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About half a billion people with disabilities in developing countries have limited access to assistive technology. The Convention on the Rights of persons with Disabilities requires governments to take measures to ensure provision of such technologies. To guide implementation of these measures there is a need for understanding health outcomes from a human rights perspective. The objective of this study was therefore to explore the relation between assistive technology use and enjoyment of human rights in a low-income country.
Data was collected in eight districts of Bangladesh through interviews of people with hearing impairments using and not using hearings aids, and people with ambulatory impairments using and not using manual wheelchairs (N = 583). Using logistic regression, self-reported outcomes on standard of living, health, education, work, receiving information and movement were analyzed.
The adjusted likelihood of reporting greater enjoyment of human rights was significantly higher among people using hearing aids compared to non-users for all outcomes except working status. Compared to non-users, users of wheelchairs reported a significantly higher adjusted likelihood of good ambulatory performance and a significantly lower adjusted likelihood of reporting a positive working status. Further analyses indicated that physical accessibility to working places and duration of wheelchair use had a statistically significant impact on the likelihood of reporting positive work outcomes.
The findings support the notion that assistive technology use increases the likelihood of human rights enjoyment, particularly hearing aid use. Physical accessibility should always be addressed in wheelchair provision.
Is there a positive relation between use of assistive technology and enjoyment of basic human rights in low-income countries? Although the Convention of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) and the Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities (Standard Rules) require assistive technology interventions to facilitate full enjoyment of human rights [1,2], little empirical data is available to support such claims in low-income countries. Indications of certain benefits in areas such as health, mobility and education have been published [3-5].
The lack of knowledge about human rights effects of assistive technology interventions in low-income countries is not unique to this field. Attention has recently been drawn to the need for understanding, measuring and improving rehabilitation outcomes from a human rights perspective, where rights themselves might be valued outcomes [6]. Out of a concern that measures of specialist services quality became increasingly bureaucratic and devoid of meaningful content, CRPD based human rights indicators have been suggested [7].
The human rights were first formulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) from 1948 [8]. This was followed by two covenants that define civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights [9,10]. To provide guidance on how to ensure specific rights, or protect the rights of specific groups of people, various conventions have been adopted; the CRPD being one of them. With few exceptions, people in low-income countries enjoy human rights to a much less extent than people living in countries with richer economies, particularly with regards to their standard of living, health, education and work [11]. Disability often enlarges this gap resulting in people with disabilities being amongst the most marginalized in every society, particularly in low-income countries [12,13].
It is estimated that about half a billion people with disabilities live in developing countries and that only 5-15% of those who need have access to assistive technologies [14,15]. In some African countries, the largest gap between needed and received disability related services was with regard to assistive technology [16]. Factors limiting access to assistive technology includes lack of products, skilled personnel, suitable infrastructure and financial means [17]. The lack of assistive technologies is aggravated by the fact that the need for associated services is seldom considered [18]. It is therefore promising that the CRPD requires governments to provide affordable assistive technologies along with necessary services in order to ensure the full and equal enjoyment of all human rights of people with disabilities [17]. To implement these measures, there is a need for developing appropriate, evidence-based strategies for provision of these technologies and services. However, prior to this, we need empirical knowledge on what role assistive technologies plays in enabling their users to enjoy human rights in order to set priorities in provision. The objective of this study was therefore to contribute to filling the current gap of empiric evidence by exploring the relation between assistive technology use and enjoyment of basic human rights in a low-income country.
Data for this study was collected in Bangladesh, which has an estimated population of about 164 million people living on 147 thousand square kilometres of land. In 2009, it ranked 146 out of 182 countries on the Human Development Index. The life expectancy at birth was 65.7 years, the adult literacy rate was 53.5%, and the GDP per capita was PPP US$ 1,241. About 40% of the population live below the national poverty line and about 50% live on less than $1.25 a day [19,20].
A recent study indicates a disability prevalence rate in Bangladesh of about 6% [21], which corresponds to approximately 10 million people. Disability has been reported to have a devastating effect on quality of life, particularly on educational attainment and employment [22]. In 2001, Bangladesh adopted the Persons with Disability Welfare Act. This was followed by the ratification of the CRPD in 2007 and its Optional Protocol in 2008. Thus, in principle, the country supports equal rights and opportunities for people with disabilities. However, for most of them, these rights have not been realized as their access to development programmes, social benefits, and health and rehabilitation services is limited [23,24]. To promote the rights of people with disabilities, 46 Focal Points have been established in different ministries and departments, and a committee has been set up to monitor the implementation of the CRPD. In addition, a Disability Rights Watch Group has been formed with representatives from civil society and the Parliamentarians' Caucus on Disability. Progress has been made in developing a new law for persons with disability based on human rights.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 1.6 million people in Bangladesh would need a wheelchair and about 0.8 million people would need an orthotic device [25,26]. Further, based on the situation in countries like Indonesia and Nigeria, an estimated five million or more Bangladeshis would benefit from using a hearing aid [27]. Less is known about other types of assistive technology. Although there has been some government, non-government and private initiatives to make assistive technology accessible, the needs for assistive technology are far from being met [28,29]. Apart from services being physically, geographically and economically inaccessible, lack of trained personnel is another reason for this gap. This may be exemplified by comparing the current some 50 orthopaedic technicians working in Bangladesh with a required number of 5,000 personnel trained at different levels to conform to WHO recommendations [26].
The sample in this study was derived from a survey which aimed at exploring the relationships between the use of assistive technology and the enjoyment of human rights and the economic situation in a population of people with hearing and ambulatory impairments living in Bangladesh. The survey was cross-sectional using an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire to collect quantitative data. The inclusion criteria included people with hearing impairments using or not using hearing aids or people with ambulatory impairments using or not using manual wheelchairs in the age-group 15–55 years. To achieve a statistical power of 0.8 when using logistic regression and an effect size corresponding to an odds ratio (OR) of 2.0, a sample size of 222 is required. (see Additional file 1: Appendix 1 for calculation details.)
Additional file 1. Appendix 1. Power protocol.
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Due to lack of government registers of people with disabilities in general, and users of assistive technology in particular, the non-government organization Centre for Disability in Development (CDD) was contacted in order to find eligible respondents. CDD is the largest disability oriented, national resource and training centre in Bangladesh with over 300 partner organizations across the country, through which it has access to locally maintained registers of people with disabilities, including users of assistive technology. The way people had been included in the registers varied between and within the organizations. Main methods to identify people with disabilities were: during community meetings attended by people with disabilities, information provided by community people, home visits based on information from local people and authorities, people with disabilities voluntarily approaching the organizations, people with disabilities referring other people with disabilities, and surveys. The proportion of people being recruited by what method is unknown. However, there was no obvious difference in the chance to be included in those registers because of use of assistive technology or not.
Sample representation from four typical areas of Bangladesh was sought; in and around the capital Dhaka, general countryside, areas prone to flooding, and hilly areas. Based on minimizing the number of involved organizations in the selected areas in order to achieve a target sample size of 300 people with each impairment, eight organizations were selected for collection of data from people with ambulatory impairments and ten =organizations were selected for collection of data from people with hearing impairments in eight districts (Bogra, Chittagong, Dhaka, Gaibandha, Jhenaidah, Lalmonirhat, Meherpur, and Savar). The sample was recruited by eight and ten interviewers, respectively. First, the interviewers selected registered users of assistive technology meeting the inclusion criteria. Second, where possible, the interviewers matched each user of assistive technology with the closest living registered person with the same impairment, of the same sex and of similar age (+/− 5 years but not below 15 years). The final sample size was 285 people with hearing impairment and 298 people with ambulatory impairment.
When selecting types of assistive technology to be included in this study, we wanted a variation based on types of represented impairments and required degree of accessibility of the physical environment for efficient use. The main reason for limiting the study to hearing-aids and wheelchairs was that other types of assistive technology were not commonly used or available in Bangladesh. Achieving a reasonable number of respondents using other types of assistive technology to allow for meaningful comparisons was beyond available time and budget frames.
The questionnaire used for collecting data consisted of seven parts: demographics, human rights, economy, participation, disability, environment, and assistive technology. Only users of assistive technology answered the last part. The questions were partly based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), a WHO questionnaire [30] and a questionnaire used in livelihood studies in Africa [31], and partly developed by the authors. (see principal outcome questions in Additional file 2: Appendix 2).
Additional file 2. Appendix 2. Questions for principal outcomes.
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The questionnaire was developed in English and translated into Bangla. The translation was reviewed by native and non-native speakers of Bangla, including an expert on communication in simple Bangla. After revision, the questionnaire was pre-tested on 30 people representing various respondent groups followed by a minor revision.
An instruction manual for interviewers was developed and ten interviewers were recruited. All interviewers worked with rehabilitation of people with disabilities in their respective organization. They participated in a four-day training on interviewing and data collection techniques, including one day of practice interviewing using the questionnaire. Following input from the training, the questionnaire was finalized. Supervised by a coordinator, the interviewers collected data between 6 November 2009 and 1 February 2010.
Verbal interviews based on the questionnaire were conducted at the respondent's home at a single occasion. To protect confidentiality of data, other family members and neighbours were requested to provide privacy. In interviews, where the interviewer was unable to communicate with a participant, data was collected from a proxy. Chi-square tests revealed a statistically significant difference in proxy reporting between users and non-users of hearing aids, while there were no such difference between users and non-users of wheelchairs. Among non-users and users of hearing aids, 109 (73.2%) and 47 (34.6%), respectively, of the questionnaires were completed with the help of proxies.
Ethical considerations
As there is no authority in Bangladesh that grants ethical approvals, the University of Dhaka was consulted and their ethical research praxis was followed. Potential participants were informed about the study and invited to participate. Only those giving verbal consent were interviewed. Written informed consent could not be used due to high rate of illiteracy. Respondents could refuse to answer any question or discontinue the interview at any time. No incentives for participation were offered.
Outcome variables
In this work, self-reported enjoyments of six human rights were studied. The rights to standard of living, health, education and work were selected based on their fundamental importance, and rights related to receiving information and to movement were selected based on their relevance for the included impairments. The relations of these rights to the UDHR, the CRPD and the ICF are indicated in Table 1.
Table 1. Variables and their relation to UDHR and CRPD articles and ICF categories
Drawing from UDHR Article 25, the right to a standard of living adequate for health and well-being was measured using a composite scale consisting of three items on how frequently the respondent ate three times a day until full, drank safe water and wore clothes adequate for the weather as indicated on 4-point Likerttype scales ranging from 'Never' to 'Always', and an item on the adequacy of the house for health as indicated on a 3-point Likert-type scale ranging from 'Not adequate' to 'Adequate'. This standard of living scale had good internal consistency with Cronbach alpha coefficients of 0.83 for respondents with hearing impairments and 0.81 for respondents with ambulatory impairments. If the water item was removed, Cronbach alpha would increase by 0.022 and 0.008, respectively. However, as safe water was considered an integral part of this human right, and Cronbach alpha already was satisfactorily high, this item remained.
Three items were used to measure the right to health: medical care, indicating frequency of getting necessary medical care using a 4-point Likert-type scale ranging from 'Never' to 'Always'; and physical health and mental health as indicated on 5-point Likert-type scales ranging from 'Very bad' to 'Very good'.
The right to education was measured using three items: reading ability, which is the ability to read a letter answered by yes or no; primary education, which indicates completion of primary education (i.e. class 5); and participation in school education measured on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 'Complete problem' to 'No problem'.
The right to work was measured by the item work, indicating whether the respondent worked (including being a housewife), and the item participation in employment, which uses an ICF based 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 'Complete problem' to 'No problem'.
Two items were used to measure freedom of movement: participation in using public transportation and ambulating performance, both using an ICF based 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 'Complete problem' to 'No problem'.
Freedom to receive information was measured according to the ICF as listening performance using a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 'Complete problem' to 'No problem'.
Continuous outcome variables were dichotomized to allow for logistic regression. Due to non-negligible variations in scoring between the hearing and ambulation groups, the dichotomization points were placed at different levels for six of the nine variables, see Table 2. This was done in order to reduce the risk for overfitting [32].
Table 2. Dichotomization points of continuous outcome variables for hearing and ambulation groups
Predictor variables
The predictor variable for people with hearing impairments, hearing aid user, indicates whether a respondent uses hearing aid(s) or not. Similarly, wheelchair user indicates whether a respondent with ambulatory impairment uses wheelchair or not. In a complementary analysis, duration of use dichotomized into 'Short' (less than 3 years) and 'Long' (3 years or more) was used as a predictor variable.
Potential confounding variables
Self-reported enjoyment of human rights was analyzed with respect to reported, possible confounding variables, including sex, age, place of living, and economic situation [33-37]. To determine place of living, the two categories 'village' and 'town/city' were used. To measure the economic situation, the perception of how the respondent's household managed economically during the past year was indicated on a self-reported 4-point Likert-type scale ranging from 'Poorly' to 'Very well'.
In complementary analysis, the listening capacity and ambulatory capacity were included as possible confounders of outcomes related to receiving information and movement. Further, it was hypothesized that physical accessibility to the working place was associated with a wheelchair user working or not. Listening capacity and ambulatory capacity were measured as self-reported level of difficulty to listen or to walk or move around without assistance (i.e. without support from assistive technology, other persons, etc.) indicated on an ICF based 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 'Unable' to 'No difficulty'. Physical accessibility to the working place was self-rated as 'Good' or 'Poor'.
Standard of living may determine health, and education may determine both health and standard of living. However, as we were interested in standard of living and education as outcomes, they were not included as possible causes of other studied effects.
Questionnaire responses were recorded in a Microsoft Access database and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 statistical software. The analysis was carried out at three levels. First, descriptive statistics and t-tests, Mann–Whitney U test, and Pearson's chi-square test were used to report on differences in profile characteristics between respondent groups. Second, crude odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated to explore associations between assistive technology use and the outcome variables, which were dichotomized if not already binary. Third, analysis by logistic regression was performed to investigate the potential importance of various confounders and to analyze whether use of assistive technology can predict differences in enjoyment of human rights. To avoid overfitting, i.e. less than 10–15 events per predictor and confounding variables [32], adjustments were not made for participation in school, participation in work, and listening performance among respondents with ambulatory impairment. To indicate the potential importance of accessibility for participation in work among people with ambulatory impairments, an over fitted analysis is presented in table 5 (8.5 events per variable adjusted for). Chi-square tests were done to assess the impact of proxies answering the questions on behalf of the respondents.
Respondent characteristics
Characteristics of the respondents are given in Table 3, including their self-rated listening and ambulatory capacities. There were statistically significant differences between the groups of users and non-users of hearing aids in terms of mean age, economic situation and place of living, while no such differences were found between the groups of users and non-users of wheelchairs. None of the non-users of wheelchairs possessed a mobility device that they claimed using.
Table 3. Characteristics of non-users and users of hearing aids and wheelchairs
Crude odds ratios
Distribution of dichotomized outcomes by respondent category is presented in part A of Table 4. Crude Odds Ratios for studied outcomes for users of assistive technology compared to non-users are provided in part B of Table 4. All associations were statistically significant among respondents with hearing impairments. And among respondents with ambulatory impairments the two associations between wheelchair use and necessary medical care and ambulatory performance, respectively, were statistically significant.
Table 4. Distribution of dichotomized outcomes (A), crude odds ratios (B), and adjusted odds ratios (C)
Adjusted odds ratios
Adjusted Odds Ratios regarding use versus no use of hearing aids and wheelchairs after adjusting for sex, age, place of living and economic situation are presented in part C of Table 4.
People using hearing aids were more likely to report a high standard of living, OR = 2.1 (1.2-3.7), that they often receive necessary medical care, OR = 1.8 (1.0-3.3), good physical health, OR = 1.8 (1.1-3.0), and good mental health, OR = 2.0 (1.2-3.5). Although wheelchair users also tended to score higher on these outcomes compared to non-users, the differences were not significant.
Compared to non-users of hearing aids, users were more likely to report that they can read, OR = 5.0 (2.9-8.8), have completed primary education, OR = 3.8 (2.2-6.7), and have a high participation in school, OR = 5.2 (1.6-17.0). Among users and non-users of wheelchairs, there were no significant differences in educational outcomes.
Respondents using hearing aids were more likely to report a high level of participation in work compared to non-users, OR = 4.9 (1.3-18.6), while the difference in reported work status was not significant. Compared to non-users of s, users were less likely to report that they work, OR = 0.59 (0.36-0.98). The difference in reported work status between hearing aid users and non-users was not statistically significant.
Hearing aid users were much more likely to report good listening performance compared to non users, OR = 13.6 (7.3-25.5). Users of hearing aids were also more likely to report high participation in using public transportation, OR = 2.1 (1.2-3.4), and more likely to report good ambulatory performance compared to non-users, OR = 6.1 (2.5-14.6). There were no statistically significant differences between users and non-users of wheelchairs in terms of participation in using public transportation, while users were more likely to report good ambulatory performance, OR = 3.0 (1.8-5.0).
Odds Ratios for work related outcomes among users and non-users of wheelchairs after adjusting for physical accessibility to the working place are given in Table 5. There was no statistically significant difference between users or non-users of wheelchairs in reported working status. Compared to non-users, wheelchair users reported a higher degree of participation in work, OR = 6.7 (1.2-37.5). Table 5 also indicates that respondents that had had a wheelchair for three years or more were more likely to report that they work compared to those who had had a wheelchair for a shorter period of time, OR = 3.5 (1.6-7.8).
Table 5. Odds ratios (95% CI) regarding effects of wheelchair use on work related outcomes. (Bold = Significance level at p < 0.05)
Adjustments for listening capacity and ambulatory capacity yielded higher odds ratios regarding assistive technology use versus non-use for corresponding performances.
Proxy responses
Chi-square tests of outcomes of respondents with hearing impairments between respondent reported and proxy reported data revealed significant differences for 3 of the 12 outcomes. Significantly less (p < 0.001) proxies indicated that the respondent can read a letter, has completed primary school, and has good listening performance. Although not statistically significant, proxies tended to report better physical health than respondents themselves (p = 0.065).
In an attempt to explore the relation between assistive technology use and human rights enjoyment in a low-income country, cross-sectional data from users and non-users of hearing aids and wheelchairs in Bangladesh was analyzed using logistic regression. The findings provide empirical support for using assistive technology interventions to facilitate full enjoyment of human rights. The results complement a previous report from the same sample, which found that assistive technology use is associated with better opportunities to do things one has reason to value and with better attitudes from neighbours [38].
Use of hearing aids
Apart from non-significant differences in working status, people using hearing aids were more likely to report positive outcomes regarding standard of living, health, education, work, receiving information, and movement than people with hearing impairments not using hearing aids did. The results support the general positive outcomes of hearing aid use on activities and participation found in Brazil and Nigeria [39,40]. A study in India reported that regular hearing aid use had a positive impact on the performance of students, particularly on language [4], which may partly explain the positive relation between hearing aid use and education outcomes reported in this paper.
The non-significant differences in working status between users and non-users of hearing aids are consistent with findings in Australia [41]. However, they call for a deeper analysis which was not possible with the available data. Such an analysis may consider including attitudes of employers and aspects of the labour market.
We did not anticipate that hearing aid use would be positively related to the enjoyment of freedom of movement in terms of ambulatory performance and participation in using public transportation. However, in an environment with little visual instructions the positive outcome of hearing aid use on listening performance may explain this, as much of the readily available or sought after information for movement and risk avoidance are audible in Bangladesh. In addition, where instructions and information are available in written, users of hearing aids are likely to benefit as they were literate to a greater extent than non-users. If further studies confirm the positive association between hearing aid use and the enjoyment of the freedom of movement, the possibility of including such devices as assistive technology for personal mobility in accordance with the CRPD may be considered. The CRPD explicitly requires governments to make such technology available at affordable cost [2].
Use of wheelchairs
Few significant differences between users and non-users of wheelchairs were found. Wheelchairs do fulfil their intended purpose of providing mobility, which correspond to reported outcomes in India and Peru [3]. On the contrary, the lack of significant differences in physical and mental health contrast with findings from India and Peru, where nearly 50% of the respondents reported that health had improved after receiving a wheelchair [3]. Based on findings in Uganda, it has been assumed that assistive technology for mobility would provide opportunities for education and employment [42]. However, this study and the study in India and Peru indicate that such opportunities are not directly materialized as no significant differences due to wheelchair use alone were found [3]. The negative association between wheelchair use and working status called for a complementary analysis, which indicated that physical accessibility and duration of use have an effect on working status. The statistically significant association between physical accessibility and high participation in work need to be interpreted cautiously as the analysis was overfitted (8.5 events per variable adjusted for). However, the findings support current guidelines for provision of wheelchairs, where assessment of physical accessibility of intended environments of use is recommended [25]. Assessing and ensuring physical accessibility appears a prerequisite for users to be able to benefit from a wheelchair for other human rights purposes than movement. However, it is uncertain if the degree of physical accessibility fully explains why wheelchair users are not more likely to report positive outcomes than non-users do, as there are more aspects of the environment which may dynamically influence participation [43,44]. As for the hearing group, further investigations are required to explore factors which impact these outcomes.
There have been earlier attempts to quantitatively assess the field of health and human rights [45]. However, to our knowledge, this is the first reported study focusing specifically on the relation between assistive technology use and human rights outcomes, which left us with little guidance on how to approach the work. We are aware that the study has several limitations which should be considered when interpreting the findings.
An inherent limitation of a cross-sectional design is its inapplicability in exploring cause and effect relationships. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess the role assistive technologies play in the link between impairments and human rights enjoyment.
Like most countries, Bangladesh does not maintain a national register of users of assistive technology, and as the prevalence of assistive technology use is very low, it was impossible to achieve a representative sample within the resource constraints of this research. It is often difficult to obtain representative samples in low-income countries, particularly when hidden and vulnerable population groups are involved [46,47]. Therefore, as the sample in this study was not randomly selected, there is a risk for selection bias, and thus we must be cautious about generalizing the findings to all people with hearing and ambulatory impairments in Bangladesh. It can be noted that in all sampling areas all registered and eligible users of hearing aids and wheelchairs, respectively, were included. As there were more non-users of assistive technology in the areas, each user of assistive technology was matched with a non-user as far as the circumstances allowed. Besides this, there was no obvious difference in the chance to be selected because of use of assistive technology or not. As indicated in table 3, no statistically significant differences of key-characteristics between users and non-users of wheelchairs were found, while such differences occurred between users and non-users of hearing aids for age, place of living and economic situation.
The hearing and ambulatory capacities of the respondents was not assessed by a trained professional. In case the capacity of non-users of assistive technology would exceed the capacity of users, it is likely that any differences in outcomes would have been underestimated given that assistive technology benefits its user. On the contrary, if the capacity of users exceeds the capacity of non-users, it is likely that any differences in outcomes would have been overestimated. Although no statistically significant differences in self-rated capacities between users and non-users of assistive technology were found, the lack of objective assessment of the respondents' capacities constitutes a limitation of the study.
People associated with a development organization may have had the opportunity to be empowered to exercise their human rights to a larger extent than people that are not associated with such an organization. It is therefore likely that our sample would score higher compared to people who would not be associated with an organization. However, our sample could well score lower than those who are associated with other organizations. As this work was limited to studying the relative difference between users and non-users of assistive technology living in the same communities and associated with the same organizations, we assume that this has not had a significant effect on the result.
The use of an administered questionnaire can result in systematically biased answers as responses may be given to satisfy the interviewer, but as we only compare data provided by respondents within this single country context, such bias may not significantly affect the conclusions. Further, we relied on self- and proxy-reported data and do not know how closely the responses correlate with objective measures. Understanding of Likert-type scales may vary, which may influence individual responses.
Existing variations between self- and proxy-reported data seems reasonable, i.e. that the reason for a proxy answering may be that the respondent's listening performance is poorer, resulting in lower completion of primary education, and, consequently, the respondent remaining unable to read. Thus, as the variations in reported outcomes between respondents and proxies seem logical, it appears that the proxy-reported data can be considered reliable.
For the purpose of simplicity in presenting the logistic regression models in parts C of Table 4, and given the limitations of the sample size, adjustments were made for the same confounders for all outcomes. This resulted in including confounders whose correlation with some outcomes had not necessarily been previously reported and excluding known confounders. This could potentially affect the findings. However, preliminary adjustments of reported confounders only marginally affected the results. As all dichotomization points are not the same for the hearing and ambulatory groups, it is not possible to compare these groups for all outcomes.
Use of hearing aids and wheelchairs was positively associated with human rights enjoyment in Bangladesh. With an exception for non-significant differences in work status, users of hearing aids were more likely to report high levels of enjoyment of all studied human rights compared to non-users. Wheelchair users were likely to report less difficulty to move around compared to non-users, and, after adjusting for physical accessibility to the working place, more likely to enjoy the right to work. This underscores the necessity of considering physical accessibility in wheelchair services. Further studies are needed to understand what factors affect the relation between work status and assistive technology use in low-income countries in order to find strategies to facilitate work. Longitudinal studies are required to assess the temporal association between assistive technology use and human rights enjoyment.
CDD: Centre for Disability in Development; CRPD: Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities; GDP: Gross Domestic Product; ICF: International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health; PPP: Purchasing Power Parity; Standard Rules: Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities; UDHR: Universal Declaration of Human Rights; WHO: World Health Organization.
Competing interests
JB, SL, POÖ and ASMAR declare that they have no competing interests. NB and AHMNK work in a non-governmental organization whose activities include provision of assistive technology. However, they have not been involved in the analysis and interpretation of data.
Authors' contributions
JB conceived of the study, participated in its design, performed the statistical analysis, and drafted the manuscript. SL conceived of the study, participated in its design, and helped to draft the manuscript. POÖ participated in the design of the study, helped to perform the statistical analysis, and helped to draft the manuscript. ASMAR participated in the design of the study, helped in acquisition of data, and helped to draft the manuscript. NB participated in the design of the study, supervised acquisition of data, and helped to draft the manuscript. AHMNK participated in the design of the study, helped in acquisition of data, and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The study was funded through a grant from the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). The funding agency was not involved in any part of the study. We are grateful to the reviewers for their constructive comments.
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World Health Organization: Guidelines for training personnel in developing countries for prosthetics and orthotics services. World Health Organization, Geneva; 2005.
World Health Organization: Hearing aids for developing countries. Report of informal consultation to launch the WHO Guidelines for Hearing Aids and Services for Developing Countries. World Health Organization, Geneva; 2001.
Borg J: Supply and distribution systems: IBR/CBR approach. In Consensus conference on wheelchairs for developing countries: 2006. Edited by Sheldon S, Jacobs NA. Internatinal Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics, Bengaluru, India; 2006:251-255.
Borg J: Position Paper - Assistive Technology and Accessibility. Thematic Group on Assistive Technology and Accessibility, National Forum of Organizations Working with the Disabled, Dhaka; 2002.
World Health Organization: B – Individual Questionnaire, Rotation - A. World Health Survey; 2002. PubMed Abstract
Loeb ME, Eide AH: Living Conditions among people with activity limitations in Malawi. A national representative study. SINTEF Health Research, Oslo; 2004.
Babyak MA: What you see may not be what you get: A brief, nontechnical introduction to overfitting in regression-type models.
Psychosom Med 2004, 66:411-421. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Marmot M: Social determinants of health.
Lancet 2005, 365(9464):1099-1104. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Hwang S-A, Gomez MI, Sobotova L, Stark AD, May JJ, Hallman EM: Predictors of hearing loss in New York.
Am J Ind Med 2001, 40:23-31. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Owens J, Simonds C: Beyond the wheelchair: development of motorised transport for people with severe mobility impairments in developing countries.
Rahman MR: The state of health determinants in Bangladesh.
Int J Sociol Soc Policy 2000, 20(8):33-54. Publisher Full Text
Chowdhury AMR, Nath SR, Choudhury RK: Equity gains in Bangladesh primary education.
Borg J, Östergren PO, Larsson S, Rahman ASMA, Bari N, Khan AHMN: Assistive technology use is associated with reduced capability poverty: a cross-sectional study in Bangladesh.
Disabil Rehabil Assist Tech 2012, 7(2):112-121. Publisher Full Text
Magni C, Freiberger F, Tonn K: Evaluation of satisfaction measures of analog and digital hearing aid users.
Olusanya B: Self-reported outcomes of aural rehabilitation in a developing country.
Int J Audiol 2004, 43(10):563-571. PubMed Abstract
Winn S: Is there a link between hearing aid use, employment, and income?
Am Ann Deaf 2006, 151(4):434-440. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
May-Teerink T: A survey of rehabilitative services and people coping with physical disabilities in Uganda, East Africa.
Int J Rehabil Res 1999, 22(4):311-316. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Borg J, Östergren P-O, Larsson S, Eide AH: The Friction Model – a dynamic model of functioning, disability and contextual factors and its conceptual and practical applicability.
Disabil Rehabil 2010, 32(21):1790-7. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Hammel J, Magasi S, Heinemann A, Whiteneck G, Bogner J, Rodriguez E: What does participation mean? An insider perspective from people with disabilities.
Disabil Rehabil 2008, 30(19):1445-1460. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Wildner M, Fischer R, Brunner A: Development of a questionnaire for quantitative assessment in the field of health and human rights.
Soc Sci Med 2002, 55:1725-1744. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Bostoen K, Bilukha OO, Fenn B, Morgan OW, Tam CC, terVeen A, Checchi F: Methods for health surveys in difficult settings: charting progress, moving forward.
Emerg Themes Epidemiol 2007, 4(13):1-4. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Bostoen K, Chalabi Z: Optimization of household survey sampling without sample frames.
Int J Epidemiol 2006, 35:751-755. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:


text:
Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment May Raise Risk of Stomach Cancer »
"Hodgkin lymphoma is a cancer of the immune system. It is one of the most common cancers among adolescents and young adults in the United States. Major advances in treatment for this cancer, such as different types of chemotherapy and more target"...
Read the Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment May Raise Risk of Stomach Cancer article »
(mesna) Injection and Tablets
MESNEX is a detoxifying agent to inhibit the hemorrhagic cystitis induced by ifosfamide. The active ingredient, mesna, is a synthetic sulfhydryl compound designated as sodium-2-mercaptoethane sulfonate with a molecular formula of C2H5NaO3S2 and a molecular weight of 164.18. Its structural formula is as follows:
MESNEX (mesna) injection is a sterile, nonpyrogenic, aqueous solution of clear and colorless appearance in clear glass multidose vials for intravenous administration. MESNEX injection contains 100 mg/mL mesna, 0.25 mg/mL edetate disodium and sodium hydroxide for pH adjustment. MESNEX Injection multidose vials also contain 10.4 mg/mL of benzyl alcohol as a preservative. The solution has a pH range of 7.5-8.5.
MESNEX (mesna) tablets are white, oblong, scored biconvex film-coated tablets with the imprint M4. They contain 400 mg mesna. The excipients are calcium phosphate, cornstarch, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, lactose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, povidone, simethicone, and titanium dioxide.
What are the possible side effects of mesna (Mesnex)?
Seek emergency medical attention or contact your healthcare provider immediately if you experience any of the following serious side effects:
- an allergic reaction (difficulty breathing; closing of the throat; swelling of the lips, tongue, or face; or hives); or
- pink or red colored urine.
Other less serious side effects may be more likely to occur. Continue to take mesna, and contact your doctor if you experience any of the following side effects:
- nausea or vomiting;
- decreased appetite;
- stomach...
Read All Potential Side Effects and See Pictures of Mesnex »
What are the precautions when taking mesna (Mesnex)?
Before taking mesna, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.
Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: overactive immune system diseases (autoimmune disorders) that may increase your risk for a mesna allergy (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, nephritis).
This drug may make you dizzy or drowsy. Do not drive, use machinery, or do any activity that requires alertness until you are sure you can perform such activities safely. Limit alcoholic beverages.
Kidney function declines as you grow older. This medication is...
Last reviewed on RxList: 4/1/2014
This monograph has been modified to include the generic and brand name in many instances.
Mesnex FDA Prescribing Information
Additional Mesnex Information
Mesnex - User Reviews
Mesnex User Reviews
Now you can gain knowledge and insight about a drug treatment with Patient Discussions.
Here is a collection of user reviews for the medication Mesnex sorted by most helpful.
Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration
You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.
Get the latest treatment options.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
MTM Black Powder Dry Box Black
Product #: 499955 MTM #: ML1-40 UPC #: 026057360355
- Information
No matter what the weather, the MTM Muzzleloader Dry Box has a roomy base interior that shuts out moisture with a tight, weather resistant, O-ring seal. A large, lift out tray helps to organize your gear. The top access lid compartment divides specialty tools into five sections for quick retrieval. Thick side wall construction, a heavy-duty latch and padlock tabs assure your gear stays dry and secure.
Technical Information: MTM Muzzleloader Dry Box
Material: Polypropylene
Technical Information: MTM Muzzleloader Dry Box
Material: Polypropylene
- Height: 9-½"
- Length: 15"
- Width: 8-¾"
- Top access lid compartments
- Lift-out tray
- Tab for padlocks
- Large handle on top
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- Heavy-duty latch
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First of an occasional series
PITTSBURGH — When Sen. Rick Santorum was first elected to Congress 16 years ago, he was among the firebrand conservatives who mapped out the Republican Revolution to slash government spending and end political careerism in Washington.
Today, the Pennsylvanian is the third-ranking Republican in the Senate. But the Republican Revolution is over, and he faces one of the toughest re-election campaigns in the country.
Typical of his campaigning these days was a stop earlier this month at the Pittsburgh Zoo, where he boasted to local reporters about how he'd fetched $500,000 from federal taxpayers to build one of the most luxurious polar-bear exhibits outside Arctic climes.
"They're building underwater tunnels so you're actually under water," Mr. Santorum told his awe-struck children as they toured the construction site and approached a tunnel of 4-inchglass that will allow zoo visitors to view the bears from below.
In November, Mr. Santorum faces state Treasurer Bob Casey Jr., a conservative Democrat who says Mr. Santorum has lost touch with the voters who first elected him and accuses him of helping usher in a new and deeper era of fiscal irresponsibility.
The race is viewed by many — including Mr. Santorum — as one of the biggest challenges facing a Republican incumbent nationwide as Democrats seek six seats to gain control of the chamber. Mr. Santorum, chairman of the Senate Republican Conference, says Democrats want revenge for Republicans' 2004 toppling of Minority Leader Tom Daschle in South Dakota.
After the zoo event, Mr. Santorum was asked whether funding for the polar-bear exhibit really was all that important, given the federal government's hemorrhaging debt, looming financial crisis in entitlement programs and expensive emergencies, such as the war in Iraq and rebuilding after Hurricane Katrina.
"If the pot of money is there, I'm going to make sure we get a piece of that money," said Mr. Santorum, who defended his record of support for "lean" budgets.
"The federal government does finance educational programs with respect to biology and zoology and a whole host of areas that we think is important for our children," he said. "Is that an important thing? Well, you know, yeah, it probably is."
That's the wrong answer for some of his longtime supporters.
"Where does the federal government get the constitutional right to take $500,000 from people to build a polar-bear exhibit?" asked Charlie Clift, who has supported Mr. Santorum in every past election.
'Lost touch'
To be sure, conservative Republicans such as Mr. Clift, who lives in Bucks County north of Philadelphia, aren't upset at Mr. Santorum simply because he directed federal funding for the polar-bear exhibit. They say that after 16 years in Washington, he has "lost touch" with the vision of smaller, more responsible federal government that he promised.


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Streamlined financial aid application could improve access to college
ESTERO - New rules on applying for college financial aid aim to make the process simpler, federal officials announced last week.
The changes relate to the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA), which is required for students seeking aid.
Most notably, starting in January, students will be able to retrieve tax information online from the IRS instead of having to enter the information multiple times.
The new rules also eliminate some of the questions on the forms, which the U.S. Department of Education now deems irrelevant.
The department is touting that a simplified financial aid form should increase college access for low- and middle-income students.
"Simplifying the FAFSA is another significant action in our quest to keep a college degree within the reach of every person who aspires to higher education," said Arne Duncan, U.S. Secretary of Education in a release.
Jorge Lopez, Florida Gulf Coast University's director of student financial services, welcomed the changes, calling them, "a major overhaul of the financial aid process."
He hoped they would help more students attend college.
"The reality is there's a lot of money out there, but there's certain things that students have to do to apply," Lopez said. "You don't want to discourage people from applying by making the form too complicated."
Lopez pointed to a streamlined process for verifying tax information as also benefitting college financial aid offices. One employee at FGCU now spends all her time verifying that information on FAFSA forms match what has been submitted to the IRS.
But Lopez expressed concern that different deadline dates for the FAFSA and annual taxes could make a planned automatic verification process difficult.
Students were pleased to have any simplification of the FAFSA form.
"It is a really ridiculous form," said Alexa Garcia, 21, an FGCU senior. "There's just so many things you have to sign and fill out. Even my mom complains about it."
"It's a pretty complicated process right now," said Greg Moore, 20, a junior at the University of Tampa taking summer classes at FGCU. "Any way they can streamline it and make it easier is great."
Subscribe to the Naples Daily News
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text:
U.S. 1 reopens following crash on south Indian River County line at noon Sunday
INDIAN RIVER COUNTY — All lanes of U.S. 1 at the Indian River-St. Lucie County line have been reopened following a four-vehicle crash at noon Sunday on the U.S. 1 railroad overpass, according to the Indian River County Sheriff's Office.
Then shortly after 2 p.m. the wreckage was cleared away and traffic was allowed back on the bridge that is under construction. During the closing, traffic was diverted onto Old Dixie Highway and motorists were advised to avoid the area.
No information is currently available on the injuries or cause of the accident.
The story will be updated when more information is released.
Subscribe to TCPalm.com and our Treasure Coast Newspapers
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|18E. Columbia St. 28480
BEACH PROPERTY FOR SALE: Ocean Front, 3 Bedrooms, 3 1/2 Baths with 2 Master Suites. Prime location. Easy walk to Roberts Grocery and Restaurants. Sundance quality, furniture art and decor. Owners need only bring food and personal items. Housekeeping and laundry service included...More info Email a friend
INVESTMENT PROPERTY: INVESTOR FINANCING Residential Purchase & Repair Graham Investment Co. 704-376-8438More info Email a friend
MANUFACTURED HOME LOTS: MH LOTS in Anson, Cherokee, Chesterfield, Cleveland, Catawba, Gaston, Lincoln, Union, Rutherford, Iredell, Stanly & York Co. Owner financing, low DP, Bryant Realty 704-567-9836 www.bryantrealty.orgMore info Email a friend
MOUNTAIN PROPERTY FOR SALE: 63 acres, Wilkes county. Year-round stream. Secluded; paved road w/utilities. Surveyed into 10+ acre tracts; multiple building sites; land lays well.More info Email a friend
MANUFACTURED HOME LOTS: WE HAVE LAND for mobile homes! Hundreds of lots available. Convenient to all interstates. With only $1200 down, we'll even owner finance it for you! Call Chuck's cell at (704) 617-6964More info Email a friend
|6407 Savannah Grace Lane 28078
LAKE PROPERTY FOR SALE: 4 beautiful interior lots; gated lake community, Badin Lake, see www.heronbay.org PRICED TO SALE from $ 5,000 - $ 15,000 per lot. Way below tax value! Call Doug @ 704-995-4308More info Email a friend
FARMS/ACREAGE: 600 +/- Acres in West Liberty Kentucky/Morgan County. Exc. hunting & investment properties. Lots of timber, creeks & streams. 4 mi. from town. Asking $600,000 Call 229.221.2228 More tracts available.More info Email a friend
FARMS/ACREAGE: - Located 4 miles south of Rock Hill on I-77 S. - Stables / Barn - 18, 12' x 12' horse stalls with grooms apartment - feed room, tack room, toilet and washing facilities - 6 fenced pastures plus 300' x 150' all-weather crushed gravel show and jumping area...More info Email a friend
MOUNTAIN PROPERTY FOR SALE: 10 ACS. MOUNTAINS Wilkes Co., 800 ft. river frontage, trout & small mouth fishing, power, good rd. Beautiful home sites. $100,000. 336-696-2869More info Email a friend
MOUNTAIN PROPERTY FOR SALE: BLUE RIDGE Mtns of NC Handcrafted 2/2 log cabin on 3 acres $159,900. Huge trees, bold stream, new appliances, screened porch, fireplace. (866) 738-5522More info Email a friend


text:
Lurex stitching makes a powerful statement on this dramatic ruana wrap. Plus size wrap features allover ruffles with lurex accents. Perfect when paired with your favorite jeans or accessorized for your 9-5 job.
If you have any questions or need help with your account, you may contact us by either sending us an email by clicking here, or you may call Customer Service toll-free (from US) on 844-327-4539 (M-F: 9 am - 9 pm EST and Saturdays 10am-4pm EST) or internationally by dialing 605-271-6130


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Date: 1920
Description: Front cover of a booklet produced by the Grid-Iron Grip Company entitled "The Tractor Traction Problem Solved: Just like a locomotive, It runs on its own."...
Date: 1902
Description: Catalog cover featuring an illustration of a woman wearing a long gown with a radiating star on her chest and holding a globe that reads: "53 Years." (1849...
Date: 1940
Description: Cover of an advertising brochure for McCormick-Deering chilled plows. Features an illustration of an International Harvester factory, possibly the Canton W...
Date: 1913 before
Description: Kentucky Grain Drills catalog cover, no color. Features a woman in a long dress holding on to the bridle of a horse standing in a stall. In a smaller inset...
Date: 1914
Description: Cover of an advertising catalog for International Harvester's Keystone line of tillage implements. Features an illustration from behind of a man standing o...
Date: 1939
Description: Cover of an advertising brochure for "All-Purpose Trucks Farm Gears and Wagons Tractor-Trailer Gears." Includes a man driving a Farmall H tractor.
Description: Advertising catalog for International Harvester's Champion line of farm machinery. Features an illustration of a farmer using a Champion binder with a fenc...
Date: 1900
Description: Cover of a catalog for Adriance, Platt & Company featuring an illustration of a woman in a wheat field. Adriance, Platt & Co. manufactured Buckeye and Triu...
Date: 1929-11-15
Description: Cover of a booklet produced by International Harvester's Agricultural Extension Department to promote the merits of alfalfa and the production of quality c...
Date: 1903
Description: Drawing of a sheriff arresting Herbert "Chub" Fowler. The sheriff, holding Fowler by the shoulder and carrying a billy club in the other hand, says, "Your...
Date: 1900 ca.
Description: Herman Riebe, Alexander Krueger, and an unidentified man are kneeling next to a pile of fish they are cleaning. All the men are holding several of the fish...
Description: Interior page of a Kentucky Grain Drills catalog showing Excelsior Cider Mills in three sizes: Senior—Medium—Junior. Includes illustrations of two mills.
Date: 1913
Description: Front cover of an advertising catalog for the Kentucky line of International Harvester corn planters and drills. Cover features an illustration of a farmer...
Date: 1929
Description: Pie chart showing the sources of gross income for Wisconsin farms in 1927.
Date: 1943 ca.
Description: Rabbit hutches at Heidelager concentration camp in Poland.
Date: 1907
Description: Illustration from an International Harvester McCormick line catalog showing the McCormick name in script superimposed over a globe of the earth.
Description: Features at the top a black and white illustration of a woman standing and using a pump machine at a counter. Cut reads: "Pumps for House & Farm." The bott...
Description: Three angora rabbits.
Date: 1931
Description: Cover of a Wisconsin tourism pamphlet for the 1932 season.
Description: Cover of an advertising brochure for McCormick-Deering corn planters featuring photos of seeding disks and the with the text "Planters for the Corn Belt."...
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hungryhouse ExpressDelivered in 45 or your next meal free!*
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Saffron Merchant in Carshalton Halal
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Select Local Merchants
YogaVieRead MoreYogaVie owner Dana Yeminy wants each of her students to have a supportive and comfortable space in which to grow their individual yoga practice. Inside her serene studio in Port Chester, Dana and her staff of experienced instructors teach intimate Vinyasa-style yoga classes for all levels, encouraging students to take each class at their own pace, using variations and modifications if necessary. In open level Vinyasa classes, students work to link breath with flowing postures, while foundations of yoga sessions help them deepen their understanding of basic yoga poses and ideals. Big believers in karma, YogaVie donates ten percent of their profits to local charities.16 King StreetPort Chester, NY US
BartacoRead MoreBartaco offers new and unique Mexican dishes. Comfort food at its best, low-fat is intentionally left off the menu here. At Bartaco, you can treat yourself to tasty eats, as well as a craft cocktail from the fully stocked bar. Bring your whole brood to Bartaco, where families can dig in to tasty and kid-friendly fare together. Bartaco's outdoor seating is available during the warmer months. Getting online is easy with Bartaco's free and convenient wifi. Bartaco will be able to accommodate your large party. Be prepared to raise your voice, though — the bar can get noisy. If you're heading to the bar on a Friday or Saturday, don't get stuck in line with the rest of the crowds — reservations are accepted. Not a popular place for dress-up dining, most Bartaco patrons come in casual attire. Bring the Bartaco's great food to your place. Always five minutes behind schedule? Pick up your food to go instead. Free parking is readily available for hungry diners at Bartaco. Cheap meals don't have to lack flavor as shown by the innovative dishes coming out of Bartaco's kitchen. Breakfast, lunch, and dinner are all served at the bar, but reviewers rate the dinner menu the highest.1 Willett AvePort Chester, NY US
Hollywood Chicken and International FoodsRead MoreAt Hollywood Chicken and International Foods, you can experience a laid-back fast food spot that has amazing chicken and good fast food in a laid-back atmosphere. It's a culinary destination for visitors looking for outstanding food. There's no particular required attire, so feel free to dress comfortably. It's been tabbed as a nice option for both families with children and large groups. WiFi's available if you're trying to get some work done, and in addition to its quick service (take-out is available), the restaurant also offers delivery, and can even cater an event for you. Or, if you just want to pop in for a beverage, the restaurant does have a pretty decent selection at its bar. All things considered, a visit to Hollywood Chicken and International Foods is definitely worthwhile. Visitors to the restaurant have access to a private lot nearby or can park on the street.216 Westchester AvePort Chester, NY US
Buffalo Wild WingsRead MoreTreat yourself to good food and drink at Buffalo Wild Wings in Port Chester. Dieters beware — Buffalo Wild Wings does not offer low-fat cuisine. Pick your poison and toast your evening — drinks are also served here. Buffalo Wild Wings is great for families with kids. Unwind on a budget, and enjoy happy hour's low-cost beers and simple eats. Wifi here is on the house. Between the music and the crowds, be prepared for a lot of noise at this restaurant. Great place to bring the whole family with great food and a business casual dress code. Impress the patrons at your next gathering by calling in Buffalo Wild Wings for catering. You can also grab your food to go. Free parking is available in a lot near Buffalo Wild Wings. The food at Buffalo Wild Wings is not just delicious, it's also affordable. Breakfast, lunch, and dinner are all available at Buffalo Wild Wings.44 Westchester AvePort Chester, NY US
Davy Byrnes RestaurantRead MoreDavy Byrnes Restaurant is serving up American favorites with a tasty tweak. If you're avoiding fat or gluten, you can still eat great at Davy Byrnes Restaurant, which offers a number of low-fat and gluten-free choices. Great food plus TV equals the perfect fan meal. Speakers are blaring and crowds roaring at the restaurant, so prepare for a noisy night out. Prepare to face the crowds if you visit on the weekend — Friday and Saturday are Davy Byrnes Restaurant's busiest days. Leave the fancy duds at home — patrons at the restaurant dress informally. If you're in a hurry, place an order for pickup instead. If cycling is more your speed, you'll find plenty of space to stash your bike outside the restaurant. Meals at Davy Byrnes Restaurant usually set you back about $30 per diner.538 Willett AvePort Chester, NY US
Capitol TheatreRead MoreAmazing Port Chester theater awaits when you buy tickets for any of Capitol Theatre's shows. With a sizzling plate of terrific food, this theater boasts among the best eats this side of the city. Bring the whole family to this theater, where kiddos are welcomed with open arms. Follow the game or the news from the TVs in the bar. Capitol Theatre keeps your ears entertained with live music or a DJ. Dance the night away while Capitol Theatre's DJ spins the latest tunes. The noise at the theater can be positively thunderous, so save intimate conversations for another night. Parking is plentiful, so visitors can feel free to bring their vehicles.149 Westchester AvePort Chester, NY US


text:
[PotUS] Preparing for the New Year
16 • Dan 2,226, 15:45 • Published in USA • Politične debate in analize
Writing again to you all as President of the United States. Hope that everyone is doing well.
I don't want to keep you guys too long, since I'm sure many of you are … preberi več »


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text: Lowest of the Low - Sordid Fiction he Toronto band released only two albums during its brief run in the 1990s, including the Canrock classic Shakespeare My Butt. Blame personal and creative differences. After burying the hatchet, original members Ron Hawkins, Stephen Stanley and David Alexander reunited and have now recorded their first studio album in 10 years. Energetic songs like "…And then the Riot" and "The Last Recidivist" and such elegiac numbers as "Giolietta the Just" prove the beloved Low have lost none of their literate, visceral edge. Prev Next


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McCall Creek, Mississippi
|McCall Creek, Mississippi
|Unincorporated community
|Coordinates: 31°30′46″N 90°41′55″W / 31.51278°N 90.69861°WCoordinates: 31°30′46″N 90°41′55″W / 31.51278°N 90.69861°W
|United States
|289 ft (88 m)
|Time zone
|Central (CST) (UTC-6)
|• Summer (DST)
|Zip code
|Area code(s)
|601 & 769
|GNIS feature ID
McCall Creek is an unincorporated community in Franklin County, Mississippi.[1] It is located along U.S. Route 84 in eastern Franklin County, approximately two miles west of the Franklin-Lincoln County line.
The community was founded in the early 1900s and was named for the McCall family, early settlers in the area. In 1911, the community was incorporated as the village of McCall. The village had a recorded population of 140 at the 1920 census and 169 in 1930. Thereafter, the community reverted to unincorporated status.
Today, McCall Creek has a store and sawmill. Although it is unincorporated, McCall Creek has a post office, with the ZIP code of 39647.[2] With the widening of Highway 84 from two lanes to four, the store was demolished. The additional two lanes went in north of the existing two lane road.
Notable people[edit]
- Jamie Collins, professional football player.[3]
- Oscar Lofton, professional football player and coach.[4]
- ^ a b "McCall Creek, Mississippi". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
- ^ Zip Code Lookup
- ^ "Jamie Collins". CBS Interactive. Retrieved February 2014.
- ^ "Oscar W. Lofton". OldestLivingProFootball.com. Retrieved February 2014.
|This Mississippi location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


text:
Day 2 Highlights from the Short Track Fall World Cup Qualifier
The Short Track Fall World Cup Qualifier/AmCup1 concluded today in Milwaukee, Wisc.
Day 1 Highlights from the Short Track Fall World Cup Qualifier
The Short Track Fall World Cup Qualifier/AmCup1 got underway this morning in Milwaukee, Wisc.
Five For Friday: Short Track Speedskating
Jessica Smith and J.R. Celski headline the skaters competing at the world cup qualifier in Milwaukee.
J.R. Celski Is Back From His Break And Ready To Race
The three-time Olympic medalist will compete at his first full competition in 17 months at the world cup qualifier.
McLeod Named Finalist for SI Kids SportsKid of the Year
Cooper McLeod from Puget Sound Speed Skating, was named one of five finalists for SI Kids' SportsKid of the Year.
Upcoming Eventsmore
Featured Newsmore
Reichmann Competes in Hill Climb
Chase Reichmann finishes eighth overall in hill climb at the Utah Olympic Park.
Interview with Ian Baranski
USSpeedskating.org recently caught up with Ian Baranski, a US Speedskating National Team alumnus.


text: The tendency in fiction for a NonActionGuy to also be a DeadpanSnarker. Often, a character who displays this trait is one of the few non-action-oriented characters in a show full of {{Action Girl}}s and {{Big Guy}}s. One possible explanation for this trope is that sarcasm is one way to show that a character is dissatisfied with his life, and of course no guy could be happy if he isn't [[{{MANLINESS}} MANLY]] enough. Another explanation might be that Non Action Guys tend to be {{geek}}s, and geeks [[MostTropersAreYoungNerds tend to be snarky]].This trope is more likely to be male than female. A non-action-oriented girl may get this treatment, but more likely she will be a more feminine character type, such as TheChick, TheFashionista, the DamselInDistress, the TeamMom, or {{Moe}}.----!!Examples[[foldercontrol]][[folder: Anime and Manga ]]* Ai Haibara from ''Manga/DetectiveConan''. In a series where most women are at least adept at some form of martial arts, she stands out as having very little means of self-defense.* Kyon, from ''LightNovel/HaruhiSuzumiya''.* Chisame in ''Manga/MahouSenseiNegima'' is physically useless in combat; her abilities are completely tactical.* The elves in ''Manga/{{Berserk}}'', being about the size of most people's palms, just stay back and make snarky comments when battle breaks out. Afterwards, though, [[HealingHands they have uses]].* Asuma from ''Anime/{{Patlabor}}''.* Nenene from ''Anime/RODTheTV'' is basically made of this trope. Sarcasm is basically her superpower.* Yukiteru in the English dub of ''Manga/FutureDiary''.-->'''Yukki:''' ''[to Yuno, while trying to escape a SerialKiller]'' Oh, great idea. Being on the roof makes getting away a total cinch.[[/folder]][[folder: Comic Books ]]* Yorrick from ''ComicBook/YTheLastMan'', though five years of WalkingTheEarth and tuition from his bodyguard toughen him up.[[/folder]][[folder: Film ]]* Jason Lee as Banky Edwards in ''Film/ChasingAmy''. It is not an action movie, but the guy is a comic book artist.* Creator/WoodyAllen. This is his stock character.* Corporal Miller in the film version of ''Film/TheGunsOfNavarone''.* Riley in ''Film/NationalTreasure''.[[/folder]][[folder: Literature ]]* Fitz, from the [[Franchise/DoctorWhoExpandedUniverse Eighth Doctor Adventures]] novels, is a Deadpan Snarker and [[TheKlutz has been known to trip over his own feet]]. Shortly after he's introduced, he convinces an old woman that [[strike:Creator/JRRTolkien]] R.J. Tolkien named Frodo after a beggar woman in France with whom he had a child, as it [[FandomBerserkButton bothered Fitz that she got Tolkien's name wrong]]. Fitz is not just a bit of a geek, but a [[GeekPhysiques skinny one, at that]].* [[Literature/{{Discworld}} Rincewind]] technically qualifies; he's frequently snarky and definitely a NonActionGuy, unless you count running as an action.[[/folder]][[folder: Live-Action TV ]]* Any Creator/JossWhedon work ever:** Xander, from ''Series/BuffyTheVampireSlayer''.** Doyle, from ''Series/{{Angel}}''. Also Cordelia, who's one of the rare female examples of this trope. Subverted with Wesley in later seasons, though.** Lorne. The man is made out of pure lounge music and snark.** Topher, from ''Series/{{Dollhouse}}''.** Wash, from ''Series/{{Firefly}}''.* Ianto on ''Series/{{Torchwood}}'', although he gets more action-y (and no less snarky) as the series progresses.* Seamus Zelazny Harper from ''Series/{{Andromeda}}''.* Timothy [=McGee=] from ''Series/{{NCIS}}''.** [=McGee=] subverts this, really. While he's not as action-oriented as Tony or Ziva, he's fully capable of handling himself, not even remotely a non-action guy. And on the other side, Tony, Ziva and Gibbs are all snarky as well.* Daniel Jackson in ''Series/StargateSG1'', although he becomes an action-guy after the first few seasons, and he is definitely not the only snarker on the show.** Rodney [=McKay=] from ''Series/StargateAtlantis'' and Eli Wallace from ''Series/StargateUniverse'' are purer examples. * Alec Hardison on ''Series/{{Leverage}}'' has this fairly often, given his two main partners for the various cons: [[TheBigGuy Eliot]] and [[ActionGirl Parker]]* Darryl from ''Series/{{Charmed}}'' is this. While he is a cop, he doesn't really stand a chance against magical creatures like witches, demons, and warlocks.* ''Series/OnceUponATime'': Aurora. She's not a fighter, but she snarks with the best of them, even sassing ''Cora'' despite the very strong likelihood that she would die for it.* Stiles from ''Series/TeenWolf''. At any given moment, expect him to either be snarking or avoiding getting caught in werewolf crossfire.* Sergeant Wu from ''Series/{{Grimm}}'' is basically a large pile of snark squeezed into human form. He's also definitely a NonActionGuy, despite being a cop.* Rory Williams from ''Series/DoctorWho'' mainly existed as a character foil and HenpeckedHusband to the fiery Amy Pond [[spoiler:until becoming The Lone Centurion.]][[/folder]][[folder: Theatre ]]* Thersites, from ''Theatre/TroilusAndCressida''. One of Shakespeare's many snarkers, but he's very much a DirtyCoward who shies away from action.[[/folder]][[folder: Toys ]]* Kazi from ''{{Bionicle}}''.[[/folder]][[folder: Video Games ]]* Shaun Hastings in ''VideoGame/AssassinsCreedII''. He's even called out on it by Desmond.* Hisao of ''VisualNovel/KatawaShoujo'' has a [[HeartTrauma heart]] [[DisabledSnarker disorder]] that can potentially kill him if he overexerts himself, and is in less than optimal shape at the start of the story. He also [[DeadpanSnarker has a habit of snarking]], [[FirstPersonSmartass especially in his narration]].* Joker in ''Franchise/MassEffect''.* The [[MissionControl mission briefer]] from the ''VideoGame/RiseOfTheTriad'' reboot snarks at the player every time they die, and also during some mission briefings.* Miles Upshur from ''VideoGame/{{Outlast}}''[[/folder]][[folder: Web Original ]]* Dr. Shelton from ''Roleplay/DarwinsSoldiers''' is close to if not the purest example (There's a reason he used to be the TropeNamer). Almost every other character is firearm proficient, MadeOfIron and has NervesOfSteel. Shelton can't shoot a gun, does the [[TheSmartGuy tech stuff]], and snarkily [[LampshadeHanging lampshades]] every [[ActionAdventureTropes action trope]] that comes his way. As the series progressed, a few more [[NonActionGuy non-action]] characters were introduced, but none were as bad as him.** Of course, after 6 years of CharacterDevelopment, he's gotten slightly more action-y, and has done a number of things his early self would never have dreamed of attempting. Still counts because the WorldOfBadass around him has gotten much more dangerous as well.* Cup from ''Blog/TheBlackLegionOfTheDarkLordSketchMelkor'' appears to generally be this, fitting in as well with the geeky aspects associated. She tends to not participate in the more extreme or strange conquests of Sketch, and sometimes even calls her out on them. Many of her comments regarding, well, anything, tend to be sarcastic. Subverted, in that she punched a guy out for making fun of feminism, and will stand up for herself, even if that means standing against the majority.[[/folder]][[folder:Western Animation]]* Tucker Foley from ''WesternAnimation/DannyPhantom''.* Noah in ''WesternAnimation/TotalDramaIsland'' might be the king of this trope, to the point where he was eliminated very early in season one just because [[SeriousBusiness he wouldn't play dodgeball]]. Fortunately, [[CharacterDevelopment he becomes far more active]] in ''World Tour'' but retains his signature snarker nature.* While [[WesternAnimation/AdventuresOfTheGalaxyRangers Dr. Hartford]] is quite capable with fisticuffs, a blaster, and a sword, he is a PlayfulHacker and BadassNormal who is grossly underpowered compared to his more combat-oriented teamates. Doc's snark, however, could be licenced as a deadly weapon.* Pretty much Jamie's character in ''WesternAnimation/MegasXLR''.[[/folder]]----


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Past Exhibitions
The style today known as Mannerism became the common currency of artists across Europe in the last decades of the sixteenth century. Characterized by elegantly drawn figures, complicated compositions, exquisite grace, and perhaps, above all, by... Keep Reading
Late in 2008, the Museum's galleries of European art underwent their first major rotation in over a decade. The new installation highlights some of the museum's familiar masterpieces—Giorgione's Portrait of a Man (ca. 1506... Keep Reading
Born in Tijuana, Mexico, in 1971, Hugo Crosthwaite spent his formative years in Rosarito, Mexico, and earned a degree from San Diego State University. Now based in New York City, Crosthwaite creates large-scale graphite and charcoal drawings... Keep Reading
The groundbreaking exhibition Joaquín Torres-García: Constructing Abstraction with Wood explores the work of one of the most influential artists to have emerged from Latin America.
Many foreign artists traveled to Mexico to glean inspiration from the culture and landscapes of the country. A German-born photographer, Brehme contributed immensely to the development of modern photography in Mexico. Like all foreign artists... Keep Reading
From Rembrandt's Studio: The Prints of Ferdinand Bol focuses on printmaking in Rembrandt's Holland and documents the efforts of the Dutch painter and printmaker Ferdinand Bol to arrive at his own style while working with Rembrandt,... Keep Reading