text:
Editor's Introduction:
Anti-Mormon Writings: Encountering a Topsy-Turvy Approach to Mormon Origins
George L. Mitton, associate editor
He always conceived every subject on so comprehensive a scale,
that he had not room in his head, to turn it over
and examine both sides of it.
Washington Irving1
Surely your turning of things upside down shall be
esteemed as the potter's clay: for shall the work say
of him that made it, He made me not?
(Isaiah 29:16)
Some have inquired as to why we devote so much space in response to anti-Mormon literature. Would that we could confine ourselves to discussions of positive things, but the negative ones are troublesome to some, and we think that they demand attention. It is our experience that a careful consideration of such writings is instructive and that the faith always comes out better understood and strengthened. Nevertheless, in this issue we offer essays on a remarkable range of subjects, including several of interest on some very positive works and developments. I will mention these briefly and then discuss some important general matters regarding anti-Mormon writings, helping to explain why we feel a need to study and respond to them.
Some Congenial Things
I first take note of the essay by Benjamin N. Judkins on the status and quality of Book of Mormon apologetics—those many and extensive writings that have been prepared in defense of the faith. He describes these achievements modestly, and doubtless more could be said, but he gives a useful overview of the remarkable work and findings of those who have sought to improve our knowledge of the Book of Mormon, while impressively defending its doctrines, background, and historicity in ways the anti-Mormon press has seldom attempted to refute. His essay provides a useful summary for those who seek to learn more.
Kevin L. Barney calls our attention to a new "Reader's Edition" of the Book of Mormon, attractively edited by Grant Hardy. M. Gerald Bradford reviews an important new book of Latter-day Saint scholarship that treats the final hours of the life of Christ. Gaye Strathearn discusses a new scholarly work on the concern of the early Christians about salvation for the dead, which should be of interest to Latter-day Saints. Nathan Oman provides the results of his research on the term secret combinations, showing that its use in the Book of Mormon likely has a much broader meaning than the interpretation of some who have held that it was a reference only to Freemasonry—a narrow view that can result in misunderstandings of the Book of Mormon and a failure to appreciate its broad insights. John A. Tvedtnes offers a review of a book regarding Chinese discovery of America, raising the question of relevance to an understanding of Lehi's voyage.
John W. Welch introduces us to an important new translation and commentary on the Book of Enoch (known as 1 Enoch). Since the discovery of this ancient work in Ethiopia and the study of it, together with related texts that have come to light, scholars have regarded it with growing interest, recognizing its importance in studying the theology of ancient Israel, its influence on the New Testament, and its help in understanding the meaning of early Christianity.2 Latter-day Saints should be particularly interested because of its significance to revelations received by Joseph Smith. Welch discusses this with obvious excitement, which I share, and points the way for further study and understanding.
Responses to Anti-Mormon Writings—or ad Hominem Attacks?
We have included several responses to writings that are clearly anti-Mormon. I will not detail them all here, as readers can scan the contents and find what interests them most. What does anti-Mormon mean? Davis Bitton has written a thoughtful piece for us on "Spotting an Anti-Mormon Book." Some authors, even of virulent attacks on the church, nevertheless complain when we use the term anti-Mormon because they claim to "love the Mormon people." This despite the fact that they do their best to undermine our faith and the faith of our youth, vilify the prophets whose memory we hold dear, dishonor our scriptures, and trample on things that are sacred to us and thereby violate some of our most tender feelings. Most of their arguments have been given reply by the Saints, but they are repeated over and over as though no reply had ever been made. There is a sameness to this literature, but occasionally a new approach comes along. As a perceptive writer once remarked, "new errors, as well as new truths, often appear."3
Frequently, our answers and responses are given the silent treatment. We then have reason to suspect that writers or publishers find it difficult to reply to our findings. Oftentimes an attempt is made to respond by complaining that our essays are ad hominem attacks on the writers and their reputations, rather than efforts to cope with their arguments. These claims are usually made on the Internet.4 It has even been asserted that ad hominem is our "stock in trade." We have come to expect this sort of thing whenever we go to press. This is, of course, an attempt to render our arguments ineffective by destroying our reputation. It is an ad hominem attack on us that fails to answer our arguments. I am not aware of an author ever being discussed in our Review where there is not also a discussion of his or her writing. But some say we should not discuss writers at all—merely treat their work. This is not practical and would be unfair to our readers in many instances.
Why do we discuss authors? Frequently, some discussion is helpful when it brings out an author's past work, experience, training, or known attitudes that might affect competence or preparation to deal with a subject. An example appears in Craig L. Foster's review of Jon Krakauer's work in this issue. Prejudice and past known viewpoints can also place in perspective a writer's purpose or motives. Sometimes our reviewers are dealing with books that are outrageous, and they are understandably outraged and find it difficult to maintain a moderate tone. As editors, we have often used our red pencils to tone down a discussion when troublesome writings are under consideration. FARMS has received mail from many parts of the world—persons often express concern that they don't have information on a writer that might help them assess the validity of a work in question. Our own editor, Daniel C. Peterson, receives telephone calls with questions of that sort from far and near. I think that we would be derelict if we failed to provide such information when we have it and when it appears needed for a better understanding.
The Anti-Mormon "Concatenation"
Since the earliest days of the church, Latter-day Saints have found it necessary to confront anti-Mormon writings. Indeed, Joseph Smith recalled a spirit of sectarian persecution from the time, as a lad, when he first began to mention his visionary experiences—well before the church was organized (Joseph Smith—History 1:21-25, 28, 60). Extant early newspaper articles displayed a great spirit of ridicule and animosity toward him during and about his youth. These early articles tended to be written from a secular point of view. One must search for any favorable comments on religion generally as Joseph Smith is discussed. Intellectually, these writers were a cut above the rest of us commoners, readily recognizing superstition and charlatanry as rumors passed by. Joseph, and the church after it was organized, soon learned the truth of the remarkable prophecy by the angel Moroni, made in Joseph's great obscurity, that his "name should be had for good and evil among all nations, kindreds, and tongues, or that it should be both good and evil spoken of among all people" (Joseph Smith—History 1:33).
In 1839, while languishing in Liberty Jail, Joseph Smith had occasion to reflect on the persecutions being heaped on him and his people. He recognized the role of anti-Mormon publications in contributing to this distress. In his review of these things, which has since been canonized, Joseph spoke of "libelous publications," "libelous histories," and of a "concatenation," or linked series of things, motivated by the adversarial spirit. He saw a need for the Saints to gather up these things and make adequate response to them—a response that should "be attended to with great earnestness" (D&C 123:4-7, 14). In replying to anti-Mormon writings, we try to be sensitive to these considerations.
Let me touch here on the origin of this kind of writing. There is a linked chain in anti-Mormon literature, going back to Joseph Smith's youth. Many writers have slavishly followed the early lead in their assessment of Joseph's character and conduct, and arguments made then are repeated holus-bolus to this day. It first began with newspaper writers in Palmyra and western New York. Probably the most influential, writing from a secular viewpoint, was Abner Cole, editor of the Palmyra Reflector. In a series of articles, Cole lampooned Joseph and the Book of Mormon unmercifully, first using as a basis some pirated sheets from the printer's office. He did this even before the Book of Mormon came off the press—and continued well after its publication.5 Much of what he wrote appears foolish today—and should have then. Still, his columns appear to have had great influence in the formation of a negative opinion about Joseph and his work. Recently I took occasion to read through the file of the Palmyra Reflector, and I encountered ample indications of the significant role of newspapers in forming public opinion at the time. Many could not afford newspapers, but friends and relatives would save stacks of them and pass them on—sometimes to many families. I believe that Cole's severe satirical writings were important in forming unfavorable views among Joseph's contemporaries. Many derogatory claims about Joseph and the Smith family are found in his pieces and other newspapers of the time and were substantially repeated by people in later statements and "affidavits."
Perhaps we should give some slack to the people of Palmyra and western New York when we think about their reaction to Joseph and his unusual claims and doings. After all, "Can there any good thing come out of Nazareth?" (John 1:46); "Is not this Joseph's son?" (Luke 4:22); and "No prophet is accepted in his own country" (Luke 4:24; cf. Matthew 13:54-57). They could not foresee or appreciate the remarkable results of Joseph's work and struggles, nor did they begin to comprehend the meaning of his experiences and the exceptional things happening to him when he lived in their midst. Their eyes could not "see afar off" (Moses 6:27). But if they deserve some slack, what shall we say of the anti-Mormon writers today, who should have the benefit of nearly two centuries of hindsight, yet still call in question Joseph's character and veracity by putting so much stock in the shabby collection of anti-Mormon comments and documents, often taken from the rumors, gossip, secondhand recollections, ill-informed opinions, and general hearsay of the time? The early critics had blinders, but should writers continue to wear them today, confining themselves to the narrow vision of that early period when considering Mormon origins?
Opposition to Joseph appears to have had sectarian roots, but the first written opposition appears to have been largely secular. This secular hostility seems to be an important source of the statements and affidavits also. Sectarian writers have produced the most anti-Mormon literature, but they have not been shy in using secular arguments and efforts when it suits their purpose.6 Note the comments of an observer just a century ago. Nels L. Nelson, a Latter-day Saint writer, complained of the "sins of the clerical profession against the Mormons" and held that it was "their prejudiced views and mistaken zeal that have propagated the hundreds of lurid 'Mormonisms Exposed,' which have come to be as necessary as narcotics to many good people." He found that "our confidence in them is shattered, by the way in which they misrepresent us,—from mere fragmentary and often misquoted passages."7 He thought the remarkable fact that "hatred (of Mormons) can temporarily unite sects which love (of Christ) has never hitherto brought together, ought at least to raise a small doubt as to the real source of the inspiration."8
This situation is still the same today—one need merely examine the nature of books written against us found in the "cults" section of many bookstores. There appears to be moderation in the tone of a few of these writings, which is appreciated. However, the sectarian attack remains undiminished, and professional anti-Mormons still press "their ardent need of funds for the 'Mormon Crusade'" as they did in 1904.9 Recently, alert readers of the Review will have noticed a growing need to respond to anti-Mormon writings deriving from the secular/agnostic/atheist wing rather than sectarian sources. This trend may continue, corresponding to the growing and obtrusive secularization of the society around us. From Louis Midgley, we have an investigative essay about Signature Books.10 With its tendentious agenda, it appears to us that it is the publishing house that is far and away producing the most anti-Mormon literature of this genre.
On Taking Hurlbut and Howe Too Seriously
The first anti-Mormon book was published in 1834 in Painesville, Ohio (near Kirtland), by Eber D. Howe, editor of the Painesville Telegraph. Bearing the title Mormonism Unvailed, it was an attempt to discredit the reputation of Joseph Smith.11 It has been responsible for much harm, despite its serious flaws, and has been used to the present by countless anti-Mormon writers as a foundation for their argument against the Prophet. Today, it should be clear that much in Howe's book is discredited and should be used only with the greatest caution and with a warning to readers of the remaining questions about its reliability. Alas, such warnings seldom appear.
Mormonism Unvailed used two basic thrusts against Joseph. Howe felt the first was the more important and featured it in the subtitle of his book. This was the charge of plagiarism, in which he alleged that the historical parts of the Book of Mormon were derived from an old manuscript by Reverend Solomon Spalding. Supported by statements of persons who claimed to remember details of the manuscript, it was a difficult argument for the Saints to answer until the manuscript was discovered in 1884.12 Aside from a very few diehards, nearly all scholars today have rejected the theory and do not see any meaningful connection between the manuscript and the Book of Mormon.
Howe's second thrust has proved more enduring but should still be viewed with great suspicion. This concerns the statements or "affidavits"13 collected by Doctor14 Philastus Hurlbut, a Mormon excommunicated for immorality, who visited Palmyra and vicinity in 1833 to obtain information against Joseph Smith on behalf of an Ohio anti-Mormon committee.15 The committee's charge to Hurlbut was to
obtain information that would show "the bad character of the Mormon Smith Family," divest Joseph of "all claims to the character of an honest man," and place him at an "immeasurable distance from the high station he pretends to occupy." To accomplish his task, Hurlbut traveled in Ohio, New York, and Pennsylvania collecting statements disparaging to the Smith name.16
Recently, Dale W. Adams has summarized Hurlbut's Palmyra efforts as follows:
Hurlbut spent a month or more in Palmyra giving anti-Mormon lectures and securing anti-Smith statements. A reading of these statements suggests that most of them were collected at lectures given by Hurlbut, supplemented by talks given by local ministers who were critical of Joseph Smith, Jr. . . .
In evaluating these statements it must be recognized they were not assembled from a random sample of people who knew the Smith family. It would not have been in Hurlbut's interests to seek statements that were neutral or complimentary to the Smiths. His rhetoric and the histrionics of the local ministers who helped him certainly fostered, or at least reinforced, negative testimonials by those who attended the anti-Smith meetings organized by Hurlbut in Palmyra.17
From the beginning, Latter-day Saint writers have challenged the Hurlbut-Howe statements and affidavits on several grounds. Briefly, they appear to contain selected rather than random comments; they often appear to be hearsay and gossip rather than a reflection of firsthand knowledge; they appear to be coached to conform to a pattern, often using similar language; and in the absence of original documents, they may have been edited or "doctored" by Hurlbut or Howe. Sometimes they would have required remarkable memory of the purported detail of Joseph's doings or the alleged exact words of his conversation. For the most part, I am inclined to agree with the Saints' negative assessment of the statements. I still feel today much as Robert C. Webb expressed it when he reviewed these things long ago and wondered why critics could not "perceive the essential rottenness of the favorite theories on the origin and significance of Mormonism, and the utterly contemptible character of the 'evidence' upon which they are based."18
In 1990, Signature Books published a book by Rodger I. Anderson that attempted to rescue the Hurlbut-Howe and other similar statements from the ravages of Mormon sophistry.19 There was a long line of Latter-day Saint writings in opposition to the statements and affidavits.20 Anderson's book is useful in providing in the notes a substantial bibliography on the past discussion of the issues and brings together copies of many of the statements in question. But it is with great skepticism that I receive Anderson's conclusion that the affidavits "must be granted permanent status as primary documents relating to Joseph Smith's early life and the origins of Mormonism."21 What is certain is that they are of great importance as primary documents related to the development of anti-Mormonism.
So far as I can find, Rodger Anderson did not attempt to defend the statements Hurlbut obtained to bolster belief in the Spalding theory of the origin of the Book of Mormon—statements appearing in Mormonism Unvailed.22 For obvious reasons he appears to maintain a prudent silence about them since supporting them would give credence to a theory now almost universally rejected by students of Mormon origins. Dan Vogel, who has done extensive work on compiling and publishing documents that he sees as bearing upon Latter-day Saint history, totally excludes the Spalding statements, holding that they "shed no light on Mormon origins."23 Some may think that these statements are not comparable to the Palmyra documents, but they are surely comparable in many ways. Both sets of documents are found only in the same book. Both sets were gathered by Hurlbut and on their face raise the question of coaching or editing. They also would have required persons to perform herculean feats of memory, even recalling the twenty-year-old Spalding manuscript as having specific Book of Mormon names in it, among other details, which somehow had vanished when the manuscript was later discovered. Surely these considerations raise serious questions about Hurlbut's methodology and his procedure in promoting both sets of documents on behalf of an Ohio anti-Mormon committee.
Soon after Anderson's book was published, Latter-day Saint responses appeared.24 Even allowing for any misunderstandings in a complex subject, many questions remained about these documents. Moreover, another study of consequence soon appeared that raised deep questions about the honesty of statements in the documents.25 Donald L. Enders tested the claim—appearing like a leitmotif in several affidavits and other sources—that Joseph and the Smith family were a lazy, shiftless lot. Enders summarized the claims: The Smiths "were 'lazy,' and 'indolent.' One neighbor claimed that the Smiths' 'great objective appeared to be to live without work,' while another said, 'It was a mystery to their neighbors how [the Smiths] got their living.' Some even asserted that the Smiths had no legal claim to [their] property but were mere 'squatters.'"26 Enders used a fresh approach to determine whether these claims of laziness were true. Daniel C. Peterson has summarized his approach and findings:
Working from land and tax records, farm account books and related correspondence, soil surveys, horticultural studies, surveys of historic buildings, archaeological reports, and interviews with agricultural historians and other specialists—sources not generally used by scholars of Mormon origins—Enders concludes that, on questions of testable fact, the affidavits cannot be trusted.
The Smiths' farming techniques, it seems, were virtually a textbook illustration of the best recommendations of the day, showing them to have been, by contemporary standards, intelligent, skilled, and responsible people. And they were very hard working. To create their farm, for instance, the Smiths moved many tons of rock and cut down about six thousand trees, a large percentage of which were one hundred feet or more in height and from four to six feet in diameter. Then they fenced their property, which required cutting at least six or seven thousand ten-foot rails. They did an enormous amount of work before they were able even to begin actual daily farming.
Furthermore, in order to pay for their farm, the Smiths were obliged to hire themselves out as day laborers. Throughout the surrounding area, they dug and rocked up wells and cisterns, mowed, harvested, made cider and barrels and chairs and brooms and baskets, taught school, dug for salt, worked as carpenters and domestics, built stone walls and fireplaces, flailed grain, cut and sold cordwood, carted, washed clothes, sold garden produce, painted chairs and oil-cloth coverings, butchered, dug coal, and hauled stone. And, along the way, they produced between one thousand and seven thousand pounds of maple sugar annually. "Laziness" and "indolence" are difficult to detect in the Smith family.27
What then should we conclude about the reliability and usefulness of the Hurlbut-Howe materials? Are there elements of truth in them? Of course, for some things are known from other sources. Some things Joseph himself said were part of his experience. But what of the very ugly tone and the serious question of exaggeration and extravagant claims about him? At the beginning of his book, Anderson boils down the claims against Joseph's character:
In affidavit after affidavit the young Smith was depicted as a liar and self-confessed fraud, a cunning and callous knave who delighted in nothing so much as preying upon the credulity of his neighbors. A money digger by profession, Smith spent his nights digging for treasure and his days lounging about the local grocery store [there's that laziness again!] entertaining his fellow tipplers with tales of midnight enchantments and bleeding ghosts, the affidavits maintained.28
The bitter spirit of the affidavits shows through, even in this summary. Their intemperate tone is of great significance to me. I am led to conclude that these documents are of questionable value or reliability in trying to fill out details in the life of young Joseph. And they are even more doubtful in assessing his character and true motivations, for the people of New York did not begin to understand him. In an insightful finish to his book, Rodger Anderson concludes:
Nondescript and of little consequence until he started attracting others to his peculiar blend of biblical Christianity, frontier folk belief, popular culture, and personal experience, Joseph Smith was an enigma to his incredulous New York neighbors. For them, he would always remain a superstitious adolescent dreamer and his success as a prophet a riddle for which there was no answer.29
Will we today ever master the riddle—the so-called "prophet puzzle"—if we confine ourselves to the western New Yorkers' myopic and topsy-turvy opinions of young Joseph?
Studying Joseph Smith's History "Right Side Up"
If we are to make progress in understanding the young Joseph Smith, it appears that we must give much closer attention to his own explanation and that of his close associates. After all, he knew more about it than anyone else. Much still awaits our consideration. Some have assumed that he did not reply to Mormonism Unvailed, or could not reply, but that is far from the truth. Rodger Anderson notes that "to defuse the potentially explosive documents, Smith read them aloud at public meetings, denouncing them as the work of Satan."30 But it is the written response that is even more important, and much has survived that can help put the Hurlbut-Howe statements in perspective.
In the church periodical the Messenger and Advocate, published at Kirtland, Ohio, Joseph Smith's close associate, Oliver Cowdery, undertook to prepare and publish "'a full history of the rise of the church' in an effort to counter the distorted reports that had circulated."31 It appeared concurrently with Howe's book in 1834 and was specifically intended to be a response to it and like challenges. The history took the form of a series of letters from Cowdery to W. W. Phelps. Oliver noted that "our brother J. Smith jr. has offered to assist us."32 To help at the outset, Joseph prepared a strong statement regarding his youthful behavior:
During this time, as is common to most, or all youths, I fell into many vices and follies; but as my accusers are, and have been forward to accuse me of being guilty of gross and outragious violations of the peace and good order of the community, I take the occasion to remark, that . . . I have not, neither can it be sustained, in truth, been guilty of wronging or injuring any man or society of men; and those imperfections to which I alude, and for which I have often had occasion to lament, were a light, and too often, vain mind, exhibiting a foolish and trifling conversation.
This being all, and the worst, that my accusers can substantiate against my moral character, I wish to add, that it is not without a deep feeling of regret that I am thus called upon in answer to my own conscience, to fulfill a duty I owe to myself, as well as to the cause of truth, in making this public confession of my former uncircumspect walk, and unchaste conversation: and more particularly, as I often acted in violation of those holy precepts which I knew came from God. . . . I do not, nor never have, pretended to be any other than a man "subject to passion," and liable, without the assisting grace of the Savior, to deviate from that perfect path in which all men are commanded to walk!33
Oliver Cowdery published his own forceful defense of Joseph Smith's character. In a statement that apparently alludes to the Hurlbut-Howe claims, he says:
[Joseph] passed the time as others, in laboring for his support. But in consequence of certain false and slanderous reports which have been circulated, justice would require me to say something upon the private life of one whose character has been so shamefully traduced. By some he is said to have been a lazy, idle, vicious, profligate fellow. These I am prepared to contradict, and that too by the testimony of many persons with whom I have been intimately acquainted, and know to be individuals of the strictest veracity, and unquestionable integrity. All these strictly and virtually agree in saying, that he was an honest, upright, virtuous, and faithfully industrious young man. And those who say to the contrary can be influenced by no other motive than to destroy the reputation of one who never injured any man in either property or person.
While young, I have been informed he was afflicted with sickness; but I have been told by those for whom he has labored, that he was a young man of truth and industrious habits. And I will add further that it is my conviction, if he never had been called to the exalted station in which he now occupies, he might have passed down the stream of time with ease and in respectability, without the foul and hellish tongue o[f] slander ever being employed against him. It is no more than to be expected, I admit, that men of corrupt hearts will try to traduce his character and put a spot upon his name: indeed, this is according to the word of the angel; but this does not prohibit me from speaking freely of his merits, and contradicting those falsehoods.34
Oliver's mention of the "word of the angel" alludes to the instruction and warnings given to Joseph Smith by Moroni, which appear in remarkable length and detail in the Cowdery letters and had to have been given to Oliver by Joseph himself. In this account, the angel is quoted as warning Joseph that "the workers of iniquity will seek your overthrow: they will circulate falsehoods to destroy your reputation."35
Moroni and the Ritual Life of Joseph Smith
Many insights regarding Joseph Smith's early life and conduct are suggested by the angel Moroni's instruction as contained in the Cowdery letters. His instruction bids us to reflect on theological meanings and implications ignored by secular critics. From these enlightening essays, it is apparent that Joseph Smith was paced through special experiences to give him understanding essential to his future work and calling. Here I would observe that because of his prophetic calling and the things he was commanded to do, the arranged circumstances of his unique environment, and the resulting reaction of others and the opposing spiritual power, Joseph Smith was required to live a richly symbolic life—a ritual life, if you will. I say required because, if faithful to his calling, he would be forced through the pattern in many designed circumstances that he could not arrange or control. This is best seen by comparing his life with other prophetic figures whose lives have significant common elements or motifs, and especially with Christ, who was the great exemplar. Striving to understand the meaning behind the symbolic things Joseph exemplified can be a lifetime quest but very instructive indeed. Certainly Joseph Smith's neighbors did not begin to understand. Nor would I expect our agnostic-atheist detractors to grasp the significance of these subtleties either since they have already chosen to shut themselves off from an appreciation of transcendent things as obvious as the sun. But those who share our knowledge of the reality of spiritual forces—both good and ill—will recognize the supreme importance of such matters.
The ritual pattern is broad indeed, and I can only touch on two or three elements here. However, they are important ones in helping us to understand the meaning of Joseph's early experience. Surely the first one, which we have mentioned above, would be that of rejection by those who knew him in his youth, followed by contrasting acceptance later by many believers. Latter-day Saints are reminded of this pattern in the life of Christ when they sing in Parley Pratt's cherished hymn: "Once rejected by his own, Now their King he shall be known."36
Another important element is suggested by a passage in the Lectures on Faith that were given in Kirtland: Jesus "was exposed to more powerful contradictions than any man can be."37 Surely Joseph Smith was exposed to "powerful contradictions" when his young mind was troubled over greatly contrasting thing—a dilemma he faced of which his neighbors were oblivious or unaware. His attempt to meet this challenge, whether apt or not, can help explain some of the unusual things Joseph did.
A most significant feature in Joseph's early life that meets us very strongly in Moroni's instruction as recorded in the Cowdery letters, and in Joseph's own histories, is the element of temptation. Some years ago, while reading Bousset's noted study of Christ, I was struck with his comment on the Savior's temptation. Citing similar "schemata" in the lives of other prophetic figures, he noted that the New Testament relates "the prehistory of the hero before his public appearance according to a definite schema; the hour of illumination is followed by the hour of temptation."38 Jesus's illumination occurred at baptism, when the Father's voice was heard and the Holy Ghost descended. This was followed with temptation by the devil in the wilderness. I was then strongly impressed that this basic pattern, illumination followed by temptation, is also a most significant element in the life of Joseph Smith.
Following the illumination of Joseph's marvelous first vision, he confesses that he "was left to all kinds of temptations; and, mingling with all kinds of society, I frequently fell into many foolish errors, and displayed the weakness of youth, and the foibles of human nature; which, I am sorry to say, led me into divers temptations, offensive in the sight of God" (Joseph Smith—History 1:28). When the angel Moroni instructed him, he "added a caution to me, telling me that Satan would try to tempt me (in consequence of the indigent circumstances of my father's family), to get the plates for the purpose of getting rich" (Joseph Smith—History 1:46).39 In his earliest history (1832), Joseph said that after the first vision he "fell into transgressions and sinned in many things which brought a wound upon my soul and there were many things which transpired that cannot be writen and my Fathers family have suffered many persicutions and afflictions."40 In that early history, Joseph explained that he "had been tempted of the advisary" to seek the plates for riches and that Moroni had explained that he was "left unto temptation that thou mightest be made acquainted with the power of the advisary therefore repent and call on the Lord."41
This last point from Moroni in Joseph's earliest history (1832)—that the process of temptation is instructive—is also given emphasis by Moroni as related in the Cowdery letters. Oliver Cowdery summarizes this concept, as it applied to Joseph Smith, as follows:
You see the great wisdom in God in leading him thus far, that his mind might begin to be more matured, and thereby be able to judge correctly, the spirits. . . . God knowing all things from the beginning, began thus to instruct his servant. And in this it is plainly to be seen that the adversary of truth is not sufficient to overthrow the work of God. . . . In this, then, I discover wisdom in the dealings of the Lord: it was impossible for any man to translate the book of Mormon by the gift of God, and endure the afflictions, and temptations, and devices of satan, without being overthrown, unless he had been previously benefitted with a certain round of experience: and had our brother obtained the record the first time, not knowing how to detect the works of darkness, he might have been deprived of the blessing of sending forth the word of truth to this generation. Therefore, God knowing that satan would thus lead his mind astray, began at that early hour, that when the full time should arrive, he might have a servant prepared to fulfil his purpose.42
Much additional instruction appears in these letters about the training of Joseph Smith to discern between the influences of the two spiritual forces.
Joseph Smith's Environment and the Two Powers
My thoughts here are suggested by Oliver Cowdery's observation, reiterated by him elsewhere, that "two invisible powers were operating upon the mind of our brother while going to Cumorah."43 The basic concept is that all persons are influenced by both the good and evil powers or spirits and must learn to judge, discern, and make choices between them. The doctrine is prominent in the Book of Mormon, especially in Lehi's teaching of the necessity that there be an "opposition in all things" and that God has given man to "act for himself," which requires that he be "enticed by the one or the other" (2 Nephi 2:11-16). The two powers are real, not imaginary, although the Book of Mormon says that it would come forth at a time when the devil would whisper "in their ears" that there is no devil (2 Nephi 28:22).
What has this to tell us about the environment in which Joseph did his work? There would be persons around him who were strongly influenced by God, and others by the devil—with most showing varying degrees of both. There would be things remaining from the two influences in the past, whether it be, for example, in traditions, institutions, literature, or other things. How would these affect perceptions about the restored gospel? Some things would bear witness of the coming restoration, and other things were planted to embarrass the new revelation and cause confusion. Many have thought they could judge Joseph Smith's work by comparing his revelations or teachings with ideas found in the environment, and when they find similar ideas, think that is the source of them rather than revelation. This is a mistaken assumption, for it is not necessarily so. It is interesting to find such correspondences, but even if everything had its counterpart somewhere in the environment, that still would not prevent God from revealing things to Joseph, calling him to a work, giving him authority and direction, and helping him discern what in the environment is sound and what is not. This simple truth seems to have escaped many anti-Mormon writers.
Latter-day Saints have often seen the hand of God in preparing for the restoration, whether it be in the Protestant Reformation, aspects of the Renaissance, or the development of free government to make possible freedom of religion. Perhaps we should be more aware of things the evil power has done to prepare the groundwork for his opposition to the restoration. Surely the devil is capable of long-range planning. Joseph was confronted by such things, as are we today. It is the duty of everyone today to strive to discern between the two spirits.
Editor's Picks, by Daniel C. Peterson
In accordance with tradition, and on behalf of the FARMS Review, I now offer my rating of some of the books discussed in the present issue of the Review. My (inescapably subjective) evaluations emerge from personal examination of the books, coupled with a reading of the relevant reviews and after conversations either with the reviewers or with those who assist in the production of the Review. The final judgments, however, and the final responsibility for making them are mine. Here is the scale that I use in this rating system:
**** Outstanding, a seminal work of the kind that appears only rarely
*** Enthusiastically recommended
** Warmly recommended
* Recommended
Of the books treated in the present issue of the FARMS Review, we feel that we can recommend:
**** Richard Neitzel Holzapfel and Thomas A. Wayment, eds., From the Last Supper through the Resurrection: The Savior's Final Hours
*** Grant Hardy, ed., The Book of Mormon: A Reader's Edition
*** George W. E. Nickelsburg, 1 Enoch 1: A Commentary on the Book of 1 Enoch, Chapters 1-36; 81-108
*** Jeffrey A. Trumbower, Rescue for the Dead: The Posthumous Salvation of Non-Christians in Early Christianity
I wish to thank all those who have made this latest number of the FARMS Review possible. Shirley S. Ricks, the Review's production editor, keeps us focused and on track, edits with talent and insight, and actually does most of the real work. She is indispensable. My two capable associate editors, Louis C. Midgley and George L. Mitton (author of a fine introduction), devoted many very valuable hours to improving the content and presentation of the essays. I deeply appreciate their judgment and helpfulness. Alison V. P. Coutts, assistant executive director and director of publications for BYU's Institute for the Study and Preservation of Ancient Religious Texts, the parent organization of FARMS, carefully read through the entire contents of the Review, offering useful comments and suggestions. Angela Barrionuevo, Julie Dozier, Emily Ellsworth, Paula Hicken, Marshelle Papa, Linda Sheffield, Sandra Thorne, and Elizabeth W. Watkins assisted with source checking, editing, and proofreading. Jacob Rawlins consulted on typesetting issues, and the actual typesetting was done by Mary M. Rogers. To all of them, and most especially to the reviewers and authors in this number of the FARMS Review, I offer my sincere thanks.
- Washington Irving, A History of New York . . . by Diedrich Knickerbocker (New York: Inskeep & Bradford, 1809), 1:120.
- For an introduction see Margaret Barker, The Lost Prophet: The Book of Enoch and Its Influence on Christianity (London: SPCK, 1988).
- John Jay, in The Federalist, no. 64.
- A notable exception is a published response by Signature Books, through the vehicle of a book by D. Michael Quinn, which includes a great many of what appear to be contrived attacks on FARMS and its writers scattered throughout the notes of the book. From a scholarly standpoint alone, the work is thoroughly marred by this unseemly device. The editors and publisher should be ashamed of their use or allowance of it. See Quinn's Early Mormonism and the Magic World View, 2nd ed. (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1998).
- On Cole, see Andrew H. Hedges, "The Refractory Abner Cole," in Revelation, Reason, and Faith: Essays in Honor of Truman G. Madsen, ed. Donald W. Parry, Daniel C. Peterson, and Stephen D. Ricks (Provo, UT: FARMS, 2002), 447-75.
- See the flagrant recent example discussed by Daniel C. Peterson in his introduction, "Of 'Galileo Events,' Hype, and Suppression: Or, Abusing Science and Its History," FARMS Review 15/2 (2003): xvi-xxxi.
- Nels L. Nelson, Scientific Aspects of Mormonism; or Religion in Terms of Life (New York: Putnam's Sons, 1904), 2-3.
- Ibid., 4.
- Ibid., 3.
- See Louis Midgley, "The Signature Books Saga," in this number of the FARMS Review, pages 361-406.
- Eber D. Howe, Mormonism Unvailed: Or, a faithful account of that singular imposition and delusion, from its rise to the present time with sketches of the characters of its propagators, and a full detail of the manner in which the famous Golden Bible was brought before the world to which are added, inquiries into the probability that the historical part of the said Bible was written by one Solomon Spalding, more than twenty years ago, and by him intended to have been published as a romance (Painesville, OH: the author, 1834).
- For an overview, refer to Lester E. Bush Jr., "The Spalding Theory Then and Now," Dialogue 10/4 (1977): 40-69. See also Terryl L. Givens, By the Hand of Mormon: The American Scripture That Launched a New World Religion (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 160-61.
- The alleged affidavits are not known to be extant, except as printed in Mormonism Unvailed.
- "Doctor" does not mean he was a medical doctor. It was part of the given name conferred on him by his parents.
- For an extensive review of Hurlbut's life and purposes, and a bibliography of the discussion of the affidavits, see Dale W. Adams, "Doctor Philastus Hurlbut: Originator of Derogatory Statements about Joseph Smith, Jr.," John Whitmer Historical Association Journal 20 (2000): 76-93.
- Dean C. Jessee, ed., The Papers of Joseph Smith (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1989-), 1:12, editor's note.
- Adams, "Doctor Philastus Hurlbut," 82.
- Robert C. Webb [J. E. Homans], The Case against Mormonism (New York: Walton, 1915), 3, emphasis added.
- Rodger I. Anderson, Joseph Smith's New York Reputation Reexamined (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1990). Although not noted in the Signature Books publication, the book is based on Anderson's study in the Journal of Pastoral Practice 4/3 (1980): 71-108; 4/4 (1980): 72-105. It appears in a section titled "Para-Christianity," edited by the late Reverend Wesley Walters, who noted that "Mr. Anderson was raised a Mormon and is now a member of the Christian Reformed Church." Ibid., 4/3 (1980): 70.
- The immediate ones that he was attempting to refute were recent studies by Hugh Nibley and Richard Lloyd Anderson. See Nibley's The Myth Makers (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1961), now available in Hugh Nibley, Tinkling Cymbals and Sounding Brass (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book and FARMS, 1991), 103-406; and Richard Lloyd Anderson's "Joseph Smith's New York Reputation Reappraised," BYU Studies 10/3 (1970): 283-314.
- R. I. Anderson, Joseph Smith's New York Reputation Reexamined, 114.
- Howe, Mormonism Unvailed, 278-90.
- Dan Vogel, comp. and ed., Early Mormon Documents (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1996-), 1:xiv.
- See Richard Lloyd Anderson, in Review of Books on the Book of Mormon 3 (1991): 52-80; and Marvin S. Hill, in BYU Studies 30/4 (1990): 70-74.
- Donald L. Enders, "The Joseph Smith, Sr., Family: Farmers of the Genesee," in Joseph Smith: The Prophet, the Man, ed. Susan Easton Black and Charles D. Tate Jr. (Provo, UT: BYU Religious Studies Center, 1993), 213-25.
- Ibid., 214.
- Daniel C. Peterson and Donald L. Enders, "Can the 1834 Affidavits Attacking the Smith Family Be Trusted?" in Pressing Forward with the Book of Mormon: The FARMS Updates of the 1990s, ed. John W. Welch and Melvin J. Thorne (Provo, UT: FARMS, 1999), 286-87.
- R. I. Anderson, Joseph Smith's New York Reputation Reexamined, 2-3.
- Ibid., 116.
- Ibid., 3.
- Jessee, Papers of Joseph Smith, 1:12, editor's note. Oliver had written of his "purpose as to convince the publick of the incorrectness of those scurulous reports which have inundated our land." Ibid., 1:45.
- Messenger and Advocate 1 (October 1834): 13.
- Jessee, Papers of Joseph Smith, 1:13-14, irregular spellings and grammar retained in quotations from this source.
- Messenger and Advocate 2 (October 1835): 200.
- Ibid., 199, emphasis added.
- "Jesus, Once of Humble Birth," Hymns, no. 196.
- Lectures on Faith 5:2, in Messenger and Advocate 1 (May 1835): 122.
- Wilhelm Bousset, Kyrios Christos: A History of the Belief in Christ from the Beginnings of Christianity to Irenaeus, trans. John E. Steely (Nashville: Abingdon, 1970), 82.
- Compare the blandishment of offered riches as an important feature in the temptation of Christ.
- Jessee, Papers of Joseph Smith, 1:7.
- Ibid., 1:8.
- Messenger and Advocate 2 (October 1835): 199-200.
- Ibid., 199.


text:
Northern California daybook
8:45 a.m. - THE 36TH ROLEX MONTEREY HISTORIC AUTOMOBILE RACES. Through Sunday.
Location : Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca, Monterey
Contact: Jennifer Capasso (831) 242-8225
9:30 a.m. - CALIFORNIA ATTORNEY GENERAL AND GUBERNATORIAL CANDIDATE JERRY BROWN will participate in a panel discussion in a meeting of United Service Workers West-the state's largest union of janitors, security officers, airport workers and other property service workers.
Location: Mediterranean Ballroom, Crowne Plaza Hotel, 4290 El Camino Real, Palo Alto
Contact: Mike Chavez (562) 644-0798 or Rachele Huennekens (510) 825-3546
10 a.m. - START OF THE SAN MATEO COUNTY FAIR. Continues through Aug. 23.
Location: San Mateo County Event Center, 2495 S. Delaware St., San Mateo
Contact: Tarah Cranford (650) 574-3247 or (415) 235-0938, Cell
10 a.m. - THE LIVERMORE POLICE DEPARTMENT AND CITIZENS POLICE ACADEMY ASSOCIATION WILL HOST A "STUFF THE CRUISER" EVENT. Residents Are Encouraged to Pack a Police Cruiser With School Supplies for Students in Need.
In Front of Wal-Mart, 2700 Las Positas Road, Livermore
Subscribe to the Ventura County Star
Need Help? Call us at 1-877-710-6182.
Monday-Friday: 6am-3pm / Saturday: 6:30am-10:30am / Sunday: 7am-11am

subset: commoncrawl


text:
In June 2011, Governor Bentley created the Alabama Health Insurance Exchange Study Commission to recommend how Alabama should establish a Health Insurance Exchange (via Executive Order 17). In November 2011 the Commission endorsed the establishment of the "Alabama Health Insurance Marketplace." In May 2012 a bill establishing a state exchange passed in the House, however the bill failed to pass the Senate and the bill died at the end of the 2012 legislative session. Therefore, Alabama will default to the federally-run Exchange.
Alabama Health Insurance Exchange
According to Zane Benefits' website, the Alabama Health Insurance Exchange will be operated through a federally-run Health Insurance Exchange called the "Health Insurance Marketplace." According to healthcare.gov, starting in October 2013 Alabama residents will be able to access information about insurance plans available through the Marketplace. The SHOP Exchange will be available to small businesses in Alabama for businesses with 100 or fewer employees. Coverage starts January 1, 2014.
According to an estimate by healthcare.gov, 642,738 or 16% of Alabama's non-elderly residents are uninsured. Through the Exchange, Alabama residents can shop for and compare insurance plans, access insurance premium tax credits, and be screened for eligibility in public assistance programs such as Medicaid and CHIP. More information on the federally-run Health Insurance Marketplace can be found here.
Plans Available Through the Alabama Health Insurance Exchange
According to Zane Benefits' website, all plans offered through the Alabama Health Insurance Exchange will meet the federal ACA definition of a Qualified Health Plan (QHP). The plans will be offered by level of coverage for essential health
|Source: PRWeb
Copyright©2012 Vocus, Inc.
All rights reserved


text:
When coliform bacteria is present usually the next step is to chlorinate the well and house. Chlorination fixes the problem about 75% of the time, but there is no guarantee. Larry needs a full week to do a chlorination, if everything goes well. $350.00 which includes a potability re-sample.
Day 1 � Put granular chlorine directly into well at well-head & distribute chlorinated water thru out house including washing machine, dishwasher, ice-maker, etc. Chlorinated water must set in plumbing for minimum of 24 hours to kill the coliform bacteria. Do not use water except to flush toilet.
Day 2 � Pump out chlorinated water. A test reagent is used to make sure there is no chlorine left in the water. Water can be used for everything except drinking.
Day 6 � Pick up water re-sample & deliver it to a Colorado State Certified Micro Bacteriological Laboratory for a presence/absence (fail/pass) test of total coliform bacteria and fecal coliform bacteria.
Day 7 � Potability results from lab sent to you via email or fax.


text: Fred Holloway | IBDB: The official source for Broadway Information IBDB: The official source for Broadway Information Official Broadway League sites: - sites - broadway.org broadwayleague.com broadwayfanclub.com kidsnightonbroadway.com stagespecs.org tonyawards.com Quick Search For: In This Category: All Show People/Org. Theatre Season Fred Holloway Performer Male Productions ProductionsDate of ProductionsSeventh Heaven[Play, Comedy, Original] Performer: Fred Holloway [The Rat]Oct 30, 1922 - Jul 1924 Find out where Fred Holloway and are credited together © 2001-2015, The Broadway League, All Rights Reserved. (Copyright and Disclaimer)


text: The Old Floating Bookcase Trick $11.95 Ah ha! So you're storing your books on this out-of-sight, wall-mounted shelf. That's the oldest trick in the book.Details, details Bookshelf becomes invisible behind stack of books Mounting hardware included Holds up to 15 lbs. Holds up to a 10" max book depthShow 'em what you're made of Powder coated steel view full details


text:
The Way of Kung-Fu
The Sword Polisher's Record
The Way of Kung-Fu
The meaning of words, however, can be bent and distorted to have a detrimental effect on kung-fu. In fact, today kung fu is like a sword of incomparable value that has lost its shine and sharpness because of the many misconceptions spawned from the words and images in books and movies and the errant teachings of unqualified instructors.
The Sword Polisher's Record, originally a monthly column that appeared for more than a decade in three magazines, including Kungfu magazine and Black Belt magazine, became a way of polishing the kung-fu sword, clearing up the misconceptions that are causing it to become dull and rusty.
Highlighted with over 60 illustrations, The Sword Polisher's Record: The Way of Kung-Fu, an anthology of the monthly column, is organized into eight inter-connected sections, each examining a different aspect of kung-fu including its foundations, theories, important concepts and principles related to kung-fu styles and forms, usage, and training, and discussions on the future of kung-fu and it's place in our lives.
- Tuttle Publishing |
- 208 pages |
- April 1998


text:
The Style Gallery is a great new way for you to view, love, and share outfit photos. It's meant to showcase
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Start the morning on a pretty and peppy note by zipping into this printed tank! Enhanced by a sweetly scalloped hem and a pleated neckline, this lilac-based top plays host to a flock of navy birds that perch atop circular, flower-inspired patterns. Now that's a 'tweet' look!
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Swim Shirts - Rash Guards
SPF 50+ Rash Guard Swim Shirts
* 100% Satisfaction Guarantee * Ships from Oregon * Total Sun Protection
Welcome to the Beach Depot
Shop for Swim Shirts:
Located on the northwestern coast of Puerto Rico is a terrific little area called Rincon. Revered as "The North Shore of the Caribbean" this laid back bohemian area is a true surfing paradise. Affordable, with gourgeous tropical scenery and spectacular sunsets this corner of the island will encapture you with its charm. Pack your surfing rash guards, and let's take a surf trip to Rincon PR!The drive from San Juan to Rincon is about 2-2/12 hours but you can make it an all day event and hit up surf spots, especially around Isabela, along the way. For my trip I packed a couple surf rash guards and sun screen so that I didn't get stuck with a soggy wet rash guard in the car. Just pull over to the side of the road when you see a nice spot and paddle out.Once you've made the turn onto highway 413 you are in Rincon. There are many surf spots to choose, all with great waves depending on your preferences. My favorite surf spot is Sandy Beach. It is a nice left that breaks of a little rocky point. Fun rippable waves with some barrels when there is size. I have fun on a longboard or shortboard here. The bottom is mostly sand but there are submerged rocks. At this spot I use excessive amounts of sunscreen plus a rash guard to prevent any rashes from sand and sun.Other epic spots include, Marias, Domes, and Tres Palmas. These are the main spots and of course the most crowded. There are many other surf spots in the area and plenty of waves for everybody. A little exploration may pay off big time as there can be differences in size and conditions between the North facing and West facing spots.Surf shops are a bit sparse in the area. Surf boards are available to rent by day or week at a few shops in town. I recommend definitely bringing your own surf gear. To avoid rashes and sun burns buy rash guard surf shirts prior to your trip. The selection in these shops is limited so bring rash guard surf shirts with you to Puerto Rico so you don't get stuck with a rash guard that you don't like. The tropical sun is strong so a SPF surfing rash guard is a real must have in addition to sunscreen.If you want more information on Rincon Purto Rico, Surfline has details on all the spots and the latest surf report for the area. Another great site for information on lodging, activities, and restaurants is rincon-pr.com. Please contact Beach Depot Rash Guards with any questions about surfing rashguards for your next surf trip.


text:
"You must use Internet Explorer Version 6 or higher on a PC running Windows 2000 or later in order to use the CinemaNow service. "Originally Posted by jeremywhitehorn
"You must use Internet Explorer Version 6 or higher on a PC running Windows 2000 or later in order to use the CinemaNow service. "Originally Posted by jeremywhitehorn
Oh, the interwebz. So fickle.
Die Mac user Die!Originally Posted by somnambulant
Edit: Tyres?
Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:184.108.40.206) Gecko/20060308 Firefox/22.214.171.124
IE can **** off and die.
Opera 9.0b FTW. **** firefox.
It has less to do with being a Mac user and more to do with people who write ****ty platform-specific code.Originally Posted by operator
Didn't pick up the tyres. I wasn't in the neighborhood until they were already closed.
this gets me thinking about customs again. i just paid for that big pink bridgestone and i'm fearing how much i'll get dinged at the border.Originally Posted by somnambulant
Jeremy still interested in trading me a 90mm stem for 100mm? (my reach is too long).
Warning: NSFW content in the link.
For Somnambulant, and anyone else brave enough to gaze upon the most addictive page on the internet. I present to you, completely uncensored and out of context, the latest images posted to LiveJournal.com.
- bad still life photography (always copyrighted).
- homemade porn illustrations (who knew unicorn/lizards had just massive cocks?).
- 4 trillion self portraits by people either holding the camera at arm's length or shooting themseleves in a mirror.
- every internet cliche ... no really, every single one.
- prom pics (omfgyay!).
- and of course, completely random **** that defies ... renounces any rational thought.
Some examples, just to get this party started:
Apparently, you have never been with a unicorn/lizard.Originally Posted by eyefloater
I don't know if any folks on here can help...but here goes.
I need my shop logo converted in to a vector format and seeing how I am barely computer literate I am unable to do this myself. I am riding-sponsoring a 24 hour mtn bike team and I need this for the jerseys. If anyone here can help I would be happy to offer some form of financial recompense. K.
amills At thestar DAWT com
oh my, that is awsome. i think Dominion should start making a cake that says "sorry for giving you genital herpes".Originally Posted by eyefloater
well to be honest am I assuming that your store is across from Moss Park ? I don't know so thats why I am asking .Originally Posted by cavernmech
who's got the sexiest fixie shots for the toronto fixie/ss sprint trackstand with nohanded beer chug subcatagory..(had to throw it in there), backward riding thingy in May. Shiz can you send me a couple of your Cyclops shots? Anyone else?.... I could scoop off the net and no one would be the wiser but I'd like to do it right. Your bike or part of it could be the image on the flyer. clicky-clicky kids.
Keith where's the image......? chop chop ... I'm on the clock
Fozzie (sic?) Bear has the Best handlebars!Originally Posted by Shiznaz
it's time to play the music, it's time to light the lights.....Originally Posted by Shiznaz
man, i can almost see up ms. piggy's skirt.
those look light upside down track drops.Originally Posted by SamHouston
Yep....thats me.Originally Posted by STEEKER
Keith you still got those Fuji tracks? I'm hankerin' for a velo ride.
wtf... that link was considered offensive by the filters so I had to UL it to my own webspace with a different filename
Oh how embarrassing.....
Last edited by TRaffic Jammer; 04-25-06 at 08:34 AM.
Right on sooooooo you could make me a fixed bike nothing Flash that I could leave locked up without drawing to much attenion whilst I have a Guiness after a CM ride ? also double as a rain bike.Originally Posted by cavernmech


text:
The surveys indicate some expectation for greater future concern about climate change. "The greater mentioning of climate change as a problem by those under 30 versus those 70 and older probably reflects generational effects and if so, should tend to increase levels of concern in the future," Smith said.
Environmental issues are of greatest concern in Scandinavian nations, Switzerland and Canada. They were followed by France, Austria, Finland, the former West Germany, Taiwan, Korea, and New Zealand. Toward the bottom of the list are Croatia, Latvia, Chile, Turkey, Lithuania and Argentina.
Climate change was listed as the top environmental concern in Japan, West Germany, Canada, Britain and Scandinavia, where between 19 and 26 percent of the population indicated it was their top environmental issue.
|Contact: Ray Boyer
NORC at the University of Chicago


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President Bush today nominated Rep. Porter Goss of Florida to head the CIA amid terror and tumult, saying the former undercover operative "knows the CIA inside and out" and can bolster its spy network.
"He is well prepared for this mission," the president said of Goss, chairman of the House intelligence committee who was an Army intelligence operative before joining the CIA the 1960s. "He's the right man to lead and support the agency at this critical moment in our nation's history."
Goss, whose nomination must be confirmed by the Senate, had been mentioned prominently in speculation about a successor to departed CIA Director George Tenet, who left amid a torrent of criticism of the agency's handling of prewar intelligence on Iraq.
Bush still has a major decision ahead of him. He has embraced a cornerstone recommendation by the commission investigating the Sept. 11, 2001 terror attacks: creation of a new intelligence czar to oversee the activities of the CIA and more than a dozen other intelligence agencies. Bush has not named the czar.
"I think every American knows the importance of getting the best possible intelligence we can get to our decision-makers," Goss, 65, said during the Rose Garden announcement.
If the president names an intelligence czar, his CIA chief would lose some power in the reshuffling and essentially would be required to report to the new head of all intelligence operations.
Neither Bush nor Goss discussed the new organization, and the CIA had no comment Tuesday on Bush's appointment. The president said Goss will advise him on how to implement the Sept. 11 panel's recommendations.
Both men stressed that Goss' experience as an undercover CIA officer would help the agency bolster its ability to use spies, instead of just technology, to infiltrate terrorist networks. "The essence of our intelligence capability is people," the Florida Republican said.
Said Bush: "To stop them from killing our citizens, we must have the best intelligence possible."
Tenet's last day was July 11, and the much-criticized agency since then has been under the leadership of acting Director John McLaughlin.
The administration was believed to have debated internally whether to choose a permanent successor to Tenet before the fall elections, thus putting itself in the position of having to defend its choice in confirmation hearings held in a politically charged atmosphere.
Sen. Mike DeWine, R-Ohio, a member of the Intelligence Committee, said Goss has the credentials to be the overall intelligence czar, if Congress creates that position. "He could be this new person, if we go there," DeWine said. He described Goss and tough and pragmatic and said, "He'll be someone who can walk into the president and look him into the eye and tell him what the truth is and not flinch."
Goss would take over the agency at a pivotal moment.
Leaders of various intelligence agencies worry about a series of high-profile events this summer that could become attractive terrorist targets. It is widely believed that al-Qaida and its allies might try to strike the United States in a way that replicates the political and economic impact of March's train bombings in Madrid, Spain.
The Connecticut-born Goss graduated from Yale in 1960 and launched a clandestine career, working for Army intelligence for two years and eventually the CIA's most well-known division, the Directorate of Operations.


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After a decade of war, Afghan interpreters working with the U.S. Army speak a version of English gleaned from years spent with young American soldiers, reports our colleague Greg Jaffe , who recently returned from his sixth reporting trip there.
Most of them curse with the fluency of an infantryman. A recent conversation in Wardak province, a particularly nasty, contested area, helped reveal one of the linguistic legacies of our long war.


text:
Double-disc Grinding Production Machining Datasheets
Paravis Monroe Inc.
from Monroe Engineering
from Monroe Engineering
As an ISO 9001 -2008 certified machine shop, Paravis Monroe combines highend equipment along with experienced, skilled and dedicated toolmakers to offer superior advanced CNC machining to our customers. Our on going training of experienced toolmakers sets Paravis Monroe above the average shop that... [See More]
- Operation: Water / Abrasive Jet Machining; CNC Machining; Drilling; Milling; Turning; Screw Machining; Swiss Machining; Jig Boring; Broaching; Deep Hole Drilling; Centerless Grinding; Creep Feed Grinding; Double-disc Grinding; ID Grinding; OD Grinding; Jig Grinding; Surface Grinding; Honing; Laser Machining; Electrode EDM; Wire EDM; Etching/Chemical Milling; Electrochemical / Photochemical Machining; Abrasive Flow Machining
- Certifications / Standards: ISO 9001:2008 Registered
- Company Information: Paravis Monroe Products combines the latest CNC Technologies, highly skilled machinists, responsive customer service and creative innovation to deliver world-class products to an ever-changing range of customer requirements.
- Specialty Machining: Micro Machining; Gear Manufacturing; Jigs and Fixtures; Casting Machining; Thread Grinding; Thread Rolling; Tool & Die Manufacturing


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Your post title alone tells me you don't quite know what you're talking about. Surge went up 2.86% on Friday while the TSX went up only 0.66%, Nasdaq up 1.18%, Dow Jones 1.08% etc- so please tell me how a stock that more than quadrupled the TSX gain for the day didn't "move much on a positive day". Yes shares have experienced a steady decline for awhile, but to complain about Friday's gains being insignificant due to it being an up day is pretty naive and seemingly agenda oriented, because last I checked rising 3% in one day is a pretty good thing, especially when lately it's been rare to see. Just saying.
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PHOTOS: Rolex 24 Day Two
by NSSN Staff
The No. 52 Chevrolet ORECA FLM09 PC leads the No. 911 Porsche 911 RSR GTLM during the IMSA Rolex 24 at Daytona Int'l Speedway. (Pierce Williams/LAT Photo)
Posted by NSSN Staff on Jan 27 2014 Filed under Latest Headlines, Media Gallery, Photos, Road Racing, TUDOR United SportsCar. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0. Both comments and pings are currently closed.


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The life of Simone de Beauvoir closely parallels that of her colleague, friend, and lover Jean-Paul Sartre. Her life is well documented, due to her many autobiographical works. These works also follow the lives of Sartre, Albert Camus, and other prominent philosophers of the twentieth century. Early Years
Simone Ernestine Lucie Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir was born on 9 January 1908, in Paris, to Françoise and Georges de Brauvoir. While Ernestine and Lucie were the names of her grandmothers, Marie was her "Christian" name to honor the Virgin Mary. The Catholic faith would be important to Simone until her adolescence. According to her autobiographies and interviews, Simone was reading by the age of three and attempting to write almost as soon as she could read. She obtained this love for words from her father, who had a passion for books and the theatre. Zaza
Simone met Elizabeth "Zaza" Le Coin as a schoolgirl. Simone admired Zaza's outgoing personality; she could be bold and spontaneous, while Simone was generally shy. Like Simone, Zaza was from a bourgeois Catholic family. Social standing was important to both families, but Zaza's experiences with social norms would shape de Beuvoir's views of social order. It is possible Zaza's life helped create de Beauvoir's feminism and sense of social justice. As a student, Zaza met and fell in love with Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Unfortunately for the two lovers, Mr. Le Coin had already arranged a marriage for his daughter. Zaza's parents demanded that she never see Merleau-Ponty or Simone again, as they deemed both to be corrupting influences. Elizabeth Le Coin died of encephalitis in 1929. Simone wrote of Zaza's short life several times. For de Beauvoir, the death of her friend revealed how unreasonable French social order was and how unfair life could be. Career Woman
Within "proper" French society, a young woman of Simone's class was expected to marry and raise children. Simone had other...


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Today is Tuesday, Aug. 2, the 214th day of 2005. There are 151 days left in the year.
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Today's Highlight in History:
In 1945, President Truman, Soviet leader Josef Stalin and British Prime Minister Clement Attlee concluded the Potsdam conference.
On this date:
In 1776, members of the Continental Congress began attaching their signatures to the Declaration of Independence.
In 1939, Albert Einstein signed a letter to President Roosevelt urging creation of an atomic weapons research program.
In 1964, the Pentagon reported the first of two attacks on U.S. destroyers by North Vietnamese torpedo boats in the Gulf of Tonkin.
In 1985, 137 people were killed when a Delta Air Lines jetliner crashed while attempting to land at Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport.
In 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait, seizing control of the oil-rich emirate. (The Iraqis were later driven out in Operation Desert Storm.)
Today's Birthdays: Actor Peter O'Toole is 73. Country singer Hank Cochran is 70. Rock musician Garth Hudson (The Band) is 68. Actor Butch Patrick ("The Munsters") is 52. Singer Mojo Nixon is 48. Actress Victoria Jackson is 46. Actress Apollonia is 46. Actor Edward Furlong is 28. Rock musician Devon Glenn (Buckcherry) is 25. Actress Hallie Eisenberg is 13.
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Where the water goes
EDITOR: There is no drought, per se. The water shortage is the result of Wall Street's power elite buying huge tracks of forested land, building Olympic-size swimming pools and ornamental pools and watering their mammoth-size vineyards.
In the 1930s, I grew up on a 380-acre farm on Faught Road southeast of Windsor. No farmer ever watered his vineyard. It was unheard of. For example, Louis Martini, who raised grapes on arid hilltops a thousand feet above the Napa Valley, was the first Californian to place first at Paris's historic wine tasting competition. The point? Less water, better grapes.
The water table on our farm's meadows was at the surface and remained so throughout the driest months. There were posted-off pools throughout the area; a habitat for salamanders that kept the water clean.
In the 1940s, my grandfather sold the farm to an Eastern consortium. They sank huge culverts in the fields draining off hundreds of feet of water in order to raise more grapes. Ironically, they are now watering these grapes.
Madness? Perhaps not madness, but surely ignorance. And, of course, greed.
Santa Rosa
State's pact with Israel
EDITOR: This agreement between Gov. Jerry Brown and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu reveals Israel for what it truly is: a business venture by some of the world's richest men that uses the Palestinian and Israeli people as cannon fodder to protect their investments.


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Chat Random is a video chat site that's new to the roulette chat scene. This site employs a Live Stream Box script which shows active Facebook members.
Unfortunately, this single feature does not do enough to distinguish the site from the hoards of other Chatroulette copycat sites invading the internet. In fact, the software used in this site is the exact same software used on a few other sites.
But the service is completely free, so there's no harm in trying it. Just click and and start chatting. No membership required. You can find the site here:


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TUSTIN, Calif., Dec. 2 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ -- Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Nasdaq: PPHM) today reported completion of patient enrollment in a dose confirmation and dosimetry trial of Cotara® in patients with relapsed glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the deadliest form of brain cancer. Cotara is a targeted monoclonal antibody linked to a radioisotope being developed as a potential new treatment for GBM. Cotara specifically targets cells at the center of brain tumors, so its radioactive payload is able to kill cancer cells while leaving healthy tissue largely unaffected. Cotara is also being tested in a Phase II clinical trial in patients with recurrent GBM.
In the ongoing dose confirmation and dosimetry study, patients received a single treatment of Cotara and were evaluated for specificity of drug localization to the tumor, as well as for progression-free survival and overall patient survival. Initial data from the trial show that all of the patients in the first two completed study cohorts have survived longer than the expected six-month median survival time for GBM patients and they confirm Cotara's targeting capabilities, indicating that it delivers more than 300-fold higher radiation levels to the tumor than to normal organs.
"Completion of patient enrollment in this study is a significant regulatory milestone for Cotara, representing an important component of the Cotara clinical development program," said Dr. Robert Garnick, head of regulatory affairs at Peregrine. "With enrollment in this trial now completed, we are turning our attention to expanding the ongoing Cotara Phase II GBM trial to further advance the program. Given the encouraging data seen to date in the Cotara brain cancer trials, we plan to explore available clinical and regulatory options for expediting Cotara development."
|SOURCE Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Copyright©2009 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved


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Residence du Centre
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
Travel Blogs from Ouagadougou
Last 10 days in Ouagadougou
... 34, 34); font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: normal;"> Anyways, I'm going to be landing in Paris in a couple minutes so I am going to enjoy the view from my window :) Hope all is well and the snow dumpage is not as bad as the news in Burkina Faso made it sound...
Love you all!
"The Orenda" by Joseph Boyden, 2013
... so the flames leap up and turn that one eye's vision red and then black." The reader cannot but admire the scientific objectivity of these observations.
The Orenda was selected by "Canada Reads" as a book that should be read -- the idea being, I thought, that it would be good for you, or for society, or both. If I am typical (and there is no reason why I should be) I don't see how this book will help. Admittedly, there is probably a spiritual ...
So how is west africa?
... squatting there in a line pooing next to each other. Quite picturesome, really....
But to give some justice, with knowing everything what happened until now, i would still do everything again....this travel formed me a lot, and i thing it made me more human, more humble, more complete.
West africa is the PERFECT destination for all you europeans with your petty little problems which would dissolve into smoke once u are in guinea for a month.
Its healthy for the brain.
Again a punctual and comfortable journey. With air-conditioning no less. First air-con journey since Morocco.
I would speculate that Burkina Faso has, potentially at least, a bright future. Sure, there is poverty here. Not relative poverty, the kind we refer to as being present in Western societies. This is real and material poverty. Zilch. Nothing. Hand to mouth for many.
This country does however ...
Ouagadougou, January 16, 2009 - Friday
... that hungry yet, but people tend to get hungry if they go on without food long enough. I wondered what would be the case with me this time.
But to her credit, she arrived surprisingly soon. In an hour or so, which was perfectly fine with me. I suggested we go to that "Jardin de l'Amiti�" restaurant again, where we had already dined recently. She didn't mind and that was it. She insisted on going by her bike which I ...


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"We have also made videos from the bottom of the Mariana Trench, and they confirm that there are very few large animals at these depths. Rather, we find a world dominated by microbes that are adapted to function effectively at conditions highly inhospitable to most higher organisms", says Ronnie Glud.
The remaining "white spots"
The expedition of the Mariana Trench took place in 2010. Since then, the research team has sent their underwater robot to the bottom of the Japan Trench which is approximately 9 km deep, and later this year they are planning a dive in the world's second deepest trench, the 10.8 kilometers deep Kermadec-Tonga Trench near Fiji in the Pacific.
"The deep sea trenches are some of the last remaining "white spots" on the world map. We know very little about what is going on down there or which impact the deep sea trenches have on the global carbon cycle as well as climate regulation. Furth
|Contact: Ronnie Glud
University of Southern Denmark


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Tom Green County grand jury issues 74 indictments
SAN ANGELO, Texas - Staff report
A Tom Green County grand jury met for one day, producing 74 indictments for the 51st, 119th, 340th and 391st district courts for the month of May. The indictment list was released Tuesday.
Indictments included:
Burglary of building — 5
Robbery — 1
Aggravated assault — 2
Continuous sexual abuse of child: victim under 14 — 1
Burglary of habitation — 1
Aggravated sexual assault child — 1
To view the indictment list, click here.
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'Variety' Archives
February at the LTO
Public Star Night at the Little Thompson Observatory 850 Spartan Ave at Berthoud High School (park east of the high school; directions are posted on the website, www.starkids.org). Friday, February 21, 2014 7:00 – 11:00 pm The guest speaker is Dr Paul Lightsey, mission systems engineer at Ball Aerospace, and the title of his talk is "The James Webb Space Telescope: The Magic's in the Mirrors." The James Webb Space Telescope is sometimes referred to as the Hubble ... Full Story
Sochi & Winter Olympics
The Winter Olympic Games set to unfold in the Russian beach resort town of Sochi was plagued by controversy right from the start. When organizers struck down a request by NGO Pride House to set up shop in Sochi, Russia's policies on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender rights came under close scrutiny. Then there are widespread allegations over corruption in the provisions of services and facilities. Critics accused Russian president Vladimir Putin of cronyism in awarding contracts and ... Full Story
Thanks NRA!
Thanks NRA! Gun Nut Kills Two Brothers He Mistakenly Believed Were On His Property A "responsible gun owning" West Virginia man with a large stockpile of weapons in his house apparently decided that it was time to use some of them. So when two men showed up at an outbuilding near his house in the town of Barboursville, he decided to blast them away, with no warning whatsoever. No "Hey, you are trespassing, get off my property!" No calling the police to let them handle it, no nothing. ... Full Story
Your New Puppy and Parvo
Danielle Huval, DVM Emergency Clinician Supervisor Having a new puppy is such a fun time for a family. Showing them off to friends and family, teaching them to walk on a leash, and socializing with other dogs are important steps to forming a great lifelong relationship. First visits to the veterinarian are packed full of information, which can be overwhelming. At an early age, puppies are vaccinated against many viruses, with Parvovirus, more commonly referred to as Parvo, being one ... Full Story
January Star Night at the LTO
Public Star Night at the Little Thompson Observatory, Friday, January 17, 2014 7:00 – 11:00 PM 850 Spartan Ave at Berthoud High School (park east of the high school; directions are posted on www.starkids.org). The guest speaker is Bryan White, known from past years for his great 3-D comet slide show as well as an out of this world Aurora Borealis show. Bryan White has updated his show with new pictures from 2002, 2004, and 2006. He thought it would be interesting for people to see that there ... Full Story
GunFail: The week before Christmas
Accidentally shot by an 'otherwise responsible gun owner.' GunFAIL XLIX By David Waldman Five of the 38 guns discovered by TSA agents at airports across the country last week. Another typical week. Unless you're one of the people who got shot, of course. Statistics-wise, this compilation records five cops as accidentally discharging their weapons, three neat freaks discharging guns they couldn't wait to clean, three generous patriots who shared Freedom Ingots with their neighbors (plus two ... Full Story
Dogs and Moose Do Not Play Well Together
DENVER - In the wake of several people being injured by moose this year, Colorado Parks and Wildlife is reminding outdoor enthusiasts that moose can be aggressive when dogs and humans get too close. Since early spring, wildlife officers have responded to three human/moose conflicts, including two recent incidents in Grand Lake. In all three instances, dogs - both on and off-leash - reportedly spooked the moose before it charged and seriously injured the dog's owner. Moose in ... Full Story
Learn at the Library
The Berthoud Community Library Now Offers User-Friendly E-Resources Online BERTHOUD—December 12, 2013. Ever dreamed of driving a Porsche on the autobahn at 120 mph but never mastered how to sprechen sie Deutsch? Or to sip a chilled Chablis in a café along the Seine, but don't parlez-vous Francais? Not to worry! If you don't speak either German or French (or Latin American Spanish, Italian, Japanese or even Pirate), just visit www.berthoudcommunitylibrary.org and begin your ... Full Story
Gun Fail XLVII
'I can do anything I want on my property!' he screamed, and fired three more rounds. GunFAIL XLVIII One of the lightest weeks in child shootings in recent memory. Congratulations, America! I found just three children accidentally shot this week, ages 3, 4, and 8. Unfortunately, there doesn't seem to be any way of just shutting the flow off completely, but it's nice to finally see less than a half dozen or so. Also coming in on the low side were home invasion shootings, GunFAIL ... Full Story
Premier Gymnastics of the Rockies
Level 4 2013 State Small Team Premier Gymnastics of the Rockies By Wendy Kenner December 14, 2013 The Level 4 Team for Premier Gymnastics of the Rockies hosted and competed in the Level 4 Small Team State Meet on December 7 and 8 in Loveland. As a team, they took fourth place. There were several top 5 individual finishes. In the Session 1 Child Division, Brooklyn Weingardt placed 3rd on Vault and Floor, second on Uneven Bars, and 1st on Balance Beam. She placed 2nd in the All-Around ... Full Story


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Olympics History >> Los Angeles 1984 >> Los Angeles 1984
Los Angeles 1984
Carl Lewis: a legend in the making
The Los Angeles Games belonged to one man - Carl Lewis. After a total of 2 minutes and 26 seconds of competition in the Coliseum, the American athlete had become a sporting and Olympic legend.
To do so the 23-year-old Lewis equalled the impressive record set by his illustrious compatriot, Jesse Owens, in 1936 in Berlin - namely winning four gold medals in the same Olympiad: 100m and 200m double, 4x100m relay, and the long jump.
Lewis's conquest began with an event in which he was not even considered the favourite - the 100m.
Having competed in the qualifying round, the quarter-final, and the semi-final, Lewis took his first gold medal with a time of 9.99 secs ahead of compatriot Sam Graddy. With all of the 100m heats combined, Lewis spent a total of 40.49 seconds on the track.
The second of his events was the long jump. And he gave his adversaries something to reflect upon when he registered the first of his jumps in the first heat (8.30m). His first jump of the two permitted in the final was good, an improved 8.54m, the second being illegal. That was enough, however, to give Lewis his second gold medal, with Gary Honey trailing behind. Overall, he spent about 18 seconds in action.
Next up was the 200m. Three half-laps of the track were enough to gift Lewis his third gold medal: 21.20 seconds in the first heat, 20.48 seconds in the semi-final, and 19.80 seconds in the final to stave off the challenge from his closest opponent, Kirk Baptiste. This time, Lewis spent the "record time" of over one minute on the track: 61.30 seconds exactly.
Eventual emotion
The American sprinter finally won his historic fourth gold medal when featuring in the 4x100m relay team, alongside teammates Sam Graddy, Ron Brown and Calvin Smith. Throughout his three runs, Lewis was in possession of the baton for around 26.40 seconds, namely an average of 8.80 seconds in each of his relay heats.
During this contest on the final day of the Games, Lewis finally displayed his emotion when he threw himself into the congratulatory huddle of his team-mates, not only Olympic champions but the men who set the only world athletics record at the Games, and as happy as Lewis to have gained such a spectacular result.
To become a legend, you would therefore have to better Lewis's 2 minutes 26 seconds on the track - during which time he won a total of four gold medals. In doing so Lewis lit up Los Angeles and the track in the Coliseum which, henceforth, would be remembered, for some, as the Carl Lewiseum...
Copyright 2008 Agence France-Presse.


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The Wrap-Up: The Week in Food
Every week we fill you in on what's been going on in the food and restaurant world.
• The Washington Post's Tim Carman has details on the new 150-seat Mala Tang (3434 Washington Blvd., Arlington; 703-243-2381), which had a "soft" opening Wednesday; the grand opening is Monday. It's a partnership between chef Liu Chaosheng—of Hong Kong Palace and Uncle Liu's Hot Pot—and brothers Tomer and Oren Molivinsky (Oren is a managing partner of the company that owns Harry's Tap Room; Tomer will be general manager at Mala Tang). The menu includes xiao chi, or small plates based on Szechuan-province street foods, and individual hot pots as main courses. The trio spent half a million dollars on the space to make it look like a street in Chengdu, where Liu grew up.
• Missy Frederick of the Washington Business Journal tells us that Harry's Tap Room in Pentagon City is morphing into Harry's Smokehouse-Burgers & BBQ come May 3. Chef Alex Reyes will use hickory wood to smoke his meats, and the burger menu will have six patties. Harry's co-owner Michael Sternberg tells Frederick that the concept is likely to expand into other locations.
• Senart's Oyster and Chop House (520 Eighth St., SE) opened this week on Barracks Row. Thrillist has a video tour as well as a look at some of the dishes of the menu, which includes both steakhouse staples (steak tartare, hanger steak, New York strip) and, well, oyster-house plates (cioppino, baked oysters).
• We've got the scoop on a forthcoming restaurant from Tom Power, chef/owner of Corduroy in DC's Shaw neighborhood. Power bought the space next to Corduroy for a casual eatery that he'll call Velour. He's keeping the space pretty raw—no dry wall, concrete floors—and hopes to open in 10 to 12 months.
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Hotly contested races for Green Bay mayor, Brown County executive and other posts are expected to draw thousands of voters to the polls today.
(Links will open in a new window)
♦ List of races on primary ballot
♦ More stories about the 2011 elections
♦ Sign up for news, weather, sports, Green Bay Packers and high school sports text alerts.
Voters also will cast ballots for Suamico village president, De Pere City Council and a seat on the Wisconsin Supreme Court.
Today's primary will narrow the field of candidates for the April 5 general election.
With more than 140,000 registered voters in Brown County, election officials are predicting turnout of about 15 percent to 20 percent.
The excitement of the Green Bay Packers' Super Bowl championship earlier this month might have drawn attention away from the campaign season, Brown County Clerk Darlene Marcelle said.
But the chance to decide who advances to the April election in important races likely will energize a segment of the community, Marcelle said.
"I do think they are paying attention," she said.
The polls open from 7 a.m. to 8 p.m. at 86 polling places throughout Brown County.
Seven candidates are hoping to advance in the Green Bay mayor's race, while five hopefuls are on the ballot for county executive.
With such high-profile positions in play, Green Bay City Clerk Lauri Marenger said she hopes to see voters excited about the primary.
Past history, however, shows that fewer than 1 in 5 registered voters likely will show up today.
"I would hope that people would be excited and would want to be involved," Marenger said. "All we can do is continue to get the word out."
The city has 53,000 registered voters.
Suamico hardly ever has a primary for local elected offices, but three candidates are vying today for village president and six others are seeking a spot in village board elections.
Village Clerk Bonnie Swan said candidates are campaigning vigorously, and the village has tried to alert the 7,600 local registered voters about the primary.
"We've done all we can," she said.


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Noble, thanks for the advice. I'm using several types of film, mostly Tri-X, Arista Premium 400, and some Ilford HP5 & Delta 3200. I also was not planning on wiping down the film because I have been cautioned against scratching it using that method. My plan was to just let it dry in a well ventilated area. That may not work, but I want to see if I can get away with it before touching the emulsion side.
I appreciate the word about not being too sensitive about temperature control during the final stages. That has been one of the unknowns in my thoughts. Thanks again for sharing your thoughts.


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6. What if your cat vomits a lot?
Seeing your cat vomit can be upsetting. But try not to worry — vomiting is quite common and usually inconsequential in our feline friends. These naturally inquisitive creatures often consume some pretty unsavory "snacks," and vomiting is nature's way of getting rid of the offending morsels. Vomiting may also be caused by hairballs, which are normal byproducts of grooming.
More serious causes of vomiting include viral infections, intestinal obstructions, kidney disease, diseases of the digestive system and various types of cancer. In most cases, vomiting that lasts less than a few days doesn't need to be treated, though you may want to withhold food for 24 hours. If your cat is vomiting for more than 48 hours, or if the vomit contains blood, contact your veterinarian as soon as possible.
Help for Hairballs
To keep hair balls under control, try brushing your cat on a regular basis. It'll keep the hairballs in check and foster bonding between you and your feline friend.
5. Why would a cat refuse to eat and drink?
Having a pet that refuses food and water can be pretty alarming, and rightfully so, considering that not many creatures last long without these basic staples. But keep in mind that cats are extremely finicky creatures. Changing their food or feeding routines can cause them to refuse food and water for a short time. Cats may also go on brief hunger strikes in response to environmental stressors, such as the presence of guests in your home. If this is the case, don't worry. Your furry friend will be grazing again in no time.
However, there are also many illnesses that can cause an animal to refuse food and water, including dental infections and intestinal disease. If your cat goes more than 48 hours without eating or drinking, contact your veterinarian immediately.


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The RVC's head technician, who teaches anatomy skills to schoolchildren and their teachers, as well as veterinary undergraduates, has been awarded an MBE for services to veterinary science.
An RVC technician who teaches anatomy skills to schoolchildren and their teachers, as well as veterinary undergraduates, has been awarded an MBE.
Andrew Crook has worked for the college for more than 30 years and was named as a Member of the Order of the British Empire in the 2012 New Year Honours list earlier this month, for services to veterinary science.
Mr Crook said he was extremely honoured to receive the honour.
"It is wonderful to know that I have the support of so many colleagues at the RVC and I would like to thank all those who have contacted me since the new year with such kind wishes," he said.
He joined the Royal Veterinary College straight from school in the 1980s and became chief technician at the college in 2000.
Though not a vet himself, in his role Mr Crook has become actively involved in the RVC's "widening participation" agenda to get young people from diverse and disadvantaged backgrounds interested in veterinary science.
"My main role is to teach anatomy during practicals and provide technical support the rest of the time," he told vetsonline.
"We run weekly 'afternoon anatomy' sessions for inner city school groups, and play a big part in Easter and summer school events. I recently started a Professional Development Planning session where teachers came along to get a feel for how to re-introduce dissection back into schools and colleges which was a great success."
An RVC spokesman said Mr Crooks' activities had made an enormous contribution to veterinary education, both with RVC students and visitors.
"All of this effort is on top of his daily job of managing and teaching anatomy to an ever improving standard," he said.
"Many congratulations to Andrew on this fantastic achievement which is richly deserved."


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Poor People Pay More for Auto Insurance — Dollars and Sense
As if it wasn't tough enough for low-income people to make ends meet, a new study indicates they may be paying more for car insurance than wealthier folks, too.
As if it wasn't tough enough for low-income people to make ends meet, a new study indicates they may be paying more for car insurance than wealthier folks, too.
When people are shopping online, many rely on reviews written by previous buyers to help steer them in the right direction. But it seems some of those reviews may not be as honest as we think.
In fact, some product manufacturers are actually paying shoppers to write them — albeit in a roundabout way.
You might have a pocketful of cash — but the size of those bills matters when it comes to how much of it you're likely to spend.
For a die-hard shopper, there's little more frustrating than buying something at full-price, only to see it go on sale shortly thereafter.
To ward that off, retailing giant JC Penney has announced that starting Feb. 1, it's discounting all merchandise by at least 40 percent — permanently.
Credit card debt may have jumped during the holiday shopping season, but a new report indicates good old cash is still our first choice when we pay for smaller, everyday items.
Officials at the US Mint have spotted a sign they say is indicative of an improving economy — coin shipments are increasing.
If you have a new credit card, chances are good you're paying more for the privilege now than ever before — interest rates have reached an almost unparallelled high.
The health risks of obesity are well-documented, but there's a financial downside, too — data shows obese people also earn less money, especially women.