulted for all test organisms when TBF was formed under high compared to low nutrient medium.
Figure 1. Traditional biofilm (TBF): impact of Glutaraldehyde on microbial survival. P. aeruginosa (a), E. faecalis (b), and C. albicans (c), were used to form TBF in high nutrient medium (ATS) or low nutrient medium (tap water). Sample pegs carrying TBF on their surface were removed after varying time periods and the bioburden determined after no treatment (positive control) or after drying followed by treatment with 2.6% Glutaraldehyde for 20 minutes. TBF untreated (blue bar), TBF treated with Glutaraldehyde (red bar).
BBF was formed under conditions of repetitive cycles of drying, HLD and bioburden exposure, mimicking a complete endoscope reprocessing scheme. Two-day cycles were repeated over 30 days with survivability within the BBF examined after each cycle. All data represent BBF seeded in ATS with biofilm developed in either enzymatic detergent or water with cyclic exposure to treatment conditions as stated above. Figure 2 describes survivability of the test organisms in BBF formed under high and low nutrient conditions and challenged with HLD using GLUT at various test times. For all test organisms, a significantly higher number of organisms survived GLUT challenge when BBF was formed under high compared to low nutrient medium (p < 0.0001).
Figure 2. Buildup biofilm (BBF): impact of Glutaraldehyde on microbial survival. P. aeruginosa (a), E. faecalis (b), and C. albicans (c), were used to form BBF in high nutrient medium (enzymatic detergent) or low nutrient medium (tap water). Sample pegs carrying BBF on their surface were removed after varying time periods and the bioburden determined after no treatment (positive control) or after treatment with 2.6% Glutaraldehyde for 20 minutes, where every peg with BBF received multiple cycles of treatment as described in Methods. BBF untreated (blue bar), BBF treated with multiple rounds of drying, Glutaraldehyde, and bioburden exposure (red bar).
Figures 3 and 4 are similar to Figures 1 and 2 respectively, however HLD is achieved with AHP. All test organisms also showed significantly higher numbers of resulting organisms (p < 0.0001) when either TBF or BBF were formed under high compared to low nutrient conditions.
Figure 3. Traditional biofilm (TBF): impact of Accelerated Hydrogen Peroxide on microbial survival. P. aeruginosa (a), E. faecalis (b), and C. albicans (c), were used to form TBF in high nutrient medium (ATS) or low nutrient medium (tap water). Sample pegs carrying TBF on their surface were removed after varying time periods and the bioburden determined after no treatment (positive control) or after drying followed by treatment with 7% Accelerated hydrogen peroxide (AHP) for 20 minutes. TBF untreated (blue bar), TBF treated with AHP (red bar).
Figure 4. Buildup biofilm (BBF): impact of Accelerated Hydrogen peroxide on microbial survival. P. aeruginosa (a), E. faecalis (b), and C. albicans (c), were used to form BBF in high nutrient medium (enzymatic detergent) or low nutrient medium (tap water). Sample pegs carrying BBF on their surface were removed after varying time periods and the bioburden determined after no treatment (positive control) or after treatment with 7% Accelerated hydrogen peroxide (AHP) for 20 minutes, where every peg with BBF received multiple cycles of treatment as described in Methods. BBF untreated (blue bar), BBF treated with multiple rounds of drying, AHP, and bioburden exposure (red bar).
Additional statistical analyses of maximum resultant microbial loads following HLD challenge demonstrated significant differences (p < 0.0001) for all organisms in the following comparisons: TBF compared to BBF challenged with either GLUT or AHP; GLUT compared to AHP challenge of either BBF or TBF; BBF formed under high nutrient conditions compared to TBF formed under low nutrient conditions, when challenged with GLUT; BBF formed after 10 cycles compared to TBF after a single cycle, with formation under high nutrient conditions and exposure to GLUT.
Table 1 summarizes the breakthrough survival to various disinfectant challenges of test organisms grown under tested conditions for biofilm formation. The time period to detectable survival was similar in TBF (recorded in days) and BBF (recorded in 2-day cycles) for all organisms except P. aeruginosa, which required longer times for detectable survival in cyclic BBF than for TBF.
Table 1. Summary of Initiation of breakthrough survival in various biofilm formations
Table 2 summarizes the rate of survival in TBF and BBF grown under high nutrient conditions (i.e., ATS for TBF and enzymatic detergent for BBF). Overall BBF demonstrated significantly greater increase in survivability once survivors were detectable particularly following GLUT challenge (p < 0.0001).
Table 2. Rate of biofilm survival in TBF1 and BBF1 following HLD with GLUT and AHP
The qualitative indirect outgrowth testing method was used to establish the detectibility and recoverability of damaged and/or low levels of viable organisms embedded within TBF or BBF. This protocol encouraged the release of embedded organisms by sonication coupled with recovery and growth in enriched media over 30 days. Results, shown in Table 3, detail BBF resulting from repeated cycles of drying and HLD (without re-exposure to bioburden) to assess whether low levels of microbial survival in BBF occurs. Results indicate that despite no detectable viable organisms for the quantitative counts (limit of detection 10 cfu/peg), there can be low- level microbial survival to GLUT in TBF and BBF.
Table 3. Survival of organisms embedded in TBF or BBF1 following HLD2: indirect qualitative outgrowth testing compared to quantitative viability3 results
When similarly challenged with AHP HLD, survival was detected in mature TBF for E. faecalis and P. aeruginosa by indirect qualitative outgrowth and quantitative counts. Similar to the GLUT challenge, as TBF matured, survivability to AHP increased. However, detection of viability following AHP challenge required longer recovery times, occurred on fewer pegs, resulted in lower numbers of survivors compared to GLUT challenge, and AHP survival was detected less frequently in BBF compared to TBF (Table 3).
Overall, the results indicated that the indirect qualitative outgrowth was a more sensitive method to detect the presence of viable organisms than the quantitative viability counting method.
Biofilm formation has been suggested in reprocessed flexible endoscopes in spite of adequate reprocessing, [3,2,11,12,19,20] however the practical effect of such biofilm on reprocessing efficacy and infection transmission is unknown [21]. Our experimental results show that both traditional biofilm formation (TBF) and buildup biofilm formation (BBF) reduced the efficacy of microbial killing by the two HLDs evaluated in this study, which is similar to what has been reported [22] for the effect that TBF has on the killing efficacy of antibiotics. Formation under high nutrient conditions resulted in a higher microbial load in a growing biofilm compared to one formed under low nutrient conditions. Avid biofilm formation, particularly under high nutrient conditions (e.g. with P. aeruginosa and C. albicans) related to earlier survival to HLD. These findings support clinical data suggesting these organisms are difficult pathogens to eliminate in by the endoscopic disinfection process, [4,21] the importance of reducing organic levels during reprocessing, as well as their strong association with medical implant and dental water unit infections [20,23]. Even when biofilm was formed under low nutrient conditions, if challenged with a cross-linking disinfectant, survival resulted. This further emphasizes that dry storage is imperative to maintain a contaminant free scope after storage and before reuse.
Based on the live/dead fluorescent validation tests that we performed and since we performed the peg harvesting in accordance with published methods using the MBEC peg model [13,14] we have assumed that recovery is 100%.
The results of the TBF and BBF models in this study indicate that HLD is effective at killing bioburden within young biofilm but not mature biofilm and highlight the value in studying biofilm formation in reprocessed scopes over extended periods of time. Our data suggests that deep within the biofilm structure (either TBF or BBF), organisms are protected (likely by ECM and organic material) from the disinfectant challenge, particularly from GLUT challenge. This supports current concerns regarding the exposure of low concentrations or activities of biocides to organisms embedded within biofilm and the selection of tolerant bacteria, [2,24] particularly in BBF. The BBF model demonstrated for the first time that although a longer time was needed for organisms to be detected within the BBF compared to TBF, outgrowth of surviving bioburden in BBF was faster and the ultimate level achieved was greater for BBF. These data provide a possible explanation for published reports describing the persistence of residual levels of organisms in scope channels even when proper reprocessing is followed [11,21].
The data from this study supports the value of using the BBF for research and development of improved endoscope reprocessing methods. For example, although Marion et al. [19] and Vickery et al. [2] have reported that detergents capable of stripping biofilm from the channels of flexible endoscopes are more effective, this conclusion was reached using TBF (formed from a single round of conditions reflecting endoscope usage on carriers or in actual scopes) which may be easier to remove than BBF. Therefore, implications for endoscope reprocessing based on studies of young TBF challenged with a disinfectant may not be indicative of the kill ability of organisms in endoscopes repeatedly used and reprocessed over the life of a scope. Studies of BBF may offer an additional level of stringency and relevance to endoscope reprocessing compared to studies of TBF with a single round testing also in determining the efficacy of anti-biofilm agents (e.g. transition metal catalysts, acylated homoserine lactone molecules or biofilm detaching agents) [19].
An enzymatic detergent's role is to remove patient soil by the "digestive" action of the various enzymes included in the formulation. These formulations do not claim to kill microorganisms. The results of our data demonstrate the ability of organisms to replicate in enzymatic detergent at the manufacturer's recommended use-dilution when held at room temperature overnight (normal contact time recommended by the manufacturer for cleaning is at least 5 minutes). Therefore the practice (although not recommended) of leaving patient-used scopes in enzymatic detergent overnight or over the weekend can serve to increase rather than reduce microbial load and protein buildup, thereby hindering efficacy of the disinfection process. This also supports the need to thoroughly rinse endoscopes after the cleaning phase. Furthermore, it raises the question of whether enzymatic detergents are really the optimal approach or whether other types of detergents (e.g. alkaline or surfactant-associated) could be developed that would be superior and that might have microbial killing ability.
The results of our in vitro model study showed that high-level disinfection using glutaraldehyde was less effective than AHP for killing microorganisms in either TBF or BBF. The benefits of AHP chemistry in bioburden reduction have been cited in published reports [25]. In-use studies of GI endoscope disinfection have shown HLD alternatives to aldehyde chemistry (such as oxidants, e.g. peracetic acid and 13% H2O2 -27% lactic acid; aromatic dialdehydes, e.g. ortho-ophthalaldehyde; and quaternary ammonium iodides, e.g. N-duopropenida) have a superior ability to reduce bacterial loads [26]. As indicated by other researchers similar chemistries warrant further studies [19,26,27]. Our data is the first to demonstrate an oxidant's efficacy in TBF and BBF conditions. For example, breakthrough survival was consistently detected sooner with GLUT than with AHP and the ability of microbes to survive exposure to GLUT occurred irrespective of the organic levels used during biofilm formation. Whereas, AHP consistently eliminated detectable viability in all TBF and BBF formed under low nutrient conditions. Although GLUT has an extremely long global track record as a HLD for reprocessing heat-sensitive medical devices, our study demonstrates for the first time that GLUT is not a very effective method to ensure microorganisms are eradicated. Indeed, after only 10 cycles of BBF formation P. aeruginosa consistently survived HLD using GLUT at levels of ~6 Log10/peg. The implication of these findings is that organisms remain trapped or embedded due to repetitive GLUT cycles that cross-link organic material forming a protective layer shielding them from the HLD. Once microbial survival within the BBF is established then "grow out" occurs quickly once reintroduced into a moist environment. This scenario supports findings by other researchers describing the kill ability of glutaraldehyde in biofilm but inability to remove bioburden with subsequent impairment of cleaning [18]. However in contrast, the study of TBF and particularly BBF in this research allowed for the detection of viable organisms within this fixed bioburden.
Data from this study highlights the possibility that non-detectibility of viable organisms may not imply efficacy of HLD, particularly in BBF formed by repeated exposure to a cross-linking agent. The determination of the absence of residual microorganisms following reprocessing is dependent on the sensitivity of the detection method [26]. In this in-vitro study using the MBEC peg system for BBF qualitative outgrowth in an enriched medium presented a more sensitive method of bacterial detection, as has been shown in in-use testing of actual endoscopes following cleaning and disinfection [26]. However this study further utilized an indirect qualitative outgrowth method for enhanced microbial recovery of trapped or damaged microorganisms. Another promising method for the measurement of low levels of infectious agents and protein has also been suggested by Lipscomb et al. [28] using differential interference contrast microscopy and the fluorescent agent, SYPRO Ruby.
Data from our study suggest that current guidelines for testing of new liquid chemical disinfectants/sterilants that are based on a single cycle of testing, may not reflect the true efficacy over multiple rounds of reprocessing of a reusable device. The implications are that as flexible endoscopes are repeatedly used and reprocessed, the load of bioburden increases, as does the risk of transmission of pathogens. This study is the first to provide experimental data that may provide an explanation for reported observations indicating that problems with microbial contamination of endoscopes occur after repeated use – not when the scopes are first put into use [22,3]. Our evaluation utilized GLUT exposure conditions of 20 minutes of room temperature to ensure the in vitro model being developed reflected what is currently accepted in clinical practice [27,15]. It is possible that exposure using the FDA cleared manufacturer's label claim of 45 minutes at room temperature would show different results for GLUT. Despite this caveat, the data presented in this manuscript support the value of performing similar prospective assessments in patient-used flexible endoscopes to determine the clinical relevance of our findings. Again it should be noted that there are no published clinical reports that directly link increased risk of infection transmission for flexible endoscopes that are reprocessed by glutaraldehyde compared to other HLDs.
Many models of biofilm exist, but they do not account for the repeated use that is inherent for reusable medical devices. The BBF model described in this study provides a novel approach that closely mimics the conditions and cyclic nature of biofilm formation in patient-used flexible endoscopes. The model included repetitive exposure to organic sources (ATS or enzymatic detergent), bioburden, HLD, rinsing and drying. The BBF model, utilizing repeated cycles of exposure to high levels of organic material containing high loads of microorganisms, more closely replicates endoscope reprocessing; whereas traditional biofilm formation in hydrated, low nutritive conditions does not accurately model what happens in flexible endoscopes that are stored dry. The data presented in this BBF modelling study using the MBEC peg system suggested that early in the life of a reprocessed endoscope, microbial survival may not be detectable (due to low numbers, damage or entrapment of organisms) however over time as scopes are continuously used and reprocessed, rapidly escalating numbers of surviving microorganisms can result when a cross-linking agent such as GLUT is used as the HLD with exposure times of 20 minutes at room temperature.
The novel BBF model developed in this report uses conditions that are more likely to reflect the in-use conditions experienced by flexible endoscopes (i.e. cyclic rounds of exposure that mimics reprocessing stages) than those conditions used for traditional biofilm models (i.e. constant hydration). Our MBEC model of BBF may offer valuable insight that can be used to provide evidence based data that would be instructive in advancing current reprocessing guidelines. Overall, the impact of the data from this research shows for the first time that the survival of a wide range of microorganisms can occur in BBF and that the kinetics and rapid outgrowth is significantly faster compared to TBF, which is much less common in medical devices that are stored under dry conditions. Therefore, the data from our in vitro model suggest that for patient-used endoscopes the chance of organisms surviving device reprocessing and being transmitted to another patient would be greater if BBF has developed within the endoscope channels. Further clinical studies are warranted to further evaluate our findings as there are no publications documenting any increased risk of infection transmission for endoscopes processed using GLUT as the HLD.
Competing interests
Neither MJA nor RH have any direct or indirect personal financial associations with any company that markets hydrogen peroxide, glutaraldehyde or any other high level disinfectants. No research funds for this study were provided by any company. MJA has undertaken contract research projects (unrelated to the current publication) for a variety of companies including: 3 M, bioMerieux, Olympus, Case Medical, Intelligent Hospital Systems, Johnson & Johnson, STERIS and Virox. No monies from these research contracts go to MJA, they are administered through the St. Boniface Research Centre and are used for research related expenses only. MJA acted as a paid consultant for: preparation of a one time literature review/report for STERIS in 2003 and for providing a one time educational microbiology workshop for 3 M staff in 2006. The page fees for this current article will not be paid for by any industry; they will come from MJA's general research account.
Authors' contributions
This research was performed by RH as part of her Ph.D. research program and the data included in this manuscript are also presented in her thesis results. RH was responsible for performing the experimental work and was primarily responsible for the writing of the manuscript. MJA conceived the project and provided direction for the experimental testing. MJA also participated in the writing of the manuscript.
The technical support for research lab functions that was provided by Nancy Olson and Pat DeGagne is acknowledged. Financial support for RH during her Ph.D. program was provided by: Health Sciences Centre Foundation; Manitoba Research Council; and the Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba.
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Nelson DB: Recent advances in epidemiology and prevention of gastrointestinal endoscopy related infections.
Curr Opin Infect Dis 2005, 18:326-330. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Mehta AC, Prakash UBS, Garland R, Haponik E, Moses L, Schaffner W, Silvestri G: American College of Chest Physicians and American Association for Bronchology Consensus Statement: Prevention of flexible bronchoscopy-associated infection.
Chest 2005, 128:1742-1755. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Nelson DB, Muscarella LF: Current issues in endoscope reprocessing and infection control during gastrointestinal endoscopy.
World J Gastroenterol 2006, 12:3953-3964. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Agerton T, Valway S, Gore B, Pozsik C, Plikaytis B, Woodley C, Onorato I: Transmission of a highly drug-resistant strains (strain W1) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Community outbreak and nosocomial transmission via a contaminated bronchoscope.
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Alfa MJ, Jackson M: A new hydrogen peroxide-based medical device detergent with germicidal properties: Comparison with enzymatic cleaners.
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Mackay WG, Leanord AT, Williams C: Water, water everywhere nor any a sterile drop to rinse your endoscope.
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Omidbakhsh N: A new peroxide-based flexible endoscope-compatible high level disinfectant.
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Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:


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Conf.dll is a browser extension for Internet Explorer. This add-on enables several additional functions for Internet Explorer. You can disable it through the Extras menu (key combination Alt + X) under Manage Add-ons. The following paragraph provides more information about Messenger Service.
The process known as Messenger Service belongs to software LSASS.exe or Messenger by Microsoft (www.microsoft.com).
Description: Conf.dll is not essential for the Windows OS and causes relatively few problems. Conf.dll is located in a subfolder of "C:\Program Files".
The file size on Windows 8/7/XP is 28,672 bytes.
This .dll file is a Browser Helper Object (BHO) that runs automatically every time you start your web browser. BHOs are not stopped by personal firewalls, because they are identified by the firewall as part of the browser itself. BHOs are often used by adware and spyware. IDs used by this BHO include D424FE4E-CAF9-4fdd-BC5F-E6E6B91D53BF. The program has no visible window. Conf.dll is able to monitor web browsers. There is no detailed description of this service. Conf.dll is not a Windows core file. conf.dll appears to be a compressed file. Therefore the technical security rating is 66% dangerous.
Recommended: Identify conf.dll related errors
Important: Some malware camouflages itself as conf.dll. Therefore, you should check the conf.dll process on your PC to see if it is a threat. We recommend Security Task Manager for verifying your computer's security. This was one of the Top Download Picks of The Washington Post and PC World.
A clean and tidy computer is the key requirement for avoiding problems with conf. This means running a scan for malware, cleaning your hard drive using cleanmgr and sfc /scannow, uninstalling programs that you no longer need, checking for Autostart programs (using msconfig) and enabling Windows' Automatic Update. Always remember to perform periodic backups, or at least to set restore points.
Should you experience an actual problem, try to recall the last thing you did, or the last thing you installed before the problem appeared for the first time. Use the resmon command to identify the processes that are causing your problem. Even for serious problems, rather than reinstalling Windows, you are better off doing a repair of your installation, or in the case of Windows 8, executing the DISM.exe /Online /Cleanup-image /Restorehealth command. This allows you to repair the operating system without losing data.
To help you analyze the conf.dll process on your computer, the following programs have proven to be helpful: Security Task Manager displays all running Windows tasks, including embedded hidden processes, such as keyboard and browser monitoring or Autostart entries. A unique security risk rating indicates the likelihood of the process being potential spyware, malware or a Trojan. Malwarebytes Anti-Malware detects and removes sleeping spyware, adware, Trojans, keyloggers, malware and trackers from your hard drive.
tbps.exe mm8internetexplorer.dll icon9557f1bc1.ico conf.dll ticnotabsbho120618.dll soundfrost.dll ncprotray.exe mystartdx.dll svchosting.exe odysseyim3.sys circlass.sys [all]


text:
I've never visited this section before but does prayer work?(30 Posts)
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Are they good? I have a LBS selling one for 600 bucks. It has a dirt jumper, hayes mech, Titec stem and bars, sram and lx derailers. The bike is new and pretty sweet looking...and I am thinking of turning my buddy onto it...he is a new rider and does want to spend a ton. I am not real familar Giants....but it looks nice. 600 is fair...yes?
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Britney Spears May Already Have a Nice, Normal New Boyfriend
Everyone worried that Britney Spears would have a meltdown when her fiance Jason Trawick broke up with her, but come on. It's Britney, -- and she's already moved on.
Everyone worried that Britney Spears would have a meltdown when her fiance Jason Trawick broke up with her, but come on. It's Britney, -- and she's already moved on.
A few weeks ago, news broke that Britney Spears left X-Factor to head to Vegas. It seems that rumor was just that, a rumor.
After Britney Spears split with Jason Trawick, he stepped down as her co-conservator. Now, her pops, Jamie Spears, is back on -- and keeping a very close eye on Brit.
Two months ago, Britney Spears told us she would be back for another season of The X Factor. Well, Britney dropped a couple of bombs on us this past weekend.
Quick, hide the electric razors! It's splitsville in Britville, as pop tart Britney Spears and her fiancé Jason Trawick, who was once her agent, have ended their engagement.
The twosome, who began dating in 2009 and got engaged on his 40th birthday in December of 2011, are officially over. But rumors of trouble in paradise have been swirling for weeks.
Although her 'X Factor' days are numbered, Britney Spears isn't letting the potential pink slip affect her career. The pop star is reportedly looking onward and upward at the possibility of starring in a TV sitcom.
Britney Spears' fate for Season 3 of 'X Factor' may be a matter of much media speculation, but one thing is certain. Brit Brit is both "hard at work" and "focused" on her eighth studio album, which will follow 2011's "comeback" affair 'Femme Fatale.'
Britney Spears has proven she can attempt to do it all: sing, act (remember 'Crossroads'?), and judge on 'X Factor.' But now it appears as if she's about to tackle Bollywood. But is it true?
Sounds like Britney Spears was on the naughty list -- or else Jason Trawick is about to be put on it. The pair are reportedly on the rocks, and they may split for good if Christmas doesn't go over well.
If you haven't heard 'Scream and Shout' by Will.i.am and Britney Spears by now, then you're seriously missing out on some catchy music ... and Brit's accent during the verses. That alone makes it worth the listen, right?
In the name of all that is blasphemous! When will people stop talking smack about our Queen Britney Spears? It isn't nice, guys!
Last week it was reported that Britney Spears may not be back for another season of "X-Fatcor" because the show was going to force her to take a pay cut if she would return. Either way, Britney insists that she will be back.


text:
I know that you can simply inject a service in unit test method using:
defineBeans {
But when I need to inject service inside a service (the service
someService calls itself another service
some2Service). When I run the test with above code I receive:
Message: Cannot invoke method someMethod() on null object
Is it possible to inject a service into a service in the unit test?
Thanks. ;-)


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Ratings based on 204 Verified Reviews
They paid and stayed. We double-checked.
4.5 Room cleanliness
4.5 Service & staff
4.5 Room comfort
4.3 Hotel condition
They paid and stayed.
We double-checked.
We double-checked.
for Couplesby A verified traveler from Washington, DC
Two bedroom unit is actually one bedroom & a loft!Posted Sep 15, 2015
Pros: location
Cons: Make the description of the hotel rooms correct.
Location: Go to Atlantic City at night and Ocean city beach during the day
PROS: The place is close to both ocean city and Atlantic city. Nice and clean. CONS: DO NOT book two bedroom unit if you are thinking regular two bedroom. It is actually one bed and a loft. Me, my boyfriend, and a guy friend (he could have came with someone else), planned to share the unit thinking it was a two bedroom unit. I arrived there first and the moment I walked into the unit, I was so shocked to see one bedroom on the first floor and one bed in the loft area with no privacy!! The place told me all two bedrooms are like that. I called Expedia and was told there was nothing Expedia can do about the situation. As I booked the unit, I felt horrible. It was already almost 8 o'clock and it was rainy outside. Long story short, later the guy friend arrived alone without his company, so he said he can just sleep in the loft for that night, but I could not tell him to pay for his share as he did not have any privacy. If you are two couples of four friends, please bare in mind that two of you should sleep in the loft with no privacy. There also were many ants everywhere. After the trip, when I got home, I found a few followed me home.
for Everyoneby A verified traveler from P
Best of both worldsPosted Sep 9, 2015
Minutes away from the beach and a short drive to AC. Very convienient and great amenities, would deffinetley stay here again!
for Everyoneby A verified traveler from NJ
Nice last-minute vacation spot.Posted Sep 8, 2015
Pros: Close to the Ocean City bridge and near a Wawa.
Cons: The phones were not working and staff during check-in tried to get us into another room for cheaper since there was no a/c in that unit!
Location: This place is near the Crab Trap, Baia (restaurant), Wawa, etc. Nice area.
We decided at the last minute to spend Labor Day Weekend in Ocean City so we got a room here. The room was larger than expected with 2 bedrooms, one on an upper loft area and the other downstairs with a nice little kitchen nook set up. Our room was apparently one of the rooms where the air conditioning units were working (thank goodness). However, the phones were not working. Not a totally big deal for us since we just used our cell phones -- but still inconvenient. When we needed to grab creamers for the coffee or whenever we needed anything (extra towels, information, etc.), we had to run to the front desk rather than calling. That was a little annoying. Otherwise, everything else was fine. Their free breakfast was packed and there were no extra chairs -- a lot of people were left standing (the oatmeal was GROSS!). However, like I said, everything else was fine.
for Everyoneby A verified traveler
We were upgraded to a suitePosted Sep 3, 2015
Pros: Clean, easy to get to, worked out really well.
Location: Ocean City is just a couple of miles down the street. You would drive but that isn't that difficult to do I would imagine.
It was awesome - my daughter loved it as did I. I wish we could have stayed their longer. Amazing place for the price.
for Everyoneby A verified traveler from annecy
Hôtel très moyenPosted Aug 29, 2015
Pros: La chambre était plutôt bien
Cons: Tout le reste
Location: Proche Ocean City petite ville très familiale en bord de mer
Très cher pour la qualité. Hall d'accueil très vieillot et pas très net. Idem pour salle du petit déjeuner. Petit déjeuner très basique. La chambre par contre est plutôt bien mais la notre donnait sur le local poubelles !!! Pour le Check out, ils ne trouvaient pas notre réservation expédia et voulaient nous faire payer une deuxième fois, nous avons du leur demander d'appeler expedia afin de régler le problème. Dommage car celà pourrait être vraiment bien
by A verified traveler
Hotel close to Ocean CityPosted Aug 21, 2015
Have been going there since the 80's. Changed owners. Notice a difference. Room was not clean and breakfast was not the same. Only friendly person was the young lady at the front desk.
by A verified traveler
Renovation Hotel: Still In ProgressPosted Aug 21, 2015
Pros: Location, and Front Desk Staff.
Cons: Finish the renovations and get the Maintenance staff to inspect each room's appliances to be in good working order.
Location: Location is close to beaches; only 3-miles from Longport beach.
Room was clean on the surface, but what we found later was the smell of mold spores in the carpet at the kitchen tile breakfast bar area. My wife is extremely sensitive to respiratory allergens; by 2 AM that evening her allergic reaction kicked-in...difficulty get oxygen. We went to the beach the next morning, but when we returned from being at the beach all day, the housekeeping had run the dishwasher, which leaked onto the tile floor and flowed to the carpet. Apparently, in the past they just mopped-up the water on the tile, but left the carpet wet...perfect breeding ground for mold. We could not get another room, as they were all booked, so we ended-up checking-out and returning home. The room also had ant infestation; extermination definitely needed.
for Everyoneby A verified traveler from Boyertown
Very nice hotel room, helpful staff.Posted Aug 20, 2015
Pros: Loved the full kitchen! Clean and spacious rooms!
Location: Short less than 2 mile drive to OC beaches and boardwalk!
We had trouble with Expedia message that our room needed to be processed through the hotel. So we did and then when we arrived, we had two rooms that had a no cancel fee. The hotel allowed us to keep our expedia reservation and cancel the hotel booking with their corporate office without the fee. They were so kind, so helpful and so very understanding. The room was very spacious, clean and comfortable. The hotel location was a short drive from OC beaches and boardwalk... less than 2 miles over the bridge. The hotel was in a nice area off the highway although close. We were super delighted and will go back for a longer stay.
for Everyoneby A verified traveler
Nice hotel near night lifePosted Aug 12, 2015
The hotel would have been a 4.5 for me if it was not for: (1) The drain in the shower was extremely slow. (2) They had no little bottles of shampoo. (3) There was a stale odor in the room covered by over use of a freshness spray. On the good side, the room was very nicely furnished, and decorated. The kitchen was very nice and has new and decorative appliances. The bathroom was great, the bed was comfortable. Besides the three negative statements, this would have been awesome.
for Everyoneby A verified traveler from philly
Awesome hotelPosted Aug 11, 2015
Loved sonesta the rooms was spacious very clean loved the look and staff was very friendly. You are only about 5 mins away from the beach your close to alot of eatery spots it was great i diffently will go bk next year!


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Homeowner Sides With Raccoons After She Says Trapper Removing Animals Was HarshA local homeowner frustrated with raccoons destroying her property is now siding with them after what she caught on video. Crystal Cruz reports.
LinkedIn Agrees To Pay $13 Million As Part Of Proposed Settlement Of Class-ActionLinkedIn has agreed to pay $13 million as part of a proposed settlement of a class-action lawsuit that alleged the company spammed members without their consent. Rebecca Ferriter reports.
Flooded Temple City Neighborhood Dries Out After Resident Unplugs DrainHeavy rains on Monday afternoon flooded a Temple City neighborhood. The neighborhood eventually drained when a resident removed a trash can that was blocking a storm drain. Rachel Kim reports.
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Friends, Family Remember 5 Teens Killed In Irvine Car Crash As Driver Arrested 1 Year LaterThe five teenagers killed in a fiery single-car crash in Irvine last year were being remembered on Monday by former teammates and friends as news spread that the driver of the car and sole survivor of the crash was arrested over the weekend. Erica Nochlin reports.