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Not too long ago the aromatherapy industry was a conglomerate of what one would colloquially call mom and pop businesses. With the advent and success of the Multilevel Marketing companies this has thoroughly changed. Aromatherapy now has a full size corporate aspect. Of course I am aware that there is a lot of criticism going around and different individuals find fault with this or that aspect of the MLM giants. But in all honesty, if we are serious about helping more individuals to take responsibility for their own health by means of essential oils – and other forms of plant and natural healing – then the MLMs are wildly successful.
There are other aspects that seem more worrisome to me than whether or not a specific form of application is considered appropriate or not. While natural goes mainstream, the big question is, is it sustainable?
A large proportion of essential oils used by the conventional industrial buyers (food, detergents, etc) is being helped along by the infinite wisdom of the wizards in the chemistry labs. In other words conventional industrial users are interested in consistent quality and odor profile, not so much in pure and natural. But of course those supplying to aromatherapy users are.
If, for simplicity's sake we stay in North America, it is easy to verify that large segments of the population lead a so-called pro-inflammatory lifestyle. It is not surprising that many who turn to aromatherapy suffer from conditions related to chronic inflammation in many different ways and end up gravitating towards anti-inflammatory essential oils.
And this brings us to the question of sustainability. As many of you are probably aware of some of the more specialized anti-inflammatory essential oils are distilled from plant material collected in the wild. Tanacetum annuum and Ericephalus punctulatus have vanished from the lists of the producers. Whether or not the wild crops will be sufficient to provide for a growing demand or whether cultivation is a possible answer is hard to predict.
Looking at the old fashioned German Chamomile might be instructive. Because of its popularity and high price point German Chamomile has been cultivated in regions where it was not originally native. The composition of German Chamomile from Egypt and Nepal is such that they never became very popular. The trade buys them because they are much less expensive than the oils originating from central Europe with its moderate climate. In the Egyptian and Nepalese provenance the concentration of (-) alpha bisabolol is very low compared to the European oils. Instead they contain more bisabolol oxides A and B as well as bisabolone. Summing up, it appears that German Chamomile could probably well serve as a stand in for the Eriocephalus punctulatus and the Tancetum annuum oils, as long as the powerfully anti-inflammatory and antiallergic European (or German) varieties are chosen.
Another essential oil with powerful anti-inflammatory properties is also becoming increasingly scarce, Helichrysum italicum. Prices in Europe have reached new levels and Helichrysum is now twice as expensive as it was 5 or six years ago. Given its use in an international line of cosmetics (see post below) different attempts have been made to cultivate this precious Everlast, however, the ultimate success of these efforts remains to be seen.
2015 Harvest UpdateAugust 14th, 2015
Not too long ago the aromatherapy industry was a conglomerate of what one would colloquially call mom and pop businesses. With the advent and success of the Multilevel Marketing companies this has thoroughly changed. Aromatherapy now has a full size corporate aspect. Of course I am aware that there is a lot of criticism going around and different individuals find fault with this or that aspect of the MLM giants. But in all honesty, if we are serious about helping more individuals to take responsibility for their own health by means of essential oils – and other forms of plant and natural healing – then the MLMs are wildly successful.
Explorations in Aromatherapy Winter 2014November 24th, 2014
Explorations in Aromatherapy Winter 2014
Rose – Eternal Fascination
Rosa centifolia literally means Rose with a hundred petals. It is a hybrid developed between the 17th and 19th century. Rosa centifolia has been widely cultivated in Provence, especially the areas surrounding the city of Grasse for its singular fragrance with very bright high notes.
Extracts of Rosa centifolia are commonly used in the formulation of so-called communels, Rose absolutes composed of different Rose varieties – i.e. R. damascena – from different growing regions in which the manufacturer attempts to create a Rose absolute of constant odor quality.
As a result pure Rosa centifolia absolute is rarely offered, not the least because its low yield renders it more expensive than the blended Rose absolute.
So when a pure Rosa centifolia absolute became available we were mesmerized by its incredibly bright high notes.
We now also have a pure Rosa damscena absolute to compare. Both absolutes are from Morocco.
Helichrysum 2014
There is probably no other oil in current circulation, which so predictably and reliably heals and rejuvenates the skin like Helichrysum italicum. As many in aromatherapy are aware, Helichrysum essential oil is an ingredient in a successful cosmetic line of L'Occitane, the multinational company originating from Provence. In this context there is an interesting First. Let me explain. Over the years we have had almost count
less inquiries from all different interests about wanting to purchase essential oils for the creation of a new and ultra natural, ultra pure line of cosmetics. However, whenever the crucial decision making nears corporate sponsors, without exception, have opted to ultimately formulate the new product not with authentic oils, perceived to be to expensive, but with the usual industrial products from the large brokerages. With L'Occitane this changes. Apparently they are procuring authentic Helichrysum oil wherever they can find it. It appears to be a two sided affair. On the one hand there is a corporate entity that understands that authentic oils will do things that synthetics will not. On the other hand this means that for the foreseeable future the price of this precious commodity will move only in one direction, up.
We realize that our new prices for this oil must seem high, but given the current market situation we expect that prices will still move higher.
Oils from the East
For a while now we have been offering CO2 Extracts of some Asian aromatic plants. Exploring their therapeutic potential and, if you will, their philosophical implications is rewarding for everyone devoted to essential oils and aromatherapy.
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is indigenous to India. Its extract contains a high proportion of Turmerones and traces of Curcumin. It is used as antiinflammative, anti-oxidant, antimicrobial and in detoxifying compositions. There have also been studies demonstrating the anti-wrinkle properties of Turmerones. Apparently it also works well to calm inflamed gums.
Javanese Turmeric – Curcuma xanthorrhiza
Javanese Turmeric or Temu Lawak contains mainly sesquiterpenes – aryl-Curcumene, ß Curcumene and 15 – 25 % Xanthorrhizol (Hydroxy-aryl-Curcumene) – and is soothing and calming. It is used in anti-inflammative, anti oxidant and detoxifying compositions. It is used in mouth care for its efficacy against staphylococcus mutans and other oral pathogens. Studies have been conducted showing the whole spice's liver protective qualities (whether these apply to the extract is not ascertained).
Galangal – Alpinia galanga
Alpinia galanga extract is pungently spicy and can produce quite a sting in the nose when sniffed or inhaled incautiously. It is mainly used in compositions against nausea, vomiting, digestive disorders and arthritis. The extract, properly blended has balancing antimicrobial and anti-inflammative properties.
Fenugreek – Trigonella foenum graecum
Fenugreek extract contains mostly fatty acids, 30 – 40% Linoleic acid and 30 – 40% Linolenic acid. Traces of Sotolon are responsible for the typical aroma. The steroid Diosgenin, to which current research attributes some of the more astonishing properties of Fenugreek Seeds is apparently not present in the extract or if so, only in traces.
Schizandra sphenantera
Schizandra extract contains rare lignans, sitosterol, terpenoids and linoleic acid. It is relaxing and tonifying, minimizes the influence of stressors, stabilizes the membrane. It is a COX-2 inhibitor and has antioxidant, anti-hepatotoxic anti-asthmatic and antidiabetic properties.
Cassia – Cinnamomum cassia
Cassia extract contains up to 75% Cinnamic aldehyde, Methoxy cinnamic aldehyde and around 2% of Coumarin. It can be added to mouth wash compositions or to carminatives.
Calamus – Acorus calamus
Calamus extract contains about 65% essential oil components. Different to the essential oil the fragile sesquiterpene lactones, the acorones, especially acoragermacron remain intact.
Indian Frankincense (Boswellia serrata)
Indian Frankincense extract contains up to 85% mono terpenoids but also the sesquiterpene alcohols and esters including incensole acetate. The content of Boswellia acids is below 0.1%.
Guggul (Commiphora mukul)
Guggul extract is derived from Commiphora mukul and contains about 2% Guggulsterone. Recent research credits it with anti tumor anti-inflammative cholesterol lowering and antidiabetic properties. Other studies show that it supports the transformation of adipose tissue. It regulates glucose and fat metabolism and is seen as useful addition to therapies for type II Diabetes, high cholesterol, excess weight and metabolic syndrome.
Explorations: Patchouli and YuzuFebruary 27th, 2014
One could be tempted to call Patchouli the Lavender of the East, so widespread and common are its uses. The properties attributed to Patchouli oil in the literature are numerous. It is beneficial for skin ailments such as bacterial and fungal infections. It regenerates tissue and supports wound healing. It prevents water retention, counteracts stress and is generally uplifting. Franchomme and Pénoël emphasize especially its "phlebotonic" quality which makes it specifically effective in the treatment of varicose veins. They also recommend it as one of the more specific oils to treat acne.
Patchouli oil is a commodity traded in rather large quantities, so much of the product on the market has passed through the usual industrial brokerages and is standardized in one way or another.
In the 18th and 19th century silk traders packed their cloth with Patchouli to prevent moths from laying their eggs.
While Patchouli is produced in many different locales around tropical Asia, experts claim that the oil from the northwestern most province of Sumatra, Aceh, is one of, if not the best provenance.
At this point we have two lots on offer, one from a COOP in Aceh Barat (West Aceh) and one from Aceh Selatan (South Aceh). The oil from Aceh Barat is extremely well rounded and may faintly trigger a chocolate reminiscence. Its richness derives from growing in the low lying coastal areas. The oil from Aceh Selatan is mild and sweet, its delicate and balanced scent comes from the proximity of the medium altitude growing areas to the coast. Both of these provenances are also those sought after by the large perfume houses as the high end Patchouli used in fine perfumery.
These COOPs have been established with the help of international aid in a bid to reconstruct after the devastating 2006 Tsunami. Both provenances show, next to the obligatory Patchoulol good amounts of the marker components Pogostol and Pogostone.
Yuzu is an extremely popular as flavoring agent in Japan. It is lemon-fruity but with a tang.
Citrus junos grows wild in Tibet, Korea and in China. It has bee cultivated in Japan since the 10th century. Today it is cultivated on a commercial scale in Kochi Prefecture on the island of Shikoku.
The essential oil is cold pressed, displaying an exquisite citrus aroma suggesting a coming together of grapefruit and mandarin, with hints of bergamot and lime. What makes Yuzu so special is its very dry, tangy nature.
It is refreshing and uplifting As is common with Citrus oils it has powerful anti-bacterial action which might explain its popularity in Japanese folk medicine.
Inspired by its Japanese uses it can be tried with stress, burn-out, nervous tension or anxiety. Yuzu needs to be tried to experience its complexity which sets it apart from other Citrus oils.
Explorations in AromatherapyNovember 13th, 2013
How Oils from Indochina Became Global Staples
Celebrating our 30th Anniversary we begin to introduce a new range of products on our OSA website. We believe they represent a missing element in today's aromatherapy: Essential oils which carry the message of the East, many of them at the center of various traditional healing systems, cultures or cuisines. Asia Aromatherapy attempts to integrate the missing Eastern element into aromatherapy. So far Aromatherapy has been a western cultural phenomenon driven by a hard to articulate, maybe subconscious disenchantment with the exclusive reductionist reasoning of western medicine.
Through aromatherapy, individuals, especially in urban centers, rediscovered an easy to grasp aspect of the plant world: Plant fragrance, plant perfume plant communication. Aromatherapy arose in Western urban regions because separation from nature had reached its most extreme levels in these environments.
The European origin of aromatherapy (Gattefossé, Valnet, Tisserand) is reflected in its most popular essential oils. The first essential oils of aromatherapy were those of culinary herbs from Europe such as Rosemary and Thyme, popular florals like Rose and Jasmine and also globalized denizens like Lemon and Orange.
However, exotic oils like Ginger and Clove also made it into the European essential oil cabinet and one has to ask why? Europeans, beginning with the Roman Empire, have a longstanding desire and for exotic spices. Since the first millennium BCE, this desire was satisfied by adventurous Arab maritime traders. This only changed when in the 16th century the colonial and economic aspirations of the Dutch and British made Pepper and Clove a household name.
The numerous oils we use in aromatherapy that originate from the former Indochina ("Indochine"), North Africa and Madagascar have become aromatic common places because of the French colonial involvement in these regions (i.e. Cajeput, Niaouli, North African Rosemary etc) in the 18th and 19th century.By now quite a number of essential oils from the East are well integrated into aromatherapy. Nonetheless their historic and cultural aspects have been all but ignored in the aromatherapy literature. Almost all books somehow homogenize essential oils by adopting the Roman alphabet as the organizing principle beginning with Anise Seed and ending with Ylang Ylang. Niaouli is just another essential oil listed after Juniper, and before Mandarin.
In Asia Aromatherapy we explore the oils from the East in the cultural context of the plants and their origin. Even a quick glance at this subject intimates that there is much to learn that can broaden our capacity to heal with essential oils and other extracts from aromatic plants. The complex web of anti-inflammative and anti-tumor properties molecular biology discovers in Asian rhizomes and resins encourages a new look at the wisdom of traditional systems such as Ayurveda or TCM. As extracts from these plants are found to lower cholesterol or to prevent arthritis, one might ask whether our ancestors had information about these plants that has escaped reductionist pharmacology. So, besides introducing oils like Galangel, Turmeric and Guggul, Asia Aromatherapy also revisits oriental, holistic treatment strategies to which these oils hark back.
Taking cues from the history of the spice trade and the many cultural and religious movements of the Asian continent some general areas of interest are easy to discern.
Sacred Fragrance: Intuitively Lotus carries many notions of spirituality and purity. Osmanthus absolute directs the seeker's attention to China's South, especially Guangxi province with its unique landscapes. Sandalwood has been a global favorite as a warm and tenacious base for amateur and professional perfume creations. And for all who desire to go on truly exotic or new fragrance explorations the depth and diversity of a few different samples of Agarwood essential oils will prove a spectacular diversion.
The Malabar Coast, spices everywhere:
India's Malabar is home to the Black Pepper vines that have become the globe's most common spice. Besides Black Pepper India and Sri Lanka are home to many typical "spices," many of which not only have exquisite culinary value, but also the most astounding healing properties. Cinnamomum ceylanicum is even named after the island of its origin. It still evokes associations of exotic spice but also has become a staple in cuisines the world over. Its healing properties for infections and modern day metabolic diseases are spectacular.
The Spice Islands and Rhizomes and Resins:
Nutmeg and Clove were among the foremost commodities that Columbus was looking for when he first set out to find a more direct route to East India. Today the riches of the Indonesian Archipelago's aromatic plants are known around the world. Most famous – and also unique – is maybe Patchouli with its mostly overlooked, yet superb healing qualities.
The Early Spice Trade:
Adventurous Arab traders sailed the oceans between China and the Roman Empire beginning probably 3000 years ago. Understanding the routes, the cultures and the products of the early trade can tell us much about what drove human desire thousands of years ago. It seems reasonable to speculate that Frankincense and Myrrh have acquired their mythical status because humans throughout history knew about their wide ranging healing properties, at least intuitively.
We will start our explorations with nine different CO2 extracts and a Blue Lotus and an Osmanthus absolute. Some of the oils we already have in the regular essential oil category we will list again in the Asia Aromatherapy column, when we are especially proud of their authentic Asian pedigree.
2013 Seminar FlyerMarch 25th, 2013
2013 Seminar Flyer PDF download
Please visit our new Pacific Institute of Aromatherapy website and see under Seminars and Conferences for events.
Roots: Oils from North AfricaJune 8th, 2013
The essential oils of Morocco illustrate the emerging dual nature of the human experience with medicinal and aromatic plants: to characterize essential oils according to their active component groups and to understand their cultural history. The cultural environment of the oils' geographical origin often provides us with basic knowledge about the qualities and uses of a specific plant.
Atlas Cedar, Armoise and the other oils from Morocco have become commodities in the global essential oil trade because French colonizers saw these materials as one more valuable resource for its fragrance industry. (How cultural wisdom from around the world contributes to the body of experience of aromatherapy will be discussed at the 30th anniversary lectures on November 16 and 17 in San Francisco)
Lemon Verbena # 128
Because of its content of potentially photosensitizing so-called photo-citrals and furo coumarins the fragrance industry considers Lemon Verbena (Lippia citriodora) oil to present a high risk of photo sensitization. In the aromatherapy community no corresponding observations have surfaced. This may be attributable to the relatively high price of the oil and that it is only included in blends in low concentration so that this risk is inadvertently diffused.
The overall composition of Lemon Verbena essential oil is dominated by the isomeric aldehydes Neral and Geranial. Together, as an unseparated mixture they are commonly referred to as Citral. Different than the Asian essential oils of Lemongrass or May Chang which contain often more than 70% of Citral, its content in Lemon Verbena oil is decidedly lower, usually between 15 and 30 %. This allows the oil to be much milder and much less irritant than the former two.
The composition of Lemon Verbena essential oil is quite complex, components of many different chemical families are present. Anti inflammatory sesquiterpenes such as germacrene and curcumene occur next to sesquiterpene alcohols such as spathulenol and sesquiterpene dienols as well as esters like neryl or geranyl acetate. The oil also contains unusual sesquiterpene oxides.
Correspondingly complex are the therapeutic properties French aromatherapy attributes to the essential oil. It is a powerful anti inflammatory and calming agent and is described in the French aromatherapy literatureto support thyroid and pancreas function.
Lemon Verbena essential oil has a most radiant fragrance, which might well be the most universally appreciated fragrance among common essential oils.
Tanacetum annuum # 103
The essential oil of Tanacetum annuum is distilled from an annual in Northern Morocco. Its chamazulene blue color and slightly fruity fragrance give it a unique character. Authentic oils of Tanacetum annuum display a fairly complex array of different sesquiterpene lactones. Conventional wisdom suggests that these sesquiterpene lactones are responsible for its special anti inflammatory qualities, inhibiting the release of histamine. It has been used extensively to ameliorate or prevent asthma symptoms as well as dermatitis.
Atlas Cedar # 106
The essential oil of Atlas Cedar is valued for its fragrance, an enchanting base note. Smelling and feeling the essential oil reveals its high sesquiterpene content, without any need for chemical analysis. It has a powerful resonance with the circulatory system and is described in French aromatherapy as tonic to the lymph as well as lipolytic, meaning it acts to solubilize fat deposits.
Ammi visnaga # 100
Khella (Ammi visnaga) essential oil also has come to aromatherapy in a two step path. One aspect was the above mentioned interests of the French fragrance industry and the other the specific approach of French style aromatherapy which recognized the medicinal values of this member of the Apiaceae family.
Khella essential oil is a powerful agent to release spasms and to provide relief from kidney and gall bladder colics as well as asthma symptoms. Because of its pronounced content of diverse coumarins, furo coumarins and pyro coumarins the oil should probably not be used in an ongoing fashion. It is, however, the experience of some in the aromatherapy community that brief internal and also topical use to counteract emergencies did not produce obvious undesirable effects.
Because of its coumarin content the oil might present a strong risk of photosensitization if used topically under sunlight.
Oreganum # 135
Oreganum oils found on the market may have different plant species from which they originate. The common denominator apparently is a high content of carvacrol, the phenolic component with the typical Oreganum fragrance. The two oils most often found in aromatherapy are distilled from Oreganum compactum and also Oreganum elongatum. Oils distilled from O. heracleuticum are found less frequently. Distillates of O. vulgare are rare to nonexistent. Spanish originating Oregano oil is distilled from Thymus capitatus.
The Oregano oils are powerful antibacterial and antifungal agents. But it challenges the aromatherapist to create synergies that soften the irritant impact of the Oregano, but still preserve its efficacy. In French aromatherapy its recommended uses are mostly internal and via suppositories.
Myrtle # 733
Essential oils distilled from Myrtus communis in Morocco have a relatively high proportion of esters, especially terpenyl acetate and present a generally different sensation vis-a-vis the oils from Corsica.
The main therapeutic uses for the Moroccan Myrtle are as vein and lymph decongestant. With its mild character and typical, elegant Myrtle fragrance the oil recommends itself as main component of nurturing skin and body oils.
Moroccan Thyme # 219
Thymus satureioides is significantly different from other common Thyme and Oregano oils. It contains a significant proportion of borneol and a lesser proportion of phenols. It is less irritant than Thyme thymol or Oreganum compactum and it has a different set of properties.
Where phenolic Thyme and Oregano oils are well suited to treat acute infections, Thymus satureioides is appropriate for chronic infections as it integrates the qualities of borneol, which has the unique ability to down regulate pathologically elevated levels of gamma globulins as they occur in many chronic conditions.
Armoise # 752
The oils pedigree is only insufficiently rendered by the English word "Mugwort," Artemisia herba alba. In aromatherapy it is known as an oil with a rather high Thujone content that needs to be used carefully, if at all, because of the toxicity associated with ketones. Besides the standard application as a mucolytic different individuals have explored specific qualities of this oil in a ritualistic context.
However, when the distillation is just right, Armoise may almost be a perfume in itself, it provides a hard to describe floral note over the ketone base which can be quite captivating. There are two separate Artemisia herba alba distillates on the site, #152 Mugwort and # 752, both from Morocco. The latter has the most exquisite fragrance.
Roots: Chamomile and other Moderate Climate OilsFebruary 5th, 2013
Many of the oils we use on a daily basis aromatherapy are somehow associated with dry and hot climates or with poor soil. Apparently these stresses induce the plants to produce more powerful essential oils to ensure survival. Examples are Citrus, Lavender and Rosemary oils. The EO's from these plants employ a chemical vocabulary that is heavily centered around simple monoterpenoid components, such as cineol, terpineol or linalool.
Quite distinct from those are essential oils from many species that belong to the Asteraceae and Apiaceae families. Often these oils find there highest degree of finesse not so much in the hotter subtropical climates but in the moderate and moist climates encountered in Central and Eastern Europe. In the case of German Chamomile the relation between the plant and a specific geography has even become a part of the common name of the species.
For aromatherapy this is quite interesting. These latter plant families thriving in the more moderate climates have evolved to display a more diverse array of components than the essential oils from plant species that developed before them. Lactones and en-yn ethers are just two examples.
In this post I would therefore like to share some thoughts about some classic oils of the Daisy (Asteraceae) and the Parsley (Apiaceae) family.
German Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) is one of the best researched medicinal plants. Much of the abundant modern research, dating from the late seventies and early eighties, is 'pre-internet' and hence not so easy to locate.
Summing up for the purposes of aromatherapy: Depending on a variety of factors, most importantly genotypes, the Chamomile plant produces chemotypes of essential oil. Some oils have high concentrations of bisabolone and others have high concentrations of bisabolol oxide. However, only a third type, with (-) alpha bisabolol, truly has the full powerful antiinflammative qualities associated with this essential oil. It is a more powerful antiinflammative component than the characterisically blue Chamazulene.
The oil we offer is from an estate in southern Germany specializing in the cultivation and distillation of German Chamomile essential oil. As this is the climate and also the cultural environment where Chamomile has been a part of life for at least a thousand years (Odo Magdunensis, 11. Jh.) it reaches its greatest finesse in the moderate climates of central Europe. Oils from other parts of the world with subtropical climates invariably are of lesser quality.
Yarrow essential oil is distilled in a variety of places, however, demand for it and consequently its production seem irregular. The most relevant quantities on the market are from Eastern Europe with Bulgaria being the main supplier, and to a lesser degree Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Wild oils are described as having a concentration of approximately 1% chamazulen and cultivated oils as having a somewhat higher percentage. The wild oils have a light blue tinge whereas the cultivated oils are a darker color blue. Whether the oil with the higher Chamazulen content is really of higher value – therapeutically – remains questionable.
The appreciation of Yarrow essential oil in aromatherapy is probably fueled to a large degree by its traditional popularity in herbalism. As such Yarrow is popular in different ethnopharmacological traditions, even Bedouins in desert areas of the Middle East value Achillea millefolium as an anti-allergy agent and the treatment of high fever.
In modern aromatherapy Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) essential oil is described as a powerful antiinflammatory agent with particular affinity for rheumatic pain. It is 'the' oil to alleviate neuralgic pain and Franchomme and Pénoël even list prostatitis and kidney stones under the indications for Yarrow essential oil.
Some of the components found in Yarrow essential oil are quite special, i.e. the sesquiterpene lactone achilline or its isoartemisia ketone. Considering the appreciation Yarrow has had throughout history it is quite likely that some of its best therapeutic qualities are still to be explored.
Angelica (Angelica archangelica) root essential oil is precious and unique. Unique for its content of musk lactone and musk ketone which give its aroma the much desired exalting fragrance quality. The novice can easily explore this particular quality by creating a simple blend of equal parts of Bergamot, Jasmine absolute and Angelica.
Therapeutically Angelica is an essential oil with great benefits for those who are weakend or asthenic.
Angelica Root essential oil contains a variety of coumarines and furocoumarines which render the oil photosensitizing if used externally, but make it effective to ease anxiety, insomnia and nervous exhaustion and to ease digestive cramping that goes along with these stresses.
Angelica Seed oil has generally similar qualities as the root oil and its musk fragrance is a bit more nuanced than that of the root oil.
Lovage Root essential oil is apparently somewhat diffcult to produce. The specific gravity of the oil is very near that of water so it only rises to the top very slowly. But the unique composition of this essential oil makes it worth the effort to separate this oil from the hydrosol.
Lovage Root essential oil contains a variety of components called phtalides. In a simplified way one could say that the phtalides from Lovage Root remove toxins from the body by chelating them. In the French literature Lovage Root essential oil is therefore recommended for liver congestion, food, chemical or drug poisoning. Franchome and Pénöel consider it to be one of the most effective agents to treat Psoriasis. The oil is very powerful and should be explored cautiously.
Hops, being from the Cannabinaceae family does not fit perfectly into this post's Apiaceae and Asteraceae theme. However, its cultural coordinates are classically central European. Its main actions are quickly described, it is estrogen mimicking and it is a very fast acting sedative and destressing oil. It is especially effective to calm irregular heartbeat and heart arythmia.
The outstanding therapeutic qualities of Carrot Seed essential oil have been explored in different environments. Recently, however, a study of Anne-Marie Giraud-Robert established the therapeutic value of this essential oil (in combination with some others) for conditions of the liver. The French literature attributes the capacity to regenerate hepatocytes to Carrot Seed oil. The oil's ability to improve liver metabolism also seems to be the origin of its skin regenerating qualities.
The qualities of carrot Seed on the market are often uneven. In addition essential oil is distilled from cultivated plants and also from plants gathered in the wild. Although their therapeutic properties seem to be more or less identical the wild Carrot Seed oils often have a most appealing and complex fragrance, almost being a perfume in themselves!
Celery Seed (Apium graveolens)
Celery Seed essential oil (Apium graveolens) is next to Lovage Root the only common essential oil with a sizeable content of detoxifying phtalides. Similarily it drains toxins from the liver. It also acts as a forceful tonic.
Roots: Thyme Chemotypes from ProvenceNovember 19th, 2012
One of the better known phenomena of the Thyme essential oils from Provence is summarized by the term "Chemotypes." The most popular is probably so-called Thyme linalool. This is aromatherapy shorthand for essential oil of Thymus vulgaris, type linalool. It indicates that this particular oil contains a high concentration of the terpene alcohol linalool. Let's take a look, the Thyme chemotypes from Provence are perfect to study essential oil authenticity.
The most important factor determining the actual composition of a Thyme oil is elevation. The higher we go the more the blue and ultraviolett components of visible light become stronger. And the composition of light influences the formation of essential oils directly as terpene synthesis begins in the chloroplast! In Provence, given its unique topography, growing areas at a 600 feet altitude can be only a few miles away from plateaux at 2400 feet or higher. The hot and possibly irritant, but also very strongly antibacterial phenolic Thyme (Thyme thymol) oils grow at sea level. A few miles away and at slightly higher elevation Thyme paracymene with its anti-rhumatism qualitites can be harvested. And again only a few miles away, but much higher, the etherial Thyme linalool grows.
Yet to arrive at the sought after Thyme oils this geographical phenomenon has been complemented by the dedication of the distillers. For the last 100 years Provence has been a place where essential oils have been distilled by small and midsize businesses and many farmers and distillers are fully aware of the potential that resides in these Thyme plants.
As a result a number of artisan distillers have turned their energy and attention towards making the most brilliant Thyme oils. (For reference try to think California boutique winery, quality over quantity). Those producers are on the lookout for interesting populations of Thyme or they cultivate clones with a particularly interesting composition and quite a diversity of Thyme oils is now available from Provence. When the virtues of Thyme thuyanol were first advanced through a study from a Belgian university that found that it was effective against Chlamydia infection a demand materialized and some growers cloned the respective plant and distilled clonal Thyme thuyanol.
One of our supplier friends discovered a population of Thyme plants in a secluded valley not far north of Nice, where the wild plants upon distillation yield an oil that is rich in the terpene alcohol thuyanol. Sometimes there is so much of it that it crystallizes out of the oil. Producers in the Drome have taken to producing Thyme linalool oil from specially cultivated clones.
In higher elevations further south in Vaucluse and Haute Provence even the casual hiker can smell that the wild Thyme plants growing on the ground have the etherial aroma of linalool and geraniol. From this area come Thyme linalool essential oils distilled from wild plants.
Every such wild plant, strictly speaking, represents its very own unique chemotype. The composition of one plant may well be different from the one growing right next to it. However, upon distillation, the resulting oil will still have the predominance of a specific component, in this case linalool and often geraniol (Wild Thyme linalool/geraniol).
Some have suggested to call oils from wildcrafted plants regio types instead of chemotypes. As with population or wild Lavender, the Thyme oils from wildcrafted plants are more complex than those distilled from clones, even though they contain the same main component. But while clonal Thyme linalool may have up to 70% linalool, as a result of successful selection, the wild counterpart often has a content of 15 – 20% linalool, accompanied by substantial amount of geraniol.
So the true quality of the Thyme oils of Provence lies not so much in an especially high linalool (or geraniol) content, but rather in the fact that there is quite a variety of authentic, non-industrial oils which truly reflect the processes of the Thymus vulgaris plant in the specific environment it has grown.
And as has been said elsewhere, there is much healing that emanates from the plant and its processes that cannot be reproduced in the laboratory, even if the chemicals involved look identical on the surface.
Corsican Essential Oils and the Idea of AuthenticityOctober 8th, 2012
The essential oils from the island of Corsica have a special place in aromatherapy. An explanation for the uniqueness of the Corsican essential oils is found in the recent history of modern aromatherapy.
When modern aromatherapy first took shape in the mid 1970s, essential oils came from one place and basically one place only, the large fragrance houses of Grasse or New York. These classic fragrance houses were highly proficient in distilling and extracting natural products for onward processing of fragrances and flavors into perfumes, foods or cosmetics. To manufacture these products in constant and even quality the natural raw materials must be of reliable and constant quality. The variations caused by nature, through climate, soil, altitude etc., are an impediment to the industrial process. As a result the processors have built extensive know how for adding and removing components from the natural product, so that one years batch is basically identical with that of another! Lavender for instance should not have an arbitrary concentration of Linalyl acetate if used in industrial processing, its concentration should be between 40 and 42%. Hence Lavender 40/42 is found on the market, where the concentration of Linalyl acetate has been augmented to reach the desired level.
This process is also known as standardizing and it can also be used to adjust or even reconstitute essential oils to bring down the price point. It is important to understand that this is exactly what industrial processors do: Adjusting essential oils so the cost comes down so low that the resulting mixture can still be sold at a price below the pure natural oil and still generate a hefty profit. This is where the necessary margins come from. Simply buying and selling natural oils does not generate the returns – let alone dividends for the share holders – which these large outfits require.
As a result early aromatherapy was caught between the writings of Valnet and Tisserand who insisted that essential oils for healing had to be pure and unadulterated and the reality of a supply where practically everything coming out of Grasse was standardized or adulterated!
Then came Corsica.
As aromatherapy gained some traction some distillers in Corsica made the leap and began to manufacture essential oils specifically for the aromatherapy market. No one in Grasse was interested in a high priced specialty like Inula graveolens, but aromtherapy icons Pénoël and Franchomme were. Inula proved itself to be probably the most effective mucolytic agent in aromatherapy. And since this oil went directly from the producers to the aromatherapy market it bypassed the standardization processes inherent in industrial processing.
The idea of genuine and authentic essential oils was born.
The same was true for another Corsican specialty, the Rosemary verbenone. No one in Grasse would be interested to buy a Rosemary oil for 350 Euros per kilo when the oils from Tunesia could be adjusted so that they could be sold for 20 Euros per kilo! But again, the aromatherapy market honored the the efforts of the Corsican distillers and began to integrate this fabulous oil into a seemingly infinite number of skin care products.
There are quite some essential oils form Corsica with basically the identical story: Green Myrtle, the perfectly mild essential oil to sooth the lungs, used by some even to support patients with pneumonia, Mountain Juniper, another perfectly mild essential oil, sometimes used to ease neuralgic pain.
Wild Fennel to sooth spasms.
Black Pine for preventing sun damage and also as a powerful decongestant for the prostate.
and a Cryptone chemotype of Eucalyptus polybractea, effective against HPV.
And then there is of course Helichrysum italicum, best known for its wound healing and tissue regenerating qualities.
Because of the unflinching dedication of the distillers to producing truly authentic essential oils for the healing purposes of aromatherapy Corsican essential oils have gained a wide following wherever aromatherapy is practiced. Especially comparing the Corsican Juniper or Fennel to their industrial counterparts immediately illustrates the difference between a truly authentic essential oil and the adjusted product so prevalent on the market.
Roots: The Magic of Fine LavenderJuly 22nd, 2012
Often we are asked by customers, which Lavender should I buy. A legitimate question considering the significant price differences between sauvage, population, clonal and hybrid Lavenders. Generally the subtext to these questions is, whether or not the more expensive oil packs a bigger therapeutic punch. The honest answer, in a first approximation, is probably 'no.' A Lavender Maillette should calm down a mosquito bite just as well as a population Lavender.
But at second glance there are probably some subtle but still significant differences. The best way to explore these less tangible qualities is to use the different Lavender oils for a few days in a row, as described in the Lavender Journey in "The Healing Intelligence of Essential Oils."
The most obvious qualities of population and wild Lavenders clearly are their complexity (broader range of components) as well as their elegance, reflected in the less intense but round fragrance.
Using these fine Lavenders over time often leads to a closer and more intuitive relation with these classic essential oils. The substantial contributions they provide for our physical and emotional well being become ingrained in our experiences.
Roots: The StillJuly 22nd, 2012
A typical stainless steel still in Provence, used by the larger distillers, holds about 6 tons. The large tire in the foreground can be lifted up by a pulley and positioned over the still. As it is lowered over the Lavender charge of the still it serves as a giant pipe stopper, compacting the plant material in the still.
Looking BackNovember 30th, 2011
With "Healing Intelligence of Essential Oils" being in the stores and the year being 2011 it was interesting to revisit what we had to say on our ten year anniversary in 1993. Here is the original article from our, then, "inside aromatherapy" newsletter:
History of Firsts
Ten years ago, Bill Mandel's feature article about Dr. Kurt Schnaubelt and Original Swiss Aromatics appeared in the San Francisco Examiner. It has been an exciting decade filled with many firsts in American aromatherapy. Since 1983, Original Swiss Aromatics and the Pacific Institute of Aromatherapy together have been the first…
…to establish the concept of genuine and authentic essential oils in the US,
…to create the Aromatherapy Course, the first comprehensive text on scientific aromatherapy to come out of the US and the first and foremost course with a pharmacological basis that is internationally recognized,
…to bring Robert Tisserand to this country for his first major US seminar,
…to set the stage and present Dr. Daniel Penoël, aromatherapy researcher, author and lecturer, who has since become practically a household word in American aromatherapy,
…to present Pierre Franchomme, Master Aromatherapy Scientist and aromatherapy consultant for the Origins product line,
…to coordinate the original two American aromatherapy conventions in the US,
…to speak out not only about the quality of essential oils but to start a rigorous program of purity analysis by GC/MS.
Many have adopted our concepts and now espouse essential oil purity and others have copied or adapted our innovative and academically oriented course materials as a basis for their own training programs. Graduates of our International Certification Seminars include corporate executives, spa directors, medical professionals and representatives from almost every major manufacturer of aromatherapy products or importer of essential oils in this country. Inviting distinguished aromatherapists from France has now become a must for virtually any business even remotely involved with aromatherapy.
In retrospect, so much has occurred in aromatherapy in the last 10 years, but it seems that we are only now beginning to grasp the enormous potential this modality has in our lives, our work, and for our health. Aromatherapy is currently the fastest growing, most dynamic, alternative healing method being explored today.
As we peer into the future, we see even more exciting possibilities on the horizon. Learn with us, if you want to be on the cutting edge of scientific aromatherapy.
Watch out for more innovation and "firsts" in our field.
Join us on our journey into the world of aromatic plants, and that gentle, effective art of "sustainable" medicine…AROMATHERAPY.


text:
Paloma Beach Apartments
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These modern apartments contain private bathroom, living room with sofa bed, dining area with kitchenette and balcony with pool, garden or mountain views. They also include flat screen colour TV, CD and DVD player, refrigerator, microwave and kettle.
Free parking is nearby and car hire and currency exchange services are onsite. Outside is an exercise area, heated pool and a children's playground.
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The apartments are on flat land with no hills to climb and whilst conveniently located for all resort attractions, they tend to attract a quieter type of clientele.
Price range
NamePaloma Beach Apartments
AddressAvenida Juan Carlos I, 43, 38650, Los Cristianos Spain | 0.6 miles from city center | Show on map
Telephone: +34(922)750410 | Fax: | Official Homepage
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Lady Shelley
The Lady Shelley is a 225-seater catamaran which does various sightseeing trips along the Arona coastline. She features a glass bottom as well as a covered viewing deck and departs daily from the harbour at Los Cristianos. Masca cove, La Caleta cove and Los Gigantes cove form part of the itinerary and tariffs vary according to the duration of the trip. Excursions to do whalewatching are also available all year and include lunch. Further details are available at the website.

subset: commoncrawl


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Wed, Aug. 26, 8:40 AM
- Sinopec (NYSE:SNP) says its H1 net profit fell 22% Y/Y to 25.39B yuan ($3.96B) from 32.5B yuan a year earlier, as sharply lower crude oil prices hurt upstream earnings.
- SNP's total H1 oil and gas production fell 1.8% Y/Y to 233M boe, driven lower by falling domestic crude production; H1 refinery throughput rose 2.7% to 118.9M metric tons.
- "Upstream performance remains an area of concern with declining domestic oil and gas production," says Bernstein's Neil Beveridge, but he adds that the company should benefit from improved downstream performance due to lower feedstock prices for the rest of the year.
Wed, Apr. 29, 12:12 PM
- China Petroleum & Chemical (NYSE:SNP): Q1 EPS of RMB 0.018
- Revenue of RMB 478.24B (-25.4% Y/Y).
- Press Release
Thu, Mar. 26, 8:49 AM
- PetroChina (NYSE:PTR) says its net profit fell 17.3% last year to its lowest annual profit in five years, as falling crude oil prices squeezed earnings.
- PTR says its net income dropped to 107.2B yuan ($17.2B) from 129.6B yuan a year earlier, while revenue rose 1.1% to 2.28T yuan from 2.25T a year earlier.
- Capital spending for 2015 will be reduced by 8.8% at 266B, adding to last year's 8.4% reduction; the move follows similar cuts by Chinese state-owned rivals Sinopec (NYSE:SNP) and Cnooc (NYSE:CEO).
- Oil and gas production rose 3.6% to 1.45B boe in 2014, and realized crude oil price fell 13% to 3,939 yuan/ton.
Mon, Mar. 23, 7:58 AM
- Sinopec (NYSE:SNP) says it is cutting its 2015 capital spending 12% to 135.9B yuan ($22B) from 2014's 154.6B yuan, after reporting a Q4 net loss of 5.4B yuan vs. a 19.3B yuan profit in Q3.
- China second largest oil group warns that it expects a "significant decrease" in Q1, which will be "in the vicinity of the breakeven point" because of low prices and inventory costs.
- For FY 2014, SNP's net income dropped to 46.5B yuan, down nearly 30% Y/Y and falling well short of analysts' consensus estimate of 53.5B yuan; revenues slipped 2% Y/Y to 2.8T yuan.
- SNP says crude production for 2014 climbed 8.5% to 361M barrels as realized prices fell 5.8%, and expects output may drop 4% to 348M barrels in 2015; however, natural gas production may grow 24% to 886B cf.
Apr. 28, 2014, 11:35 AM
- Sinopec (SNP -0.4%) reports a larger than estimated 15% drop in Q1 profit, hurt by higher finance expenses due to the weaker Chinese yuan.
- SNP's sales declined 8% to 641B yuan and operating profit at its E&P business dropped 19% to 13.2B in the quarter; crude oil output rose 9% to 89.4M metric tons, while its realized oil price declined 4%, and gas output gained 9% to 177.4B cf.
- PetroChina (PTR), China's biggest oil and gas producer, posted a 5% decline in Q1 profit last week; both companies were hurt by the weaker Chinese yuan, which has a bigger impact on SNP because the China's biggest refiner and crude oil importer buys ~70% of the crude it needs in U.S. dollars.
Mar. 28, 2014, 8:21 AM
- Cnooc (CEO) posted an 11.4% drop in its 2013 net profit, well below analyst forecasts, to 56.5B yuan ($9.3B) vs. 63.7B yuan the previous year, as it struggled to deliver production growth and control costs amid weakening crude prices.
- China's largest offshore oil and gas producer nevertheless says it expects to boost capital spending by 14%-30% this year, a sharp contrast to plans from rivals PetroChina (PTR) and Sinopec (SNP), which said they will cut capital expenditure this year by 7% and 4.2% respectively.
- SNP had reported 2013 net profit rose 3.4%, while PTR had reported a 12% rise.
- Production rose 20.2% Y/Y to 411.7M boe in 2013, thanks to contributions from newly acquired Nexen; excluding the contribution, Cnooc produced 350.9M boe, missing for the third year in a row its compound annual growth target of 6%-10% set for the 2011-15 period.
Mar. 24, 2014, 7:54 AM
- Sinopec (SNP) reports a 3.4% increase in its 2013 net earnings to 66.1B yuan ($10.6B) vs. analyst consensus estimate of 69B yuan and 63.9B yuan a year earlier, and says it plans to reduce capital spending 4.2% to 161.6B yuan this year.
- SNP says it expects to complete the sale of up to 30% of its marketing business in Q3 of this year, and plans to set up a holding company for the marketing assets by the end of March, Chairman Fu Chengyu says.
- Says oil and natural gas production rose 3.5% to 442.8M boe last year, and forecasts production of 363.8M barrels of oil and 706.2B cf of natural gas in 2014.
- Says production at the Fuling field, SNP's first commercial shale gas field, is running ahead of schedule; SNP expects it to produce 1.8 cubic meters of shale gas this year, 9x China's total output of shale gas last year.
- PetroChina (PTR), China's largest oil producer, also is cutting capex; it said last week its spending target for 2014 was 7.1% lower Y/Y.
Oct. 29, 2013, 9:39 AM
- Sinopec (SNP +3.5%) reports its Q3 net earnings rose 20% Y/Y to 22B yuan ($3.6B), or 0.18 yuan/share, due to an improvement in refining margins after China reformed fuel pricing in March.
- SNP processed 174.2M metric tons of crude oil in the January-September period, up 6.4% from a year earlier; the average selling price of its oil fell 5.5% to $95.11/bbl in the period.
- Operating profit from the refining business was 6.7B yuan in the first nine months, compared with a loss a year earlier; crude and natural gas production rose 4% in the period to 331M barrels.
Apr. 26, 2013, 6:57 AMChina Petroleum & Chemical (SNP): Q1 Net profit of $2.7B (+25% Y/Y). | Apr. 26, 2013, 6:57 AM | Comment!
Apr. 25, 2013, 10:22 AMSinopec's (SNP -0.4%) Q1 net profit jumped 25% Y/Y to 16.7B yuan ($2.7B) from 13.4B yuan, due to an improved refining business. SNP processed 58.7M metric tons of crude oil in the quarter, up 5.9% from 55.4M tons. The average selling price of its oil fell to $98.83/bbl from $106.10 a year earlier. Agrees to sell a 30% stake in an oil and gas block in Myanmar to Taiwan's CPC Corp. | Apr. 25, 2013, 10:22 AM | Comment!
Mar. 24, 2013, 3:43 AMChina Petroleum & Chemical Corp. (SNP): 2012 net profit -13% to 63.9B yuan ($10.3B) vs consensus of 61.8B yuan. Operating loss for refining narrows 26% to 11.9B yuan. Oil and natural gas production +4.9% 428M. | Mar. 24, 2013, 3:43 AM | Comment!
Aug. 27, 2012, 5:11 AMSinopec (SNP): H1 net profit -40% to 24.5B yuan ($3.8B), revenue +9.3% to 1.3T yuan. Losses at refining division widen by about 50% to 18.5B yuan. Chemicals losses 1.2B yuan. Overall profit falls due to controls preventing Sinopec from passing on oil price rises to consumers. Crude oil output +4.3% to 163.1M barrels. Natural gas +14% to 8.2B cubic meters. (PR) | Aug. 27, 2012, 5:11 AM | Comment!
SNP vs. ETF Alternatives
Company Description
China Petroleum & Chemical Corp is engaged in the oil & gas and chemical operations & businesses, including exploration, development, production, refining, transportation, storage & marketing of crude oil & natural gas & production of chemicals.
Sector: Basic Materials
Industry: Independent Oil & Gas
Country: China
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text:
Page 1
46 © JAPI • JAnuAry 2012 • VOL. 60
Scorpion envenomation is an important public health hazard in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Envenomation
by scorpions can result in a wide range of clinical effects, including, cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity and respiratory
dysfunction. Out of 1500 scorpion species known to exist, about 30 are of medical importance. Although a variety
of different scorpion species exist, majority of them produce similar cardiovascular effects. Scientists and clinicians
have studied patho-physiology of scorpion envenomation by critical observations of clinical, neurotransmitters
studies, radioisotope studies, echocardiography and haemodynamic patterns. regimen including scorpion
antivenom, vasodilators, intensive care management have been tried to alleviate the systemic effects of envenoming.
In spite of advances in patho-physiology and therapy the mortality remains high in rural areas due to lack of access
to medical facilities, moreover the medical attendee from developing tropical countries may not be aware of the
advances in the treatment of scorpion sting. Since the advent of scorpion Antivenom, vasodilators, dobutamine
and intensive care facilities, the fatality due to severe scorpion sting has been significantly reduced in areas where
these treatment modalities are used.
Bawaskar Hospital and research Center, Mahad, raigad 402301,
Maharashtra, India
"To him who devotes his life to science, nothing can give more
happiness than increasing the number of discoveries, but his cup of
joy full when the results of his studies immediately find practical
Louis Pasteur
Except for Hemiscorpius Lepturus, all venomous scorpion species,
belong to the large family Buthidae.1 The most notorious ones are
found in the genera Buthus (Mediterranean Spain to the Middle
East), Parabuthus (western and southern Africa), Hottentotta
(South Africa to south east Asia), Tityus (central America,
south America and the Caribbean), Leiurus (northern Africa and
middle East), Androctonus (northern Africa to southeast Asia),
Centruroides (southern united states, Mexico, central America and
Caribbean) and Mesobuthus (through out the Asia) (Figure 1).
corpion envenomation is an occupational hazards for farmers,
farm labors, villagers, migrating population and hunters.
Scorpions are generally found in dry, hot environments,
although some species also occur in forest and wet savannas.
All species are nocturnal, hiding during the day under stones,
wood or tree barks. The risk of scorpion sting is higher in rural
areas, but some species are found close contact with man, and
live around or inside human dwelling.2
The annual number of scorpion stings cases exceeds 1.23
million, of which over 32250 may be fatal.1 During 60s and
70s, cases fatality rate of up to 30% were reported from Kokan
region.3,4 Since the advent of vasodilators prazosin,5 captopril,6
nifedipine,7 sodium nitroprusside, hydrazine, scorpion
antivenom5,7,8 and intensive care management the fatality is
dropped to <2-4%.9
real incidence, morbidity and deaths are scarce, because most
of victims don't seek medical treatment or public health structure
and prefer to consult traditional healers moreover scorpion sting
Scorpion Sting :Update
Himmatrao Saluba Bawaskar*, Pramodini Himmatrao Bawaskar*
Fig. 2 : Endemic regions of venomous scorpion sting in India
Fig. 1 : An Indian Red scorpion Mesobuthus Tamulus
Invited Article
Uttar Pradesh
Page 2
© JAPI • JAnuAry 2012 • VOL. 60
Fig. 4 : Priapism , sweating and salivation
is not included in a list of notifiable diseases, the actual burden
of scorpion stings is likely to be underestimated. Seven regions
where scorpion stings poses significant public health concern
are north –Sahara Africa, south Africa, near and Middle East,
south India, Mexico and south Latin America.1 In north America,
medically important species includes Androctonus Australis,
S. Mauretanicus, Buthus Occitanus and Leiurus quibquestriatus.
Tunisia is amongst the countries which are most affects, with
almost 40,000 sting cases reported each year.10
The venomous species, in the middle East, are Androctonus
Crassicauda, Mesobuthus Tamulus, Mesobuthus Eupeus, Parabuthus
Liosoma, B. Occiptanus and L. Quinquestriatus. In Khuzestan,
South-west Iran, scorpion stings are amongst the leading causes
of death. Although a variety of species are found in the region,
90% of fatalities are attributed to Hemiscorpion lepturus.11 This
species, also known as thin –tailed scorpion, possesses a venom
which is highly cytotoxic.12 Saudi Arabia, venomous species are a.
Crassicauda and L. Quinquestriatus are incremented in most sting,
irrespective of lethal venomous species the insignificant fatality
is due to medical excellent facilities and supportive care. In Israel
serious scorpion sting amongst the children and life –threatening
envenoming is rare in healthy adults.13
In Asia epidemiological data on scorpion stings is scarce.
India is the most affected, with a reported incidence of 0.6%.1 A
retrospective analysis of the calls received by the national poison
information center (nPIC) between April 1999 and March 2002
showed that, out of 995 calls, 6 involved scorpion sting.14 During
hot months March to June and September to October daily cases
of sever scorpion sting are received at endemic areas western
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Sauraahtra and Tamil
nadu (Figure 2). 11-15 severe scorpion sting due to Mesobuthus
Tamulus species of scorpion per month reported from kokan
region.4,5,15,16,17 Higher incidence of scorpion sting occurred during
hot months attributed to increase in agriculture activities.3,15,16,17
Scorpion, Venom Biochemistry and
Scorpions are eight legged arthropods in the class Arachnid,
they are viviparous and cannibalistic. Scorpion have been able
to survive in heat, drought, freezing conditions for weeks, desert
condition and starvation for months and total immersion of water
for days. This remarkable power of adoption makes their survival
independent of ecological condition and gives the species an
unbroken continuity in adverse climatic conditions. During the
day time scorpions take shelter under bark of trees, dry firewood
or cow dung, in the piles of bricks, paddy husk, beddings, loose
tiles of hut, in the shoes left empty over night, pockets of trousers
and shirt, carving, crevices of windows and doors. The venomous
scorpion tend to have weak –looking pincers, thin bodies
but thick tail (Figure 1).18 Terminal bulbous of the segmented
tail contains pair of venom secreting gland telson with sharp
semi curve stinger. The venom vesicle surrounded by striated
muscular layer facilitating and regulating venom ejections.
This ability explains the variation of intensity of symptoms
and existence of "dry" sting without envenoming.1 Palmaneus
Gravimanus (big black) scorpion (Figure 3) from scorpionidae
species causes severe pain with mild swelling, sweating, local
fasciculation, spasm of underneath muscle at the sting site and
transient cardiac involvement.15,19
Scorpion Venom
The lethality of scorpion venom varies with species.
Scorpionidae evokes severe excruciating pain which radiates
along with corresponding dermatomes, while sting by buthidae
species can result a life threatening systemic effects.15,16,18 Venom
is deposited in skin deep to subcutaneous tissue, almost complete
absorption of the venom from sting site would occur in 7-8
hours. 70% of maximum concentration of venom in the blood
reached within 15 minutes and time needed to reach maximum
venom blood concentration is 101± 8 minutes in experimental
animals, half life of intravenously injected venom is between
4 to 7 minutes and takes 4.2 to 13.4 hours for elimination
from blood.20 Scorpions venom is a cocktail of several low
molecular weight basic proteins, neurotoxins, nucleotides,
aminoacids, oligopeptides, cardipotoxins, nephrotoxin,
hemolytic toxins, phosphodiesterase, phospholipase A,
hyaluroinidase. Acetylcholineesterase, glycosaminoglycans,
histamine, serotonin. 5-hydroxyptamine and proteins that
inhibit protease, angiotnsinase and succinate –dehydrogenese,
ribonuclease, 5- nucleotidase. Multiple toxins may be present
in the venom of a single species of scorpion capable to produce
a potent synergic effects in victim.21,22 neurotoxins of scorpion
venom content is highly lethal than neurotoxin of snake venom.
The LD50 of some scorpion neurotoxins have been analyzed
to be 10 fold more potent than cyanide.23 The yellow scorpion
Leiurus Quinquestriatus (LQ) and Mesobuthus Tamulus have been
reported among the most lethal scorpion species.22 The main
molecular targets of scorpion neurotoxins are the voltage gated
sodium channels and potassium channels including calcium
Fig. 3 : Black scorpion Palmaneus Gravimanus
Page 3
48 © JAPI • JAnuAry 2012 • VOL. 60
activated potassium channels, explained scorpion neurotoxins
act mainly on excitable cells of nerves and muscles.21,22 Iberiotoxin
and tamulotoxin content of scorpion Mesobuthus Tamulus
venom are the only selective inhibitor of potassium channel and
blocking effects of scorpion toxins on the potassium channel
the action potential across excitable cell membrane becomes
prolonged. Sodium and potassium channel toxins of scorpion
venom mediate synergistic effects responsible for intense and
persistent depolarization of autonomic nerves with massive
release of autonomic neuromuscular neurotransmitter evokes
an "autonomic storm".24,25 The stimulation of nitergic nerves
supplying penile smooth muscle may be explain the priapism
observed in severe scorpion envenoming (Figure 4).15,22
Asian black scorpion belonging to scorpionidae family
flourished in South –East-Asia. High concentration of nor-
adrenaline and acetyl choline contents of scorpion venom account
for localising the algesic effect of acetyl choline. Role for nor-
adrenaline could also explain the prolonged local burning pain at
the site of sting.22 Buthus Tamulus induced vasosensory response
involved alpha- adrenoceptors for blood pressure and vagal
efferent for heart rate changes.26 In experimental study sustained
catecholamine decrease was recorded despite re-envenomation.
Prolonged or repeated sympathetic stimulation is blunted
because of exhaustion of the catecholamine store.27 Injection
of Buthus Tamulus venom in rat elicited an initial transient
hypotensive effects (cholinergic) and secondary prolonged
hypertensive effects(adrenergic) effect. The hypertensive effects
is dose dependent.28 Hemiscorpion Lepturus venom evokes severe
inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Pro-inflammatory
cytokines linked to the severely scorpion envenomed patients
are TnF –alpha, IL-1 and IL-6, recently gelatinolytic, caseinlytic
and hyaluronidase and metalloproteinase cause injury to the
skin, blood cells, cardiovascular and central nervous system.29
Scorpion toxins have proved to be extremely versatile tools
in ion channel research.21,22,25 Phaiodotoxin content of Mexican
scorpion increases the window current resulting in action
potential prolongation. While reduction in widow current is
reported to be responsible for ventricular arrhythmias in Brugada
syndrome. In severe scorpion sting victim continuous prolonged
stimulation of sodium neuronal channels by Mesobutus Tamulus
venom result Paralysis of cardiac neuronal sodium channel
manifest Brugada syndrome. Perhaps drug derived from
scorpion toxin could increase the sodium current, and treat the
Brugada syndrome.30
Clinical Manifestations
Clinical effects of the envenomation depends upon the
species of scorpion and lethality and dose of venom injected
at the time of sting. Severe effects is seen in first victim than
envenomed by same scorpion to subsequent victim. Severity of
envenoming is related to age, size of scorpion and the season of
the sting and time lapsed between sting and hospitalization.27,31
Severity of scorpion sting occur in children with 3.9-10%
fatality irrespective of intensive care management from Israel,
Turkey and India.9,32,33,34 Clinically "autonomic storm" evoked
due to venomous envenoming is characterized by transient
parasympathetic (vomiting, profuse sweating, ropy salivation
(Figure 5), bradycardia, ventricular pre mature contraction,
priapism in male, hypotension) and prolonged sympathetic (cold
extremities, hypertension, tachycardia, pulmonary edema and
shock) stimulation (Figure 6).7,15,16,20,35
On basis of clinical manifestations at the time of arrival to
hospital and according to severity they are graded in 4 grades.8
Grade 1: severe excruciating local pain at the sting site
radiating along with corresponding dermatomes, mild local
oedema with seating at the sting site, without systemic
Grade 2: signs and symptoms of autonomic storm
characterized by acetyl choline excess or parasympathetic
stimulation and sympathetic stimulation
Grade 3: cold extremities, tachycardia, hypotension or
hypertension with pulmonary edema (respiratory rate > 24 per
minute, basal rales or crackles in lungs).
Grade 4: tachycardia, hypotension with or without pulmonary
edema with warm extremities (warm shock).
Sixteen scientists involved in the management of scorpion
sting from endemic areas of scorpion sting were invited from
Algeria, Argentina, Bolivia, Egypt, India, Israel, Mexico,
Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia and Turkey. They attended the
meeting (ADELF congress) at rabat- morocco held on 6 and 7th
may 2009 and consensus was reached to include three classes
as follows.36
Class I : Local manifestations
Class II : Systemic involvement
Class III : Cardiogenic failure, hypotension, ventricular
arrhythmia, bradycardia, cardiovascular collapse, respiratory
failure- cyanosis, dyspnoea, pulmonary edema, neurological
Glasgow score < 6 (in absence of sedation), paralysis.
Local Manifestations
Fig. 5 : Ropy salivation
Fig. 6 : Clinical signs and symptoms
0 102030 40 50607080
Local pain
Pulmonary edema
Cold extremituies
clinical Effects
Page 4
© JAPI • JAnuAry 2012 • VOL. 60
Soon after sting patient experience severe excruciating
radiating pain from sting site usually toes and fingers.
Inconsolable, incessant crying in a child which is of sudden
onset is diagnostic sign of scorpion sting. Due to pain there is
transient bradycardia, rise in blood pressure, mild sweating
but extremities are warm.15 Sudden tap at and around the
site of sting induces severe pain and withdrawal is diagnostic
sign of sting called "TAP sign". Severe pain without systemic
involvement suggestive of benign or dry sting by venomous
species.1,15 Edema and inflammation at the sting site blunt the
sodium channel blocker action of lidocaine. Infiltration of Single
dose 1.5 -2 ml of lidocaine without adrenaline around the sting
site, oral acetaminophen or nSAID, cold therapy at the sting
site and oral diazepam make the victim more comfortable.
Pain conduction is blunted and it is tolerable or mild due to
vasoconstriction caused by liberated circulating catecholamine
due to envenoming by venomous species. reappearance of
severe pain accompanied by improved peripheral circulation by
vasodilation suggest recovery.37 Local incision, tight tourniquet,
application of potassium permanganate, herbal remedies lead to
local tissue damage, infection and gangrene (Figure 7).
Systemic Manifestations
Vomiting : Transient projectile vomiting is due to autonomic
storm often seen in a patient envenomed by Mesobuthus Tamulus
(India), Androctnous Crassicauda and Leiurus Quinquestriatus
(Saudi Arabia), Tityus Serrulatus (Brazil), Centruoides (Mexico),
Leiurus Quinquestriatus (Israel). Vomiting is due to serotonic
content of venom.38
Profuse sweating : sweat literally flows all over body clinically
it is called "skin diarrhea". Sweating persist for 3-17 hours.39
Salivation : Thick ropy salivation (Figure 5) due to stimulation
of bronchial mucus glands, which is difficult to expectorate
occurs soon after sting and it persists for 2-4 hours. Excessive
salivation and bronchial secretion are indirect contributing
factors for respiratory failure.39,40
Priapism : Priapism seen in almost all victims of pediatric
age group and 20% adults patients envenomed by scorpions of
Buthidae family except Hemiscorpion. Priapism is diagnostic of
venomous envenoming but its absence or disappearance did not
correlate the outcome. It persists for 5-16 hours.15,32,38,40
Vomiting, sweating, salivation, priapism a diagnostic cardiac
premonitory signs and symptoms of scorpion sting suggestive
of free circulating venom in the blood, can be accessible to
antivenin therapy.8,15
Cold extremities – Cold extremities are due to severe
vasoconstriction a vascular response to liberated circuiting
catecholamine. Cold extremities persisted for 12-26 hours.
Skin over palm and dorsum look like a washer man hand.
Cold extremities are accompanied with severe cardiovascular
manifestations. recovery is accompanied with improvement
in skin temperature. And at rural setting it is an ideal clinical
monitor for lay person or relatives of victim.
Mydriasis : Dilated poorly or non reacting pupils often
seen in early phase of autonomic storm associated with raised
blood pressure. Pupillary effects are due to alpha receptor
stimulation of dilator pupillary muscles by excessive circulating
Cardiovascular system mostly affected by venomous
sting. Clinical manifestations depends upon the duration
of envenoming. Hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, tachy-
bradycardia, pulmonary edema, hypotension and shock are
not the different syndromes but of one process of ongoing
autonomic storm.16
Hypertension : 45-70% victims reported within 30 minutes to
8 hours of sting have raised blood pressure ranging from 140/90
to 200-230/130-160 mm hg. with Bradycardia (heart rate 42- 58
per minute).23,41 Main complaints are headache, chest discomfort,
suffocation and per oral parasthesia. Clinical examination
shows para-sternal systolic lift, apical bulge, proto-diastollic
gallop and transient grade 2/6 apical systolic murmur of mitral
regurgitation due to papillary muscle dysfunction7,16 children
look agitated confused and have propped up eyes, oculogyric
phenomenon, puffy face, decreased level of consciousness and
convulsions; manifestations encephalopathy with blood pressure
measurements between 95 and 99 percentile for age and sex of
child.9,16,23,34,40 If untreated the hypertensive effect is long lasting
and result in development of myocardial failure and pulmonary
edema.23,37,42,43,44,45 Hyper-renemia and sympathetic stimulation
results in rapid and significant increase level of epinephrine, nor-
epinephrine, endothelin, atrial nitriuretic peptide due to sting by
Buthidae species. Accumulation of angiotensin II accelerate the
myocardial injury and oxygen demand.45,47,48,49 Alpha receptors
stimulation plays an important part in the pathogenesis of
hypertension and pulmonary edema due to scorpion sting.50
Tachycardia : 15-20% cases reported after 6-7 hours of
sting develop supraventricular tachycardia (heart rate 110-240
per minute). At times Sudden onset of tachycardia occurs
in a recovering hospitalized patient.17 Tachycardia with
cold extremities is due to effect of raised level of circulating
catecholamines by toxin on beta adrenergic receptors.7,47 However
mark tachycardia occur after 10-12 hours of hospitalization
with hypotension accompanied with warm extremities with or
without pulmonary edema suggestive of warm shock.51 Impaired
left ventricular filling, reduction in cardiac out put due to mark
tachycardia particularly in children result in delirium and
convulsion due to anoxia to the brain.17
Hypotension : Short lasting initial hypotension is due to
hypovolemia as a result of vomiting, sweating, salivation
and cardiac arrhythmias.26 Delayed long lasting hypotension
attributed to reduction in systemic vascular resistance a
hypokinetic phase accompanied by raised heart rate, hypotension
with shock reflecting an alter left ventricular contractility.51,52 In a
hospitalized patient on 2 or 3rd day of admission asymptomatic
hypotension with bradycardia but good volume pulse with
warm extremities accompanied with pronged QTc interval is due
Fig. 7 : Tight tourniquet may result in gangrene
Page 5
50 © JAPI • JAnuAry 2012 • VOL. 60
to depletion of catecholamines from nerve terminals because of
autonomic storm. Venom inhibits kinase II enzyme and lead to
accumulation of bradykinin a neuromuscular agent incriminated
for development of pulmonary edema and hypotension.52
Pulmonary edema : 888 scorpion sting cases studied
during 19 years at primary heath centers over western coast
of Maharasahtra of theses 167 (19%) had pulmonary edema.53
Irrespective of differ species similar reports of pulmonary edema
recorded from Israel, Turkey, Brazil and Saudi Arabia.7,33,54,55 Out
of 428 children of scorpion sting studied over 13 years, 294 (68.7%)
had pulmonary edema with respiratory rate 30 per minute,
agitation, sweating with high plasma protein concentration
reported from Tunisia.43 Pulmonary edema develop within 30
minutes with severe hypertension and may develop after 36
hours of sting with hypotension and tachycardia. Clinically
characterized by acute onset of dyspnoea (respiratory rate >24
per minute), tachycardia, summation gallop, systolic murmur,
cold extremities, sudden onset of intractable cough, bilateral
moist rales and low volume fast thready pulse. During the
month September and October cases may manifest sudden onset
of massive pulmonary edema with central cyanosis, intractable
cough with continuous expectoration of blood stained froth from
mouth and nostril.
Neurological manifestations- Centruroides Exilicada the
bark scorpion, seen in Arizona, new Mexico, western Texas,
southeast California and nevada, venom is highly neurotoxin.
Mesobuthus Tamulus may cause focal neurological presentation
include hemi paresis, hemorrhagic or thrombotic stroke. DIC
is main contributory factors for neurological manifestations.56
Bahloul M et al from Tunisia reported 78% cases had neurological
complications due to Androctonus Australus envenomation.
Patient presented with coma, convulsions, hyperthermia, miosis
and mydriasis, brain edema had poor outcome. Majority of
victims neurological complications are secondary due to brain
anoxia caused by pulmonary edema and cardiovascular failure.57
Acute Pancreatitis : In Trinidad incidence of acute pancreatitis
due to Tityus Serrulatus envenoming is 80%.58 Envenomation
by Leiurus Quienquestriatus in Israel children causes abdominal
pain, vomiting,agitation and discomfort with raised plasma
immunorective cationic trypsin.59 Pancreatitis due to scorpion
sting is rare in India.60
Death within 30 minute of sting can occur due to lethal
ventricular arrhythmia. High fatality due to scorpion sting in
India attributed to delay in reporting to hospital due to poor
transport, reporting to tantrik, medical officer is not aware
of western line of treatment or he had never treated severe
scorpion sting before. Excessive administration of fluids. atropine
increase the severity of pulmonary edema. Steroids increase the
necrotizing effects of circulating catecholamines and oxygen
demand of myocardium. Digitalis enhances already increased
myocardial contraction and oxygen requirement. Antihistamines
and venom both act synergically by inhibiting Ca+ dependent
potassium activating channels lead to QTc prolongation may
cause sudden death. Actual transport of severe scorpion sting
cases to nearest big hospital delays the treatment and add to
their deaths.3,6,15,17,18,32,33,34,37,41,61,62
Haemodynamics: Karnad Dr from India studied
haemodynamic pattern in 8 scorpion sting cases of Mesobuthus
Tamulus sting. He recorded severe vasoconstriction and
hypertension in mild envenoming, while predominant left
ventricular dysfunction with normal systemic vascular resistance
causing pulmonary edema or severe hypotension is related
to the fluid balance. Warm shock with or without pulmonary
edema is the result of biventricular dysfunction and irreversible
vasodilatation.51 Abroug F et al from Tunisia reported the
cardiac dysfunction and pulmonary edema is due to reduction
in left ventricular compliance and increased impendence to left
ventricular emptying.52,63 Increased systemic pressure without
rise in systemic vascular resistance attributed to rise in cardiac
output a inotropic phase, were vasodilators are preferred.
Inotropic phase is an early phase of envenomation characterized
by hypertension and enhanced ventricular contractility.5,23
Hypokinetic phase the hallmarks of which, hypotension and
shock, reflect the altered left ventricular contractility dobutamine
is preferred.63,64 Ignition of myriads of circulating mediators
responsible for potent cardio- respiratory consequence of severe
envenoming.65 Electron microscopes study of fatal scorpion
sting victim showed contraction band necrosis with ruptured
and hyper contraction sarcomers as a result of excessive
catecholamine similar to pheochromocytoma.66
Echocardiogarphic changes - Echo shows poor global
myocardial contractility 12-15 hours of sting, with low ejection
fraction, decreased left ventricular performance, trivial mitral
regurgitation, abnormal diastolic filling for five days to four
weeks. Diminished or hypokinetic left ventricular global
movement with decrease systolic function seen in scintigarphic
study. At times systolic and diastolic frames shows no change
in diameter, flat septum with no systolic thickening.67,68 There
is good correlation between clinical improvement and return
Fig. 8 : Tented T waves
Fig. 9 : Non sustained ventricular tachycardia in scorpion sting


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Adelaide Ristori as Queen Elizabeth in 'Elizabeth, Queen of England'
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7.7 days to cover / High SHort ratio.Stock UPgraded on Friday. No, it's not under the headlines section. Do your homework.Stock split next and divNo reason we can't go to 70 from here. My exit is 65 (half of position if RSI remains in tact)
70 will come when earnings are revised to the upside. Till then I am comfortable with a 60-65 range.
I'm ok with that.My point is that there is more upside than downside, particularly due to the positive upgrades fueling short covering.Pretty easy trade.I was out today at 63.803000 shares from 61.802 points is a great trade. Happy to move on. Good luck all. More upside coming, I just wanted to move into GOOG for the earnings blow out and march to 325.00..


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Odell Beckham Jr. was fined $9,000
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Justin Tucker (Bal-K)
Justin Tucker named AFC Special Teams Player of the Week.
Tucker hit a 52 yard field goal in overtime against the Steelers to lead the Ravens to victory in Week 4. The kicker also connected from 40 yards and 42 yards and has now converted 10 of his 11 chances in 2015. -- Fantasy Alarm
Robbie Gould (Chi-K)
Robbie Gould named NFC Special Teams Player of the Week
Gould's 49 yard field goal with less than 10 seconds left gave the Bears a victory over the Raiders in Week 4. Gould also connected from 54 yards and 19 yards against the Raiders and has made all nine of his field goals this season. -- Fantasy Alarm
T.J. Ward (Den-SS)
T.J. Ward has been named the AFC Defensive Player of the Week.
Ward was the hero in the Broncos Week 4 victory against the Vikings as his strip sack of quarterback Teddy Bridgewater with under a minute left allowed the Broncos to remain undefeated. Ward finished the game with six tackles and two sacks and the safety now has 19 tackles on the season. -- Fantasy Alarm


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StartUpHire is the place to find VP/Director of Corporate Development jobs. Review the list of VP/Director of Corporate Development career opportunities to the left. These VP/Director of Corporate Development jobs represent some of the most rewarding careers available.
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Twilio is a rapidly growing leader in the cloud communications software market. We are seeking a Director of Business Development to execute strategic business development initiatives with leading technology companies like Facebook, Google, Twitter to drive relevance, reach and8/22/2015 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
San Francisco We are seeking a Director of Corporate Development & Strategy. The successful candidate is a ?rockstar? senior strategy consultant or banker who is passionate about shaping Prosper's growth strategy and managing M&A in a highly dynamic market. Must be able to both9/25/2015 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
Job Description Summary: The Director of Health Care Contact Center Operations is responsible for the overall direction of HIPAA-compliant contact centers for a leading radiology benefit management company. The director will help the senior management team design various9/22/2015 Houston, TX Save This Job
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FLSA Classification: Exempt Department: Marketing Location: Palo Alto, CA Reports to: VP of Marketing Summary: Since the very beginning, Ooma has been committed to transforming the landscape of home phone service. We took into account everything that was wrong with home phone9/1/2015 Palo Alto, CA Save This Job
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HN-LI187 Lipper
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About Lipper InternationalLipper International provides exceptionally valued kitchen, home & office organizers including the Soho Spice Collection; single serve coffee pod organizers; kitchen pantryware, cutting boards and tools; serving & entertaining accessories; and children's furniture and toy chests. Lipper uses the finest quality materials including stainless steel, bamboo, acacia wood, chrome- and powder-coated metals and other fine quality hard woods. Known for product functi


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A couple weeks before they signed Jared Allen, the Bears grabbed Willie Young away from the Detroit Lions, with the primary goal of upgrading their pass rush.
Two Bears defensive starters went down in Sunday's 21-13 win over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and it was unclear the day after whether linebacker Lance Briggs and cornerback Kyle Fuller would be suff
Coach Marc Trestman acknowledged that after intense self-scouting during the week off following the loss to the New England Patriots that the Bears will consider moving Jay Cutler around as part o
Every so often it's just part of the job for an NFL safety to deliver a huge hit on an opponent running or attempting to catch a football. It's just the deal.
When the Bears fell to the Green Bay Packers, overshadowed by the Aaron Rodgers Experience was the fact that the Packers, with a very middle-of-the-NFL defense, never really stopped the Bears.


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Maytag Model MER6875BAS Electric Range
This electric range has a smaller oven above the main one that bakes, broils, and has a self-clean feature. You'll find it super convenient during the week for pizzas, casseroles, or burgers and of course, a huge help around the holidays when you never seem to have enough oven space. But do keep in mind that because the large oven is low to the ground, you'll have to bend to open the door and check on foods ' therefore, it's not our top pick for frequent bakers. maytag.com.
Type: Electric range
Reviewed: November 2008
Price When Reviewed: $1950.00
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Ecovacs Deebot 83
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Pursonic i7 Pro Multifunction Vacuum
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Miele Scout RX1 Robot Vacuum Cleaner
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P3 International V-Bot Robotic Vacuum Cleaner
Our Budget Buy pick, the P3 is the most basic and least expensive model we tested.
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Russia Plans Moon, Venus, Mercury Exploration Projects, RIA Says
April 7 (Bloomberg) -- Russia's Academy of Sciences plans several projects to explore the moon, Venus and Mercury in the next 20 years, RIA Novosti said citing a draft program on solar system exploration.
Russia plans to send two moon rovers after 2020 and several landing stations after 2022 to form a lunar practice ground for exploring the satellite's polar areas, RIA said.
Scientists are also planning to launch the Venus-D lander, an orbital unit and a satellite after 2024 to explore Venus's atmosphere and geology, the agency said. The country's plan for the first-ever lander to Mercury won't be for at least 20 years, later than an earlier target of 2019, RIA said.
To contact the reporter on this story: Marina Sysoyeva in Moscow at firstname.lastname@example.com
To contact the editor responsible for this story: Claudia Carpenter at email@example.com


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Rage Extreme Shock Collars
Product Information:
The Rage® Extreme Shock Collars help your broadheads function properly in the field. The shock collars fit on Rage® Extreme and Hypodermic Standard broadheads to ensure the blades do not deploy early in case you bump your arrow while hunting in a treestand. They also break upon contact and need replaced after you take a shot. The Rage® Shock Collars keep your blades in working order for that next kill.
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