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The wounds of Christ
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Topic: The wounds of Christ (Read 1312 times)
Lone Arranger
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The wounds of Christ
September 20, 2012, 12:06:05 PM »
I been thinking about the 7 wounds of Christ. Setting aside the obvious symbolism of the number 7, it occurs to me that each of the wounds relates to the ways we sin. In other wounds Christ's wounds showed and paid for all the ways we sin, both literally and symbolically.
Starting with the crown of thorns, we conceive of sinful actions with our thoughts which, of course strart in our head.
Moving to the heart wound, our emotions drive us to do things we know we shouldn't. In ancient times the heart was believed to be the seat of emotions, and recently medical doctors have discovered a, as yet unexplained, relationship between the two.
Then the wounds to the hands (probably the wrists, to the Jews they were considered one and the same). With our hands we commit sinful act.
Then the feet that carry us to wherever those acts are committed. The bible speaks of feet that are swift to shed blood.
Lastly the wounds to the back symbolizing the heavy burden of sin - we even say of addictions, for example, that we have a monkey on our back. Sin bows you down - eventually to the very grave.
Christ bore it all on the cross, and acted out in pantomime - symbolically as well as literally - the payment for any sin any of us will or have ever commited.
How worth of praise He is! Words cannot adequately praise Him. It's no wonder the angels continually cry out, "Holy, holy, holy is the Lord God almighty!"
...while being reviled, He did not revile in return; while suffering, He uttered no threats, but kept entrusting Himself to Him who judges righteously. 1 Peter 2:23
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Re: The wounds of Christ
Reply #1 on:
September 22, 2012, 08:21:18 PM »
Thought provoking. I hadn't thought about the number of wounds before -- probably from seeing the "Passion" movie, and reading about how much of His Body was torn up, more than we can imagine.
Hollywood doesn't do justice to the cruelty and violence that was inflicted on people under the ancient empires. Crucifixion is much, much worse than the anemic version showed in most "Christ movies".
And His back would have been ripped open to the point that His bones showed through. His face would have been beaten to a bloody pulp. He would have been barely recognizable as a man, more like a moving pile of raw meat. Not a pretty image, but probably more accurate.
And if our Heavenly Dad was willing to endure such a price through His Son to buy our freedom, what blessing would He ever withhold from His kids?
Romans 8:31-32
"If God is for us, who can be against us? He Who did not spare His own Son, but delivered Him up for us all, how shall He not with Him also freely give us all things?"
Lone Arranger
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Re: The wounds of Christ
Reply #2 on:
September 23, 2012, 07:38:53 AM »
They say (you know "they") that crucifixion in some form predated the Romans, and was originally meant as a way to keep mother earth, a god to some, from being contaminated. Doesn't make a lot of sense since that ssme criminal would end up being buried - or maybe they burned them - in the earth.
...while being reviled, He did not revile in return; while suffering, He uttered no threats, but kept entrusting Himself to Him who judges righteously. 1 Peter 2:23
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Re: The wounds of Christ
Reply #3 on:
September 23, 2012, 11:39:06 PM »
I hear the ancient assyrians, long before rome, had an interesting "twist" on torture. They impaled their enemies on tall spikes through the anal opening and let them squirm, and scream, until they died. Which sounds mighty cruel to me, but in the roman method the person would live longer and squirm longer, sometimes for days.
However, Jesus died after only a few hours -- it is said He died of a broken heart. Makes sense considering His Mission.
Last Edit: September 23, 2012, 11:41:40 PM by Kings_kid
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Never apologize on behalf of GOD!
Re: The wounds of Christ
Reply #4 on:
September 24, 2012, 06:01:35 AM »
Yea, that method of impaling people on a pole was known as "calculated frightfulness." The Assyrians , after conquering a city would bring along with them some of their captives to be used as an example of the fate of the next city if complete surrender was not given. The captives would be impaled and would be paraded out in front of their army as they approached the next city; I'm sure it made quite an impression! I'm not sure I can totally embrace the seven wounds of Christ idea, although it is interesting. But the crucifixion did, in one fell swoop, fulfill the prophetic utterance given by the Prophets concerning the suffering Messiah and his redemptive work! Even the most committed skeptic has his hands full trying to explain away those Messianic prophecies fulfilled by our LORD!
Last Edit: September 24, 2012, 08:00:00 AM by MERKS
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Re: The wounds of Christ
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September 24, 2012, 06:48:48 AM »
I believe Christ dismissed His Spirit when He completed what He came to accomplish.
Vlad the impaler used that spike method also.
...while being reviled, He did not revile in return; while suffering, He uttered no threats, but kept entrusting Himself to Him who judges righteously. 1 Peter 2:23
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Re: The wounds of Christ
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September 24, 2012, 01:05:18 PM »
merks: "But the crucifixion did, in one fell swoop, fulfill the prophetic utterance given by the Prophets concerning the suffering Messiah and his redemptive work! Even the most committed skeptic has his hands full trying to explain away those Messianic prophecies fulfilled by our LORD!"
K_k: The ones that come to mind are the standard prophecies in Isaiah. Did you have others in mind, also -- like in the Psalms?
Isaiah 53:1-12 Amplified
"Who has believed (trusted in, relied upon, and clung to) our Message [of that which was revealed to us]? And to whom has the arm of the Lord been disclosed?
"For [the Servant of God] grew up before Him like a tender plant, and like a root out of dry ground; He has no form or comeliness [royal, kingly pomp], that we should look at Him, and no beauty that we should desire Him.
"He was despised and rejected and forsaken by men, a Man of sorrows and pains, and acquainted with grief and sickness; and like One from Whom men hide their faces He was despised, and we did not appreciate His worth or have any esteem for Him.
"Surely He has borne our griefs (sicknesses, weaknesses, and distresses) and carried our sorrows and pains [of punishment], yet we [ignorantly] considered Him stricken, smitten, and afflicted by God [as if with leprosy].
"But He was wounded for our transgressions, He was bruised for our guilt and iniquities; the chastisement [needful to obtain] peace and well-being for us was upon Him, and with the stripes [that wounded] Him we are healed and made whole.
"All we like sheep have gone astray, we have turned every one to his own way; and the Lord has made to light upon Him the guilt and iniquity of us all.
"He was oppressed, [yet when] He was afflicted, He was submissive and opened not His mouth; like a lamb that is led to the slaughter, and as a sheep before her shearers is dumb, so He opened not His mouth.
"By oppression and judgment He was taken away; and as for His generation, who among them considered that He was cut off out of the land of the living [stricken to His death] for the transgression of my [Isaiahs] people, to whom the stroke was due?
"And they assigned Him a grave with the wicked, and with a rich man in His death, although He had done no violence, neither was any deceit in His mouth.
"Yet it was the will of the Lord to bruise Him; He has put Him to grief and made Him sick. When You and He make His life an offering for sin [and He has risen from the dead, in time to come], He shall see His [spiritual] offspring, He shall prolong His days, and the will and pleasure of the Lord shall prosper in His hand.
"He shall see [the fruit] of the travail of His soul and be satisfied; by His knowledge of Himself [which He possesses and imparts to others] shall My [uncompromisingly] righteous One, My Servant, justify many and make many righteous (upright and in right standing with God), for He shall bear their iniquities and their guilt [with the consequences, says the Lord].
"Therefore will I divide Him a portion with the great [kings and rulers], and He shall divide the spoil with the mighty, because He poured out His life unto death, and [He let Himself] be regarded as a criminal and be numbered with the transgressors; yet He bore [and took away] the sin of many and made intercession for the transgressors (the rebellious)."
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Shopping for a Cause…The Viscardi Center
Varies by day.
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The Viscardi Center
Read about this student in our Youth Transition Services Program who is always on the go. Meet Joseph.
Read how this aspiring pastry chef uses the skills he has learned at Henry Viscardi School beyond the classroom. Meet Max.
Read about the goals a high school student at the Henry Viscardi School is working towards. Meet Chris.
Read how this young man, who graduated at the top of his class, is headed to college to pursue a law degree so that he can help improve the lives of others with disabilities. Meet Richard.
Read how this student with limited mobility uses software to effectively complete and manage his school work more independently. Meet Jake.

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Barring the arrival of the Mayan Apocalypse today, motorists can expect crowded highways and loaded jetliners as they make their way to holiday destinations. And the holiday jam could be exacerbated by a nasty winter weather system affecting most of the eastern part of the country, including Western North Carolina.
AAA projects that 93.3 million Americans will travel at least 50 miles from home from Dec. 22 to Jan. 1, an increase of 1.6 percent over last year.
Some 90 percent of travelers will drive, and they'll be going farther than last Christmas - an average of 760 miles compared to 726, ...


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PGA National is a massive golf resort complex with 5 championship golf courses and was the original home of the PGA back in the 1960's. The courses are only accessible to guests of the resort and members and are pricey by Florida standards. Four of the five courses are on site, the fifth, the Estate is a few miles away.
The Palmer, formerly known as the General, was designed by Arnold Palmer, and is a flat, open, links-style course with grass bunkering and mounding, a moderate use of sand, and water hazards on 16 holes. It's an interesting layout and somewhat forgiving where you can keep the driver out on most holes. There's multiple sets of tees from 4,810 yards to 7,079 yards at the tips, 74.6/141, course/slope ratings.
The Fazio course, formerly the Haig, was designed by Tom Fazio, with a redesign from Tom Fazio II. There's six sets of tees with the White tees playing to 6,200 yards, 70.4/133, course/slope ratings. The layout is the most playable at PGA National as its routed through natural areas with water on 16 holes and 50+ traps.
The Squire, also designed by Fazio, is 6,447 yards, 72.1/140, course/slope ratings from the tips with four shorter tees. The golf course is an open links type of layout and the shortest of the courses here with a great collection of par 3's. It's a shot maker's layout where accuracy is required off the tee and on approach to the greens with frequent sand and water hazards in play.
The Estate course, a short drive from the resort, was designed by Karl Litten, and can play to 6,697 yards, 73.1/134, course/slope ratings with five shorter tees. The layout provides for water hazards on every hole with numerous forced carries, and sand bunkers both along the fairways and guarding the greens as it's routed through a residential development.
The Champion, was originally a George and Tom Fazio design, but was redesigned in 1990 by Jack Nicklaus with a second update in 2014. It was the site of the Ryder Cup in 1983, the P.G.A. Championship in 1987, PGA Seniors' Championship from 1982 through 2000, and has been the home of the Honda Classic. Unlike the other courses, the greens on the Champ are large with a good amount of undulation and relatively fast, with sand throughout and water hazards on 17 holes. The 15th, 16th and 17th holes are called the Bear Trap, where Nicklaus thought your round really needed to be tested and is a fitting finish. There's multiple sets of tees with the tips at 7,045 yards, 75.2/148, course/slope ratings, the Blue tees are 6,373 yards, 71.8/138.
The Champ course is the best course, but not the best value. The Fazio course just reopened, and were some of the best greens I have ever played. Fast and firm. The clear second best course on the property, and the best value. The Palmer course is third, not a bad golf course, but simply not as good as the top ones above. After playing them, I wouldn't even consider any of the other courses again.
played the Haig course this week right before they close it. A little dated and tired, they indicated that it will be named the Fazio course after the redesign by Tom Fazio this year.
Here's a great strory on the PGA National Resort I came across: < a href="http://www.famtripper.com/reviews/pga-national-resort--spa-palm-beach-gardens-fl" title="luxury resorts, luxury hotels, bear trap,Jak Nicklaus, adventure travel,golf resort" > PGA National Resort
Played the Palmer course at PGA national was formerly known as the 'General' and has been renamed after Palmer redesigned it. The course plays great for the average golfer, fair but a real challenge. The greens had just been punched recently and were not rolling all that well, and overall conditions were a little less than perfect. Paying the high greens fees here, you'd expect perfection.
Played the Nicklaus and Palmer courses, preferred the Nicklaus course easily over the Palmer. Solid front nine, but toghens ups on the back side, lots of risk/reward holes over the lakes and wetlands, great shot values, very well conditioned, excellent service levels.


text:
The nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) are associated with a spectrum of respiratory mucosal infections including: acute otitis media (AOM); chronic otitis media with effusion (COME); otorrhea; locally invasive diseases such as mastoiditis; as well as a range of systemic disease states, suggesting a wide range of virulence phenotypes. Genomic studies have demonstrated that each clinical strain contains a unique genic distribution from a population-based supragenome, the distributed genome hypothesis. These diverse clinical and genotypic findings suggest that each NTHi strain possesses a unique set of virulence factors that contributes to the course of the disease.
The local and systemic virulence patterns of ten genomically characterized low-passage clinical NTHi strains (PittAA – PittJJ) obtained from children with COME or otorrhea were stratified using the chinchilla model of otitis media (OM). Each isolate was used to bilaterally inoculate six animals and thereafter clinical assessments were carried out daily for 8 days by blinded observers. There was no statistical difference in the time it took for any of the 10 NTHi strains to induce otologic (local) disease with respect to any or all of the other strains, however the differences in time to maximal local disease and the severity of local disease were both significant between the strains. Parameters of systemic disease indicated that the strains were not all equivalent: time to development of the systemic disease, maximal systemic scores and mortality were all statistically different among the strains. PittGG induced 100% mortality while PittBB, PittCC, and PittEE produced no mortality. Overall Pitt GG, PittII, and Pitt FF produced the most rapid and most severe local and systemic disease. A post hoc determination of the clinical origins of the 10 NTHi strains revealed that these three strains were of otorrheic origin, whereas the other 7 were from patients with COME.
Collectively these data suggest that the chinchilla OM model is useful for discriminating between otorrheic and COME NTHi strains as to their disease-producing potential in humans, and combined with whole genome analyses, point the way towards identifying classes of virulence genes.
Haemophilus influenzae is a gram-negative coccobacillus that is an obligate resident of the human respiratory mucosa [1,2]. Numerous studies have suggested that H. influenzae, present in the nasopharynx of the majority of children and adults [3-5], is a common cause of superinfection following upper respiratory viral infections [6-8]. The H. influenzae display multiple pathogenic instruments, including redundant heme acquisition mechanisms, IgA proteases, direct invasion of host columnar epithelial cells, and the release of a host of adhesins and proteins capable of functionally impairing the mucociliary escalator [7,9-11]. The presence of a polysaccharide capsule by some strains has provided for the division of the species into typeable (serotypes, a-f) and nontypeable (NTHi) isolates [12]. The NTHi are frequently recovered from otitis media (OM) effusions and from the sputum and lung biopsy specimens of patients with cystic fibrosis, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Moreover, direct cellular invasion by NTHi may play a role in chronic sinopulmonary infections. H. influenzae type b (Hib), prior to the introduction of highly efficacious conjugate vaccines in the late 1980's, was responsible for 95% of the invasive disease associated with this species [13,14]. Emerging evidence has linked the NTHi to invasive disease suggesting that some of the NTHi strains may be evolving to fill the niche previously occupied by Hib [15]. In this study of twenty invasive NTHi strains, 12 of which were from adult or adolescent patients, 18 distinct sequence types were identified indicating that this is not a clonal phenomenon.
Clinical phenotyping studies indicate that there is a broad range of disease symptoms that can be triggered by the NTHi, however the genetics of the virulence mechanisms underlying these myriad phenotypes are just starting to be elucidated [16-21]. Like all infectious processes, NTHi disease results from a set of complicated host-pathogen interactions [22,23], however, in the case of the NTHi this is compounded by their documented genomic heterogeneity [7,24,25]. The laboratory strain Rd was the first free-living organism to have its genome sequenced [26], however NTHi diversity studies have demonstrated that each clinical isolate is genomically unique [2,24,25]. This diversity triggered the development of the distributed genome hypothesis [25,27,28] which posits that at the population level there is a supragenome which is multiple times the size of the genome of any single bacterium, and that each strain contains a unique subset of the contingency genes that make up the supragenome. This high degree of genomic plasticity among strains, polyclonal nasopharyngeal colonizations [29], and the possession of autocompetence and autotransformation mechanisms provide the NTHi collectively with the ability to continually generate new forms, some of which will have novel combinations of virulence traits.
The NTHi are responsible for greater than 30% of all OM cases which is the most frequent complaint for emergency department and primary care physician visits by children less than 16 years of age worldwide – accounting for some 25,000,000 annual physician encounters [30]. Moreover, OM can be complicated by direct invasion into adjacent organs causing mastoiditis and/or meningitis [31,32]. An understanding of the genetic repertoire of the NTHi associated with OM and its complications will aid in the development of prevention and treatment strategies ranging from vaccines to antimicrobials [6,25,33].
In the current study we have used the chinchilla (Chinchilla laniger) model of OM to investigate differences in the clinical phenotypes of 10 NTHi strains obtained from patients with chronic OM with effusion and otorrhea. Studies at our institution and others have demonstrated the applicability of the chinchilla model of OM to human disease as it provides an inexpensive, reproducible middle-ear infection in nearly 100% of inoculated animals that has yielded numerous insights into the molecular pathophysiology and microbiology of mammalian middle ear disease [34-41].
Differences in rapidity and severity of otologic signs
The first criterion we evaluated was days to the development of unambiguous otologic signs (local disease) which we defined as a score of 2 or higher based upon the otologists comments that the difference between 0 and 1 (Table 1) was often difficult to discern. Using this criterion there was no statistical difference among the strains with respect to rapidity of local disease onset (Figure 1). However, the variability in the amount of time for each strain to induce its maximum otologic scores (i.e. how many days following infection did it take before the animals exhibited their most severe local signs) was highly statistically significant; an ANOVA analysis of these data produced a p value = 0.00087. A scatterplot of these data indicates that strains PittFF, PittGG, and PittII demonstrated the most rapid onset of severe local signs (Figure 2). Moreover the differences in the mean maximal otologic scores among the 10 strains were significantly different for each of the first five days following infection, after which the high mortality rates for the more systemically virulent strains made such analyses problematic given the missing data (Table 2). Similarly, it was determined that the mean maximal otologic score per animal, regardless of day on which it was recorded, induced by each of the 10 NTHi strains was statistically significant; ANOVA analysis produced a p value = 0.022 (Figure 3).
Table 1. Scoring system to quantify Haemophilus influenza [NTHi] pathogenicity in the CGS-chinchilla model.
Table 2. Statistical significance of the mean maximum differences in otologic scores induced by 10 clinical NTHi strains (PittAA – PittJJ) following transbullar inoculation into chinchillas.
Figure 1. Rapidity of local disease onset. Scatterplot showing the number of days it took for chinchillas inoculated with the 10 clinical NTHi strains to develop moderate or worse (score =/> 2) local (otologic) disease. X-axis = the clinical NTHi strains (PittAA-PittJJ, left to right); Y-axis = the days post inoculation that moderate or worse local disease developed.
Figure 2. Rapidity of most severe local disease. Scatterplot showing the number of days it took for chinchillas inoculated with the 10 clinical NTHi strains to develop their maximum (most severe) otologic score – regardless of what that score was. X-axis = the clinical NTHi strains (PittAA-PittJJ, left to right); Y-axis = the days post inoculation that moderate or worse local disease developed.
Figure 3. Maximum otologic score per animal. Scatterplot showing the maximum otologic severity – regardless of time – recorded for each of the chinchillas inoculated with the 10 clinical NTHi strains. X-axis = the clinical NTHi strains (PittAA-PittJJ, left to right); Y-axis = the otologic clinical score based upon the criteria in Table 1.
Differences in rapidity and severity of systemic signs
An ANOVA analysis of the differences among the strains with respect to the rapidity of the development of the first signs of systemic disease produced extremely highly significant results: p = 2.5 × 10-7. However, this figure actually underestimates the real differences among the strains as animals that never developed systemic signs were excluded from the analysis. A scatterplot of these data demonstrate that four, three, two, one, and one of the animals inoculated with strains PittBB, EE, CC, AA, and DD, respectively, never evidenced any systematic signs and are therefore not plotted in Figure 4. This figure also shows that PittGG, II, and JJ induced systemic signs in 100% of the animals within 24 hours. The maximum severity score per animal is detailed in Figure 5 and ANOVA demonstrated that the ten strains did not induce equivalent maximum systemic severity (p = 2.2 × 10-5.). There was weak correlation between rapidity of onset of systemic illness and the maximal severity of that illness in any animal (Spearman's rank correlation rho = -0.36 with p = 0.011). Finally we determined that there was a weak correlation between otologic and systemic severity in the animals (Spearman's rank correlation rho = 0.28 with p = 0.029)
Figure 4. Rapidity of systemic disease onset. Scatterplot showing the number of days it took for chinchillas inoculated with the 10 clinical NTHi strains to first develop their maximum (most severe)significant systemic signs (systemic score ≥1 – regardless of what their eventual maximum severity was. X-axis = the clinical NTHi strains (PittAA-PittJJ, left to right); Y-axis = the days post inoculation that the first signs of systemic disease developed.
Figure 5. Maximum systemic severity. Scatterplot showing the maximum systemic severity – regardless of time – recorded for each of the chinchillas inoculated with the 10 clinical NTHi strains. X-axis = the clinical NTHi strains (PittAA-PittJJ, left to right); Y-axis = the systemic clinical score based upon the criteria in Table
Differences in mortality
The mortality of the chinchillas was highly correlated with the inoculating strains. All of the animals infected with PittGG succumbed, and two thirds of the animals infected with PittFF and PittII also died, whereas none of the animals infected with PittBB, PittCC, or PittEE died (Table 3). A Fisher's exact test for these count data yielded a highly significant p-value = 0.00019, and Kaplan-Meyer plots of these data indicate the increased rapidity and percentages of death associated with the PittGG, PittII and PittFF compared with the other seven strains. (Figure 6). A complete analysis of strain pairwise comparisons for differences in mortality demonstrated that PittGG was statistically more likely to be associated with death than PittBB, or PittCC, or PittEE (p-values = 0.0039), or PittAA and PittJJ (p-values = 0.019). However, after the application of a Bonferroni correction none of these values reached statistical significance due to the relatively small cohort sizes and the large number of tests performed (n = 45).
Table 3. Survival and mortality of chinchillas inoculated with 10 different clinical NTHi strains
Figure 6. Differences in mortality. Kaplan-Meyer plots showing the differences in mortality induced by the 10 NTHi strains, PittAA-PittJJ. X-axis = time in days following inoculation; Y-axis percentage of surviving animals.
PCR-based analyses of specimens
Upon death all of the chinchillas were evaluated for NTHi DNA using a PCR-based assay [40]. Microbial culture was not employed because according to the IACUC protocol all animals that had shown signs of systemic or invasive disease were treated with antibiotics, which we have previously demonstrated in the chinchilla model, will render cultures uniformly negative in spite of active bacterial infections [37]. Middle-ear effusions, or lavages if there was no frank effusion, were recovered and assayed for H. influenzae DNA and established that all of the animals had been productively infected including those with minimal local and absent systemic signs.
Clinical origins of the NTHi strains
After completion of the animal studies and the statistical analyses, a post hoc inquiry was made to determine the exact clinical origins of the 10 NTHi strains under evaluation. Although all strains were derived from pediatric middle-ear specimens, PittGG, PittFF, and PittII, the consistently most virulent strains both otologically and systemically were identified as being otorrheic in origin, having been isolated from children with a perforated tympanic membrane, whereas the other seven were obtained from patients undergoing tympanostomy and tube placement for COME, a less virulent disease.
Global comparative genomics of the NTHi strains
The entire genomes of nine of the ten NTHi clinical strains (PittDD was excluded due to incompleteness of the genomic data) that were compared with respect to disease phenotype in this study were subjected to global analyses to determine their overall levels of genic relatedness along with seven other clinical NTHi strains, the laboratory strain Rd and a serotype b strain using the unweighted pair group method algorithm (Figure 7). It can be seen at this global level of comparison that strains do not cluster overall by clinical phenotype with the exception of PittGG and PittFF which turned out to be serial isolates from the same patient and do not have any significant genic differences, but only allelic differences. PittGG/FF do not cluster with the other invasive strains including PittII from this study and R2866 from a published study [17]. Similarly the COME strains do not cluster together when observed from a global genomic viewpoint.
Figure 7. Degree of genic sharing of distributed or non-core genes. Dendrogram developed using the unweighted pair group method algorithm demonstrating the degree of genic sharing of distributed or non-core genes [26,28] which are defined as the set of genes not universally present among all strains of the species. The figure compares 15 NTHi strains, which include 9 of the strains phenotyped in the current study (PittDD was omitted due to incomplete genomic data and PittFF and PittGG collapse to a single strain using this method) and the laboratory strain Rd. The sequence for the 86028NP strain has been previously published [18], and the unannotated sequences for the R2866 and R2846 NTHi strains were obtained from Genbank (accession #s NZ_AADP00000000, and NZ_AADO00000000, respectively) and used with permission of the depositing authors. The X-axis lists the number of genic differences between strains; y-axis lists the H. influenzae strains. Strain 86028NP is a nasopharyngeal (NP) isolate obtained from a patient suffering from OM; R2866 is an invasive strain; CHSHi22121 is an NP isolate from a well child; R2846 is an COME isolate; CGSHiR3021 and CGSHi22421 are NP isolates from healthy children; and CHSHi3655 is an OME strain.
This in vivo comparative study of the propensity of ten clinical NTHi strains to induce otologic and systemic disease in the chinchilla following transbullar inoculation clearly demonstrates that different strains have varying abilities to cause both local and systemic disease. This is the first demonstration of the utility of chinchilla model of OM to distinguish among multiple NTHi clinical strains with respect to each one's myriad virulence parameters. These findings were not wholly unsuspected in light of the fact that each of these strains has been demonstrated to contain a different subset of distributed genes from the NTHi supragenome [25], nonetheless when you combine the fact that the functions of most of these novel genes are unknown with the observation that the chinchilla is not a natural host of the NTHi it was not obvious either. It is of particular interest that this disease model was able to distinguish, when evaluated in a blinded manner, between strains of COME origin and invasive strains of an otorrheic origin. The otorrheic strains, PittGG, PittFF and PittII, consistently produced the most rapid and severe otologic and systemic signs and produced a combined mortality of 77.8% (14/18), whereas the seven COME strains only had a combined mortality of 14.3% (6/42). Strains HH and JJ, which are of the same MLST type [25], a measure of the relatedness of core metabolic genes, belong to completely different clades when evaluated by shared distributed genomic characters (Figure 7). Interestingly Pitt JJ and PittII, respectively COME and invasive strains, cluster most closely together in terms of shared distributed genes. The fact that both of these strains are associated with rapid systemic disease onset, but that only PittII induces severe systemic disease suggests that careful analyses of these two strains may provide candidate genes associated with systemic severity or limiting systemic severity. PittAA, which is clearly the most genomically unique of the phenotyped strains, produces local and systemic clinical profiles nearly identical with PittBB, CC and EE. Taken together, the disease phenotype data and the global-level comparative genomic data suggest that it is not possible to predict disease phenotype based on simply viewing the degree of overall genic relatedness. This is not a surprising finding as the mean number of genic differences among each of the possible strain pairs is > 350 (data not shown), and the number of genes that are associated with each of the various parameters of clinical virulence is most likely a small fraction of this number. We are pursuing a two-pronged approach to this problem of identifying disease genes associated with specific virulence phenotypes. In the first case once the point is reached where sequencing additional NTHi strains does not materially increase the size of the supragenome we will do quantitative trait loci (QTL)-like genic association studies using an exhaustive distributed genome chip to interrogate hundreds of clinically characterized strains. In the second case we will perform metabolomic reconstructions of multiple strains grouped by virulence phenotype to identify shared pathways.
Little is known of what specific genotypic features are important for the development of local and systemic disease among the NTHi. Erwin et al (2005) in a study of 17 invasive NTHi strains concluded that invasive isolates are genetically and phenotypically diverse, but that some loci are frequently found in association [17]. The systemically virulent PittGG/FF strains examined in the current study contain the hif operon which encodes a pilus gene cluster that mediates adherence to sialic acid-containing lactosylceramide structures on epithelial cell surfaces [49]; these genes have previously been implicated as being more prevalent in throat isolates than COME isolates and are nearly ubiquitous among the invasive type b strains [50]. Most NTHi strains associated with chronic disease including PittAA and PittJJ do not contain the hif operon, but PittAA contains one of the hmw cassettes (HMW1A), however, Pitt JJ is lacking all of the hmw genes as well; which are much more rarely found in invasive strains as these proteins mediate adherence to the respiratory epithelial cells. Similarly the lic genes which encode LOS moieties, including phosphoryl choline, have been previously associated with chronic disease, but are often absent from invasive strains [17,51]; among the chronic strains in the current study PittBB and PittEE contained genes from this cluster whereas PittAA and PittJJ did not.
To control for the small sample sizes and minimize bias in the current study we used very conservative statistical analyses and employed a single highly qualified individual to perform all of the otologic evaluations in a blinded manner. In addition we varied daily the order in which the animals were evaluated. The fact that our intra-strain variability was significantly less than our inter-strain variability strongly suggests that the model performed as expected. These findings together with the model's ability to differentiate the otorrheic strains from the COME strains and its phenotypic clustering of PittFF and PittGG which we subsequently determined were by far the most similar strain-pair genotypically augers well for the continued use of this model for characterizing NTHi clinical strains.
This study provides validation of the discriminatory power of the chinchilla-NTHi-induced otitis media model for use as a tool in stratifying disease phenotypes of COME- and otorrhea-derived NTHi-isolates. In the current study, significant differences were demonstrated both with respect to local and systemic virulence parameters among a set of 10 low-passage clinical NTHi isolates. Moreover, the three strains that induced the most rapid and severe systemic disease, as well as the most rapid onset of local disease were determined post hoc to have been isolated from a more clinically aggressive disease condition. We will be performing whole genome evaluations of these strains using an NTHi supragenome chip composed of all identifiable NTHi genes derived from a project to sequence 40 geographically and clinically diverse NTHi strains in their entirety.
Identification of the genetic bases for the various virulence phenotypes including chronic persistence, local invasiveness, and systemic illness will have important implications for vaccine and antimicrobial development. With increasing knowledge of the diversity of the individual NTHi genomes [2,17,25,29,52-54], and the size of the NTHi supragenome [25,27], additional studies of phenotypic diversity will be needed to clarify the role of individual genic elements as well as various combinations of discrete genic elements. It is becoming clear that NTHi recovered from disease states are genotypically different from those harvested from carrier states [17,18,54]. Conceivably, genetic heterogeneity among the NTHi combined with auto-competence processes may provide the necessary genetic reservoir and the means for the development of novel virulent strains in vivo via recombination between commensal residents and infecting pathogens.
Bacterial strains and culture
Ten NTHi strains (PittAA-PittJJ) were obtained through the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory of Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh that had been isolated from children with either chronic otitis media with effusion (COME) or otorrhea [25]. All strains were cultured in brain heart infusion broth (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD) supplemented with 10 μg/ml hemin (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA), 2 μg/ml NAD (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) and 20-μg/mL thiamine HCl (Sigma), and grown at 37°C in a humidified 5% CO2 environment. All isolates were received as first plate specimens on chocolate agar. Each strain was grown up once in supplemented BHI from a single colony picked from the chocolate agar plate to mid-log phase and then used to make a large number of freezes using a 1:1 mixture of a glycerol salts solution (40 mM KCl, 40 mM NaCl, 1 mM MgSO4, 65% glycerol v/v). For subsequent cultures a scraping from one of the still frozen glycerol freezes was inoculated directly into supplemented BHI. Upon sequencing the clinical strains PittFF and PittGG, which was accomplished subsequent to our phenotypic characterizations and after the first draft of this paper was written, we determined that they contained essentially the same genomic content, i.e. there were no genic differences between the two strains, only some allelic differences that have not been confirmed. Thus, a more detailed analysis of their origins was conducted that revealed they were sequential otorrheic isolates from the same patient most likely made on consecutive days. The COME strains were obtained at the time of myringotomy and tube placement and the otorrheic strains were isolated from drainage through a perforated tympanic membrane. The Allegheny County Public Health Laboratory and the New York State Department of Health's Wadsworth Laboratory identified all 10 strains as nontypeable [25] and these findings were confirmed using a PCR-based capsular typing methodology [24,42,43].
Induction of OM in the chinchilla and experimental design
All experiments were conducted with the approval of the Allegheny Singer Research Institute's Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). Young adult chinchillas (C. laniger, 400–600 gm; McClenahan Chinchilla Ranch, New Wilmington, PA) were obtained free of middle-ear disease as culls from the fur industry. After a 7 day acclimation period, the animals were anesthetized on experimental day 0 by intramuscular injection of 0.1 ml of a solution of ketamine hydrochloride 100 mg/ml, xylazine hydrochloride 30 mg/ml and acepromazine 5 mg/ml. After anesthesia was confirmed (abolishment of eye-blink reflex), 0.1 ml of a 105 colony forming units (CFU)/ml NTHi culture was injected bilaterally through the tympanic bullae using a 0.5 in, 27-gauge needle on a 1 ml syringe. Each of the 10 strains was used to infect six chinchillas.
Animals were monitored daily for seven days for signs and severity of local (otologic) and systemic disease using the criteria in Table 1. All evaluations were performed by observers who were blinded with regard to the inoculating strains. Local disease was evaluated via a single otoscopist [JCP] to ensure uniformity. Hence for each animal three scores were recorded: otoscopy score for right ear, otoscopy score for left ear and systemic score. From the collected data we determined measures relating to rapidity of local disease: 1) days to first significant otologic score; and 2) days to maximum otologic score. Systemic evaluations included rapidity of onset, maximum severity of disease, and mortality.
Following sacrifice H. influenzae-specific PCR [40] was performed on autopsy specimens to verify the causative organism as NTHi.
Statistical analyses
All analysis was performed by using the scores that were recorded daily for each ear and for each animal in the case of the systemic severity. The data was not transformed. Nevertheless, for each animal, the maximum of the left and right ear score was used. Thus the data were considered independent at the level of each animal. Statistical analysis was performed using R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Development Core Team, Vienna, Austria, 2006) [44]. For each parameter referred to in the text, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed with the null hypothesis being that the parameter was equal amongst all 10 strains of infecting bacteria. Significance was defined as p < 0.05. Repetition of the analysis by the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test yielded similar results. When the null hypothesis was rejected Tukey multiple comparisons of means test was performed so that the mean of each strain could be compared to every other strain.
Mortality was primarily evaluated by determining the number of animals that were sacrificed prematurely by each infecting strain. The 10 strains were compared by the Fisher's Exact Test for Count Data in which the null hypothesis was that the number of animals dying prematurely was equal amongst all strains. Pairwise comparison of proportions was used to explore the premature mortality of each strain in contrast to the each of the others. Since the sample size for each strain was small, and the Bonferroni correction was used, the null hypothesis could not be rejected for any specific pairing.
Global genic comparisons and gene possession-based phylogenetic tree building among H. influenzae strains
Each of the H. influenzae clinical strains that were evaluated for disease phenotype in the chinchilla OM model was also subjected to whole genome sequencing using the 454 LifeSciences pyrosequencing technology. In addition, several additional H. influenzae clinical strains were sequenced and included in the analysis to provide a perspective on the relative relatedness of the strains in this analysis compared to the overall species-level diversity. Gap closure experiments to join assembled contigs were designed by a custom Perl script, and PCR primers were designed by Primer3 [45]. Coding sequences for all 17 strains in the analysis, including those previously annotated, were identified by the AMIgene microbial gene finder adjusted to low-GC parameters and trained on the Rd KW-20 genome to ensure that all subsequent gene cluster analyses began with a common annotation [46]. Each pair of genes within each genome and among all genomes was examined for protein homology by alignment of six-frame nucleotide translations to predicted protein sequences. Alignments were generated by tfasty34, part of the Fasta v3.4 package [47]. Six-frame translations were employed to minimize the impact of frame-shift artifacts. Each gene was also aligned against the full nucleotide sequence of the 17 genomes by fasta34. Genes were clustered based on homology using a single-linkage algorithm. A link was defined by a significant tfasty match between genes which exceeded an identity threshold of 70% and covered at least 70% of the shorter gene. The asymmetric length criterion was chosen to insure that any fragmented genes would cluster with the full length version of the gene. A side-effect of this criterion is that multi-domain proteins will fuse with proteins which are composed of a subset of those domains. Significant fasta matches between genes and genomic sequence were used to identify sequence conservation between a gene cluster and a strain. A gene possession-based phylogenetic tree of the 17 strains was constructed by defining the distance between a pair of genomes i and k to be where gn, i = 1 if gene n is present in strain i and 0 otherwise. The strains were clustered based on the distance metric by the unweighted group average method implemented in clustering utilities [48] which results in a tree that shows relationships based upon the number of non-core genes that each strain pair has in common. Non-core genes are defined as genes that are present in only a subset of strains, as opposed to core genes which are universally present among all strains of a species. The grouping of gene clusters into core and non-core genes simply reflects the distribution of each cluster relative to all sequenced strains. The genomic sequences of the NTHi clinical strains that were evaluated phenotypically in this study are in the process of being submitted to Genbank as part of a separate study (Hogg et al submitted).
Authors' contributions
All authors have given final approval of this manuscript.
FJB designed and performed all of the statistical analyses and co-wrote the revised version of the manuscript.
MFL prepared the first draft of the manuscript and assisted with study design and data collection.
JDH, KS, SE, JC, JH and NLH made substantial contributions to the acquisition, and analysis of the data.
FZH participated in the design and supervised all of the laboratory studies.
JCP participated in its design, developed the phenotypic scoring system, and performed all of the otologic examinations.
GDE conceived of the study; participated in its design; assisted with all of the animal laboratory studies; oversaw all aspects of the data analysis and co-wrote the revised version of the manuscript.
The authors thank Alice Erwin and Arnold Smith of the Seattle Biomedical Research Institute and Maynard V. Olson, Rajinder K. Kaul and Yang Zhou of the University of Washington Genome Center for sharing the completely assembled sequences of the NTHi strains R2846 and R2866 in advance of publication. The authors thank Mary O'Toole for help in preparation of the manuscript. This work was supported by Allegheny General Hospital, Allegheny Singer Research Institute and a grant from the NIDCD, DC02148 (GDE), DC05659 (JCP), DC04173 (GDE) and grants from HRSA, C76HF03009 (GDE).
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COLUMBIA, S.C. (AP) — Steve Spurrier knew it was time. South Carolina was struggling and the gregarious and once innovative coach was a big reason why. Always one to do things his way, Spurrier believed he needed to step aside, and no one was going to change his mind.
October 13, 20156:00 PM ET
NEW YORK (AP) — Chase Utley's appeal hearing on his two-game suspension has been scheduled for Monday, according to a person familiar with the process.
October 13, 20153:54 PM ET
CHICAGO (AP) — St. Louis Cardinals catcher Yadier Molina and Chicago Cubs shortstop Addison Russell are out of the lineup for Game 4 of the NL Division Series on Tuesday.
October 13, 20154:21 PM ET
ARLINGTON, Texas (AP) — The Texas Rangers have won their last 11 games started by Cole Hamels.


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Comment on: Mike Milbury assault case set for hearing today in Brookline courthouse - Metro Desk - Local news updates from The Boston Globe
Posted 12/24/2011 12:14:18 EST
ProudIrish wrote: "I only see greedy parents trying to make a buck off Millbury and people holding a grudge against him because he's got money!! Enough is enough, give this guy a break and end it now! more »
Posted 12/24/2011 12:34:03 EST
"Milbury "came running up the ice and grabbed [redacted] by the shirt collar. He began to shake him back and forth and lifted him up so that [redacted] was on his toes. Milbury was screaming, "What di more »
Comment on: Mitt Romney refuses to release tax returns - Political Intelligence - A national political and campaign blog from The Boston Globe - Boston.com
Posted 12/22/2011 04:10:09 EST
"It's time the biggest-taxing senator in Washington shows the people of Massachusetts how much he pays in taxes," Romney said at the time. He said he would disclose his on the same day as Kennedy, but more »
Comment on: 'Chelsea'
Posted 12/18/2011 10:11:24 EST
McLaughlin should pay full restitution to the state an should do jail time for such blatant abuse. At the same time, he needs to be the lightning rod for a series of new legislation. Massachusetts has more »
Comment on: Most media kept away from scene of Occupy arrests - Metro Desk - Local news updates from The Boston Globe
Posted 12/10/2011 09:32:32 EST
"Boston Police Superintendent William Evans said this was done so members of the media wouldn't interfere with the operation." The media, interfering? Shocking, that would never happen. more »
Comment on: Deval Patrick: State working âreal hardâ to block ex-Chelsea officialâs record pension - Political Intelligence - A national political and campaign blog from The Boston Globe - Boston.com
Posted 11/22/2011 04:10:00 EST
According to the Office of the State Auditor, for the period 2008 to 2010 ALL IS WELL at the Chelsea Housing Authority. http://www.mass.gov/sao/Audit%20Reports/2011/201106313a.pdf Besides the state's more »
Comment on: 'Lieutenant Governor Murray denies any impropriety in dealings with former Chelsea housing chief'
Posted 11/19/2011 09:09:11 EST
Behind the scenes with Murray and McLaughlin: The Globe is going to report that we spoke 80 times; I'm going to say that I had no idea what your salary was and when I found out, I was deeply disappoin more »
Comment on: Romney says aidesâ purchasing of state hard drives was legal - Political Intelligence - A national political and campaign blog from The Boston Globe - Boston.com
Posted 11/18/2011 08:54:47 EST
"They Paid for them As compared to stealing them. Thats the big concept of this whole issue.." Paying for information? That's not a new concept - regardless of which side of the isle you're on. Appare more »
Comment on: 'Red Sox of 2012 have forfeited credibility'
Posted 10/14/2011 01:17:16 EDT
First, when the team is in the dumper, it's completely typical for Boston fans to go radical on the Sox. They bounce back, have a great season and all is forgiven. It's been that way since I became a more »
Comment on: Tom Brady to Patriots fans: 'Start drinking early' - Extra Points - Boston.com
Posted 09/14/2011 10:59:12 EDT
"You're not someone who's on another team or watching TV," Bruschi said. "You're not an analyst, you're a part of it. They want you to be a part of it. So get with the program because obviously you're more »
Comment on: DiMasi sentenced to 8 years on corruption charges - Metro Desk - Local news updates from The Boston Globe
Posted 09/09/2011 12:28:54 EDT
âI appear before you today a broken man,ââ DiMasi told Wolf Thursday. âI have lost everything I have worked so hard for in my life. â¦They say the road to hell is paved with good intentions. more »
Comment on: Mother pushes nose job, daughter gets revenge on film from Daily Dose
Posted 09/02/2011 10:37:15 EDT
This "article" is a waste of bandwidth - who cares about this poor poor girl, her nose job and her mommy crank. Time to go back to India. more »
Comment on: 'Tattoo remorse fuels reverse trend: tattoo removal'
Posted 09/02/2011 12:19:51 EDT
"But now, with 32 percent of Generation Xers and 38 percent of Millennials inked, according to a 2010 Pew Research Center study.." Maybe they can't remove the tatoos easily, but at least they can pull more »
Comment on: 'No warm welcome for Dave & Busters on Route 128'
Posted 09/01/2011 09:34:47 EDT
It's definitely a Chuckie Nitwits for adults. It's as dumb as fantasy football and the guys who play it on their computers at lunch. Glad to see Burlington can see through this crap. Let D&B set up th more »
Comment on: 'Officials say dad threw son off boat'
Posted 09/01/2011 09:02:39 EDT
That's no father - and that's no "mother" for being with him. The kid of course loses, while these two idiots sort out what to do next. Guaranteed they're not worried about leaving him home for the ne more »
Comment on: 'Obama relative arrested on drunk-driving charges in Framingham'
Posted 08/30/2011 07:49:23 EDT
"I think,ââ he said, according to a police report, âIâd like to call the White House.ââ Hey, this sounds very familiar. This is exactly what the low life in Lawrence do when they break the more »
Comment on: Unions agree to end strike without new contract with Verizon from Business Updates
Posted 08/21/2011 12:12:42 EDT
"Verizon said hundreds of phone lines were cut in attempt to sabotage the company." "Union workers were accused of blocking access to Verizon facilities, threatening the mangersâ safety, and dangero more »
Comment on: Governorâs Council blasts Parole Board chair from Metro Desk
Posted 08/17/2011 08:12:18 EDT
Anyone ever read what the role of the Governor's Council really is? This is an anachronism of colonial law that - not surprisingly went unchecked for 184 years from 1780 until 1964, and now with viole more »
Posted 08/17/2011 07:59:23 EDT
âI really see this more as an infomercial and Iâd like to say I wonât be purchasing your product,â Manning told Wall. Well Mary Ellen, what do you propose Mr. Rock-in-a-Hard-Place do, revert b more »
Comment on: 'Lantigua calls recall backers '
Posted 08/16/2011 09:16:56 EDT
NonShaver wrote: Unfortunately the group going after him is a far-left wingnut democrat bunch of welfare activists. The cure might be worse than the disease in this case. You don't have a clue. It's Y more »
Comment on: 'Lantigua critics set to restart recall bid'
Posted 08/15/2011 12:23:56 EDT
Forget about waiting until Christmas. This scam should be investigated immediately by the Secretary of State. If the city screwed up, that's THEIR problem - the recall effort should not have to expend more »
Comment on: 'Lantigua recall organizers still hopeful'
Posted 08/14/2011 01:32:38 EDT
57-States wrote: Do you think Willy, who has opponants beat up, see the video would have his goons reject signatures. I wonder if out Sec of State Sgt Shultz, er Galvin will investigate. How does a ci more »
Posted 08/14/2011 08:03:14 EDT
"Interestingly enough, weâre finding good names that were rejected that donât make sense," Wayne Hayes, one of the leaders of the recall effort, said. "One of the most curious rejections, Hayes sa more »
Comment on: 'Mayor William Lantigua exults as Lawrence recall effort falls far short'
Posted 08/13/2011 02:43:26 EDT
"Agreed. There were nearly 30,000 more registered voters who could have voted for common sense.." Actually I take that back. Reverend Rodriguez and his team did the best they could and I commend them more »
Posted 08/13/2011 02:40:13 EDT
Lostinthesend wrote: "ARE YOU KIDDING ME?? The person who organized this errort ought to be embarrased..." Agreed. There were nearly 30,000 more registered voters who could have voted for common sense more »
©2015 Boston Globe Media Partners, LLC
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By giving him free rein, Fox seems to have decided that with Obama in office, no attacks on government are too outlandish.
Yet to describe the plot of Django as absurd and outlandish, as many reviewers have done, misses a crucial point.
Log line: A criminal-defense attorney takes on outlandish cases that no one else would dare touch.
Rome is graceful, outlandish, grand, cold, eternal, in flux, and full of olive-rich contradictions.
The 24-hour news cycle demands such hot ice cream because any version of the outlandish is preferred over being "cool."
So much for the strange new faces and outlandish characters which one meets with in one's travels.
Just the same, I fail to see what's to be gained by these outlandish methods!
All outlandish People are esteemed above the inferior ranks.
He loves to hear tell of or to be shown something that he calls 'outlandish.'
In the meanwhile Mrs. Olsen was helping Madge to resume her outlandish garb.


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Business and Aerospace Building
South Lobby
First Floor
Business and Aerospace Building (BAS), 1642 MTSU Boulevard, map grid D4
Parking: Greenhouse Lot, map grid D,E3
MTSU Campus Map
Detailed Directions and Grill and Chill Invite
Lodging Information
Middle Tennessee Psychological Association
Middle Tennessee State University will be hosting the Middle Tennessee Psychological Association's 2015 spring meeting. The meeting provides an excellent opportunity for undergraduate and graduate students to present their efforts to colleagues from other colleges and universities.
Download a printable call for papers
The schedule for this year's meeting will be as follows:
8:30—9:00 AM Registration
9:00—9:45 AM Poster Session I/Lab Tours and Study Participation
10:00—11:00 AM Keynote Speaker
11:15 AM—12:30 PM Paper Sessions (up to five concurrent sessions, based on demand)
12:45—1:30 PM Poster Session II/Interactive Psychology Education Advice
1:30—1:45 PM Business meeting
Online Registration Form (Closed)
Online Submission Form (Closed)
Lisa de la Mothe, Ph.D.
Department of Psychology
Tennessee State University
Say That Again?
Understanding the Neuroanatomical Organization of Primate Communication
One of the many unique features of humans is our ability to communicate, our development of language, and yet from a neural perspective there is still much to learn in terms of how these processes are organized. We rely heavily on the non-human primate model for understanding basic structural organization principles in terms of how the auditory system works, and recently more attention has been paid to developing more complex models of primate vocalizations such as monkey calls. By examining both the path that sound travels once it enters the ear, as well as the path it travels when the animal is vocalizing, we can obtain a basic framework and insight into speech and communication. These pathways can be expanding to include neurochemical organization of the auditory system and auditory related areas. By understanding how these processes are organized in a normal population, we can then use that model to examine potential differences in clinical populations with disorders that affect auditory processing and communication such as dyslexia, autism, and schizophrenia.
Guidelines and Information
|Past MTPA Programs
2014 Program
2013 Program
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2010 Program (from APSU)
2009 Program (from APSU)
2008 Program (from APSU)
2007 Program
2006 Program
2005 Program
2004 Program (from Belmont)
2003 Program (from Belmont)
2002 Program (from Belmont)
2001 Program
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1999 Program
1998 Program (from Belmont)
1997 Program (from Belmont)
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1993 Program (from Belmont)


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Court throws out money judgment to Indians, orders accounting
WASHINGTON -- The U.S. Interior Department must provide a proper accounting to Indians who have individual trust accounts, a federal appeals court ruled today in the long-running legal battle over the accounts.
The District of Columbia Circuit Court of Appeals threw out a district judge's award of $455.6 million to the Indian account holders and said the judge must order the Interior Department to do the best accounting possible with the money Congress is willing to spend on it. The Indians in the case -- known as the Cobell case for the lead plaintiff, Elouise Cobell -- had appealed the $456.6 judgement made by U.S. District Judge James Robertson, saying it wasn't enough. The Indians had sought a judgement of $47 billion. The appeals court said today the law under which the Indians sued the government entitles the account holders to know how much money should be in their accounts. Robertson had ruled such an accounting would be impossible because of the complexity of accounts going back more than 100 years and because Congress had refused to appropriate the money the government sought to perform the accounting. But the appeals court said today, "It is within the power of the district court to order an accounting without requiring Interior to perform analyses the costs of which exceed the benefits payable to individual American Indians.
Continue reading this story on the...


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figure 1
As with many commercially available two-polymerase mixtures, a potential limitation of the TaqPlus Long PCR system is its relatively low fidelity compared to Pfu DNA polymerase (figure 1). The TaqPlus Long PCR system exhibits an error rate similar to Taq DNA polymerase, the predominant component in the TaqPlus Long polymerase mixture. To address the needs of researchers requiring both high yields of PCR product and high replication fidelity, Stratagene has added the TaqPlus Precison PCR system to its expanding line of PCR products.
Certain mixtures of proofreading and nonproofreading DNA polymerases have been shown to significantly increase PCR product yield and enhance amplification of longer targets compared to single-enzyme formulations.16-18 The enhanced performance of polymerase mixtures is presumably due to the capacity of one enzyme to complement the inability of a second enzyme to extend a primer through potential template obstructions. These potential obstructions include mispaired bases that cause nonproofreading polymerases to stall prematurely and disassociate from the primer-template,16 abasic gaps that cannot be bridged by polymerases lacking terminal transferase activity19 and template secondary structures20 such as GC-rich hairpins.
The TaqPlus Long PCR system was developed for PCR amplifications of long DNA
target regions (up to 35 kb) using relatively short extension times (0.5-1
minute per kb target). The system includes the TaqPlus Long DNA polymerase
mixture, consisting of Taq2000 DNA polymerase and cloned Pfu DNA
polymerases, and two reaction buffers. The low-salt buffer is recom


text:
Although Basenotes strives to ensure that all of the reviews that appear on the site follow the review guidelines, occasionally one or two reviews may slip through the net.
Thank you for your help in making the site a more enjoyable experience
Your Name
Your Email
B*Men starts with a tar like smell which evolves into licorice.
But if you pay a bit more attetion to the details envloped in that strong smell then you suddenly stop focusing on how strong it smells and start noticing the wood hidden in it, the vetiver, patchouli and the spices comes to life...
It is deep, dark and exciting.
I don't try breaking this scent into top, heart or base notes, nor do i try distinguishing between the stages of it's evolution. I just love the fact that it smells differantly every time i hold up my wrist to my nose.
18th December, 2012
Basenotes is an online guide to perfume and fragrance, featuring news, a database of fragrances, perfume glossary, fragrance forums, user reviews and more.


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Welcome to 8tracks radio: free music streaming for any time, place, or mood. Click play to start listening for free to 2 90s playlists including party and summer. You can also download one of our free apps to enjoy internet radio on your favorite device.
90s + chill + party + summer — 2 playlists
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Microsoft, Nook redo deal; no Microsoft e-reader in the works
On March 10, Microsoft and Nook Media updated their agreement forged two years ago, according to a new 8-K filing by Barnes & Noble.
Under terms of the amendment, Nook Media is allowed to discontinue distributing the Nook Windows app and to cease work on its Windows Phone app. Ouch.
There seemingly is a replacement app coming for the Nook Windows app, however. It's rather confusingly named "Microsoft Consumer Reader."
This is not a dedicated e-reader, I hear from my sources. (Such a device from Microsoft has been rumored in the past.) Instead, I think this is … Read more


text:
Satchels don't get much more luxurious than Miu Miu's black leather style with gold-tone hardware. Take it to work with sleek tailored separates or wear it with a leather top and a tweed skirt for a directional off-duty look. Shown here with Christian Louboutin shoes, Stella McCartney pants and jacket, DANNIJO ring and an Yves Saint Laurent top.
Black leather tote with gold-tone hardware. Miu Miu tote has a fold-over flap at front with a twist-lock fastening, press-stud-fastening buckle-embellished tabs at sides, a top handle, a detachable shoulder strap, a designer logo at side, an internal zipped pocket and is fully lined in taupe suede.
Product code: 95331 - Need help? Contact us


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Music SpeaksItem #: AL.00-27258
Our Price:
Unrated ( Be the first to review this item )
Composed by Brad Green, Michael Adler. Arranged by Andy Beck.
Choral Designs. Voicing/Format: 2-Part. Choral Octavo. 8 pages. Published by Alfred Publishing. (AL.00-27258)
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A wonderful choice for your concert theme song, this tender choral features expressive vocal lines and a moving music text. Choirs of any age will easily achieve a quality sound, singing in the heart of their ranges, savoring the lyrical phrases, and reflecting on the power of music. "When all words fail, still music speaks.


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Michael Jordan is without a doubt the greatest basketball player and quite possibly the greatest athlete of all time. He won six NBA titles and set the bar by which all further legends will be measured.
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text:
Identifying Issues Pertaining to Software Installation
Updated: March 28, 2003
Applies To: Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2003 R2, Windows Server 2003 with SP1, Windows Server 2003 with SP2
Although Group Policy can successfully install software applications – especially in small- or medium-sized organizations – you need to determine if it is the best solution for your needs. Using Group Policy, assigned applications are installed or updated only when the computer is restarted or when the user logs on.
Using SMS for software deployment provides enterprise-level functionality that is not available with Group Policy-based software deployment, such as inventory-based targeting, status reporting, and scheduling. For this reason, you might use Group Policy to configure the desktop, set system security and access permissions, and use SMS to deliver software applications. This approach provides bandwidth control by scheduling application installation outside core business hours.
Your choice of tools depends on your requirements, your environment, and whether or not you need the additional functionality and security that SMS provides.
For more information about the Software Installation extension of Group Policy, see "Deploying a Managed Software Environment" in this book.


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Classic and Modified 4×4 Insurance
Two policies to cover both ends of the 4×4 spectrum.
As a family run insurance company we have a broad understanding of 4×4 knowledge that spans over a 50 year period.
From Jeeps and Toyotas to Unimogs, Land Rovers and G-Wagons, we understand your classic 4×4 insurance needs more than you think. Do you want to explore unchartered territory in your 4×4? Are you looking to test your own abilities and push your vehicle to its limit?
We have two sets of policies designed to help your 4×4.
Classic 4×4 Insurance with Heritage
If you don't take your vehicle offroading and it's over 25 years old then our Classic 4×4 Insurance scheme is ideal for you. We can offer you agreed valuation – we even send you an authentic agreed value certification. We also offer you salvage retention at no extra cost in case of an accident. If you're a member of a club we offer up to 15% club discount too.
Can you cover me on your Classic 4×4 Insurance?
- Is your 4×4 25 years of age and over?
- Do you drive 5,000 miles or less in it annually?
- Do you keep it safe away from the daring offroad sections?
- Are you (the owner) aged 25 and over?
Modified 4×4 Insurance with Heritage
If you prefer to take your 4×4 offroading and greenlaning well then we'd place you under our modified 4×4 insurance scheme. If your vehicle is over ten years old, modify your 4×4, and you cover 5,000 miles or less this is an ideal scheme for you.
Can you cover me on your modified 4×4 insurance?
- Is your 4×4 10 years of age and over?
- Do you drive 5,000 miles or less in it annually?
- Do you take it off-roading and greenlaning or do you intend to?
- Are you aged 25 and over?
Call us for more details on 0121 248 9229
Our classic 4x4 insurance scheme offers you:
- Agreed valuations and a free certificate of authenticity
- Discounts of up to 15% for classic 4×4 club members
- The option to retain salvage, should the worst happen
- Up to 90 days' cover for use in the EU
Call us for more details on 0121 248 9229


text:
The Collection Grey textured bootcut jeans
Item No.0570101590
Item No.0570101590
50% Off - Save a total of £9.00
Meet your new wardrobe essential - these stylish grey jeans from The Collection feature a flattering bootcut shape and are made in supersoft stretch denim. Simply team with boots, sandals or trainers and then wear everywhere.
UK Home Delivery Free (UK orders over £30) or £3.49
Delivered within 5 working days
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7 days a week between 8am - 6pm
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Subject to exceptions, Debenhams is happy to exchange or refund your purchase within 28 days of delivery. Please check here for more details on our returns policy and exceptions.


text:
Combat!: Season 3, Episode 3
Point of View (24 Sep. 1964)
Ratings: 8.8/10 from 25 users
Reviews: write review
Sergeant Saunders faces court martial, charged with a reckless decision costing two machine gunner's lives. The gunners' NCO O'Neill accuses Saunders of forgetting to check if the combined ... See full summary »
Director:Bernard McEveety
Writer:David Moessinger
Stars:Vic Morrow, Rick Jason, Paul Burke | See full cast and crew »


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top headlinersWe offer graphics for stories such as banners, story posters , and story backgrounds. Our number one goal is to give our customers the best quality graphics that makes you want to come and request for more. If you own a site and want a header, we also make site headers as well as site affiliate buttons . All it takes is 3 easy steps. Just read the rules, fill out the form with details and hit submit. So why don't you come and give a try? Still hesitating? Well go and check out the past works of our designer and then make your decision to request or not to request. We hope though, that you choose to request.
it is a once in a lifetime chance.
visit our friends
Friday, January 16, 2015So, my boyfriend and I have decided we wanted to get friends and strangers together to get to know each other. The chat we opened was opened in hope to bring more hmong people together. We are open to other ethnics. The more the merrier right? Anyways, it's still new and not many people go there. It is so hard to get it active but if possible, anyone that wants to chat come and join. Please keep in mind, if you are underage, it's best to not come. Tinychat is a very open base chat and has a lot of things that are not meant for children to see.
However, keeping in mind that we are a family and willing to welcome all kind people, feel free to come join our chat. You do not need to make an account. It be nice but it is really up to you :D
don't be shy. and join us, talk to us.
Monday, January 05, 2015It's been about two years since I last was active. I am very apologetic about not being active. Life seem to just get a lot more complicated as you get older, the responsibilities and the education. Society seems to always be against us. But, on a sort of good note, I will be taking requests. However, I don't know if there will be any since Top Headliners has been MIA for a long long time. And I highly doubt that anyone is still around paying attention to me. I will try my best to stay active. Also, I finally got photoshop once again so now I can really make graphics. I feel though, because of being mia, my skills have gotten a lot worse than what they used to be.
You can say, as I slowly lost interest in graphic designing, which is a bad thing, I found joy in another area such as roleplaying. Now that roleplaying has gotten boring for me, I've come to find that I miss designing. So here I am, trying to make Top Headliners alive again but we'll see how this goes. As everyone knows, I am quite the lazy person.
Nonetheless, please bare with me.
Besides that, I have made a new layout. I know it's not a new picture of the boy's latest release, however, I actually like the photo of them. Because being a jackson biased, hehe, it was the most decent photo I was able to find that would be of good and easy editing.
I had so many artists that I wanted to make as a feature on my new layout, but in the end I had to settle for GOT7. I do not know why, but I just wanted to. And I am late for Christmas and a few days late for New Years but even so, HAPPY BELATED NEW YEARS.
I hope that this year be filled with nothing but good things for everyone and that whatever dreams you want, you get closer to achieving them.
Thursday, April 11, 2013here is finally the new layout that i promised long ago.
i finally got the chance to make it. it's featuring DSP's A-Jax.
i tried to give it a spring feel, but let's see what you think.
i'm not the best with updates.
i just really only updated to let you know that there is a new layout.
and that i am still taking requests.


text:
see more Women's Running Shoes
Women's Adrenaline ASR GTX - CLOSEOUT
by Brooks
Women's Adrenaline ASR GTX - CLOSEOUT
by Brooks
The Adrenaline™ GTX® will keep you on the move through every season and through even the toughest of elements. This versatile, all-terrain shoe is armed with a waterproof, breathable Gore-Tex® membrane that promises to keep your feet not only comfortable, but also dry.
See product details.
|cleat bolt pattern:
|country of origin:
See more product details.
|cleat bolt pattern:
|country of origin:
PERFORMANCE/COMFORT GUARANTEE! Buy your Brooks shoes RISK FREE. If you are not completely satisfied, simply return it within 30 DAYS and we will refund the original purchase price of the shoe. OR, we can issue you a store credit that you can apply to the purchase of a different shoe . Your choice! This comfort guarantee applies to ALL Brooks models we stock.
Confused about running shoe technology? Check out our easy-to-follow breakdown of running shoe terminology here
- The Adrenaline™ ASR™ GTX® is a all season, waterproof, stability shoe that supports moderate over-pronation for training and racing.
- The semi-curved last (the shape of the sole) is best for medium to high arches.
- DRB Accel® for midfoot torsional rigidity.
- An extended PDRB® "roll bar" in the midsole is bio-mechanically engineered to support the over-pronating foot as it transitions from mid-foot to toe-off.
- The upper is constructed with an internal, adjustable, "saddle support" which wraps the top of the foot for comfort and support.
- A stable pod construction allows for forefoot stability
- Gore-Tex® lining offers both complete waterproof protection to ensure your feet stay dry, and high breathability that allows internal moisture to escape for comfort.
- Anatomical Brooks DNA™ is a dynamic cushioning system in the midsole that adjusts to your weight and pace, ensuring comfort for many miles.
- The full length BioMoGo foam midsole is comfortable underfoot and biodegrades in just 20 years.
- The caterpillar-shaped "crash pad" on the heel promotes a smoother heel-to-toe transition, particularly for runners who tend to be heel strikers.
- Internal hydrophobic foam materials repels water keeping your foot light through wet and heavy conditions.
- The contoured sockliner (insole), constructed of 4mm of biodegradable BioMoGo, ensures a good fit.
- The upper is crafted from moisture-managing Element Mesh for shorter drying times.
- The liner is created from moisture-managing Element for comfort and breathability.
- The outsole on the heel, midfoot and forefoot is HPR Plus rubber for durability and abrasion resistance, and HPR Green, a durable and long-wearing outsole compound made for premium wet-dry traction, excellent skid resistance, and a more environmentally friendly composition.
- 24mm heel, 12mm forefoot = 12mm drop from heel to toe
- weight: 10.7 oz in women's size 7
for Adrenaline ASR GTX - CLOSEOUT by Brooks (3 reviews)
From Canada with love...
These shoes are state of the art winter Gore-Tex running shoes...You really can't get anything better...We knew that Gore-Tex shoes tend to fit tight, so we accounted for several things when choosing the size...
orthotics- add a half size
heavy thick winter socks- add a half size
Gore-tex fits small- add a half size
heavy lifting or exercise causes swelling-add a half size...
So, I measure a 10 ladies, & we ordered one pair at 11 & a half & one pair 12...The twelves will be for the coldest part of winter when I wear very thick socks...Both are perfect...Gore-Tex shoes are amazing...I have owned two Gore-Tex track suits before & they last forever & are well worth the price...I wear these instead of boots...Which says alot in a Canadian winter...The black colour is also perfect because the Trumpeter swans I feed have black feet & it makes them feel safe when I look like them...(I also wear a white fake furry coat & hat to help with that)...
Service comments: My husband ordered these shoes for me...He hasn't stopped talking about how great the service was from Team Estrogen...We are in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, & many sellers don't even ship to Canada...Some of them won't even ship for us to an American address because our credit card address is in Canada...Then you get a company like Team Estrogen that makes it a joy for us to buy shoes that we cannot get here...I feed the Trumpeter swans here who are part of a restoration program...Between November & April, they are on the frozen cold shores of Lake Ontario & they don't know how to migrate yet...I need Gore-Tex shoes in case I step into the edge of the water to hand feed them...I need the shoes for warmth & for their ability to handle wetness...I can't even get this kind of shoe here in Canada...Certainly not in a size 11&1/2 or 12 ladies (an extra half size for the orthotics, & an extra half size for thick socks)(Note about sizing: He researched the shoe & reviews said they fit small-so he ordered big on purpose...So, for winter & including expansion from heavy exercise & lifting, he went up one & half & 2 sizes bigger for me, & that works!)...My husband says Team Estrogen is the easiest company we have ever ordered from in the States...Of course the most reasonable price on everything makes him happy too...We are both just so grateful...The swans too...He just keeps repeating that if only they had men's stuff too he would buy from them in an instant...The shoes, of course, are really the best you can get...
Great shoe for everyday use
I run in Brooks Adrenaline shoes and wanted a pair of black trainers for daily use. These are a great fit, light, comfy with good tread on the soles. I'm always nervous of buying shoes online, but if you've worn Brooks shoes before, these are true to size. I would buy another pair without hesitation.
- Durable
- Comfortable
- Casual Wear
- Travel
- View On Shoes: Shoes are for Wearing
- Width: Feels true to width
- Sizing: Feels true to size
These shoes did not fit comfortably. My usual size was to big next size down to small I always have great luck with the brooks fit but not with these
- Goretex but poor fit
- To big in the heel
- Poor Fit
- View On Shoes: Shoes are for Wearing
- Sizing: Feels half size too big
- UPC code: 0883439423493
- Manufacturer Part Number: 1200961B


text:
Seeking the Limelight, Biden Courts Key Dem Groups
Caught in Hillary Rodham Clinton's perpetual shadow, Joe Biden is working to boost his political profile among key Democratic voting blocs, a move that could help the vice president fashion himself as a more liberal alternative in the 2016 presidential race.
Major speeches this week to the NAACP and the Urban League will give Biden prime opportunities to court African-American voters who twice helped deliver the White House to President Barack Obama. He'll do his part to help Democrats in the battleground state of Nevada at a campaign rally Wednesday. And last week, Biden wooed liberals at a pair of grassroots summits, basking in the adoration of activists who chanted "We love Joe."
Biden knows he's not the first name that comes to mind as the Democratic Party's likeliest next presidential candidate. That distinction belongs to Clinton, who dominates in early primary polls and has well-funded political groups trying to draft her to run.
But in recent days, Biden has emerged as a frequent headliner for left-leaning groups, keeping his name high on the list of Democrats who could challenge Clinton or pursue the nomination if she doesn't run. He's joined on that list by Massachusetts Sen. Elizabeth Warren and Maryland Gov. Martin O'Malley, who are pitching populist themes that appeal to those in the party's liberal wing who insist Clinton doesn't have a lock on the nomination.
"I don't take a back seat to anyone when it comes to fighting some of the toughest progressive battles the country has seen," Biden said last week in an energetic speech in Detroit to Netroots Nation.